Bump version: v3.3.0

* fix: support Docker 29

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

* refactor: closer to actual case, lambda

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

---------

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

.cirrus.yml

@@ -46,8 +46,8 @@ linux_aarch64_task:
   <<: *RUN_TESTS
 
 windows_x86_task:
-  # The task takes ~55 minutes while the timeout happens
-  # after 60 minutes by default, let's allow some wiggle room.
+  # The task takes ~55 minutes while the timeout happens after 60 minutes by default,
+  # let's allow some wiggle room.
   timeout_in: 120m
   windows_container:
     image: cirrusci/windowsservercore:visualstudio2022

.github/CODEOWNERS

@@ -1,2 +1,7 @@
+# Specification files for platform maintainers
 cibuildwheel/platforms/ios.py         @freakboy3742
 cibuildwheel/platforms/pyodide.py     @hoodmane @ryanking13 @agriyakhetarpal
+cibuildwheel/platforms/android.py     @mhsmith
+
+# Constraints files
+cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-pyodide*.txt @hoodmane @ryanking13 @agriyakhetarpal

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ jobs:
   dist:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
     - uses: hynek/build-and-inspect-python-package@v2
 
@@ -27,13 +27,13 @@ jobs:
       attestations: write
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v6
       with:
         name: Packages
         path: dist
 
     - name: Generate artifact attestation for sdist and wheel
-      uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@e8998f949152b193b063cb0ec769d69d929409be # v2.4.0
+      uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@977bb373ede98d70efdf65b84cb5f73e068dcc2a # v3.0.0
       with:
         subject-path: "dist/cibuildwheel-*"
 

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ jobs:
     name: Linters (mypy, ruff, etc.)
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       id: python
       with:
         python-version: "3.x"
@@ -47,28 +47,58 @@ jobs:
       run: pipx run --python "${{ steps.python.outputs.python-path }}" nox -s pylint -- --output-format=github
 
   test:
-    name: Test on ${{ matrix.os }} (${{ matrix.python_version }})
+    name: Test on ${{ matrix.os }} (${{ matrix.python_version }}) ${{ matrix.test_select }}
     needs: lint
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-13, macos-15]
-        python_version: ['3.13']
         include:
+        # Min Python
         - os: ubuntu-latest
           python_version: '3.11'
+        # Max Python
         - os: ubuntu-latest
           python_version: '3.14'
+        - os: ubuntu-latest
+          python_version: '3.13'
+          test_select: android
+        - os: ubuntu-24.04-arm
+          python_version: '3.13'
+        - os: windows-latest
+          python_version: '3.13'
+        - os: windows-11-arm
+          python_version: '3.13'
+        - os: macos-15-intel
+          python_version: '3.13'
+        - os: macos-15
+          python_version: '3.13'
+        - os: macos-15-intel
+          python_version: '3.13'
+          test_select: ios
+        - os: macos-15
+          python_version: '3.13'
+          test_select: ios
+          # Exercise iOS on a non-default simulator.
+          test_runtime: 'args: --simulator "iPhone 16e,OS=18.5"'
+        - os: macos-15-intel
+          python_version: '3.13'
+          test_select: android
+          # Exercise Android on a non-default simulator
+          test_runtime: 'args: --managed minVersion'
+        - os: macos-15
+          python_version: '3.13'
+          test_select: android
     timeout-minutes: 180
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       name: Install Python ${{ matrix.python_version }}
       with:
         python-version: ${{ matrix.python_version }}
         allow-prereleases: true
 
-    - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v6
+    - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v7
 
     - name: Free up disk space
       if: runner.os == 'Linux'
@@ -79,24 +109,23 @@ jobs:
           /usr/local/share/powershell
         df -h
 
-    # https://github.blog/changelog/2024-04-02-github-actions-hardware-accelerated-android-virtualization-now-available/
-    - name: Enable KVM for Android emulator
-      if: runner.os == 'Linux' && runner.arch == 'X64'
-      run: |
-          echo 'KERNEL=="kvm", GROUP="kvm", MODE="0666", OPTIONS+="static_node=kvm"' | sudo tee /etc/udev/rules.d/99-kvm4all.rules
-          sudo udevadm control --reload-rules
-          sudo udevadm trigger --name-match=kvm
-
     # for oci_container unit tests
     - name: Set up QEMU
       if: runner.os == 'Linux'
       uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
 
+    - name: Set up Xcode
+      if: ${{ startsWith(matrix.os, 'macos-15') }}
+      run: |
+        # GitHub recommends explicitly selecting the desired Xcode version
+        sudo xcode-select --switch /Applications/Xcode_16.4.app
+
     - name: Install dependencies
       run: |
         uv sync --no-dev --group test
 
     - uses: joerick/pr-labels-action@v1.0.9
+
     - name: Set CIBW_ENABLE
       shell: bash
       run: |
@@ -127,29 +156,35 @@ jobs:
         output-dir: wheelhouse
       env:
         CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS: x86_64 universal2 arm64
-        CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND: 'build[uv]'
+        CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND: ${{ matrix.test_select && 'build' || 'build[uv]' }}
+        CIBW_PLATFORM: ${{ matrix.test_select }}
+        CIBW_TEST_RUNTIME: ${{ matrix.test_runtime }}
 
     - name: Run a sample build (GitHub Action, only)
       uses: ./
+      if: matrix.test_select == ''
       with:
         package-dir: sample_proj
         output-dir: wheelhouse_only
-        only: cp312-${{ runner.os == 'Linux' && (runner.arch == 'ARM64' && 'manylinux_aarch64' || 'manylinux_x86_64') || (runner.os == 'Windows' && 'win_amd64' || 'macosx_x86_64') }}
+        only: cp313-${{ runner.os == 'Linux' && (runner.arch == 'ARM64' && 'manylinux_aarch64' || 'manylinux_x86_64') || (runner.os == 'Windows' && 'win_amd64' || 'macosx_x86_64') }}
 
     - name: Create custom configuration file
       shell: bash
       run: |
         cat > sample_proj/cibw.toml <<EOF
         [tool.cibuildwheel]
-        # Only build on CPython 3.12 on native arch
+        # Only build on CPython 3.13 on native arch
         archs = ["native"]
-        build = "cp312-*"
+        build = "cp313-*"
         # Skip musllinux
         skip = "*-musllinux*"
         EOF
 
     - name: Run a sample build (GitHub Action, config-file)
       uses: ./
+      env:
+        CIBW_PLATFORM: ${{ matrix.test_select }}
+        CIBW_TEST_RUNTIME: ${{ matrix.test_runtime }}
       with:
         package-dir: sample_proj
         output-dir: wheelhouse_config_file
@@ -159,17 +194,24 @@ jobs:
       shell: bash
       run: |
         test $(find wheelhouse -name '*.whl' | wc -l) -ge 1
-        test $(find wheelhouse_only -name '*.whl' | wc -l) -eq 1
         test $(find wheelhouse_config_file -name '*.whl' | wc -l) -eq 1
 
-    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+    - name: Check Action artifacts (native build only)
+      if: matrix.test_select == ''
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        test $(find wheelhouse_only -name '*.whl' | wc -l) -eq 1
+
+    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5
       with:
         name: cibw-wheels-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ strategy.job-index }}
         path: wheelhouse/*.whl
 
     - name: Test cibuildwheel
+      env:
+        CIBW_TEST_RUNTIME: ${{ matrix.test_runtime }}
       run: |
-        uv run --no-sync bin/run_tests.py ${{ (runner.os == 'Linux' && runner.arch == 'X64') && '--run-podman' || '' }}
+        uv run --no-sync bin/run_tests.py --test-select=${{ matrix.test_select || 'native' }} ${{ (runner.os == 'Linux' && runner.arch == 'X64') && '--run-podman' || '' }}
 
   emulated-archs:
     name: Get qemu emulated architectures
@@ -178,11 +220,11 @@ jobs:
     outputs:
       archs: ${{ steps.archs.outputs.archs }}
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       with:
         python-version: "3.x"
-    - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v6
+    - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v7
     - name: Install dependencies
       run: uv sync --no-dev --group test
     - name: Get qemu emulated architectures
@@ -201,11 +243,11 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         arch: ${{ fromJSON(needs.emulated-archs.outputs.archs) }}
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       with:
         python-version: "3.x"
-    - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v6
+    - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v7
     - name: Install dependencies
       run: uv sync --no-dev --group test
 
@@ -221,12 +263,12 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
     timeout-minutes: 180
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       name: Install Python 3.12
       with:
         python-version: '3.12'
-    - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v6
+    - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v7
 
     - name: Install dependencies
       run: uv sync --no-dev --group test

.github/workflows/update-dependencies.yml

@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ jobs:
         app-id: ${{ secrets.CIBUILDWHEEL_BOT_APP_ID }}
         private-key: ${{ secrets.CIBUILDWHEEL_BOT_APP_PRIVATE_KEY }}
 
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
-    - uses: wntrblm/nox@2025.05.01
+    - uses: wntrblm/nox@2025.10.16
 
     - name: "Run update: dependencies"
       run: nox --force-color -s update_constraints

.github/workflows/update-major-minor-tag.yml

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ jobs:
     permissions:
       contents: write
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
       - name: Update the ${{ env.TAG_NAME }} tag
         id: update-major-minor-tag

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 repos:
 
 - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
-  rev: v5.0.0
+  rev: v6.0.0
   hooks:
   - id: check-case-conflict
   - id: check-merge-conflict
@@ -14,14 +14,14 @@ repos:
   - id: trailing-whitespace
 
 - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-  rev: v0.12.4
+  rev: v0.14.4
   hooks:
-  - id: ruff
+  - id: ruff-check
     args: ["--fix", "--show-fixes"]
   - id: ruff-format
 
 - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy
-  rev: v1.17.0
+  rev: v1.18.2
   hooks:
   - id: mypy
     name: mypy 3.11 on cibuildwheel/
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ repos:
     additional_dependencies: *mypy-dependencies
 
 - repo: https://github.com/shellcheck-py/shellcheck-py
-  rev: v0.10.0.1
+  rev: v0.11.0.1
   hooks:
   - id: shellcheck
 
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ repos:
 
 
 - repo: https://github.com/python-jsonschema/check-jsonschema
-  rev: 0.33.2
+  rev: 0.34.1
   hooks:
     - id: check-dependabot
     - id: check-github-actions

README.md

@@ -29,14 +29,15 @@ While cibuildwheel itself requires a recent Python version to run (we support th
 | CPython 3.9        | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
 | CPython 3.10       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
 | CPython 3.11       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
-| CPython 3.12       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵  | N/A | N/A | ✅⁴ |
-| CPython 3.13³      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵  | ✅ | ✅ | N/A |
-| CPython 3.14       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵  | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| CPython 3.12       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | ✅⁴ |
+| CPython 3.13³      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁴ |
+| CPython 3.14       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A |
 | PyPy 3.8 v7.3      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
 | PyPy 3.9 v7.3      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
 | PyPy 3.10 v7.3     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
 | PyPy 3.11 v7.3     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
 | GraalPy 3.11 v24.2 | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | N/A  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| GraalPy 3.12 v25.0 | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | N/A  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
 
 <sup>¹ PyPy & GraalPy are only supported for manylinux wheels.</sup><br>
 <sup>² Windows arm64 support is experimental.</sup><br>
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ While cibuildwheel itself requires a recent Python version to run (we support th
 <sup>⁴ Experimental, not yet supported on PyPI, but can be used directly in web deployment. Use `--platform pyodide` to build.</sup><br>
 <sup>⁵ manylinux armv7l support is experimental. As there are no RHEL based image for this architecture, it's using an Ubuntu based image instead.</sup><br>
 
-- Builds manylinux, musllinux, macOS 10.9+ (10.13+ for Python 3.12+), and Windows wheels for CPython, PyPy, and GraalPy
+- Builds manylinux, musllinux, macOS, and Windows wheels for CPython, PyPy, and GraalPy
 - Works on GitHub Actions, Azure Pipelines, Travis CI, CircleCI, GitLab CI, and Cirrus CI
 - Bundles shared library dependencies on Linux and macOS through [auditwheel](https://github.com/pypa/auditwheel) and [delocate](https://github.com/matthew-brett/delocate)
 - Runs your library's tests against the wheel-installed version of your library
@@ -67,8 +68,9 @@ Usage
 
 <sup>¹ [Requires emulation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/faq/#emulation), distributed separately. Other services may also support Linux ARM through emulation or third-party build hosts, but these are not tested in our CI.</sup><br>
 <sup>² [Uses cross-compilation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/faq/#windows-arm64). It is not possible to test `arm64` on this CI platform.</sup><br>
-<sup>³ Requires a macOS runner; runs tests on the simulator for the runner's architecture.</sup><br>
+<sup>³ Requires a macOS runner; runs tests on the simulator for the runner's architecture. </sup><br>
 <sup>⁴ Building for Android requires the runner to be Linux x86_64, macOS ARM64 or macOS x86_64. Testing has [additional requirements](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/platforms/#android).</sup><br>
+
 <!--intro-end-->
 
 Example setup
@@ -88,16 +90,16 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-13, macos-latest]
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-15-intel, macos-latest]
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
       # Used to host cibuildwheel
       - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
 
       - name: Install cibuildwheel
-        run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.0
+        run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.3.0
 
       - name: Build wheels
         run: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
@@ -157,12 +159,13 @@ The following diagram summarises the steps that cibuildwheel takes on each platf
 |  | [`test-groups`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-groups) | Specify test dependencies from your project's `dependency-groups` |
 |  | [`test-skip`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-skip) | Skip running tests on some builds |
 |  | [`test-environment`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-environment) | Set environment variables for the test environment |
+|  | [`test-runtime`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-runtime) | Controls how the tests will be executed. |
 | **Debugging** | [`debug-keep-container`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#debug-keep-container) | Keep the container after running for debugging. |
 |  | [`debug-traceback`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#debug-traceback) | Print full traceback when errors occur. |
 |  | [`build-verbosity`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-verbosity) | Increase/decrease the output of the build |
 
 
-<!--[[[end]]] (sum: FxE3nIgFiY) -->
+<!--[[[end]]] (sum: dbfwOkj/k/) -->
 
 These options can be specified in a pyproject.toml file, or as environment variables, see [configuration docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/configuration/).
 
@@ -178,8 +181,8 @@ Here are some repos that use cibuildwheel.
 | Name                              | CI | OS | Notes |
 |-----------------------------------|----|----|:------|
 | [scikit-learn][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The machine learning library. A complex but clean config using many of cibuildwheel's features to build a large project with Cython and C++ extensions.  |
-| [pytorch-fairseq][]               | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence Toolkit written in Python. |
 | [duckdb][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | DuckDB is an analytical in-process SQL database management system |
+| [pytorch-fairseq][]               | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence Toolkit written in Python. |
 | [NumPy][]                         | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. |
 | [Tornado][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library. Uses stable ABI for a small C extension. |
 | [NCNN][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | ncnn is a high-performance neural network inference framework optimized for the mobile platform |
@@ -189,8 +192,8 @@ Here are some repos that use cibuildwheel.
 | [Kivy][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Open source UI framework written in Python, running on Windows, Linux, macOS, Android and iOS |
 
 [scikit-learn]: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn
-[pytorch-fairseq]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/fairseq
 [duckdb]: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb
+[pytorch-fairseq]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/fairseq
 [NumPy]: https://github.com/numpy/numpy
 [Tornado]: https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado
 [NCNN]: https://github.com/Tencent/ncnn
@@ -227,84 +230,67 @@ Changelog
 
 <!-- [[[cog from readme_changelog import mini_changelog; print(mini_changelog()) ]]] -->
 
-### v3.1.0
+### v3.3.0
 
-_23 July 2025_
+_12 November 2025_
+
+- 🐛 Fix an incompatibility with Docker v29 (#2660)
+- ✨ Adds `test-runtime` option, to customise how tests on simulated/emulated environments are run (#2636)
+- ✨ Adds support for new `manylinux_2_35` images on 32-bit ARM `armv7l`, offering better C++20 compatibility (#2656)
+- ✨ `build[uv]` is now supported on Android (#2587)
+- ✨ You can now install extras (such as `uv`) with a simple option on the GitHub Action (#2630)
+- ✨ `{project}` and `{package}` placeholders are now supported in `repair-wheel-command` (#2589)
+- 🛠 The versions set with `dependency-versions` no longer constrain packages specified by your `build-system.requires`. Previously, on platforms other than Linux, the constraints in this option would remain in the environment during the build. This has been tidied up make behaviour more consistent between platforms, and to prevent version conflicts. (#2583)
+- 🛠 Improve the handling of `test-command` on Android, enabling more options to be passed (#2590)
+- 📚 Docs improvements (#2618)
+
+### v3.2.1
+
+_12 October 2025_
+
+- 🛠 Update to CPython 3.14.0 final (#2614)
+- 🐛 Fix the default MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET on Python 3.14 (#2613)
+- 📚 Docs improvements (#2617)
+
+### v3.2.0
+
+_22 September 2025_
+
+- ✨ Adds GraalPy v25 (Python 3.12) support (#2597)
+- 🛠 Update to CPython 3.14.0rc3 (#2602)
+- 🛠 Adds CPython 3.14.0 prerelease support for Android, and a number of improvements to Android builds (#2568, #2591)
+- 🛠 Improvements to testing on Android, passing environment markers when installing the venv, and providing more debug output when build-verbosity is set (#2575)
+- ⚠️ PyPy 3.10 was moved to `pypy-eol` in the `enable` option, as it is now end-of-life. (#2521)
+- 📚 Docs improvements (#2574, #2601, #2598)
+
+### v3.1.4
+
+_19 August 2025_
+
+- ✨ Add a `--clean-cache` command to clean up our cache (#2489)
+- 🛠 Update Python to 3.14rc2 and other patch version bumps (#2542, #2556)
+- 🛠 Update Pyodide to 0.28.2 (#2562, #2558)
+- 🐛 Fix resolution with `pyodide-build` when `dependency-versions` is set (#2548)
+- 🐛 Set `CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PACKAGE` to `BOTH` on Android (#2547)
+- 🐛 Add `patchelf` dependency for platforms that can build Android wheels (#2552)
+- 🐛 Ignore empty values for `CIBW_ARCHS` like most other environment variables (#2541)
+- 💼 The `color` and `suggest_on_error` argparse options are now default in 3.14rc1+ (#2554)
+- 💼 Use the virtualenv release URL instead of blob URL (should be more robust) (#2555)
+- 🧪 For iOS, lowering to macos-14 is needed for now due to issues with GitHub's runner images (#2557)
+- 🧪 Split out platforms iOS and Android in our tests (#2519)
+- 🧪 Fix and enable doctests (#2546)
+- 📚 Improve our docs on free-threading (#2549)
 
 
-- 🌟 CPython 3.14 wheels are now built by default - without the `"cpython-prerelease"` `enable` set. It's time to build and upload these wheels to PyPI! This release includes CPython 3.14.0rc1, which is guaranteed to be ABI compatible with the final release. (#2507) Free-threading is no longer experimental in 3.14, so you have to skip it explicitly with `'cp31?t-*'` if you don't support it yet. (#2503)
-- 🌟 Adds the ability to [build wheels for Android](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/platforms/#android)! Set the [`platform` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#platform) to `android` on Linux or macOS to try it out! (#2349)
-- 🌟 Adds Pyodide 0.28, which builds 3.13 wheels (#2487)
-- ✨ Support for 32-bit `manylinux_2_28` (now a consistent default) and `manylinux_2_34` added (#2500)
-- 🛠 Improved summary, will also use markdown summary output on GHA (#2469)
-- 🛠 The riscv64 images now have a working default (as they are now part of pypy/manylinux), but are still experimental (and behind an `enable`) since you can't push them to PyPI yet (#2506)
-- 🛠 Fixed a typo in the 3.9 MUSL riscv64 identifier (`cp39-musllinux_ricv64` -> `cp39-musllinux_riscv64`) (#2490)
-- 🛠 Mistyping `--only` now shows the correct possibilities, and even suggests near matches on Python 3.14+ (#2499)
-- 🛠 Only support one output from the repair step on linux like other platforms; auditwheel fixed this over four years ago! (#2478)
-- 🛠 We now use pattern matching extensively (#2434)
-- 📚 We now have platform maintainers for our special platforms and interpreters! (#2481)
+### v3.1.3
 
+_1 August 2025_
 
+- 🐛 Fix bug where "latest" dependencies couldn't update to pip 25.2 on Windows (#2537)
+- 🧪 Use pytest-rerunfailures to improve some of our iOS/Android tests (#2527, #2539)
+- 🧪 Remove some GraalPy Windows workarounds in our tests (#2501)
 
-### v3.0.1
-
-_5 July 2025_
-
-- 🛠 Updates CPython 3.14 prerelease to 3.14.0b3 (#2471)
-- ✨ Adds a CPython 3.14 prerelease iOS build (only when prerelease builds are [enabled](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable)) (#2475)
-
-### v3.0.0
-
-_11 June 2025_
-
-See @henryiii's [release post](https://iscinumpy.dev/post/cibuildwheel-3-0-0/) for more info on new features!
-
-- 🌟 Adds the ability to [build wheels for iOS](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/platforms/#ios)! Set the [`platform` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#platform) to `ios` on a Mac with the iOS toolchain to try it out! (#2286, #2363, #2432)
-- 🌟 Adds support for the GraalPy interpreter! Enable for your project using the [`enable` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable). (#1538, #2411, #2414)
-- ✨ Adds CPython 3.14 support, under the [`enable` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) `cpython-prerelease`. This version of cibuildwheel uses 3.14.0b2. (#2390)
-
-    _While CPython is in beta, the ABI can change, so your wheels might not be compatible with the final release. For this reason, we don't recommend distributing wheels until RC1, at which point 3.14 will be available in cibuildwheel without the flag._ (#2390)
-
-- ✨ Adds the [test-sources option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-sources), which copies files and folders into the temporary working directory we run tests from. (#2062, #2284, #2420, #2437)
-
-    This is particularly important for iOS builds, which do not support placeholders in the `test-command`, but can also be useful for other platforms.
-
-- ✨ Adds [`dependency-versions`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#dependency-versions) inline syntax (#2122)
-- ✨ Improves support for Pyodide builds and adds the experimental [`pyodide-version`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#pyodide-version) option, which allows you to specify the version of Pyodide to use for builds. (#2002)
-- ✨ Add `pyodide-prerelease` [enable](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) option, with an early build of 0.28 (Python 3.13). (#2431)
-- ✨ Adds the [`test-environment`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-environment) option, which allows you to set environment variables for the test command. (#2388)
-- ✨ Adds the [`xbuild-tools`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#xbuild-tools) option, which allows you to specify tools safe for cross-compilation. Currently only used on iOS; will be useful for Android in the future. (#2317)
-- 🛠 The default [manylinux image](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image) has changed from `manylinux2014` to `manylinux_2_28`. (#2330)
-- 🛠 EOL images `manylinux1`, `manylinux2010`, `manylinux_2_24` and `musllinux_1_1` can no longer be specified by their shortname. The full OCI name can still be used for these images, if you wish. (#2316)
-- 🛠 Invokes `build` rather than `pip wheel` to build wheels by default. You can control this via the [`build-frontend`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-frontend) option. You might notice that you can see your build log output now! (#2321)
-- 🛠 Build verbosity settings have been reworked to have consistent meanings between build backends when non-zero. (#2339)
-- 🛠 Removed the `CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS` and `CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT` options - these have been folded into the [`enable`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) option instead. (#2095)
-- 🛠 Build environments no longer have setuptools and wheel preinstalled. (#2329)
-- 🛠 Use the standard Schema line for the integrated JSONSchema. (#2433)
-- ⚠️ Dropped support for building Python 3.6 and 3.7 wheels. If you need to build wheels for these versions, use cibuildwheel v2.23.3 or earlier. (#2282)
-- ⚠️ The minimum Python version required to run cibuildwheel is now Python 3.11. You can still build wheels for Python 3.8 and newer. (#1912)
-- ⚠️ 32-bit Linux wheels no longer built by default - the [arch](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#archs) was removed from `"auto"`. It now requires explicit `"auto32"`. Note that modern manylinux images (like the new default, `manylinux_2_28`) do not have 32-bit versions. (#2458)
-- ⚠️ PyPy wheels no longer built by default, due to a change to our options system. To continue building PyPy wheels, you'll now need to set the [`enable` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) to `pypy` or `pypy-eol`. (#2095)
-- ⚠️ Dropped official support for Appveyor. If it was working for you before, it will probably continue to do so, but we can't be sure, because our CI doesn't run there anymore. (#2386)
-- 📚 A reorganisation of the docs, and numerous updates. (#2280)
-- 📚 Use Python 3.14 color output in docs CLI output. (#2407)
-- 📚 Docs now primarily use the pyproject.toml name of options, rather than the environment variable name. (#2389)
-- 📚 README table now matches docs and auto-updates. (#2427, #2428)
-
-### v2.23.3
-
-_26 April 2025_
-
-- 🛠 Dependency updates, including Python 3.13.3 (#2371)
-
-### v2.23.2
-
-_24 March 2025_
-
-- 🐛 Workaround an issue with pyodide builds when running cibuildwheel with a Python that was installed via UV (#2328 via #2331)
-- 🛠 Dependency updates, including a manylinux update that fixes an ['undefined symbol' error](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux/issues/1760) in gcc-toolset (#2334)
-
-<!-- [[[end]]] (sum: HkLT9ZhhtV) -->
+<!-- [[[end]]] (sum: vS54piNR4b) -->
 
 ---
 
@@ -339,6 +325,7 @@ Platform maintainers:
 - Hood Chatham [@hoodmane](https://github.com/hoodmane) (Pyodide)
 - Gyeongjae Choi [@ryanking13](https://github.com/ryanking13) (Pyodide)
 - Tim Felgentreff [@timfel](https://github.com/timfel) (GraalPy)
+- Malcolm Smith [@mhsmith](https://github.com/mhsmith) (Android)
 
 Credits
 -------

action.yml

@@ -17,6 +17,10 @@ inputs:
     description: 'Build a specific wheel only. No need for arch/platform if this is set'
     required: false
     default: ''
+  extras:
+    description: 'Comma-separated list of extras to install'
+    required: false
+    default: ''
 branding:
   icon: package
   color: yellow
@@ -24,7 +28,7 @@ branding:
 runs:
   using: composite
   steps:
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       id: python
       with:
         python-version: "3.11 - 3.13"
@@ -42,6 +46,10 @@ runs:
         from pathlib import Path
         from subprocess import run
 
+        EXTRAS = set(e.strip() for e in "${{ inputs.extras }}".split(",") if e.strip())
+        if sys.platform == "linux":
+            EXTRAS.discard("uv")
+
 
         class EnvBuilder(venv.EnvBuilder):
             def __init__(self):
@@ -53,7 +61,10 @@ runs:
             def post_setup(self, context):
                 super().post_setup(context)
                 self.bin_path = Path(context.env_exe).parent
-                run([sys.executable, "-m", "pip", "--python", context.env_exe, "install", r"${{ github.action_path }}"], check=True)
+                install_spec = r"${{ github.action_path }}"
+                if EXTRAS:
+                    install_spec += f"[{','.join(sorted(EXTRAS))}]"
+                run([sys.executable, "-m", "pip", "--python", context.env_exe, "install", install_spec], check=True)
 
 
         print("::group::Install cibuildwheel")
@@ -62,30 +73,47 @@ runs:
             shutil.rmtree(venv_path)
         builder = EnvBuilder()
         builder.create(venv_path)
-        cibw_path = [path for path in builder.bin_path.glob("cibuildwheel*") if path.stem == "cibuildwheel"][0]
+        exposed_binaries = {"cibuildwheel"}
+        if "uv" in EXTRAS:
+            exposed_binaries.add("uv")
+        clean_bin_path = builder.bin_path.parent / f"{builder.bin_path.name}.clean"
+        clean_bin_path.mkdir()
+        for path in list(builder.bin_path.iterdir()):
+            if path.stem in exposed_binaries:
+                try:
+                    os.symlink(path, clean_bin_path / path.name)
+                except OSError:
+                    import shutil
+
+                    shutil.copy2(path, clean_bin_path / path.name)
+        full_path = f"{clean_bin_path}{os.pathsep}{os.environ['PATH']}"
         with open(os.environ["GITHUB_OUTPUT"], "at") as f:
-            f.write(f"cibw-path={cibw_path}\n")
+            f.write(f"updated-path={full_path}\n")
         print("::endgroup::")
         EOF
       shell: bash
 
     # Redirecting stderr to stdout to fix interleaving issue in Actions.
     - run: >
-        "${{ steps.cibw.outputs.cibw-path }}"
+        cibuildwheel
         "${{ inputs.package-dir }}"
         ${{ inputs.output-dir != ''  && format('--output-dir "{0}"', inputs.output-dir) || ''}}
         ${{ inputs.config-file != '' && format('--config-file "{0}"', inputs.config-file) || ''}}
         ${{ inputs.only != ''        && format('--only "{0}"', inputs.only) || ''}}
         2>&1
+      env:
+        PATH: "${{ steps.cibw.outputs.updated-path }}"
       shell: bash
       if: runner.os != 'Windows'
 
     # Windows needs powershell to interact nicely with Meson
     - run: >
-        & "${{ steps.cibw.outputs.cibw-path }}"
+        cibuildwheel
         "${{ inputs.package-dir }}"
         ${{ inputs.output-dir != ''  && format('--output-dir "{0}"', inputs.output-dir) || ''}}
         ${{ inputs.config-file != '' && format('--config-file "{0}"', inputs.config-file) || ''}}
         ${{ inputs.only != ''        && format('--only "{0}"', inputs.only) || ''}}
+      env:
+        PATH: "${{ steps.cibw.outputs.updated-path }}"
       shell: pwsh
       if: runner.os == 'Windows'

azure-pipelines.yml

@@ -16,62 +16,61 @@ pr:
       - noxfile.py
 
 jobs:
-- job: linux_311
+- job: tests
+  strategy:
+    matrix:
+      linux_311:
+        imageName: "ubuntu-latest"
+        pythonVersion: "3.11"
+        testSelect: "native"
+      android_311:
+        imageName: "ubuntu-latest"
+        pythonVersion: "3.11"
+        testSelect: "android"
+      macos_311:
+        imageName: "macos-latest"
+        pythonVersion: "3.11"
+        testSelect: "native"
+      ios_311:
+        imageName: "macos-14"  # See https://github.com/actions/runner-images/issues/12777
+        pythonVersion: "3.11"
+        testSelect: "ios"
+      android_macos_311:
+        imageName: "macos-latest"
+        pythonVersion: "3.11"
+        testSelect: "android"
+      windows_311:
+        imageName: "windows-latest"
+        pythonVersion: "3.11"
+        testSelect: "native"
   timeoutInMinutes: 180
-  pool: {vmImage: 'ubuntu-latest'}
+  pool:
+    vmImage: $(imageName)
+
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
       inputs:
-        versionSpec: '3.11'
+        versionSpec: $(pythonVersion)
+
     - task: JavaToolInstaller@0
+      condition: and(eq(variables['testSelect'], 'android'), eq(variables['Agent.OS'], 'Linux'))
       inputs:
         versionSpec: '17'
         jdkArchitectureOption: 'x64'
         jdkSourceOption: 'PreInstalled'
-    - bash: |
-        docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
-        python -m pip install -U pip
-        python -m pip install -e. --group test
-        if [ "$(Build.SourceBranch)" = "refs/heads/main" ]; then
-          echo "INFO: Exporting CIBW_ENABLE=all for main branch test run."
-          export CIBW_ENABLE=all
-        else
-          echo "INFO: CIBW_ENABLE not set for this branch ($(Build.SourceBranch))."
-        fi
-        python ./bin/run_tests.py
 
