Bump version: v3.1.4

Bump to Pyodide 0.28.2

.github/CODEOWNERS

@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# Specification files for platform maintainers
 cibuildwheel/platforms/ios.py         @freakboy3742
 cibuildwheel/platforms/pyodide.py     @hoodmane @ryanking13 @agriyakhetarpal
 cibuildwheel/platforms/android.py     @mhsmith
+
+# Constraints files
+cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-pyodide*.txt @hoodmane @ryanking13 @agriyakhetarpal

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ jobs:
   dist:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
     - uses: hynek/build-and-inspect-python-package@v2
 
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ jobs:
       attestations: write
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v5
       with:
         name: Packages
         path: dist

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ jobs:
     name: Linters (mypy, ruff, etc.)
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
     - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
       id: python
       with:
@@ -47,22 +47,47 @@ jobs:
       run: pipx run --python "${{ steps.python.outputs.python-path }}" nox -s pylint -- --output-format=github
 
   test:
-    name: Test on ${{ matrix.os }} (${{ matrix.python_version }})
+    name: Test on ${{ matrix.os }} (${{ matrix.python_version }}) ${{ matrix.test_select }}
     needs: lint
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-13, macos-15]
-        python_version: ['3.13']
         include:
+        # Min Python
         - os: ubuntu-latest
           python_version: '3.11'
+        # Max Python
         - os: ubuntu-latest
           python_version: '3.14'
+        - os: ubuntu-latest
+          python_version: '3.13'
+          test_select: android
+        - os: ubuntu-24.04-arm
+          python_version: '3.13'
+        - os: windows-latest
+          python_version: '3.13'
+        - os: windows-11-arm
+          python_version: '3.13'
+        - os: macos-13
+          python_version: '3.13'
+        - os: macos-15
+          python_version: '3.13'
+        - os: macos-13
+          python_version: '3.13'
+          test_select: ios
+        - os: macos-14  # 20250811 macos-15 update caused havoc with iOS simulators
+          python_version: '3.13'
+          test_select: ios
+        - os: macos-13
+          python_version: '3.13'
+          test_select: android
+        - os: macos-15
+          python_version: '3.13'
+          test_select: android
     timeout-minutes: 180
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
     - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
       name: Install Python ${{ matrix.python_version }}
       with:
@@ -129,10 +154,12 @@ jobs:
         output-dir: wheelhouse
       env:
         CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS: x86_64 universal2 arm64
-        CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND: 'build[uv]'
+        CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND: ${{ matrix.test_select && 'build' || 'build[uv]' }}
+        CIBW_PLATFORM: ${{ matrix.test_select }}
 
     - name: Run a sample build (GitHub Action, only)
       uses: ./
+      if: matrix.test_select == ''
       with:
         package-dir: sample_proj
         output-dir: wheelhouse_only
@@ -152,6 +179,8 @@ jobs:
 
     - name: Run a sample build (GitHub Action, config-file)
       uses: ./
+      env:
+        CIBW_PLATFORM: ${{ matrix.test_select }}
       with:
         package-dir: sample_proj
         output-dir: wheelhouse_config_file
@@ -161,9 +190,14 @@ jobs:
       shell: bash
       run: |
         test $(find wheelhouse -name '*.whl' | wc -l) -ge 1
-        test $(find wheelhouse_only -name '*.whl' | wc -l) -eq 1
         test $(find wheelhouse_config_file -name '*.whl' | wc -l) -eq 1
 
+    - name: Check Action artifacts (native build only)
+      if: matrix.test_select == ''
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        test $(find wheelhouse_only -name '*.whl' | wc -l) -eq 1
+
     - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
       with:
         name: cibw-wheels-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ strategy.job-index }}
@@ -171,7 +205,7 @@ jobs:
 
     - name: Test cibuildwheel
       run: |
-        uv run --no-sync bin/run_tests.py ${{ (runner.os == 'Linux' && runner.arch == 'X64') && '--run-podman' || '' }}
+        uv run --no-sync bin/run_tests.py --test-select=${{ matrix.test_select || 'native' }} ${{ (runner.os == 'Linux' && runner.arch == 'X64') && '--run-podman' || '' }}
 
   emulated-archs:
     name: Get qemu emulated architectures
@@ -180,7 +214,7 @@ jobs:
     outputs:
       archs: ${{ steps.archs.outputs.archs }}
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
     - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
       with:
         python-version: "3.x"
@@ -203,7 +237,7 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         arch: ${{ fromJSON(needs.emulated-archs.outputs.archs) }}
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
     - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
       with:
         python-version: "3.x"
@@ -223,7 +257,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
     timeout-minutes: 180
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
     - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
       name: Install Python 3.12
       with:

.github/workflows/update-dependencies.yml

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ jobs:
         app-id: ${{ secrets.CIBUILDWHEEL_BOT_APP_ID }}
         private-key: ${{ secrets.CIBUILDWHEEL_BOT_APP_PRIVATE_KEY }}
 
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
     - uses: wntrblm/nox@2025.05.01
 

.github/workflows/update-major-minor-tag.yml

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ jobs:
     permissions:
       contents: write
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
       - name: Update the ${{ env.TAG_NAME }} tag
         id: update-major-minor-tag

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 repos:
 
 - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
-  rev: v5.0.0
+  rev: v6.0.0
   hooks:
   - id: check-case-conflict
   - id: check-merge-conflict
@@ -14,14 +14,14 @@ repos:
   - id: trailing-whitespace
 
 - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-  rev: v0.12.5
+  rev: v0.12.9
   hooks:
   - id: ruff
     args: ["--fix", "--show-fixes"]
   - id: ruff-format
 
 - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy
-  rev: v1.17.0
+  rev: v1.17.1
   hooks:
   - id: mypy
     name: mypy 3.11 on cibuildwheel/
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ repos:
     additional_dependencies: *mypy-dependencies
 
 - repo: https://github.com/shellcheck-py/shellcheck-py
-  rev: v0.10.0.1
+  rev: v0.11.0.1
   hooks:
   - id: shellcheck
 
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ repos:
 
 
 - repo: https://github.com/python-jsonschema/check-jsonschema
-  rev: 0.33.2
+  rev: 0.33.3
   hooks:
     - id: check-dependabot
     - id: check-github-actions

README.md

@@ -91,13 +91,13 @@ jobs:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-13, macos-latest]
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
       # Used to host cibuildwheel
       - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
 
       - name: Install cibuildwheel
-        run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.3
+        run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.4
 
       - name: Build wheels
         run: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
@@ -178,8 +178,8 @@ Here are some repos that use cibuildwheel.
 | Name                              | CI | OS | Notes |
 |-----------------------------------|----|----|:------|
 | [scikit-learn][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The machine learning library. A complex but clean config using many of cibuildwheel's features to build a large project with Cython and C++ extensions.  |
-| [pytorch-fairseq][]               | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence Toolkit written in Python. |
 | [duckdb][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | DuckDB is an analytical in-process SQL database management system |
+| [pytorch-fairseq][]               | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence Toolkit written in Python. |
 | [NumPy][]                         | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. |
 | [Tornado][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library. Uses stable ABI for a small C extension. |
 | [NCNN][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | ncnn is a high-performance neural network inference framework optimized for the mobile platform |
@@ -189,8 +189,8 @@ Here are some repos that use cibuildwheel.
 | [Kivy][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Open source UI framework written in Python, running on Windows, Linux, macOS, Android and iOS |
 
 [scikit-learn]: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn
-[pytorch-fairseq]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/fairseq
 [duckdb]: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb
+[pytorch-fairseq]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/fairseq
 [NumPy]: https://github.com/numpy/numpy
 [Tornado]: https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado
 [NCNN]: https://github.com/Tencent/ncnn
@@ -227,14 +227,32 @@ Changelog
 
 <!-- [[[cog from readme_changelog import mini_changelog; print(mini_changelog()) ]]] -->
 
+### v3.1.4
+
+_19 August 2025_
+
+- ✨ Add a `--clean-cache` command to clean up our cache (#2489)
+- 🛠 Update Python to 3.14rc2 and other patch version bumps (#2542, #2556)
+- 🛠 Update Pyodide to 0.28.2 (#2562, #2558)
+- 🐛 Fix resolution with `pyodide-build` when `dependency-versions` is set (#2548)
+- 🐛 Set `CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PACKAGE` to `BOTH` on Android (#2547)
+- 🐛 Add `patchelf` dependency for platforms that can build Android wheels (#2552)
+- 🐛 Ignore empty values for `CIBW_ARCHS` like most other environment variables (#2541)
+- 💼 The `color` and `suggest_on_error` argparse options are now default in 3.14rc1+ (#2554)
+- 💼 Use the virtualenv release URL instead of blob URL (should be more robust) (#2555)
+- 🧪 For iOS, lowering to macos-14 is needed for now due to issues with GitHub's runner images (#2557)
+- 🧪 Split out platforms iOS and Android in our tests (#2519)
+- 🧪 Fix and enable doctests (#2546)
+- 📚 Improve our docs on free-threading (#2549)
+
+
 ### v3.1.3
 
 _1 August 2025_
 
 - 🐛 Fix bug where "latest" dependencies couldn't update to pip 25.2 on Windows (#2537)
-- 🛠 Use pytest-rerunfailures to improve some of our iOS/Android tests (#2527, #2539)
-- 🛠 Remove some GraalPy Windows workarounds in our tests (#2501)
-
+- 🧪 Use pytest-rerunfailures to improve some of our iOS/Android tests (#2527, #2539)
+- 🧪 Remove some GraalPy Windows workarounds in our tests (#2501)
 
 
 ### v3.1.2
@@ -272,19 +290,10 @@ _23 July 2025_
 - 🛠 Fixed a typo in the 3.9 MUSL riscv64 identifier (`cp39-musllinux_ricv64` -> `cp39-musllinux_riscv64`) (#2490)
 - 🛠 Mistyping `--only` now shows the correct possibilities, and even suggests near matches on Python 3.14+ (#2499)
 - 🛠 Only support one output from the repair step on linux like other platforms; auditwheel fixed this over four years ago! (#2478)
-- 🛠 We now use pattern matching extensively (#2434)
+- 💼 We now use pattern matching extensively (#2434)
 - 📚 We now have platform maintainers for our special platforms and interpreters! (#2481)
 
