Bump version: v3.2.0

[Bot] Update dependencies (#2603 )
Update dependencies Co-authored-by: cibuildwheel-bot[bot] <83877280+cibuildwheel-bot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
2025-09-22 21:44:26 +01:00 · 2025-09-22 21:25:51 +01:00 · 2025-09-22 21:24:22 +01:00 · 2025-09-22 21:23:29 +01:00 · 2025-09-21 10:23:45 +01:00 · 2025-09-21 10:23:21 +01:00
86 changed files with 1632 additions and 989 deletions
@@ -46,8 +46,8 @@ linux_aarch64_task:
  <<: *RUN_TESTS

 windows_x86_task:
-  # The task takes ~55 minutes while the timeout happens
-  # after 60 minutes by default, let's allow some wiggle room.
+  # The task takes ~55 minutes while the timeout happens after 60 minutes by default,
+  # let's allow some wiggle room.
  timeout_in: 120m
  windows_container:
    image: cirrusci/windowsservercore:visualstudio2022
@@ -1,2 +1,7 @@
+# Specification files for platform maintainers
 cibuildwheel/platforms/ios.py         @freakboy3742
 cibuildwheel/platforms/pyodide.py     @hoodmane @ryanking13 @agriyakhetarpal
+cibuildwheel/platforms/android.py     @mhsmith
+
+# Constraints files
+cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-pyodide*.txt @hoodmane @ryanking13 @agriyakhetarpal
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ jobs:
  dist:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5

    - uses: hynek/build-and-inspect-python-package@v2

@@ -27,13 +27,13 @@ jobs:
      attestations: write

    steps:
-    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v5
      with:
        name: Packages
        path: dist

    - name: Generate artifact attestation for sdist and wheel
-      uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@e8998f949152b193b063cb0ec769d69d929409be # v2.4.0
+      uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@977bb373ede98d70efdf65b84cb5f73e068dcc2a # v3.0.0
      with:
        subject-path: "dist/cibuildwheel-*"

@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ jobs:
    name: Linters (mypy, ruff, etc.)
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
      id: python
      with:
        python-version: "3.x"
@@ -47,22 +47,48 @@ jobs:
      run: pipx run --python "${{ steps.python.outputs.python-path }}" nox -s pylint -- --output-format=github

  test:
-    name: Test on ${{ matrix.os }} (${{ matrix.python_version }})
+    name: Test on ${{ matrix.os }} (${{ matrix.python_version }}) ${{ matrix.test_select }}
    needs: lint
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-13, macos-15]
-        python_version: ['3.13']
        include:
+        # Min Python
        - os: ubuntu-latest
          python_version: '3.11'
+        # Max Python
        - os: ubuntu-latest
          python_version: '3.14'
+        - os: ubuntu-latest
+          python_version: '3.13'
+          test_select: android
+        - os: ubuntu-24.04-arm
+          python_version: '3.13'
+        - os: windows-latest
+          python_version: '3.13'
+        - os: windows-11-arm
+          python_version: '3.13'
+        - os: macos-15-intel
+          python_version: '3.13'
+        - os: macos-15
+          python_version: '3.13'
+        - os: macos-15-intel
+          python_version: '3.13'
+          test_select: ios
+        - os: macos-14  # See https://github.com/actions/runner-images/issues/12777
+          python_version: '3.13'
+          test_select: ios
+        - os: macos-15-intel
+          python_version: '3.13'
+          test_select: android
+        - os: macos-15
+          python_version: '3.13'
+          test_select: android
    timeout-minutes: 180
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
      name: Install Python ${{ matrix.python_version }}
      with:
        python-version: ${{ matrix.python_version }}
@@ -79,14 +105,6 @@ jobs:
          /usr/local/share/powershell
        df -h

-    # https://github.blog/changelog/2024-04-02-github-actions-hardware-accelerated-android-virtualization-now-available/
-    - name: Enable KVM for Android emulator
-      if: runner.os == 'Linux' && runner.arch == 'X64'
-      run: |
-          echo 'KERNEL=="kvm", GROUP="kvm", MODE="0666", OPTIONS+="static_node=kvm"' | sudo tee /etc/udev/rules.d/99-kvm4all.rules
-          sudo udevadm control --reload-rules
-          sudo udevadm trigger --name-match=kvm
-
    # for oci_container unit tests
    - name: Set up QEMU
      if: runner.os == 'Linux'
@@ -97,6 +115,7 @@ jobs:
        uv sync --no-dev --group test

    - uses: joerick/pr-labels-action@v1.0.9
+
    - name: Set CIBW_ENABLE
      shell: bash
      run: |
@@ -127,29 +146,33 @@ jobs:
        output-dir: wheelhouse
      env:
        CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS: x86_64 universal2 arm64
-        CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND: 'build[uv]'
+        CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND: ${{ matrix.test_select && 'build' || 'build[uv]' }}
+        CIBW_PLATFORM: ${{ matrix.test_select }}

    - name: Run a sample build (GitHub Action, only)
      uses: ./
+      if: matrix.test_select == ''
      with:
        package-dir: sample_proj
        output-dir: wheelhouse_only
-        only: cp312-${{ runner.os == 'Linux' && (runner.arch == 'ARM64' && 'manylinux_aarch64' || 'manylinux_x86_64') || (runner.os == 'Windows' && 'win_amd64' || 'macosx_x86_64') }}
+        only: cp313-${{ runner.os == 'Linux' && (runner.arch == 'ARM64' && 'manylinux_aarch64' || 'manylinux_x86_64') || (runner.os == 'Windows' && 'win_amd64' || 'macosx_x86_64') }}

    - name: Create custom configuration file
      shell: bash
      run: |
        cat > sample_proj/cibw.toml <<EOF
        [tool.cibuildwheel]
-        # Only build on CPython 3.12 on native arch
+        # Only build on CPython 3.13 on native arch
        archs = ["native"]
-        build = "cp312-*"
+        build = "cp313-*"
        # Skip musllinux
        skip = "*-musllinux*"
        EOF

    - name: Run a sample build (GitHub Action, config-file)
      uses: ./
+      env:
+        CIBW_PLATFORM: ${{ matrix.test_select }}
      with:
        package-dir: sample_proj
        output-dir: wheelhouse_config_file
@@ -159,9 +182,14 @@ jobs:
      shell: bash
      run: |
        test $(find wheelhouse -name '*.whl' | wc -l) -ge 1
-        test $(find wheelhouse_only -name '*.whl' | wc -l) -eq 1
        test $(find wheelhouse_config_file -name '*.whl' | wc -l) -eq 1

+    - name: Check Action artifacts (native build only)
+      if: matrix.test_select == ''
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        test $(find wheelhouse_only -name '*.whl' | wc -l) -eq 1
+
    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
      with:
        name: cibw-wheels-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ strategy.job-index }}
@@ -169,7 +197,7 @@ jobs:

    - name: Test cibuildwheel
      run: |
-        uv run --no-sync bin/run_tests.py ${{ (runner.os == 'Linux' && runner.arch == 'X64') && '--run-podman' || '' }}
+        uv run --no-sync bin/run_tests.py --test-select=${{ matrix.test_select || 'native' }} ${{ (runner.os == 'Linux' && runner.arch == 'X64') && '--run-podman' || '' }}

  emulated-archs:
    name: Get qemu emulated architectures
@@ -178,8 +206,8 @@ jobs:
    outputs:
      archs: ${{ steps.archs.outputs.archs }}
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
      with:
        python-version: "3.x"
    - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v6
@@ -201,8 +229,8 @@ jobs:
      matrix:
        arch: ${{ fromJSON(needs.emulated-archs.outputs.archs) }}
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
      with:
        python-version: "3.x"
    - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v6
@@ -221,8 +249,8 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
    timeout-minutes: 180
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
      name: Install Python 3.12
      with:
        python-version: '3.12'
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ jobs:
        app-id: ${{ secrets.CIBUILDWHEEL_BOT_APP_ID }}
        private-key: ${{ secrets.CIBUILDWHEEL_BOT_APP_PRIVATE_KEY }}

-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5

    - uses: wntrblm/nox@2025.05.01

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ jobs:
    permissions:
      contents: write
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5

      - name: Update the ${{ env.TAG_NAME }} tag
        id: update-major-minor-tag
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 repos:

 - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
-  rev: v5.0.0
+  rev: v6.0.0
  hooks:
  - id: check-case-conflict
  - id: check-merge-conflict
@@ -14,14 +14,14 @@ repos:
  - id: trailing-whitespace

 - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-  rev: v0.12.4
+  rev: v0.13.1
  hooks:
-  - id: ruff
+  - id: ruff-check
    args: ["--fix", "--show-fixes"]
  - id: ruff-format

 - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy
-  rev: v1.17.0
+  rev: v1.18.2
  hooks:
  - id: mypy
    name: mypy 3.11 on cibuildwheel/
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ repos:
    additional_dependencies: *mypy-dependencies

 - repo: https://github.com/shellcheck-py/shellcheck-py
-  rev: v0.10.0.1
+  rev: v0.11.0.1
  hooks:
  - id: shellcheck

@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ repos:


 - repo: https://github.com/python-jsonschema/check-jsonschema
-  rev: 0.33.2
+  rev: 0.34.0
  hooks:
    - id: check-dependabot
    - id: check-github-actions
@@ -29,14 +29,15 @@ While cibuildwheel itself requires a recent Python version to run (we support th
 | CPython 3.9        | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
 | CPython 3.10       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
 | CPython 3.11       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
-| CPython 3.12       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵  | N/A | N/A | ✅⁴ |
-| CPython 3.13³      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵  | ✅ | ✅ | N/A |
-| CPython 3.14       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵  | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| CPython 3.12       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | ✅⁴ |
+| CPython 3.13³      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁴ |
+| CPython 3.14       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A |
 | PyPy 3.8 v7.3      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
 | PyPy 3.9 v7.3      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
 | PyPy 3.10 v7.3     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
 | PyPy 3.11 v7.3     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
 | GraalPy 3.11 v24.2 | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | N/A  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| GraalPy 3.12 v25.0 | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | N/A  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |

 <sup>¹ PyPy & GraalPy are only supported for manylinux wheels.</sup><br>
 <sup>² Windows arm64 support is experimental.</sup><br>
@@ -58,8 +59,8 @@ Usage

 |                 | Linux | macOS | Windows | Linux ARM | macOS ARM | Windows ARM | Android | iOS |
 |-----------------|-------|-------|---------|-----------|-----------|-------------|---------|-----|
-| GitHub Actions  | ✅    | ✅    | ✅       | ✅        | ✅        | ✅²         | ✅⁴      | ✅³  |
-| Azure Pipelines | ✅    | ✅    | ✅       |           | ✅        | ✅²         | ✅⁴      | ✅³  |
+| GitHub Actions  | ✅    | ✅    | ✅       | ✅        | ✅        | ✅²         | ✅⁴      | ✅³⁵ |
+| Azure Pipelines | ✅    | ✅    | ✅       |           | ✅        | ✅²         | ✅⁴      | ✅³⁵ |
 | Travis CI       | ✅    |       | ✅      | ✅        |           |             | ✅⁴      |     |
 | CircleCI        | ✅    | ✅    |         | ✅        | ✅        |             | ✅⁴      | ✅³  |
 | Gitlab CI       | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅¹       | ✅        |             | ✅⁴      | ✅³  |
@@ -67,8 +68,10 @@ Usage

 <sup>¹ [Requires emulation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/faq/#emulation), distributed separately. Other services may also support Linux ARM through emulation or third-party build hosts, but these are not tested in our CI.</sup><br>
 <sup>² [Uses cross-compilation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/faq/#windows-arm64). It is not possible to test `arm64` on this CI platform.</sup><br>
-<sup>³ Requires a macOS runner; runs tests on the simulator for the runner's architecture.</sup><br>
+<sup>³ Requires a macOS runner; runs tests on the simulator for the runner's architecture. </sup><br>
 <sup>⁴ Building for Android requires the runner to be Linux x86_64, macOS ARM64 or macOS x86_64. Testing has [additional requirements](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/platforms/#android).</sup><br>
+<sup>⁵ The `macos-15` and `macos-latest` images are [incompatible with cibuildwheel at this time](platforms/#ios-system-requirements)</sup><br> when building iOS wheels.
+
 <!--intro-end-->

 Example setup
@@ -88,16 +91,16 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    strategy:
      matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-13, macos-latest]
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-15-intel, macos-latest]

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5

      # Used to host cibuildwheel
      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5

      - name: Install cibuildwheel
-        run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.0
+        run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.2.0

      - name: Build wheels
        run: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
@@ -178,8 +181,8 @@ Here are some repos that use cibuildwheel.
 | Name                              | CI | OS | Notes |
 |-----------------------------------|----|----|:------|
 | [scikit-learn][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The machine learning library. A complex but clean config using many of cibuildwheel's features to build a large project with Cython and C++ extensions.  |
-| [pytorch-fairseq][]               | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence Toolkit written in Python. |
 | [duckdb][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | DuckDB is an analytical in-process SQL database management system |
+| [pytorch-fairseq][]               | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence Toolkit written in Python. |
 | [NumPy][]                         | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. |
 | [Tornado][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library. Uses stable ABI for a small C extension. |
 | [NCNN][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | ncnn is a high-performance neural network inference framework optimized for the mobile platform |
@@ -189,8 +192,8 @@ Here are some repos that use cibuildwheel.
 | [Kivy][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Open source UI framework written in Python, running on Windows, Linux, macOS, Android and iOS |

 [scikit-learn]: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn
-[pytorch-fairseq]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/fairseq
 [duckdb]: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb
+[pytorch-fairseq]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/fairseq
 [NumPy]: https://github.com/numpy/numpy
 [Tornado]: https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado
 [NCNN]: https://github.com/Tencent/ncnn
@@ -227,84 +230,67 @@ Changelog

 <!-- [[[cog from readme_changelog import mini_changelog; print(mini_changelog()) ]]] -->

-### v3.1.0
+### v3.2.0

-_23 July 2025_
+_22 September 2025_
+
+- ✨ Adds GraalPy v25 (Python 3.12) support (#2597)
+- 🛠 Update to CPython 3.14.0rc3 (#2602)
+- 🛠 Adds CPython 3.14.0 prerelease support for Android, and a number of improvements to Android builds (#2568, #2591)
+- 🛠 Improvements to testing on Android, passing environment markers when installing the venv, and providing more debug output when build-verbosity is set (#2575)
+- ⚠️ PyPy 3.10 was moved to `pypy-eol` in the `enable` option, as it is now end-of-life. (#2521)
+- 📚 Docs improvements (#2574, #2601, #2598)
+
+### v3.1.4
+
+_19 August 2025_
+
+- ✨ Add a `--clean-cache` command to clean up our cache (#2489)
+- 🛠 Update Python to 3.14rc2 and other patch version bumps (#2542, #2556)
+- 🛠 Update Pyodide to 0.28.2 (#2562, #2558)
+- 🐛 Fix resolution with `pyodide-build` when `dependency-versions` is set (#2548)
+- 🐛 Set `CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PACKAGE` to `BOTH` on Android (#2547)
+- 🐛 Add `patchelf` dependency for platforms that can build Android wheels (#2552)
+- 🐛 Ignore empty values for `CIBW_ARCHS` like most other environment variables (#2541)
+- 💼 The `color` and `suggest_on_error` argparse options are now default in 3.14rc1+ (#2554)
+- 💼 Use the virtualenv release URL instead of blob URL (should be more robust) (#2555)
+- 🧪 For iOS, lowering to macos-14 is needed for now due to issues with GitHub's runner images (#2557)
+- 🧪 Split out platforms iOS and Android in our tests (#2519)
+- 🧪 Fix and enable doctests (#2546)
+- 📚 Improve our docs on free-threading (#2549)


- 🌟 CPython 3.14 wheels are now built by default - without the `"cpython-prerelease"` `enable` set. It's time to build and upload these wheels to PyPI! This release includes CPython 3.14.0rc1, which is guaranteed to be ABI compatible with the final release. (#2507) Free-threading is no longer experimental in 3.14, so you have to skip it explicitly with `'cp31?t-*'` if you don't support it yet. (#2503)
- 🌟 Adds the ability to [build wheels for Android](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/platforms/#android)! Set the [`platform` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#platform) to `android` on Linux or macOS to try it out! (#2349)
- 🌟 Adds Pyodide 0.28, which builds 3.13 wheels (#2487)
- ✨ Support for 32-bit `manylinux_2_28` (now a consistent default) and `manylinux_2_34` added (#2500)
- 🛠 Improved summary, will also use markdown summary output on GHA (#2469)
- 🛠 The riscv64 images now have a working default (as they are now part of pypy/manylinux), but are still experimental (and behind an `enable`) since you can't push them to PyPI yet (#2506)
- 🛠 Fixed a typo in the 3.9 MUSL riscv64 identifier (`cp39-musllinux_ricv64` -> `cp39-musllinux_riscv64`) (#2490)
- 🛠 Mistyping `--only` now shows the correct possibilities, and even suggests near matches on Python 3.14+ (#2499)
- 🛠 Only support one output from the repair step on linux like other platforms; auditwheel fixed this over four years ago! (#2478)
- 🛠 We now use pattern matching extensively (#2434)
- 📚 We now have platform maintainers for our special platforms and interpreters! (#2481)
+### v3.1.3
+
+_1 August 2025_
+
+- 🐛 Fix bug where "latest" dependencies couldn't update to pip 25.2 on Windows (#2537)
+- 🧪 Use pytest-rerunfailures to improve some of our iOS/Android tests (#2527, #2539)
+- 🧪 Remove some GraalPy Windows workarounds in our tests (#2501)


+### v3.1.2

-### v3.0.1
+_29 July 2025_

-_5 July 2025_
+- ⚠️  Add an error if `CIBW_FREE_THREADING_SUPPORT` is set; you are likely missing 3.13t wheels, please use the `enable`/`CIBW_ENABLE` (#2520)
+- 🛠 `riscv64` now enabled if you target that architecture, it's now supported on PyPI (#2509)
+- 🛠 Add warning when using `cpython-experimental-riscv64` (no longer needed) (#2526, #2528)
+- 🛠 iOS versions bumped, fixing issues with 3.14 (now RC 1) (#2530)
+- 🐛 Fix bug in Android running wheel from our GitHub Action (#2517)
+- 🐛 Fix warning when using `test-skip` of `"*-macosx_universal2:arm64"` (#2522)
+- 🐛 Fix incorrect number of wheels reported in logs, again (#2517)
+- 📚 We welcome our Android platform maintainer (#2516)

- 🛠 Updates CPython 3.14 prerelease to 3.14.0b3 (#2471)
- ✨ Adds a CPython 3.14 prerelease iOS build (only when prerelease builds are [enabled](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable)) (#2475)

-### v3.0.0
+### v3.1.1

-_11 June 2025_
+_24 July 2025_

-See @henryiii's [release post](https://iscinumpy.dev/post/cibuildwheel-3-0-0/) for more info on new features!
+- 🐛 Fix a bug showing an incorrect wheel count at the end of execution, and misrepresenting test-only runs in the GitHub Action summary (#2512)
+- 📚 Docs fix (#2510)