-- job: macos_311
-  pool: {vmImage: 'macOS-latest'}
-  timeoutInMinutes: 120
-  steps:
-    - task: UsePythonVersion@0
-      inputs:
-        versionSpec: '3.11'
-    - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -U pip
-        python -m pip install -e. --group test
-        if [ "$(Build.SourceBranch)" = "refs/heads/main" ]; then
-          echo "INFO: Exporting CIBW_ENABLE=all for main branch test run."
-          export CIBW_ENABLE=all
-        else
-          echo "INFO: CIBW_ENABLE not set for this branch ($(Build.SourceBranch))."
-        fi
-        python ./bin/run_tests.py
+    - bash: docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
+      condition: and(eq(variables['imageName'], 'ubuntu-latest'), eq(variables['testSelect'], 'native'))
+      displayName: 'Install binfmt on Linux'
+
+    - bash: python -m pip install -U pip && python -m pip install -e. --group test
+      displayName: 'Update pip and install cibuildwheel --group test'
+
+    - bash: echo "##vso[task.setvariable variable=CIBW_ENABLE;]all"
+      condition: eq(variables['Build.SourceBranch'], 'refs/heads/main')
+      displayName: Set CIBW_ENABLE to all (main branch)
 
-- job: windows_311
-  pool: {vmImage: 'windows-latest'}
-  timeoutInMinutes: 180
-  steps:
-    - task: UsePythonVersion@0
-      inputs:
-        versionSpec: '3.11'
     - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -U pip
-        python -m pip install -e. --group test
-        if [ "$(Build.SourceBranch)" = "refs/heads/main" ]; then
-          echo "INFO: Exporting CIBW_ENABLE=all for main branch test run."
-          export CIBW_ENABLE=all
-        else
-          echo "INFO: CIBW_ENABLE not set for this branch ($(Build.SourceBranch))."
-        fi
-        python ./bin/run_tests.py
+        echo "CIBW_ENABLE = $CIBW_ENABLE"
+        python ./bin/run_tests.py --test-select $(testSelect)
+      displayName: 'Run tests'

bin/bump_version.py

@@ -68,8 +68,8 @@ def bump_version() -> None:
         sys.exit(1)
 
     # fmt: off
-    print(              'Current version:', current_version)
-    new_version = input('    New version: ').strip()
+    print(              "Current version:", current_version)
+    new_version = input("    New version: ").strip()
     # fmt: on
 
     try:

bin/generate_schema.py

@@ -6,17 +6,12 @@
 
 import argparse
 import copy
-import functools
 import json
-import sys
 from typing import Any
 
 import yaml
 
-make_parser = functools.partial(argparse.ArgumentParser, allow_abbrev=False)
-if sys.version_info >= (3, 14):
-    make_parser = functools.partial(make_parser, color=True, suggest_on_error=True)
-parser = make_parser()
+parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(allow_abbrev=False)
 parser.add_argument("--schemastore", action="store_true", help="Generate schema_store version")
 args = parser.parse_args()
 
@@ -229,6 +224,24 @@ properties:
   test-environment:
     description: Set environment variables for the test environment
     type: string_table
+  test-runtime:
+    description: Additional configuration for the test runner
+    oneOf:
+      - type: string
+        pattern: '^$'
+      - type: object
+        additionalProperties: false
+      - type: string
+        pattern: 'args:'
+      - type: object
+        additionalProperties: false
+        required: [args]
+        properties:
+          args:
+            type: array
+            items:
+              type: string
+
 """
 
 schema = yaml.safe_load(starter)
@@ -309,6 +322,7 @@ items:
         test-sources: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
         test-requires: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
         test-environment: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
+        test-runtime: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
 """
 )
 

bin/projects.py

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ import textwrap
 import urllib.request
 import xml.dom.minidom
 from collections.abc import Iterable, Mapping, Sequence
-from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import UTC, datetime
 from io import StringIO
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any, Self, TextIO
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class Project:
                     self.notes = notes
         else:
             self.num_stars = 0
-            self.pushed_at = datetime.utcnow()
+            self.pushed_at = datetime.now(UTC)
 
         name_len = len(self.name) + 4
         self.__class__.NAME = max(self.__class__.NAME, name_len)
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ class Project:
         return f"[{self.name}]: {self.url}"
 
     def info(self) -> str:
-        days = (datetime.utcnow() - self.pushed_at).days
+        days = (datetime.now(UTC) - self.pushed_at).days
         return f"<!-- {self.name}: {self.num_stars}, last pushed {days} days ago -->"
 
 

bin/run_example_ci_configs.py

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 
 import os
+import re
 import shutil
 import subprocess
 import sys
@@ -13,7 +14,7 @@ from urllib.parse import quote
 
 import click
 
-DIR = Path(__file__).parent.resolve()
+DIR = Path(__file__).parent.parent.resolve()
 
 
 def shell(cmd: str, *, check: bool, **kwargs: object) -> subprocess.CompletedProcess[str]:
@@ -38,6 +39,29 @@ class CIService(typing.NamedTuple):
     name: str
     dst_config_path: str
     badge_md: str
+    config_file_transform: typing.Callable[[str], str] = lambda x: x  # identity by default
+
+
+def github_config_file_transform(content: str) -> str:
+    # one of the the github configs only builds on main, so we need to remove that restriction
+    # so our example build will run on the test branch.
+    #
+    # replace:
+    # """
+    # push:
+    #   branches:
+    #     - main
+    # """
+    # with:
+    # """
+    # push:
+    # """"
+    content = re.sub(
+        r"push:\n\s+branches:\n\s+- main",
+        "push:",
+        content,
+    )
+    return content
 
 
 services = [
@@ -54,7 +78,8 @@ services = [
     CIService(
         name="github",
         dst_config_path=".github/workflows/example.yml",
-        badge_md="[![Build](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/workflows/Build/badge.svg?branch={branch})](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/actions)",
+        badge_md="[![Build](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/actions/workflows/example.yml/badge.svg?branch={branch})](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/actions?query=branch%3A{branch})",
+        config_file_transform=github_config_file_transform,
     ),
     CIService(
         name="travis-ci",
@@ -93,6 +118,8 @@ def run_example_ci_configs(config_files=None):
 
     if len(config_files) == 0:
         config_files = Path("examples").glob("*-minimal.yml")
+    else:
+        config_files = [Path(f) for f in config_files]
 
     # check each CI service has at most 1 config file
     configs_by_service = set()
@@ -125,12 +152,15 @@ def run_example_ci_configs(config_files=None):
             dst_config_file = example_project / service.dst_config_path
 
             dst_config_file.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-            shutil.copyfile(config_file, dst_config_file)
+
+            contents = config_file.read_text(encoding="utf8")
+            contents = service.config_file_transform(contents)
+            dst_config_file.write_text(contents, encoding="utf8")
 
         subprocess.run(["git", "add", example_project], check=True)
         message = textwrap.dedent(
             f"""\
-            Test example minimal configs
+            Test example CI configs
 
             Testing files: {[str(f) for f in config_files]}
             Generated from branch: {previous_branch}

bin/run_tests.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 
 import argparse
-import functools
 import os
 import subprocess
 import sys
@@ -14,10 +13,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     else:
         default_cpu_count = os.process_cpu_count() or 2
 
-    make_parser = functools.partial(argparse.ArgumentParser, allow_abbrev=False)
-    if sys.version_info >= (3, 14):
-        make_parser = functools.partial(make_parser, color=True, suggest_on_error=True)
-    parser = make_parser()
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(allow_abbrev=False)
     parser.add_argument(
         "--run-podman", action="store_true", default=False, help="run podman tests (linux only)"
     )
@@ -27,26 +23,66 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         default=default_cpu_count,
         help="number of processes to use for testing",
     )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--test-select",
+        choices={"all", "native", "android", "ios", "pyodide"},
+        default="all",
+        help="Either 'native' or 'android'/'ios'/'pyodide'",
+    )
     args = parser.parse_args()
 
     # move cwd to the project root
     os.chdir(Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1])
 
+    # doc tests
+    doc_test_args = [sys.executable, "-m", "pytest", "cibuildwheel"]
+
+    print(
+        "\n\n================================== DOC TESTS ==================================",
+        flush=True,
+    )
+    result = subprocess.run(doc_test_args, check=False)
+    if result.returncode not in (0, 5):
+        # Allow case where no doctests are collected (returncode 5) because
+        # circleci sets an explicit "-k" filter that disables doctests. There
+        # isn't a pattern that will only select doctests. This can be removed
+        # and have check=True if the circleci PYTEST_ADDOPTS is removed.
+        raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(
+            result.returncode, result.args, output=result.stdout, stderr=result.stderr
+        )
+
     # unit tests
+    print(
+        "\n\n================================== UNIT TESTS ==================================",
+        flush=True,
+    )
     unit_test_args = [sys.executable, "-m", "pytest", "unit_test"]
 
-    if sys.platform.startswith("linux") and os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "linux") == "linux":
+    if (
+        sys.platform.startswith("linux")
+        and os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "linux") == "linux"
+        and args.test_select in ["all", "native"]
+    ):
         # run the docker unit tests only on Linux
         unit_test_args += ["--run-docker"]
 
         if args.run_podman:
             unit_test_args += ["--run-podman"]
 
+    subprocess.run(unit_test_args, check=True)
+
     print(
-        "\n\n================================== UNIT TESTS ==================================",
+        "\n\n=========================== SERIAL INTEGRATION TESTS ===========================",
         flush=True,
     )
-    subprocess.run(unit_test_args, check=True)
+
+    match args.test_select:
+        case "all":
+            marks = []
+        case "native":
+            marks = ["not pyodide", "not android", "not ios"]
+        case mark:
+            marks = [f"{mark}"]
 
     # Run the serial integration tests without multiple processes
     serial_integration_test_args = [
@@ -54,7 +90,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         "-m",
         "pytest",
         "-m",
-        "serial",
+        f"{' and '.join(['serial', *marks])}",
         "-x",
         "--durations",
         "0",
@@ -62,19 +98,19 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         "test",
         "-vv",
     ]
-    print(
-        "\n\n=========================== SERIAL INTEGRATION TESTS ===========================",
-        flush=True,
-    )
+
     subprocess.run(serial_integration_test_args, check=True)
 
-    # Non-serial integration tests
+    print(
+        "\n\n========================= NON-SERIAL INTEGRATION TESTS =========================",
+        flush=True,
+    )
     integration_test_args = [
         sys.executable,
         "-m",
         "pytest",
         "-m",
-        "not serial",
+        f"{' and '.join(['not serial', *marks])}",
         f"--numprocesses={args.num_processes}",
         "-x",
         "--durations",
@@ -87,8 +123,4 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     if sys.platform.startswith("linux") and args.run_podman:
         integration_test_args += ["--run-podman"]
 
-    print(
-        "\n\n========================= NON-SERIAL INTEGRATION TESTS =========================",
-        flush=True,
-    )
     subprocess.run(integration_test_args, check=True)

bin/sample_build.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 
 import argparse
-import functools
 import os
 import subprocess
 import sys
@@ -13,10 +12,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     # move cwd to the project root
     os.chdir(Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1])
 
-    make_parser = functools.partial(argparse.ArgumentParser, allow_abbrev=False)
-    if sys.version_info >= (3, 14):
-        make_parser = functools.partial(make_parser, color=True, suggest_on_error=True)
-    parser = make_parser(description="Runs a sample build")
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Runs a sample build", allow_abbrev=False)
     parser.add_argument("project_python_path", nargs="?", default="test.test_0_basic.basic_project")
 
     options = parser.parse_args()

bin/update_docker.py

@@ -71,6 +71,8 @@ images = [
             "pypy_aarch64",
         ],
     ),
+    # manylinux_2_35 images
+    PyPAImage("manylinux_2_35", ["armv7l"]),
     # manylinux_2_39 images
     PyPAImage("manylinux_2_39", ["riscv64"]),
     # musllinux_1_2 images

bin/update_pythons.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
 
-import copy
 import difflib
 import logging
 import operator
@@ -34,47 +33,20 @@ RESOURCES_DIR: Final[Path] = DIR / "cibuildwheel/resources"
 ArchStr = Literal["32", "64", "ARM64"]
 
 
-class ConfigWinCP(TypedDict):
+class Config(TypedDict):
     identifier: str
     version: str
-    arch: str
 
 
-class ConfigWinPP(TypedDict):
-    identifier: str
-    version: str
-    arch: str
+class ConfigUrl(Config):
     url: str
 
 
-class ConfigWinGP(TypedDict):
-    identifier: str
-    version: str
-    url: str
-
-
-class ConfigApple(TypedDict):
-    identifier: str
-    version: str
-    url: str
-
-
-class ConfigAndroid(TypedDict):
-    identifier: str
-    version: str
-    url: str
-
-
-class ConfigPyodide(TypedDict):
-    identifier: str
-    version: str
+class ConfigPyodide(Config):
     default_pyodide_version: str
     node_version: str
 
 
-AnyConfig = ConfigWinCP | ConfigWinPP | ConfigWinGP | ConfigApple | ConfigAndroid | ConfigPyodide
-
-
 # The following set of "Versions" classes allow the initial call to the APIs to
 # be cached and reused in the `update_version_*` methods.
 
@@ -106,7 +78,7 @@ class WindowsVersions:
 
         self.version_dict = {Version(v): v for v in cp_info["versions"]}
 
-    def update_version_windows(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigWinCP | None:
+    def update_version_windows(self, spec: Specifier) -> Config | None:
         # Specifier.filter selects all non pre-releases that match the spec,
         # unless there are only pre-releases, then it selects pre-releases
         # instead (like pip)
@@ -121,10 +93,9 @@ class WindowsVersions:
         flags = "t" if self.free_threaded else ""
         version = versions[0]
         identifier = f"cp{version.major}{version.minor}{flags}-{self.arch}"
-        return ConfigWinCP(
+        return Config(
             identifier=identifier,
             version=self.version_dict[version],
-            arch=self.arch_str,
         )
 
 
@@ -146,7 +117,7 @@ class GraalPyVersions:
 
         self.releases = [r for r in releases if "graalpy_version" in r and "python_version" in r]
 
-    def update_version(self, identifier: str, spec: Specifier) -> AnyConfig:
+    def update_version(self, identifier: str, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigUrl:
         if "x86_64" in identifier or "amd64" in identifier:
             arch = "x86_64"
         elif "arm64" in identifier or "aarch64" in identifier:
@@ -156,7 +127,9 @@ class GraalPyVersions:
             raise RuntimeError(msg)
 
         gpspec_str = identifier.split("-")[0].split("_")[1]
-        gpspec = Specifier("==24.2.*") if gpspec_str == "242" else Specifier(f"=={gpspec_str}.*")
+        if "." not in gpspec_str and len(gpspec_str) == 3:
+            gpspec_str = gpspec_str[:2] + "." + gpspec_str[-1]
+        gpspec = Specifier(f"=={gpspec_str}.*")
 
         releases = [r for r in self.releases if spec.contains(r["python_version"])]
         releases = [r for r in self.releases if gpspec.contains(r["graalpy_version"])]
@@ -172,11 +145,9 @@ class GraalPyVersions:
 
         if "macosx" in identifier:
             arch = "x86_64" if "x86_64" in identifier else "arm64"
-            config = ConfigApple
             platform = "macos"
         elif "win" in identifier:
             arch = "aarch64" if "arm64" in identifier else "x86_64"
-            config = ConfigWinGP
             platform = "windows"
         else:
             msg = "GraalPy provides downloads for macOS and Windows and is included for manylinux"
@@ -191,7 +162,7 @@ class GraalPyVersions:
             and rf["name"].startswith(f"graalpy-{gpversion.major}")
         )
 
-        return config(
+        return ConfigUrl(
             identifier=identifier,
             version=f"{version.major}.{version.minor}",
             url=url,
@@ -223,7 +194,7 @@ class PyPyVersions:
         ]
         return urls[0] if urls else ""
 
-    def update_version_windows(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigWinCP:
+    def update_version_windows(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigUrl:
         releases = [r for r in self.releases if spec.contains(r["python_version"])]
         releases = sorted(releases, key=operator.itemgetter("pypy_version"))
         releases = [r for r in releases if self.get_arch_file(r)]
@@ -239,14 +210,13 @@ class PyPyVersions:
         identifier = f"pp{version.major}{version.minor}-{version_arch}"
         url = self.get_arch_file(release)
 
-        return ConfigWinPP(
+        return ConfigUrl(
             identifier=identifier,
             version=f"{version.major}.{version.minor}",
-            arch=self.arch,
             url=url,
         )
 
-    def update_version_macos(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigApple:
+    def update_version_macos(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigUrl:
         if self.arch not in {"64", "ARM64"}:
             msg = f"'{self.arch}' arch not supported yet on macOS"
             raise RuntimeError(msg)
@@ -270,7 +240,7 @@ class PyPyVersions:
             if "" in rf["platform"] == "darwin" and rf["arch"] == arch
         )
 
-        return ConfigApple(
+        return ConfigUrl(
             identifier=identifier,
             version=f"{version.major}.{version.minor}",
             url=url,
@@ -298,16 +268,11 @@ class CPythonVersions:
             uri = int(release["resource_uri"].rstrip("/").split("/")[-1])
             self.versions_dict[version] = uri
 
-    def update_version_macos(
-        self, identifier: str, version: Version, spec: Specifier
-    ) -> ConfigApple | None:
+    def update_version(self, identifier: str, spec: Specifier, file_ident: str) -> ConfigUrl | None:
         # see note above on Specifier.filter
         unsorted_versions = spec.filter(self.versions_dict)
         sorted_versions = sorted(unsorted_versions, reverse=True)
 
-        macver = "x10.9" if version <= Version("3.8.9999") else "11"
-        file_ident = f"macos{macver}.pkg"
-
         for new_version in sorted_versions:
             # Find the first patch version that contains the requested file
             uri = self.versions_dict[new_version]
@@ -319,7 +284,7 @@ class CPythonVersions:
 
             urls = [rf["url"] for rf in file_info if file_ident in rf["url"]]
             if urls:
-                return ConfigApple(
+                return ConfigUrl(
                     identifier=identifier,
                     version=f"{new_version.major}.{new_version.minor}",
                     url=urls[0],
@@ -327,9 +292,17 @@ class CPythonVersions:
 
         return None
 
+    def update_version_macos(
+        self, identifier: str, version: Version, spec: Specifier
+    ) -> ConfigUrl | None:
+        macver = "x10.9" if version <= Version("3.8.9999") else "11"
+        return self.update_version(identifier, spec, f"macos{macver}.pkg")
 
-class AndroidVersions:
-    # This should be replaced with official python.org downloads once they're available.
+    def update_version_android(self, identifier: str, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigUrl | None:
+        return self.update_version(identifier, spec, android_triplet(identifier))
+
+
+class MavenVersions:
     MAVEN_URL = "https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/chaquo/python/python"
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
@@ -343,18 +316,16 @@ class AndroidVersions:
             assert isinstance(version_str, str), version_str
             self.versions.append(Version(version_str))
 
-    def update_version_android(
-        self, identifier: str, version: Version, spec: Specifier
-    ) -> ConfigAndroid | None:
+    def update_version_android(self, identifier: str, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigUrl | None:
         sorted_versions = sorted(spec.filter(self.versions), reverse=True)
 
         # Return a config using the highest version for the given specifier.
         if sorted_versions:
             max_version = sorted_versions[0]
             triplet = android_triplet(identifier)
-            return ConfigAndroid(
+            return ConfigUrl(
                 identifier=identifier,
-                version=str(version),
+                version=f"{max_version.major}.{max_version.minor}",
                 url=f"{self.MAVEN_URL}/{max_version}/python-{max_version}-{triplet}.tar.gz",
             )
         else:
@@ -390,11 +361,11 @@ class CPythonIOSVersions:
                 if filename.endswith("-iOS-support"):
                     self.versions_dict[version][int(build[1:])] = asset["browser_download_url"]
 
-    def update_version_ios(self, identifier: str, version: Version) -> ConfigApple | None:
+    def update_version_ios(self, identifier: str, version: Version) -> ConfigUrl | None:
         # Return a config using the highest build number for the given version.
         urls = [url for _, url in sorted(self.versions_dict.get(version, {}).items())]
         if urls:
-            return ConfigApple(
+            return ConfigUrl(
                 identifier=identifier,
                 version=str(version),
                 url=urls[-1],
@@ -450,11 +421,11 @@ class AllVersions:
         self.windows_t_arm64 = WindowsVersions("ARM64", True)
         self.windows_pypy_64 = PyPyVersions("64")
 
-        self.macos_cpython = CPythonVersions()
+        self.cpython = CPythonVersions()
         self.macos_pypy = PyPyVersions("64")
         self.macos_pypy_arm64 = PyPyVersions("ARM64")
 
-        self.android = AndroidVersions()
+        self.maven = MavenVersions()
         self.ios_cpython = CPythonIOSVersions()
 
         self.graalpy = GraalPyVersions()
@@ -466,13 +437,12 @@ class AllVersions:
         version = Version(config["version"])
         spec = Specifier(f"=={version.major}.{version.minor}.*")
         log.info("Reading in %r -> %s @ %s", str(identifier), spec, version)
-        orig_config = copy.copy(config)
-        config_update: AnyConfig | None = None
+        config_update: Config | None = None
 
         # We need to use ** in update due to MyPy (probably a bug)
         if "macosx" in identifier:
             if identifier.startswith("cp"):
-                config_update = self.macos_cpython.update_version_macos(identifier, version, spec)
+                config_update = self.cpython.update_version_macos(identifier, version, spec)
             elif identifier.startswith("pp"):
                 if "macosx_x86_64" in identifier:
                     config_update = self.macos_pypy.update_version_macos(spec)
@@ -498,7 +468,10 @@ class AllVersions:
         elif "win_arm64" in identifier and identifier.startswith("cp"):
             config_update = self.windows_arm64.update_version_windows(spec)
         elif "android" in identifier:
-            config_update = self.android.update_version_android(identifier, version, spec)
+            # Python 3.13 is released by Chaquopy on Maven Central.
+            # Python 3.14 and newer have official releases on python.org.
+            versions = self.maven if identifier.startswith("cp313") else self.cpython
+            config_update = versions.update_version_android(identifier, spec)
         elif "ios" in identifier:
             config_update = self.ios_cpython.update_version_ios(identifier, version)
         elif "pyodide" in identifier:
@@ -507,10 +480,10 @@ class AllVersions:
             )
 
         assert config_update is not None, f"{identifier} not found!"
-        config.update(**config_update)
-
-        if config != orig_config:
-            log.info("  Updated %s to %s", orig_config, config)
+        if config_update != config:
+            log.info("  Updated %s to %s", config, config_update)
+            config.clear()
+            config.update(**config_update)
 
 
 @click.command()

bin/update_virtualenv.py

@@ -4,17 +4,18 @@
 import dataclasses
 import difflib
 import logging
-import subprocess
 import tomllib
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Final
 
 import click
 import rich
-from packaging.version import InvalidVersion, Version
+from packaging.version import Version
 from rich.logging import RichHandler
 from rich.syntax import Syntax
 
+from cibuildwheel.extra import github_api_request
+
 log = logging.getLogger("cibw")
 
 # Looking up the dir instead of using utils.resources_dir
@@ -30,32 +31,26 @@ GET_VIRTUALENV_URL_TEMPLATE: Final[str] = (
 
 @dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, order=True)
 class VersionTuple:
+    name: str
+    download_url: str
     version: Version
-    version_string: str
 
 
-def git_ls_remote_versions(url: str) -> list[VersionTuple]:
-    versions: list[VersionTuple] = []
-    tags = subprocess.run(
-        ["git", "ls-remote", "--tags", url], check=True, text=True, capture_output=True
-    ).stdout.splitlines()
-    for tag in tags:
-        _, ref = tag.split()
-        assert ref.startswith("refs/tags/")
-        version_string = ref[10:]
-        try:
-            version = Version(version_string)
-            if version.is_devrelease:
-                log.info("Ignoring development release %r", str(version))
-                continue
-            if version.is_prerelease:
-                log.info("Ignoring pre-release %r", str(version))
-                continue
-            versions.append(VersionTuple(version, version_string))
-        except InvalidVersion:
-            log.warning("Ignoring ref %r", ref)
-    versions.sort(reverse=True)
-    return versions
+def get_latest_virtualenv_release() -> VersionTuple:
+    response = github_api_request("repos/pypa/get-virtualenv/releases/latest")
+    tag_name = response["tag_name"]
+
+    asset = next(
+        (asset for asset in response["assets"] if asset["name"] == "virtualenv.pyz"),
+        None,
+    )
+    if not asset:
+        msg = "No asset named 'virtualenv.pyz' found in the latest release of get-virtualenv."
+        raise RuntimeError(msg)
+
+    return VersionTuple(
+        version=Version(tag_name), name=tag_name, download_url=asset["browser_download_url"]
+    )
 
 
 @click.command()
@@ -78,14 +73,20 @@ def update_virtualenv(force: bool, level: str) -> None:
     with toml_file_path.open("rb") as f:
         configurations = tomllib.load(f)
     default = configurations.pop("default")
-    version = str(default["version"])
-    versions = git_ls_remote_versions(GET_VIRTUALENV_GITHUB)
-    if versions[0].version > Version(version):
-        version = versions[0].version_string
+    local_version = str(default["version"])
+
+    latest_release = get_latest_virtualenv_release()
+
+    if latest_release.version > Version(local_version):
+        version = latest_release.name
+        url = latest_release.download_url
+    else:
+        version = local_version
+        url = default["url"]
 
     configurations["default"] = {
         "version": version,
-        "url": GET_VIRTUALENV_URL_TEMPLATE.format(version=version),
+        "url": url,
     }
     result_toml = "".join(
         f'{key} = {{ version = "{value["version"]}", url = "{value["url"]}" }}\n'

cibuildwheel/__init__.py

@@ -1 +1 @@
-__version__ = "3.1.0"
+__version__ = "3.3.0"

cibuildwheel/__main__.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import argparse
 import contextlib
 import dataclasses
-import functools
 import os
 import shutil
 import sys
@@ -9,7 +8,7 @@ import tarfile
 import textwrap
 import traceback
 import typing
-from collections.abc import Iterable, Sequence
+from collections.abc import Generator, Iterable, Sequence
 from pathlib import Path
 from tempfile import mkdtemp
 from typing import Any, Literal, TextIO
@@ -24,7 +23,7 @@ from cibuildwheel.options import CommandLineArguments, Options, compute_options
 from cibuildwheel.platforms import ALL_PLATFORM_MODULES, get_build_identifiers, native_platform
 from cibuildwheel.selector import BuildSelector, EnableGroup, selector_matches
 from cibuildwheel.typing import PLATFORMS, PlatformName
-from cibuildwheel.util.file import CIBW_CACHE_PATH
+from cibuildwheel.util.file import CIBW_CACHE_PATH, ensure_cache_sentinel
 from cibuildwheel.util.helpers import strtobool
 from cibuildwheel.util.resources import read_all_configs
 
@@ -80,16 +79,14 @@ def main_inner(global_options: GlobalOptions) -> None:
     rather than exiting directly.
     """
 
-    make_parser = functools.partial(argparse.ArgumentParser, allow_abbrev=False)
-    if sys.version_info >= (3, 14):
-        make_parser = functools.partial(make_parser, color=True, suggest_on_error=True)
-    parser = make_parser(
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
         description="Build wheels for all the platforms.",
         epilog="""
             Most options are supplied via environment variables or in
             --config-file (pyproject.toml usually). See
             https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel#options for info.
         """,
+        allow_abbrev=False,
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -182,6 +179,12 @@ def main_inner(global_options: GlobalOptions) -> None:
         help="Print the build identifiers matched by the current invocation and exit.",
     )
 
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--clean-cache",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Clear the cibuildwheel cache and exit.",
+    )
+
     parser.add_argument(
         "--allow-empty",
         action="store_true",
@@ -199,6 +202,48 @@ def main_inner(global_options: GlobalOptions) -> None:
 
     global_options.print_traceback_on_error = args.debug_traceback
 
+    if args.clean_cache:
+        if not CIBW_CACHE_PATH.exists():
+            print(f"Cache directory does not exist: {CIBW_CACHE_PATH}")
+            sys.exit(0)
+
+        sentinel_file = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / "CACHEDIR.TAG"
+        if not sentinel_file.exists():
+            print(
+                f"Error: {CIBW_CACHE_PATH} does not appear to be a cibuildwheel cache directory.",
+                "Only directories with a CACHEDIR.TAG sentinel file can be cleaned.",
+                sep="\n",
+                file=sys.stderr,
+            )
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        # Verify signature to ensure it's a proper cache dir
+        # See https://bford.info/cachedir/ for more
+        try:
+            sentinel_content = sentinel_file.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+        except OSError as e:
+            print(f"Error reading cache directory tag: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        if not sentinel_content.startswith("Signature: 8a477f597d28d172789f06886806bc55"):
+            print(
+                f"Error: {sentinel_file} does not contain a valid cache directory signature.",
+                "For safety, only properly signed cache directories can be cleaned.",
+                sep="\n",
+                file=sys.stderr,
+            )
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        print(f"Clearing cache directory: {CIBW_CACHE_PATH}")
+        try:
+            shutil.rmtree(CIBW_CACHE_PATH)
+            print("Cache cleared successfully.")
+        except OSError as e:
+            print(f"Error clearing cache: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        sys.exit(0)
+
     args.package_dir = args.package_dir.resolve()
 
     # This are always relative to the base directory, even in SDist builds
@@ -269,7 +314,7 @@ def _compute_platform(args: CommandLineArguments) -> PlatformName:
     if args.only:
         return _compute_platform_only(args.only)
     elif platform_option_value != "auto":
-        return typing.cast(PlatformName, platform_option_value)
+        return typing.cast("PlatformName", platform_option_value)
 
     return native_platform()
 
@@ -312,6 +357,7 @@ def build_in_directory(args: CommandLineArguments) -> None:
 
     # create the cache dir before it gets printed & builds performed
     CIBW_CACHE_PATH.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    ensure_cache_sentinel(CIBW_CACHE_PATH)
 
     print_preamble(platform=platform, options=options, identifiers=identifiers)
 
@@ -369,41 +415,61 @@ def print_preamble(platform: str, options: Options, identifiers: Sequence[str])
     print(f"Cache folder: {CIBW_CACHE_PATH}")
     print()
 
-    warnings = detect_warnings(options=options, identifiers=identifiers)
+    warnings = detect_warnings(options=options)
     for warning in warnings:
         log.warning(warning)
 