-
-
-### v3.0.1
-
-_5 July 2025_
-
-- 🛠 Updates CPython 3.14 prerelease to 3.14.0b3 (#2471)
-- ✨ Adds a CPython 3.14 prerelease iOS build (only when prerelease builds are [enabled](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable)) (#2475)
-
-<!-- [[[end]]] (sum: Fe+mD8YR4+) -->
+<!-- [[[end]]] (sum: loynkRqdzf) -->
 
 ---
 

azure-pipelines.yml

@@ -16,62 +16,61 @@ pr:
       - noxfile.py
 
 jobs:
-- job: linux_311
+- job: tests
+  strategy:
+    matrix:
+      linux_311:
+        imageName: "ubuntu-latest"
+        pythonVersion: "3.11"
+        testSelect: "native"
+      android_311:
+        imageName: "ubuntu-latest"
+        pythonVersion: "3.11"
+        testSelect: "android"
+      macos_311:
+        imageName: "macos-latest"
+        pythonVersion: "3.11"
+        testSelect: "native"
+      ios_311:
+        imageName: "macos-latest"
+        pythonVersion: "3.11"
+        testSelect: "ios"
+      android_macos_311:
+        imageName: "macos-latest"
+        pythonVersion: "3.11"
+        testSelect: "android"
+      windows_311:
+        imageName: "windows-latest"
+        pythonVersion: "3.11"
+        testSelect: "native"
   timeoutInMinutes: 180
-  pool: {vmImage: 'ubuntu-latest'}
+  pool:
+    vmImage: $(imageName)
+
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
       inputs:
-        versionSpec: '3.11'
+        versionSpec: $(pythonVersion)
+
     - task: JavaToolInstaller@0
+      condition: and(eq(variables['testSelect'], 'android'), eq(variables['Agent.OS'], 'Linux'))
       inputs:
         versionSpec: '17'
         jdkArchitectureOption: 'x64'
         jdkSourceOption: 'PreInstalled'
-    - bash: |
-        docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
-        python -m pip install -U pip
-        python -m pip install -e. --group test
-        if [ "$(Build.SourceBranch)" = "refs/heads/main" ]; then
-          echo "INFO: Exporting CIBW_ENABLE=all for main branch test run."
-          export CIBW_ENABLE=all
-        else
-          echo "INFO: CIBW_ENABLE not set for this branch ($(Build.SourceBranch))."
-        fi
-        python ./bin/run_tests.py
 
-- job: macos_311
-  pool: {vmImage: 'macOS-latest'}
-  timeoutInMinutes: 120
-  steps:
-    - task: UsePythonVersion@0
-      inputs:
-        versionSpec: '3.11'
-    - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -U pip
-        python -m pip install -e. --group test
-        if [ "$(Build.SourceBranch)" = "refs/heads/main" ]; then
-          echo "INFO: Exporting CIBW_ENABLE=all for main branch test run."
-          export CIBW_ENABLE=all
-        else
-          echo "INFO: CIBW_ENABLE not set for this branch ($(Build.SourceBranch))."
-        fi
-        python ./bin/run_tests.py
+    - bash: docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
+      condition: and(eq(variables['imageName'], 'ubuntu-latest'), eq(variables['testSelect'], 'native'))
+      displayName: 'Install binfmt on Linux'
+
+    - bash: python -m pip install -U pip && python -m pip install -e. --group test
+      displayName: 'Update pip and install cibuildwheel --group test'
+
+    - bash: echo "##vso[task.setvariable variable=CIBW_ENABLE;]all"
+      condition: eq(variables['Build.SourceBranch'], 'refs/heads/main')
+      displayName: Set CIBW_ENABLE to all (main branch)
 
-- job: windows_311
-  pool: {vmImage: 'windows-latest'}
-  timeoutInMinutes: 180
-  steps:
-    - task: UsePythonVersion@0
-      inputs:
-        versionSpec: '3.11'
     - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -U pip
-        python -m pip install -e. --group test
-        if [ "$(Build.SourceBranch)" = "refs/heads/main" ]; then
-          echo "INFO: Exporting CIBW_ENABLE=all for main branch test run."
-          export CIBW_ENABLE=all
-        else
-          echo "INFO: CIBW_ENABLE not set for this branch ($(Build.SourceBranch))."
-        fi
-        python ./bin/run_tests.py
+        echo "CIBW_ENABLE = $CIBW_ENABLE"
+        python ./bin/run_tests.py --test-select $(testSelect)
+      displayName: 'Run tests'

bin/generate_schema.py

@@ -6,17 +6,12 @@
 
 import argparse
 import copy
-import functools
 import json
-import sys
 from typing import Any
 
 import yaml
 
-make_parser = functools.partial(argparse.ArgumentParser, allow_abbrev=False)
-if sys.version_info >= (3, 14):
-    make_parser = functools.partial(make_parser, color=True, suggest_on_error=True)
-parser = make_parser()
+parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(allow_abbrev=False)
 parser.add_argument("--schemastore", action="store_true", help="Generate schema_store version")
 args = parser.parse_args()
 

bin/run_tests.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 
 import argparse
-import functools
 import os
 import subprocess
 import sys
@@ -14,10 +13,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     else:
         default_cpu_count = os.process_cpu_count() or 2
 
-    make_parser = functools.partial(argparse.ArgumentParser, allow_abbrev=False)
-    if sys.version_info >= (3, 14):
-        make_parser = functools.partial(make_parser, color=True, suggest_on_error=True)
-    parser = make_parser()
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(allow_abbrev=False)
     parser.add_argument(
         "--run-podman", action="store_true", default=False, help="run podman tests (linux only)"
     )
@@ -27,26 +23,66 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         default=default_cpu_count,
         help="number of processes to use for testing",
     )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--test-select",
+        choices={"all", "native", "android", "ios", "pyodide"},
+        default="all",
+        help="Either 'native' or 'android'/'ios'/'pyodide'",
+    )
     args = parser.parse_args()
 
     # move cwd to the project root
     os.chdir(Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1])
 
+    # doc tests
+    doc_test_args = [sys.executable, "-m", "pytest", "cibuildwheel"]
+
+    print(
+        "\n\n================================== DOC TESTS ==================================",
+        flush=True,
+    )
+    result = subprocess.run(doc_test_args, check=False)
+    if result.returncode not in (0, 5):
+        # Allow case where no doctests are collected (returncode 5) because
+        # circleci sets an explicit "-k" filter that disables doctests. There
+        # isn't a pattern that will only select doctests. This can be removed
+        # and have check=True if the circleci PYTEST_ADDOPTS is removed.
+        raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(
+            result.returncode, result.args, output=result.stdout, stderr=result.stderr
+        )
+
     # unit tests
+    print(
+        "\n\n================================== UNIT TESTS ==================================",
+        flush=True,
+    )
     unit_test_args = [sys.executable, "-m", "pytest", "unit_test"]
 
-    if sys.platform.startswith("linux") and os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "linux") == "linux":
+    if (
+        sys.platform.startswith("linux")
+        and os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "linux") == "linux"
+        and args.test_select in ["all", "native"]
+    ):
         # run the docker unit tests only on Linux
         unit_test_args += ["--run-docker"]
 
         if args.run_podman:
             unit_test_args += ["--run-podman"]
 
+    subprocess.run(unit_test_args, check=True)
+
     print(
-        "\n\n================================== UNIT TESTS ==================================",
+        "\n\n=========================== SERIAL INTEGRATION TESTS ===========================",
         flush=True,
     )
-    subprocess.run(unit_test_args, check=True)
+
+    match args.test_select:
+        case "all":
+            marks = []
+        case "native":
+            marks = ["not pyodide", "not android", "not ios"]
+        case mark:
+            marks = [f"{mark}"]
 
     # Run the serial integration tests without multiple processes
     serial_integration_test_args = [
@@ -54,7 +90,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         "-m",
         "pytest",
         "-m",
-        "serial",
+        f"{' and '.join(['serial', *marks])}",
         "-x",
         "--durations",
         "0",
@@ -62,19 +98,19 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         "test",
         "-vv",
     ]
-    print(
-        "\n\n=========================== SERIAL INTEGRATION TESTS ===========================",
-        flush=True,
-    )
+
     subprocess.run(serial_integration_test_args, check=True)
 
-    # Non-serial integration tests
+    print(
+        "\n\n========================= NON-SERIAL INTEGRATION TESTS =========================",
+        flush=True,
+    )
     integration_test_args = [
         sys.executable,
         "-m",
         "pytest",
         "-m",
-        "not serial",
+        f"{' and '.join(['not serial', *marks])}",
         f"--numprocesses={args.num_processes}",
         "-x",
         "--durations",
@@ -87,8 +123,4 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     if sys.platform.startswith("linux") and args.run_podman:
         integration_test_args += ["--run-podman"]
 
-    print(
-        "\n\n========================= NON-SERIAL INTEGRATION TESTS =========================",
-        flush=True,
-    )
     subprocess.run(integration_test_args, check=True)

bin/sample_build.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 
 import argparse
-import functools
 import os
 import subprocess
 import sys
@@ -13,10 +12,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     # move cwd to the project root
     os.chdir(Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1])
 
-    make_parser = functools.partial(argparse.ArgumentParser, allow_abbrev=False)
-    if sys.version_info >= (3, 14):
-        make_parser = functools.partial(make_parser, color=True, suggest_on_error=True)
-    parser = make_parser(description="Runs a sample build")
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Runs a sample build", allow_abbrev=False)
     parser.add_argument("project_python_path", nargs="?", default="test.test_0_basic.basic_project")
 
     options = parser.parse_args()

bin/update_virtualenv.py

@@ -4,17 +4,18 @@
 import dataclasses
 import difflib
 import logging
-import subprocess
 import tomllib
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Final
 
 import click
 import rich
-from packaging.version import InvalidVersion, Version
+from packaging.version import Version
 from rich.logging import RichHandler
 from rich.syntax import Syntax
 
+from cibuildwheel.extra import github_api_request
+
 log = logging.getLogger("cibw")
 
 # Looking up the dir instead of using utils.resources_dir
@@ -30,32 +31,26 @@ GET_VIRTUALENV_URL_TEMPLATE: Final[str] = (
 