- 🌟 Adds the ability to [build wheels for iOS](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/platforms/#ios)! Set the [`platform` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#platform) to `ios` on a Mac with the iOS toolchain to try it out! (#2286, #2363, #2432)
- 🌟 Adds support for the GraalPy interpreter! Enable for your project using the [`enable` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable). (#1538, #2411, #2414)
- ✨ Adds CPython 3.14 support, under the [`enable` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) `cpython-prerelease`. This version of cibuildwheel uses 3.14.0b2. (#2390)
-
-    _While CPython is in beta, the ABI can change, so your wheels might not be compatible with the final release. For this reason, we don't recommend distributing wheels until RC1, at which point 3.14 will be available in cibuildwheel without the flag._ (#2390)
-
- ✨ Adds the [test-sources option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-sources), which copies files and folders into the temporary working directory we run tests from. (#2062, #2284, #2420, #2437)
-
-    This is particularly important for iOS builds, which do not support placeholders in the `test-command`, but can also be useful for other platforms.
-
- ✨ Adds [`dependency-versions`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#dependency-versions) inline syntax (#2122)
- ✨ Improves support for Pyodide builds and adds the experimental [`pyodide-version`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#pyodide-version) option, which allows you to specify the version of Pyodide to use for builds. (#2002)
- ✨ Add `pyodide-prerelease` [enable](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) option, with an early build of 0.28 (Python 3.13). (#2431)
- ✨ Adds the [`test-environment`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-environment) option, which allows you to set environment variables for the test command. (#2388)
- ✨ Adds the [`xbuild-tools`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#xbuild-tools) option, which allows you to specify tools safe for cross-compilation. Currently only used on iOS; will be useful for Android in the future. (#2317)
- 🛠 The default [manylinux image](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image) has changed from `manylinux2014` to `manylinux_2_28`. (#2330)
- 🛠 EOL images `manylinux1`, `manylinux2010`, `manylinux_2_24` and `musllinux_1_1` can no longer be specified by their shortname. The full OCI name can still be used for these images, if you wish. (#2316)
- 🛠 Invokes `build` rather than `pip wheel` to build wheels by default. You can control this via the [`build-frontend`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-frontend) option. You might notice that you can see your build log output now! (#2321)
- 🛠 Build verbosity settings have been reworked to have consistent meanings between build backends when non-zero. (#2339)
- 🛠 Removed the `CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS` and `CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT` options - these have been folded into the [`enable`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) option instead. (#2095)
- 🛠 Build environments no longer have setuptools and wheel preinstalled. (#2329)
- 🛠 Use the standard Schema line for the integrated JSONSchema. (#2433)
- ⚠️ Dropped support for building Python 3.6 and 3.7 wheels. If you need to build wheels for these versions, use cibuildwheel v2.23.3 or earlier. (#2282)
- ⚠️ The minimum Python version required to run cibuildwheel is now Python 3.11. You can still build wheels for Python 3.8 and newer. (#1912)
- ⚠️ 32-bit Linux wheels no longer built by default - the [arch](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#archs) was removed from `"auto"`. It now requires explicit `"auto32"`. Note that modern manylinux images (like the new default, `manylinux_2_28`) do not have 32-bit versions. (#2458)
- ⚠️ PyPy wheels no longer built by default, due to a change to our options system. To continue building PyPy wheels, you'll now need to set the [`enable` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) to `pypy` or `pypy-eol`. (#2095)
- ⚠️ Dropped official support for Appveyor. If it was working for you before, it will probably continue to do so, but we can't be sure, because our CI doesn't run there anymore. (#2386)
- 📚 A reorganisation of the docs, and numerous updates. (#2280)
- 📚 Use Python 3.14 color output in docs CLI output. (#2407)
- 📚 Docs now primarily use the pyproject.toml name of options, rather than the environment variable name. (#2389)
- 📚 README table now matches docs and auto-updates. (#2427, #2428)
-
-### v2.23.3
-
-_26 April 2025_
-
- 🛠 Dependency updates, including Python 3.13.3 (#2371)
-
-### v2.23.2
-
-_24 March 2025_
-
- 🐛 Workaround an issue with pyodide builds when running cibuildwheel with a Python that was installed via UV (#2328 via #2331)
- 🛠 Dependency updates, including a manylinux update that fixes an ['undefined symbol' error](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux/issues/1760) in gcc-toolset (#2334)
-
-<!-- [[[end]]] (sum: HkLT9ZhhtV) -->
+<!-- [[[end]]] (sum: pVWd47S8cA) -->

 ---

@@ -339,6 +325,7 @@ Platform maintainers:
 - Hood Chatham [@hoodmane](https://github.com/hoodmane) (Pyodide)
 - Gyeongjae Choi [@ryanking13](https://github.com/ryanking13) (Pyodide)
 - Tim Felgentreff [@timfel](https://github.com/timfel) (GraalPy)
+- Malcolm Smith [@mhsmith](https://github.com/mhsmith) (Android)

 Credits
 -------
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ branding:
 runs:
  using: composite
  steps:
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
      id: python
      with:
        python-version: "3.11 - 3.13"
@@ -16,62 +16,61 @@ pr:
      - noxfile.py

 jobs:
- job: linux_311
+- job: tests
+  strategy:
+    matrix:
+      linux_311:
+        imageName: "ubuntu-latest"
+        pythonVersion: "3.11"
+        testSelect: "native"
+      android_311:
+        imageName: "ubuntu-latest"
+        pythonVersion: "3.11"
+        testSelect: "android"
+      macos_311:
+        imageName: "macos-latest"
+        pythonVersion: "3.11"
+        testSelect: "native"
+      ios_311:
+        imageName: "macos-14"  # See https://github.com/actions/runner-images/issues/12777
+        pythonVersion: "3.11"
+        testSelect: "ios"
+      android_macos_311:
+        imageName: "macos-latest"
+        pythonVersion: "3.11"
+        testSelect: "android"
+      windows_311:
+        imageName: "windows-latest"
+        pythonVersion: "3.11"
+        testSelect: "native"
  timeoutInMinutes: 180
-  pool: {vmImage: 'ubuntu-latest'}
+  pool:
+    vmImage: $(imageName)
+
  steps:
    - task: UsePythonVersion@0
      inputs:
-        versionSpec: '3.11'
+        versionSpec: $(pythonVersion)
+
    - task: JavaToolInstaller@0
+      condition: and(eq(variables['testSelect'], 'android'), eq(variables['Agent.OS'], 'Linux'))
      inputs:
        versionSpec: '17'
        jdkArchitectureOption: 'x64'
        jdkSourceOption: 'PreInstalled'
-    - bash: |
-        docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
-        python -m pip install -U pip
-        python -m pip install -e. --group test
-        if [ "$(Build.SourceBranch)" = "refs/heads/main" ]; then
-          echo "INFO: Exporting CIBW_ENABLE=all for main branch test run."
-          export CIBW_ENABLE=all
-        else
-          echo "INFO: CIBW_ENABLE not set for this branch ($(Build.SourceBranch))."
-        fi
-        python ./bin/run_tests.py

- job: macos_311
-  pool: {vmImage: 'macOS-latest'}
-  timeoutInMinutes: 120
-  steps:
-    - task: UsePythonVersion@0
-      inputs:
-        versionSpec: '3.11'
-    - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -U pip
-        python -m pip install -e. --group test
-        if [ "$(Build.SourceBranch)" = "refs/heads/main" ]; then
-          echo "INFO: Exporting CIBW_ENABLE=all for main branch test run."
-          export CIBW_ENABLE=all
-        else
-          echo "INFO: CIBW_ENABLE not set for this branch ($(Build.SourceBranch))."
-        fi
-        python ./bin/run_tests.py
+    - bash: docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
+      condition: and(eq(variables['imageName'], 'ubuntu-latest'), eq(variables['testSelect'], 'native'))
+      displayName: 'Install binfmt on Linux'
+
+    - bash: python -m pip install -U pip && python -m pip install -e. --group test
+      displayName: 'Update pip and install cibuildwheel --group test'
+
+    - bash: echo "##vso[task.setvariable variable=CIBW_ENABLE;]all"
+      condition: eq(variables['Build.SourceBranch'], 'refs/heads/main')
+      displayName: Set CIBW_ENABLE to all (main branch)

- job: windows_311
-  pool: {vmImage: 'windows-latest'}
-  timeoutInMinutes: 180
-  steps:
-    - task: UsePythonVersion@0
-      inputs:
-        versionSpec: '3.11'
    - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -U pip
-        python -m pip install -e. --group test
-        if [ "$(Build.SourceBranch)" = "refs/heads/main" ]; then
-          echo "INFO: Exporting CIBW_ENABLE=all for main branch test run."
-          export CIBW_ENABLE=all
-        else
-          echo "INFO: CIBW_ENABLE not set for this branch ($(Build.SourceBranch))."
-        fi
-        python ./bin/run_tests.py
+        echo "CIBW_ENABLE = $CIBW_ENABLE"
+        python ./bin/run_tests.py --test-select $(testSelect)
+      displayName: 'Run tests'
@@ -6,17 +6,12 @@

 import argparse
 import copy
-import functools
 import json
-import sys
 from typing import Any

 import yaml

-make_parser = functools.partial(argparse.ArgumentParser, allow_abbrev=False)
-if sys.version_info >= (3, 14):
-    make_parser = functools.partial(make_parser, color=True, suggest_on_error=True)
-parser = make_parser()
+parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(allow_abbrev=False)
 parser.add_argument("--schemastore", action="store_true", help="Generate schema_store version")
 args = parser.parse_args()

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ import textwrap
 import urllib.request
 import xml.dom.minidom
 from collections.abc import Iterable, Mapping, Sequence
-from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import UTC, datetime
 from io import StringIO
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any, Self, TextIO
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class Project:
                    self.notes = notes
        else:
            self.num_stars = 0
-            self.pushed_at = datetime.utcnow()
+            self.pushed_at = datetime.now(UTC)

        name_len = len(self.name) + 4
        self.__class__.NAME = max(self.__class__.NAME, name_len)
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ class Project:
        return f"[{self.name}]: {self.url}"

    def info(self) -> str:
-        days = (datetime.utcnow() - self.pushed_at).days
+        days = (datetime.now(UTC) - self.pushed_at).days
        return f"<!-- {self.name}: {self.num_stars}, last pushed {days} days ago -->"


@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@


 import os
+import re
 import shutil
 import subprocess
 import sys
@@ -13,7 +14,7 @@ from urllib.parse import quote

 import click

-DIR = Path(__file__).parent.resolve()
+DIR = Path(__file__).parent.parent.resolve()


 def shell(cmd: str, *, check: bool, **kwargs: object) -> subprocess.CompletedProcess[str]:
@@ -38,6 +39,29 @@ class CIService(typing.NamedTuple):
    name: str
    dst_config_path: str
    badge_md: str
+    config_file_transform: typing.Callable[[str], str] = lambda x: x  # identity by default
+
+
+def github_config_file_transform(content: str) -> str:
+    # one of the the github configs only builds on main, so we need to remove that restriction
+    # so our example build will run on the test branch.
+    #
+    # replace:
+    # """
+    # push:
+    #   branches:
+    #     - main
+    # """
+    # with:
+    # """
+    # push:
+    # """"
+    content = re.sub(
+        r"push:\n\s+branches:\n\s+- main",
+        "push:",
+        content,
+    )
+    return content


 services = [
@@ -54,7 +78,8 @@ services = [
    CIService(
        name="github",
        dst_config_path=".github/workflows/example.yml",
-        badge_md="[![Build](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/workflows/Build/badge.svg?branch={branch})](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/actions)",
+        badge_md="[![Build](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/actions/workflows/example.yml/badge.svg?branch={branch})](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/actions?query=branch%3A{branch})",
+        config_file_transform=github_config_file_transform,
    ),
    CIService(
        name="travis-ci",
@@ -93,6 +118,8 @@ def run_example_ci_configs(config_files=None):

    if len(config_files) == 0:
        config_files = Path("examples").glob("*-minimal.yml")
+    else:
+        config_files = [Path(f) for f in config_files]

    # check each CI service has at most 1 config file
    configs_by_service = set()
@@ -125,12 +152,15 @@ def run_example_ci_configs(config_files=None):
            dst_config_file = example_project / service.dst_config_path

            dst_config_file.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-            shutil.copyfile(config_file, dst_config_file)
+
+            contents = config_file.read_text(encoding="utf8")
+            contents = service.config_file_transform(contents)
+            dst_config_file.write_text(contents, encoding="utf8")

        subprocess.run(["git", "add", example_project], check=True)
        message = textwrap.dedent(
            f"""\
-            Test example minimal configs
+            Test example CI configs

            Testing files: {[str(f) for f in config_files]}
            Generated from branch: {previous_branch}
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@


 import argparse
-import functools
 import os
 import subprocess
 import sys
@@ -14,10 +13,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
    else:
        default_cpu_count = os.process_cpu_count() or 2

-    make_parser = functools.partial(argparse.ArgumentParser, allow_abbrev=False)
-    if sys.version_info >= (3, 14):
-        make_parser = functools.partial(make_parser, color=True, suggest_on_error=True)
-    parser = make_parser()
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(allow_abbrev=False)
    parser.add_argument(
        "--run-podman", action="store_true", default=False, help="run podman tests (linux only)"
    )
@@ -27,26 +23,66 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
        default=default_cpu_count,
        help="number of processes to use for testing",
    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--test-select",
+        choices={"all", "native", "android", "ios", "pyodide"},
+        default="all",
+        help="Either 'native' or 'android'/'ios'/'pyodide'",
+    )
    args = parser.parse_args()

    # move cwd to the project root
    os.chdir(Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1])

+    # doc tests
+    doc_test_args = [sys.executable, "-m", "pytest", "cibuildwheel"]
+
+    print(
+        "\n\n================================== DOC TESTS ==================================",
+        flush=True,
+    )
+    result = subprocess.run(doc_test_args, check=False)
+    if result.returncode not in (0, 5):
+        # Allow case where no doctests are collected (returncode 5) because
+        # circleci sets an explicit "-k" filter that disables doctests. There
+        # isn't a pattern that will only select doctests. This can be removed
+        # and have check=True if the circleci PYTEST_ADDOPTS is removed.
+        raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(
+            result.returncode, result.args, output=result.stdout, stderr=result.stderr
+        )
+
    # unit tests
+    print(
+        "\n\n================================== UNIT TESTS ==================================",
+        flush=True,
+    )
    unit_test_args = [sys.executable, "-m", "pytest", "unit_test"]

-    if sys.platform.startswith("linux") and os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "linux") == "linux":
+    if (
+        sys.platform.startswith("linux")
+        and os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "linux") == "linux"
+        and args.test_select in ["all", "native"]
+    ):
        # run the docker unit tests only on Linux
        unit_test_args += ["--run-docker"]

        if args.run_podman:
            unit_test_args += ["--run-podman"]

+    subprocess.run(unit_test_args, check=True)
+
    print(
-        "\n\n================================== UNIT TESTS ==================================",
+        "\n\n=========================== SERIAL INTEGRATION TESTS ===========================",
        flush=True,
    )
-    subprocess.run(unit_test_args, check=True)
+
+    match args.test_select:
+        case "all":
+            marks = []
+        case "native":
+            marks = ["not pyodide", "not android", "not ios"]
+        case mark:
+            marks = [f"{mark}"]

    # Run the serial integration tests without multiple processes
    serial_integration_test_args = [
@@ -54,7 +90,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
        "-m",
        "pytest",
        "-m",
-        "serial",
+        f"{' and '.join(['serial', *marks])}",
        "-x",
        "--durations",
        "0",
@@ -62,19 +98,19 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
        "test",
        "-vv",
    ]
-    print(
-        "\n\n=========================== SERIAL INTEGRATION TESTS ===========================",
-        flush=True,
-    )
+
    subprocess.run(serial_integration_test_args, check=True)

-    # Non-serial integration tests
+    print(
+        "\n\n========================= NON-SERIAL INTEGRATION TESTS =========================",
+        flush=True,
+    )
    integration_test_args = [
        sys.executable,
        "-m",
        "pytest",
        "-m",
-        "not serial",
+        f"{' and '.join(['not serial', *marks])}",
        f"--numprocesses={args.num_processes}",
        "-x",
        "--durations",
@@ -87,8 +123,4 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
    if sys.platform.startswith("linux") and args.run_podman:
        integration_test_args += ["--run-podman"]

-    print(
-        "\n\n========================= NON-SERIAL INTEGRATION TESTS =========================",
-        flush=True,
-    )
    subprocess.run(integration_test_args, check=True)
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@


 import argparse
-import functools
 import os
 import subprocess
 import sys
@@ -13,10 +12,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
    # move cwd to the project root
    os.chdir(Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1])

-    make_parser = functools.partial(argparse.ArgumentParser, allow_abbrev=False)
-    if sys.version_info >= (3, 14):
-        make_parser = functools.partial(make_parser, color=True, suggest_on_error=True)
-    parser = make_parser(description="Runs a sample build")
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Runs a sample build", allow_abbrev=False)
    parser.add_argument("project_python_path", nargs="?", default="test.test_0_basic.basic_project")

    options = parser.parse_args()
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3


-import copy
 import difflib
 import logging
 import operator
@@ -34,47 +33,20 @@ RESOURCES_DIR: Final[Path] = DIR / "cibuildwheel/resources"
 ArchStr = Literal["32", "64", "ARM64"]


-class ConfigWinCP(TypedDict):
+class Config(TypedDict):
    identifier: str
    version: str
-    arch: str


-class ConfigWinPP(TypedDict):
-    identifier: str
-    version: str
-    arch: str
+class ConfigUrl(Config):
    url: str


-class ConfigWinGP(TypedDict):
-    identifier: str
-    version: str
-    url: str
-
-
-class ConfigApple(TypedDict):
-    identifier: str
-    version: str
-    url: str
-
-
-class ConfigAndroid(TypedDict):
-    identifier: str
-    version: str
-    url: str
-
-
-class ConfigPyodide(TypedDict):
-    identifier: str
-    version: str
+class ConfigPyodide(Config):
    default_pyodide_version: str
    node_version: str


-AnyConfig = ConfigWinCP | ConfigWinPP | ConfigWinGP | ConfigApple | ConfigAndroid | ConfigPyodide
-
-
 # The following set of "Versions" classes allow the initial call to the APIs to
 # be cached and reused in the `update_version_*` methods.