+    error_list = list(detect_errors(options=options, identifiers=identifiers))
+    if error_list:
+        for error in error_list:
+            log.error(error)
+        msg = "\n".join(error_list)
+        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
+
     print("Here we go!\n")
 
 
-def detect_warnings(*, options: Options, identifiers: Iterable[str]) -> list[str]:
-    warnings = []
-
-    python_version_deprecation = ((3, 11), 3)
-    if sys.version_info[:2] < python_version_deprecation[0]:
-        python_version = ".".join(map(str, python_version_deprecation[0]))
-        msg = (
-            f"cibuildwheel {python_version_deprecation[1]} will require Python {python_version}+, "
-            "please upgrade the Python version used to run cibuildwheel. "
-            "This does not affect the versions you can target when building wheels. See: https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/#what-does-it-do"
+def detect_errors(*, options: Options, identifiers: Iterable[str]) -> Generator[str, None, None]:
+    # Check for deprecated CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT environment variable
+    if "CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT" in os.environ:
+        yield (
+            "CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT environment variable is no longer supported. "
+            'Use tool.cibuildwheel.enable = ["cpython-freethreading"] in pyproject.toml '
+            "or set CIBW_ENABLE=cpython-freethreading instead."
         )
-        warnings.append(msg)
 
-    # warn about deprecated {python} and {pip}
+    # Deprecated {python} and {pip}
     for option_name in ["test_command", "before_build"]:
         option_values = [getattr(options.build_options(i), option_name) for i in identifiers]
 
         if any(o and ("{python}" in o or "{pip}" in o) for o in option_values):
             # Reminder: in an f-string, double braces means literal single brace
-            msg = (
+            yield (
                 f"{option_name}: '{{python}}' and '{{pip}}' are no longer supported "
                 "and have been removed in cibuildwheel 3. Simply use 'python' or 'pip' instead."
             )
-            raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
+
+
+def detect_warnings(*, options: Options) -> Generator[str, None, None]:
+    python_version_deprecation = ((3, 11), 3)
+    if sys.version_info[:2] < python_version_deprecation[0]:
+        python_version = ".".join(map(str, python_version_deprecation[0]))
+        yield (
+            f"cibuildwheel {python_version_deprecation[1]} will require Python {python_version}+, "
+            "please upgrade the Python version used to run cibuildwheel. "
+            "This does not affect the versions you can target when building wheels. See: https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/#what-does-it-do"
+        )
 
     build_selector = options.globals.build_selector
     test_selector = options.globals.test_selector
 
+    if EnableGroup.CPythonExperimentalRiscV64 in build_selector.enable:
+        yield (
+            "'cpython-experimental-riscv64' enable is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. "
+            "It should be removed from tool.cibuildwheel.enable in pyproject.toml "
+            "or CIBW_ENABLE environment variable."
+        )
+
     all_valid_identifiers = [
         config.identifier
         for module in ALL_PLATFORM_MODULES.values()
@@ -417,27 +483,25 @@ def detect_warnings(*, options: Options, identifiers: Iterable[str]) -> list[str
         identifier for identifier in all_valid_identifiers if enabled_selector(identifier)
     ]
 
-    warnings += check_for_invalid_selectors(
+    yield from check_for_invalid_selectors(
         selector_name="build",
         selector_value=build_selector.build_config,
         all_valid_identifiers=all_valid_identifiers,
         all_enabled_identifiers=all_enabled_identifiers,
     )
-    warnings += check_for_invalid_selectors(
+    yield from check_for_invalid_selectors(
         selector_name="skip",
         selector_value=build_selector.skip_config,
         all_valid_identifiers=all_valid_identifiers,
         all_enabled_identifiers=all_enabled_identifiers,
     )
-    warnings += check_for_invalid_selectors(
+    yield from check_for_invalid_selectors(
         selector_name="test_skip",
         selector_value=test_selector.skip_config,
         all_valid_identifiers=all_valid_identifiers,
         all_enabled_identifiers=all_enabled_identifiers,
     )
 
-    return warnings
-
 
 def check_for_invalid_selectors(
     *,
@@ -449,17 +513,31 @@ def check_for_invalid_selectors(
     warnings = []
 
     for selector in selector_value.split():
-        if not any(selector_matches(selector, i) for i in all_enabled_identifiers):
+        selector_ = selector
+        if selector_name == "test_skip":
+            # macosx_universal2 uses an additional identifier for tests which ends with ":{arch}"
+            values = selector.split(":")
+            universal2_identifiers = filter(
+                lambda x: x.endswith("-macosx_universal2"), all_valid_identifiers
+            )
+            if len(values) == 2 and any(
+                selector_matches(selector_, f"{i}:{arch}")
+                for i in universal2_identifiers
+                for arch in ["arm64", "x86_64"]
+            ):
+                # just ignore the arch part in the rest of the check
+                selector_ = values[0]
+        if not any(selector_matches(selector_, i) for i in all_enabled_identifiers):
             msg = f"Invalid {selector_name} selector: {selector!r}. "
             error_type: type = errors.ConfigurationError
 
-            if any(selector_matches(selector, i) for i in all_valid_identifiers):
+            if any(selector_matches(selector_, i) for i in all_valid_identifiers):
                 msg += "This selector matches a group that wasn't enabled. Enable it using the `enable` option or remove this selector. "
 
-            if "p2" in selector or "p35" in selector:
+            if "p2" in selector_ or "p35" in selector_:
                 msg += f"cibuildwheel 3.x no longer supports Python < 3.8. Please use the 1.x series or update `{selector_name}`. "
                 error_type = errors.DeprecationError
-            if "p36" in selector or "p37" in selector:
+            if "p36" in selector_ or "p37" in selector_:
                 msg += f"cibuildwheel 3.x no longer supports Python < 3.8. Please use the 2.x series or update `{selector_name}`. "
                 error_type = errors.DeprecationError
 

cibuildwheel/extra.py

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ def dump_python_configurations(
 
 def _json_request(request: urllib.request.Request, timeout: int = 30) -> dict[str, Any]:
     with urllib.request.urlopen(request, timeout=timeout) as response:
-        return typing.cast(dict[str, Any], json.load(response))
+        return typing.cast("dict[str, Any]", json.load(response))
 
 
 def github_api_request(path: str, *, max_retries: int = 3) -> dict[str, Any]:
@@ -98,4 +98,4 @@ def get_pyodide_xbuildenv_info() -> PyodideXBuildEnvInfo:
         "https://pyodide.github.io/pyodide/api/pyodide-cross-build-environments.json"
     )
     with urllib.request.urlopen(xbuildenv_info_url) as response:
-        return typing.cast(PyodideXBuildEnvInfo, json.loads(response.read().decode("utf-8")))
+        return typing.cast("PyodideXBuildEnvInfo", json.loads(response.read().decode("utf-8")))

cibuildwheel/frontend.py

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class BuildFrontendConfig:
             msg = f"Unrecognised build frontend {name!r}, must be one of {names}"
             raise ValueError(msg)
 
-        name = typing.cast(BuildFrontendName, name)
+        name = typing.cast("BuildFrontendName", name)
 
         args = config_dict.get("args") or []
         return cls(name=name, args=args)

cibuildwheel/logger.py

@@ -242,11 +242,11 @@ class Logger:
             github_summary = self._github_step_summary(duration=duration, options=options)
             Path(summary_path).write_text(filter_ansi_codes(github_summary), encoding="utf-8")
 
-        n = len(self.summary)
-        s = "s" if n > 1 else ""
+        n_wheels = len([info for info in self.summary if info.filename])
+        s = "s" if n_wheels > 1 else ""
         duration_str = humanize.naturaldelta(duration)
         print()
-        self._start_fold_group(f"{n} wheel{s} produced in {duration_str}")
+        self._start_fold_group(f"{n_wheels} wheel{s} produced in {duration_str}")
         for build_info in self.summary:
             print(" ", build_info)
         self._end_fold_group()
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ class Logger:
         n_wheels = len([b for b in self.summary if b.filename])
         wheel_rows = "\n".join(
             "<tr>"
-            f"<td nowrap>{'<samp>' + b.filename.name + '</samp>' if b.filename else '*Build only*'}</td>"
+            f"<td nowrap>{'<samp>' + b.filename.name + '</samp>' if b.filename else '*Test only*'}</td>"
             f"<td nowrap>{b.size or 'N/A'}</td>"
             f"<td nowrap><samp>{b.identifier}</samp></td>"
             f"<td nowrap>{humanize.naturaldelta(b.duration)}</td>"

cibuildwheel/oci_container.py

@@ -36,6 +36,28 @@ class OCIPlatform(Enum):
     RISCV64 = "linux/riscv64"
     S390X = "linux/s390x"
 
+    @classmethod
+    def native(cls) -> "OCIPlatform":
+        """Return the current OCI platform, or raise ValueError if unknown."""
+        arch = platform.machine().lower()
+        mapping = {
+            "i386": cls.i386,
+            "i686": cls.i386,
+            "x86_64": cls.AMD64,
+            "amd64": cls.AMD64,
+            "armv7l": cls.ARMV7,
+            "aarch64": cls.ARM64,
+            "arm64": cls.ARM64,
+            "ppc64le": cls.PPC64LE,
+            "riscv64": cls.RISCV64,
+            "s390x": cls.S390X,
+        }
+        try:
+            return mapping[arch]
+        except KeyError as ex:
+            msg = f"Unsupported platform architecture: {arch}"
+            raise OSError(msg) from ex
+
 
 @dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
 class OCIContainerEngineConfig:
@@ -56,7 +78,7 @@ class OCIContainerEngineConfig:
             msg = f"unknown container engine {name}"
             raise ValueError(msg)
 
-        name = typing.cast(ContainerEngineName, name)
+        name = typing.cast("ContainerEngineName", name)
         # some flexibility in the option names to cope with TOML conventions
         create_args = config_dict.get("create_args") or config_dict.get("create-args") or []
         disable_host_mount_options = (
@@ -94,11 +116,14 @@ DEFAULT_ENGINE = OCIContainerEngineConfig("docker")
 def _check_engine_version(engine: OCIContainerEngineConfig) -> None:
     try:
         version_string = call(engine.name, "version", "-f", "{{json .}}", capture_stdout=True)
-        version_info = json.loads(version_string.strip())
+        # We are using lowercase keys for all dicts so we are not affected by casing of keys
+        version_info = json.loads(
+            version_string.strip(), object_pairs_hook=lambda inp: {k.lower(): v for k, v in inp}
+        )
         match engine.name:
             case "docker":
-                client_api_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["Client"]["ApiVersion"])
-                server_api_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["Server"]["ApiVersion"])
+                client_api_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["client"]["apiversion"])
+                server_api_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["server"]["apiversion"])
                 # --platform support was introduced in 1.32 as experimental, 1.41 removed the experimental flag
                 version = min(client_api_version, server_api_version)
                 minimum_version = FlexibleVersion("1.41")
@@ -113,9 +138,9 @@ def _check_engine_version(engine: OCIContainerEngineConfig) -> None:
                 )
             case "podman":
                 # podman uses the same version string for "Version" & "ApiVersion"
-                client_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["Client"]["Version"])
-                if "Server" in version_info:
-                    server_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["Server"]["Version"])
+                client_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["client"]["version"])
+                if "server" in version_info:
+                    server_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["server"]["version"])
                 else:
                     server_version = client_version
                 # --platform support was introduced in v3
@@ -152,11 +177,19 @@ class OCIContainer:
     back to cibuildwheel.
 
     Example:
+        >>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(LINUX)
         >>> from cibuildwheel.oci_container import *  # NOQA
         >>> from cibuildwheel.options import _get_pinned_container_images
+        >>> import pytest
+        >>> try:
+        ...     oci_platform = OCIPlatform.native()
+        ... except OSError as ex:
+        ...     pytest.skip(str(ex))
+        >>> if oci_platform != OCIPlatform.AMD64:
+        ...     pytest.skip('only runs on amd64')
         >>> image = _get_pinned_container_images()['x86_64']['manylinux2014']
         >>> # Test the default container
-        >>> with OCIContainer(image=image) as self:
+        >>> with OCIContainer(image=image, oci_platform=oci_platform) as self:
         ...     self.call(["echo", "hello world"])
         ...     self.call(["cat", "/proc/1/cgroup"])
         ...     print(self.get_environment())
@@ -485,7 +518,7 @@ class OCIContainer:
                 capture_output=True,
             )
         )
-        return typing.cast(dict[str, str], env)
+        return typing.cast("dict[str, str]", env)
 
     def environment_executor(self, command: Sequence[str], environment: dict[str, str]) -> str:
         # used as an EnvironmentExecutor to evaluate commands and capture output

cibuildwheel/options.py

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ from .projectfiles import get_requires_python_str, resolve_dependency_groups
 from .selector import BuildSelector, EnableGroup, TestSelector, selector_matches
 from .typing import PLATFORMS, PlatformName
 from .util import resources
-from .util.helpers import format_safe, strtobool, unwrap
+from .util.helpers import format_safe, parse_key_value_string, strtobool, unwrap
 from .util.packaging import DependencyConstraints
 
 MANYLINUX_ARCHS: Final[tuple[str, ...]] = (
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ class CommandLineArguments:
     allow_empty: bool
     debug_traceback: bool
     enable: list[str]
+    clean_cache: bool
 
     @classmethod
     def defaults(cls) -> Self:
@@ -77,6 +78,7 @@ class CommandLineArguments:
             print_build_identifiers=False,
             debug_traceback=False,
             enable=[],
+            clean_cache=False,
         )
 
 
@@ -90,6 +92,20 @@ class GlobalOptions:
     allow_empty: bool
 
 
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestRuntimeConfig:
+    args: Sequence[str] = ()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_config_string(cls, config_string: str) -> Self:
+        config_dict = parse_key_value_string(config_string, [], ["args"])
+        args = config_dict.get("args") or []
+        return cls(args=args)
+
+    def options_summary(self) -> str | dict[str, str]:
+        return {"args": repr(self.args)}
+
+
 @dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, kw_only=True)
 class BuildOptions:
     globals: GlobalOptions
@@ -108,6 +124,7 @@ class BuildOptions:
     test_extras: str
     test_groups: list[str]
     test_environment: ParsedEnvironment
+    test_runtime: TestRuntimeConfig
     build_verbosity: int
     build_frontend: BuildFrontendConfig
     config_settings: str
@@ -391,6 +408,7 @@ class OptionsReader:
     by the platform.
 
     Example:
+      >>> # xdoctest: +SKIP
       >>> options_reader = OptionsReader(config_file, platform='macos')
       >>> options_reader.get('cool-color')
 
@@ -657,7 +675,9 @@ class Options:
         )
         requires_python = None if requires_python_str is None else SpecifierSet(requires_python_str)
 
-        archs_config_str = args.archs or self.reader.get("archs", option_format=ListFormat(sep=" "))
+        archs_config_str = args.archs or self.reader.get(
+            "archs", option_format=ListFormat(sep=" "), ignore_empty=True
+        )
         architectures = Architecture.parse_config(archs_config_str, platform=self.platform)
 
         # Process `--only`
@@ -665,7 +685,7 @@ class Options:
             build_config = args.only
             skip_config = ""
             architectures = Architecture.all_archs(self.platform)
-            enable = set(EnableGroup)
+            enable |= EnableGroup.all_groups()
 
         build_selector = BuildSelector(
             build_config=build_config,
@@ -756,6 +776,20 @@ class Options:
                 msg = f"Malformed environment option {test_environment_config!r}"
                 raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg) from e
 
+            test_runtime_str = self.reader.get(
+                "test-runtime",
+                env_plat=False,
+                option_format=ShlexTableFormat(sep="; ", pair_sep=":", allow_merge=False),
+            )
+            if not test_runtime_str:
+                test_runtime = TestRuntimeConfig()
+            else:
+                try:
+                    test_runtime = TestRuntimeConfig.from_config_string(test_runtime_str)
+                except ValueError as e:
+                    msg = f"Failed to parse test runtime config. {e}"
+                    raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg) from e
+
             test_requires = self.reader.get(
                 "test-requires", option_format=ListFormat(sep=" ")
             ).split()
@@ -863,6 +897,7 @@ class Options:
                 test_command=test_command,
                 test_sources=test_sources,
                 test_environment=test_environment,
+                test_runtime=test_runtime,
                 test_requires=[*test_requires, *test_requirements_from_groups],
                 test_extras=test_extras,
                 test_groups=test_groups,

cibuildwheel/platforms/__init__.py

@@ -1,16 +1,19 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import sys
-from collections.abc import Sequence
-from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Final, Protocol
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Final, Protocol
 
 from cibuildwheel import errors
-from cibuildwheel.architecture import Architecture
-from cibuildwheel.options import Options
 from cibuildwheel.platforms import android, ios, linux, macos, pyodide, windows
-from cibuildwheel.selector import BuildSelector
-from cibuildwheel.typing import GenericPythonConfiguration, PlatformName
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Sequence
+    from pathlib import Path
+
+    from cibuildwheel.architecture import Architecture
+    from cibuildwheel.options import Options
+    from cibuildwheel.selector import BuildSelector
+    from cibuildwheel.typing import GenericPythonConfiguration, PlatformName
 
 
 class PlatformModule(Protocol):

cibuildwheel/platforms/android.py

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import re
 import shlex
 import shutil
 import subprocess
+import sysconfig
 from collections.abc import Iterable, Iterator
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from os.path import relpath
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ from elftools.common.exceptions import ELFError
 from elftools.elf.elffile import ELFFile
 from filelock import FileLock
 
-from .. import errors, platforms
+from .. import errors, platforms  # pylint: disable=cyclic-import
 from ..architecture import Architecture, arch_synonym
 from ..frontend import get_build_frontend_extra_flags, parse_config_settings
 from ..logger import log
@@ -33,14 +34,12 @@ from ..util.file import CIBW_CACHE_PATH, copy_test_sources, download, move_file
 from ..util.helpers import prepare_command
 from ..util.packaging import find_compatible_wheel
 from ..util.python_build_standalone import create_python_build_standalone_environment
-from ..venv import constraint_flags, virtualenv
+from ..venv import constraint_flags, find_uv, virtualenv
 
-
-def android_triplet(identifier: str) -> str:
-    return {
-        "arm64_v8a": "aarch64-linux-android",
-        "x86_64": "x86_64-linux-android",
-    }[parse_identifier(identifier)[1]]
+ANDROID_TRIPLET = {
+    "arm64_v8a": "aarch64-linux-android",
+    "x86_64": "x86_64-linux-android",
+}
 
 
 def parse_identifier(identifier: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
@@ -52,6 +51,10 @@ def parse_identifier(identifier: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
     return (f"{major}.{minor}", arch)
 
 
+def android_triplet(identifier: str) -> str:
+    return ANDROID_TRIPLET[parse_identifier(identifier)[1]]
+
+
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class PythonConfiguration:
     version: str
@@ -146,7 +149,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                 built_wheel = build_wheel(state)
                 repaired_wheel = repair_wheel(state, built_wheel)
 
-            test_wheel(state, repaired_wheel)
+            test_wheel(state, repaired_wheel, build_frontend=build_options.build_frontend.name)
 
             output_wheel: Path | None = None
             if compatible_wheel is None:
@@ -186,6 +189,13 @@ def setup_env(
     * android_env, which uses the environment while simulating running on Android.
     """
     log.step("Setting up build environment...")
+    build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend.name
+    use_uv = build_frontend == "build[uv]"
+    uv_path = find_uv()
+    if use_uv and uv_path is None:
+        msg = "uv not found"
+        raise AssertionError(msg)
+    pip = ["pip"] if not use_uv else [str(uv_path), "pip"]
 
     # Create virtual environment
     python_exe = create_python_build_standalone_environment(
@@ -196,16 +206,16 @@ def setup_env(
         version=config.version, tmp_dir=build_path
     )
     build_env = virtualenv(
-        config.version, python_exe, venv_dir, dependency_constraint, use_uv=False
+        config.version, python_exe, venv_dir, dependency_constraint, use_uv=use_uv
     )
     create_cmake_toolchain(config, build_path, python_dir, build_env)
 
     # Apply custom environment variables, and check environment is still valid
     build_env = build_options.environment.as_dictionary(build_env)
     build_env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
-    for command in ["python", "pip"]:
-        which = call("which", command, env=build_env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
-        if which != f"{venv_dir}/bin/{command}":
+    for command in ["python"] if use_uv else ["python", "pip"]:
+        command_path = call("which", command, env=build_env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
+        if command_path != f"{venv_dir}/bin/{command}":
             msg = (
                 f"{command} available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you "
                 f"have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry "
@@ -218,11 +228,10 @@ def setup_env(
     android_env = setup_android_env(config, python_dir, venv_dir, build_env)
 
     # Install build tools
-    build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend
-    if build_frontend.name != "build":
+    if build_frontend not in {"build", "build[uv]"}:
         msg = "Android requires the build frontend to be 'build'"
         raise errors.FatalError(msg)
-    call("pip", "install", "build", *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint), env=build_env)
+    call(*pip, "install", "build", *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint), env=build_env)
 
     # Build-time requirements must be queried within android_env, because
     # `get_requires_for_build` can run arbitrary code in setup.py scripts, which may be
@@ -242,13 +251,13 @@ def setup_env(
 
     pb = ProjectBuilder.from_isolated_env(AndroidEnv(), build_options.package_dir)
     if pb.build_system_requires:
-        call("pip", "install", *pb.build_system_requires, env=build_env)
+        call(*pip, "install", *pb.build_system_requires, env=build_env)
 
     requires_for_build = pb.get_requires_for_build(
         "wheel", parse_config_settings(build_options.config_settings)
     )
     if requires_for_build:
-        call("pip", "install", *requires_for_build, env=build_env)
+        call(*pip, "install", *requires_for_build, env=build_env)
 
     return build_env, android_env
 
@@ -273,11 +282,15 @@ def create_cmake_toolchain(
                 set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_VERSION 1)
 
                 # Tell CMake where to look for headers and libraries.
-                list(INSERT CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH 0 {python_dir}/prefix)
+                set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH "{python_dir}/prefix")
                 set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PROGRAM NEVER)
                 set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_LIBRARY ONLY)
                 set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_INCLUDE ONLY)
-                set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PACKAGE ONLY)
+                set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PACKAGE BOTH)
+
+                # Allow CMake to run Python in the simulated Android environment when
+                # policy CMP0190 is active.
+                set(CMAKE_CROSSCOMPILING_EMULATOR /bin/sh -c [["$0" "$@"]])
                 """
             ),
             file=toolchain_file,
@@ -434,7 +447,11 @@ def repair_wheel(state: BuildState, built_wheel: Path) -> Path:
     if state.options.repair_command:
         shell(
             prepare_command(
-                state.options.repair_command, wheel=built_wheel, dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir
+                state.options.repair_command,
+                wheel=built_wheel,
+                dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir,
+                package=state.options.package_dir,
+                project=".",
             ),
             env=state.build_env,
         )
@@ -507,17 +524,28 @@ def repair_default(
         new_soname = soname_with_hash(src_path)
         dst_path = libs_dir / new_soname
         shutil.copyfile(src_path, dst_path)
-        call("patchelf", "--set-soname", new_soname, dst_path)
+        call(which("patchelf"), "--set-soname", new_soname, dst_path)
 
         for path in paths_to_patch:
-            call("patchelf", "--replace-needed", old_soname, new_soname, path)
+            call(which("patchelf"), "--replace-needed", old_soname, new_soname, path)
             call(
-                "patchelf",
+                which("patchelf"),
                 "--set-rpath",
                 f"${{ORIGIN}}/{relpath(libs_dir, path.parent)}",
                 path,
             )
-        call("wheel", "pack", unpacked_dir, "-d", repaired_wheel_dir)
+        call(which("wheel"), "pack", unpacked_dir, "-d", repaired_wheel_dir)
+
+
+# If cibuildwheel was called without activating its environment, its scripts directory
+# will not be on the PATH.
+def which(cmd: str) -> str:
+    scripts_dir = sysconfig.get_path("scripts")
+    result = shutil.which(cmd, path=scripts_dir + os.pathsep + os.environ["PATH"])
+    if result is None:
+        msg = f"Couldn't find {cmd!r} in {scripts_dir} or on the PATH"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    return result
 
 
 def elf_file_filter(paths: Iterable[Path]) -> Iterator[tuple[Path, ELFFile]]:
@@ -543,12 +571,19 @@ def soname_with_hash(src_path: Path) -> str:
         return src_name
 
 
-def test_wheel(state: BuildState, wheel: Path) -> None:
+def test_wheel(state: BuildState, wheel: Path, *, build_frontend: str) -> None:
     test_command = state.options.test_command
     if not (test_command and state.options.test_selector(state.config.identifier)):
         return
 
     log.step("Testing wheel...")
+    use_uv = build_frontend == "build[uv]"
+    uv_path = find_uv()
+    if use_uv and uv_path is None:
+        msg = "uv not found"
+        raise AssertionError(msg)
+    pip = ["pip"] if not use_uv else [str(uv_path), "pip"]
+
     native_arch = arch_synonym(platform.machine(), platforms.native_platform(), "android")
     if state.config.arch != native_arch:
         log.warning(
@@ -564,20 +599,28 @@ def test_wheel(state: BuildState, wheel: Path) -> None:
             env=state.build_env,
         )
 
+    platform_args = (
+        ["--python-platform", android_triplet(state.config.identifier)]
+        if use_uv
+        else [
+            "--platform",
+            sysconfig_print("get_platform()", state.android_env).replace("-", "_"),
+        ]
+    )
+
     # Install the wheel and test-requires.
     site_packages_dir = state.build_path / "site-packages"
     site_packages_dir.mkdir()
     call(
-        "pip",
+        *pip,
         "install",
         "--only-binary=:all:",
-        "--platform",
-        sysconfig_print("get_platform()", state.android_env).replace("-", "_"),
+        *platform_args,
         "--target",
         site_packages_dir,
         f"{wheel}{state.options.test_extras}",
         *state.options.test_requires,
-        env=state.build_env,
+        env=state.android_env,
     )
 
     # Copy test-sources.
@@ -601,8 +644,11 @@ def test_wheel(state: BuildState, wheel: Path) -> None:
 
     # Parse test-command.
     test_args = shlex.split(test_command)
-    if test_args[:2] in [["python", "-c"], ["python", "-m"]]:
-        test_args[:3] = [test_args[1], test_args[2], "--"]
+    if test_args[0] in ["python", "python3"] and any(arg in test_args for arg in ["-c", "-m"]):
+        # Forward the args to the CPython testbed script. We require '-c' or '-m'
+        # to be in the command, because without those flags, the testbed script
+        # will prepend '-m test', which will run Python's own test suite.
+        del test_args[0]
     elif test_args[0] in ["pytest"]:
         # We transform some commands into the `python -m` form, but this is deprecated.
         msg = (
@@ -611,24 +657,36 @@ def test_wheel(state: BuildState, wheel: Path) -> None:
             "If this works, all you need to do is add that to your test command."
         )
         log.warning(msg)
-        test_args[:1] = ["-m", test_args[0], "--"]
+        test_args.insert(0, "-m")
     else:
         msg = (
             f"Test command {test_command!r} is not supported on Android. "
-            f"Supported commands are 'python -m' and 'python -c'."
+            f"Command must begin with 'python' or 'python3', and contain '-m' or '-c'."
         )
         raise errors.FatalError(msg)
 
+    # By default, run on a testbed managed emulator running the newest supported
+    # Android version. However, if the user specifies a --managed or --connected
+    # test execution argument, that argument takes precedence.
+    test_runtime_args = state.options.test_runtime.args
+
+    if any(arg.startswith(("--managed", "--connected")) for arg in test_runtime_args):
+        emulator_args = []
+    else:
+        emulator_args = ["--managed", "maxVersion"]
+
     # Run the test app.
     call(
         state.python_dir / "android.py",
         "test",
-        "--managed",
-        "maxVersion",
         "--site-packages",
         site_packages_dir,
         "--cwd",
         cwd_dir,
+        *emulator_args,
+        *(["-v"] if state.options.build_verbosity > 0 else []),
+        *test_runtime_args,
+        "--",
         *test_args,
         env=state.build_env,
     )

cibuildwheel/platforms/ios.py

@@ -2,27 +2,23 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import dataclasses
 import os
+import platform
 import shlex
 import shutil
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import textwrap
-from collections.abc import Sequence, Set
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import assert_never
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, assert_never
 
 from filelock import FileLock
 
 from .. import errors
-from ..architecture import Architecture
-from ..environment import ParsedEnvironment
 from ..frontend import (
     BuildFrontendName,
     get_build_frontend_extra_flags,
 )
 from ..logger import log
-from ..options import Options
-from ..selector import BuildSelector
 from ..util import resources
 from ..util.cmd import call, shell, split_command
 from ..util.file import (
@@ -33,13 +29,19 @@ from ..util.file import (
 )
 from ..util.helpers import prepare_command, unwrap_preserving_paragraphs
 from ..util.packaging import (
-    combine_constraints,
     find_compatible_wheel,
-    get_pip_version,
 )
 from ..venv import constraint_flags, virtualenv
 from .macos import install_cpython as install_build_cpython
 
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Sequence, Set
+
+    from ..architecture import Architecture
+    from ..environment import ParsedEnvironment
+    from ..options import Options
+    from ..selector import BuildSelector
+
 
 @dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, kw_only=True)
 class PythonConfiguration:
@@ -461,7 +463,6 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                 build_frontend=build_frontend.name,
                 xbuild_tools=build_options.xbuild_tools,
             )
-            pip_version = get_pip_version(env)
 
             compatible_wheel = find_compatible_wheel(built_wheels, config.identifier)
             if compatible_wheel:
@@ -489,11 +490,6 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                     build_frontend, build_options.build_verbosity, build_options.config_settings
                 )
 
-                build_env = env.copy()
-                build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = pip_version
-                if constraints_path:
-                    combine_constraints(build_env, constraints_path, None)
-
                 match build_frontend.name:
                     case "pip":
                         # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to
@@ -508,7 +504,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                             f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
                             "--no-deps",
                             *extra_flags,
-                            env=build_env,
+                            env=env,
                         )
                     case "build":
                         call(
@@ -519,7 +515,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                             "--wheel",
                             f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
                             *extra_flags,
-                            env=build_env,
+                            env=env,
                         )
                     case _:
                         assert_never(build_frontend)
@@ -537,9 +533,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                 elif config.arch != os.uname().machine:
                     log.step("Skipping tests on non-native simulator architecture")
                 else:
-                    test_env = build_options.test_environment.as_dictionary(
-                        prev_environment=build_env
-                    )
+                    test_env = build_options.test_environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=env)
 
                     if build_options.before_test:
                         before_test_prepared = prepare_command(
@@ -653,11 +647,35 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                                     )
                                     raise errors.FatalError(msg)
 