 @dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, order=True)
 class VersionTuple:
+    name: str
+    download_url: str
     version: Version
-    version_string: str
 
 
-def git_ls_remote_versions(url: str) -> list[VersionTuple]:
-    versions: list[VersionTuple] = []
-    tags = subprocess.run(
-        ["git", "ls-remote", "--tags", url], check=True, text=True, capture_output=True
-    ).stdout.splitlines()
-    for tag in tags:
-        _, ref = tag.split()
-        assert ref.startswith("refs/tags/")
-        version_string = ref[10:]
-        try:
-            version = Version(version_string)
-            if version.is_devrelease:
-                log.info("Ignoring development release %r", str(version))
-                continue
-            if version.is_prerelease:
-                log.info("Ignoring pre-release %r", str(version))
-                continue
-            versions.append(VersionTuple(version, version_string))
-        except InvalidVersion:
-            log.warning("Ignoring ref %r", ref)
-    versions.sort(reverse=True)
-    return versions
+def get_latest_virtualenv_release() -> VersionTuple:
+    response = github_api_request("repos/pypa/get-virtualenv/releases/latest")
+    tag_name = response["tag_name"]
+
+    asset = next(
+        (asset for asset in response["assets"] if asset["name"] == "virtualenv.pyz"),
+        None,
+    )
+    if not asset:
+        msg = "No asset named 'virtualenv.pyz' found in the latest release of get-virtualenv."
+        raise RuntimeError(msg)
+
+    return VersionTuple(
+        version=Version(tag_name), name=tag_name, download_url=asset["browser_download_url"]
+    )
 
 
 @click.command()
@@ -78,14 +73,20 @@ def update_virtualenv(force: bool, level: str) -> None:
     with toml_file_path.open("rb") as f:
         configurations = tomllib.load(f)
     default = configurations.pop("default")
-    version = str(default["version"])
-    versions = git_ls_remote_versions(GET_VIRTUALENV_GITHUB)
-    if versions[0].version > Version(version):
-        version = versions[0].version_string
+    local_version = str(default["version"])
+
+    latest_release = get_latest_virtualenv_release()
+
+    if latest_release.version > Version(local_version):
+        version = latest_release.name
+        url = latest_release.download_url
+    else:
+        version = local_version
+        url = default["url"]
 
     configurations["default"] = {
         "version": version,
-        "url": GET_VIRTUALENV_URL_TEMPLATE.format(version=version),
+        "url": url,
     }
     result_toml = "".join(
         f'{key} = {{ version = "{value["version"]}", url = "{value["url"]}" }}\n'

cibuildwheel/__init__.py

@@ -1 +1 @@
-__version__ = "3.1.3"
+__version__ = "3.1.4"

cibuildwheel/__main__.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import argparse
 import contextlib
 import dataclasses
-import functools
 import os
 import shutil
 import sys
@@ -24,7 +23,7 @@ from cibuildwheel.options import CommandLineArguments, Options, compute_options
 from cibuildwheel.platforms import ALL_PLATFORM_MODULES, get_build_identifiers, native_platform
 from cibuildwheel.selector import BuildSelector, EnableGroup, selector_matches
 from cibuildwheel.typing import PLATFORMS, PlatformName
-from cibuildwheel.util.file import CIBW_CACHE_PATH
+from cibuildwheel.util.file import CIBW_CACHE_PATH, ensure_cache_sentinel
 from cibuildwheel.util.helpers import strtobool
 from cibuildwheel.util.resources import read_all_configs
 
@@ -80,16 +79,14 @@ def main_inner(global_options: GlobalOptions) -> None:
     rather than exiting directly.
     """
 
-    make_parser = functools.partial(argparse.ArgumentParser, allow_abbrev=False)
-    if sys.version_info >= (3, 14):
-        make_parser = functools.partial(make_parser, color=True, suggest_on_error=True)
-    parser = make_parser(
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
         description="Build wheels for all the platforms.",
         epilog="""
             Most options are supplied via environment variables or in
             --config-file (pyproject.toml usually). See
             https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel#options for info.
         """,
+        allow_abbrev=False,
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -182,6 +179,12 @@ def main_inner(global_options: GlobalOptions) -> None:
         help="Print the build identifiers matched by the current invocation and exit.",
     )
 
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--clean-cache",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Clear the cibuildwheel cache and exit.",
+    )
+
     parser.add_argument(
         "--allow-empty",
         action="store_true",
@@ -199,6 +202,48 @@ def main_inner(global_options: GlobalOptions) -> None:
 
     global_options.print_traceback_on_error = args.debug_traceback
 
+    if args.clean_cache:
+        if not CIBW_CACHE_PATH.exists():
+            print(f"Cache directory does not exist: {CIBW_CACHE_PATH}")
+            sys.exit(0)
+
+        sentinel_file = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / "CACHEDIR.TAG"
+        if not sentinel_file.exists():
+            print(
+                f"Error: {CIBW_CACHE_PATH} does not appear to be a cibuildwheel cache directory.",
+                "Only directories with a CACHEDIR.TAG sentinel file can be cleaned.",
+                sep="\n",
+                file=sys.stderr,
+            )
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        # Verify signature to ensure it's a proper cache dir
+        # See https://bford.info/cachedir/ for more
+        try:
+            sentinel_content = sentinel_file.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+        except OSError as e:
+            print(f"Error reading cache directory tag: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        if not sentinel_content.startswith("Signature: 8a477f597d28d172789f06886806bc55"):
+            print(
+                f"Error: {sentinel_file} does not contain a valid cache directory signature.",
+                "For safety, only properly signed cache directories can be cleaned.",
+                sep="\n",
+                file=sys.stderr,
+            )
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        print(f"Clearing cache directory: {CIBW_CACHE_PATH}")
+        try:
+            shutil.rmtree(CIBW_CACHE_PATH)
+            print("Cache cleared successfully.")
+        except OSError as e:
+            print(f"Error clearing cache: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        sys.exit(0)
+
     args.package_dir = args.package_dir.resolve()
 
     # This are always relative to the base directory, even in SDist builds
@@ -312,6 +357,7 @@ def build_in_directory(args: CommandLineArguments) -> None:
 
     # create the cache dir before it gets printed & builds performed
     CIBW_CACHE_PATH.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    ensure_cache_sentinel(CIBW_CACHE_PATH)
 
     print_preamble(platform=platform, options=options, identifiers=identifiers)
 

cibuildwheel/oci_container.py

@@ -36,6 +36,28 @@ class OCIPlatform(Enum):
     RISCV64 = "linux/riscv64"
     S390X = "linux/s390x"
 
+    @classmethod
+    def native(cls) -> "OCIPlatform":
+        """Return the current OCI platform, or raise ValueError if unknown."""
+        arch = platform.machine().lower()
+        mapping = {
+            "i386": cls.i386,
+            "i686": cls.i386,
+            "x86_64": cls.AMD64,
+            "amd64": cls.AMD64,
+            "armv7l": cls.ARMV7,
+            "aarch64": cls.ARM64,
+            "arm64": cls.ARM64,
+            "ppc64le": cls.PPC64LE,
+            "riscv64": cls.RISCV64,
+            "s390x": cls.S390X,
+        }
+        try:
+            return mapping[arch]
+        except KeyError as ex:
+            msg = f"Unsupported platform architecture: {arch}"
+            raise OSError(msg) from ex
+
 
 @dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
 class OCIContainerEngineConfig:
@@ -152,11 +174,19 @@ class OCIContainer:
     back to cibuildwheel.
 
     Example:
+        >>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(LINUX)
         >>> from cibuildwheel.oci_container import *  # NOQA
         >>> from cibuildwheel.options import _get_pinned_container_images
+        >>> import pytest
+        >>> try:
+        ...     oci_platform = OCIPlatform.native()
+        ... except OSError as ex:
+        ...     pytest.skip(str(ex))
+        >>> if oci_platform != OCIPlatform.AMD64:
+        ...     pytest.skip('only runs on amd64')
         >>> image = _get_pinned_container_images()['x86_64']['manylinux2014']
         >>> # Test the default container
-        >>> with OCIContainer(image=image) as self:
+        >>> with OCIContainer(image=image, oci_platform=oci_platform) as self:
         ...     self.call(["echo", "hello world"])
         ...     self.call(["cat", "/proc/1/cgroup"])
         ...     print(self.get_environment())

cibuildwheel/options.py

@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ class CommandLineArguments:
     allow_empty: bool
     debug_traceback: bool
     enable: list[str]
+    clean_cache: bool
 
     @classmethod
     def defaults(cls) -> Self:
@@ -77,6 +78,7 @@ class CommandLineArguments:
             print_build_identifiers=False,
             debug_traceback=False,
             enable=[],
+            clean_cache=False,
         )
 
 
@@ -391,6 +393,7 @@ class OptionsReader:
     by the platform.
 