@@ -106,7 +78,7 @@ class WindowsVersions:

        self.version_dict = {Version(v): v for v in cp_info["versions"]}

-    def update_version_windows(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigWinCP | None:
+    def update_version_windows(self, spec: Specifier) -> Config | None:
        # Specifier.filter selects all non pre-releases that match the spec,
        # unless there are only pre-releases, then it selects pre-releases
        # instead (like pip)
@@ -121,10 +93,9 @@ class WindowsVersions:
        flags = "t" if self.free_threaded else ""
        version = versions[0]
        identifier = f"cp{version.major}{version.minor}{flags}-{self.arch}"
-        return ConfigWinCP(
+        return Config(
            identifier=identifier,
            version=self.version_dict[version],
-            arch=self.arch_str,
        )


@@ -146,7 +117,7 @@ class GraalPyVersions:

        self.releases = [r for r in releases if "graalpy_version" in r and "python_version" in r]

-    def update_version(self, identifier: str, spec: Specifier) -> AnyConfig:
+    def update_version(self, identifier: str, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigUrl:
        if "x86_64" in identifier or "amd64" in identifier:
            arch = "x86_64"
        elif "arm64" in identifier or "aarch64" in identifier:
@@ -156,7 +127,9 @@ class GraalPyVersions:
            raise RuntimeError(msg)

        gpspec_str = identifier.split("-")[0].split("_")[1]
-        gpspec = Specifier("==24.2.*") if gpspec_str == "242" else Specifier(f"=={gpspec_str}.*")
+        if "." not in gpspec_str and len(gpspec_str) == 3:
+            gpspec_str = gpspec_str[:2] + "." + gpspec_str[-1]
+        gpspec = Specifier(f"=={gpspec_str}.*")

        releases = [r for r in self.releases if spec.contains(r["python_version"])]
        releases = [r for r in self.releases if gpspec.contains(r["graalpy_version"])]
@@ -172,11 +145,9 @@ class GraalPyVersions:

        if "macosx" in identifier:
            arch = "x86_64" if "x86_64" in identifier else "arm64"
-            config = ConfigApple
            platform = "macos"
        elif "win" in identifier:
            arch = "aarch64" if "arm64" in identifier else "x86_64"
-            config = ConfigWinGP
            platform = "windows"
        else:
            msg = "GraalPy provides downloads for macOS and Windows and is included for manylinux"
@@ -191,7 +162,7 @@ class GraalPyVersions:
            and rf["name"].startswith(f"graalpy-{gpversion.major}")
        )

-        return config(
+        return ConfigUrl(
            identifier=identifier,
            version=f"{version.major}.{version.minor}",
            url=url,
@@ -223,7 +194,7 @@ class PyPyVersions:
        ]
        return urls[0] if urls else ""

-    def update_version_windows(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigWinCP:
+    def update_version_windows(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigUrl:
        releases = [r for r in self.releases if spec.contains(r["python_version"])]
        releases = sorted(releases, key=operator.itemgetter("pypy_version"))
        releases = [r for r in releases if self.get_arch_file(r)]
@@ -239,14 +210,13 @@ class PyPyVersions:
        identifier = f"pp{version.major}{version.minor}-{version_arch}"
        url = self.get_arch_file(release)

-        return ConfigWinPP(
+        return ConfigUrl(
            identifier=identifier,
            version=f"{version.major}.{version.minor}",
-            arch=self.arch,
            url=url,
        )

-    def update_version_macos(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigApple:
+    def update_version_macos(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigUrl:
        if self.arch not in {"64", "ARM64"}:
            msg = f"'{self.arch}' arch not supported yet on macOS"
            raise RuntimeError(msg)
@@ -270,7 +240,7 @@ class PyPyVersions:
            if "" in rf["platform"] == "darwin" and rf["arch"] == arch
        )

-        return ConfigApple(
+        return ConfigUrl(
            identifier=identifier,
            version=f"{version.major}.{version.minor}",
            url=url,
@@ -298,16 +268,11 @@ class CPythonVersions:
            uri = int(release["resource_uri"].rstrip("/").split("/")[-1])
            self.versions_dict[version] = uri

-    def update_version_macos(
-        self, identifier: str, version: Version, spec: Specifier
-    ) -> ConfigApple | None:
+    def update_version(self, identifier: str, spec: Specifier, file_ident: str) -> ConfigUrl | None:
        # see note above on Specifier.filter
        unsorted_versions = spec.filter(self.versions_dict)
        sorted_versions = sorted(unsorted_versions, reverse=True)

-        macver = "x10.9" if version <= Version("3.8.9999") else "11"
-        file_ident = f"macos{macver}.pkg"
-
        for new_version in sorted_versions:
            # Find the first patch version that contains the requested file
            uri = self.versions_dict[new_version]
@@ -319,7 +284,7 @@ class CPythonVersions:

            urls = [rf["url"] for rf in file_info if file_ident in rf["url"]]
            if urls:
-                return ConfigApple(
+                return ConfigUrl(
                    identifier=identifier,
                    version=f"{new_version.major}.{new_version.minor}",
                    url=urls[0],
@@ -327,9 +292,17 @@ class CPythonVersions:

        return None

+    def update_version_macos(
+        self, identifier: str, version: Version, spec: Specifier
+    ) -> ConfigUrl | None:
+        macver = "x10.9" if version <= Version("3.8.9999") else "11"
+        return self.update_version(identifier, spec, f"macos{macver}.pkg")

-class AndroidVersions:
-    # This should be replaced with official python.org downloads once they're available.
+    def update_version_android(self, identifier: str, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigUrl | None:
+        return self.update_version(identifier, spec, android_triplet(identifier))
+
+
+class MavenVersions:
    MAVEN_URL = "https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/chaquo/python/python"

    def __init__(self) -> None:
@@ -343,18 +316,16 @@ class AndroidVersions:
            assert isinstance(version_str, str), version_str
            self.versions.append(Version(version_str))

-    def update_version_android(
-        self, identifier: str, version: Version, spec: Specifier
-    ) -> ConfigAndroid | None:
+    def update_version_android(self, identifier: str, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigUrl | None:
        sorted_versions = sorted(spec.filter(self.versions), reverse=True)

        # Return a config using the highest version for the given specifier.
        if sorted_versions:
            max_version = sorted_versions[0]
            triplet = android_triplet(identifier)
-            return ConfigAndroid(
+            return ConfigUrl(
                identifier=identifier,
-                version=str(version),
+                version=f"{max_version.major}.{max_version.minor}",
                url=f"{self.MAVEN_URL}/{max_version}/python-{max_version}-{triplet}.tar.gz",
            )
        else:
@@ -390,11 +361,11 @@ class CPythonIOSVersions:
                if filename.endswith("-iOS-support"):
                    self.versions_dict[version][int(build[1:])] = asset["browser_download_url"]

-    def update_version_ios(self, identifier: str, version: Version) -> ConfigApple | None:
+    def update_version_ios(self, identifier: str, version: Version) -> ConfigUrl | None:
        # Return a config using the highest build number for the given version.
        urls = [url for _, url in sorted(self.versions_dict.get(version, {}).items())]
        if urls:
-            return ConfigApple(
+            return ConfigUrl(
                identifier=identifier,
                version=str(version),
                url=urls[-1],
@@ -450,11 +421,11 @@ class AllVersions:
        self.windows_t_arm64 = WindowsVersions("ARM64", True)
        self.windows_pypy_64 = PyPyVersions("64")

-        self.macos_cpython = CPythonVersions()
+        self.cpython = CPythonVersions()
        self.macos_pypy = PyPyVersions("64")
        self.macos_pypy_arm64 = PyPyVersions("ARM64")

-        self.android = AndroidVersions()
+        self.maven = MavenVersions()
        self.ios_cpython = CPythonIOSVersions()

        self.graalpy = GraalPyVersions()
@@ -466,13 +437,12 @@ class AllVersions:
        version = Version(config["version"])
        spec = Specifier(f"=={version.major}.{version.minor}.*")
        log.info("Reading in %r -> %s @ %s", str(identifier), spec, version)
-        orig_config = copy.copy(config)
-        config_update: AnyConfig | None = None
+        config_update: Config | None = None

        # We need to use ** in update due to MyPy (probably a bug)
        if "macosx" in identifier:
            if identifier.startswith("cp"):
-                config_update = self.macos_cpython.update_version_macos(identifier, version, spec)
+                config_update = self.cpython.update_version_macos(identifier, version, spec)
            elif identifier.startswith("pp"):
                if "macosx_x86_64" in identifier:
                    config_update = self.macos_pypy.update_version_macos(spec)
@@ -498,7 +468,10 @@ class AllVersions:
        elif "win_arm64" in identifier and identifier.startswith("cp"):
            config_update = self.windows_arm64.update_version_windows(spec)
        elif "android" in identifier:
-            config_update = self.android.update_version_android(identifier, version, spec)
+            # Python 3.13 is released by Chaquopy on Maven Central.
+            # Python 3.14 and newer have official releases on python.org.
+            versions = self.maven if identifier.startswith("cp313") else self.cpython
+            config_update = versions.update_version_android(identifier, spec)
        elif "ios" in identifier:
            config_update = self.ios_cpython.update_version_ios(identifier, version)
        elif "pyodide" in identifier:
@@ -507,10 +480,10 @@ class AllVersions:
            )

        assert config_update is not None, f"{identifier} not found!"
-        config.update(**config_update)
-
-        if config != orig_config:
-            log.info("  Updated %s to %s", orig_config, config)
+        if config_update != config:
+            log.info("  Updated %s to %s", config, config_update)
+            config.clear()
+            config.update(**config_update)


@click.command()
@@ -4,17 +4,18 @@
 import dataclasses
 import difflib
 import logging
-import subprocess
 import tomllib
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Final

 import click
 import rich
-from packaging.version import InvalidVersion, Version
+from packaging.version import Version
 from rich.logging import RichHandler
 from rich.syntax import Syntax

+from cibuildwheel.extra import github_api_request
+
 log = logging.getLogger("cibw")

 # Looking up the dir instead of using utils.resources_dir
@@ -30,32 +31,26 @@ GET_VIRTUALENV_URL_TEMPLATE: Final[str] = (

@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, order=True)
 class VersionTuple:
+    name: str
+    download_url: str
    version: Version
-    version_string: str


-def git_ls_remote_versions(url: str) -> list[VersionTuple]:
-    versions: list[VersionTuple] = []
-    tags = subprocess.run(
-        ["git", "ls-remote", "--tags", url], check=True, text=True, capture_output=True
-    ).stdout.splitlines()
-    for tag in tags:
-        _, ref = tag.split()
-        assert ref.startswith("refs/tags/")
-        version_string = ref[10:]
-        try:
-            version = Version(version_string)
-            if version.is_devrelease:
-                log.info("Ignoring development release %r", str(version))
-                continue
-            if version.is_prerelease:
-                log.info("Ignoring pre-release %r", str(version))
-                continue
-            versions.append(VersionTuple(version, version_string))
-        except InvalidVersion:
-            log.warning("Ignoring ref %r", ref)
-    versions.sort(reverse=True)
-    return versions
+def get_latest_virtualenv_release() -> VersionTuple:
+    response = github_api_request("repos/pypa/get-virtualenv/releases/latest")
+    tag_name = response["tag_name"]
+
+    asset = next(
+        (asset for asset in response["assets"] if asset["name"] == "virtualenv.pyz"),
+        None,
+    )
+    if not asset:
+        msg = "No asset named 'virtualenv.pyz' found in the latest release of get-virtualenv."
+        raise RuntimeError(msg)
+
+    return VersionTuple(
+        version=Version(tag_name), name=tag_name, download_url=asset["browser_download_url"]
+    )


@click.command()
@@ -78,14 +73,20 @@ def update_virtualenv(force: bool, level: str) -> None:
    with toml_file_path.open("rb") as f:
        configurations = tomllib.load(f)
    default = configurations.pop("default")
-    version = str(default["version"])
-    versions = git_ls_remote_versions(GET_VIRTUALENV_GITHUB)
-    if versions[0].version > Version(version):
-        version = versions[0].version_string
+    local_version = str(default["version"])
+
+    latest_release = get_latest_virtualenv_release()
+
+    if latest_release.version > Version(local_version):
+        version = latest_release.name
+        url = latest_release.download_url
+    else:
+        version = local_version
+        url = default["url"]

    configurations["default"] = {
        "version": version,
-        "url": GET_VIRTUALENV_URL_TEMPLATE.format(version=version),
+        "url": url,
    }
    result_toml = "".join(
        f'{key} = {{ version = "{value["version"]}", url = "{value["url"]}" }}\n'
@@ -1 +1 @@
-__version__ = "3.1.0"
+__version__ = "3.2.0"
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import argparse
 import contextlib
 import dataclasses
-import functools
 import os
 import shutil
 import sys
@@ -9,7 +8,7 @@ import tarfile
 import textwrap
 import traceback
 import typing
-from collections.abc import Iterable, Sequence
+from collections.abc import Generator, Iterable, Sequence
 from pathlib import Path
 from tempfile import mkdtemp
 from typing import Any, Literal, TextIO
@@ -24,7 +23,7 @@ from cibuildwheel.options import CommandLineArguments, Options, compute_options
 from cibuildwheel.platforms import ALL_PLATFORM_MODULES, get_build_identifiers, native_platform
 from cibuildwheel.selector import BuildSelector, EnableGroup, selector_matches
 from cibuildwheel.typing import PLATFORMS, PlatformName
-from cibuildwheel.util.file import CIBW_CACHE_PATH
+from cibuildwheel.util.file import CIBW_CACHE_PATH, ensure_cache_sentinel
 from cibuildwheel.util.helpers import strtobool
 from cibuildwheel.util.resources import read_all_configs

@@ -80,16 +79,14 @@ def main_inner(global_options: GlobalOptions) -> None:
    rather than exiting directly.
    """

-    make_parser = functools.partial(argparse.ArgumentParser, allow_abbrev=False)
-    if sys.version_info >= (3, 14):
-        make_parser = functools.partial(make_parser, color=True, suggest_on_error=True)
-    parser = make_parser(
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
        description="Build wheels for all the platforms.",
        epilog="""
            Most options are supplied via environment variables or in
            --config-file (pyproject.toml usually). See
            https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel#options for info.
        """,
+        allow_abbrev=False,
    )

    parser.add_argument(
@@ -182,6 +179,12 @@ def main_inner(global_options: GlobalOptions) -> None:
        help="Print the build identifiers matched by the current invocation and exit.",
    )

+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--clean-cache",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Clear the cibuildwheel cache and exit.",
+    )
+
    parser.add_argument(
        "--allow-empty",
        action="store_true",
@@ -199,6 +202,48 @@ def main_inner(global_options: GlobalOptions) -> None:

    global_options.print_traceback_on_error = args.debug_traceback

+    if args.clean_cache:
+        if not CIBW_CACHE_PATH.exists():
+            print(f"Cache directory does not exist: {CIBW_CACHE_PATH}")
+            sys.exit(0)
+
+        sentinel_file = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / "CACHEDIR.TAG"
+        if not sentinel_file.exists():
+            print(
+                f"Error: {CIBW_CACHE_PATH} does not appear to be a cibuildwheel cache directory.",
+                "Only directories with a CACHEDIR.TAG sentinel file can be cleaned.",
+                sep="\n",
+                file=sys.stderr,
+            )
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        # Verify signature to ensure it's a proper cache dir
+        # See https://bford.info/cachedir/ for more
+        try:
+            sentinel_content = sentinel_file.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+        except OSError as e:
+            print(f"Error reading cache directory tag: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        if not sentinel_content.startswith("Signature: 8a477f597d28d172789f06886806bc55"):
+            print(
+                f"Error: {sentinel_file} does not contain a valid cache directory signature.",
+                "For safety, only properly signed cache directories can be cleaned.",
+                sep="\n",
+                file=sys.stderr,
+            )
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        print(f"Clearing cache directory: {CIBW_CACHE_PATH}")
+        try:
+            shutil.rmtree(CIBW_CACHE_PATH)
+            print("Cache cleared successfully.")
+        except OSError as e:
+            print(f"Error clearing cache: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        sys.exit(0)
+
    args.package_dir = args.package_dir.resolve()

    # This are always relative to the base directory, even in SDist builds
@@ -312,6 +357,7 @@ def build_in_directory(args: CommandLineArguments) -> None:

    # create the cache dir before it gets printed & builds performed
    CIBW_CACHE_PATH.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    ensure_cache_sentinel(CIBW_CACHE_PATH)

    print_preamble(platform=platform, options=options, identifiers=identifiers)

@@ -369,41 +415,61 @@ def print_preamble(platform: str, options: Options, identifiers: Sequence[str])
    print(f"Cache folder: {CIBW_CACHE_PATH}")
    print()

-    warnings = detect_warnings(options=options, identifiers=identifiers)
+    warnings = detect_warnings(options=options)
    for warning in warnings:
        log.warning(warning)

+    error_list = list(detect_errors(options=options, identifiers=identifiers))
+    if error_list:
+        for error in error_list:
+            log.error(error)
+        msg = "\n".join(error_list)
+        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
+
    print("Here we go!\n")


-def detect_warnings(*, options: Options, identifiers: Iterable[str]) -> list[str]:
-    warnings = []
-
-    python_version_deprecation = ((3, 11), 3)
-    if sys.version_info[:2] < python_version_deprecation[0]:
-        python_version = ".".join(map(str, python_version_deprecation[0]))
-        msg = (
-            f"cibuildwheel {python_version_deprecation[1]} will require Python {python_version}+, "
-            "please upgrade the Python version used to run cibuildwheel. "
-            "This does not affect the versions you can target when building wheels. See: https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/#what-does-it-do"
+def detect_errors(*, options: Options, identifiers: Iterable[str]) -> Generator[str, None, None]:
+    # Check for deprecated CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT environment variable
+    if "CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT" in os.environ:
+        yield (
+            "CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT environment variable is no longer supported. "
+            'Use tool.cibuildwheel.enable = ["cpython-freethreading"] in pyproject.toml '
+            "or set CIBW_ENABLE=cpython-freethreading instead."
        )
-        warnings.append(msg)

-    # warn about deprecated {python} and {pip}
+    # Deprecated {python} and {pip}
    for option_name in ["test_command", "before_build"]:
        option_values = [getattr(options.build_options(i), option_name) for i in identifiers]

        if any(o and ("{python}" in o or "{pip}" in o) for o in option_values):
            # Reminder: in an f-string, double braces means literal single brace
-            msg = (
+            yield (
                f"{option_name}: '{{python}}' and '{{pip}}' are no longer supported "
                "and have been removed in cibuildwheel 3. Simply use 'python' or 'pip' instead."
            )
-            raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
+
+
+def detect_warnings(*, options: Options) -> Generator[str, None, None]:
+    python_version_deprecation = ((3, 11), 3)
+    if sys.version_info[:2] < python_version_deprecation[0]:
+        python_version = ".".join(map(str, python_version_deprecation[0]))
+        yield (
+            f"cibuildwheel {python_version_deprecation[1]} will require Python {python_version}+, "
+            "please upgrade the Python version used to run cibuildwheel. "
+            "This does not affect the versions you can target when building wheels. See: https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/#what-does-it-do"
+        )

    build_selector = options.globals.build_selector
    test_selector = options.globals.test_selector

+    if EnableGroup.CPythonExperimentalRiscV64 in build_selector.enable:
+        yield (
+            "'cpython-experimental-riscv64' enable is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. "
+            "It should be removed from tool.cibuildwheel.enable in pyproject.toml "
+            "or CIBW_ENABLE environment variable."
+        )
+
    all_valid_identifiers = [
        config.identifier
        for module in ALL_PLATFORM_MODULES.values()
@@ -417,27 +483,25 @@ def detect_warnings(*, options: Options, identifiers: Iterable[str]) -> list[str
        identifier for identifier in all_valid_identifiers if enabled_selector(identifier)
    ]