+                            test_runtime_args = build_options.test_runtime.args
+
+                            # 2025-10: The GitHub Actions macos-15 runner has a known issue where
+                            # the default simulator won't start due to a disk performance issue;
+                            # see https://github.com/actions/runner-images/issues/12777 for details.
+                            # In the meantime, if it looks like we're running on a GitHub Actions
+                            # macos-15 runner, use a simulator that is known to work, unless the
+                            # user explicitly specifies a simulator.
+                            os_version, _, arch = platform.mac_ver()
+                            if (
+                                "GITHUB_ACTIONS" in os.environ
+                                and os_version.startswith("15.")
+                                and arch == "arm64"
+                                and not any(
+                                    arg.startswith("--simulator") for arg in test_runtime_args
+                                )
+                            ):
+                                test_runtime_args = [
+                                    "--simulator",
+                                    "iPhone 16e,OS=18.5",
+                                    *test_runtime_args,
+                                ]
+
                             call(
                                 "python",
                                 testbed_path,
                                 "run",
                                 *(["--verbose"] if build_options.build_verbosity > 0 else []),
+                                *test_runtime_args,
                                 "--",
                                 *final_command,
                                 env=test_env,

cibuildwheel/platforms/linux.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import textwrap
 from collections import OrderedDict
 from collections.abc import Iterable, Iterator, Sequence, Set
 from pathlib import Path, PurePath, PurePosixPath
-from typing import assert_never
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, assert_never
 
 from .. import errors
 from ..architecture import Architecture
@@ -15,12 +15,14 @@ from ..logger import log
 from ..oci_container import OCIContainer, OCIContainerEngineConfig, OCIPlatform
 from ..options import BuildOptions, Options
 from ..selector import BuildSelector
-from ..typing import PathOrStr
 from ..util import resources
 from ..util.file import copy_test_sources
 from ..util.helpers import prepare_command, unwrap
 from ..util.packaging import find_compatible_wheel
 
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..typing import PathOrStr
+
 ARCHITECTURE_OCI_PLATFORM_MAP = {
     Architecture.x86_64: OCIPlatform.AMD64,
     Architecture.i686: OCIPlatform.i386,
@@ -320,7 +322,11 @@ def build_in_container(
             if build_options.repair_command:
                 log.step("Repairing wheel...")
                 repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(
-                    build_options.repair_command, wheel=built_wheel, dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir
+                    build_options.repair_command,
+                    wheel=built_wheel,
+                    dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir,
+                    package=container_package_dir,
+                    project=container_project_path,
                 )
                 container.call(["sh", "-c", repair_command_prepared], env=env)
             else:

cibuildwheel/platforms/macos.py

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ from ..util.file import (
     move_file,
 )
 from ..util.helpers import prepare_command, unwrap
-from ..util.packaging import combine_constraints, find_compatible_wheel, get_pip_version
+from ..util.packaging import find_compatible_wheel, get_pip_version
 from ..venv import constraint_flags, find_uv, virtualenv
 
 
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ def get_macos_version() -> tuple[int, int]:
             capture_stdout=True,
         )
         version = tuple(map(int, version_str.split(".")[:2]))
-    return typing.cast(tuple[int, int], version)
+    return typing.cast("tuple[int, int]", version)
 
 
 @functools.cache
@@ -289,8 +289,11 @@ def setup_python(
     # For arm64, the minimal deployment target is 11.0.
     # On x86_64 (or universal2), use 10.9 as a default.
     # CPython 3.12.6+ needs 10.13.
+    # CPython 3.14.0 needs 10.15.
     if config_is_arm64:
         default_target = "11.0"
+    elif Version(python_configuration.version) >= Version("3.14"):
+        default_target = "10.15"
     elif Version(python_configuration.version) >= Version("3.12"):
         default_target = "10.13"
     elif python_configuration.identifier.startswith("pp") and Version(
@@ -461,12 +464,6 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                 )
 
                 build_env = env.copy()
-                if pip_version is not None:
-                    build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = pip_version
-                if constraints_path:
-                    combine_constraints(
-                        build_env, constraints_path, identifier_tmp_dir if use_uv else None
-                    )
 
                 match build_frontend.name:
                     case "pip":
@@ -525,6 +522,8 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                         wheel=built_wheel,
                         dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir,
                         delocate_archs=delocate_archs,
+                        package=build_options.package_dir,
+                        project=".",
                     )
                     shell(repair_command_prepared, env=env)
                 else:

cibuildwheel/platforms/pyodide.py

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ from ..util.file import (
     move_file,
 )
 from ..util.helpers import prepare_command, unwrap, unwrap_preserving_paragraphs
-from ..util.packaging import combine_constraints, find_compatible_wheel, get_pip_version
+from ..util.packaging import find_compatible_wheel, get_pip_version
 from ..util.python_build_standalone import (
     PythonBuildStandaloneError,
     create_python_build_standalone_environment,
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ def get_all_xbuildenv_version_info(env: dict[str, str]) -> list[PyodideXBuildEnv
         msg = f"Invalid xbuildenvs info, got {xbuildenvs_info}"
         raise ValueError(msg)
 
-    return typing.cast(list[PyodideXBuildEnvInfo], xbuildenvs_info["environments"])
+    return typing.cast("list[PyodideXBuildEnvInfo]", xbuildenvs_info["environments"])
 
 
 def get_xbuildenv_version_info(
@@ -284,9 +284,8 @@ def setup_python(
         "pip",
         "install",
         "--upgrade",
-        "auditwheel-emscripten",
-        "build[virtualenv]",
         "pyodide-build",
+        "build[virtualenv]",
         *constraint_flags(constraints_path),
         env=env,
     )
@@ -420,17 +419,13 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                     build_frontend, build_options.build_verbosity, build_options.config_settings
                 )
 
-                build_env = env.copy()
-                if constraints_path:
-                    combine_constraints(build_env, constraints_path, identifier_tmp_dir)
-                build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = pip_version
                 call(
                     "pyodide",
                     "build",
                     build_options.package_dir,
                     f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
                     *extra_flags,
-                    env=build_env,
+                    env=env,
                 )
                 built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
 
@@ -444,6 +439,8 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                         build_options.repair_command,
                         wheel=built_wheel,
                         dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir,
+                        package=build_options.package_dir,
+                        project=".",
                     )
                     shell(repair_command_prepared, env=env)
                     log.step_end()

cibuildwheel/platforms/windows.py

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ from ..util import resources
 from ..util.cmd import call, shell
 from ..util.file import CIBW_CACHE_PATH, copy_test_sources, download, extract_zip, move_file
 from ..util.helpers import prepare_command, unwrap
-from ..util.packaging import combine_constraints, find_compatible_wheel, get_pip_version
+from ..util.packaging import find_compatible_wheel, get_pip_version
 from ..venv import constraint_flags, find_uv, virtualenv
 
 
@@ -54,10 +54,17 @@ def get_nuget_args(
 @dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, kw_only=True)
 class PythonConfiguration:
     version: str
-    arch: str
     identifier: str
     url: str | None = None
 
+    @property
+    def arch(self) -> str:
+        return {
+            "win32": "32",
+            "win_amd64": "64",
+            "win_arm64": "ARM64",
+        }[self.identifier.split("-")[-1]]
+
 
 def all_python_configurations() -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
     config_dicts = resources.read_python_configs("windows")
@@ -332,11 +339,11 @@ def setup_python(
         setup_setuptools_cross_compile(tmp, python_configuration, python_libs_base, env)
         setup_rust_cross_compile(tmp, python_configuration, python_libs_base, env)
 
-    if implementation_id.startswith("gp"):
-        # GraalPy fails to discover compilers, setup the relevant environment
+    if implementation_id.startswith("gp311"):
+        # GraalPy 24 fails to discover compilers, setup the relevant environment
         # variables. Adapted from
         # https://github.com/microsoft/vswhere/wiki/Start-Developer-Command-Prompt
-        # Remove when https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/issues/492 is fixed.
+        # Remove when GraalPy 24.x is dropped.
         vcpath = call(
             Path(os.environ["PROGRAMFILES(X86)"])
             / "Microsoft Visual Studio"
@@ -446,28 +453,21 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                 )
 
                 if (
-                    config.identifier.startswith("gp")
+                    config.identifier.startswith("gp311")
                     and build_frontend.name == "build"
                     and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags
                     and "-n" not in extra_flags
                 ):
-                    # GraalPy fails to discover its standard library when a venv is created
+                    # GraalPy 24 fails to discover its standard library when a venv is created
                     # from a virtualenv seeded executable. See
                     # https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/issues/491 and remove this once
-                    # fixed upstream.
+                    # GraalPy 24 is dropped.
                     log.notice(
                         "Disabling build isolation to workaround GraalPy bug. If the build fails, consider using pip or build[uv] as build frontend."
                     )
                     shell("graalpy -m pip install setuptools wheel", env=env)
                     extra_flags = [*extra_flags, "-n"]
 
-                build_env = env.copy()
-                if pip_version is not None:
-                    build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = pip_version
-
-                if constraints_path:
-                    combine_constraints(build_env, constraints_path, identifier_tmp_dir)
-
                 match build_frontend.name:
                     case "pip":
                         # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
@@ -481,7 +481,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                             f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
                             "--no-deps",
                             *extra_flags,
-                            env=build_env,
+                            env=env,
                         )
                     case "build" | "build[uv]":
                         if (
@@ -499,7 +499,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                             "--wheel",
                             f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
                             *extra_flags,
-                            env=build_env,
+                            env=env,
                         )
                     case _:
                         assert_never(build_frontend)
@@ -518,6 +518,8 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                         build_options.repair_command,
                         wheel=built_wheel,
                         dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir,
+                        package=build_options.package_dir,
+                        project=".",
                     )
                     shell(repair_command_prepared, env=env)
                 else:

cibuildwheel/projectfiles.py

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class Analyzer(ast.NodeVisitor):
         )
 
         match node:
-            case ast.keyword(arg="python_requires", value=ast.Constant(value=str(version))):
+            case ast.keyword(arg="python_requires", value=ast.Constant(value=str() as version)):
                 if unnested or name_main_unnested:
                     self.requires_python = version
 

cibuildwheel/resources/_cross_venv.py

@@ -68,16 +68,20 @@ def initialize() -> None:
 
     # sysconfig ###############################################################
     #
-    # We don't change the actual sys.base_prefix and base_exec_prefix, because that
-    # could have unpredictable effects. Instead, we change the internal variables
-    # used to generate sysconfig.get_path("include").
-    exec_prefix = sysconfig.get_config_var("exec_prefix")
-    sysconfig._BASE_PREFIX = sysconfig._BASE_EXEC_PREFIX = exec_prefix  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
-
-    # Reload the sysconfigdata file, generating its name from sys.abiflags,
+    # Load the sysconfigdata file, generating its name from sys.abiflags,
     # sys.platform, and sys.implementation._multiarch.
     sysconfig._init_config_vars()  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
 
+    # We don't change the actual sys.base_prefix and base_exec_prefix, because that
+    # could have unpredictable effects. Instead, we change the sysconfig variables
+    # used by sysconfig.get_paths().
+    vars = sysconfig.get_config_vars()
+    try:
+        host_prefix = vars["host_prefix"]  # This variable was added in Python 3.14.
+    except KeyError:
+        host_prefix = vars["exec_prefix"]
+    vars["installed_base"] = vars["installed_platbase"] = host_prefix
+
     # sysconfig.get_platform, which determines the wheel tag, is implemented in terms of
     # sys.platform, sysconfig.get_config_var("ANDROID_API_LEVEL") (see localized_vars in
     # android.py), and os.uname.

cibuildwheel/resources/build-platforms.toml

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ python_configurations = [
   { identifier = "pp310-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/pp310-pypy310_pp73" },
   { identifier = "pp311-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/pp311-pypy311_pp73" },
   { identifier = "gp311_242-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/graalpy311-graalpy242_311_native" },
+  { identifier = "gp312_250-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/graalpy312-graalpy250_312_native" },
   { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
   { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
   { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
@@ -73,6 +74,7 @@ python_configurations = [
   { identifier = "pp310-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/pp310-pypy310_pp73" },
   { identifier = "pp311-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/pp311-pypy311_pp73" },
   { identifier = "gp311_242-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/graalpy311-graalpy242_311_native" },
+  { identifier = "gp312_250-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/graalpy312-graalpy250_312_native" },
   { identifier = "pp38-manylinux_i686", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/pp38-pypy38_pp73" },
   { identifier = "pp39-manylinux_i686", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/pp39-pypy39_pp73" },
   { identifier = "pp310-manylinux_i686", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/pp310-pypy310_pp73" },
@@ -159,18 +161,18 @@ python_configurations = [
   { identifier = "cp312-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.10/python-3.12.10-macos11.pkg" },
   { identifier = "cp312-macosx_arm64", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.10/python-3.12.10-macos11.pkg" },
   { identifier = "cp312-macosx_universal2", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.10/python-3.12.10-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.5/python-3.13.5-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.5/python-3.13.5-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.5/python-3.13.5-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.5/python-3.13.5-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.5/python-3.13.5-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.5/python-3.13.5-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc1-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_arm64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc1-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_universal2", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc1-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc1-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_arm64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc1-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_universal2", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc1-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.9/python-3.13.9-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.9/python-3.13.9-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.9/python-3.13.9-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.9/python-3.13.9-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.9/python-3.13.9-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.9/python-3.13.9-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_arm64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_universal2", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_arm64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_universal2", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0-macos11.pkg" },
   { identifier = "pp38-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.8", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
   { identifier = "pp38-macosx_arm64", version = "3.8", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
   { identifier = "pp39-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.9", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.16-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
@@ -181,61 +183,66 @@ python_configurations = [
   { identifier = "pp311-macosx_arm64", version = "3.11", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.11-v7.3.20-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
   { identifier = "gp311_242-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.11", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-24.2.2/graalpy-24.2.2-macos-amd64.tar.gz" },
   { identifier = "gp311_242-macosx_arm64", version = "3.11", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-24.2.2/graalpy-24.2.2-macos-aarch64.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "gp312_250-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.12", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-25.0.1/graalpy-25.0.1-macos-amd64.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "gp312_250-macosx_arm64", version = "3.12", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-25.0.1/graalpy-25.0.1-macos-aarch64.tar.gz" },
 ]
 
 [windows]
 python_configurations = [
-  { identifier = "cp38-win32", version = "3.8.10", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp38-win_amd64", version = "3.8.10", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp39-win32", version = "3.9.13", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp39-win_amd64", version = "3.9.13", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp310-win32", version = "3.10.11", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp310-win_amd64", version = "3.10.11", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp311-win32", version = "3.11.9", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp311-win_amd64", version = "3.11.9", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp312-win32", version = "3.12.10", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp312-win_amd64", version = "3.12.10", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-win32", version = "3.13.5", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-win32", version = "3.13.5", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-win_amd64", version = "3.13.5", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-win_amd64", version = "3.13.5", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-win32", version = "3.14.0-rc1", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp314t-win32", version = "3.14.0-rc1", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-win_amd64", version = "3.14.0-rc1", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp314t-win_amd64", version = "3.14.0-rc1", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp39-win_arm64", version = "3.9.10", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp310-win_arm64", version = "3.10.11", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp311-win_arm64", version = "3.11.9", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp312-win_arm64", version = "3.12.10", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-win_arm64", version = "3.13.5", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-win_arm64", version = "3.13.5", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-win_arm64", version = "3.14.0-rc1", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp314t-win_arm64", version = "3.14.0-rc1", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "pp38-win_amd64", version = "3.8", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-win64.zip" },
-  { identifier = "pp39-win_amd64", version = "3.9", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.16-win64.zip" },
-  { identifier = "pp310-win_amd64", version = "3.10", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.19-win64.zip" },
-  { identifier = "pp311-win_amd64", version = "3.11", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.11-v7.3.20-win64.zip" },
-  { identifier = "gp311_242-win_amd64", version = "3.11", arch = "64", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-24.2.2/graalpy-24.2.2-windows-amd64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-win32", version = "3.8.10" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-win_amd64", version = "3.8.10" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-win32", version = "3.9.13" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-win_amd64", version = "3.9.13" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-win32", version = "3.10.11" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-win_amd64", version = "3.10.11" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-win32", version = "3.11.9" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-win_amd64", version = "3.11.9" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-win32", version = "3.12.10" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-win_amd64", version = "3.12.10" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-win32", version = "3.13.9" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-win32", version = "3.13.9" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-win_amd64", version = "3.13.9" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-win_amd64", version = "3.13.9" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-win32", version = "3.14.0" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-win32", version = "3.14.0" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-win_amd64", version = "3.14.0" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-win_amd64", version = "3.14.0" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-win_arm64", version = "3.9.10" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-win_arm64", version = "3.10.11" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-win_arm64", version = "3.11.9" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-win_arm64", version = "3.12.10" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-win_arm64", version = "3.13.9" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-win_arm64", version = "3.13.9" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-win_arm64", version = "3.14.0" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-win_arm64", version = "3.14.0" },
+  { identifier = "pp38-win_amd64", version = "3.8", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-win64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "pp39-win_amd64", version = "3.9", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.16-win64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "pp310-win_amd64", version = "3.10", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.19-win64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "pp311-win_amd64", version = "3.11", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.11-v7.3.20-win64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "gp311_242-win_amd64", version = "3.11", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-24.2.2/graalpy-24.2.2-windows-amd64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "gp312_250-win_amd64", version = "3.12", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-25.0.1/graalpy-25.0.1-windows-amd64.zip" },
 ]
 
 [pyodide]
 python_configurations = [
   { identifier = "cp312-pyodide_wasm32", version = "3.12", default_pyodide_version = "0.27.7", node_version = "v22" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-pyodide_wasm32", version = "3.13", default_pyodide_version = "0.28.0", node_version = "v22" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-pyodide_wasm32", version = "3.13", default_pyodide_version = "0.29.0", node_version = "v22" },
 ]
 
 [android]
 python_configurations = [
-  { identifier = "cp313-android_arm64_v8a", version = "3.13", url = "https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/chaquo/python/python/3.13.5+20250722.214220/python-3.13.5+20250722.214220-aarch64-linux-android.tar.gz" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-android_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/chaquo/python/python/3.13.5+20250722.214220/python-3.13.5+20250722.214220-x86_64-linux-android.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-android_arm64_v8a", version = "3.13", url = "https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/chaquo/python/python/3.13.8/python-3.13.8-aarch64-linux-android.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-android_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/chaquo/python/python/3.13.8/python-3.13.8-x86_64-linux-android.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-android_arm64_v8a", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0-aarch64-linux-android.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-android_x86_64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0-x86_64-linux-android.tar.gz" },
 ]
 
 [ios]
 python_configurations = [
-  { identifier = "cp313-ios_arm64_iphoneos", version = "3.13", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.13-b9/Python-3.13-iOS-support.b9.tar.gz" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.13", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.13-b9/Python-3.13-iOS-support.b9.tar.gz" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.13", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.13-b9/Python-3.13-iOS-support.b9.tar.gz" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-ios_arm64_iphoneos", version = "3.14", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.14-b5/Python-3.14-iOS-support.b5.tar.gz" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.14", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.14-b5/Python-3.14-iOS-support.b5.tar.gz" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.14", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.14-b5/Python-3.14-iOS-support.b5.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-ios_arm64_iphoneos", version = "3.13", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.13-b12/Python-3.13-iOS-support.b12.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.13", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.13-b12/Python-3.13-iOS-support.b12.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.13", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.13-b12/Python-3.13-iOS-support.b12.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-ios_arm64_iphoneos", version = "3.14", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.14-b8/Python-3.14-iOS-support.b8.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.14", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.14-b8/Python-3.14-iOS-support.b8.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.14", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.14-b8/Python-3.14-iOS-support.b8.tar.gz" },
 ]

cibuildwheel/resources/cibuildwheel.schema.json

@@ -569,6 +569,39 @@
       ],
       "title": "CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT"
     },
+    "test-runtime": {
+      "description": "Additional configuration for the test runner",
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "pattern": "^$"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "additionalProperties": false
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "pattern": "args:"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "required": [
+            "args"
+          ],
+          "properties": {
+            "args": {
+              "type": "array",
+              "items": {
+                "type": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "CIBW_TEST_RUNTIME"
+    },
     "overrides": {
       "type": "array",
       "description": "An overrides array",
@@ -638,6 +671,9 @@
               },
               "test-environment": {
                 "$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"
+              },
+              "test-runtime": {
+                "$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"
               }
             }
           },
@@ -748,6 +784,9 @@
           },
           "test-environment": {
             "$ref": "#/properties/test-environment"
+          },
+          "test-runtime": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/test-runtime"
           }
         }
       }
@@ -876,6 +915,9 @@
         },
         "test-environment": {
           "$ref": "#/properties/test-environment"
+        },
+        "test-runtime": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-runtime"
         }
       }
     },
@@ -936,6 +978,9 @@
         },
         "test-environment": {
           "$ref": "#/properties/test-environment"
+        },
+        "test-runtime": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-runtime"
         }
       }
     },
@@ -1009,6 +1054,9 @@
         },
         "test-environment": {
           "$ref": "#/properties/test-environment"
+        },
+        "test-runtime": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-runtime"
         }
       }
     },
@@ -1069,6 +1117,9 @@
         },
         "test-environment": {
           "$ref": "#/properties/test-environment"
+        },
+        "test-runtime": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-runtime"
         }
       }
     },
@@ -1129,6 +1180,9 @@
         },
         "test-environment": {
           "$ref": "#/properties/test-environment"
+        },
+        "test-runtime": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-runtime"
         }
       }
     },
@@ -1189,6 +1243,9 @@
         },
         "test-environment": {
           "$ref": "#/properties/test-environment"
+        },
+        "test-runtime": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-runtime"
         }
       }
     }

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-pyodide312.txt

@@ -2,20 +2,20 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 annotated-types==0.7.0
     # via pydantic
-anyio==4.9.0
+anyio==4.11.0
     # via httpx
-auditwheel-emscripten==0.1.0
+auditwheel-emscripten==0.2.0
     # via pyodide-build
 build==1.2.2.post1
     # via
     #   -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
     #   pyodide-build
-certifi==2025.7.14
+certifi==2025.10.5
     # via
     #   httpcore
     #   httpx
     #   requests
-charset-normalizer==3.4.2
+charset-normalizer==3.4.4
     # via requests
 click==8.1.8
     # via
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ click==8.1.8
     #   typer
 distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
+filelock==3.20.0
     # via virtualenv
 h11==0.16.0
     # via httpcore
@@ -31,14 +31,14 @@ httpcore==1.0.9
     # via httpx
 httpx==0.28.1
     # via unearth
-idna==3.10
+idna==3.11
     # via
     #   anyio
     #   httpx
     #   requests
 leb128==1.0.8
     # via auditwheel-emscripten
-markdown-it-py==3.0.0
+markdown-it-py==4.0.0
     # via rich
 mdurl==0.1.2
     # via markdown-it-py
@@ -48,66 +48,66 @@ packaging==25.0
     #   build
     #   pyodide-build
     #   unearth
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==25.3
     # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
-platformdirs==4.3.8
+platformdirs==4.5.0
     # via
     #   pyodide-build
     #   virtualenv
-pydantic==2.11.7
+pydantic==2.12.4
     # via
     #   pyodide-build
     #   pyodide-lock
-pydantic-core==2.33.2
+pydantic-core==2.41.5
     # via pydantic
 pygments==2.19.2
     # via rich
-pyodide-build==0.30.5
+pyodide-build==0.30.8
     # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
-pyodide-cli==0.3.0
+pyodide-cli==0.4.0
     # via
     #   auditwheel-emscripten
     #   pyodide-build
-pyodide-lock==0.1.0a7
+pyodide-lock==0.1.0
     # via pyodide-build
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
     # via build
-requests==2.32.4
+requests==2.32.5
     # via pyodide-build
-resolvelib==1.2.0
+resolvelib==1.2.1
     # via pyodide-build
-rich==14.0.0
+rich==14.2.0
     # via
     #   pyodide-build
     #   pyodide-cli
     #   typer
-ruamel-yaml==0.18.14
+ruamel-yaml==0.18.16
     # via pyodide-build
-ruamel-yaml-clib==0.2.12
+ruamel-yaml-clib==0.2.14
     # via ruamel-yaml
 shellingham==1.5.4
     # via typer
 sniffio==1.3.1
     # via anyio
-typer==0.16.0
+typer==0.20.0
     # via
     #   auditwheel-emscripten
     #   pyodide-build
     #   pyodide-cli
-typing-extensions==4.14.1
+typing-extensions==4.15.0
     # via
     #   anyio
     #   pydantic
     #   pydantic-core
     #   typer
     #   typing-inspection
-typing-inspection==0.4.1
+typing-inspection==0.4.2
     # via pydantic
-unearth==0.17.5
+unearth==0.18.1
     # via pyodide-build
 urllib3==2.5.0
     # via requests
-virtualenv==20.32.0
+virtualenv==20.35.4
     # via
     #   build
     #   pyodide-build

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-pyodide313.txt

@@ -2,20 +2,20 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 annotated-types==0.7.0
     # via pydantic
-anyio==4.9.0
+anyio==4.11.0
     # via httpx
-auditwheel-emscripten==0.1.0
+auditwheel-emscripten==0.2.0
     # via pyodide-build
 build==1.2.2.post1
     # via
     #   -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
     #   pyodide-build
-certifi==2025.7.14
+certifi==2025.10.5
     # via
     #   httpcore
     #   httpx
     #   requests
-charset-normalizer==3.4.2
+charset-normalizer==3.4.4
     # via requests
 click==8.1.8
     # via
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ click==8.1.8
     #   typer
 distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
+filelock==3.20.0
     # via virtualenv
 h11==0.16.0
     # via httpcore
@@ -31,14 +31,14 @@ httpcore==1.0.9
     # via httpx
 httpx==0.28.1
     # via unearth
-idna==3.10
+idna==3.11
     # via
     #   anyio
     #   httpx
     #   requests
 leb128==1.0.8
     # via auditwheel-emscripten
-markdown-it-py==3.0.0
+markdown-it-py==4.0.0
     # via rich
 mdurl==0.1.2
     # via markdown-it-py
@@ -48,65 +48,65 @@ packaging==25.0
     #   build
     #   pyodide-build
     #   unearth
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==25.3
     # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
-platformdirs==4.3.8
+platformdirs==4.5.0
     # via
     #   pyodide-build
     #   virtualenv
-pydantic==2.11.7
+pydantic==2.12.4
     # via
     #   pyodide-build
     #   pyodide-lock
-pydantic-core==2.33.2
+pydantic-core==2.41.5
     # via pydantic
 pygments==2.19.2
     # via rich
-pyodide-build==0.30.5
+pyodide-build==0.30.8
     # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
-pyodide-cli==0.3.0
+pyodide-cli==0.4.0
     # via
     #   auditwheel-emscripten
     #   pyodide-build
-pyodide-lock==0.1.0a7
+pyodide-lock==0.1.0
     # via pyodide-build
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
     # via build
-requests==2.32.4
+requests==2.32.5
     # via pyodide-build
-resolvelib==1.2.0
+resolvelib==1.2.1
     # via pyodide-build
-rich==14.0.0
+rich==14.2.0
     # via
     #   pyodide-build
     #   pyodide-cli
     #   typer
-ruamel-yaml==0.18.14
+ruamel-yaml==0.18.16
     # via pyodide-build
-ruamel-yaml-clib==0.2.12
+ruamel-yaml-clib==0.2.14
     # via ruamel-yaml
 shellingham==1.5.4
     # via typer
 sniffio==1.3.1
     # via anyio
-typer==0.16.0
+typer==0.20.0
     # via
     #   auditwheel-emscripten
     #   pyodide-build
     #   pyodide-cli
-typing-extensions==4.14.1
+typing-extensions==4.15.0
     # via
     #   pydantic
     #   pydantic-core
     #   typer
     #   typing-inspection
-typing-inspection==0.4.1
+typing-inspection==0.4.2
     # via pydantic
-unearth==0.17.5
+unearth==0.18.1
     # via pyodide-build
 urllib3==2.5.0
     # via requests
-virtualenv==20.32.0
+virtualenv==20.35.4
     # via
     #   build
     #   pyodide-build

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python310.txt

@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
     # via macholib
-build==1.2.2.post1
+build==1.3.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
+filelock==3.20.0
     # via virtualenv
 importlib-metadata==8.7.0
     # via build
@@ -18,17 +18,19 @@ packaging==25.0
     # via
     #   build
     #   delocate
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==25.3
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.3.8
+platformdirs==4.5.0
     # via virtualenv
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
     # via build
-tomli==2.2.1
+tomli==2.3.0
     # via build
-typing-extensions==4.14.1
-    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.32.0
+typing-extensions==4.15.0
+    # via
+    #   delocate
+    #   virtualenv
+virtualenv==20.35.4
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 zipp==3.23.0
     # via importlib-metadata

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python311.txt

@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
     # via macholib
-build==1.2.2.post1
+build==1.3.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
+filelock==3.20.0
     # via virtualenv
 macholib==1.16.3
     # via delocate
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ packaging==25.0
     # via
     #   build
     #   delocate
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==25.3
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.3.8
+platformdirs==4.5.0
     # via virtualenv
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
     # via build
-typing-extensions==4.14.1
+typing-extensions==4.15.0
     # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.32.0
+virtualenv==20.35.4
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python312.txt

@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
     # via macholib
-build==1.2.2.post1
+build==1.3.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
+filelock==3.20.0
     # via virtualenv
 macholib==1.16.3
     # via delocate
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ packaging==25.0
     # via
     #   build
     #   delocate
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==25.3
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.3.8
+platformdirs==4.5.0
     # via virtualenv
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
     # via build
-typing-extensions==4.14.1
+typing-extensions==4.15.0
     # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.32.0
+virtualenv==20.35.4
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python313.txt

@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
     # via macholib
-build==1.2.2.post1
+build==1.3.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
+filelock==3.20.0
     # via virtualenv
 macholib==1.16.3
     # via delocate
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ packaging==25.0
     # via
     #   build
     #   delocate
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==25.3
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.3.8
+platformdirs==4.5.0
     # via virtualenv
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
     # via build
-typing-extensions==4.14.1
+typing-extensions==4.15.0
     # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.32.0
+virtualenv==20.35.4
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python314.txt

@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
     # via macholib
-build==1.2.2.post1
+build==1.3.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
+filelock==3.20.0
     # via virtualenv
 macholib==1.16.3
     # via delocate
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ packaging==25.0
     # via
     #   build
     #   delocate
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==25.3
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.3.8
+platformdirs==4.5.0
     # via virtualenv
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
     # via build
-typing-extensions==4.14.1
+typing-extensions==4.15.0
     # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.32.0
+virtualenv==20.35.4
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python38.txt

@@ -24,11 +24,13 @@ platformdirs==4.3.6
     # via virtualenv
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
     # via build
-tomli==2.2.1
+tomli==2.3.0
     # via build
 typing-extensions==4.13.2
-    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.32.0
+    # via
+    #   delocate
+    #   virtualenv
+virtualenv==20.35.4
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 zipp==3.20.2
     # via importlib-metadata