     Example:
+      >>> # xdoctest: +SKIP
       >>> options_reader = OptionsReader(config_file, platform='macos')
       >>> options_reader.get('cool-color')
 
@@ -657,7 +660,9 @@ class Options:
         )
         requires_python = None if requires_python_str is None else SpecifierSet(requires_python_str)
 
-        archs_config_str = args.archs or self.reader.get("archs", option_format=ListFormat(sep=" "))
+        archs_config_str = args.archs or self.reader.get(
+            "archs", option_format=ListFormat(sep=" "), ignore_empty=True
+        )
         architectures = Architecture.parse_config(archs_config_str, platform=self.platform)
 
         # Process `--only`

cibuildwheel/platforms/android.py

@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ def create_cmake_toolchain(
                 set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PROGRAM NEVER)
                 set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_LIBRARY ONLY)
                 set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_INCLUDE ONLY)
-                set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PACKAGE ONLY)
+                set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PACKAGE BOTH)
                 """
             ),
             file=toolchain_file,

cibuildwheel/platforms/pyodide.py

@@ -284,9 +284,8 @@ def setup_python(
         "pip",
         "install",
         "--upgrade",
-        "auditwheel-emscripten",
-        "build[virtualenv]",
         "pyodide-build",
+        "build[virtualenv]",
         *constraint_flags(constraints_path),
         env=env,
     )

cibuildwheel/resources/build-platforms.toml

@@ -159,18 +159,18 @@ python_configurations = [
   { identifier = "cp312-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.10/python-3.12.10-macos11.pkg" },
   { identifier = "cp312-macosx_arm64", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.10/python-3.12.10-macos11.pkg" },
   { identifier = "cp312-macosx_universal2", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.10/python-3.12.10-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.5/python-3.13.5-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.5/python-3.13.5-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.5/python-3.13.5-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.5/python-3.13.5-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.5/python-3.13.5-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.5/python-3.13.5-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc1-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_arm64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc1-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_universal2", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc1-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc1-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_arm64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc1-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_universal2", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc1-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.7/python-3.13.7-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.7/python-3.13.7-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.7/python-3.13.7-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.7/python-3.13.7-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.7/python-3.13.7-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.7/python-3.13.7-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc2-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_arm64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc2-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_universal2", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc2-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc2-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_arm64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc2-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_universal2", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc2-macos11.pkg" },
   { identifier = "pp38-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.8", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
   { identifier = "pp38-macosx_arm64", version = "3.8", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
   { identifier = "pp39-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.9", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.16-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
@@ -195,22 +195,22 @@ python_configurations = [
   { identifier = "cp311-win_amd64", version = "3.11.9", arch = "64" },
   { identifier = "cp312-win32", version = "3.12.10", arch = "32" },
   { identifier = "cp312-win_amd64", version = "3.12.10", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-win32", version = "3.13.5", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-win32", version = "3.13.5", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-win_amd64", version = "3.13.5", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-win_amd64", version = "3.13.5", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-win32", version = "3.14.0-rc1", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp314t-win32", version = "3.14.0-rc1", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-win_amd64", version = "3.14.0-rc1", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp314t-win_amd64", version = "3.14.0-rc1", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-win32", version = "3.13.7", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-win32", version = "3.13.7", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-win_amd64", version = "3.13.7", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-win_amd64", version = "3.13.7", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-win32", version = "3.14.0-rc2", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-win32", version = "3.14.0-rc2", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-win_amd64", version = "3.14.0-rc2", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-win_amd64", version = "3.14.0-rc2", arch = "64" },
   { identifier = "cp39-win_arm64", version = "3.9.10", arch = "ARM64" },
   { identifier = "cp310-win_arm64", version = "3.10.11", arch = "ARM64" },
   { identifier = "cp311-win_arm64", version = "3.11.9", arch = "ARM64" },
   { identifier = "cp312-win_arm64", version = "3.12.10", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-win_arm64", version = "3.13.5", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-win_arm64", version = "3.13.5", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-win_arm64", version = "3.14.0-rc1", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp314t-win_arm64", version = "3.14.0-rc1", arch = "ARM64" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-win_arm64", version = "3.13.7", arch = "ARM64" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-win_arm64", version = "3.13.7", arch = "ARM64" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-win_arm64", version = "3.14.0-rc2", arch = "ARM64" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-win_arm64", version = "3.14.0-rc2", arch = "ARM64" },
   { identifier = "pp38-win_amd64", version = "3.8", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-win64.zip" },
   { identifier = "pp39-win_amd64", version = "3.9", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.16-win64.zip" },
   { identifier = "pp310-win_amd64", version = "3.10", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.19-win64.zip" },
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ python_configurations = [
 [pyodide]
 python_configurations = [
   { identifier = "cp312-pyodide_wasm32", version = "3.12", default_pyodide_version = "0.27.7", node_version = "v22" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-pyodide_wasm32", version = "3.13", default_pyodide_version = "0.28.0", node_version = "v22" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-pyodide_wasm32", version = "3.13", default_pyodide_version = "0.28.2", node_version = "v22" },
 ]
 
 [android]

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-pyodide312.txt

@@ -2,20 +2,20 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 annotated-types==0.7.0
     # via pydantic
-anyio==4.9.0
+anyio==4.10.0
     # via httpx
-auditwheel-emscripten==0.1.0
+auditwheel-emscripten==0.2.0
     # via pyodide-build
 build==1.2.2.post1
     # via
     #   -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
     #   pyodide-build
-certifi==2025.7.14
+certifi==2025.8.3
     # via
     #   httpcore
     #   httpx
     #   requests
-charset-normalizer==3.4.2
+charset-normalizer==3.4.3
     # via requests
 click==8.1.8
     # via
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ click==8.1.8
     #   typer
 distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
+filelock==3.19.1
     # via virtualenv
 h11==0.16.0
     # via httpcore
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ idna==3.10
     #   requests
 leb128==1.0.8
     # via auditwheel-emscripten
-markdown-it-py==3.0.0
+markdown-it-py==4.0.0
     # via rich
 mdurl==0.1.2
     # via markdown-it-py
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ packaging==25.0
     #   build
     #   pyodide-build
     #   unearth
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==25.2
     # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
 platformdirs==4.3.8
     # via
@@ -62,13 +62,13 @@ pydantic-core==2.33.2
     # via pydantic
 pygments==2.19.2
     # via rich
-pyodide-build==0.30.5
+pyodide-build==0.30.7
     # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
 pyodide-cli==0.3.0
     # via
     #   auditwheel-emscripten
     #   pyodide-build
-pyodide-lock==0.1.0a7
+pyodide-lock==0.1.0
     # via pyodide-build
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
     # via build
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ unearth==0.17.5
     # via pyodide-build
 urllib3==2.5.0
     # via requests
-virtualenv==20.32.0
+virtualenv==20.34.0
     # via
     #   build
     #   pyodide-build

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-pyodide313.txt

@@ -2,20 +2,20 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 annotated-types==0.7.0
     # via pydantic
-anyio==4.9.0
+anyio==4.10.0
     # via httpx
-auditwheel-emscripten==0.1.0
+auditwheel-emscripten==0.2.0
     # via pyodide-build
 build==1.2.2.post1
     # via
     #   -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
     #   pyodide-build
-certifi==2025.7.14
+certifi==2025.8.3
     # via
     #   httpcore
     #   httpx
     #   requests
-charset-normalizer==3.4.2
+charset-normalizer==3.4.3
     # via requests
 click==8.1.8
     # via
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ click==8.1.8
     #   typer
 distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
+filelock==3.19.1
     # via virtualenv
 h11==0.16.0
     # via httpcore
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ idna==3.10
     #   requests
 leb128==1.0.8
     # via auditwheel-emscripten
-markdown-it-py==3.0.0
+markdown-it-py==4.0.0
     # via rich
 mdurl==0.1.2
     # via markdown-it-py
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ packaging==25.0
     #   build
     #   pyodide-build
     #   unearth
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==25.2
     # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
 platformdirs==4.3.8
     # via
@@ -62,13 +62,13 @@ pydantic-core==2.33.2
     # via pydantic
 pygments==2.19.2
     # via rich
-pyodide-build==0.30.5
+pyodide-build==0.30.7
     # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
 pyodide-cli==0.3.0
     # via
     #   auditwheel-emscripten
     #   pyodide-build
-pyodide-lock==0.1.0a7
+pyodide-lock==0.1.0
     # via pyodide-build
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
     # via build
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ unearth==0.17.5
     # via pyodide-build
 urllib3==2.5.0
     # via requests
-virtualenv==20.32.0
+virtualenv==20.34.0
     # via
     #   build
     #   pyodide-build

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python310.txt

@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
     # via macholib
-build==1.2.2.post1
+build==1.3.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
+filelock==3.19.1
     # via virtualenv
 importlib-metadata==8.7.0
     # via build
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ packaging==25.0
     # via
     #   build
     #   delocate
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==25.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 platformdirs==4.3.8
     # via virtualenv
@@ -27,8 +27,10 @@ pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
 tomli==2.2.1
     # via build
 typing-extensions==4.14.1
-    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.32.0
+    # via
+    #   delocate
+    #   virtualenv
+virtualenv==20.34.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 zipp==3.23.0
     # via importlib-metadata

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python311.txt

@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
     # via macholib
-build==1.2.2.post1
+build==1.3.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
+filelock==3.19.1
     # via virtualenv
 macholib==1.16.3
     # via delocate
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ packaging==25.0
     # via
     #   build
     #   delocate
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==25.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 platformdirs==4.3.8
     # via virtualenv
@@ -24,5 +24,5 @@ pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
     # via build
 typing-extensions==4.14.1
     # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.32.0
+virtualenv==20.34.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python312.txt

@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
     # via macholib
-build==1.2.2.post1
+build==1.3.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
+filelock==3.19.1
     # via virtualenv
 macholib==1.16.3
     # via delocate
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ packaging==25.0
     # via
     #   build
     #   delocate
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==25.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 platformdirs==4.3.8
     # via virtualenv
@@ -24,5 +24,5 @@ pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
     # via build
 typing-extensions==4.14.1
     # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.32.0
+virtualenv==20.34.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python313.txt

@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
     # via macholib
-build==1.2.2.post1
+build==1.3.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
+filelock==3.19.1
     # via virtualenv
 macholib==1.16.3
     # via delocate
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ packaging==25.0
     # via
     #   build
     #   delocate
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==25.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 platformdirs==4.3.8
     # via virtualenv
@@ -24,5 +24,5 @@ pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
     # via build
 typing-extensions==4.14.1
     # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.32.0
+virtualenv==20.34.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python314.txt

@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
     # via macholib
-build==1.2.2.post1
+build==1.3.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
+filelock==3.19.1
     # via virtualenv
 macholib==1.16.3
     # via delocate
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ packaging==25.0
     # via
     #   build
     #   delocate
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==25.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 platformdirs==4.3.8
     # via virtualenv
@@ -24,5 +24,5 @@ pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
     # via build
 typing-extensions==4.14.1
     # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.32.0
+virtualenv==20.34.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python38.txt

@@ -27,8 +27,10 @@ pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
 tomli==2.2.1
     # via build
 typing-extensions==4.13.2
-    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.32.0
+    # via
+    #   delocate
+    #   virtualenv
+virtualenv==20.34.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 zipp==3.20.2
     # via importlib-metadata

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python39.txt

@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
     # via macholib
-build==1.2.2.post1
+build==1.3.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
+filelock==3.19.1
     # via virtualenv
 importlib-metadata==8.7.0
     # via build
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ packaging==25.0
     # via
     #   build
     #   delocate
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==25.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 platformdirs==4.3.8
     # via virtualenv
@@ -27,8 +27,10 @@ pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
 tomli==2.2.1
     # via build
 typing-extensions==4.14.1
-    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.32.0
+    # via
+    #   delocate
+    #   virtualenv
+virtualenv==20.34.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 zipp==3.23.0
     # via importlib-metadata