-    warnings += check_for_invalid_selectors(
+    yield from check_for_invalid_selectors(
        selector_name="build",
        selector_value=build_selector.build_config,
        all_valid_identifiers=all_valid_identifiers,
        all_enabled_identifiers=all_enabled_identifiers,
    )
-    warnings += check_for_invalid_selectors(
+    yield from check_for_invalid_selectors(
        selector_name="skip",
        selector_value=build_selector.skip_config,
        all_valid_identifiers=all_valid_identifiers,
        all_enabled_identifiers=all_enabled_identifiers,
    )
-    warnings += check_for_invalid_selectors(
+    yield from check_for_invalid_selectors(
        selector_name="test_skip",
        selector_value=test_selector.skip_config,
        all_valid_identifiers=all_valid_identifiers,
        all_enabled_identifiers=all_enabled_identifiers,
    )

-    return warnings
-

 def check_for_invalid_selectors(
    *,
@@ -449,17 +513,31 @@ def check_for_invalid_selectors(
    warnings = []

    for selector in selector_value.split():
-        if not any(selector_matches(selector, i) for i in all_enabled_identifiers):
+        selector_ = selector
+        if selector_name == "test_skip":
+            # macosx_universal2 uses an additional identifier for tests which ends with ":{arch}"
+            values = selector.split(":")
+            universal2_identifiers = filter(
+                lambda x: x.endswith("-macosx_universal2"), all_valid_identifiers
+            )
+            if len(values) == 2 and any(
+                selector_matches(selector_, f"{i}:{arch}")
+                for i in universal2_identifiers
+                for arch in ["arm64", "x86_64"]
+            ):
+                # just ignore the arch part in the rest of the check
+                selector_ = values[0]
+        if not any(selector_matches(selector_, i) for i in all_enabled_identifiers):
            msg = f"Invalid {selector_name} selector: {selector!r}. "
            error_type: type = errors.ConfigurationError

-            if any(selector_matches(selector, i) for i in all_valid_identifiers):
+            if any(selector_matches(selector_, i) for i in all_valid_identifiers):
                msg += "This selector matches a group that wasn't enabled. Enable it using the `enable` option or remove this selector. "

-            if "p2" in selector or "p35" in selector:
+            if "p2" in selector_ or "p35" in selector_:
                msg += f"cibuildwheel 3.x no longer supports Python < 3.8. Please use the 1.x series or update `{selector_name}`. "
                error_type = errors.DeprecationError
-            if "p36" in selector or "p37" in selector:
+            if "p36" in selector_ or "p37" in selector_:
                msg += f"cibuildwheel 3.x no longer supports Python < 3.8. Please use the 2.x series or update `{selector_name}`. "
                error_type = errors.DeprecationError

@@ -242,11 +242,11 @@ class Logger:
            github_summary = self._github_step_summary(duration=duration, options=options)
            Path(summary_path).write_text(filter_ansi_codes(github_summary), encoding="utf-8")

-        n = len(self.summary)
-        s = "s" if n > 1 else ""
+        n_wheels = len([info for info in self.summary if info.filename])
+        s = "s" if n_wheels > 1 else ""
        duration_str = humanize.naturaldelta(duration)
        print()
-        self._start_fold_group(f"{n} wheel{s} produced in {duration_str}")
+        self._start_fold_group(f"{n_wheels} wheel{s} produced in {duration_str}")
        for build_info in self.summary:
            print(" ", build_info)
        self._end_fold_group()
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ class Logger:
        n_wheels = len([b for b in self.summary if b.filename])
        wheel_rows = "\n".join(
            "<tr>"
-            f"<td nowrap>{'<samp>' + b.filename.name + '</samp>' if b.filename else '*Build only*'}</td>"
+            f"<td nowrap>{'<samp>' + b.filename.name + '</samp>' if b.filename else '*Test only*'}</td>"
            f"<td nowrap>{b.size or 'N/A'}</td>"
            f"<td nowrap><samp>{b.identifier}</samp></td>"
            f"<td nowrap>{humanize.naturaldelta(b.duration)}</td>"
@@ -36,6 +36,28 @@ class OCIPlatform(Enum):
    RISCV64 = "linux/riscv64"
    S390X = "linux/s390x"

+    @classmethod
+    def native(cls) -> "OCIPlatform":
+        """Return the current OCI platform, or raise ValueError if unknown."""
+        arch = platform.machine().lower()
+        mapping = {
+            "i386": cls.i386,
+            "i686": cls.i386,
+            "x86_64": cls.AMD64,
+            "amd64": cls.AMD64,
+            "armv7l": cls.ARMV7,
+            "aarch64": cls.ARM64,
+            "arm64": cls.ARM64,
+            "ppc64le": cls.PPC64LE,
+            "riscv64": cls.RISCV64,
+            "s390x": cls.S390X,
+        }
+        try:
+            return mapping[arch]
+        except KeyError as ex:
+            msg = f"Unsupported platform architecture: {arch}"
+            raise OSError(msg) from ex
+

@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
 class OCIContainerEngineConfig:
@@ -152,11 +174,19 @@ class OCIContainer:
    back to cibuildwheel.

    Example:
+        >>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(LINUX)
        >>> from cibuildwheel.oci_container import *  # NOQA
        >>> from cibuildwheel.options import _get_pinned_container_images
+        >>> import pytest
+        >>> try:
+        ...     oci_platform = OCIPlatform.native()
+        ... except OSError as ex:
+        ...     pytest.skip(str(ex))
+        >>> if oci_platform != OCIPlatform.AMD64:
+        ...     pytest.skip('only runs on amd64')
        >>> image = _get_pinned_container_images()['x86_64']['manylinux2014']
        >>> # Test the default container
-        >>> with OCIContainer(image=image) as self:
+        >>> with OCIContainer(image=image, oci_platform=oci_platform) as self:
        ...     self.call(["echo", "hello world"])
        ...     self.call(["cat", "/proc/1/cgroup"])
        ...     print(self.get_environment())
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ class CommandLineArguments:
    allow_empty: bool
    debug_traceback: bool
    enable: list[str]
+    clean_cache: bool

    @classmethod
    def defaults(cls) -> Self:
@@ -77,6 +78,7 @@ class CommandLineArguments:
            print_build_identifiers=False,
            debug_traceback=False,
            enable=[],
+            clean_cache=False,
        )


@@ -391,6 +393,7 @@ class OptionsReader:
    by the platform.

    Example:
+      >>> # xdoctest: +SKIP
      >>> options_reader = OptionsReader(config_file, platform='macos')
      >>> options_reader.get('cool-color')

@@ -657,7 +660,9 @@ class Options:
        )
        requires_python = None if requires_python_str is None else SpecifierSet(requires_python_str)

-        archs_config_str = args.archs or self.reader.get("archs", option_format=ListFormat(sep=" "))
+        archs_config_str = args.archs or self.reader.get(
+            "archs", option_format=ListFormat(sep=" "), ignore_empty=True
+        )
        architectures = Architecture.parse_config(archs_config_str, platform=self.platform)

        # Process `--only`
@@ -665,7 +670,7 @@ class Options:
            build_config = args.only
            skip_config = ""
            architectures = Architecture.all_archs(self.platform)
-            enable = set(EnableGroup)
+            enable |= EnableGroup.all_groups()

        build_selector = BuildSelector(
            build_config=build_config,
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import re
 import shlex
 import shutil
 import subprocess
+import sysconfig
 from collections.abc import Iterable, Iterator
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from os.path import relpath
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ from elftools.common.exceptions import ELFError
 from elftools.elf.elffile import ELFFile
 from filelock import FileLock

-from .. import errors, platforms
+from .. import errors, platforms  # pylint: disable=cyclic-import
 from ..architecture import Architecture, arch_synonym
 from ..frontend import get_build_frontend_extra_flags, parse_config_settings
 from ..logger import log
@@ -204,8 +205,8 @@ def setup_env(
    build_env = build_options.environment.as_dictionary(build_env)
    build_env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
    for command in ["python", "pip"]:
-        which = call("which", command, env=build_env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
-        if which != f"{venv_dir}/bin/{command}":
+        command_path = call("which", command, env=build_env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
+        if command_path != f"{venv_dir}/bin/{command}":
            msg = (
                f"{command} available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you "
                f"have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry "
@@ -273,11 +274,15 @@ def create_cmake_toolchain(
                set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_VERSION 1)

                # Tell CMake where to look for headers and libraries.
-                list(INSERT CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH 0 {python_dir}/prefix)
+                set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH "{python_dir}/prefix")
                set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PROGRAM NEVER)
                set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_LIBRARY ONLY)
                set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_INCLUDE ONLY)
-                set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PACKAGE ONLY)
+                set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PACKAGE BOTH)
+
+                # Allow CMake to run Python in the simulated Android environment when
+                # policy CMP0190 is active.
+                set(CMAKE_CROSSCOMPILING_EMULATOR /bin/sh -c [["$0" "$@"]])
                """
            ),
            file=toolchain_file,
@@ -507,17 +512,28 @@ def repair_default(
        new_soname = soname_with_hash(src_path)
        dst_path = libs_dir / new_soname
        shutil.copyfile(src_path, dst_path)
-        call("patchelf", "--set-soname", new_soname, dst_path)
+        call(which("patchelf"), "--set-soname", new_soname, dst_path)

        for path in paths_to_patch:
-            call("patchelf", "--replace-needed", old_soname, new_soname, path)
+            call(which("patchelf"), "--replace-needed", old_soname, new_soname, path)
            call(
-                "patchelf",
+                which("patchelf"),
                "--set-rpath",
                f"${{ORIGIN}}/{relpath(libs_dir, path.parent)}",
                path,
            )
-        call("wheel", "pack", unpacked_dir, "-d", repaired_wheel_dir)
+        call(which("wheel"), "pack", unpacked_dir, "-d", repaired_wheel_dir)
+
+
+# If cibuildwheel was called without activating its environment, its scripts directory
+# will not be on the PATH.
+def which(cmd: str) -> str:
+    scripts_dir = sysconfig.get_path("scripts")
+    result = shutil.which(cmd, path=scripts_dir + os.pathsep + os.environ["PATH"])
+    if result is None:
+        msg = f"Couldn't find {cmd!r} in {scripts_dir} or on the PATH"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    return result


 def elf_file_filter(paths: Iterable[Path]) -> Iterator[tuple[Path, ELFFile]]:
@@ -577,7 +593,7 @@ def test_wheel(state: BuildState, wheel: Path) -> None:
        site_packages_dir,
        f"{wheel}{state.options.test_extras}",
        *state.options.test_requires,
-        env=state.build_env,
+        env=state.android_env,
    )

    # Copy test-sources.
@@ -629,6 +645,7 @@ def test_wheel(state: BuildState, wheel: Path) -> None:
        site_packages_dir,
        "--cwd",
        cwd_dir,
+        *(["-v"] if state.options.build_verbosity > 0 else []),
        *test_args,
        env=state.build_env,
    )
@@ -284,9 +284,8 @@ def setup_python(
        "pip",
        "install",
        "--upgrade",
-        "auditwheel-emscripten",
-        "build[virtualenv]",
        "pyodide-build",
+        "build[virtualenv]",
        *constraint_flags(constraints_path),
        env=env,
    )
@@ -54,10 +54,17 @@ def get_nuget_args(
@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, kw_only=True)
 class PythonConfiguration:
    version: str
-    arch: str
    identifier: str
    url: str | None = None

+    @property
+    def arch(self) -> str:
+        return {
+            "win32": "32",
+            "win_amd64": "64",
+            "win_arm64": "ARM64",
+        }[self.identifier.split("-")[-1]]
+

 def all_python_configurations() -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
    config_dicts = resources.read_python_configs("windows")
@@ -332,11 +339,11 @@ def setup_python(
        setup_setuptools_cross_compile(tmp, python_configuration, python_libs_base, env)
        setup_rust_cross_compile(tmp, python_configuration, python_libs_base, env)

-    if implementation_id.startswith("gp"):
-        # GraalPy fails to discover compilers, setup the relevant environment
+    if implementation_id.startswith("gp311"):
+        # GraalPy 24 fails to discover compilers, setup the relevant environment
        # variables. Adapted from
        # https://github.com/microsoft/vswhere/wiki/Start-Developer-Command-Prompt
-        # Remove when https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/issues/492 is fixed.
+        # Remove when GraalPy 24.x is dropped.
        vcpath = call(
            Path(os.environ["PROGRAMFILES(X86)"])
            / "Microsoft Visual Studio"
@@ -446,15 +453,15 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                )

                if (
-                    config.identifier.startswith("gp")
+                    config.identifier.startswith("gp311")
                    and build_frontend.name == "build"
                    and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags
                    and "-n" not in extra_flags
                ):
-                    # GraalPy fails to discover its standard library when a venv is created
+                    # GraalPy 24 fails to discover its standard library when a venv is created
                    # from a virtualenv seeded executable. See
                    # https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/issues/491 and remove this once
-                    # fixed upstream.
+                    # GraalPy 24 is dropped.
                    log.notice(
                        "Disabling build isolation to workaround GraalPy bug. If the build fails, consider using pip or build[uv] as build frontend."
                    )
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ python_configurations = [
  { identifier = "pp310-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/pp310-pypy310_pp73" },
  { identifier = "pp311-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/pp311-pypy311_pp73" },
  { identifier = "gp311_242-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/graalpy311-graalpy242_311_native" },
+  { identifier = "gp312_250-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/graalpy312-graalpy250_312_native" },
  { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
  { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
  { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
@@ -73,6 +74,7 @@ python_configurations = [
  { identifier = "pp310-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/pp310-pypy310_pp73" },
  { identifier = "pp311-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/pp311-pypy311_pp73" },
  { identifier = "gp311_242-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/graalpy311-graalpy242_311_native" },
+  { identifier = "gp312_250-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/graalpy312-graalpy250_312_native" },
  { identifier = "pp38-manylinux_i686", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/pp38-pypy38_pp73" },
  { identifier = "pp39-manylinux_i686", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/pp39-pypy39_pp73" },
  { identifier = "pp310-manylinux_i686", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/pp310-pypy310_pp73" },
@@ -159,18 +161,18 @@ python_configurations = [
  { identifier = "cp312-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.10/python-3.12.10-macos11.pkg" },
  { identifier = "cp312-macosx_arm64", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.10/python-3.12.10-macos11.pkg" },
  { identifier = "cp312-macosx_universal2", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.10/python-3.12.10-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.5/python-3.13.5-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.5/python-3.13.5-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.5/python-3.13.5-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.5/python-3.13.5-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.5/python-3.13.5-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.5/python-3.13.5-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc1-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_arm64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc1-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_universal2", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc1-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc1-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_arm64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc1-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_universal2", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc1-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.7/python-3.13.7-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.7/python-3.13.7-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.7/python-3.13.7-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.7/python-3.13.7-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.7/python-3.13.7-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.7/python-3.13.7-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc3-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_arm64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc3-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_universal2", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc3-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc3-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_arm64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc3-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_universal2", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc3-macos11.pkg" },
  { identifier = "pp38-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.8", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
  { identifier = "pp38-macosx_arm64", version = "3.8", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
  { identifier = "pp39-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.9", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.16-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
@@ -181,61 +183,66 @@ python_configurations = [
  { identifier = "pp311-macosx_arm64", version = "3.11", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.11-v7.3.20-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
  { identifier = "gp311_242-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.11", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-24.2.2/graalpy-24.2.2-macos-amd64.tar.gz" },
  { identifier = "gp311_242-macosx_arm64", version = "3.11", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-24.2.2/graalpy-24.2.2-macos-aarch64.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "gp312_250-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.12", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-25.0.0/graalpy-25.0.0-macos-amd64.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "gp312_250-macosx_arm64", version = "3.12", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-25.0.0/graalpy-25.0.0-macos-aarch64.tar.gz" },
 ]

 [windows]
 python_configurations = [
-  { identifier = "cp38-win32", version = "3.8.10", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp38-win_amd64", version = "3.8.10", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp39-win32", version = "3.9.13", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp39-win_amd64", version = "3.9.13", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp310-win32", version = "3.10.11", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp310-win_amd64", version = "3.10.11", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp311-win32", version = "3.11.9", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp311-win_amd64", version = "3.11.9", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp312-win32", version = "3.12.10", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp312-win_amd64", version = "3.12.10", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-win32", version = "3.13.5", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-win32", version = "3.13.5", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-win_amd64", version = "3.13.5", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-win_amd64", version = "3.13.5", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-win32", version = "3.14.0-rc1", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp314t-win32", version = "3.14.0-rc1", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-win_amd64", version = "3.14.0-rc1", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp314t-win_amd64", version = "3.14.0-rc1", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp39-win_arm64", version = "3.9.10", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp310-win_arm64", version = "3.10.11", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp311-win_arm64", version = "3.11.9", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp312-win_arm64", version = "3.12.10", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-win_arm64", version = "3.13.5", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-win_arm64", version = "3.13.5", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-win_arm64", version = "3.14.0-rc1", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp314t-win_arm64", version = "3.14.0-rc1", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "pp38-win_amd64", version = "3.8", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-win64.zip" },
-  { identifier = "pp39-win_amd64", version = "3.9", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.16-win64.zip" },
-  { identifier = "pp310-win_amd64", version = "3.10", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.19-win64.zip" },
-  { identifier = "pp311-win_amd64", version = "3.11", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.11-v7.3.20-win64.zip" },
-  { identifier = "gp311_242-win_amd64", version = "3.11", arch = "64", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-24.2.2/graalpy-24.2.2-windows-amd64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-win32", version = "3.8.10" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-win_amd64", version = "3.8.10" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-win32", version = "3.9.13" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-win_amd64", version = "3.9.13" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-win32", version = "3.10.11" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-win_amd64", version = "3.10.11" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-win32", version = "3.11.9" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-win_amd64", version = "3.11.9" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-win32", version = "3.12.10" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-win_amd64", version = "3.12.10" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-win32", version = "3.13.7" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-win32", version = "3.13.7" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-win_amd64", version = "3.13.7" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-win_amd64", version = "3.13.7" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-win32", version = "3.14.0-rc3" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-win32", version = "3.14.0-rc3" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-win_amd64", version = "3.14.0-rc3" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-win_amd64", version = "3.14.0-rc3" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-win_arm64", version = "3.9.10" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-win_arm64", version = "3.10.11" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-win_arm64", version = "3.11.9" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-win_arm64", version = "3.12.10" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-win_arm64", version = "3.13.7" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-win_arm64", version = "3.13.7" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-win_arm64", version = "3.14.0-rc3" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-win_arm64", version = "3.14.0-rc3" },
+  { identifier = "pp38-win_amd64", version = "3.8", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-win64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "pp39-win_amd64", version = "3.9", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.16-win64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "pp310-win_amd64", version = "3.10", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.19-win64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "pp311-win_amd64", version = "3.11", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.11-v7.3.20-win64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "gp311_242-win_amd64", version = "3.11", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-24.2.2/graalpy-24.2.2-windows-amd64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "gp312_250-win_amd64", version = "3.12", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-25.0.0/graalpy-25.0.0-windows-amd64.zip" },
 ]