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python39.txt

@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
     # via macholib
-build==1.2.2.post1
+build==1.3.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
+filelock==3.19.1
     # via virtualenv
 importlib-metadata==8.7.0
     # via build
@@ -18,17 +18,19 @@ packaging==25.0
     # via
     #   build
     #   delocate
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==25.3
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.3.8
+platformdirs==4.4.0
     # via virtualenv
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
     # via build
-tomli==2.2.1
+tomli==2.3.0
     # via build
-typing-extensions==4.14.1
-    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.32.0
+typing-extensions==4.15.0
+    # via
+    #   delocate
+    #   virtualenv
+virtualenv==20.35.4
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 zipp==3.23.0
     # via importlib-metadata

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.txt

@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
     # via macholib
-build==1.2.2.post1
+build==1.3.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
+filelock==3.20.0
     # via virtualenv
 macholib==1.16.3
     # via delocate
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ packaging==25.0
     # via
     #   build
     #   delocate
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==25.3
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.3.8
+platformdirs==4.5.0
     # via virtualenv
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
     # via build
-typing-extensions==4.14.1
+typing-extensions==4.15.0
     # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.32.0
+virtualenv==20.35.4
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/defaults.toml

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ test-requires = []
 test-extras = []
 test-groups = []
 test-environment = {}
+test-runtime = {}
 
 container-engine = "docker"
 

cibuildwheel/resources/nodejs.toml

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 url = "https://nodejs.org/dist/"
-v22 = "v22.17.1"
-v20 = "v20.19.4"
+v24 = "v24.11.0"
+v22 = "v22.21.1"
+v20 = "v20.19.5"

cibuildwheel/resources/pinned_docker_images.cfg

@@ -1,53 +1,54 @@
 [x86_64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2025.07.23-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2025.07.23-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_x86_64:2025.07.23-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64:2025.07.23-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2025.11.09-2
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2025.11.09-2
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_x86_64:2025.11.09-2
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64:2025.11.09-2
 
 [i686]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2025.07.23-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686:2025.07.23-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_i686:2025.07.23-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686:2025.07.23-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2025.11.09-2
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686:2025.11.09-2
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_i686:2025.11.09-2
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686:2025.11.09-2
 
 [aarch64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2025.07.23-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2025.07.23-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_aarch64:2025.07.23-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_aarch64:2025.07.23-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2025.11.09-2
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2025.11.09-2
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_aarch64:2025.11.09-2
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_aarch64:2025.11.09-2
 
 [ppc64le]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le:2025.07.23-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_ppc64le:2025.07.23-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_ppc64le:2025.07.23-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_ppc64le:2025.07.23-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le:2025.11.09-2
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_ppc64le:2025.11.09-2
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_ppc64le:2025.11.09-2
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_ppc64le:2025.11.09-2
 
 [s390x]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x:2025.07.23-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_s390x:2025.07.23-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_s390x:2025.07.23-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_s390x:2025.07.23-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x:2025.11.09-2
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_s390x:2025.11.09-2
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_s390x:2025.11.09-2
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_s390x:2025.11.09-2
 
 [pypy_x86_64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2025.07.23-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2025.07.23-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_x86_64:2025.07.23-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2025.11.09-2
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2025.11.09-2
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_x86_64:2025.11.09-2
 
 [pypy_i686]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2025.07.23-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686:2025.07.23-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_i686:2025.07.23-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2025.11.09-2
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686:2025.11.09-2
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_i686:2025.11.09-2
 
 [pypy_aarch64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2025.07.23-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2025.07.23-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_aarch64:2025.07.23-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2025.11.09-2
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2025.11.09-2
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_aarch64:2025.11.09-2
 
 [armv7l]
-manylinux_2_31 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_31_armv7l:2025.07.23-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_armv7l:2025.07.23-1
+manylinux_2_31 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_31_armv7l:2025.11.09-2
+manylinux_2_35 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_35_armv7l:2025.11.09-2
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_armv7l:2025.11.09-2
 
 [riscv64]
-manylinux_2_39 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_39_riscv64:2025.07.23-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_riscv64:2025.07.23-1
+manylinux_2_39 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_39_riscv64:2025.11.09-2
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_riscv64:2025.11.09-2
 

cibuildwheel/resources/python-build-standalone-releases.json

@@ -1,455 +1,559 @@
 {
   "releases": [
     {
-      "tag": "20250712",
+      "tag": "20251031",
       "assets": [
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250712-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250712/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250712-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.19+20251031-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20251031/cpython-3.10.19%2B20251031-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250712-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250712/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250712-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.19+20251031-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20251031/cpython-3.10.19%2B20251031-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250712-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250712/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250712-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.19+20251031-aarch64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20251031/cpython-3.10.19%2B20251031-aarch64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
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-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250712/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250712-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a1+20251031-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20251031/cpython-3.15.0a1%2B20251031-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250712-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250712/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250712-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a1+20251031-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20251031/cpython-3.15.0a1%2B20251031-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250712-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250712/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250712-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a1+20251031-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20251031/cpython-3.15.0a1%2B20251031-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250712-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250712/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250712-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a1+20251031-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20251031/cpython-3.15.0a1%2B20251031-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250712-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250712/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250712-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a1+20251031-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20251031/cpython-3.15.0a1%2B20251031-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250712-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250712/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250712-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a1+20251031-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20251031/cpython-3.15.0a1%2B20251031-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a1+20251031-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20251031/cpython-3.15.0a1%2B20251031-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a1+20251031-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20251031/cpython-3.15.0a1%2B20251031-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a1+20251031-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20251031/cpython-3.15.0a1%2B20251031-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a1+20251031-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20251031/cpython-3.15.0a1%2B20251031-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a1+20251031-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20251031/cpython-3.15.0a1%2B20251031-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a1+20251031-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20251031/cpython-3.15.0a1%2B20251031-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a1+20251031-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20251031/cpython-3.15.0a1%2B20251031-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.25+20251031-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20251031/cpython-3.9.25%2B20251031-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.25+20251031-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20251031/cpython-3.9.25%2B20251031-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.25+20251031-aarch64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20251031/cpython-3.9.25%2B20251031-aarch64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.25+20251031-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20251031/cpython-3.9.25%2B20251031-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.25+20251031-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20251031/cpython-3.9.25%2B20251031-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.25+20251031-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20251031/cpython-3.9.25%2B20251031-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.25+20251031-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20251031/cpython-3.9.25%2B20251031-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.25+20251031-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20251031/cpython-3.9.25%2B20251031-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.25+20251031-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20251031/cpython-3.9.25%2B20251031-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.25+20251031-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20251031/cpython-3.9.25%2B20251031-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.25+20251031-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20251031/cpython-3.9.25%2B20251031-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.25+20251031-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20251031/cpython-3.9.25%2B20251031-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.25+20251031-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20251031/cpython-3.9.25%2B20251031-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.25+20251031-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20251031/cpython-3.9.25%2B20251031-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.25+20251031-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20251031/cpython-3.9.25%2B20251031-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.25+20251031-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20251031/cpython-3.9.25%2B20251031-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.25+20251031-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20251031/cpython-3.9.25%2B20251031-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.25+20251031-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20251031/cpython-3.9.25%2B20251031-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.25+20251031-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20251031/cpython-3.9.25%2B20251031-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
         }
       ]
     }

cibuildwheel/resources/virtualenv.toml

@@ -1 +1 @@
-default = { version = "20.32.0", url = "https://github.com/pypa/get-virtualenv/blob/20.32.0/public/virtualenv.pyz?raw=true" }
+default = { version = "20.35.4", url = "https://github.com/pypa/get-virtualenv/releases/download/20.35.4/virtualenv.pyz" }

cibuildwheel/selector.py

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class EnableGroup(StrEnum):
 
     @classmethod
     def all_groups(cls) -> frozenset["EnableGroup"]:
-        return frozenset(cls)
+        return frozenset(set(cls) - {cls.CPythonExperimentalRiscV64})
 
     @classmethod
     def parse_option_value(cls, value: str) -> frozenset["EnableGroup"]:
@@ -89,13 +89,11 @@ class BuildSelector:
             return False
         if EnableGroup.CPythonPrerelease not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "cp315*"):
             return False
-        if EnableGroup.PyPy not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "pp31*"):
+        is_pypy_eol = fnmatch(build_id, "pp3?-*") or fnmatch(build_id, "pp310-*")
+        is_pypy = fnmatch(build_id, "pp*") and not is_pypy_eol
+        if EnableGroup.PyPy not in self.enable and is_pypy:
             return False
-        if EnableGroup.PyPyEoL not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "pp3?-*"):
-            return False
-        if EnableGroup.CPythonExperimentalRiscV64 not in self.enable and fnmatch(
-            build_id, "*_riscv64"
-        ):
+        if EnableGroup.PyPyEoL not in self.enable and is_pypy_eol:
             return False
         if EnableGroup.GraalPy not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "gp*"):
             return False

cibuildwheel/util/cmd.py

@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ def call(
     if not capture_stdout:
         return None
     sys.stderr.write(result.stderr)
-    return typing.cast(str, result.stdout)
+    return typing.cast("str", result.stdout)
 
 
 def shell(

cibuildwheel/util/file.py

@@ -20,6 +20,26 @@ CIBW_CACHE_PATH: Final[Path] = Path(
 ).resolve()
 
 
+def ensure_cache_sentinel(cache_path: Path) -> None:
+    """Create a sentinel file to mark a cibuildwheel cache directory.
+
+    We help prevent accidental deletion of non-cache directories with this.
+
+    Args:
+        cache_path: The cache directory path where the sentinel should be created
+    """
+    if cache_path.exists():
+        sentinel_file = cache_path / "CACHEDIR.TAG"
+        if not sentinel_file.exists():
+            sentinel_file.write_text(
+                "Signature: 8a477f597d28d172789f06886806bc55\n"
+                "# This file is a cache directory tag created by cibuildwheel.\n"
+                "# For information about cache directory tags, see:\n"
+                "# https://www.brynosaurus.com/cachedir/",
+                encoding="utf-8",
+            )
+
+
 def download(url: str, dest: Path) -> None:
     print(f"+ Download {url} to {dest}")
     dest_dir = dest.parent

cibuildwheel/util/helpers.py

@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ def format_safe(template: str, **kwargs: str | os.PathLike[str]) -> str:
     >>> format_safe('{a} {b[4]:3f}', a='123')
     '123 {b[4]:3f}'
 
-    To avoid variable expansion, precede with a single backslash e.g.
-    >>> format_safe('\\{a} {b}', a='123')
+    To avoid variable expansion, precede with a single hash e.g.
+    >>> format_safe('#{a} {b}', a='123')
     '{a} {b}'
     """
 

cibuildwheel/util/packaging.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import shlex
-from collections.abc import Mapping, MutableMapping, Sequence
+from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from pathlib import Path, PurePath
 from typing import Any, Literal, Self, TypeVar
@@ -178,30 +178,3 @@ def find_compatible_wheel(wheels: Sequence[T], identifier: str) -> T | None:
             return wheel
 
     return None
-
-
-def combine_constraints(
-    env: MutableMapping[str, str], /, constraints_path: Path, tmp_dir: Path | None
-) -> None:
-    """
-    This will workaround a bug in pip<=21.1.1 or uv<=0.2.0 if a tmp_dir is given.
-    If set to None, this will use the modern URI method.
-    """
-
-    if tmp_dir:
-        if " " in str(constraints_path):
-            assert " " not in str(tmp_dir)
-            tmp_file = tmp_dir / "constraints.txt"
-            tmp_file.write_bytes(constraints_path.read_bytes())
-            constraints_path = tmp_file
-        our_constraints = str(constraints_path)
-    else:
-        our_constraints = (
-            constraints_path.as_uri() if " " in str(constraints_path) else str(constraints_path)
-        )
-
-    user_constraints = env.get("PIP_CONSTRAINT")
-
-    env["UV_CONSTRAINT"] = env["PIP_CONSTRAINT"] = " ".join(
-        c for c in [our_constraints, user_constraints] if c
-    )

cibuildwheel/util/python_build_standalone.py

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class PythonBuildStandaloneReleaseData(typing.TypedDict):
 @functools.cache
 def get_python_build_standalone_release_data() -> PythonBuildStandaloneReleaseData:
     with open(PYTHON_BUILD_STANDALONE_RELEASES, "rb") as f:
-        return typing.cast(PythonBuildStandaloneReleaseData, json.load(f))
+        return typing.cast("PythonBuildStandaloneReleaseData", json.load(f))
 
 
 class PythonBuildStandaloneError(Exception):

cibuildwheel/venv.py

@@ -143,6 +143,8 @@ def virtualenv(
     venv_env["VIRTUAL_ENV"] = str(venv_path)
     if not use_uv and pip_version == "embed":
         call(
+            "python",
+            "-m",
             "pip",
             "install",
             "--upgrade",

docs/changelog.md

@@ -4,6 +4,88 @@ title: Changelog
 
 # Changelog
 
+### v3.3.0
+
+_12 November 2025_
+
+- 🐛 Fix an incompatibility with Docker v29 (#2660)
+- ✨ Adds `test-runtime` option, to customise how tests on simulated/emulated environments are run (#2636)
+- ✨ Adds support for new `manylinux_2_35` images on 32-bit ARM `armv7l`, offering better C++20 compatibility (#2656)
+- ✨ `build[uv]` is now supported on Android (#2587)
+- ✨ You can now install extras (such as `uv`) with a simple option on the GitHub Action (#2630)
+- ✨ `{project}` and `{package}` placeholders are now supported in `repair-wheel-command` (#2589)
+- 🛠 The versions set with `dependency-versions` no longer constrain packages specified by your `build-system.requires`. Previously, on platforms other than Linux, the constraints in this option would remain in the environment during the build. This has been tidied up make behaviour more consistent between platforms, and to prevent version conflicts. (#2583)
+- 🛠 Improve the handling of `test-command` on Android, enabling more options to be passed (#2590)
+- 📚 Docs improvements (#2618)
+
+### v3.2.1
+
+_12 October 2025_
+
+- 🛠 Update to CPython 3.14.0 final (#2614)
+- 🐛 Fix the default MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET on Python 3.14 (#2613)
+- 📚 Docs improvements (#2617)
+
+### v3.2.0
+
+_22 September 2025_
+
+- ✨ Adds GraalPy v25 (Python 3.12) support (#2597)
+- 🛠 Update to CPython 3.14.0rc3 (#2602)
+- 🛠 Adds CPython 3.14.0 prerelease support for Android, and a number of improvements to Android builds (#2568, #2591)
+- 🛠 Improvements to testing on Android, passing environment markers when installing the venv, and providing more debug output when build-verbosity is set (#2575)
+- ⚠️ PyPy 3.10 was moved to `pypy-eol` in the `enable` option, as it is now end-of-life. (#2521)
+- 📚 Docs improvements (#2574, #2601, #2598)
+
+### v3.1.4
+
+_19 August 2025_
+
+- ✨ Add a `--clean-cache` command to clean up our cache (#2489)
+- 🛠 Update Python to 3.14rc2 and other patch version bumps (#2542, #2556)
+- 🛠 Update Pyodide to 0.28.2 (#2562, #2558)
+- 🐛 Fix resolution with `pyodide-build` when `dependency-versions` is set (#2548)
+- 🐛 Set `CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PACKAGE` to `BOTH` on Android (#2547)
+- 🐛 Add `patchelf` dependency for platforms that can build Android wheels (#2552)
+- 🐛 Ignore empty values for `CIBW_ARCHS` like most other environment variables (#2541)
+- 💼 The `color` and `suggest_on_error` argparse options are now default in 3.14rc1+ (#2554)
+- 💼 Use the virtualenv release URL instead of blob URL (should be more robust) (#2555)
+- 🧪 For iOS, lowering to macos-14 is needed for now due to issues with GitHub's runner images (#2557)
+- 🧪 Split out platforms iOS and Android in our tests (#2519)
+- 🧪 Fix and enable doctests (#2546)
+- 📚 Improve our docs on free-threading (#2549)
+
+
+### v3.1.3
+
+_1 August 2025_
+
+- 🐛 Fix bug where "latest" dependencies couldn't update to pip 25.2 on Windows (#2537)
+- 🧪 Use pytest-rerunfailures to improve some of our iOS/Android tests (#2527, #2539)
+- 🧪 Remove some GraalPy Windows workarounds in our tests (#2501)
+
+
+### v3.1.2
+
+_29 July 2025_
+
+- ⚠️  Add an error if `CIBW_FREE_THREADING_SUPPORT` is set; you are likely missing 3.13t wheels, please use the `enable`/`CIBW_ENABLE` (#2520)
+- 🛠 `riscv64` now enabled if you target that architecture, it's now supported on PyPI (#2509)
+- 🛠 Add warning when using `cpython-experimental-riscv64` (no longer needed) (#2526, #2528)
+- 🛠 iOS versions bumped, fixing issues with 3.14 (now RC 1) (#2530)
+- 🐛 Fix bug in Android running wheel from our GitHub Action (#2517)
+- 🐛 Fix warning when using `test-skip` of `"*-macosx_universal2:arm64"` (#2522)
+- 🐛 Fix incorrect number of wheels reported in logs, again (#2517)
+- 📚 We welcome our Android platform maintainer (#2516)
+
+
+### v3.1.1
+
+_24 July 2025_
+
+- 🐛 Fix a bug showing an incorrect wheel count at the end of execution, and misrepresenting test-only runs in the GitHub Action summary (#2512)
+- 📚 Docs fix (#2510)
+
 ### v3.1.0
 
 _23 July 2025_
@@ -18,7 +100,7 @@ _23 July 2025_
 - 🛠 Fixed a typo in the 3.9 MUSL riscv64 identifier (`cp39-musllinux_ricv64` -> `cp39-musllinux_riscv64`) (#2490)
 - 🛠 Mistyping `--only` now shows the correct possibilities, and even suggests near matches on Python 3.14+ (#2499)
 - 🛠 Only support one output from the repair step on linux like other platforms; auditwheel fixed this over four years ago! (#2478)
-- 🛠 We now use pattern matching extensively (#2434)
+- 💼 We now use pattern matching extensively (#2434)
 - 📚 We now have platform maintainers for our special platforms and interpreters! (#2481)
 
 

docs/ci-services.md

@@ -23,7 +23,9 @@ To build Linux, macOS, and Windows wheels using GitHub Actions, create a `.githu
 
     Use `env:` to pass [build options](options.md) and `with:` to set
     `package-dir: .`, `output-dir: wheelhouse` and `config-file: ''`
-    locations (those values are the defaults).
+    locations (those values are the defaults). You can also pass a
+    comma-separated list of extras to install additional packages.
+    For example, `extras: "uv"` to install UV into the virtual environment.
 
 !!! tab "pipx"
     The GitHub Actions runners have pipx installed, so you can easily build in

docs/configuration.md

@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ cibuildwheel to run tests, add the following YAML to your CI config file:
 You can configure cibuildwheel with a config file, such as `pyproject.toml`.
 Options have the same names as the environment variable overrides, but are
 placed in `[tool.cibuildwheel]` and are lower case, with dashes, following
-common [TOML][https://toml.io] practice. Anything placed in subsections `linux`, `windows`,
+common [TOML](https://toml.io) practice. Anything placed in subsections `linux`, `windows`,
 `macos`, or `pyodide` will only affect those platforms. Lists can be used
 instead of strings for items that are naturally a list. Multiline strings also
 work just like in the environment variables. Environment variables will take
@@ -112,7 +112,8 @@ The complete set of defaults for the current version of cibuildwheel are shown b
 
 One feature specific to the configuration files is the ability to override
 settings based on selectors. To use, add a ``tool.cibuildwheel.overrides``
-array, and specify a ``select`` string. Then any options you set will only
+array, and specify a ``select`` string, referencing the [build identifier](options.md#build-skip) (not wheel name!).
+Then any options you set will only
 apply to items that match that selector. These are applied in order, with later
 matches overriding earlier ones if multiple selectors match. Environment
 variables always override static configuration.
@@ -120,9 +121,11 @@ variables always override static configuration.
 A few of the options below have special handling in overrides. A different
 `before-all` will trigger a new container to launch on Linux, and cannot be
 overridden on macOS or Windows.  Overriding the image on linux will also
-trigger new containers, one per image. Some commands are not supported;
-`output-dir`, build/skip/test_skip selectors, and architectures cannot be
-overridden.
+trigger new containers, one per image.
+
+!!! note "Some commands are not supported"
+
+    The ``output-dir``, ``build``, ``skip``, ``test_skip`` selectors, and architectures cannot be overridden.
 
 You can specify a table of overrides in `inherit={}`, any list or table in this
 list will inherit from previous overrides or the main configuration. The valid

docs/data/projects.yml

@@ -172,13 +172,13 @@
 
 - name: pyzmq
   gh: zeromq/pyzmq
-  ci: [github, circleci]
+  ci: [github]
   os: [windows, apple, linux]
   ci_config: .github/workflows/wheels.yml
   notes: |
     Python bindings for zeromq, the networking library.
     Uses Cython on CPython and CFFI on PyPy.
-    ARM wheels for linux are built natively on CircleCI.
+    ARM wheels for linux are built natively on GitHub Actions.
 
 - name: python-rapidjson
   gh: python-rapidjson/python-rapidjson
@@ -664,3 +664,10 @@
   os: [apple, linux, windows]
   pypi: streaming-form-data
   notes: Streaming parser for multipart/form-data written in Cython
+
+- name: falcon
+  gh: falconry/falcon
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+  pypi: falcon
+  notes: Falcon is a no-magic ASGI/WSGI API and microservices framework; it uses cibuildwheel for (optional) Cython extensions.

docs/deliver-to-pypi.md

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ GitHub actions has pipx in all the runners as a supported package manager, as we
     name: Make SDist
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
       with:
         fetch-depth: 0  # Optional, use if you use setuptools_scm
         submodules: true  # Optional, use if you have submodules
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ Then, you need to publish the artifacts that the previous jobs have built. This
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     if: github.event_name == 'release' && github.event.action == 'published'
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v5
       with:
         pattern: cibw-*
         path: dist

docs/faq.md

@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ There are two suggested methods for keeping cibuildwheel up to date that instead
 If you use GitHub Actions for builds, you can use cibuildwheel as an action:
 
 ```yaml
-uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.1.0
+uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.3.0
 ```
 
 This is a composite step that just runs cibuildwheel using pipx. You can set command-line options as `with:` parameters, and use `env:` as normal.
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ The second option, and the only one that supports other CI systems, is using a `
 
 ```bash
 # requirements-cibw.txt
-cibuildwheel==3.1.0
+cibuildwheel==3.3.0
 ```
 
 Then your install step would have `python -m pip install -r requirements-cibw.txt` in it. Your `.github/dependabot.yml` file could look like this:
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ Solutions to this vary, but the simplest is to use pipx:
 # most runners have pipx preinstalled, but in case you don't
 python3 -m pip install pipx
 