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.txt

@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
     # via macholib
-build==1.2.2.post1
+build==1.3.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
+filelock==3.19.1
     # via virtualenv
 macholib==1.16.3
     # via delocate
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ packaging==25.0
     # via
     #   build
     #   delocate
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==25.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 platformdirs==4.3.8
     # via virtualenv
@@ -24,5 +24,5 @@ pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
     # via build
 typing-extensions==4.14.1
     # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.32.0
+virtualenv==20.34.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/nodejs.toml

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 url = "https://nodejs.org/dist/"
-v22 = "v22.17.1"
+v22 = "v22.18.0"
 v20 = "v20.19.4"

cibuildwheel/resources/pinned_docker_images.cfg

@@ -1,53 +1,53 @@
 [x86_64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2025.07.27-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2025.07.27-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_x86_64:2025.07.27-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64:2025.07.27-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2025.08.15-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2025.08.15-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_x86_64:2025.08.15-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64:2025.08.15-1
 
 [i686]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2025.07.27-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686:2025.07.27-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_i686:2025.07.27-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686:2025.07.27-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2025.08.15-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686:2025.08.15-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_i686:2025.08.15-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686:2025.08.15-1
 
 [aarch64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2025.07.27-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2025.07.27-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_aarch64:2025.07.27-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_aarch64:2025.07.27-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2025.08.15-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2025.08.15-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_aarch64:2025.08.15-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_aarch64:2025.08.15-1
 
 [ppc64le]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le:2025.07.27-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_ppc64le:2025.07.27-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_ppc64le:2025.07.27-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_ppc64le:2025.07.27-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le:2025.08.15-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_ppc64le:2025.08.15-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_ppc64le:2025.08.15-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_ppc64le:2025.08.15-1
 
 [s390x]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x:2025.07.27-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_s390x:2025.07.27-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_s390x:2025.07.27-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_s390x:2025.07.27-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x:2025.08.15-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_s390x:2025.08.15-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_s390x:2025.08.15-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_s390x:2025.08.15-1
 
 [pypy_x86_64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2025.07.27-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2025.07.27-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_x86_64:2025.07.27-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2025.08.15-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2025.08.15-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_x86_64:2025.08.15-1
 
 [pypy_i686]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2025.07.27-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686:2025.07.27-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_i686:2025.07.27-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2025.08.15-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686:2025.08.15-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_i686:2025.08.15-1
 
 [pypy_aarch64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2025.07.27-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2025.07.27-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_aarch64:2025.07.27-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2025.08.15-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2025.08.15-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_aarch64:2025.08.15-1
 
 [armv7l]
-manylinux_2_31 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_31_armv7l:2025.07.27-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_armv7l:2025.07.27-1
+manylinux_2_31 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_31_armv7l:2025.08.15-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_armv7l:2025.08.15-1
 
 [riscv64]
-manylinux_2_39 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_39_riscv64:2025.07.27-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_riscv64:2025.07.27-1
+manylinux_2_39 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_39_riscv64:2025.08.15-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_riscv64:2025.08.15-1
 

cibuildwheel/resources/python-build-standalone-releases.json

@@ -1,455 +1,455 @@
 {
   "releases": [
     {
-      "tag": "20250723",
+      "tag": "20250814",
       "assets": [
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250723-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250723-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250814-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250814-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250723-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250723-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250814-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250814-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250814-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250814-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250814-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250814-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250723-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250723-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250814-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250814-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250723-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250723-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250814-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250814-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250723-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250723-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250814-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250814-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250723-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250723-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250814-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250814-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250723-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250723-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250814-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250814-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
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cibuildwheel/resources/virtualenv.toml

@@ -1 +1 @@
-default = { version = "20.32.0", url = "https://github.com/pypa/get-virtualenv/blob/20.32.0/public/virtualenv.pyz?raw=true" }
+default = { version = "20.34.0", url = "https://github.com/pypa/get-virtualenv/releases/download/20.34.0/virtualenv.pyz" }

cibuildwheel/util/file.py

@@ -20,6 +20,26 @@ CIBW_CACHE_PATH: Final[Path] = Path(
 ).resolve()
 
 
+def ensure_cache_sentinel(cache_path: Path) -> None:
+    """Create a sentinel file to mark a cibuildwheel cache directory.
+
+    We help prevent accidental deletion of non-cache directories with this.
+
+    Args:
+        cache_path: The cache directory path where the sentinel should be created
+    """
+    if cache_path.exists():
+        sentinel_file = cache_path / "CACHEDIR.TAG"
+        if not sentinel_file.exists():
+            sentinel_file.write_text(
+                "Signature: 8a477f597d28d172789f06886806bc55\n"
+                "# This file is a cache directory tag created by cibuildwheel.\n"
+                "# For information about cache directory tags, see:\n"
+                "# https://www.brynosaurus.com/cachedir/",
+                encoding="utf-8",
+            )
+
+
 def download(url: str, dest: Path) -> None:
     print(f"+ Download {url} to {dest}")
     dest_dir = dest.parent

cibuildwheel/util/helpers.py

@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ def format_safe(template: str, **kwargs: str | os.PathLike[str]) -> str:
     >>> format_safe('{a} {b[4]:3f}', a='123')
     '123 {b[4]:3f}'
 
-    To avoid variable expansion, precede with a single backslash e.g.
-    >>> format_safe('\\{a} {b}', a='123')
+    To avoid variable expansion, precede with a single hash e.g.
+    >>> format_safe('#{a} {b}', a='123')
     '{a} {b}'
     """
 

docs/changelog.md

@@ -4,14 +4,32 @@ title: Changelog
 
 # Changelog
 
+### v3.1.4
+
+_19 August 2025_
+
+- ✨ Add a `--clean-cache` command to clean up our cache (#2489)
+- 🛠 Update Python to 3.14rc2 and other patch version bumps (#2542, #2556)
+- 🛠 Update Pyodide to 0.28.2 (#2562, #2558)
+- 🐛 Fix resolution with `pyodide-build` when `dependency-versions` is set (#2548)
+- 🐛 Set `CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PACKAGE` to `BOTH` on Android (#2547)
+- 🐛 Add `patchelf` dependency for platforms that can build Android wheels (#2552)
+- 🐛 Ignore empty values for `CIBW_ARCHS` like most other environment variables (#2541)
+- 💼 The `color` and `suggest_on_error` argparse options are now default in 3.14rc1+ (#2554)
+- 💼 Use the virtualenv release URL instead of blob URL (should be more robust) (#2555)
+- 🧪 For iOS, lowering to macos-14 is needed for now due to issues with GitHub's runner images (#2557)
+- 🧪 Split out platforms iOS and Android in our tests (#2519)
+- 🧪 Fix and enable doctests (#2546)
+- 📚 Improve our docs on free-threading (#2549)
+
+
 ### v3.1.3
 
 _1 August 2025_
 
 - 🐛 Fix bug where "latest" dependencies couldn't update to pip 25.2 on Windows (#2537)
-- 🛠 Use pytest-rerunfailures to improve some of our iOS/Android tests (#2527, #2539)
-- 🛠 Remove some GraalPy Windows workarounds in our tests (#2501)
-
+- 🧪 Use pytest-rerunfailures to improve some of our iOS/Android tests (#2527, #2539)
+- 🧪 Remove some GraalPy Windows workarounds in our tests (#2501)
 
 
 ### v3.1.2
@@ -49,7 +67,7 @@ _23 July 2025_
 - 🛠 Fixed a typo in the 3.9 MUSL riscv64 identifier (`cp39-musllinux_ricv64` -> `cp39-musllinux_riscv64`) (#2490)
 - 🛠 Mistyping `--only` now shows the correct possibilities, and even suggests near matches on Python 3.14+ (#2499)
 - 🛠 Only support one output from the repair step on linux like other platforms; auditwheel fixed this over four years ago! (#2478)
-- 🛠 We now use pattern matching extensively (#2434)
+- 💼 We now use pattern matching extensively (#2434)
 - 📚 We now have platform maintainers for our special platforms and interpreters! (#2481)
 
 

docs/configuration.md

@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ cibuildwheel to run tests, add the following YAML to your CI config file:
 You can configure cibuildwheel with a config file, such as `pyproject.toml`.
 Options have the same names as the environment variable overrides, but are
 placed in `[tool.cibuildwheel]` and are lower case, with dashes, following
-common [TOML][https://toml.io] practice. Anything placed in subsections `linux`, `windows`,
+common [TOML](https://toml.io) practice. Anything placed in subsections `linux`, `windows`,
 `macos`, or `pyodide` will only affect those platforms. Lists can be used
 instead of strings for items that are naturally a list. Multiline strings also
 work just like in the environment variables. Environment variables will take

docs/deliver-to-pypi.md

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ GitHub actions has pipx in all the runners as a supported package manager, as we
     name: Make SDist
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
       with:
         fetch-depth: 0  # Optional, use if you use setuptools_scm
         submodules: true  # Optional, use if you have submodules
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ Then, you need to publish the artifacts that the previous jobs have built. This
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     if: github.event_name == 'release' && github.event.action == 'published'
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v5
       with:
         pattern: cibw-*
         path: dist

docs/faq.md

@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ There are two suggested methods for keeping cibuildwheel up to date that instead
 If you use GitHub Actions for builds, you can use cibuildwheel as an action:
 
 ```yaml
-uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.1.3
+uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.1.4
 ```
 
 This is a composite step that just runs cibuildwheel using pipx. You can set command-line options as `with:` parameters, and use `env:` as normal.
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ The second option, and the only one that supports other CI systems, is using a `
 
 ```bash
 # requirements-cibw.txt
-cibuildwheel==3.1.3
+cibuildwheel==3.1.4
 ```
 
 Then your install step would have `python -m pip install -r requirements-cibw.txt` in it. Your `.github/dependabot.yml` file could look like this:
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ Solutions to this vary, but the simplest is to use pipx:
 # most runners have pipx preinstalled, but in case you don't
 python3 -m pip install pipx
 