 [pyodide]
 python_configurations = [
  { identifier = "cp312-pyodide_wasm32", version = "3.12", default_pyodide_version = "0.27.7", node_version = "v22" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-pyodide_wasm32", version = "3.13", default_pyodide_version = "0.28.0", node_version = "v22" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-pyodide_wasm32", version = "3.13", default_pyodide_version = "0.28.2", node_version = "v22" },
 ]

 [android]
 python_configurations = [
-  { identifier = "cp313-android_arm64_v8a", version = "3.13", url = "https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/chaquo/python/python/3.13.5+20250722.214220/python-3.13.5+20250722.214220-aarch64-linux-android.tar.gz" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-android_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/chaquo/python/python/3.13.5+20250722.214220/python-3.13.5+20250722.214220-x86_64-linux-android.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-android_arm64_v8a", version = "3.13", url = "https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/chaquo/python/python/3.13.7/python-3.13.7-aarch64-linux-android.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-android_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/chaquo/python/python/3.13.7/python-3.13.7-x86_64-linux-android.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-android_arm64_v8a", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc3-aarch64-linux-android.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-android_x86_64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc3-x86_64-linux-android.tar.gz" },
 ]

 [ios]
 python_configurations = [
-  { identifier = "cp313-ios_arm64_iphoneos", version = "3.13", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.13-b9/Python-3.13-iOS-support.b9.tar.gz" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.13", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.13-b9/Python-3.13-iOS-support.b9.tar.gz" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.13", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.13-b9/Python-3.13-iOS-support.b9.tar.gz" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-ios_arm64_iphoneos", version = "3.14", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.14-b5/Python-3.14-iOS-support.b5.tar.gz" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.14", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.14-b5/Python-3.14-iOS-support.b5.tar.gz" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.14", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.14-b5/Python-3.14-iOS-support.b5.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-ios_arm64_iphoneos", version = "3.13", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.13-b10/Python-3.13-iOS-support.b10.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.13", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.13-b10/Python-3.13-iOS-support.b10.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.13", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.13-b10/Python-3.13-iOS-support.b10.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-ios_arm64_iphoneos", version = "3.14", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.14-b6/Python-3.14-iOS-support.b6.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.14", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.14-b6/Python-3.14-iOS-support.b6.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.14", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.14-b6/Python-3.14-iOS-support.b6.tar.gz" },
 ]
@@ -2,20 +2,20 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 annotated-types==0.7.0
    # via pydantic
-anyio==4.9.0
+anyio==4.10.0
    # via httpx
-auditwheel-emscripten==0.1.0
+auditwheel-emscripten==0.2.0
    # via pyodide-build
 build==1.2.2.post1
    # via
    #   -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
    #   pyodide-build
-certifi==2025.7.14
+certifi==2025.8.3
    # via
    #   httpcore
    #   httpx
    #   requests
-charset-normalizer==3.4.2
+charset-normalizer==3.4.3
    # via requests
 click==8.1.8
    # via
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ click==8.1.8
    #   typer
 distlib==0.4.0
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
+filelock==3.19.1
    # via virtualenv
 h11==0.16.0
    # via httpcore
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ idna==3.10
    #   requests
 leb128==1.0.8
    # via auditwheel-emscripten
-markdown-it-py==3.0.0
+markdown-it-py==4.0.0
    # via rich
 mdurl==0.1.2
    # via markdown-it-py
@@ -48,13 +48,13 @@ packaging==25.0
    #   build
    #   pyodide-build
    #   unearth
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==25.2
    # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
-platformdirs==4.3.8
+platformdirs==4.4.0
    # via
    #   pyodide-build
    #   virtualenv
-pydantic==2.11.7
+pydantic==2.11.9
    # via
    #   pyodide-build
    #   pyodide-lock
@@ -62,26 +62,26 @@ pydantic-core==2.33.2
    # via pydantic
 pygments==2.19.2
    # via rich
-pyodide-build==0.30.5
+pyodide-build==0.30.7
    # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
-pyodide-cli==0.3.0
+pyodide-cli==0.4.0
    # via
    #   auditwheel-emscripten
    #   pyodide-build
-pyodide-lock==0.1.0a7
+pyodide-lock==0.1.0
    # via pyodide-build
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
-requests==2.32.4
+requests==2.32.5
    # via pyodide-build
 resolvelib==1.2.0
    # via pyodide-build
-rich==14.0.0
+rich==14.1.0
    # via
    #   pyodide-build
    #   pyodide-cli
    #   typer
-ruamel-yaml==0.18.14
+ruamel-yaml==0.18.15
    # via pyodide-build
 ruamel-yaml-clib==0.2.12
    # via ruamel-yaml
@@ -89,12 +89,12 @@ shellingham==1.5.4
    # via typer
 sniffio==1.3.1
    # via anyio
-typer==0.16.0
+typer==0.19.1
    # via
    #   auditwheel-emscripten
    #   pyodide-build
    #   pyodide-cli
-typing-extensions==4.14.1
+typing-extensions==4.15.0
    # via
    #   anyio
    #   pydantic
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ unearth==0.17.5
    # via pyodide-build
 urllib3==2.5.0
    # via requests
-virtualenv==20.32.0
+virtualenv==20.34.0
    # via
    #   build
    #   pyodide-build
@@ -2,20 +2,20 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 annotated-types==0.7.0
    # via pydantic
-anyio==4.9.0
+anyio==4.10.0
    # via httpx
-auditwheel-emscripten==0.1.0
+auditwheel-emscripten==0.2.0
    # via pyodide-build
 build==1.2.2.post1
    # via
    #   -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
    #   pyodide-build
-certifi==2025.7.14
+certifi==2025.8.3
    # via
    #   httpcore
    #   httpx
    #   requests
-charset-normalizer==3.4.2
+charset-normalizer==3.4.3
    # via requests
 click==8.1.8
    # via
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ click==8.1.8
    #   typer
 distlib==0.4.0
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
+filelock==3.19.1
    # via virtualenv
 h11==0.16.0
    # via httpcore
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ idna==3.10
    #   requests
 leb128==1.0.8
    # via auditwheel-emscripten
-markdown-it-py==3.0.0
+markdown-it-py==4.0.0
    # via rich
 mdurl==0.1.2
    # via markdown-it-py
@@ -48,13 +48,13 @@ packaging==25.0
    #   build
    #   pyodide-build
    #   unearth
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==25.2
    # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
-platformdirs==4.3.8
+platformdirs==4.4.0
    # via
    #   pyodide-build
    #   virtualenv
-pydantic==2.11.7
+pydantic==2.11.9
    # via
    #   pyodide-build
    #   pyodide-lock
@@ -62,26 +62,26 @@ pydantic-core==2.33.2
    # via pydantic
 pygments==2.19.2
    # via rich
-pyodide-build==0.30.5
+pyodide-build==0.30.7
    # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
-pyodide-cli==0.3.0
+pyodide-cli==0.4.0
    # via
    #   auditwheel-emscripten
    #   pyodide-build
-pyodide-lock==0.1.0a7
+pyodide-lock==0.1.0
    # via pyodide-build
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
-requests==2.32.4
+requests==2.32.5
    # via pyodide-build
 resolvelib==1.2.0
    # via pyodide-build
-rich==14.0.0
+rich==14.1.0
    # via
    #   pyodide-build
    #   pyodide-cli
    #   typer
-ruamel-yaml==0.18.14
+ruamel-yaml==0.18.15
    # via pyodide-build
 ruamel-yaml-clib==0.2.12
    # via ruamel-yaml
@@ -89,12 +89,12 @@ shellingham==1.5.4
    # via typer
 sniffio==1.3.1
    # via anyio
-typer==0.16.0
+typer==0.19.1
    # via
    #   auditwheel-emscripten
    #   pyodide-build
    #   pyodide-cli
-typing-extensions==4.14.1
+typing-extensions==4.15.0
    # via
    #   pydantic
    #   pydantic-core
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ unearth==0.17.5
    # via pyodide-build
 urllib3==2.5.0
    # via requests
-virtualenv==20.32.0
+virtualenv==20.34.0
    # via
    #   build
    #   pyodide-build
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
    # via macholib
-build==1.2.2.post1
+build==1.3.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 distlib==0.4.0
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
+filelock==3.19.1
    # via virtualenv
 importlib-metadata==8.7.0
    # via build
@@ -18,17 +18,19 @@ packaging==25.0
    # via
    #   build
    #   delocate
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==25.2
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.3.8
+platformdirs==4.4.0
    # via virtualenv
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
 tomli==2.2.1
    # via build
-typing-extensions==4.14.1
-    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.32.0
+typing-extensions==4.15.0
+    # via
+    #   delocate
+    #   virtualenv
+virtualenv==20.34.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 zipp==3.23.0
    # via importlib-metadata
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
    # via macholib
-build==1.2.2.post1
+build==1.3.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 distlib==0.4.0
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
+filelock==3.19.1
    # via virtualenv
 macholib==1.16.3
    # via delocate
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ packaging==25.0
    # via
    #   build
    #   delocate
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==25.2
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.3.8
+platformdirs==4.4.0
    # via virtualenv
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
-typing-extensions==4.14.1
+typing-extensions==4.15.0
    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.32.0
+virtualenv==20.34.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
    # via macholib
-build==1.2.2.post1
+build==1.3.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 distlib==0.4.0
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
+filelock==3.19.1
    # via virtualenv
 macholib==1.16.3
    # via delocate
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ packaging==25.0
    # via
    #   build
    #   delocate
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==25.2
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.3.8
+platformdirs==4.4.0
    # via virtualenv
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
-typing-extensions==4.14.1
+typing-extensions==4.15.0
    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.32.0
+virtualenv==20.34.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
    # via macholib
-build==1.2.2.post1
+build==1.3.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 distlib==0.4.0
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
+filelock==3.19.1
    # via virtualenv
 macholib==1.16.3
    # via delocate
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ packaging==25.0
    # via
    #   build
    #   delocate
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==25.2
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.3.8
+platformdirs==4.4.0
    # via virtualenv
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
-typing-extensions==4.14.1
+typing-extensions==4.15.0
    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.32.0
+virtualenv==20.34.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
    # via macholib
-build==1.2.2.post1
+build==1.3.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 distlib==0.4.0
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
+filelock==3.19.1
    # via virtualenv
 macholib==1.16.3
    # via delocate
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ packaging==25.0
    # via
    #   build
    #   delocate
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==25.2
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.3.8
+platformdirs==4.4.0
    # via virtualenv
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
-typing-extensions==4.14.1
+typing-extensions==4.15.0
    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.32.0
+virtualenv==20.34.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
@@ -27,8 +27,10 @@ pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
 tomli==2.2.1
    # via build
 typing-extensions==4.13.2
-    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.32.0
+    # via
+    #   delocate
+    #   virtualenv
+virtualenv==20.34.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 zipp==3.20.2
    # via importlib-metadata
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
    # via macholib
-build==1.2.2.post1
+build==1.3.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 distlib==0.4.0
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
+filelock==3.19.1
    # via virtualenv
 importlib-metadata==8.7.0
    # via build
@@ -18,17 +18,19 @@ packaging==25.0
    # via
    #   build
    #   delocate
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==25.2
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.3.8
+platformdirs==4.4.0
    # via virtualenv
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
 tomli==2.2.1
    # via build
-typing-extensions==4.14.1
-    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.32.0
+typing-extensions==4.15.0
+    # via
+    #   delocate
+    #   virtualenv
+virtualenv==20.34.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 zipp==3.23.0
    # via importlib-metadata
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
    # via macholib
-build==1.2.2.post1
+build==1.3.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 distlib==0.4.0
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
+filelock==3.19.1
    # via virtualenv
 macholib==1.16.3
    # via delocate
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ packaging==25.0
    # via
    #   build
    #   delocate
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==25.2
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.3.8
+platformdirs==4.4.0
    # via virtualenv
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
-typing-extensions==4.14.1
+typing-extensions==4.15.0
    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.32.0
+virtualenv==20.34.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 url = "https://nodejs.org/dist/"
-v22 = "v22.17.1"
-v20 = "v20.19.4"
+v22 = "v22.19.0"
+v20 = "v20.19.5"
@@ -1,53 +1,52 @@
 [x86_64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2025.07.23-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2025.07.23-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_x86_64:2025.07.23-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64:2025.07.23-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2025.09.19-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2025.09.19-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_x86_64:2025.09.19-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64:2025.09.19-1

 [i686]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2025.07.23-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686:2025.07.23-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_i686:2025.07.23-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686:2025.07.23-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2025.09.19-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686:2025.09.19-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_i686:2025.09.19-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686:2025.09.19-1

 [aarch64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2025.07.23-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2025.07.23-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_aarch64:2025.07.23-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_aarch64:2025.07.23-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2025.09.19-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2025.09.19-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_aarch64:2025.09.19-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_aarch64:2025.09.19-1

 [ppc64le]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le:2025.07.23-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_ppc64le:2025.07.23-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_ppc64le:2025.07.23-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_ppc64le:2025.07.23-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le:2025.09.19-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_ppc64le:2025.09.19-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_ppc64le:2025.09.19-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_ppc64le:2025.09.19-1

 [s390x]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x:2025.07.23-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_s390x:2025.07.23-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_s390x:2025.07.23-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_s390x:2025.07.23-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x:2025.09.19-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_s390x:2025.09.19-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_s390x:2025.09.19-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_s390x:2025.09.19-1

 [pypy_x86_64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2025.07.23-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2025.07.23-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_x86_64:2025.07.23-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2025.09.19-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2025.09.19-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_x86_64:2025.09.19-1

 [pypy_i686]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2025.07.23-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686:2025.07.23-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_i686:2025.07.23-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2025.09.19-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686:2025.09.19-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_i686:2025.09.19-1

 [pypy_aarch64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2025.07.23-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2025.07.23-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_aarch64:2025.07.23-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2025.09.19-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2025.09.19-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_aarch64:2025.09.19-1

 [armv7l]
-manylinux_2_31 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_31_armv7l:2025.07.23-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_armv7l:2025.07.23-1
+manylinux_2_31 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_31_armv7l:2025.09.19-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_armv7l:2025.09.19-1

 [riscv64]
-manylinux_2_39 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_39_riscv64:2025.07.23-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_riscv64:2025.07.23-1
-
+manylinux_2_39 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_39_riscv64:2025.09.19-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_riscv64:2025.09.19-1
@@ -1,455 +1,479 @@
 {
  "releases": [
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+      "tag": "20250918",
      "assets": [
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+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250918-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250918/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250918-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
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+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250918-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250918/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250918-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
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+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250918-aarch64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
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-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250712/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250712-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.0rc3+20250918-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250918/cpython-3.14.0rc3%2B20250918-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
        },
        {
-          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250712-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250712/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250712-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.0rc3+20250918-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250918/cpython-3.14.0rc3%2B20250918-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
        },
        {
-          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250712-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250712/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250712-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250918-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250918/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250918-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
        },
        {
-          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250712-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250712/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250712-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250918-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250918/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250918-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
        },
        {
-          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250712-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250712/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250712-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250918-aarch64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250918/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250918-aarch64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
        },
        {
-          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250712-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250712/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250712-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250918-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250918/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250918-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz"
        },
        {
-          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250712-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250712/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250712-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250918-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250918/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250918-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz"
        },
        {
-          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250712-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250712/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250712-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250918-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250918/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250918-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
        },
        {
-          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250712-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250712/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250712-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250918-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250918/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250918-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
        },
        {
-          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250712-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250712/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250712-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250918-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250918/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250918-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
        },
        {
-          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250712-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250712/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250712-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250918-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250918/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250918-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
        },
        {
-          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250712-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250712/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250712-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250918-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250918/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250918-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
        },
        {
-          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250712-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250712/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250712-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250918-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250918/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250918-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
        },
        {
-          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250712-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250712/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250712-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250918-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250918/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250918-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
        },
        {
-          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250712-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250712/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250712-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250918-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250918/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250918-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250918-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250918/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250918-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250918-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250918/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250918-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250918-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250918/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250918-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250918-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250918/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250918-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250918-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250918/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250918-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250918-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250918/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250918-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
        }
      ]
    }
@@ -1 +1 @@
-default = { version = "20.32.0", url = "https://github.com/pypa/get-virtualenv/blob/20.32.0/public/virtualenv.pyz?raw=true" }
+default = { version = "20.34.0", url = "https://github.com/pypa/get-virtualenv/releases/download/20.34.0/virtualenv.pyz" }
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class EnableGroup(StrEnum):

    @classmethod
    def all_groups(cls) -> frozenset["EnableGroup"]:
-        return frozenset(cls)
+        return frozenset(set(cls) - {cls.CPythonExperimentalRiscV64})

    @classmethod
    def parse_option_value(cls, value: str) -> frozenset["EnableGroup"]:
@@ -89,13 +89,11 @@ class BuildSelector:
            return False
        if EnableGroup.CPythonPrerelease not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "cp315*"):
            return False
-        if EnableGroup.PyPy not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "pp31*"):
+        is_pypy_eol = fnmatch(build_id, "pp3?-*") or fnmatch(build_id, "pp310-*")
+        is_pypy = fnmatch(build_id, "pp*") and not is_pypy_eol
+        if EnableGroup.PyPy not in self.enable and is_pypy:
            return False
-        if EnableGroup.PyPyEoL not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "pp3?-*"):
-            return False
-        if EnableGroup.CPythonExperimentalRiscV64 not in self.enable and fnmatch(
-            build_id, "*_riscv64"
-        ):
+        if EnableGroup.PyPyEoL not in self.enable and is_pypy_eol:
            return False
        if EnableGroup.GraalPy not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "gp*"):
            return False
@@ -20,6 +20,26 @@ CIBW_CACHE_PATH: Final[Path] = Path(
 ).resolve()


+def ensure_cache_sentinel(cache_path: Path) -> None:
+    """Create a sentinel file to mark a cibuildwheel cache directory.
+
+    We help prevent accidental deletion of non-cache directories with this.
+
+    Args:
+        cache_path: The cache directory path where the sentinel should be created
+    """
+    if cache_path.exists():
+        sentinel_file = cache_path / "CACHEDIR.TAG"
+        if not sentinel_file.exists():
+            sentinel_file.write_text(
+                "Signature: 8a477f597d28d172789f06886806bc55\n"
+                "# This file is a cache directory tag created by cibuildwheel.\n"
+                "# For information about cache directory tags, see:\n"
+                "# https://www.brynosaurus.com/cachedir/",
+                encoding="utf-8",
+            )
+
+
 def download(url: str, dest: Path) -> None:
    print(f"+ Download {url} to {dest}")
    dest_dir = dest.parent
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ def format_safe(template: str, **kwargs: str | os.PathLike[str]) -> str:
    >>> format_safe('{a} {b[4]:3f}', a='123')
    '123 {b[4]:3f}'