-pipx run cibuildwheel==3.1.0 --output-dir wheelhouse
+pipx run cibuildwheel==3.3.0 --output-dir wheelhouse
 pipx run twine upload wheelhouse/*.whl
 ```
 

docs/options.md

@@ -59,23 +59,23 @@ When setting the options, you can use shell-style globbing syntax, as per [fnmat
 | Python 3.10   | cp310-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp310-macosx_universal2<br/>cp310-macosx_arm64 | cp310-win_amd64<br/>cp310-win32<br/>cp310-win_arm64 | cp310-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp310-manylinux_i686<br/>cp310-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp310-musllinux_i686 | cp310-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp310-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp310-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp310-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp310-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp310-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp310-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp310-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp310-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp310-musllinux_riscv64 |                                                  |                                                                                                   |                      |
 | Python 3.11   | cp311-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp311-macosx_universal2<br/>cp311-macosx_arm64 | cp311-win_amd64<br/>cp311-win32<br/>cp311-win_arm64 | cp311-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp311-manylinux_i686<br/>cp311-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp311-musllinux_i686 | cp311-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp311-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp311-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp311-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp311-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp311-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp311-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp311-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp311-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp311-musllinux_riscv64 |                                                  |                                                                                                   |                      |
 | Python 3.12   | cp312-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp312-macosx_universal2<br/>cp312-macosx_arm64 | cp312-win_amd64<br/>cp312-win32<br/>cp312-win_arm64 | cp312-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp312-manylinux_i686<br/>cp312-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp312-musllinux_i686 | cp312-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp312-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp312-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp312-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp312-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp312-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp312-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp312-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp312-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp312-musllinux_riscv64 |                                                  |                                                                                                   | cp312-pyodide_wasm32 |
-| Python 3.13   | cp313-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp313-macosx_universal2<br/>cp313-macosx_arm64 | cp313-win_amd64<br/>cp313-win32<br/>cp313-win_arm64 | cp313-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp313-manylinux_i686<br/>cp313-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp313-musllinux_i686 | cp313-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp313-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp313-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp313-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp313-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp313-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp313-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp313-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp313-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp313-musllinux_riscv64 | cp313-android_arm64_v8a<br/>cp313-android_x86_64 | cp313-ios_arm64_iphoneos<br/>cp313-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator<br/>cp313-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator | cp313-pyodide_wasm32 |
-| Python 3.14   | cp314-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp314-macosx_universal2<br/>cp314-macosx_arm64 | cp314-win_amd64<br/>cp314-win32<br/>cp314-win_arm64 | cp314-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp314-manylinux_i686<br/>cp314-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp314-musllinux_i686 | cp314-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp314-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp314-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp314-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp314-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp314-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp314-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp314-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp314-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp314-musllinux_riscv64 | cp314-ios_arm64_iphoneos<br/>cp314-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator<br/>cp314-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator |                      |
+| Python 3.13   | cp313-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp313-macosx_universal2<br/>cp313-macosx_arm64<br><br>cp313t-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp313t-macosx_universal2<br/>cp313t-macosx_arm64 | cp313-win_amd64<br/>cp313-win32<br/>cp313-win_arm64<br><br>cp313t-win_amd64<br/>cp313t-win32<br/>cp313t-win_arm64 | cp313-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp313-manylinux_i686<br/>cp313-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp313-musllinux_i686<br><br>cp313t-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp313t-manylinux_i686<br/>cp313t-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp313t-musllinux_i686 | cp313-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp313-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp313-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp313-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp313-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp313-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp313-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp313-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp313-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp313-musllinux_riscv64<br><br>cp313t-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp313t-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp313t-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp313t-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp313t-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp313t-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp313t-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp313t-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp313t-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp313t-musllinux_riscv64 | cp313-android_arm64_v8a<br/>cp313-android_x86_64 | cp313-ios_arm64_iphoneos<br/>cp313-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator<br/>cp313-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator | cp313-pyodide_wasm32 |
+| Python 3.14   | cp314-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp314-macosx_universal2<br/>cp314-macosx_arm64<br><br>cp314t-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp314t-macosx_universal2<br/>cp314t-macosx_arm64 | cp314-win_amd64<br/>cp314-win32<br/>cp314-win_arm64<br><br>cp314t-win_amd64<br/>cp314t-win32<br/>cp314t-win_arm64 | cp314-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp314-manylinux_i686<br/>cp314-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp314-musllinux_i686<br><br>cp314t-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp314t-manylinux_i686<br/>cp314t-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp314t-musllinux_i686 | cp314-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp314-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp314-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp314-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp314-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp314-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp314-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp314-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp314-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp314-musllinux_riscv64<br><br>cp314t-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp314t-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp314t-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp314t-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp314t-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp314t-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp314t-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp314t-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp314t-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp314t-musllinux_riscv64 | cp314-android_arm64_v8a<br/>cp314-android_x86_64 | cp314-ios_arm64_iphoneos<br/>cp314-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator<br/>cp314-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator |                      |
 | PyPy3.8 v7.3  | pp38-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp38-macosx_arm64                               | pp38-win_amd64                                      | pp38-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp38-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp38-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |                                                  |                                                                                                   |                      |
 | PyPy3.9 v7.3  | pp39-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp39-macosx_arm64                               | pp39-win_amd64                                      | pp39-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp39-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp39-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |                                                  |                                                                                                   |                      |
 | PyPy3.10 v7.3 | pp310-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp310-macosx_arm64                             | pp310-win_amd64                                     | pp310-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp310-manylinux_i686                                                     | pp310-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |                                                  |                                                                                                   |                      |
 | PyPy3.11 v7.3 | pp311-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp311-macosx_arm64                             | pp311-win_amd64                                     | pp311-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp311-manylinux_i686                                                     | pp311-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |                                                  |                                                                                                   |                      |
 | GraalPy 3.11 v24.2 | gp311_242-macosx_x86_64<br/>gp311_242-macosx_arm64                             | gp311_242-win_amd64                                     | gp311_242-manylinux_x86_64                                                                              | gp311_242-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |                                                                                                   |                      |
+| GraalPy 3.12 v25.0 | gp312_250-macosx_x86_64<br/>gp312_250-macosx_arm64                             | gp312_250-win_amd64                                     | gp312_250-manylinux_x86_64                                                                              | gp312_250-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |                                                                                                   |                      |
 
 The list of supported and currently selected build identifiers can also be retrieved by passing the `--print-build-identifiers` flag to cibuildwheel.
 The format is `python_tag-platform_tag`, with tags similar to those in [PEP 425](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0425/#details).
 
 Windows arm64 platform support is experimental.
-Linux riscv64 platform support is experimental and requires an explicit opt-in through [`enable`](#enable).
 
 See the [cibuildwheel 2 documentation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/2.x/) for past end-of-life versions of Python.
 
-#### Examples
+#### Examples {: #build-skip-examples }
 
 !!! tab examples "pyproject.toml"
 
@@ -107,6 +107,12 @@ See the [cibuildwheel 2 documentation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/2.x/) for
 
     # Disable building PyPy wheels on all platforms
     skip = "pp*"
+
+    # Disable free-threading builds on all platforms
+    skip = "cp3??t-*"
+
+    # Disable free-threading builds on Windows
+    skip = "cp3??t-win*"
     ```
 
 !!! tab examples "Environment variables"
@@ -138,12 +144,16 @@ See the [cibuildwheel 2 documentation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/2.x/) for
 
     # Disable building PyPy wheels on all platforms
     CIBW_SKIP: pp*
+
+    # Disable free-threading builds on all platforms
+    CIBW_SKIP: "cp3??t-*"
+
+    # Disable free-threading builds on Windows
+    CIBW_SKIP: "cp3??t-win*"
     ```
 
     Separate multiple selectors with a space.
 
-
-
     It is generally recommended to set `CIBW_BUILD` as an environment variable, though `skip`
     tends to be useful in a config file; you can statically declare that you don't
     support a specific build, for example.
@@ -201,8 +211,6 @@ Options:
   to use [`build`](#build-skip) with this option to target specific
   architectures via build selectors.
 
-Linux riscv64 platform support is experimental and requires an explicit opt-in through [`enable`](#enable).
-
 Default: `auto`
 
 | Runner | `native` | `auto` | `auto64` | `auto32` |
@@ -347,18 +355,11 @@ values are:
 
 - `cpython-prerelease`: Enables beta versions of Pythons if any are available
   (May-July, approximately).
-- `cpython-freethreading`: [PEP 703](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0703)
-  introduced variants of CPython that can be built without the Global
-  Interpreter Lock (GIL).  Those variants are also known as free-threaded /
-  no-gil. This will enable building these wheels for 3.13, which was considered
-  experimental.  The build identifiers for those variants have a `t` suffix in
-  their `python_tag` (e.g. `cp313t-manylinux_x86_64`). Starting in 3.14,
-  free-threaded builds are no longer experimental, so this enable is not needed.
+- `cpython-freethreading`: Enable experimental free-threaded builds for CPython 3.13.
+  Free-threading wheels for 3.14+ are available without this flag, as it's [no
+  longer considered experimental](https://peps.python.org/pep-0779/).
 - `pypy`: Enable PyPy.
 - `pypy-eol`: Enable PyPy versions that have passed end of life (if still available).
-- `cpython-experimental-riscv64`: Enable experimental riscv64 builds. Those builds
-  are disabled by default as they can't be uploaded to PyPI and a PEP will most likely
-  be required before this can happen.
 - `graalpy`: Enable GraalPy.
 - `pyodide-prerelease`: Pyodide versions that haven't released yet, if one is
   available. Safe if you are shipping a site with an early build, not for
@@ -374,7 +375,15 @@ values are:
     that version of Python will become available without this flag.
 
 !!! note
-    Free threading was experimental in 3.13: [What’s New In Python 3.13](https://docs.python.org/3.13/whatsnew/3.13.html#free-threaded-cpython)
+    [PEP 703](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0703) introduced variants of
+    CPython that can be built without the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL). Those
+    variants are also known as free-threaded / no-gil. The build identifiers for
+    those variants have a `t` suffix in their `python_tag` (e.g.
+    `cp313t-manylinux_x86_64`).
+
+    Free threading was [experimental in 3.13](https://docs.python.org/3.13/whatsnew/3.13.html#free-threaded-cpython), so it required an explicit enable flag. But, as noted above, free-threading doesn't require an enable flag for 3.14+.
+
+    For more info on building for free-threading, see the [Python Free-Threading Guide](https://py-free-threading.github.io/).
 
 Default: empty.
 
@@ -398,13 +407,9 @@ without disabling your other enables.
 
     ```toml
     [tool.cibuildwheel]
-    # Enable free-threaded support
+    # Enable free-threaded support for CPython 3.13
     enable = ["cpython-freethreading"]
 
-    # Skip building free-threaded compatible wheels on Windows
-    enable = ["cpython-freethreading"]
-    skip = "*t-win*"
-
     # Include all PyPy versions
     enable = ["pypy", "pypy-eol"]
     ```
@@ -416,18 +421,14 @@ without disabling your other enables.
     # Include latest Python beta
     CIBW_ENABLE: cpython-prerelease
 
-    # Include free-threaded support
+    # Include free-threaded support for CPython 3.13
     CIBW_ENABLE: cpython-freethreading
 
     # Include both
     CIBW_ENABLE: cpython-prerelease cpython-freethreading
 
-    # Skip building free-threaded compatible wheels on Windows
-    CIBW_ENABLE: cpython-freethreading
-    CIBW_SKIP: *t-win*
-
     # Include all PyPy versions
-    CIBW_ENABLE = pypy pypy-eol
+    CIBW_ENABLE: pypy pypy-eol
     ```
 
 
@@ -473,12 +474,13 @@ You can use "build\[uv\]", which will use an external [uv][] everywhere
 possible, both through `--installer=uv` passed to build, as well as when making
 all build and test environments. This will generally speed up cibuildwheel.
 Make sure you have an external uv on Windows and macOS, either by
-pre-installing it, or installing cibuildwheel with the uv extra,
-`cibuildwheel[uv]`. uv currently does not support Windows on ARM,
-musllinux on s390x, Android, or iOS. Legacy dependencies like
-setuptools on Python < 3.12 and pip are not installed if using uv.
+pre-installing it, or installing cibuildwheel with the `uv` extra, which is
+possible by manually passing `cibuildwheel[uv]` to installers or by using the
+`extras` option in the [cibuildwheel action](ci-services.md#github-actions).
+uv currently does not support iOS or musllinux on s390x. Legacy dependencies
+like setuptools on Python < 3.12 and pip are not installed if using uv.
 
-On Android and Pyodide, only "build" is supported.
+On Android and Pyodide, the "pip" frontend is not supported.
 
 You can specify extra arguments to pass to the build frontend using the
 optional `args` option.
@@ -571,6 +573,7 @@ A list of environment variables to set during the build and test phases. Bash sy
 You must use this variable to pass variables to Linux builds, since they execute in a container. It also works for the other platforms.
 
 You can use `$PATH` syntax to insert other variables, or the `$(pwd)` syntax to insert the output of other shell commands.
+Variables are evaluated in the order they appear. Any variable referenced before it is set will evaluate to an empty string.
 
 To specify more than one environment variable, separate the assignments by spaces.
 
@@ -756,9 +759,9 @@ Platform-specific environment variables also available:<br/>
     here.](https://yaml-multiline.info).
 
 
-Note that `manylinux_2_31` builds occur inside a Debian derivative docker
+Note that `manylinux_2_31`/`manylinux_2_35` builds occur inside a Debian derivative docker
 container, where `manylinux2014` builds occur inside a CentOS one. So for
-`manylinux_2_31` the `before-all` command must use `apt-get -y`
+`manylinux_2_31`/`manylinux_2_35` the `before-all` command must use `apt-get -y`
 instead.
 
 ### `before-build` {: #before-build env-var toml}
@@ -904,6 +907,8 @@ The following placeholders must be used inside the command and will be replaced
 - `{dest_dir}` for the absolute path of the directory where to create the repaired wheel
 - `{delocate_archs}` (macOS only) comma-separated list of architectures in the wheel.
 
+You can use the `{package}` or `{project}` placeholders in your `repair-wheel-command` to refer to the package being built or the project root, respectively.
+
 The command is run in a shell, so you can run multiple commands like `cmd1 && cmd2`.
 
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
@@ -1033,7 +1038,7 @@ Set the Docker image to be used for building [manylinux / musllinux](https://git
 
 For `manylinux-*-image`, except `manylinux-armv7l-image` and `manylinux-riscv64-image`, the value of this option can either be set to `manylinux2014`, `manylinux_2_28` or `manylinux_2_34` to use a pinned version of the [official manylinux images](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux). Alternatively, set these options to any other valid Docker image name.
 
-For `manylinux-armv7l-image`, the value of this option can either be set to `manylinux_2_31` or a custom image. Support is experimental for now. The `manylinux_2_31` value is only available for `armv7`.
+For `manylinux-armv7l-image`, the value of this option can either be set to `manylinux_2_31`, `manylinux_2_35` or a custom image. Support is experimental for now. The `manylinux_2_31` and `manylinux_2_35` values are only available for `armv7`.
 
 For `manylinux-riscv64-image`, the value of this option can either be set to `manylinux_2_39` or a custom image. Support is experimental for now. The `manylinux_2_39` value is only available for `riscv64`.
 
@@ -1316,7 +1321,7 @@ The available Pyodide versions are determined by the version of `pyodide-build`
 ### `test-command` {: #test-command env-var toml}
 > The command to test each built wheel
 
-Shell command to run tests after the build. The wheel will be installed
+Command to run tests after the build. The wheel will be installed
 automatically and available for import from the tests. If this variable is not
 set, your wheel will not be installed after building.
 
@@ -1344,11 +1349,12 @@ tree. To access your test code, you have a couple of options:
 
 On all platforms other than Android and iOS, the command is run in a shell, so you can write things like `cmd1 && cmd2`.
 
-On Android and iOS, the command is parsed by `shlex.split`, and is required to
-be in one of the following forms:
+On Android and iOS, the command is parsed by `shlex.split`, and must be a Python
+command:
 
-* `python -c command ...` (Android only)
-* `python -m module-name ...`
+* On Android, the command must must begin with `python` or `python3`, and contain `-m`
+  or `-c`.
+* On iOS, the command must begin with `python -m`.
 
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
 `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_ANDROID` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_IOS` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_PYODIDE`
@@ -1576,7 +1582,7 @@ tests. This can be used to avoid having to redefine test dependencies in
 `test-requires` if they are already defined in `pyproject.toml`.
 
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_TEST_GROUPS_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_GROUPS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_GROUPS_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_GROUPS_PYODIDE`
+`CIBW_TEST_GROUPS_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_GROUPS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_GROUPS_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_GROUPS_ANDROID` | `CIBW_TEST_GROUPS_IOS` | `CIBW_TEST_GROUPS_PYODIDE`
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -1667,6 +1673,41 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
     CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT: PYTHONSAFEPATH=1
     ```
 
+### `test-runtime` {: #test-runtime toml env-var }
+
+> Controls how the tests will be executed.
+
+On desktop environments, the tests are executed on the same machine/container as the wheel was built. However on Android and iOS, the tests are run inside a virtual machine – a simulator or emulator – representing the target.
+
+For these embedded platforms, a testbed project is used to run the tests. The `test-runtime` setting can define an `args` key that defines additional arguments that will be used when starting the testbed project.
+
+Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
+`CIBW_TEST_RUNTIME_ANDROID` |`CIBW_TEST_RUNTIME_IOS`
+
+#### Examples
+
+!!! tab examples "pyproject.toml"
+
+    ```toml
+    [tool.cibuildwheel.ios]
+    # Run the tests on an iPhone 16e simulator running iOS 18.5.
+    test-runtime = { args = ["--simulator='iPhone 16e,OS=18.5'"] }
+
+    [tool.cibuildwheel.android]
+    # Run the Android tests on the minimum supported Android version.
+    test-runtime = { args = ["--managed", "minVersion"] }
+    ```
+
+!!! tab examples "Environment variables"
+
+    ```yaml
+    # Run the tests on an iPhone 16e simulator running iOS 18.5.
+    CIBW_TEST_RUNTIME_IOS: "args: --simulator='iPhone 16e,OS=18.5'"
+
+    # Run the Android tests on the minimum supported Android version.
+    CIBW_TEST_RUNTIME_ANDROID: "args: --managed minVersion"
+    ```
+
 
 ## Debugging
 
@@ -1724,6 +1765,9 @@ Settings that are not supported for a specific frontend will log a warning.
 The default build frontend is `build`, which does show build backend output by
 default.
 
+On Android and iOS, a positive verbosity level will also show more detailed logs from
+the test harness.
+
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
 `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_MACOS` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_LINUX` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_ANDROID` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_IOS` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_PYODIDE`
 

docs/platforms.md

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ The only side effect to your system will be docker images being pulled.
 
 Linux wheels are built in [`manylinux`/`musllinux` containers](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux) to provide binary compatible wheels on Linux, according to [PEP 600](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0600/) / [PEP 656](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0656/). Because of this, when building with `cibuildwheel` on Linux, a few things should be taken into account:
 
--   Programs and libraries are not installed on the CI runner host, but rather should be installed inside the container - using `yum` for `manylinux2014`, `apt-get` for `manylinux_2_31`, `dnf` for `manylinux_2_28` and `apk` for `musllinux_1_1` or `musllinux_1_2`, or manually. The same goes for environment variables that are potentially needed to customize the wheel building.
+-   Programs and libraries are not installed on the CI runner host, but rather should be installed inside the container - using `yum` for `manylinux2014`, `apt-get` for `manylinux_2_31` or `manylinux_2_35`, `dnf` for `manylinux_2_28` and `apk` for `musllinux_1_1` or `musllinux_1_2`, or manually. The same goes for environment variables that are potentially needed to customize the wheel building.
 
     `cibuildwheel` supports this by providing the [`environment`](options.md#environment) and [`before-all`](options.md#before-all) options to setup the build environment inside the running container.
 
@@ -63,7 +63,8 @@ macOS builds will honor the `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` environment variable to c
 | Arch  | Python version range | Minimum target |
 |-------|----------------------|----------------|
 | Intel | CPython 3.8-3.11     | 10.9           |
-| Intel | CPython 3.12+        | 10.13          |
+| Intel | CPython 3.12-3.13    | 10.13          |
+| Intel | CPython 3.14+        | 10.15          |
 | AS    | CPython or PyPy      | 11             |
 | Intel | PyPy 3.8             | 10.13          |
 | Intel | PyPy 3.9+            | 10.15          |
@@ -121,7 +122,7 @@ See [GitHub issue 1333](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/1333) for mo
 
 It's easiest to build `x86_64` wheels on `x86_64` runners, and `arm64` wheels on `arm64` runners.
 
-On GitHub Actions, `macos-14` runners are `arm64`, and `macos-13` runners are `x86_64`. So all you need to do is ensure both are in your build matrix.
+On GitHub Actions, `macos-14` runners are `arm64`, and `macos-15-intel` runners are `x86_64`. So all you need to do is ensure both are in your build matrix.
 
 #### Cross-compiling
 
@@ -205,7 +206,6 @@ It also requires the following commands to be on the `PATH`:
 
 * `curl`
 * `java` (or set the `JAVA_HOME` environment variable)
-* `patchelf` (if the wheel links against any external libraries)
 
 ### Android version compatibility
 
@@ -214,6 +214,11 @@ minimum supported [API level](https://developer.android.com/tools/releases/platf
 for generated wheels. This will default to the minimum API level of the selected Python
 version.
 
+If the [`repair-wheel-command`](options.md#repair-wheel-command) adds any libraries to
+the wheel, then `ANDROID_API_LEVEL` must be at least 24. This is already the default
+when building for Python 3.14 and later, but you may need to set it when building for
+Python 3.13.
+
 ### Build frontend support
 
 Android builds only support the `build` frontend. In principle, support for the
@@ -228,16 +233,17 @@ machine – for example, if you're building on an ARM64 machine, then you can te
 ARM64 wheel. Wheels of other architectures can still be built, but testing will
 automatically be skipped.
 
+Any arguments specified using [`test-runtime`](options.md#test-runtime) will be passed as arguments to the Python script that starts the [testbed project](https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Android/README.md#testing). cibuildwheel will automatically start the testbed project with `--site-packages` and `--cwd` arguments matching your test environment, as well as enabling verbose output with `-v` if [`build-verbosity`](options.md#build-verbosity) is enabled. The most common additional arguments to use will be `--managed minVersion` or `--managed maxVersion`, specifying the use of a managed Android emulator with the minimum or maximum supported Android version; or `--connected <serial>`, specifying the use of an existing booted Android emulator or device. By default, the testbed project will run with `--managed maxVersion`.
+
 Running an emulator requires the build machine to either be bare-metal or support
 nested virtualization. CI platforms known to meet this requirement are:
 
 * GitHub Actions Linux x86_64
 
 On Linux, the emulator needs access to the KVM virtualization interface. This may
-require adding your user to a group, or [changing your udev
-rules](https://github.blog/changelog/2024-04-02-github-actions-hardware-accelerated-android-virtualization-now-available/).
-If the emulator fails to start, try running `$ANDROID_HOME/emulator/emulator
--accel-check`.
+require adding your user to a group, or changing your udev rules. On GitHub
+Actions, cibuildwheel will do this automatically using the commands shown
+[here](https://github.blog/changelog/2024-04-02-github-actions-hardware-accelerated-android-virtualization-now-available/).
 
 The Android test environment can't support running shell scripts, so the
 [`test-command`](options.md#test-command) must be a Python command – see its
@@ -253,7 +259,7 @@ to one of the following URLs:
 
 ## iOS {: #ios}
 
-### System requirements
+### System requirements {: #ios-system-requirements}
 
 You must be building on a macOS machine, with Xcode installed. The Xcode installation must have an iOS SDK available, with all license agreements agreed to by the user. To check if an iOS SDK is available, open the Xcode settings panel, and check the Platforms tab. This will also ensure that license agreements have been acknowledged.
 
@@ -265,7 +271,7 @@ iOS is effectively 2 platforms - physical devices, and simulators. While the API
 
 * `arm64_iphoneos` (for physical iOS devices);
 * `arm64_iphonesimulator` (for iOS simulators running on Apple Silicon macOS machines); and
-* `x64_64_iphonesimulator` (for iOS simulators running on Intel macOS machines).
+* `x86_64_iphonesimulator` (for iOS simulators running on Intel macOS machines).
 
 By default, cibuildwheel will build all wheels for the CPU architecture of the build machine. You can build all wheels for all architectures by specifying `--archs all`.
 
@@ -316,4 +322,6 @@ If tests have been configured, the test suite will be executed on the simulator
 
 The iOS test environment can't support running shell scripts, so the [`test-command`](options.md#test-command) value must be specified as if it were a command line being passed to `python -m ...`.
 
-The test process uses the same testbed used by CPython itself to run the CPython test suite. It is an Xcode project that has been configured to have a single Xcode "XCUnit" test - the result of which reports the success or failure of running `python -m <test-command>`.
+The test process uses the [same testbed used by CPython itself](https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/main/Apple/iOS#testing-python-on-ios) to run the CPython test suite. It is an Xcode project that has been configured to have a single Xcode "XCUnit" test - the result of which reports the success or failure of running `python -m <test-command>`.
+
+Any arguments specified using [`test-runtime`](options.md#test-runtime) will be passed as arguments to the Python script that starts the testbed project. The testbed project will be started with `-v` enabling verbose output if [`build-verbosity`](options.md#build-verbosity) is enabled; the most common additional argument to use will be `--simulator`, which allows the specification of a specific device or iOS version for the test simulator. By default, the testbed project will attempt to find an "SE class" simulator (i.e., an iPhone SE, iPhone 16e, or similar), running the newest iOS version available.

docs/setup.md

@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ cibuildwheel
 !!!tip
     You can pass the `--platform linux` option to cibuildwheel to build Linux wheels, even if you're not on Linux. On most machines, the easiest builds to try are the Linux builds. You don't need any software installed except a Docker daemon, such as [Docker Desktop](https://www.docker.com/get-started/). Each platform that cibuildwheel supports has its own system requirements and platform-specific behaviors. See the [platforms page](platforms.md) for details.
 
+    When building locally for macOS or iOS, regardless of the Python you use to invoke cibuildwheel, you'll need [official Python.org](https://www.python.org/downloads/) installations on your machine. `cibuildwheel` won't perform the build using unofficial Python installations such as from `brew` or `uv`.
+
 You should see the builds taking place. You can experiment with [options](options.md) using pyproject.toml or environment variables.
 
 !!! tab "pyproject.toml"

docs/working-examples.md

@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ title: Working examples
 | Name                              | CI | OS | Notes |
 |-----------------------------------|----|----|:------|
 | [scikit-learn][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The machine learning library. A complex but clean config using many of cibuildwheel's features to build a large project with Cython and C++ extensions.  |
-| [pytorch-fairseq][]               | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence Toolkit written in Python. |
 | [duckdb][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | DuckDB is an analytical in-process SQL database management system |
+| [pytorch-fairseq][]               | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence Toolkit written in Python. |
 | [NumPy][]                         | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. |
 | [Tornado][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library. Uses stable ABI for a small C extension. |
 | [NCNN][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | ncnn is a high-performance neural network inference framework optimized for the mobile platform |
@@ -23,49 +23,50 @@ title: Working examples
 | [uvloop][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Ultra fast asyncio event loop. |
 | [psutil][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Cross-platform lib for process and system monitoring in Python |
 | [Google Benchmark][]              | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A microbenchmark support library |
+| [falcon][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Falcon is a no-magic ASGI/WSGI API and microservices framework; it uses cibuildwheel for (optional) Cython extensions. |
 | [vaex][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Out-of-Core hybrid Apache Arrow/NumPy DataFrame for Python, ML, visualization and exploration of big tabular data at a billion rows per second 🚀 |
-| [Apache Beam][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Apache Beam is a unified programming model for Batch and Streaming data processing. |
 | [PyGame][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | 🐍🎮 pygame (the library) is a Free and Open Source python programming language library for making multimedia applications like games built on top of the excellent SDL library. C, Python, Native, OpenGL. |
+| [Apache Beam][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Apache Beam is a unified programming model for Batch and Streaming data processing. |
 | [asyncpg][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A fast PostgreSQL Database Client Library for Python/asyncio. |
 | [cmake][]                         | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Multitagged binary builds for all supported platforms, using cibw 2 config configuration. |
 | [pyinstrument][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python profiler with a C extension. No external dependencies. |
 | [scikit-image][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Image processing library. Uses cibuildwheel to build and test a project that uses Cython with platform-native code.  |
-| [PyOxidizer][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A modern Python application packaging and distribution tool |
 | [cvxpy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A Python-embedded modeling language for convex optimization problems. |
+| [PyOxidizer][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A modern Python application packaging and distribution tool |
 | [twisted-iocpsupport][]           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] | A submodule of Twisted that hooks into native C APIs using Cython. |
 | [pedalboard][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] | A Python library for working with audio data and audio plugins by wrapping the [JUCE](https://github.com/juce-framework/JUCE/) C++ framework. Uses cibuildwheel to deploy on as many operating systems and Python versions as possible with only one dependency (any NumPy).  |
-| [websockets][]                    | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Library for building WebSocket servers and clients. Mostly written in Python, with a small C 'speedups' extension module.  |
 | [River][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | 🌊 Online machine learning in Python |
+| [websockets][]                    | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Library for building WebSocket servers and clients. Mostly written in Python, with a small C 'speedups' extension module.  |
 | [aiortc][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | WebRTC and ORTC implementation for Python using asyncio. |
 | [OpenSpiel][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | OpenSpiel is a collection of environments and algorithms for research in general reinforcement learning and search/planning in games. |
 | [Dependency Injector][]           | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Dependency injection framework for Python, uses Windows TravisCI |
 | [UltraJSON][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Ultra fast JSON decoder and encoder written in C with Python bindings |