-pipx run cibuildwheel==3.1.3 --output-dir wheelhouse
+pipx run cibuildwheel==3.1.4 --output-dir wheelhouse
 pipx run twine upload wheelhouse/*.whl
 ```
 

docs/options.md

@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ Windows arm64 platform support is experimental.
 
 See the [cibuildwheel 2 documentation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/2.x/) for past end-of-life versions of Python.
 
-#### Examples
+#### Examples {: #build-skip-examples }
 
 !!! tab examples "pyproject.toml"
 
@@ -106,6 +106,12 @@ See the [cibuildwheel 2 documentation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/2.x/) for
 
     # Disable building PyPy wheels on all platforms
     skip = "pp*"
+
+    # Disable free-threading builds on all platforms
+    skip = "cp3??t-*"
+
+    # Disable free-threading builds on Windows
+    skip = "cp3??t-win*"
     ```
 
 !!! tab examples "Environment variables"
@@ -137,12 +143,16 @@ See the [cibuildwheel 2 documentation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/2.x/) for
 
     # Disable building PyPy wheels on all platforms
     CIBW_SKIP: pp*
+
+    # Disable free-threading builds on all platforms
+    CIBW_SKIP: "cp3??t-*"
+
+    # Disable free-threading builds on Windows
+    CIBW_SKIP: "cp3??t-win*"
     ```
 
     Separate multiple selectors with a space.
 
-
-
     It is generally recommended to set `CIBW_BUILD` as an environment variable, though `skip`
     tends to be useful in a config file; you can statically declare that you don't
     support a specific build, for example.
@@ -344,13 +354,9 @@ values are:
 
 - `cpython-prerelease`: Enables beta versions of Pythons if any are available
   (May-July, approximately).
-- `cpython-freethreading`: [PEP 703](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0703)
-  introduced variants of CPython that can be built without the Global
-  Interpreter Lock (GIL).  Those variants are also known as free-threaded /
-  no-gil. This will enable building these wheels for 3.13, which was considered
-  experimental.  The build identifiers for those variants have a `t` suffix in
-  their `python_tag` (e.g. `cp313t-manylinux_x86_64`). Starting in 3.14,
-  free-threaded builds are no longer experimental, so this enable is not needed.
+- `cpython-freethreading`: Enable experimental free-threaded builds for CPython 3.13.
+  Free-threading wheels for 3.14+ are available without this flag, as it's [no
+  longer considered experimental](https://peps.python.org/pep-0779/).
 - `pypy`: Enable PyPy.
 - `pypy-eol`: Enable PyPy versions that have passed end of life (if still available).
 - `graalpy`: Enable GraalPy.
@@ -368,7 +374,15 @@ values are:
     that version of Python will become available without this flag.
 
 !!! note
-    Free threading was experimental in 3.13: [What’s New In Python 3.13](https://docs.python.org/3.13/whatsnew/3.13.html#free-threaded-cpython)
+    [PEP 703](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0703) introduced variants of
+    CPython that can be built without the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL). Those
+    variants are also known as free-threaded / no-gil. The build identifiers for
+    those variants have a `t` suffix in their `python_tag` (e.g.
+    `cp313t-manylinux_x86_64`).
+
+    Free threading was [experimental in 3.13](https://docs.python.org/3.13/whatsnew/3.13.html#free-threaded-cpython), so it required an explicit enable flag. But, as noted above, free-threading doesn't require an enable flag for 3.14+.
+
+    For more info on building for free-threading, see the [Python Free-Threading Guide](https://py-free-threading.github.io/).
 
 Default: empty.
 
@@ -392,13 +406,9 @@ without disabling your other enables.
 
     ```toml
     [tool.cibuildwheel]
-    # Enable free-threaded support
+    # Enable free-threaded support for CPython 3.13
     enable = ["cpython-freethreading"]
 
-    # Skip building free-threaded compatible wheels on Windows
-    enable = ["cpython-freethreading"]
-    skip = "*t-win*"
-
     # Include all PyPy versions
     enable = ["pypy", "pypy-eol"]
     ```
@@ -410,18 +420,14 @@ without disabling your other enables.
     # Include latest Python beta
     CIBW_ENABLE: cpython-prerelease
 
-    # Include free-threaded support
+    # Include free-threaded support for CPython 3.13
     CIBW_ENABLE: cpython-freethreading
 
     # Include both
     CIBW_ENABLE: cpython-prerelease cpython-freethreading
 
-    # Skip building free-threaded compatible wheels on Windows
-    CIBW_ENABLE: cpython-freethreading
-    CIBW_SKIP: *t-win*
-
     # Include all PyPy versions
-    CIBW_ENABLE = pypy pypy-eol
+    CIBW_ENABLE: pypy pypy-eol
     ```
 
 

docs/working-examples.md

@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ title: Working examples
 | Name                              | CI | OS | Notes |
 |-----------------------------------|----|----|:------|
 | [scikit-learn][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The machine learning library. A complex but clean config using many of cibuildwheel's features to build a large project with Cython and C++ extensions.  |
-| [pytorch-fairseq][]               | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence Toolkit written in Python. |
 | [duckdb][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | DuckDB is an analytical in-process SQL database management system |
+| [pytorch-fairseq][]               | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence Toolkit written in Python. |
 | [NumPy][]                         | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. |
 | [Tornado][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library. Uses stable ABI for a small C extension. |
 | [NCNN][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | ncnn is a high-performance neural network inference framework optimized for the mobile platform |
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ title: Working examples
 | [MemRay][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] | Memray is a memory profiler for Python |
 | [uvloop][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Ultra fast asyncio event loop. |
 | [psutil][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Cross-platform lib for process and system monitoring in Python |
+| [falcon][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Falcon is a no-magic ASGI/WSGI API and microservices framework; it uses cibuildwheel for (optional) Cython extensions. |
 | [Google Benchmark][]              | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A microbenchmark support library |
 | [vaex][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Out-of-Core hybrid Apache Arrow/NumPy DataFrame for Python, ML, visualization and exploration of big tabular data at a billion rows per second 🚀 |
 | [Apache Beam][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Apache Beam is a unified programming model for Batch and Streaming data processing. |
@@ -40,8 +41,8 @@ title: Working examples
 | [OpenSpiel][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | OpenSpiel is a collection of environments and algorithms for research in general reinforcement learning and search/planning in games. |
 | [Dependency Injector][]           | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Dependency injection framework for Python, uses Windows TravisCI |
 | [UltraJSON][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Ultra fast JSON decoder and encoder written in C with Python bindings |
-| [pyzmq][]                         | ![github icon][] ![circleci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for zeromq, the networking library. Uses Cython on CPython and CFFI on PyPy. ARM wheels for linux are built natively on CircleCI.  |
 | [CTranslate2][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes libraries from the [Intel oneAPI toolkit](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/tools/oneapi/base-toolkit.html) and CUDA kernels compiled for multiple GPU architectures. |
+| [pyzmq][]                         | ![github icon][] ![circleci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for zeromq, the networking library. Uses Cython on CPython and CFFI on PyPy. ARM wheels for linux are built natively on CircleCI.  |
 | [Implicit][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes GPU support for linux wheels |
 | [tinyobjloader][]                 | ![azurepipelines icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tiny but powerful single file wavefront obj loader |
 | [vispy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Main repository for Vispy |
@@ -64,8 +65,8 @@ title: Working examples
 | [PyTables][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python package to manage extremely large amounts of data |
 | [google neuroglancer][]           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | WebGL-based viewer for volumetric data |
 | [Parselmouth][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python interface to the Praat software package, using pybind11, C++17 and CMake, with the core Praat static library built only once and shared between wheels. |
-| [DeepForest][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | An Efficient, Scalable and Optimized Python Framework for Deep Forest (2021.2.1) |
 | [AutoPy][]                        | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes a Windows Travis build. |
+| [DeepForest][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | An Efficient, Scalable and Optimized Python Framework for Deep Forest (2021.2.1) |
 | [H3-py][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python bindings for H3, a hierarchical hexagonal geospatial indexing system |
 | [time-machine][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Time mocking library using only the CPython C API. |
 | [mosec][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] | A machine learning model serving framework powered by Rust |
@@ -76,24 +77,24 @@ title: Working examples
 | [KDEpy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Kernel Density Estimation in Python |
 | [dd-trace-py][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Uses custom alternate arch emulation on GitHub |
 | [tgcalls][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python `pybind11` binding to Telegram's WebRTC library with third party dependencies like `OpenSSL`, `MozJPEG`, `FFmpeg`, etc. |
-| [python-rapidjson][]              | ![travisci icon][] ![gitlab icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python wrapper around rapidjson |
 | [pybind11 python_example][]       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Example pybind11 module built with a Python-based build system |
+| [python-rapidjson][]              | ![travisci icon][] ![gitlab icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python wrapper around rapidjson |
 | [sourmash][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Quickly search, compare, and analyze genomic and metagenomic data sets. |
 | [abess][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A fast best-subset selection library. It uses cibuildwheel to build a large project with C++ extensions. |
 | [python-snappy][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python bindings for the snappy google library |
 | [cyvcf2][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | cython + htslib == fast VCF and BCF processing |
 | [jq.py][]                         | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for jq |
 | [matrixprofile][]                 | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python 3 library making time series data mining tasks, utilizing matrix profile algorithms, accessible to everyone. |
-| [Tokenizer][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast and customizable text tokenization library with BPE and SentencePiece support |
 | [Confluent client for Kafka][]    | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | setup in `tools/wheels/build-wheels.bat` |
+| [Tokenizer][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast and customizable text tokenization library with BPE and SentencePiece support |
 | [iminuit][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Jupyter-friendly Python interface for C++ MINUIT2 |