-    To avoid variable expansion, precede with a single backslash e.g.
-    >>> format_safe('\\{a} {b}', a='123')
+    To avoid variable expansion, precede with a single hash e.g.
+    >>> format_safe('#{a} {b}', a='123')
    '{a} {b}'
    """

@@ -143,6 +143,8 @@ def virtualenv(
    venv_env["VIRTUAL_ENV"] = str(venv_path)
    if not use_uv and pip_version == "embed":
        call(
+            "python",
+            "-m",
            "pip",
            "install",
            "--upgrade",
@@ -4,6 +4,66 @@ title: Changelog

 # Changelog

+### v3.2.0
+
+_22 September 2025_
+
+- ✨ Adds GraalPy v25 (Python 3.12) support (#2597)
+- 🛠 Update to CPython 3.14.0rc3 (#2602)
+- 🛠 Adds CPython 3.14.0 prerelease support for Android, and a number of improvements to Android builds (#2568, #2591)
+- 🛠 Improvements to testing on Android, passing environment markers when installing the venv, and providing more debug output when build-verbosity is set (#2575)
+- ⚠️ PyPy 3.10 was moved to `pypy-eol` in the `enable` option, as it is now end-of-life. (#2521)
+- 📚 Docs improvements (#2574, #2601, #2598)
+
+### v3.1.4
+
+_19 August 2025_
+
+- ✨ Add a `--clean-cache` command to clean up our cache (#2489)
+- 🛠 Update Python to 3.14rc2 and other patch version bumps (#2542, #2556)
+- 🛠 Update Pyodide to 0.28.2 (#2562, #2558)
+- 🐛 Fix resolution with `pyodide-build` when `dependency-versions` is set (#2548)
+- 🐛 Set `CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PACKAGE` to `BOTH` on Android (#2547)
+- 🐛 Add `patchelf` dependency for platforms that can build Android wheels (#2552)
+- 🐛 Ignore empty values for `CIBW_ARCHS` like most other environment variables (#2541)
+- 💼 The `color` and `suggest_on_error` argparse options are now default in 3.14rc1+ (#2554)
+- 💼 Use the virtualenv release URL instead of blob URL (should be more robust) (#2555)
+- 🧪 For iOS, lowering to macos-14 is needed for now due to issues with GitHub's runner images (#2557)
+- 🧪 Split out platforms iOS and Android in our tests (#2519)
+- 🧪 Fix and enable doctests (#2546)
+- 📚 Improve our docs on free-threading (#2549)
+
+
+### v3.1.3
+
+_1 August 2025_
+
+- 🐛 Fix bug where "latest" dependencies couldn't update to pip 25.2 on Windows (#2537)
+- 🧪 Use pytest-rerunfailures to improve some of our iOS/Android tests (#2527, #2539)
+- 🧪 Remove some GraalPy Windows workarounds in our tests (#2501)
+
+
+### v3.1.2
+
+_29 July 2025_
+
+- ⚠️  Add an error if `CIBW_FREE_THREADING_SUPPORT` is set; you are likely missing 3.13t wheels, please use the `enable`/`CIBW_ENABLE` (#2520)
+- 🛠 `riscv64` now enabled if you target that architecture, it's now supported on PyPI (#2509)
+- 🛠 Add warning when using `cpython-experimental-riscv64` (no longer needed) (#2526, #2528)
+- 🛠 iOS versions bumped, fixing issues with 3.14 (now RC 1) (#2530)
+- 🐛 Fix bug in Android running wheel from our GitHub Action (#2517)
+- 🐛 Fix warning when using `test-skip` of `"*-macosx_universal2:arm64"` (#2522)
+- 🐛 Fix incorrect number of wheels reported in logs, again (#2517)
+- 📚 We welcome our Android platform maintainer (#2516)
+
+
+### v3.1.1
+
+_24 July 2025_
+
+- 🐛 Fix a bug showing an incorrect wheel count at the end of execution, and misrepresenting test-only runs in the GitHub Action summary (#2512)
+- 📚 Docs fix (#2510)
+
 ### v3.1.0

 _23 July 2025_
@@ -18,7 +78,7 @@ _23 July 2025_
 - 🛠 Fixed a typo in the 3.9 MUSL riscv64 identifier (`cp39-musllinux_ricv64` -> `cp39-musllinux_riscv64`) (#2490)
 - 🛠 Mistyping `--only` now shows the correct possibilities, and even suggests near matches on Python 3.14+ (#2499)
 - 🛠 Only support one output from the repair step on linux like other platforms; auditwheel fixed this over four years ago! (#2478)
- 🛠 We now use pattern matching extensively (#2434)
+- 💼 We now use pattern matching extensively (#2434)
 - 📚 We now have platform maintainers for our special platforms and interpreters! (#2481)


@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ cibuildwheel to run tests, add the following YAML to your CI config file:
 You can configure cibuildwheel with a config file, such as `pyproject.toml`.
 Options have the same names as the environment variable overrides, but are
 placed in `[tool.cibuildwheel]` and are lower case, with dashes, following
-common [TOML][https://toml.io] practice. Anything placed in subsections `linux`, `windows`,
+common [TOML](https://toml.io) practice. Anything placed in subsections `linux`, `windows`,
 `macos`, or `pyodide` will only affect those platforms. Lists can be used
 instead of strings for items that are naturally a list. Multiline strings also
 work just like in the environment variables. Environment variables will take
@@ -112,7 +112,8 @@ The complete set of defaults for the current version of cibuildwheel are shown b

 One feature specific to the configuration files is the ability to override
 settings based on selectors. To use, add a ``tool.cibuildwheel.overrides``
-array, and specify a ``select`` string. Then any options you set will only
+array, and specify a ``select`` string, referencing the [build identifier](options.md#build-skip) (not wheel name!).
+Then any options you set will only
 apply to items that match that selector. These are applied in order, with later
 matches overriding earlier ones if multiple selectors match. Environment
 variables always override static configuration.
@@ -120,9 +121,11 @@ variables always override static configuration.
 A few of the options below have special handling in overrides. A different
 `before-all` will trigger a new container to launch on Linux, and cannot be
 overridden on macOS or Windows.  Overriding the image on linux will also
-trigger new containers, one per image. Some commands are not supported;
-`output-dir`, build/skip/test_skip selectors, and architectures cannot be
-overridden.
+trigger new containers, one per image.
+
+!!! note "Some commands are not supported"
+
+    The ``output-dir``, ``build``, ``skip``, ``test_skip`` selectors, and architectures cannot be overridden.

 You can specify a table of overrides in `inherit={}`, any list or table in this
 list will inherit from previous overrides or the main configuration. The valid
@@ -664,3 +664,10 @@
  os: [apple, linux, windows]
  pypi: streaming-form-data
  notes: Streaming parser for multipart/form-data written in Cython
+
+- name: falcon
+  gh: falconry/falcon
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+  pypi: falcon
+  notes: Falcon is a no-magic ASGI/WSGI API and microservices framework; it uses cibuildwheel for (optional) Cython extensions.
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ GitHub actions has pipx in all the runners as a supported package manager, as we
    name: Make SDist
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
      with:
        fetch-depth: 0  # Optional, use if you use setuptools_scm
        submodules: true  # Optional, use if you have submodules
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ Then, you need to publish the artifacts that the previous jobs have built. This
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    if: github.event_name == 'release' && github.event.action == 'published'
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v5
      with:
        pattern: cibw-*
        path: dist
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ There are two suggested methods for keeping cibuildwheel up to date that instead
 If you use GitHub Actions for builds, you can use cibuildwheel as an action:

 ```yaml
-uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.1.0
+uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.2.0
 ```

 This is a composite step that just runs cibuildwheel using pipx. You can set command-line options as `with:` parameters, and use `env:` as normal.
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ The second option, and the only one that supports other CI systems, is using a `

 ```bash
 # requirements-cibw.txt
-cibuildwheel==3.1.0
+cibuildwheel==3.2.0
 ```

 Then your install step would have `python -m pip install -r requirements-cibw.txt` in it. Your `.github/dependabot.yml` file could look like this:
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ Solutions to this vary, but the simplest is to use pipx:
 # most runners have pipx preinstalled, but in case you don't
 python3 -m pip install pipx