-| [pyzmq][]                         | ![github icon][] ![circleci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for zeromq, the networking library. Uses Cython on CPython and CFFI on PyPy. ARM wheels for linux are built natively on CircleCI.  |
 | [CTranslate2][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes libraries from the [Intel oneAPI toolkit](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/tools/oneapi/base-toolkit.html) and CUDA kernels compiled for multiple GPU architectures. |
+| [pyzmq][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for zeromq, the networking library. Uses Cython on CPython and CFFI on PyPy. ARM wheels for linux are built natively on GitHub Actions.  |
 | [Implicit][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes GPU support for linux wheels |
 | [tinyobjloader][]                 | ![azurepipelines icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tiny but powerful single file wavefront obj loader |
 | [vispy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Main repository for Vispy |
 | [coverage.py][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The coverage tool for Python |
-| [PyCryptodome][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A self-contained cryptographic library for Python |
 | [Line Profiler][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Line-by-line profiling for Python |
+| [PyCryptodome][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A self-contained cryptographic library for Python |
 | [PyAV][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Pythonic bindings for FFmpeg's libraries. |
 | [PyYAML][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] | Canonical source repository for PyYAML |
 | [pikepdf][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python library for reading and writing PDF, powered by QPDF |
 | [numexpr][]                       | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast numerical array expression evaluator for Python, NumPy, Pandas, PyTables and more |
 | [Wrapt][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python module for decorators, wrappers and monkey patching. |
 | [h5py][]                          | ![azurepipelines icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | HDF5 for Python -- The h5py package is a Pythonic interface to the HDF5 binary data format. |
-| [envd][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A machine learning development environment build tool |
 | [Psycopg 3][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A modern implementation of a PostgreSQL adapter for Python |
+| [envd][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A machine learning development environment build tool |
 | [OpenColorIO][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A color management framework for visual effects and animation. |
 | [ruptures][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Extensive Cython + NumPy [pyproject.toml](https://github.com/deepcharles/ruptures/blob/master/pyproject.toml) example. |
 | [aioquic][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | QUIC and HTTP/3 implementation in Python |
-| [SimpleJSON][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | simplejson is a simple, fast, extensible JSON encoder/decoder for Python  |
 | [OpenTimelineIO][]                | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Open Source API and interchange format for editorial timeline information. |
+| [SimpleJSON][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | simplejson is a simple, fast, extensible JSON encoder/decoder for Python  |
 | [PyTables][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python package to manage extremely large amounts of data |
 | [google neuroglancer][]           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | WebGL-based viewer for volumetric data |
 | [Parselmouth][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python interface to the Praat software package, using pybind11, C++17 and CMake, with the core Praat static library built only once and shared between wheels. |
-| [DeepForest][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | An Efficient, Scalable and Optimized Python Framework for Deep Forest (2021.2.1) |
 | [AutoPy][]                        | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes a Windows Travis build. |
+| [DeepForest][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | An Efficient, Scalable and Optimized Python Framework for Deep Forest (2021.2.1) |
 | [H3-py][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python bindings for H3, a hierarchical hexagonal geospatial indexing system |
 | [time-machine][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Time mocking library using only the CPython C API. |
 | [mosec][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] | A machine learning model serving framework powered by Rust |
@@ -76,28 +77,28 @@ title: Working examples
 | [KDEpy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Kernel Density Estimation in Python |
 | [dd-trace-py][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Uses custom alternate arch emulation on GitHub |
 | [tgcalls][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python `pybind11` binding to Telegram's WebRTC library with third party dependencies like `OpenSSL`, `MozJPEG`, `FFmpeg`, etc. |
-| [python-rapidjson][]              | ![travisci icon][] ![gitlab icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python wrapper around rapidjson |
-| [pybind11 python_example][]       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Example pybind11 module built with a Python-based build system |
 | [sourmash][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Quickly search, compare, and analyze genomic and metagenomic data sets. |
+| [pybind11 python_example][]       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Example pybind11 module built with a Python-based build system |
+| [python-rapidjson][]              | ![travisci icon][] ![gitlab icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python wrapper around rapidjson |
 | [abess][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A fast best-subset selection library. It uses cibuildwheel to build a large project with C++ extensions. |
 | [python-snappy][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python bindings for the snappy google library |
-| [cyvcf2][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | cython + htslib == fast VCF and BCF processing |
 | [jq.py][]                         | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for jq |
+| [cyvcf2][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | cython + htslib == fast VCF and BCF processing |
 | [matrixprofile][]                 | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python 3 library making time series data mining tasks, utilizing matrix profile algorithms, accessible to everyone. |
-| [Tokenizer][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast and customizable text tokenization library with BPE and SentencePiece support |
 | [Confluent client for Kafka][]    | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | setup in `tools/wheels/build-wheels.bat` |
+| [Tokenizer][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast and customizable text tokenization library with BPE and SentencePiece support |
 | [iminuit][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Jupyter-friendly Python interface for C++ MINUIT2 |
 | [pillow-heif][]                   | ![github icon][] ![cirrusci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Bindings to libheif library with third party dependencies. Fully automated CI for tests and publishing including Apple Silicon builds. |
 | [keyvi][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] | FST based key value index highly optimized for size and lookup performance, utilizes ccache action for improved runtime |
 | [PyGLM][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Fast OpenGL Mathematics (GLM) for Python |
-| [TgCrypto][]                      | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes a Windows Travis build. |
 | [iDynTree][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] | Uses manylinux_2_24 |
-| [streaming-form-data][]           | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Streaming parser for multipart/form-data written in Cython |
+| [TgCrypto][]                      | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes a Windows Travis build. |
 | [power-grid-model][]              | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python/C++ library for distribution power system analysis |
+| [streaming-form-data][]           | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Streaming parser for multipart/form-data written in Cython |
 | [pybase64][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast Base64 encoding/decoding in Python |
 | [bx-python][]                     | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A library that includes Cython extensions. |
-| [boost-histogram][]               | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Supports full range of wheels, including PyPy and alternate archs. |
 | [Imagecodecs (fork)][]            | ![azurepipelines icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Over 20 external dependencies in compiled libraries, custom docker image, `libomp`, `openblas` and `install_name_tool` for macOS. |
+| [boost-histogram][]               | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Supports full range of wheels, including PyPy and alternate archs. |
 | [Python-WebRTC][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | a Python extension that provides bindings to WebRTC M92 |
 | [pybind11 scikit_build_example][] | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | An example combining scikit-build and pybind11 |
 | [fathon][]                        | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | python package for DFA (Detrended Fluctuation Analysis) and related algorithms |
@@ -109,18 +110,18 @@ title: Working examples
 | [cf-units][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Units of measure as required by the Climate and Forecast (CF) Metadata Conventions |
 | [numpythia][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The interface between PYTHIA and NumPy |
 | [pyjet][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The interface between FastJet and NumPy |
-| [ril][]                           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A python binding to Rust Imaging library using maturin and Pyo3, utilizes Github Action cache to improve speed. Builds abi3 wheels. |
 | [SiPM][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | High performance library for SiPM detectors simulation using C++17, OpenMP and AVX2 intrinsics. |
-| [GSD][]                           | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Cython and NumPy project with 64-bit wheels. |
+| [ril][]                           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A python binding to Rust Imaging library using maturin and Pyo3, utilizes Github Action cache to improve speed. Builds abi3 wheels. |
 | [aalink][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Async Python interface for Ableton Link. |
+| [GSD][]                           | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Cython and NumPy project with 64-bit wheels. |
 | [CorrectionLib][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Structured JSON powered correction library for HEP, designed for the CMS experiment at CERN. |
-| [xmlstarlet][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python 3.6+ CFFI bindings with true MSVC build. |
 | [werpy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] | An ultra-fast python package using optimized dynamic programming to compute the Word Error Rate (WER). |
+| [xmlstarlet][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python 3.6+ CFFI bindings with true MSVC build. |
 | [pybind11 cross build example][]  | ![github icon][] ![gitlab icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Same as pybind11 cmake_example but used to demo Linux ARM + Windows + macOS builds on GitLab |
 
 [scikit-learn]: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn
-[pytorch-fairseq]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/fairseq
 [duckdb]: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb
+[pytorch-fairseq]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/fairseq
 [NumPy]: https://github.com/numpy/numpy
 [Tornado]: https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado
 [NCNN]: https://github.com/Tencent/ncnn
@@ -133,49 +134,50 @@ title: Working examples
 [uvloop]: https://github.com/MagicStack/uvloop
 [psutil]: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil
 [Google Benchmark]: https://github.com/google/benchmark
+[falcon]: https://github.com/falconry/falcon
 [vaex]: https://github.com/vaexio/vaex
-[Apache Beam]: https://github.com/apache/beam
 [PyGame]: https://github.com/pygame/pygame
+[Apache Beam]: https://github.com/apache/beam
 [asyncpg]: https://github.com/MagicStack/asyncpg
 [cmake]: https://github.com/scikit-build/cmake-python-distributions
 [pyinstrument]: https://github.com/joerick/pyinstrument
 [scikit-image]: https://github.com/scikit-image/scikit-image
-[PyOxidizer]: https://github.com/indygreg/PyOxidizer
 [cvxpy]: https://github.com/cvxpy/cvxpy
+[PyOxidizer]: https://github.com/indygreg/PyOxidizer
 [twisted-iocpsupport]: https://github.com/twisted/twisted-iocpsupport
 [pedalboard]: https://github.com/spotify/pedalboard
-[websockets]: https://github.com/python-websockets/websockets
 [River]: https://github.com/online-ml/river
+[websockets]: https://github.com/python-websockets/websockets
 [aiortc]: https://github.com/aiortc/aiortc
 [OpenSpiel]: https://github.com/google-deepmind/open_spiel
 [Dependency Injector]: https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector
 [UltraJSON]: https://github.com/ultrajson/ultrajson
-[pyzmq]: https://github.com/zeromq/pyzmq
 [CTranslate2]: https://github.com/OpenNMT/CTranslate2
+[pyzmq]: https://github.com/zeromq/pyzmq
 [Implicit]: https://github.com/benfred/implicit
 [tinyobjloader]: https://github.com/tinyobjloader/tinyobjloader
 [vispy]: https://github.com/vispy/vispy
 [coverage.py]: https://github.com/nedbat/coveragepy
-[PyCryptodome]: https://github.com/Legrandin/pycryptodome
 [Line Profiler]: https://github.com/pyutils/line_profiler
+[PyCryptodome]: https://github.com/Legrandin/pycryptodome
 [PyAV]: https://github.com/PyAV-Org/PyAV
 [PyYAML]: https://github.com/yaml/pyyaml
 [pikepdf]: https://github.com/pikepdf/pikepdf
 [numexpr]: https://github.com/pydata/numexpr
 [Wrapt]: https://github.com/GrahamDumpleton/wrapt
 [h5py]: https://github.com/h5py/h5py
-[envd]: https://github.com/tensorchord/envd
 [Psycopg 3]: https://github.com/psycopg/psycopg
+[envd]: https://github.com/tensorchord/envd
 [OpenColorIO]: https://github.com/AcademySoftwareFoundation/OpenColorIO
 [ruptures]: https://github.com/deepcharles/ruptures
 [aioquic]: https://github.com/aiortc/aioquic
-[SimpleJSON]: https://github.com/simplejson/simplejson
 [OpenTimelineIO]: https://github.com/AcademySoftwareFoundation/OpenTimelineIO
+[SimpleJSON]: https://github.com/simplejson/simplejson
 [PyTables]: https://github.com/PyTables/PyTables
 [google neuroglancer]: https://github.com/google/neuroglancer
 [Parselmouth]: https://github.com/YannickJadoul/Parselmouth
-[DeepForest]: https://github.com/LAMDA-NJU/Deep-Forest
 [AutoPy]: https://github.com/autopilot-rs/autopy
+[DeepForest]: https://github.com/LAMDA-NJU/Deep-Forest
 [H3-py]: https://github.com/uber/h3-py
 [time-machine]: https://github.com/adamchainz/time-machine
 [mosec]: https://github.com/mosecorg/mosec
@@ -186,28 +188,28 @@ title: Working examples
 [KDEpy]: https://github.com/tommyod/KDEpy
 [dd-trace-py]: https://github.com/DataDog/dd-trace-py
 [tgcalls]: https://github.com/MarshalX/tgcalls
-[python-rapidjson]: https://github.com/python-rapidjson/python-rapidjson
-[pybind11 python_example]: https://github.com/pybind/python_example
 [sourmash]: https://github.com/sourmash-bio/sourmash
+[pybind11 python_example]: https://github.com/pybind/python_example
+[python-rapidjson]: https://github.com/python-rapidjson/python-rapidjson
 [abess]: https://github.com/abess-team/abess
 [python-snappy]: https://github.com/intake/python-snappy
-[cyvcf2]: https://github.com/brentp/cyvcf2
 [jq.py]: https://github.com/mwilliamson/jq.py
+[cyvcf2]: https://github.com/brentp/cyvcf2
 [matrixprofile]: https://github.com/matrix-profile-foundation/matrixprofile
-[Tokenizer]: https://github.com/OpenNMT/Tokenizer
 [Confluent client for Kafka]: https://github.com/confluentinc/confluent-kafka-python
+[Tokenizer]: https://github.com/OpenNMT/Tokenizer
 [iminuit]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/iminuit
 [pillow-heif]: https://github.com/bigcat88/pillow_heif
 [keyvi]: https://github.com/KeyviDev/keyvi
 [PyGLM]: https://github.com/Zuzu-Typ/PyGLM
-[TgCrypto]: https://github.com/pyrogram/tgcrypto
 [iDynTree]: https://github.com/robotology/idyntree
-[streaming-form-data]: https://github.com/siddhantgoel/streaming-form-data
+[TgCrypto]: https://github.com/pyrogram/tgcrypto
 [power-grid-model]: https://github.com/PowerGridModel/power-grid-model
+[streaming-form-data]: https://github.com/siddhantgoel/streaming-form-data
 [pybase64]: https://github.com/mayeut/pybase64
 [bx-python]: https://github.com/bxlab/bx-python
-[boost-histogram]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/boost-histogram
 [Imagecodecs (fork)]: https://github.com/czaki/imagecodecs_build
+[boost-histogram]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/boost-histogram
 [Python-WebRTC]: https://github.com/MarshalX/python-webrtc
 [pybind11 scikit_build_example]: https://github.com/pybind/scikit_build_example
 [fathon]: https://github.com/stfbnc/fathon
@@ -219,13 +221,13 @@ title: Working examples
 [cf-units]: https://github.com/SciTools/cf-units
 [numpythia]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/numpythia
 [pyjet]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/pyjet
-[ril]: https://github.com/Cryptex-github/ril-py
 [SiPM]: https://github.com/EdoPro98/SimSiPM
-[GSD]: https://github.com/glotzerlab/gsd
+[ril]: https://github.com/Cryptex-github/ril-py
 [aalink]: https://github.com/artfwo/aalink
+[GSD]: https://github.com/glotzerlab/gsd
 [CorrectionLib]: https://github.com/cms-nanoAOD/correctionlib
-[xmlstarlet]: https://github.com/dimitern/xmlstarlet
 [werpy]: https://github.com/analyticsinmotion/werpy
+[xmlstarlet]: https://github.com/dimitern/xmlstarlet
 [pybind11 cross build example]: https://github.com/wbarnha/pybind_cmake_example_crossbuild
 
 [github icon]: data/readme_icons/github.svg

examples/azure-pipelines-minimal.yml

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ jobs:
     - bash: |
         set -o errexit
         python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        pip3 install cibuildwheel==3.1.0
+        pip3 install cibuildwheel==3.3.0
       displayName: Install dependencies
     - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
       displayName: Build wheels
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
     - bash: |
         set -o errexit
         python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.0
+        python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.3.0
       displayName: Install dependencies
     - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
       displayName: Build wheels
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ jobs:
     - bash: |
         set -o errexit
         python -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.0
+        pip install cibuildwheel==3.3.0
       displayName: Install dependencies
     - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
       displayName: Build wheels

examples/circleci-minimal.yml

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ jobs:
       - run:
           name: Build the Linux wheels.
           command: |
-            python3 -m pip install --user cibuildwheel==3.1.0
+            python3 -m pip install --user cibuildwheel==3.3.0
             cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       - store_artifacts:
           path: wheelhouse/
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ jobs:
       - run:
           name: Build the Linux aarch64 wheels.
           command: |
-            python3 -m pip install --user cibuildwheel==3.1.0
+            python3 -m pip install --user cibuildwheel==3.3.0
             python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       - store_artifacts:
           path: wheelhouse/
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ jobs:
           name: Build the OS X wheels.
           command: |
             sudo softwareupdate --install-rosetta --agree-to-license  # for python<=3.8 or x86_64/universal2 tests
-            pip3 install cibuildwheel==3.1.0
+            pip3 install cibuildwheel==3.3.0
             cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       - store_artifacts:
           path: wheelhouse/

examples/cirrus-ci-intel-mac.yml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 build_and_store_wheels: &BUILD_AND_STORE_WHEELS
   install_cibuildwheel_script:
-    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.0
+    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.3.0
   run_cibuildwheel_script:
     - cibuildwheel
   wheels_artifacts:

examples/cirrus-ci-minimal.yml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 build_and_store_wheels: &BUILD_AND_STORE_WHEELS
   install_cibuildwheel_script:
-    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.0
+    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.3.0
   run_cibuildwheel_script:
     - cibuildwheel
   wheels_artifacts:

examples/github-deploy.yml

@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ jobs:
           - os: windows-arm
             runs-on: windows-11-arm
           - os: macos-intel
-            # macos-13 was the last x86_64 runner
-            runs-on: macos-13
+            # macos-15-intel is the last x86_64 runner
+            runs-on: macos-15-intel
           - os: macos-arm
             # macos-14+ (including latest) are ARM64 runners
             runs-on: macos-latest
@@ -35,8 +35,11 @@ jobs:
             runs-on: ubuntu-latest
             platform: android
           - os: android-arm
-            runs-on: macos-latest
+            # GitHub Actions doesn’t currently support the Android emulator on any ARM
+            # runner. So we build on a non-ARM runner, which will skip the tests.
+            runs-on: ubuntu-latest
             platform: android
+            archs: arm64_v8a
           - os: ios
             runs-on: macos-latest
             platform: ios
@@ -45,25 +48,13 @@ jobs:
             platform: pyodide
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-
-      # GitHub Actions can't currently run the Android emulator on macOS.
-      - name: Skip Android tests on macOS
-        if: matrix.os == 'android-arm'
-        run: echo "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND=" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
-
-      # https://github.blog/changelog/2024-04-02-github-actions-hardware-accelerated-android-virtualization-now-available/
-      - name: Enable KVM for Android emulator
-        if: matrix.os == 'android-intel'
-        run: |
-          echo 'KERNEL=="kvm", GROUP="kvm", MODE="0666", OPTIONS+="static_node=kvm"' | sudo tee /etc/udev/rules.d/99-kvm4all.rules
-          sudo udevadm control --reload-rules
-          sudo udevadm trigger --name-match=kvm
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
       - name: Build wheels
-        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.1.0
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.3.0
         env:
           CIBW_PLATFORM: ${{ matrix.platform || 'auto' }}
+          CIBW_ARCHS: ${{ matrix.archs || 'auto' }}
         # Can also be configured directly, using `with:`
         # with:
         #   package-dir: .
@@ -79,7 +70,7 @@ jobs:
     name: Build source distribution
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
       - name: Build sdist
         run: pipx run build --sdist
@@ -99,7 +90,7 @@ jobs:
     # or, alternatively, upload to PyPI on every tag starting with 'v' (remove on: release above to use this)
     # if: github.event_name == 'push' && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v')
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v5
         with:
           # unpacks all CIBW artifacts into dist/
           pattern: cibw-*
@@ -107,5 +98,6 @@ jobs:
           merge-multiple: true
 
       - uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@release/v1
-        with:
-          # To test: repository-url: https://test.pypi.org/legacy/
+        # To test uploads to TestPyPI, uncomment the following:
+        # with:
+        #   repository-url: https://test.pypi.org/legacy/

examples/github-minimal.yml

@@ -8,14 +8,14 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        # macos-13 is an intel runner, macos-14 is apple silicon
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-13, macos-14]
+        # macos-15-intel is an Intel runner, macos-14 is Apple silicon
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-15-intel, macos-14]
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
       - name: Build wheels
-        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.1.0
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.3.0
         # env:
         #   CIBW_SOME_OPTION: value
         #   ...

examples/github-pipx.yml

@@ -8,14 +8,14 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        # macos-13 is an intel runner, macos-14 is apple silicon
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-13, macos-14]
+        # macos-15-intel is an Intel runner, macos-14 is Apple silicon
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-15-intel, macos-14]
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
       - name: Build wheels
-        run: pipx run cibuildwheel==3.1.0
+        run: pipx run cibuildwheel==3.3.0
 
       - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:

examples/github-with-qemu.yml

@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        # macos-13 is an intel runner, macos-14 is apple silicon
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-13, macos-14]
+        # macos-15-intel is an Intel runner, macos-14 is Apple silicon
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-15-intel, macos-14]
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
       - name: Set up QEMU
         if: runner.os == 'Linux' && runner.arch == 'X64'
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ jobs:
           platforms: all
 
       - name: Build wheels
-        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.1.0
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.3.0
         env:
           # configure cibuildwheel on Linux to build native archs ('auto'),
           # and to split the remaining architectures between the x86_64 and

examples/gitlab-minimal.yml

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ linux:
     DOCKER_TLS_CERTDIR: ""
   script:
     - curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh
-    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.0
+    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.3.0
     - cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
   artifacts:
     paths:
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ windows:
   before_script:
     - choco install python -y --allow-downgrade --version 3.12.4
     - choco install git.install -y
-    - py -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.0
+    - py -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.3.0
   script:
     - py -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse --platform windows
   artifacts:
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ windows:
 macos:
   image: macos-14-xcode-15
   before_script:
-    - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.0
+    - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.3.0
   script:
     - python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
   artifacts:

examples/gitlab-with-qemu.yml

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ linux:
     - curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh
     # Warning: This is extremely slow, be careful with how many wheels you build
     - docker run --rm --privileged multiarch/qemu-user-static --reset -p yes
-    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.0
+    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.3.0
     # Assuming your CI runner's default architecture is x86_64...
     - cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse --platform linux --archs aarch64
   artifacts:

examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
         - ln -s /c/Python312/python.exe /c/Python312/python3.exe
 
 install:
-  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.0
+  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.3.0
 
 script:
   # build the wheels, put them into './dist'

examples/travis-ci-minimal.yml

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ jobs:
         - ln -s /c/Python312/python.exe /c/Python312/python3.exe
 
 install:
-  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.0
+  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.3.0
 
 script:
   # build the wheels, put them into './wheelhouse'

examples/travis-ci-test-and-deploy.yml

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ jobs:
     - stage: deploy
       name: Build and deploy Linux wheels
       services: docker
-      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.0 twine
+      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.3.0 twine
       script: python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       after_success: python3 -m twine upload --skip-existing wheelhouse/*.whl
     # Deploy on windows
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ jobs:
       name: Build and deploy Windows wheels
       os: windows
       language: shell
-      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.0 twine
+      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.3.0 twine
       script: python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       after_success: python3 -m twine upload --skip-existing wheelhouse/*.whl
 

noxfile.py

@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ def tests(session: nox.Session) -> None:
         session.run("pytest", *session.posargs)
     else:
         unit_test_args = ["--run-docker"] if sys.platform.startswith("linux") else []
+        session.run("pytest", "cibuildwheel")  # run doctests
         session.run("pytest", "unit_test", *unit_test_args)
         session.run("pytest", "test", "-x", "--durations", "0", "--timeout=2400", "test")
 

pyproject.toml

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ build-backend = "hatchling.build"
 
 [project]
 name = "cibuildwheel"
-version = "3.1.0"
+version = "3.3.0"
 description = "Build Python wheels on CI with minimal configuration."
 readme = "README.md"
 license = "BSD-2-Clause"
@@ -45,6 +45,8 @@ dependencies = [
     "filelock",
     "humanize",
     "packaging>=20.9",
+    # patchelf is used for Android
+    "patchelf; (sys_platform == 'linux' or sys_platform == 'darwin') and (platform_machine == 'x86_64' or platform_machine == 'arm64' or platform_machine == 'aarch64')",
     "platformdirs",
     "pyelftools>=0.29",
     "wheel>=0.33.6",
@@ -77,7 +79,7 @@ bin = [
 docs = [
     "jinja2>=3.1.2",
     "mkdocs-include-markdown-plugin==6.2.2",
-    "mkdocs-macros-plugin",
+    "mkdocs-macros-plugin>=1.4.1",
     "mkdocs==1.6.1",
     "pymdown-extensions",
     "rich",
@@ -88,10 +90,12 @@ test = [
     "jinja2",
     "pytest-timeout",
     "pytest-xdist",
+    "pytest-rerunfailures!=16.0",
     "pytest>=6",
     "setuptools",
     "tomli_w",
     "validate-pyproject",
+    "xdoctest",
 ]
 dev = [
     {include-group = "bin"},
@@ -102,13 +106,16 @@ dev = [
 
 [tool.pytest.ini_options]
 minversion = "6.0"
-addopts = ["-ra", "--showlocals", "--strict-markers", "--strict-config"]
+addopts = ["-ra", "--showlocals", "--strict-markers", "--strict-config", "--xdoctest", "--ignore-glob=*venv*"]
 junit_family = "xunit2"
 xfail_strict = true
 filterwarnings = ["error"]
-log_cli_level = "INFO"
+log_level = "INFO"
 markers = [
     "serial: tests that must *not* be run in parallel (deselect with '-m \"not serial\"')",
+    "ios: tests that run on iOS",
+    "android: tests that run on Android",
+    "pyodide: tests that run on Pyodide",
 ]
 
 [tool.mypy]
@@ -209,6 +216,15 @@ extend-select = [
   "EXE",         # flake8-executable
   "PYI",         # flake8-pyi
   "PERF101", "PERF102", "PERF401", "PERF402", "PERF403",  # A selection of perflint codes
+  "DTZ",         # flake8-datetimez
+  "FA",          # flake8-future-annotations
+  "FLY",         # flynt
+  "FURB",        # refurb
+  "LOG",         # flake8-logging
+  "Q",           # flake8-quotes
+  "SLOT",        # flake8-slots
+  "T10",         # flake8-debugger
+  "TC",          # flake8-type-checking
 ]
 ignore = [
   "PLR",     # Design related pylint codes

test/_cross_venv_test_android.py

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import sys
+import sysconfig
+from pathlib import Path
+
+assert sys.platform == "android"
+assert sysconfig.get_platform().startswith("android-")
+
+android_prefix = Path(f"{sys.prefix}/../python/prefix").resolve()
+assert android_prefix.is_dir()
+
+vars = sysconfig.get_config_vars()
+assert vars["INCLUDEDIR"] == f"{android_prefix}/include"
+assert vars["LDVERSION"] == f"{sys.version_info[0]}.{sys.version_info[1]}{sys.abiflags}"
+assert vars["INCLUDEPY"] == f"{vars['INCLUDEDIR']}/python{vars['LDVERSION']}"
+assert vars["LIBDIR"] == f"{android_prefix}/lib"
+assert vars["Py_ENABLE_SHARED"] == 1
+
+paths = sysconfig.get_paths()
+assert paths["include"] == vars["INCLUDEPY"]
+assert paths["platinclude"] == vars["INCLUDEPY"]

test/conftest.py

@@ -154,19 +154,39 @@ def docker_warmup_fixture(
 @pytest.fixture(params=["pip", "build"])
 def build_frontend_env_nouv(request: pytest.FixtureRequest) -> dict[str, str]:
     frontend = request.param
-    if get_platform() == "pyodide" and frontend == "pip":
+    marks = {m.name for m in request.node.iter_markers()}
+
+    platform = "pyodide" if "pyodide" in marks else get_platform()
+    if platform == "pyodide" and frontend == "pip":
         pytest.skip("Can't use pip as build frontend for pyodide platform")
 
     return {"CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND": frontend}
 
 
-@pytest.fixture
-def build_frontend_env(build_frontend_env_nouv: dict[str, str]) -> dict[str, str]:
-    frontend = build_frontend_env_nouv["CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND"]
-    if frontend != "build" or get_platform() == "pyodide" or find_uv() is None:
-        return build_frontend_env_nouv
+@pytest.fixture(params=["pip", "build", "build[uv]"])
+def build_frontend_env(request: pytest.FixtureRequest) -> dict[str, str]:
+    frontend = request.param
+    marks = {m.name for m in request.node.iter_markers()}
+    if "android" in marks:
+        platform = "android"
+    elif "ios" in marks:
+        platform = "ios"
+    elif "pyodide" in marks:
+        platform = "pyodide"
+    else:
+        platform = get_platform()
 
-    return {"CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND": "build[uv]"}
+    if platform in {"pyodide", "ios", "android"} and frontend == "pip":
+        pytest.skip(f"Can't use pip as build frontend for {platform}")
+    if platform == "pyodide" and frontend == "build[uv]":
+        pytest.skip("Can't use uv with pyodide yet")
+    uv_path = find_uv()
+    if uv_path is None and frontend == "build[uv]":
+        pytest.skip("Can't find uv, so skipping uv tests")
+    if uv_path is not None and frontend == "build" and platform not in {"android", "ios"}:
+        pytest.skip("No need to check build when uv is present")
+
+    return {"CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND": frontend}
 
 
 @pytest.fixture

test/test_abi_variants.py

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ def test_abi3(tmp_path):
         add_env={
             # free_threaded, GraalPy, and PyPy do not have a Py_LIMITED_API equivalent, just build one of those
             # also limit the number of builds for test performance reasons
-            "CIBW_BUILD": "cp39-* cp310-* pp310-* gp311_242-* cp312-* cp313t-*",
+            "CIBW_BUILD": "cp39-* cp310-* pp310-* gp312_250-* cp312-* cp313t-*",
             "CIBW_ENABLE": "all",
         },
     )
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ def test_abi3(tmp_path):
                 "cp310-abi3",  # <-- ABI3, works with 3.10 and 3.12
                 "cp313-cp313t",
                 "pp310-pypy310_pp73",
-                "graalpy311-graalpy242_311_native",
+                "graalpy312-graalpy250_312_native",
             ],
         )
 

test/test_android.py

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 import os
 import platform
 import re
+import sys
 from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
 from shutil import rmtree
 from subprocess import CalledProcessError
 from textwrap import dedent
@@ -12,6 +14,9 @@ import pytest
 from .test_projects import new_c_project
 from .utils import cibuildwheel_run, expected_wheels
 
+pytestmark = pytest.mark.android
+
+
 CIBW_PLATFORM = os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "android")
 if CIBW_PLATFORM != "android":
     pytest.skip(f"{CIBW_PLATFORM=}", allow_module_level=True)
@@ -27,24 +32,25 @@ if (platform.system(), platform.machine()) not in [
         allow_module_level=True,
     )
 
-# Detect CI services which have the Android SDK pre-installed.
-ci_supports_build = any(
-    key in os.environ
-    for key in [
-        "GITHUB_ACTIONS",
-        "TF_BUILD",  # Azure Pipelines
-    ]
-)
+# Azure Pipelines does not set the CI variable.
+ci = any(key in os.environ for key in ["CI", "TF_BUILD"])
 
 if "ANDROID_HOME" not in os.environ:
     msg = "ANDROID_HOME environment variable is not set"
-    if ci_supports_build:
+
+    # Fail if we're on a CI service which is supposed to have the Android SDK
+    # pre-installed; otherwise skip the module.
+    if (
+        ("CIRRUS_CI" in os.environ and platform.system() == "Darwin")
+        or "GITHUB_ACTIONS" in os.environ
+        or "TF_BUILD" in os.environ
+    ):
         pytest.fail(msg)
     else:
         pytest.skip(msg, allow_module_level=True)
 
 # Many CI services don't support running the Android emulator: see platforms.md.
-ci_supports_emulator = "GITHUB_ACTIONS" in os.environ and platform.system() == "Linux"
+supports_emulator = (not ci) or ("GITHUB_ACTIONS" in os.environ and platform.system() == "Linux")
 
 
 def needs_emulator(test):
@@ -52,7 +58,7 @@ def needs_emulator(test):
     # application ID, so these tests must be run serially.
     test = pytest.mark.serial(test)
 
-    if ci_supports_build and not ci_supports_emulator:
+    if not supports_emulator:
         test = pytest.mark.skip("This CI platform doesn't support the emulator")(test)
     return test
 
@@ -89,16 +95,40 @@ def test_android_home(tmp_path, capfd):
     assert "ANDROID_HOME environment variable is not set" in capfd.readouterr().err
 
 
-def test_frontend_good(tmp_path):
+# android-env.sh may need to install the NDK, and it isn't safe to do that multiple
+# times in parallel. So make sure there's at least one test which gets as far as doing
+# a build, which is marked as serial so it will run before the parallel tests, but isn't
+# marked as needs_emulator so it will run on all CI platforms.
+@pytest.mark.serial
+def test_expected_wheels(tmp_path, spam_env):
+    # Since this test covers all Python versions, check the cross venv.
+    test_module = "_cross_venv_test_android"
+    project = new_c_project(setup_py_add=f"import {test_module}")
+    project.files[f"{test_module}.py"] = (Path(__file__).parent / f"{test_module}.py").read_text()
+    project.generate(tmp_path)
+
+    # Build wheels for all Python versions on the current architecture.
+    del spam_env["CIBW_BUILD"]
+    if not supports_emulator:
+        del spam_env["CIBW_TEST_COMMAND"]
+
+    wheels = cibuildwheel_run(tmp_path, add_env=spam_env)
+    assert wheels == expected_wheels(
+        "spam", "0.1.0", platform="android", machine_arch=native_arch.android_abi
+    )
+
+
+@needs_emulator
+def test_frontend_good(tmp_path, build_frontend_env):
     new_c_project().generate(tmp_path)
     wheels = cibuildwheel_run(
         tmp_path,
-        add_env={**cp313_env, "CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND": "build"},