 | [pillow-heif][]                   | ![github icon][] ![cirrusci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Bindings to libheif library with third party dependencies. Fully automated CI for tests and publishing including Apple Silicon builds. |
 | [keyvi][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] | FST based key value index highly optimized for size and lookup performance, utilizes ccache action for improved runtime |
 | [PyGLM][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Fast OpenGL Mathematics (GLM) for Python |
 | [TgCrypto][]                      | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes a Windows Travis build. |
 | [iDynTree][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] | Uses manylinux_2_24 |
-| [streaming-form-data][]           | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Streaming parser for multipart/form-data written in Cython |
 | [power-grid-model][]              | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python/C++ library for distribution power system analysis |
+| [streaming-form-data][]           | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Streaming parser for multipart/form-data written in Cython |
 | [pybase64][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast Base64 encoding/decoding in Python |
 | [bx-python][]                     | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A library that includes Cython extensions. |
 | [boost-histogram][]               | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Supports full range of wheels, including PyPy and alternate archs. |
@@ -119,8 +120,8 @@ title: Working examples
 | [pybind11 cross build example][]  | ![github icon][] ![gitlab icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Same as pybind11 cmake_example but used to demo Linux ARM + Windows + macOS builds on GitLab |
 
 [scikit-learn]: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn
-[pytorch-fairseq]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/fairseq
 [duckdb]: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb
+[pytorch-fairseq]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/fairseq
 [NumPy]: https://github.com/numpy/numpy
 [Tornado]: https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado
 [NCNN]: https://github.com/Tencent/ncnn
@@ -132,6 +133,7 @@ title: Working examples
 [MemRay]: https://github.com/bloomberg/memray
 [uvloop]: https://github.com/MagicStack/uvloop
 [psutil]: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil
+[falcon]: https://github.com/falconry/falcon
 [Google Benchmark]: https://github.com/google/benchmark
 [vaex]: https://github.com/vaexio/vaex
 [Apache Beam]: https://github.com/apache/beam
@@ -150,8 +152,8 @@ title: Working examples
 [OpenSpiel]: https://github.com/google-deepmind/open_spiel
 [Dependency Injector]: https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector
 [UltraJSON]: https://github.com/ultrajson/ultrajson
-[pyzmq]: https://github.com/zeromq/pyzmq
 [CTranslate2]: https://github.com/OpenNMT/CTranslate2
+[pyzmq]: https://github.com/zeromq/pyzmq
 [Implicit]: https://github.com/benfred/implicit
 [tinyobjloader]: https://github.com/tinyobjloader/tinyobjloader
 [vispy]: https://github.com/vispy/vispy
@@ -174,8 +176,8 @@ title: Working examples
 [PyTables]: https://github.com/PyTables/PyTables
 [google neuroglancer]: https://github.com/google/neuroglancer
 [Parselmouth]: https://github.com/YannickJadoul/Parselmouth
-[DeepForest]: https://github.com/LAMDA-NJU/Deep-Forest
 [AutoPy]: https://github.com/autopilot-rs/autopy
+[DeepForest]: https://github.com/LAMDA-NJU/Deep-Forest
 [H3-py]: https://github.com/uber/h3-py
 [time-machine]: https://github.com/adamchainz/time-machine
 [mosec]: https://github.com/mosecorg/mosec
@@ -186,24 +188,24 @@ title: Working examples
 [KDEpy]: https://github.com/tommyod/KDEpy
 [dd-trace-py]: https://github.com/DataDog/dd-trace-py
 [tgcalls]: https://github.com/MarshalX/tgcalls
-[python-rapidjson]: https://github.com/python-rapidjson/python-rapidjson
 [pybind11 python_example]: https://github.com/pybind/python_example
+[python-rapidjson]: https://github.com/python-rapidjson/python-rapidjson
 [sourmash]: https://github.com/sourmash-bio/sourmash
 [abess]: https://github.com/abess-team/abess
 [python-snappy]: https://github.com/intake/python-snappy
 [cyvcf2]: https://github.com/brentp/cyvcf2
 [jq.py]: https://github.com/mwilliamson/jq.py
 [matrixprofile]: https://github.com/matrix-profile-foundation/matrixprofile
-[Tokenizer]: https://github.com/OpenNMT/Tokenizer
 [Confluent client for Kafka]: https://github.com/confluentinc/confluent-kafka-python
+[Tokenizer]: https://github.com/OpenNMT/Tokenizer
 [iminuit]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/iminuit
 [pillow-heif]: https://github.com/bigcat88/pillow_heif
 [keyvi]: https://github.com/KeyviDev/keyvi
 [PyGLM]: https://github.com/Zuzu-Typ/PyGLM
 [TgCrypto]: https://github.com/pyrogram/tgcrypto
 [iDynTree]: https://github.com/robotology/idyntree
-[streaming-form-data]: https://github.com/siddhantgoel/streaming-form-data
 [power-grid-model]: https://github.com/PowerGridModel/power-grid-model
+[streaming-form-data]: https://github.com/siddhantgoel/streaming-form-data
 [pybase64]: https://github.com/mayeut/pybase64
 [bx-python]: https://github.com/bxlab/bx-python
 [boost-histogram]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/boost-histogram

examples/azure-pipelines-minimal.yml

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ jobs:
     - bash: |
         set -o errexit
         python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        pip3 install cibuildwheel==3.1.3
+        pip3 install cibuildwheel==3.1.4
       displayName: Install dependencies
     - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
       displayName: Build wheels
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
     - bash: |
         set -o errexit
         python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.3
+        python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.4
       displayName: Install dependencies
     - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
       displayName: Build wheels
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ jobs:
     - bash: |
         set -o errexit
         python -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.3
+        pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.4
       displayName: Install dependencies
     - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
       displayName: Build wheels

examples/circleci-minimal.yml

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ jobs:
       - run:
           name: Build the Linux wheels.
           command: |
-            python3 -m pip install --user cibuildwheel==3.1.3
+            python3 -m pip install --user cibuildwheel==3.1.4
             cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       - store_artifacts:
           path: wheelhouse/
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ jobs:
       - run:
           name: Build the Linux aarch64 wheels.
           command: |
-            python3 -m pip install --user cibuildwheel==3.1.3
+            python3 -m pip install --user cibuildwheel==3.1.4
             python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       - store_artifacts:
           path: wheelhouse/
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ jobs:
           name: Build the OS X wheels.
           command: |
             sudo softwareupdate --install-rosetta --agree-to-license  # for python<=3.8 or x86_64/universal2 tests
-            pip3 install cibuildwheel==3.1.3
+            pip3 install cibuildwheel==3.1.4
             cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       - store_artifacts:
           path: wheelhouse/

examples/cirrus-ci-intel-mac.yml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 build_and_store_wheels: &BUILD_AND_STORE_WHEELS
   install_cibuildwheel_script:
-    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.3
+    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.4
   run_cibuildwheel_script:
     - cibuildwheel
   wheels_artifacts:

examples/cirrus-ci-minimal.yml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 build_and_store_wheels: &BUILD_AND_STORE_WHEELS
   install_cibuildwheel_script:
-    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.3
+    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.4
   run_cibuildwheel_script:
     - cibuildwheel
   wheels_artifacts:

examples/github-deploy.yml

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ jobs:
             platform: pyodide
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
       # GitHub Actions can't currently run the Android emulator on macOS.
       - name: Skip Android tests on macOS
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ jobs:
           sudo udevadm trigger --name-match=kvm
 
       - name: Build wheels
-        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.1.3
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.1.4
         env:
           CIBW_PLATFORM: ${{ matrix.platform || 'auto' }}
         # Can also be configured directly, using `with:`
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ jobs:
     name: Build source distribution
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
       - name: Build sdist
         run: pipx run build --sdist
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ jobs:
     # or, alternatively, upload to PyPI on every tag starting with 'v' (remove on: release above to use this)
     # if: github.event_name == 'push' && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v')
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v5
         with:
           # unpacks all CIBW artifacts into dist/
           pattern: cibw-*

examples/github-minimal.yml

@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ jobs:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-13, macos-14]
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
       - name: Build wheels
-        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.1.3
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.1.4
         # env:
         #   CIBW_SOME_OPTION: value
         #   ...

examples/github-pipx.yml

@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ jobs:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-13, macos-14]
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
       - name: Build wheels
-        run: pipx run cibuildwheel==3.1.3
+        run: pipx run cibuildwheel==3.1.4
 
       - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:

examples/github-with-qemu.yml

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ jobs:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-13, macos-14]
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
       - name: Set up QEMU
         if: runner.os == 'Linux' && runner.arch == 'X64'
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ jobs:
           platforms: all
 
       - name: Build wheels
-        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.1.3
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.1.4
         env:
           # configure cibuildwheel on Linux to build native archs ('auto'),
           # and to split the remaining architectures between the x86_64 and

examples/gitlab-minimal.yml

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ linux:
     DOCKER_TLS_CERTDIR: ""
   script:
     - curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh
-    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.3
+    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.4
     - cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
   artifacts:
     paths:
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ windows:
   before_script:
     - choco install python -y --allow-downgrade --version 3.12.4
     - choco install git.install -y
-    - py -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.3
+    - py -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.4
   script:
     - py -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse --platform windows
   artifacts:
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ windows:
 macos:
   image: macos-14-xcode-15
   before_script:
-    - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.3
+    - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.4