-pipx run cibuildwheel==3.1.0 --output-dir wheelhouse
+pipx run cibuildwheel==3.2.0 --output-dir wheelhouse
 pipx run twine upload wheelhouse/*.whl
 ```

@@ -60,22 +60,22 @@ When setting the options, you can use shell-style globbing syntax, as per [fnmat
 | Python 3.11   | cp311-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp311-macosx_universal2<br/>cp311-macosx_arm64 | cp311-win_amd64<br/>cp311-win32<br/>cp311-win_arm64 | cp311-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp311-manylinux_i686<br/>cp311-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp311-musllinux_i686 | cp311-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp311-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp311-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp311-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp311-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp311-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp311-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp311-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp311-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp311-musllinux_riscv64 |                                                  |                                                                                                   |                      |
 | Python 3.12   | cp312-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp312-macosx_universal2<br/>cp312-macosx_arm64 | cp312-win_amd64<br/>cp312-win32<br/>cp312-win_arm64 | cp312-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp312-manylinux_i686<br/>cp312-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp312-musllinux_i686 | cp312-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp312-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp312-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp312-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp312-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp312-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp312-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp312-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp312-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp312-musllinux_riscv64 |                                                  |                                                                                                   | cp312-pyodide_wasm32 |
 | Python 3.13   | cp313-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp313-macosx_universal2<br/>cp313-macosx_arm64 | cp313-win_amd64<br/>cp313-win32<br/>cp313-win_arm64 | cp313-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp313-manylinux_i686<br/>cp313-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp313-musllinux_i686 | cp313-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp313-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp313-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp313-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp313-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp313-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp313-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp313-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp313-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp313-musllinux_riscv64 | cp313-android_arm64_v8a<br/>cp313-android_x86_64 | cp313-ios_arm64_iphoneos<br/>cp313-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator<br/>cp313-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator | cp313-pyodide_wasm32 |
-| Python 3.14   | cp314-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp314-macosx_universal2<br/>cp314-macosx_arm64 | cp314-win_amd64<br/>cp314-win32<br/>cp314-win_arm64 | cp314-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp314-manylinux_i686<br/>cp314-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp314-musllinux_i686 | cp314-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp314-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp314-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp314-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp314-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp314-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp314-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp314-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp314-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp314-musllinux_riscv64 | cp314-ios_arm64_iphoneos<br/>cp314-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator<br/>cp314-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator |                      |
+| Python 3.14   | cp314-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp314-macosx_universal2<br/>cp314-macosx_arm64 | cp314-win_amd64<br/>cp314-win32<br/>cp314-win_arm64 | cp314-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp314-manylinux_i686<br/>cp314-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp314-musllinux_i686 | cp314-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp314-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp314-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp314-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp314-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp314-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp314-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp314-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp314-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp314-musllinux_riscv64 | cp314-android_arm64_v8a<br/>cp314-android_x86_64 | cp314-ios_arm64_iphoneos<br/>cp314-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator<br/>cp314-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator |                      |
 | PyPy3.8 v7.3  | pp38-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp38-macosx_arm64                               | pp38-win_amd64                                      | pp38-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp38-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp38-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |                                                  |                                                                                                   |                      |
 | PyPy3.9 v7.3  | pp39-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp39-macosx_arm64                               | pp39-win_amd64                                      | pp39-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp39-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp39-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |                                                  |                                                                                                   |                      |
 | PyPy3.10 v7.3 | pp310-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp310-macosx_arm64                             | pp310-win_amd64                                     | pp310-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp310-manylinux_i686                                                     | pp310-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |                                                  |                                                                                                   |                      |
 | PyPy3.11 v7.3 | pp311-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp311-macosx_arm64                             | pp311-win_amd64                                     | pp311-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp311-manylinux_i686                                                     | pp311-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |                                                  |                                                                                                   |                      |
 | GraalPy 3.11 v24.2 | gp311_242-macosx_x86_64<br/>gp311_242-macosx_arm64                             | gp311_242-win_amd64                                     | gp311_242-manylinux_x86_64                                                                              | gp311_242-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |                                                                                                   |                      |
+| GraalPy 3.12 v25.0 | gp312_250-macosx_x86_64<br/>gp312_250-macosx_arm64                             | gp312_250-win_amd64                                     | gp312_250-manylinux_x86_64                                                                              | gp312_250-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |                                                                                                   |                      |

 The list of supported and currently selected build identifiers can also be retrieved by passing the `--print-build-identifiers` flag to cibuildwheel.
 The format is `python_tag-platform_tag`, with tags similar to those in [PEP 425](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0425/#details).

 Windows arm64 platform support is experimental.
-Linux riscv64 platform support is experimental and requires an explicit opt-in through [`enable`](#enable).

 See the [cibuildwheel 2 documentation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/2.x/) for past end-of-life versions of Python.

-#### Examples
+#### Examples {: #build-skip-examples }

 !!! tab examples "pyproject.toml"

@@ -107,6 +107,12 @@ See the [cibuildwheel 2 documentation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/2.x/) for

    # Disable building PyPy wheels on all platforms
    skip = "pp*"
+
+    # Disable free-threading builds on all platforms
+    skip = "cp3??t-*"
+
+    # Disable free-threading builds on Windows
+    skip = "cp3??t-win*"
    ```

 !!! tab examples "Environment variables"
@@ -138,12 +144,16 @@ See the [cibuildwheel 2 documentation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/2.x/) for

    # Disable building PyPy wheels on all platforms
    CIBW_SKIP: pp*
+
+    # Disable free-threading builds on all platforms
+    CIBW_SKIP: "cp3??t-*"
+
+    # Disable free-threading builds on Windows
+    CIBW_SKIP: "cp3??t-win*"
    ```

    Separate multiple selectors with a space.

-
-
    It is generally recommended to set `CIBW_BUILD` as an environment variable, though `skip`
    tends to be useful in a config file; you can statically declare that you don't
    support a specific build, for example.
@@ -201,8 +211,6 @@ Options:
  to use [`build`](#build-skip) with this option to target specific
  architectures via build selectors.

-Linux riscv64 platform support is experimental and requires an explicit opt-in through [`enable`](#enable).
-
 Default: `auto`

 | Runner | `native` | `auto` | `auto64` | `auto32` |
@@ -347,18 +355,11 @@ values are:

 - `cpython-prerelease`: Enables beta versions of Pythons if any are available
  (May-July, approximately).
- `cpython-freethreading`: [PEP 703](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0703)
-  introduced variants of CPython that can be built without the Global
-  Interpreter Lock (GIL).  Those variants are also known as free-threaded /
-  no-gil. This will enable building these wheels for 3.13, which was considered
-  experimental.  The build identifiers for those variants have a `t` suffix in
-  their `python_tag` (e.g. `cp313t-manylinux_x86_64`). Starting in 3.14,
-  free-threaded builds are no longer experimental, so this enable is not needed.
+- `cpython-freethreading`: Enable experimental free-threaded builds for CPython 3.13.
+  Free-threading wheels for 3.14+ are available without this flag, as it's [no
+  longer considered experimental](https://peps.python.org/pep-0779/).
 - `pypy`: Enable PyPy.
 - `pypy-eol`: Enable PyPy versions that have passed end of life (if still available).
- `cpython-experimental-riscv64`: Enable experimental riscv64 builds. Those builds
-  are disabled by default as they can't be uploaded to PyPI and a PEP will most likely
-  be required before this can happen.
 - `graalpy`: Enable GraalPy.
 - `pyodide-prerelease`: Pyodide versions that haven't released yet, if one is
  available. Safe if you are shipping a site with an early build, not for
@@ -374,7 +375,15 @@ values are:
    that version of Python will become available without this flag.

 !!! note
-    Free threading was experimental in 3.13: [What’s New In Python 3.13](https://docs.python.org/3.13/whatsnew/3.13.html#free-threaded-cpython)
+    [PEP 703](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0703) introduced variants of
+    CPython that can be built without the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL). Those
+    variants are also known as free-threaded / no-gil. The build identifiers for
+    those variants have a `t` suffix in their `python_tag` (e.g.
+    `cp313t-manylinux_x86_64`).
+
+    Free threading was [experimental in 3.13](https://docs.python.org/3.13/whatsnew/3.13.html#free-threaded-cpython), so it required an explicit enable flag. But, as noted above, free-threading doesn't require an enable flag for 3.14+.
+
+    For more info on building for free-threading, see the [Python Free-Threading Guide](https://py-free-threading.github.io/).

 Default: empty.

@@ -398,13 +407,9 @@ without disabling your other enables.

    ```toml
    [tool.cibuildwheel]
-    # Enable free-threaded support
+    # Enable free-threaded support for CPython 3.13
    enable = ["cpython-freethreading"]

-    # Skip building free-threaded compatible wheels on Windows
-    enable = ["cpython-freethreading"]
-    skip = "*t-win*"
-
    # Include all PyPy versions
    enable = ["pypy", "pypy-eol"]
    ```
@@ -416,18 +421,14 @@ without disabling your other enables.
    # Include latest Python beta
    CIBW_ENABLE: cpython-prerelease

-    # Include free-threaded support
+    # Include free-threaded support for CPython 3.13
    CIBW_ENABLE: cpython-freethreading

    # Include both
    CIBW_ENABLE: cpython-prerelease cpython-freethreading

-    # Skip building free-threaded compatible wheels on Windows
-    CIBW_ENABLE: cpython-freethreading
-    CIBW_SKIP: *t-win*
-
    # Include all PyPy versions
-    CIBW_ENABLE = pypy pypy-eol
+    CIBW_ENABLE: pypy pypy-eol
    ```


@@ -1576,7 +1577,7 @@ tests. This can be used to avoid having to redefine test dependencies in
 `test-requires` if they are already defined in `pyproject.toml`.

 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_TEST_GROUPS_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_GROUPS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_GROUPS_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_GROUPS_PYODIDE`
+`CIBW_TEST_GROUPS_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_GROUPS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_GROUPS_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_GROUPS_ANDROID` | `CIBW_TEST_GROUPS_IOS` | `CIBW_TEST_GROUPS_PYODIDE`

 #### Examples

@@ -1724,6 +1725,9 @@ Settings that are not supported for a specific frontend will log a warning.
 The default build frontend is `build`, which does show build backend output by
 default.

+On Android and iOS, a positive verbosity level will also show more detailed logs from
+the test harness.
+
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
 `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_MACOS` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_LINUX` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_ANDROID` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_IOS` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_PYODIDE`

@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ See [GitHub issue 1333](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/1333) for mo

 It's easiest to build `x86_64` wheels on `x86_64` runners, and `arm64` wheels on `arm64` runners.

-On GitHub Actions, `macos-14` runners are `arm64`, and `macos-13` runners are `x86_64`. So all you need to do is ensure both are in your build matrix.
+On GitHub Actions, `macos-14` runners are `arm64`, and `macos-15-intel` runners are `x86_64`. So all you need to do is ensure both are in your build matrix.

 #### Cross-compiling

@@ -205,7 +205,6 @@ It also requires the following commands to be on the `PATH`:

 * `curl`
 * `java` (or set the `JAVA_HOME` environment variable)
-* `patchelf` (if the wheel links against any external libraries)

 ### Android version compatibility

@@ -214,6 +213,11 @@ minimum supported [API level](https://developer.android.com/tools/releases/platf
 for generated wheels. This will default to the minimum API level of the selected Python
 version.

+If the [`repair-wheel-command`](options.md#repair-wheel-command) adds any libraries to
+the wheel, then `ANDROID_API_LEVEL` must be at least 24. This is already the default
+when building for Python 3.14 and later, but you may need to set it when building for
+Python 3.13.
+
 ### Build frontend support

 Android builds only support the `build` frontend. In principle, support for the
@@ -234,10 +238,9 @@ nested virtualization. CI platforms known to meet this requirement are:
 * GitHub Actions Linux x86_64

 On Linux, the emulator needs access to the KVM virtualization interface. This may
-require adding your user to a group, or [changing your udev
-rules](https://github.blog/changelog/2024-04-02-github-actions-hardware-accelerated-android-virtualization-now-available/).
-If the emulator fails to start, try running `$ANDROID_HOME/emulator/emulator
-accel-check`.
+require adding your user to a group, or changing your udev rules. On GitHub
+Actions, cibuildwheel will do this automatically using the commands shown
+[here](https://github.blog/changelog/2024-04-02-github-actions-hardware-accelerated-android-virtualization-now-available/).

 The Android test environment can't support running shell scripts, so the
 [`test-command`](options.md#test-command) must be a Python command – see its
@@ -253,19 +256,22 @@ to one of the following URLs:

 ## iOS {: #ios}

-### System requirements
+### System requirements {: #ios-system-requirements}

 You must be building on a macOS machine, with Xcode installed. The Xcode installation must have an iOS SDK available, with all license agreements agreed to by the user. To check if an iOS SDK is available, open the Xcode settings panel, and check the Platforms tab. This will also ensure that license agreements have been acknowledged.

 Building iOS wheels also requires a working macOS Python installation. See the notes on [macOS builds](#macos) for details about configuration of the macOS environment.

+!!! note
+    If you are running cibuildwheel on GitHub Actions or Azure runners, you should avoid the `macos-15` and `macos-latest` images. The [20250811 image update](https://github.com/actions/runner-images/releases/tag/macos-15-arm64%2F20250811.2170) made some [significant changes](https://github.com/actions/runner-images/issues/12541) that are [incompatible with CPython's iOS test runner](https://github.com/actions/runner-images/issues/12777). At this time, Microsoft's advice is to use the `macos-14` image instead.
+
 ### Specifying an iOS build

 iOS is effectively 2 platforms - physical devices, and simulators. While the API for these two platforms are identical, the ABI is not compatible, even when dealing with a device and simulator with the same CPU architecture. For this reason, the architecture specification for iOS builds includes *both* the CPU architecture *and* the ABI that is being targeted. There are three possible values for architecture on iOS; the values match those used by `sys.implementation._multiarch` when running on iOS (with hyphens replaced with underscores, matching wheel filename normalization):

 * `arm64_iphoneos` (for physical iOS devices);
 * `arm64_iphonesimulator` (for iOS simulators running on Apple Silicon macOS machines); and
-* `x64_64_iphonesimulator` (for iOS simulators running on Intel macOS machines).
+* `x86_64_iphonesimulator` (for iOS simulators running on Intel macOS machines).

 By default, cibuildwheel will build all wheels for the CPU architecture of the build machine. You can build all wheels for all architectures by specifying `--archs all`.

@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ cibuildwheel
 !!!tip
    You can pass the `--platform linux` option to cibuildwheel to build Linux wheels, even if you're not on Linux. On most machines, the easiest builds to try are the Linux builds. You don't need any software installed except a Docker daemon, such as [Docker Desktop](https://www.docker.com/get-started/). Each platform that cibuildwheel supports has its own system requirements and platform-specific behaviors. See the [platforms page](platforms.md) for details.

+    When building locally for macOS or iOS, regardless of the Python you use to invoke cibuildwheel, you'll need [official Python.org](https://www.python.org/downloads/) installations on your machine. `cibuildwheel` won't perform the build using unofficial Python installations such as from `brew` or `uv`.
+
 You should see the builds taking place. You can experiment with [options](options.md) using pyproject.toml or environment variables.

 !!! tab "pyproject.toml"
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ title: Working examples
 | Name                              | CI | OS | Notes |
 |-----------------------------------|----|----|:------|
 | [scikit-learn][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The machine learning library. A complex but clean config using many of cibuildwheel's features to build a large project with Cython and C++ extensions.  |
-| [pytorch-fairseq][]               | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence Toolkit written in Python. |
 | [duckdb][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | DuckDB is an analytical in-process SQL database management system |
+| [pytorch-fairseq][]               | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence Toolkit written in Python. |
 | [NumPy][]                         | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. |
 | [Tornado][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library. Uses stable ABI for a small C extension. |
 | [NCNN][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | ncnn is a high-performance neural network inference framework optimized for the mobile platform |
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ title: Working examples
 | [uvloop][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Ultra fast asyncio event loop. |
 | [psutil][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Cross-platform lib for process and system monitoring in Python |
 | [Google Benchmark][]              | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A microbenchmark support library |
+| [falcon][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Falcon is a no-magic ASGI/WSGI API and microservices framework; it uses cibuildwheel for (optional) Cython extensions. |
 | [vaex][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Out-of-Core hybrid Apache Arrow/NumPy DataFrame for Python, ML, visualization and exploration of big tabular data at a billion rows per second 🚀 |
 | [Apache Beam][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Apache Beam is a unified programming model for Batch and Streaming data processing. |
 | [PyGame][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | 🐍🎮 pygame (the library) is a Free and Open Source python programming language library for making multimedia applications like games built on top of the excellent SDL library. C, Python, Native, OpenGL. |
@@ -34,14 +35,14 @@ title: Working examples
 | [cvxpy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A Python-embedded modeling language for convex optimization problems. |
 | [twisted-iocpsupport][]           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] | A submodule of Twisted that hooks into native C APIs using Cython. |
 | [pedalboard][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] | A Python library for working with audio data and audio plugins by wrapping the [JUCE](https://github.com/juce-framework/JUCE/) C++ framework. Uses cibuildwheel to deploy on as many operating systems and Python versions as possible with only one dependency (any NumPy).  |
-| [websockets][]                    | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Library for building WebSocket servers and clients. Mostly written in Python, with a small C 'speedups' extension module.  |
 | [River][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | 🌊 Online machine learning in Python |
+| [websockets][]                    | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Library for building WebSocket servers and clients. Mostly written in Python, with a small C 'speedups' extension module.  |
 | [aiortc][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | WebRTC and ORTC implementation for Python using asyncio. |
 | [OpenSpiel][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | OpenSpiel is a collection of environments and algorithms for research in general reinforcement learning and search/planning in games. |
 | [Dependency Injector][]           | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Dependency injection framework for Python, uses Windows TravisCI |
 | [UltraJSON][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Ultra fast JSON decoder and encoder written in C with Python bindings |
-| [pyzmq][]                         | ![github icon][] ![circleci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for zeromq, the networking library. Uses Cython on CPython and CFFI on PyPy. ARM wheels for linux are built natively on CircleCI.  |
 | [CTranslate2][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes libraries from the [Intel oneAPI toolkit](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/tools/oneapi/base-toolkit.html) and CUDA kernels compiled for multiple GPU architectures. |
+| [pyzmq][]                         | ![github icon][] ![circleci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for zeromq, the networking library. Uses Cython on CPython and CFFI on PyPy. ARM wheels for linux are built natively on CircleCI.  |
 | [Implicit][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes GPU support for linux wheels |
 | [tinyobjloader][]                 | ![azurepipelines icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tiny but powerful single file wavefront obj loader |
 | [vispy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Main repository for Vispy |
@@ -64,8 +65,8 @@ title: Working examples
 | [PyTables][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python package to manage extremely large amounts of data |
 | [google neuroglancer][]           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | WebGL-based viewer for volumetric data |
 | [Parselmouth][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python interface to the Praat software package, using pybind11, C++17 and CMake, with the core Praat static library built only once and shared between wheels. |
-| [DeepForest][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | An Efficient, Scalable and Optimized Python Framework for Deep Forest (2021.2.1) |
 | [AutoPy][]                        | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes a Windows Travis build. |
+| [DeepForest][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | An Efficient, Scalable and Optimized Python Framework for Deep Forest (2021.2.1) |
 | [H3-py][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python bindings for H3, a hierarchical hexagonal geospatial indexing system |
 | [time-machine][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Time mocking library using only the CPython C API. |
 | [mosec][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] | A machine learning model serving framework powered by Rust |
@@ -76,24 +77,24 @@ title: Working examples
 | [KDEpy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Kernel Density Estimation in Python |
 | [dd-trace-py][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Uses custom alternate arch emulation on GitHub |
 | [tgcalls][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python `pybind11` binding to Telegram's WebRTC library with third party dependencies like `OpenSSL`, `MozJPEG`, `FFmpeg`, etc. |
-| [python-rapidjson][]              | ![travisci icon][] ![gitlab icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python wrapper around rapidjson |
 | [pybind11 python_example][]       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Example pybind11 module built with a Python-based build system |
 | [sourmash][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Quickly search, compare, and analyze genomic and metagenomic data sets. |
+| [python-rapidjson][]              | ![travisci icon][] ![gitlab icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python wrapper around rapidjson |
 | [abess][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A fast best-subset selection library. It uses cibuildwheel to build a large project with C++ extensions. |
 | [python-snappy][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python bindings for the snappy google library |
 | [cyvcf2][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | cython + htslib == fast VCF and BCF processing |
 | [jq.py][]                         | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for jq |
 | [matrixprofile][]                 | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python 3 library making time series data mining tasks, utilizing matrix profile algorithms, accessible to everyone. |
-| [Tokenizer][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast and customizable text tokenization library with BPE and SentencePiece support |
 | [Confluent client for Kafka][]    | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | setup in `tools/wheels/build-wheels.bat` |
+| [Tokenizer][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast and customizable text tokenization library with BPE and SentencePiece support |
 | [iminuit][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Jupyter-friendly Python interface for C++ MINUIT2 |
 | [pillow-heif][]                   | ![github icon][] ![cirrusci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Bindings to libheif library with third party dependencies. Fully automated CI for tests and publishing including Apple Silicon builds. |
 | [keyvi][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] | FST based key value index highly optimized for size and lookup performance, utilizes ccache action for improved runtime |
 | [PyGLM][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Fast OpenGL Mathematics (GLM) for Python |
-| [TgCrypto][]                      | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes a Windows Travis build. |
 | [iDynTree][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] | Uses manylinux_2_24 |
-| [streaming-form-data][]           | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Streaming parser for multipart/form-data written in Cython |
+| [TgCrypto][]                      | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes a Windows Travis build. |
 | [power-grid-model][]              | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python/C++ library for distribution power system analysis |
+| [streaming-form-data][]           | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Streaming parser for multipart/form-data written in Cython |