+        add_env={**cp313_env, **build_frontend_env, "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": "python -m site"},
     )
     assert wheels == [f"spam-0.1.0-cp313-cp313-android_21_{native_arch.android_abi}.whl"]
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("frontend", ["build[uv]", "pip"])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("frontend", ["pip"])
 def test_frontend_bad(frontend, tmp_path, capfd):
     new_c_project().generate(tmp_path)
     with pytest.raises(CalledProcessError):
@@ -109,14 +139,6 @@ def test_frontend_bad(frontend, tmp_path, capfd):
     assert "Android requires the build frontend to be 'build'" in capfd.readouterr().err
 
 
-def test_expected_wheels(tmp_path):
-    new_c_project().generate(tmp_path)
-    wheels = cibuildwheel_run(tmp_path, add_env={"CIBW_PLATFORM": "android"})
-    assert wheels == expected_wheels(
-        "spam", "0.1.0", platform="android", machine_arch=native_arch.android_abi
-    )
-
-
 @needs_emulator
 def test_archs(tmp_path, capfd):
     new_c_project().generate(tmp_path)
@@ -216,12 +238,20 @@ def spam_env(tmp_path):
             print("Spam test passed")
         """
     )
+    project.files["test_empty.py"] = dedent(
+        """\
+        def test_empty():
+            pass
+        """
+    )
+
     project.generate(tmp_path)
 
     return {
         **cp313_env,
-        "CIBW_TEST_SOURCES": "test_spam.py",
+        "CIBW_TEST_SOURCES": "test_spam.py test_empty.py",
         "CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES": "pytest==8.3.5",
+        "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": "python -m pytest",
     }
 
 
@@ -229,7 +259,8 @@ def spam_env(tmp_path):
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     ("command", "expected_output"),
     [
-        ("python -c 'import test_spam; test_spam.test_spam()'", "Spam test passed"),
+        ("python3 -c 'import test_spam; test_spam.test_spam()'", "Spam test passed"),
+        ("python -m pytest", "=== 2 passed in "),
         ("python -m pytest test_spam.py", "=== 1 passed in "),
         ("pytest test_spam.py", "=== 1 passed in "),
     ],
@@ -246,27 +277,25 @@ def test_test_command_good(command, expected_output, tmp_path, spam_env, capfd):
         ) in stderr
 
 
+BAD_FORMAT_ERROR = (
+    "Test command '{}' is not supported on Android. "
+    "Command must begin with 'python' or 'python3', and contain '-m' or '-c'."
+)
+BAD_PLACEHOLDER_ERROR = (
+    "Test command '{}' with a '{{project}}' or '{{package}}' placeholder "
+    "is not supported on Android"
+)
+
+
 @needs_emulator
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     ("command", "expected_output"),
     [
-        # Build-time failure: unrecognized command
-        (
-            "./test_spam.py",
-            "Test command './test_spam.py' is not supported on Android. "
-            "Supported commands are 'python -m' and 'python -c'.",
-        ),
-        # Build-time failure: unrecognized placeholder
-        (
-            "pytest {project}",
-            "Test command 'pytest {project}' with a '{project}' or '{package}' "
-            "placeholder is not supported on Android",
-        ),
-        (
-            "pytest {package}",
-            "Test command 'pytest {package}' with a '{project}' or '{package}' "
-            "placeholder is not supported on Android",
-        ),
+        # Build-time failure
+        ("./test_spam.py", BAD_FORMAT_ERROR.format("./test_spam.py")),
+        ("python test_spam.py", BAD_FORMAT_ERROR.format("python test_spam.py")),
+        ("pytest {project}", BAD_PLACEHOLDER_ERROR.format("pytest {project}")),
+        ("pytest {package}", BAD_PLACEHOLDER_ERROR.format("pytest {package}")),
         # Runtime failure
         ("pytest test_ham.py", "not found: test_ham.py"),
     ],
@@ -277,6 +306,29 @@ def test_test_command_bad(command, expected_output, tmp_path, spam_env, capfd):
     assert expected_output in capfd.readouterr().err
 
 
+@needs_emulator
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("options", "expected"),
+    [
+        ("", 0),
+        ("-E", 1),
+    ],
+)
+def test_test_command_python_options(options, expected, tmp_path, capfd):
+    project = new_c_project()
+    project.generate(tmp_path)
+
+    command = 'import sys; print(f"{sys.flags.ignore_environment=}")'
+    cibuildwheel_run(
+        tmp_path,
+        add_env={
+            **cp313_env,
+            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": f"python {options} -c '{command}'",
+        },
+    )
+    assert f"sys.flags.ignore_environment={expected}" in capfd.readouterr().out
+
+
 @needs_emulator
 def test_package_subdir(tmp_path, spam_env, capfd):
     spam_paths = list(tmp_path.iterdir())
@@ -285,17 +337,11 @@ def test_package_subdir(tmp_path, spam_env, capfd):
     for path in spam_paths:
         path.rename(package_dir / path.name)
 
-    test_filename = "package/" + spam_env["CIBW_TEST_SOURCES"]
-    cibuildwheel_run(
-        tmp_path,
-        package_dir,
-        add_env={
-            **spam_env,
-            "CIBW_TEST_SOURCES": test_filename,
-            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": f"python -m pytest {test_filename}",
-        },
+    spam_env["CIBW_TEST_SOURCES"] = " ".join(
+        f"package/{path}" for path in spam_env["CIBW_TEST_SOURCES"].split()
     )
-    assert "=== 1 passed in " in capfd.readouterr().out
+    cibuildwheel_run(tmp_path, package_dir, add_env=spam_env)
+    assert "=== 2 passed in " in capfd.readouterr().out
 
 
 @needs_emulator
@@ -312,6 +358,65 @@ def test_no_test_sources(tmp_path, capfd):
     ) in capfd.readouterr().err
 
 
+@needs_emulator
+def test_environment_markers(tmp_path):
+    project = new_c_project()
+    test_filename = "test_environment_markers.py"
+    project.files[test_filename] = dedent(
+        """\
+        import pytest
+
+        def test_android():
+            import certifi
+
+        def test_not_android():
+            try:
+                import platformdirs
+            except ImportError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                pytest.fail("`platformdirs` should not have been installed")
+        """
+    )
+    project.generate(tmp_path)
+
+    cibuildwheel_run(
+        tmp_path,
+        add_env={
+            **cp313_env,
+            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": f"python -m pytest {test_filename}",
+            "CIBW_TEST_SOURCES": test_filename,
+            "CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES": "pytest certifi;sys_platform=='android' platformdirs;sys_platform!='android'",
+        },
+    )
+
+
+@needs_emulator
+def test_verbosity(tmp_path, capfd):
+    new_c_project().generate(tmp_path)
+    test_env = {
+        **cp313_env,
+        "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": """python -c 'print("Hello world")'""",
+    }
+    verbose_lines = [
+        "> Task :app:packageDebug",  # Gradle
+        "I/TestRunner: run started: 1 tests",  # Logcat
+    ]
+
+    cibuildwheel_run(tmp_path, add_env=test_env)
+    stdout = capfd.readouterr().out
+    for line in verbose_lines:
+        assert line not in stdout
+
+    cibuildwheel_run(
+        tmp_path,
+        add_env={**test_env, "CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY": "1"},
+    )
+    stdout = capfd.readouterr().out
+    for line in verbose_lines:
+        assert line in stdout
+
+
 @needs_emulator
 def test_api_level(tmp_path, capfd):
     project = new_c_project()
@@ -349,11 +454,21 @@ def test_libcxx(tmp_path, capfd):
     project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
     output_dir = tmp_path / "output"
 
+    # cibuildwheel should be able to run `patchelf` and `wheel` even when its
+    # environment's `bin` directory is not on the PATH.
+    non_venv_path = ":".join(
+        item for item in os.environ["PATH"].split(":") if Path(item) != Path(sys.executable).parent
+    )
+
     # A C++ package should include libc++, and the extension module should be able to
     # find it using DT_RUNPATH.
     new_c_project(setup_py_extension_args_add="language='c++'").generate(project_dir)
     script = 'import spam; print(", ".join(f"{s}: {spam.filter(s)}" for s in ["ham", "spam"]))'
-    cp313_test_env = {**cp313_env, "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": f"python -c '{script}'"}
+    cp313_test_env = {
+        **cp313_env,
+        "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": f"python -c '{script}'",
+        "PATH": non_venv_path,
+    }
 
     # Including external libraries requires API level 24.
     with pytest.raises(CalledProcessError):

test/test_before_test.py

@@ -63,9 +63,7 @@ def test(tmp_path, build_frontend_env):
             # the 'false ||' bit is to ensure this command runs in a shell on
             # mac/linux.
             "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": f"false || {utils.invoke_pytest()} {{project}}/test",
-            # pytest fails on GraalPy 24.2.0 on Windows so we skip it there
-            # until https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/issues/490 is fixed
-            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS": "where graalpy || pytest {project}/test",
+            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS": "pytest {project}/test",
             **build_frontend_env,
         },
     )

test/test_custom_repair_wheel.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import subprocess
+import textwrap
 from contextlib import nullcontext as does_not_raise
 
 import pytest
@@ -56,3 +57,42 @@ def test(tmp_path, capfd):
         # We only produced one wheel (perhaps Pyodide)
         # check that it has the right name
         assert result[0].startswith("spam-0.1.0-py2-none-")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "repair_command",
+    [
+        "python repair.py {wheel} {dest_dir}",
+        "python {package}/repair.py {wheel} {dest_dir}",
+        "python {project}/repair.py {wheel} {dest_dir}",
+    ],
+    ids=["no-placeholder", "package-placeholder", "project-placeholder"],
+)
+def test_repair_wheel_command_structure(tmp_path, repair_command):
+    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
+    project = test_projects.new_c_project()
+    project.files["repair.py"] = textwrap.dedent("""
+        import shutil
+        import sys
+        from pathlib import Path
+
+        wheel = Path(sys.argv[1])
+        dest_dir = Path(sys.argv[2])
+
+        dest_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        shutil.copy(wheel, dest_dir / "spamrepaired-0.0.1-py-none-any.whl")
+    """)
+
+    # Combined test for repair wheel command formats (plain, {package}, {project})
+    project.generate(project_dir)
+
+    result = utils.cibuildwheel_run(
+        project_dir,
+        add_env={
+            "CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND": repair_command,
+            "CIBW_ARCHS": "native",
+        },
+        single_python=True,
+    )
+
+    assert result == ["spamrepaired-0.0.1-py-none-any.whl"]

test/test_dependency_versions.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
+import json
 import platform
 import re
+import subprocess
 import textwrap
 from pathlib import Path
 
@@ -9,40 +11,62 @@ from cibuildwheel.util import resources
 
 from . import test_projects, utils
 
-project_with_expected_version_checks = test_projects.new_c_project(
-    setup_py_add=textwrap.dedent(
-        r"""
-        import subprocess
-        import os
-        import sys
+VERSION_REGEX = r"([\w-]+)==([^\s]+)"
 
-        versions_output_text = subprocess.check_output(
-            [sys.executable, '-m', 'pip', 'freeze', '--all', '-qq'],
-            universal_newlines=True,
-        )
-        versions = versions_output_text.strip().splitlines()
+CHECK_VERSIONS_SCRIPT = """\
+'''
+Checks that the versions in the env var EXPECTED_VERSIONS match those
+installed in the active venv.
+'''
+import os, subprocess, sys, json
 
-        # `versions` now looks like:
-        # ['pip==x.x.x', 'setuptools==x.x.x', 'wheel==x.x.x']
-
-        print('Gathered versions', versions)
-
-        expected_version = os.environ['EXPECTED_PIP_VERSION']
-
-        assert f'pip=={expected_version}' in versions, (
-            f'error: pip version should equal {expected_version}'
-        )
-        """
-    )
+versions_raw = json.loads(
+    subprocess.check_output([
+        sys.executable, '-m', 'pip', 'list', '--format=json',
+    ], text=True)
 )
+versions = {item['name']: item['version'] for item in versions_raw}
+expected_versions = json.loads(os.environ['EXPECTED_VERSIONS'])
 
-project_with_expected_version_checks.files["pyproject.toml"] = r"""
-[build-system]
-requires = ["setuptools", "pip"]
-build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
+for name, expected_version in expected_versions.items():
+    if name not in versions:
+        continue
+    if versions[name] != expected_version:
+        raise SystemExit(f'error: {name} version should equal {expected_version}. Versions: {versions}')
 """
 
-VERSION_REGEX = r"([\w-]+)==([^\s]+)"
+
+def test_check_versions_script(tmp_path, build_frontend_env_nouv, capfd):
+    if utils.get_platform() == "linux":
+        pytest.skip("we don't test dependency versions on linux, refer to other tests")
+
+    # sanity check that the CHECK_VERSIONS_SCRIPT fails when it should
+    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
+    test_projects.new_c_project().generate(project_dir)
+
+    expected_versions = {
+        "pip": "0.0.1",
+        "build": "0.0.2",
+    }
+    script = project_dir / "check_versions.py"
+    script.write_text(CHECK_VERSIONS_SCRIPT)
+
+    with pytest.raises(subprocess.CalledProcessError):
+        utils.cibuildwheel_run(
+            project_dir,
+            add_env={
+                "CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD": f"python {script.name}",
+                "EXPECTED_VERSIONS": json.dumps(expected_versions),
+                **build_frontend_env_nouv,
+            },
+        )
+
+    captured = capfd.readouterr()
+
+    assert (
+        "error: pip version should equal 0.0.1" in captured.err
+        or "error: build version should equal 0.0.2" in captured.err
+    )
 
 
 def get_versions_from_constraint_file(constraint_file: Path) -> dict[str, str]:
@@ -65,11 +89,15 @@ def test_pinned_versions(tmp_path, python_version, build_frontend_env_nouv):
         pytest.skip(f"Windows ARM64 does not support Python {python_version}")
 
     project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
-    project_with_expected_version_checks.generate(project_dir)
+    test_projects.new_c_project().generate(project_dir)
 
+    # read the expected versions from the appropriate constraint file
     version_no_dot = python_version.replace(".", "")
-    build_environment = {}
-    build_pattern = f"[cp]p{version_no_dot}-*"
+
+    # create cross-platform Python before-build script to verify versions pre-build
+    before_build_script = project_dir / "check_versions.py"
+    before_build_script.write_text(CHECK_VERSIONS_SCRIPT)
+
     if utils.get_platform() == "pyodide":
         constraint_filename = f"constraints-pyodide{version_no_dot}.txt"
     else:
@@ -77,16 +105,13 @@ def test_pinned_versions(tmp_path, python_version, build_frontend_env_nouv):
     constraint_file = resources.PATH / constraint_filename
     constraint_versions = get_versions_from_constraint_file(constraint_file)
 
-    build_environment["EXPECTED_PIP_VERSION"] = constraint_versions["pip"]
-
-    cibw_environment_option = " ".join(f"{k}={v}" for k, v in build_environment.items())
-
-    # build and test the wheels
+    # build and test the wheels (dependency version check occurs before-build)
     actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(
         project_dir,
         add_env={
-            "CIBW_BUILD": build_pattern,
-            "CIBW_ENVIRONMENT": cibw_environment_option,
+            "CIBW_BUILD": f"[cp]p{version_no_dot}-*",
+            "CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD": f"python {before_build_script.name}",
+            "EXPECTED_VERSIONS": json.dumps(constraint_versions),
             **build_frontend_env_nouv,
         },
     )
@@ -107,10 +132,11 @@ def test_dependency_constraints(method, tmp_path, build_frontend_env_nouv):
         pytest.skip("linux doesn't pin individual tool versions, it pins manylinux images instead")
 
     project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
-    project_with_expected_version_checks.generate(project_dir)
+    test_projects.new_c_project().generate(project_dir)
 
     tool_versions = {
         "pip": "23.1.2",
+        "build": "1.2.2",
         "delocate": "0.10.3",
     }
 
@@ -120,6 +146,7 @@ def test_dependency_constraints(method, tmp_path, build_frontend_env_nouv):
             textwrap.dedent(
                 """
                 pip=={pip}
+                build=={build}
                 delocate=={delocate}
                 """.format(**tool_versions)
             )
@@ -133,45 +160,42 @@ def test_dependency_constraints(method, tmp_path, build_frontend_env_nouv):
         msg = f"Unknown method: {method}"
         raise ValueError(msg)
 
-    build_environment = {}
+    skip = ""
 
     if (
         utils.get_platform() == "windows"
         and method == "file"
         and build_frontend_env_nouv["CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND"] == "build"
     ):
-        # GraalPy fails to discover its standard library when a venv is created
+        # GraalPy 24 fails to discover its standard library when a venv is created
         # from a virtualenv seeded executable. See
         # https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/issues/491 and remove this once
-        # fixed upstream.
-        build_frontend_env_nouv["CIBW_SKIP"] = "gp*"
+        # GraalPy 24 is dropped
+        skip = "gp311*"
 
-    for package_name, version in tool_versions.items():
-        env_name = f"EXPECTED_{package_name.upper()}_VERSION"
-        build_environment[env_name] = version
+    # cross-platform Python script for dependency constraint checks
+    before_build_script = project_dir / "check_versions.py"
+    before_build_script.write_text(CHECK_VERSIONS_SCRIPT)
 
-    cibw_environment_option = " ".join(f"{k}={v}" for k, v in build_environment.items())
-
-    # build and test the wheels
+    # build and test the wheels (dependency version check occurs pre-build)
     actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(
         project_dir,
         add_env={
-            "CIBW_ENVIRONMENT": cibw_environment_option,
+            "CIBW_SKIP": skip,
             "CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS": dependency_version_option,
+            "CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD": f"python {before_build_script.name}",
+            "EXPECTED_VERSIONS": json.dumps(tool_versions),
             **build_frontend_env_nouv,
         },
+        single_python=True,
     )
 
     # also check that we got the right wheels
-    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0")
+    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0", single_python=True)
 
-    if (
-        utils.get_platform() == "windows"
-        and method == "file"
-        and build_frontend_env_nouv["CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND"] == "build"
-    ):
+    if skip == "gp*":
         # See reference to https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/issues/491
         # above
-        expected_wheels = [w for w in expected_wheels if "graalpy" not in w]
+        expected_wheels = [w for w in expected_wheels if "graalpy311" not in w]
 
     assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)

test/test_ios.py

@@ -12,6 +12,12 @@ from cibuildwheel.ci import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider
 
 from . import test_projects, utils
 
+pytestmark = pytest.mark.ios
+
+CIBW_PLATFORM = os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "ios")
+if CIBW_PLATFORM != "ios":
+    pytest.skip(f"{CIBW_PLATFORM=}", allow_module_level=True)
+
 basic_project_files = {
     "tests/test_platform.py": f"""
 import platform
@@ -43,7 +49,9 @@ def skip_if_ios_testing_not_supported() -> None:
 # it's easy to overload the CI machine if there are multiple test processes
 # running multithreaded processes. Therefore, they're put in the serial group,
 # which is guaranteed to run single-process.
+# This can also fail the first time sometimes.
 @pytest.mark.serial
+@pytest.mark.flaky(reruns=2)
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "build_config",
     [
@@ -92,9 +100,7 @@ def test_ios_platforms(tmp_path, build_config, monkeypatch, capfd):
     )
 
     # The expected wheels were produced.
-    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels(
-        "spam", "0.1.0", platform="ios", python_abi_tags=["cp313-cp313", "cp314-cp314"]
-    )
+    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0", platform="ios")
     assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)
 
     # The user was notified that the cross-build tool was found.
@@ -163,6 +169,7 @@ def test_ios_testing_with_placeholder(tmp_path, capfd):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.serial
+@pytest.mark.flaky(reruns=2)
 def test_ios_test_command_short_circuit(tmp_path, capfd):
     skip_if_ios_testing_not_supported()
 
@@ -230,6 +237,7 @@ def test_no_xbuild_tool_definition(tmp_path, capfd):
         project_dir,
         add_env={
             "CIBW_PLATFORM": "ios",
+            "CIBW_BUILD": "cp313-*",
             "CIBW_TEST_SKIP": "*",
         },
     )
@@ -239,7 +247,7 @@ def test_no_xbuild_tool_definition(tmp_path, capfd):
         "spam",
         "0.1.0",
         platform="ios",
-        python_abi_tags=["cp313-cp313", "cp314-cp314"],
+        python_abi_tags=["cp313-cp313"],
     )
     assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)
 
@@ -263,13 +271,14 @@ def test_empty_xbuild_tool_definition(tmp_path, capfd):
         project_dir,
         add_env={
             "CIBW_PLATFORM": "ios",
+            "CIBW_BUILD": "cp313-*",
             "CIBW_TEST_SKIP": "*",
             "CIBW_XBUILD_TOOLS": "",
         },
     )
 
     expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels(
-        "spam", "0.1.0", platform="ios", python_abi_tags=["cp313-cp313", "cp314-cp314"]
+        "spam", "0.1.0", platform="ios", python_abi_tags=["cp313-cp313"]
     )
     assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)
 
@@ -299,6 +308,7 @@ def test_ios_test_command_without_python_dash_m(tmp_path, capfd):
         project_dir,
         add_env={
             "CIBW_PLATFORM": "ios",
+            "CIBW_BUILD": "cp313-*",
             "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": "pytest ./tests",
             "CIBW_TEST_SOURCES": "tests",
             "CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES": "pytest",
@@ -307,11 +317,11 @@ def test_ios_test_command_without_python_dash_m(tmp_path, capfd):
     )
 
     expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels(
-        "spam", "0.1.0", platform="ios", python_abi_tags=["cp313-cp313", "cp314-cp314"]
+        "spam", "0.1.0", platform="ios", python_abi_tags=["cp313-cp313"]
     )
     assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)
 
-    out, err = capfd.readouterr()
+    _, err = capfd.readouterr()
 
     assert "iOS tests configured with a test command which doesn't start with 'python -m'" in err
 
@@ -335,5 +345,5 @@ def test_ios_test_command_invalid(tmp_path, capfd):
                 "CIBW_XBUILD_TOOLS": "",
             },
         )
-    out, err = capfd.readouterr()
+    _, err = capfd.readouterr()
     assert "iOS tests configured with a test command which doesn't start with 'python -m'" in err

test/test_manylinuxXXXX_only.py

@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ def test(manylinux_image, tmp_path):
         "CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_I686_IMAGE": manylinux_image,
     }
     if platform.machine() == "aarch64":
-        # We just have a manylinux_2_31 image for armv7l
+        # We just have a manylinux_2_31/manylinux_2_35 image for armv7l
         add_env["CIBW_ARCHS"] = "aarch64"
 
     actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir, add_env=add_env)
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ def test(manylinux_image, tmp_path):
     )
 
     if platform.machine() == "aarch64":
-        # We just have a manylinux_2_31 image for armv7l
+        # We just have a manylinux_2_31/manylinux_2_35 image for armv7l
         expected_wheels = [w for w in expected_wheels if "armv7l" not in w]
 
     assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)

test/test_pyodide.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import contextlib
+import os
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import textwrap
@@ -9,6 +10,12 @@ from cibuildwheel.util.file import CIBW_CACHE_PATH
 
 from . import test_projects, utils
 
+pytestmark = pytest.mark.pyodide
+
+CIBW_PLATFORM = os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "pyodide")
+if CIBW_PLATFORM != "pyodide":
+    pytest.skip(f"{CIBW_PLATFORM=}", allow_module_level=True)
+
 basic_project = test_projects.new_c_project()
 basic_project.files["check_node.py"] = r"""
 import sys
@@ -97,7 +104,7 @@ def test_pyodide_version_incompatible(tmp_path, capfd):
             },
         )
 
-    out, err = capfd.readouterr()
+    _, err = capfd.readouterr()
 
     assert "is not compatible with the pyodide-build version" in err
 

test/test_ssl.py

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 import socket
 import textwrap
 
+import pytest
+
 from . import test_projects, utils
 
 project_with_ssl_tests = test_projects.new_c_project(
@@ -19,6 +21,7 @@ project_with_ssl_tests = test_projects.new_c_project(
 )
 
 
+@pytest.mark.flaky(reruns=2)
 def test(tmp_path):
     # this test checks that SSL is working in the build environment using
     # some checks in setup.py.

test/test_testing.py

@@ -81,9 +81,7 @@ def test(tmp_path):
             # the 'false ||' bit is to ensure this command runs in a shell on
             # mac/linux.
             "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": f"false || {utils.invoke_pytest()} {{project}}/test",
-            # pytest fails on GraalPy 24.2.0 on Windows so we skip it there
-            # until https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/issues/490 is fixed
-            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS": "COLOR 00 || where graalpy || pytest {project}/test",
+            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS": "COLOR 00 || pytest {project}/test",
         },
     )
 
@@ -104,9 +102,7 @@ def test_extras_require(tmp_path):
             # the 'false ||' bit is to ensure this command runs in a shell on
             # mac/linux.
             "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": f"false || {utils.invoke_pytest()} {{project}}/test",
-            # pytest fails on GraalPy 24.2.0 on Windows so we skip it there
-            # until https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/issues/490 is fixed
-            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS": "COLOR 00 || where graalpy || pytest {project}/test",
+            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS": "COLOR 00 || pytest {project}/test",
         },
         single_python=True,
     )
@@ -138,9 +134,7 @@ def test_dependency_groups(tmp_path):
             # the 'false ||' bit is to ensure this command runs in a shell on
             # mac/linux.
             "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": f"false || {utils.invoke_pytest()} {{project}}/test",
-            # pytest fails on GraalPy 24.2.0 on Windows so we skip it there
-            # until https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/issues/490 is fixed
-            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS": "COLOR 00 || where graalpy || pytest {project}/test",
+            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS": "COLOR 00 || pytest {project}/test",
         },
         single_python=True,
     )
@@ -230,9 +224,7 @@ def test_test_sources(tmp_path):
         project_dir,
         add_env={
             "CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES": "pytest",
-            # pytest fails on GraalPy 24.2.0 on Windows so we skip it there
-            # until https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/issues/490 is fixed
-            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS": "where graalpy || pytest",
+            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS": "pytest",
             "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": utils.invoke_pytest(),
             "CIBW_TEST_SOURCES": "test",
         },

test/utils.py

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ def get_platform() -> str:
         raise Exception(msg)
 
 
-DEFAULT_CIBW_ENABLE = "cpython-freethreading cpython-prerelease cpython-experimental-riscv64"
+DEFAULT_CIBW_ENABLE = "cpython-freethreading cpython-prerelease"
 
 
 def get_enable_groups() -> frozenset[EnableGroup]:
@@ -261,9 +261,20 @@ def _expected_wheels(
         musllinux_versions = ["musllinux_1_2"]
 
     if platform == "pyodide" and python_abi_tags is None:
-        python_abi_tags = ["cp312-cp312", "cp313-cp313"]
-    elif platform in {"android", "ios"} and python_abi_tags is None:
-        python_abi_tags = ["cp313-cp313"]
+        python_abi_tags = [
+            "cp312-cp312",
+            "cp313-cp313",
+        ]
+    elif platform == "android" and python_abi_tags is None:  # noqa: SIM114
+        python_abi_tags = [
+            "cp313-cp313",
+            "cp314-cp314",
+        ]
+    elif platform == "ios" and python_abi_tags is None:
+        python_abi_tags = [
+            "cp313-cp313",
+            "cp314-cp314",
+        ]
     elif python_abi_tags is None:
         python_abi_tags = [
             "cp38-cp38",
@@ -287,16 +298,17 @@ def _expected_wheels(
             python_abi_tags += [
                 "pp38-pypy38_pp73",
                 "pp39-pypy39_pp73",
+                "pp310-pypy310_pp73",
             ]
         if EnableGroup.PyPy in enable_groups:
             python_abi_tags += [
-                "pp310-pypy310_pp73",
                 "pp311-pypy311_pp73",
             ]
 
         if EnableGroup.GraalPy in enable_groups:
             python_abi_tags += [
                 "graalpy311-graalpy242_311_native",
+                "graalpy312-graalpy250_312_native",
             ]
 
     if machine_arch == "ARM64" and platform == "windows":
@@ -354,6 +366,13 @@ def _expected_wheels(
             elif python_abi_tag.startswith("cp"):
                 if python_abi_tag.startswith(("cp38", "cp39", "cp310", "cp311")):
                     min_macosx = macosx_deployment_target
+                elif python_abi_tag.startswith(("cp312", "cp313")):
+                    min_macosx = _floor_macosx(macosx_deployment_target, "10.13")
+                else:
+                    min_macosx = _floor_macosx(macosx_deployment_target, "10.15")
+            elif python_abi_tag.startswith("graalpy"):
+                if python_abi_tag.startswith("graalpy311"):
+                    min_macosx = macosx_deployment_target
                 else:
                     min_macosx = _floor_macosx(macosx_deployment_target, "10.13")
             else:

unit_test/build_selector_test.py

@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ def test_build():
     assert build_selector("cp312-manylinux_x86_64")
     assert build_selector("cp313-manylinux_x86_64")
     assert build_selector("cp314-manylinux_x86_64")
-    assert build_selector("pp310-manylinux_x86_64")
     assert build_selector("pp311-manylinux_x86_64")
     assert build_selector("cp36-manylinux_i686")
     assert build_selector("cp37-manylinux_i686")
@@ -62,8 +61,8 @@ def test_build_filter_pypy():
         skip_config="",
         enable=frozenset([EnableGroup.PyPy]),
     )
-    assert build_selector("pp310-manylinux_x86_64")
     assert build_selector("pp311-manylinux_x86_64")
+    assert not build_selector("pp310-manylinux_x86_64")
     assert not build_selector("pp38-manylinux_x86_64")
     assert not build_selector("pp39-manylinux_x86_64")
 
@@ -74,8 +73,8 @@ def test_build_filter_pypy_eol():
         skip_config="",
         enable=frozenset([EnableGroup.PyPyEoL]),
     )
-    assert not build_selector("pp310-manylinux_x86_64")
     assert not build_selector("pp311-manylinux_x86_64")
+    assert build_selector("pp310-manylinux_x86_64")
     assert build_selector("pp38-manylinux_x86_64")
     assert build_selector("pp39-manylinux_x86_64")
 
@@ -217,15 +216,6 @@ def test_build_free_threaded_python():
     assert build_selector("cp313t-manylinux_x86_64")
 
 
-def test_build_riscv64_enable():
-    build_selector = BuildSelector(build_config="*", skip_config="")
-    assert not build_selector("cp313-manylinux_riscv64")
-    build_selector = BuildSelector(
-        build_config="*", skip_config="", enable=frozenset([EnableGroup.CPythonExperimentalRiscV64])
-    )
-    assert build_selector("cp313-manylinux_riscv64")
-
-
 def test_testing_selector():
     # This is not a global import to keep pytest from collecting it as a test
     test_selector = cibuildwheel.selector.TestSelector(skip_config="cp36-*")

unit_test/get_platform_test.py

@@ -27,12 +27,8 @@ def patched_environment(
 
 
 def test_x86(tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
-    arch = "32"
     environment: dict[str, str] = {}
-
-    configuration = PythonConfiguration(
-        version="irrelevant", arch=arch, identifier="irrelevant", url=None
-    )
+    configuration = PythonConfiguration(version="irrelevant", identifier="cp314-win32", url=None)
 
     setup_setuptools_cross_compile(tmp_path, configuration, tmp_path, environment)
     with patched_environment(monkeypatch, environment):
@@ -43,11 +39,9 @@ def test_x86(tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
 
 
 def test_x64(tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
-    arch = "64"
     environment: dict[str, str] = {}
-
     configuration = PythonConfiguration(
-        version="irrelevant", arch=arch, identifier="irrelevant", url=None
+        version="irrelevant", identifier="cp313-win_amd64", url=None
     )
 
     setup_setuptools_cross_compile(tmp_path, configuration, tmp_path, environment)
@@ -62,11 +56,9 @@ def test_x64(tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
     detect_ci_provider() == CIProvider.azure_pipelines, reason="arm64 not recognised on azure"
 )
 def test_arm(tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
-    arch = "ARM64"
     environment: dict[str, str] = {}
-
     configuration = PythonConfiguration(
-        version="irrelevant", arch=arch, identifier="irrelevant", url=None
+        version="irrelevant", identifier="cp312-win_arm64", url=None
     )
 
     setup_setuptools_cross_compile(tmp_path, configuration, tmp_path, environment)
@@ -78,24 +70,16 @@ def test_arm(tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
 
 
 def test_env_set(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    arch = "32"
     environment = {"VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH": "x64"}
-
-    configuration = PythonConfiguration(
-        version="irrelevant", arch=arch, identifier="irrelevant", url=None
-    )
+    configuration = PythonConfiguration(version="irrelevant", identifier="cp313t-win32", url=None)
 
     with pytest.raises(FatalError, match="VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH"):
         setup_setuptools_cross_compile(tmp_path, configuration, tmp_path, environment)
 
 
 def test_env_blank(tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
-    arch = "32"
     environment = {"VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH": ""}
-
-    configuration = PythonConfiguration(
-        version="irrelevant", arch=arch, identifier="irrelevant", url=None
-    )
+    configuration = PythonConfiguration(version="irrelevant", identifier="cp312-win32", url=None)
 
     setup_setuptools_cross_compile(tmp_path, configuration, tmp_path, environment)
     with patched_environment(monkeypatch, environment):

unit_test/main_commands_test.py

@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+import errno
+import shutil
+import sys
+
+import pytest
+
+import cibuildwheel.__main__ as main_module
+from cibuildwheel.__main__ import main
+
+
+def test_clean_cache_when_cache_exists(tmp_path, monkeypatch, capfd):
+    fake_cache_dir = (tmp_path / "cibw_cache").resolve()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(main_module, "CIBW_CACHE_PATH", fake_cache_dir)
+
+    fake_cache_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    assert fake_cache_dir.exists()
+
+    cibw_sentinel = fake_cache_dir / "CACHEDIR.TAG"
+    cibw_sentinel.write_text(
+        "Signature: 8a477f597d28d172789f06886806bc55\n"
+        "# This file is a cache directory tag created by cibuildwheel.\n"
+        "# For information about cache directory tags, see:\n"
+        "# https://www.brynosaurus.com/cachedir/",
+        encoding="utf-8",
+    )
+
+    dummy_file = fake_cache_dir / "dummy.txt"
+    dummy_file.write_text("hello")
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(sys, "argv", ["cibuildwheel", "--clean-cache"])
+
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit) as e:
+        main()
+
+    assert e.value.code == 0
+
+    out, _ = capfd.readouterr()
+    assert f"Clearing cache directory: {fake_cache_dir}" in out
+    assert "Cache cleared successfully." in out
+    assert not fake_cache_dir.exists()
+
+
+def test_clean_cache_when_cache_does_not_exist(tmp_path, monkeypatch, capfd):
+    fake_cache_dir = (tmp_path / "nonexistent_cache").resolve()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(main_module, "CIBW_CACHE_PATH", fake_cache_dir)
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(sys, "argv", ["cibuildwheel", "--clean-cache"])
+
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit) as e:
+        main()
+
+    assert e.value.code == 0
+
+    out, _ = capfd.readouterr()
+    assert f"Cache directory does not exist: {fake_cache_dir}" in out
+
+
+def test_clean_cache_with_error(tmp_path, monkeypatch, capfd):
+    fake_cache_dir = (tmp_path / "cibw_cache").resolve()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(main_module, "CIBW_CACHE_PATH", fake_cache_dir)
+
+    fake_cache_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    assert fake_cache_dir.exists()
+
+    cibw_sentinel = fake_cache_dir / "CACHEDIR.TAG"
+    cibw_sentinel.write_text(
+        "Signature: 8a477f597d28d172789f06886806bc55\n"
+        "# This file is a cache directory tag created by cibuildwheel.\n"
+        "# For information about cache directory tags, see:\n"
+        "# https://www.brynosaurus.com/cachedir/",
+        encoding="utf-8",
+    )
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(sys, "argv", ["cibuildwheel", "--clean-cache"])
+
+    def fake_rmtree(path):  # noqa: ARG001
+        raise OSError(errno.EACCES, "Permission denied")
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(shutil, "rmtree", fake_rmtree)
+
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit) as e:
+        main()
+
+    assert e.value.code == 1
+
+    out, err = capfd.readouterr()
+    assert f"Clearing cache directory: {fake_cache_dir}" in out
+    assert "Error clearing cache:" in err
+
+
+def test_clean_cache_without_sentinel(tmp_path, monkeypatch, capfd):
+    fake_cache_dir = (tmp_path / "not_a_cache").resolve()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(main_module, "CIBW_CACHE_PATH", fake_cache_dir)
+
+    fake_cache_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(sys, "argv", ["cibuildwheel", "--clean-cache"])
+
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit) as e:
+        main()
+
+    assert e.value.code == 1
+
+    _, err = capfd.readouterr()
+    assert "does not appear to be a cibuildwheel cache directory" in err
+    assert fake_cache_dir.exists()
+
+
+def test_clean_cache_with_invalid_signature(tmp_path, monkeypatch, capfd):
+    fake_cache_dir = (tmp_path / "fake_cache").resolve()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(main_module, "CIBW_CACHE_PATH", fake_cache_dir)
+
+    fake_cache_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    cibw_sentinel = fake_cache_dir / "CACHEDIR.TAG"
+    cibw_sentinel.write_text("Invalid signature\n# This is not a real cache directory tag")
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(sys, "argv", ["cibuildwheel", "--clean-cache"])
+
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit) as e:
+        main()
+
+    assert e.value.code == 1
+
+    _, err = capfd.readouterr()
+    assert "does not contain a valid cache directory signature" in err
+    assert fake_cache_dir.exists()