   script:
     - python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
   artifacts:

examples/gitlab-with-qemu.yml

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ linux:
     - curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh
     # Warning: This is extremely slow, be careful with how many wheels you build
     - docker run --rm --privileged multiarch/qemu-user-static --reset -p yes
-    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.3
+    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.4
     # Assuming your CI runner's default architecture is x86_64...
     - cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse --platform linux --archs aarch64
   artifacts:

examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
         - ln -s /c/Python312/python.exe /c/Python312/python3.exe
 
 install:
-  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.3
+  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.4
 
 script:
   # build the wheels, put them into './dist'

examples/travis-ci-minimal.yml

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ jobs:
         - ln -s /c/Python312/python.exe /c/Python312/python3.exe
 
 install:
-  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.3
+  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.4
 
 script:
   # build the wheels, put them into './wheelhouse'

examples/travis-ci-test-and-deploy.yml

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ jobs:
     - stage: deploy
       name: Build and deploy Linux wheels
       services: docker
-      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.3 twine
+      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.4 twine
       script: python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       after_success: python3 -m twine upload --skip-existing wheelhouse/*.whl
     # Deploy on windows
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ jobs:
       name: Build and deploy Windows wheels
       os: windows
       language: shell
-      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.3 twine
+      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.4 twine
       script: python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       after_success: python3 -m twine upload --skip-existing wheelhouse/*.whl
 

noxfile.py

@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ def tests(session: nox.Session) -> None:
         session.run("pytest", *session.posargs)
     else:
         unit_test_args = ["--run-docker"] if sys.platform.startswith("linux") else []
+        session.run("pytest", "cibuildwheel")  # run doctests
         session.run("pytest", "unit_test", *unit_test_args)
         session.run("pytest", "test", "-x", "--durations", "0", "--timeout=2400", "test")
 

pyproject.toml

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ build-backend = "hatchling.build"
 
 [project]
 name = "cibuildwheel"
-version = "3.1.3"
+version = "3.1.4"
 description = "Build Python wheels on CI with minimal configuration."
 readme = "README.md"
 license = "BSD-2-Clause"
@@ -45,6 +45,8 @@ dependencies = [
     "filelock",
     "humanize",
     "packaging>=20.9",
+    # patchelf is used for Android
+    "patchelf; (sys_platform == 'linux' or sys_platform == 'darwin') and (platform_machine == 'x86_64' or platform_machine == 'arm64' or platform_machine == 'aarch64')",
     "platformdirs",
     "pyelftools>=0.29",
     "wheel>=0.33.6",
@@ -93,6 +95,7 @@ test = [
     "setuptools",
     "tomli_w",
     "validate-pyproject",
+    "xdoctest",
 ]
 dev = [
     {include-group = "bin"},
@@ -103,7 +106,7 @@ dev = [
 
 [tool.pytest.ini_options]
 minversion = "6.0"
-addopts = ["-ra", "--showlocals", "--strict-markers", "--strict-config"]
+addopts = ["-ra", "--showlocals", "--strict-markers", "--strict-config", "--xdoctest", "--ignore-glob=*venv*"]
 junit_family = "xunit2"
 xfail_strict = true
 filterwarnings = ["error"]

test/test_android.py

@@ -90,8 +90,17 @@ def test_android_home(tmp_path, capfd):
     assert "ANDROID_HOME environment variable is not set" in capfd.readouterr().err
 
 
-# Can fail to setup
+# the first build can fail to setup - mark as flaky, and serial to make sure it runs first
+@pytest.mark.serial
 @pytest.mark.flaky(reruns=2)
+def test_expected_wheels(tmp_path):
+    new_c_project().generate(tmp_path)
+    wheels = cibuildwheel_run(tmp_path, add_env={"CIBW_PLATFORM": "android"})
+    assert wheels == expected_wheels(
+        "spam", "0.1.0", platform="android", machine_arch=native_arch.android_abi
+    )
+
+
 def test_frontend_good(tmp_path):
     new_c_project().generate(tmp_path)
     wheels = cibuildwheel_run(
@@ -112,14 +121,6 @@ def test_frontend_bad(frontend, tmp_path, capfd):
     assert "Android requires the build frontend to be 'build'" in capfd.readouterr().err
 
 
-def test_expected_wheels(tmp_path):
-    new_c_project().generate(tmp_path)
-    wheels = cibuildwheel_run(tmp_path, add_env={"CIBW_PLATFORM": "android"})
-    assert wheels == expected_wheels(
-        "spam", "0.1.0", platform="android", machine_arch=native_arch.android_abi
-    )
-
-
 @needs_emulator
 def test_archs(tmp_path, capfd):
     new_c_project().generate(tmp_path)

unit_test/main_commands_test.py

@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+import errno
+import shutil
+import sys
+
+import pytest
+
+import cibuildwheel.__main__ as main_module
+from cibuildwheel.__main__ import main
+
+
+def test_clean_cache_when_cache_exists(tmp_path, monkeypatch, capfd):
+    fake_cache_dir = (tmp_path / "cibw_cache").resolve()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(main_module, "CIBW_CACHE_PATH", fake_cache_dir)
+
+    fake_cache_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    assert fake_cache_dir.exists()
+
+    cibw_sentinel = fake_cache_dir / "CACHEDIR.TAG"
+    cibw_sentinel.write_text(
+        "Signature: 8a477f597d28d172789f06886806bc55\n"
+        "# This file is a cache directory tag created by cibuildwheel.\n"
+        "# For information about cache directory tags, see:\n"
+        "# https://www.brynosaurus.com/cachedir/",
+        encoding="utf-8",
+    )
+
+    dummy_file = fake_cache_dir / "dummy.txt"
+    dummy_file.write_text("hello")
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(sys, "argv", ["cibuildwheel", "--clean-cache"])
+
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit) as e:
+        main()
+
+    assert e.value.code == 0
+
+    out, err = capfd.readouterr()
+    assert f"Clearing cache directory: {fake_cache_dir}" in out
+    assert "Cache cleared successfully." in out
+    assert not fake_cache_dir.exists()
+
+
+def test_clean_cache_when_cache_does_not_exist(tmp_path, monkeypatch, capfd):
+    fake_cache_dir = (tmp_path / "nonexistent_cache").resolve()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(main_module, "CIBW_CACHE_PATH", fake_cache_dir)
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(sys, "argv", ["cibuildwheel", "--clean-cache"])
+
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit) as e:
+        main()
+
+    assert e.value.code == 0
+
+    out, err = capfd.readouterr()
+    assert f"Cache directory does not exist: {fake_cache_dir}" in out
+
+
+def test_clean_cache_with_error(tmp_path, monkeypatch, capfd):
+    fake_cache_dir = (tmp_path / "cibw_cache").resolve()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(main_module, "CIBW_CACHE_PATH", fake_cache_dir)
+
+    fake_cache_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    assert fake_cache_dir.exists()
+
+    cibw_sentinel = fake_cache_dir / "CACHEDIR.TAG"
+    cibw_sentinel.write_text(
+        "Signature: 8a477f597d28d172789f06886806bc55\n"
+        "# This file is a cache directory tag created by cibuildwheel.\n"
+        "# For information about cache directory tags, see:\n"
+        "# https://www.brynosaurus.com/cachedir/",
+        encoding="utf-8",
+    )
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(sys, "argv", ["cibuildwheel", "--clean-cache"])
+
+    def fake_rmtree(path):  # noqa: ARG001
+        raise OSError(errno.EACCES, "Permission denied")
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(shutil, "rmtree", fake_rmtree)
+
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit) as e:
+        main()
+
+    assert e.value.code == 1
+
+    out, err = capfd.readouterr()
+    assert f"Clearing cache directory: {fake_cache_dir}" in out
+    assert "Error clearing cache:" in err
+
+
+def test_clean_cache_without_sentinel(tmp_path, monkeypatch, capfd):
+    fake_cache_dir = (tmp_path / "not_a_cache").resolve()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(main_module, "CIBW_CACHE_PATH", fake_cache_dir)
+
+    fake_cache_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(sys, "argv", ["cibuildwheel", "--clean-cache"])
+
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit) as e:
+        main()
+
+    assert e.value.code == 1
+
+    out, err = capfd.readouterr()
+    assert "does not appear to be a cibuildwheel cache directory" in err
+    assert fake_cache_dir.exists()
+
+
+def test_clean_cache_with_invalid_signature(tmp_path, monkeypatch, capfd):
+    fake_cache_dir = (tmp_path / "fake_cache").resolve()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(main_module, "CIBW_CACHE_PATH", fake_cache_dir)
+
+    fake_cache_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    cibw_sentinel = fake_cache_dir / "CACHEDIR.TAG"
+    cibw_sentinel.write_text("Invalid signature\n# This is not a real cache directory tag")
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(sys, "argv", ["cibuildwheel", "--clean-cache"])
+
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit) as e:
+        main()
+
+    assert e.value.code == 1
+
+    out, err = capfd.readouterr()
+    assert "does not contain a valid cache directory signature" in err
+    assert fake_cache_dir.exists()

unit_test/main_tests/main_platform_test.py

@@ -278,3 +278,12 @@ def test_pyodide_on_windows(monkeypatch, capsys):
 
     assert exit.value.code == 2
     assert "Building for pyodide is not supported on Windows" in err
+
+
+def test_empty_archs_platform(platform, intercepted_build_args, monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.setenv("CIBW_ARCHS", "")
+
+    main()
+
+    options = intercepted_build_args.args[0]
+    assert options.globals.architectures == Architecture.auto_archs(platform)

unit_test/oci_container_test.py

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import json
 import os
-import platform
 import random
 import shutil
 import subprocess
@@ -29,16 +28,7 @@ from cibuildwheel.oci_container import (
 # for these tests we use manylinux2014 images, because they're available on
 # multi architectures and include python3.8
 DEFAULT_IMAGE = "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014:2025.03.08-1"
-pm = platform.machine()
-DEFAULT_OCI_PLATFORM = {
-    "AMD64": OCIPlatform.AMD64,
-    "x86_64": OCIPlatform.AMD64,
-    "ppc64le": OCIPlatform.PPC64LE,
-    "s390x": OCIPlatform.S390X,
-    "aarch64": OCIPlatform.ARM64,
-    "arm64": OCIPlatform.ARM64,
-    "ARM64": OCIPlatform.ARM64,
-}[pm]
+DEFAULT_OCI_PLATFORM = OCIPlatform.native()
 
 PODMAN = OCIContainerEngineConfig(name="podman")
 
@@ -494,7 +484,7 @@ def test_parse_engine_config(config, name, create_args, capsys):
         )
 
 
-@pytest.mark.skipif(pm != "x86_64", reason="Only runs on x86_64")
+@pytest.mark.skipif(DEFAULT_OCI_PLATFORM != OCIPlatform.AMD64, reason="Only runs on x86_64")
 def test_enforce_32_bit(container_engine):
     with OCIContainer(
         engine=container_engine, image=DEFAULT_IMAGE, oci_platform=OCIPlatform.i386
@@ -551,7 +541,7 @@ def test_local_image(
 ) -> None:
     if (
         detect_ci_provider() == CIProvider.travis_ci
-        and pm != "x86_64"
+        and DEFAULT_OCI_PLATFORM != OCIPlatform.AMD64
         and platform != DEFAULT_OCI_PLATFORM
     ):
         pytest.skip("Skipping test because docker on this platform does not support QEMU")
@@ -581,7 +571,7 @@ def test_local_image(
 def test_multiarch_image(container_engine, platform):
     if (
         detect_ci_provider() == CIProvider.travis_ci
-        and pm != "x86_64"
+        and DEFAULT_OCI_PLATFORM != OCIPlatform.AMD64
         and platform != DEFAULT_OCI_PLATFORM
     ):
         pytest.skip("Skipping test because docker on this platform does not support QEMU")