 | [pybase64][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast Base64 encoding/decoding in Python |
 | [bx-python][]                     | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A library that includes Cython extensions. |
 | [boost-histogram][]               | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Supports full range of wheels, including PyPy and alternate archs. |
@@ -109,18 +110,18 @@ title: Working examples
 | [cf-units][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Units of measure as required by the Climate and Forecast (CF) Metadata Conventions |
 | [numpythia][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The interface between PYTHIA and NumPy |
 | [pyjet][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The interface between FastJet and NumPy |
-| [ril][]                           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A python binding to Rust Imaging library using maturin and Pyo3, utilizes Github Action cache to improve speed. Builds abi3 wheels. |
 | [SiPM][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | High performance library for SiPM detectors simulation using C++17, OpenMP and AVX2 intrinsics. |
-| [GSD][]                           | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Cython and NumPy project with 64-bit wheels. |
+| [ril][]                           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A python binding to Rust Imaging library using maturin and Pyo3, utilizes Github Action cache to improve speed. Builds abi3 wheels. |
 | [aalink][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Async Python interface for Ableton Link. |
+| [GSD][]                           | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Cython and NumPy project with 64-bit wheels. |
 | [CorrectionLib][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Structured JSON powered correction library for HEP, designed for the CMS experiment at CERN. |
-| [xmlstarlet][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python 3.6+ CFFI bindings with true MSVC build. |
 | [werpy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] | An ultra-fast python package using optimized dynamic programming to compute the Word Error Rate (WER). |
+| [xmlstarlet][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python 3.6+ CFFI bindings with true MSVC build. |
 | [pybind11 cross build example][]  | ![github icon][] ![gitlab icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Same as pybind11 cmake_example but used to demo Linux ARM + Windows + macOS builds on GitLab |

 [scikit-learn]: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn
-[pytorch-fairseq]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/fairseq
 [duckdb]: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb
+[pytorch-fairseq]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/fairseq
 [NumPy]: https://github.com/numpy/numpy
 [Tornado]: https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado
 [NCNN]: https://github.com/Tencent/ncnn
@@ -133,6 +134,7 @@ title: Working examples
 [uvloop]: https://github.com/MagicStack/uvloop
 [psutil]: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil
 [Google Benchmark]: https://github.com/google/benchmark
+[falcon]: https://github.com/falconry/falcon
 [vaex]: https://github.com/vaexio/vaex
 [Apache Beam]: https://github.com/apache/beam
 [PyGame]: https://github.com/pygame/pygame
@@ -144,14 +146,14 @@ title: Working examples
 [cvxpy]: https://github.com/cvxpy/cvxpy
 [twisted-iocpsupport]: https://github.com/twisted/twisted-iocpsupport
 [pedalboard]: https://github.com/spotify/pedalboard
-[websockets]: https://github.com/python-websockets/websockets
 [River]: https://github.com/online-ml/river
+[websockets]: https://github.com/python-websockets/websockets
 [aiortc]: https://github.com/aiortc/aiortc
 [OpenSpiel]: https://github.com/google-deepmind/open_spiel
 [Dependency Injector]: https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector
 [UltraJSON]: https://github.com/ultrajson/ultrajson
-[pyzmq]: https://github.com/zeromq/pyzmq
 [CTranslate2]: https://github.com/OpenNMT/CTranslate2
+[pyzmq]: https://github.com/zeromq/pyzmq
 [Implicit]: https://github.com/benfred/implicit
 [tinyobjloader]: https://github.com/tinyobjloader/tinyobjloader
 [vispy]: https://github.com/vispy/vispy
@@ -174,8 +176,8 @@ title: Working examples
 [PyTables]: https://github.com/PyTables/PyTables
 [google neuroglancer]: https://github.com/google/neuroglancer
 [Parselmouth]: https://github.com/YannickJadoul/Parselmouth
-[DeepForest]: https://github.com/LAMDA-NJU/Deep-Forest
 [AutoPy]: https://github.com/autopilot-rs/autopy
+[DeepForest]: https://github.com/LAMDA-NJU/Deep-Forest
 [H3-py]: https://github.com/uber/h3-py
 [time-machine]: https://github.com/adamchainz/time-machine
 [mosec]: https://github.com/mosecorg/mosec
@@ -186,24 +188,24 @@ title: Working examples
 [KDEpy]: https://github.com/tommyod/KDEpy
 [dd-trace-py]: https://github.com/DataDog/dd-trace-py
 [tgcalls]: https://github.com/MarshalX/tgcalls
-[python-rapidjson]: https://github.com/python-rapidjson/python-rapidjson
 [pybind11 python_example]: https://github.com/pybind/python_example
 [sourmash]: https://github.com/sourmash-bio/sourmash
+[python-rapidjson]: https://github.com/python-rapidjson/python-rapidjson
 [abess]: https://github.com/abess-team/abess
 [python-snappy]: https://github.com/intake/python-snappy
 [cyvcf2]: https://github.com/brentp/cyvcf2
 [jq.py]: https://github.com/mwilliamson/jq.py
 [matrixprofile]: https://github.com/matrix-profile-foundation/matrixprofile
-[Tokenizer]: https://github.com/OpenNMT/Tokenizer
 [Confluent client for Kafka]: https://github.com/confluentinc/confluent-kafka-python
+[Tokenizer]: https://github.com/OpenNMT/Tokenizer
 [iminuit]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/iminuit
 [pillow-heif]: https://github.com/bigcat88/pillow_heif
 [keyvi]: https://github.com/KeyviDev/keyvi
 [PyGLM]: https://github.com/Zuzu-Typ/PyGLM
-[TgCrypto]: https://github.com/pyrogram/tgcrypto
 [iDynTree]: https://github.com/robotology/idyntree
-[streaming-form-data]: https://github.com/siddhantgoel/streaming-form-data
+[TgCrypto]: https://github.com/pyrogram/tgcrypto
 [power-grid-model]: https://github.com/PowerGridModel/power-grid-model
+[streaming-form-data]: https://github.com/siddhantgoel/streaming-form-data
 [pybase64]: https://github.com/mayeut/pybase64
 [bx-python]: https://github.com/bxlab/bx-python
 [boost-histogram]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/boost-histogram
@@ -219,13 +221,13 @@ title: Working examples
 [cf-units]: https://github.com/SciTools/cf-units
 [numpythia]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/numpythia
 [pyjet]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/pyjet
-[ril]: https://github.com/Cryptex-github/ril-py
 [SiPM]: https://github.com/EdoPro98/SimSiPM
-[GSD]: https://github.com/glotzerlab/gsd
+[ril]: https://github.com/Cryptex-github/ril-py
 [aalink]: https://github.com/artfwo/aalink
+[GSD]: https://github.com/glotzerlab/gsd
 [CorrectionLib]: https://github.com/cms-nanoAOD/correctionlib
-[xmlstarlet]: https://github.com/dimitern/xmlstarlet
 [werpy]: https://github.com/analyticsinmotion/werpy
+[xmlstarlet]: https://github.com/dimitern/xmlstarlet
 [pybind11 cross build example]: https://github.com/wbarnha/pybind_cmake_example_crossbuild

 [github icon]: data/readme_icons/github.svg
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ jobs:
    - bash: |
        set -o errexit
        python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        pip3 install cibuildwheel==3.1.0
+        pip3 install cibuildwheel==3.2.0
      displayName: Install dependencies
    - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
      displayName: Build wheels
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
    - bash: |
        set -o errexit
        python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.0
+        python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.2.0
      displayName: Install dependencies
    - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
      displayName: Build wheels
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ jobs:
    - bash: |
        set -o errexit
        python -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.0
+        pip install cibuildwheel==3.2.0
      displayName: Install dependencies
    - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
      displayName: Build wheels
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ jobs:
      - run:
          name: Build the Linux wheels.
          command: |
-            python3 -m pip install --user cibuildwheel==3.1.0
+            python3 -m pip install --user cibuildwheel==3.2.0
            cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
      - store_artifacts:
          path: wheelhouse/
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ jobs:
      - run:
          name: Build the Linux aarch64 wheels.
          command: |
-            python3 -m pip install --user cibuildwheel==3.1.0
+            python3 -m pip install --user cibuildwheel==3.2.0
            python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
      - store_artifacts:
          path: wheelhouse/
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ jobs:
          name: Build the OS X wheels.
          command: |
            sudo softwareupdate --install-rosetta --agree-to-license  # for python<=3.8 or x86_64/universal2 tests
-            pip3 install cibuildwheel==3.1.0
+            pip3 install cibuildwheel==3.2.0
            cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
      - store_artifacts:
          path: wheelhouse/
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 build_and_store_wheels: &BUILD_AND_STORE_WHEELS
  install_cibuildwheel_script:
-    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.0
+    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.2.0
  run_cibuildwheel_script:
    - cibuildwheel
  wheels_artifacts:
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 build_and_store_wheels: &BUILD_AND_STORE_WHEELS
  install_cibuildwheel_script:
-    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.0
+    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.2.0
  run_cibuildwheel_script:
    - cibuildwheel
  wheels_artifacts:
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ jobs:
          - os: windows-arm
            runs-on: windows-11-arm
          - os: macos-intel
-            # macos-13 was the last x86_64 runner
-            runs-on: macos-13
+            # macos-15-intel is the last x86_64 runner
+            runs-on: macos-15-intel
          - os: macos-arm
            # macos-14+ (including latest) are ARM64 runners
            runs-on: macos-latest
@@ -35,8 +35,11 @@ jobs:
            runs-on: ubuntu-latest
            platform: android
          - os: android-arm
-            runs-on: macos-latest
+            # GitHub Actions doesn’t currently support the Android emulator on any ARM
+            # runner. So we build on a non-ARM runner, which will skip the tests.
+            runs-on: ubuntu-latest
            platform: android
+            archs: arm64_v8a
          - os: ios
            runs-on: macos-latest
            platform: ios
@@ -45,25 +48,13 @@ jobs:
            platform: pyodide

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-
-      # GitHub Actions can't currently run the Android emulator on macOS.
-      - name: Skip Android tests on macOS
-        if: matrix.os == 'android-arm'
-        run: echo "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND=" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
-
-      # https://github.blog/changelog/2024-04-02-github-actions-hardware-accelerated-android-virtualization-now-available/
-      - name: Enable KVM for Android emulator
-        if: matrix.os == 'android-intel'
-        run: |
-          echo 'KERNEL=="kvm", GROUP="kvm", MODE="0666", OPTIONS+="static_node=kvm"' | sudo tee /etc/udev/rules.d/99-kvm4all.rules
-          sudo udevadm control --reload-rules
-          sudo udevadm trigger --name-match=kvm
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5

      - name: Build wheels
-        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.1.0
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.2.0
        env:
          CIBW_PLATFORM: ${{ matrix.platform || 'auto' }}
+          CIBW_ARCHS: ${{ matrix.archs || 'auto' }}
        # Can also be configured directly, using `with:`
        # with:
        #   package-dir: .
@@ -79,7 +70,7 @@ jobs:
    name: Build source distribution
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5

      - name: Build sdist
        run: pipx run build --sdist
@@ -99,7 +90,7 @@ jobs:
    # or, alternatively, upload to PyPI on every tag starting with 'v' (remove on: release above to use this)
    # if: github.event_name == 'push' && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v')
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v5
        with:
          # unpacks all CIBW artifacts into dist/
          pattern: cibw-*
@@ -107,5 +98,6 @@ jobs:
          merge-multiple: true

      - uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@release/v1
-        with:
-          # To test: repository-url: https://test.pypi.org/legacy/
+        # To test uploads to TestPyPI, uncomment the following:
+        # with:
+        #   repository-url: https://test.pypi.org/legacy/
@@ -8,14 +8,14 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    strategy:
      matrix:
-        # macos-13 is an intel runner, macos-14 is apple silicon
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-13, macos-14]
+        # macos-15-intel is an Intel runner, macos-14 is Apple silicon
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-15-intel, macos-14]

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5

      - name: Build wheels
-        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.1.0
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.2.0
        # env:
        #   CIBW_SOME_OPTION: value
        #   ...
@@ -8,14 +8,14 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    strategy:
      matrix:
-        # macos-13 is an intel runner, macos-14 is apple silicon
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-13, macos-14]
+        # macos-15-intel is an Intel runner, macos-14 is Apple silicon
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-15-intel, macos-14]

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5

      - name: Build wheels
-        run: pipx run cibuildwheel==3.1.0
+        run: pipx run cibuildwheel==3.2.0

      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    strategy:
      matrix:
-        # macos-13 is an intel runner, macos-14 is apple silicon
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-13, macos-14]
+        # macos-15-intel is an Intel runner, macos-14 is Apple silicon
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-15-intel, macos-14]

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5

      - name: Set up QEMU
        if: runner.os == 'Linux' && runner.arch == 'X64'
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ jobs:
          platforms: all

      - name: Build wheels
-        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.1.0
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.2.0
        env:
          # configure cibuildwheel on Linux to build native archs ('auto'),
          # and to split the remaining architectures between the x86_64 and
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ linux:
    DOCKER_TLS_CERTDIR: ""
  script:
    - curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh
-    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.0
+    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.2.0
    - cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
  artifacts:
    paths:
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ windows:
  before_script:
    - choco install python -y --allow-downgrade --version 3.12.4
    - choco install git.install -y
-    - py -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.0
+    - py -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.2.0
  script:
    - py -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse --platform windows
  artifacts:
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ windows:
 macos:
  image: macos-14-xcode-15
  before_script:
-    - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.0
+    - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.2.0
  script:
    - python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
  artifacts:
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ linux:
    - curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh
    # Warning: This is extremely slow, be careful with how many wheels you build
    - docker run --rm --privileged multiarch/qemu-user-static --reset -p yes
-    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.0
+    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.2.0
    # Assuming your CI runner's default architecture is x86_64...
    - cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse --platform linux --archs aarch64
  artifacts:
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
        - ln -s /c/Python312/python.exe /c/Python312/python3.exe

 install:
-  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.0
+  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.2.0

 script:
  # build the wheels, put them into './dist'
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ jobs:
        - ln -s /c/Python312/python.exe /c/Python312/python3.exe

 install:
-  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.0
+  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.2.0

 script:
  # build the wheels, put them into './wheelhouse'
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ jobs:
    - stage: deploy
      name: Build and deploy Linux wheels
      services: docker
-      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.0 twine
+      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.2.0 twine
      script: python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
      after_success: python3 -m twine upload --skip-existing wheelhouse/*.whl
    # Deploy on windows
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ jobs:
      name: Build and deploy Windows wheels
      os: windows
      language: shell
-      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.0 twine
+      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.2.0 twine
      script: python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
      after_success: python3 -m twine upload --skip-existing wheelhouse/*.whl

@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ def tests(session: nox.Session) -> None:
        session.run("pytest", *session.posargs)
    else:
        unit_test_args = ["--run-docker"] if sys.platform.startswith("linux") else []
+        session.run("pytest", "cibuildwheel")  # run doctests
        session.run("pytest", "unit_test", *unit_test_args)
        session.run("pytest", "test", "-x", "--durations", "0", "--timeout=2400", "test")

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ build-backend = "hatchling.build"

 [project]
 name = "cibuildwheel"
-version = "3.1.0"
+version = "3.2.0"
 description = "Build Python wheels on CI with minimal configuration."
 readme = "README.md"
 license = "BSD-2-Clause"
@@ -45,6 +45,8 @@ dependencies = [
    "filelock",
    "humanize",
    "packaging>=20.9",
+    # patchelf is used for Android
+    "patchelf; (sys_platform == 'linux' or sys_platform == 'darwin') and (platform_machine == 'x86_64' or platform_machine == 'arm64' or platform_machine == 'aarch64')",
    "platformdirs",
    "pyelftools>=0.29",
    "wheel>=0.33.6",
@@ -81,6 +83,9 @@ docs = [
    "mkdocs==1.6.1",
    "pymdown-extensions",
    "rich",
+    # transitive dep of mkdocs-macros-plugin
+    # https://github.com/fralau/mkdocs-macros-plugin/issues/269
+    "requests",
 ]
 test = [
    "build",
@@ -88,10 +93,12 @@ test = [
    "jinja2",
    "pytest-timeout",
    "pytest-xdist",
+    "pytest-rerunfailures!=16.0",
    "pytest>=6",
    "setuptools",
    "tomli_w",
    "validate-pyproject",
+    "xdoctest",
 ]
 dev = [
    {include-group = "bin"},
@@ -102,13 +109,16 @@ dev = [

 [tool.pytest.ini_options]
 minversion = "6.0"
-addopts = ["-ra", "--showlocals", "--strict-markers", "--strict-config"]
+addopts = ["-ra", "--showlocals", "--strict-markers", "--strict-config", "--xdoctest", "--ignore-glob=*venv*"]
 junit_family = "xunit2"
 xfail_strict = true
 filterwarnings = ["error"]
 log_cli_level = "INFO"
 markers = [
    "serial: tests that must *not* be run in parallel (deselect with '-m \"not serial\"')",
+    "ios: tests that run on iOS",
+    "android: tests that run on Android",
+    "pyodide: tests that run on Pyodide",
 ]

 [tool.mypy]
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ def test_abi3(tmp_path):
        add_env={
            # free_threaded, GraalPy, and PyPy do not have a Py_LIMITED_API equivalent, just build one of those
            # also limit the number of builds for test performance reasons
-            "CIBW_BUILD": "cp39-* cp310-* pp310-* gp311_242-* cp312-* cp313t-*",
+            "CIBW_BUILD": "cp39-* cp310-* pp310-* gp312_250-* cp312-* cp313t-*",
            "CIBW_ENABLE": "all",
        },
    )
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ def test_abi3(tmp_path):
                "cp310-abi3",  # <-- ABI3, works with 3.10 and 3.12
                "cp313-cp313t",
                "pp310-pypy310_pp73",
-                "graalpy311-graalpy242_311_native",
+                "graalpy312-graalpy250_312_native",
            ],
        )

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 import os
 import platform
 import re
+import sys
 from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
 from shutil import rmtree
 from subprocess import CalledProcessError
 from textwrap import dedent
@@ -12,6 +14,9 @@ import pytest
 from .test_projects import new_c_project
 from .utils import cibuildwheel_run, expected_wheels

+pytestmark = pytest.mark.android
+
+
 CIBW_PLATFORM = os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "android")
 if CIBW_PLATFORM != "android":
    pytest.skip(f"{CIBW_PLATFORM=}", allow_module_level=True)
@@ -28,12 +33,10 @@ if (platform.system(), platform.machine()) not in [
    )

 # Detect CI services which have the Android SDK pre-installed.
-ci_supports_build = any(
-    key in os.environ
-    for key in [
-        "GITHUB_ACTIONS",
-        "TF_BUILD",  # Azure Pipelines
-    ]
+ci_supports_build = (
+    ("CIRRUS_CI" in os.environ and platform.system() == "Darwin")
+    or "GITHUB_ACTIONS" in os.environ
+    or "TF_BUILD" in os.environ  # Azure Pipelines
 )

 if "ANDROID_HOME" not in os.environ:
@@ -89,6 +92,17 @@ def test_android_home(tmp_path, capfd):
    assert "ANDROID_HOME environment variable is not set" in capfd.readouterr().err


+# the first build can fail to setup - mark as flaky, and serial to make sure it runs first
+@pytest.mark.serial
+@pytest.mark.flaky(reruns=2)
+def test_expected_wheels(tmp_path):
+    new_c_project().generate(tmp_path)
+    wheels = cibuildwheel_run(tmp_path, add_env={"CIBW_PLATFORM": "android"})
+    assert wheels == expected_wheels(
+        "spam", "0.1.0", platform="android", machine_arch=native_arch.android_abi
+    )
+
+
 def test_frontend_good(tmp_path):
    new_c_project().generate(tmp_path)
    wheels = cibuildwheel_run(
@@ -109,14 +123,6 @@ def test_frontend_bad(frontend, tmp_path, capfd):
    assert "Android requires the build frontend to be 'build'" in capfd.readouterr().err


-def test_expected_wheels(tmp_path):
-    new_c_project().generate(tmp_path)
-    wheels = cibuildwheel_run(tmp_path, add_env={"CIBW_PLATFORM": "android"})
-    assert wheels == expected_wheels(
-        "spam", "0.1.0", platform="android", machine_arch=native_arch.android_abi
-    )
-
-
@needs_emulator
 def test_archs(tmp_path, capfd):
    new_c_project().generate(tmp_path)
@@ -312,6 +318,71 @@ def test_no_test_sources(tmp_path, capfd):
    ) in capfd.readouterr().err


+@needs_emulator
+def test_environment_markers(tmp_path):
+    project = new_c_project()
+    test_filename = "test_environment_markers.py"
+    project.files[test_filename] = dedent(
+        """\
+        import pytest
+
+        def test_android():
+            import certifi
+
+        def test_not_android():
+            try:
+                import platformdirs
+            except ImportError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                pytest.fail("`platformdirs` should not have been installed")
+        """
+    )
+    project.generate(tmp_path)
+
+    cibuildwheel_run(
+        tmp_path,
+        add_env={
+            **cp313_env,
+            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": f"python -m pytest {test_filename}",
+            "CIBW_TEST_SOURCES": test_filename,
+            "CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES": " ".join(
+                [
+                    "pytest",
+                    "certifi;sys_platform=='android'",
+                    "platformdirs;sys_platform!='android'",
+                ]
+            ),
+        },
+    )
+
+
+@needs_emulator
+def test_verbosity(tmp_path, capfd):
+    new_c_project().generate(tmp_path)
+    test_env = {
+        **cp313_env,
+        "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": """python -c 'print("Hello world")'""",
+    }
+    verbose_lines = [
+        "> Task :app:packageDebug",  # Gradle
+        "I/TestRunner: run started: 1 tests",  # Logcat
+    ]
+
+    cibuildwheel_run(tmp_path, add_env=test_env)
+    stdout = capfd.readouterr().out
+    for line in verbose_lines:
+        assert line not in stdout
+
+    cibuildwheel_run(
+        tmp_path,
+        add_env={**test_env, "CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY": "1"},
+    )
+    stdout = capfd.readouterr().out
+    for line in verbose_lines:
+        assert line in stdout
+
+
@needs_emulator
 def test_api_level(tmp_path, capfd):
    project = new_c_project()
@@ -349,11 +420,21 @@ def test_libcxx(tmp_path, capfd):
    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
    output_dir = tmp_path / "output"

+    # cibuildwheel should be able to run `patchelf` and `wheel` even when its
+    # environment's `bin` directory is not on the PATH.
+    non_venv_path = ":".join(
+        item for item in os.environ["PATH"].split(":") if Path(item) != Path(sys.executable).parent
+    )
+
    # A C++ package should include libc++, and the extension module should be able to
    # find it using DT_RUNPATH.
    new_c_project(setup_py_extension_args_add="language='c++'").generate(project_dir)
    script = 'import spam; print(", ".join(f"{s}: {spam.filter(s)}" for s in ["ham", "spam"]))'
-    cp313_test_env = {**cp313_env, "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": f"python -c '{script}'"}
+    cp313_test_env = {
+        **cp313_env,
+        "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": f"python -c '{script}'",
+        "PATH": non_venv_path,
+    }

    # Including external libraries requires API level 24.
    with pytest.raises(CalledProcessError):
@@ -63,9 +63,7 @@ def test(tmp_path, build_frontend_env):
            # the 'false ||' bit is to ensure this command runs in a shell on
            # mac/linux.
            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": f"false || {utils.invoke_pytest()} {{project}}/test",
-            # pytest fails on GraalPy 24.2.0 on Windows so we skip it there
-            # until https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/issues/490 is fixed
-            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS": "where graalpy || pytest {project}/test",
+            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS": "pytest {project}/test",
            **build_frontend_env,
        },
    )
@@ -140,11 +140,11 @@ def test_dependency_constraints(method, tmp_path, build_frontend_env_nouv):
        and method == "file"
        and build_frontend_env_nouv["CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND"] == "build"
    ):
-        # GraalPy fails to discover its standard library when a venv is created
+        # GraalPy 24 fails to discover its standard library when a venv is created
        # from a virtualenv seeded executable. See
        # https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/issues/491 and remove this once
-        # fixed upstream.
-        build_frontend_env_nouv["CIBW_SKIP"] = "gp*"
+        # GraalPy 24 is dropped
+        build_frontend_env_nouv["CIBW_SKIP"] = "gp311*"

    for package_name, version in tool_versions.items():
        env_name = f"EXPECTED_{package_name.upper()}_VERSION"
@@ -172,6 +172,6 @@ def test_dependency_constraints(method, tmp_path, build_frontend_env_nouv):
    ):
        # See reference to https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/issues/491
        # above
-        expected_wheels = [w for w in expected_wheels if "graalpy" not in w]
+        expected_wheels = [w for w in expected_wheels if "graalpy311" not in w]

    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)
@@ -12,6 +12,12 @@ from cibuildwheel.ci import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider

 from . import test_projects, utils

+pytestmark = pytest.mark.ios
+
+CIBW_PLATFORM = os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "ios")
+if CIBW_PLATFORM != "ios":
+    pytest.skip(f"{CIBW_PLATFORM=}", allow_module_level=True)
+
 basic_project_files = {
    "tests/test_platform.py": f"""
 import platform
@@ -43,7 +49,9 @@ def skip_if_ios_testing_not_supported() -> None:
 # it's easy to overload the CI machine if there are multiple test processes
 # running multithreaded processes. Therefore, they're put in the serial group,
 # which is guaranteed to run single-process.
+# This can also fail the first time sometimes.
@pytest.mark.serial
+@pytest.mark.flaky(reruns=2)
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "build_config",
    [
@@ -92,9 +100,7 @@ def test_ios_platforms(tmp_path, build_config, monkeypatch, capfd):
    )

    # The expected wheels were produced.
-    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels(
-        "spam", "0.1.0", platform="ios", python_abi_tags=["cp313-cp313", "cp314-cp314"]
-    )
+    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0", platform="ios")
    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)

    # The user was notified that the cross-build tool was found.
@@ -163,6 +169,7 @@ def test_ios_testing_with_placeholder(tmp_path, capfd):


@pytest.mark.serial
+@pytest.mark.flaky(reruns=2)
 def test_ios_test_command_short_circuit(tmp_path, capfd):
    skip_if_ios_testing_not_supported()

@@ -230,6 +237,7 @@ def test_no_xbuild_tool_definition(tmp_path, capfd):
        project_dir,
        add_env={
            "CIBW_PLATFORM": "ios",
+            "CIBW_BUILD": "cp313-*",
            "CIBW_TEST_SKIP": "*",
        },
    )
@@ -239,7 +247,7 @@ def test_no_xbuild_tool_definition(tmp_path, capfd):
        "spam",
        "0.1.0",
        platform="ios",
-        python_abi_tags=["cp313-cp313", "cp314-cp314"],
+        python_abi_tags=["cp313-cp313"],
    )
    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)

@@ -263,13 +271,14 @@ def test_empty_xbuild_tool_definition(tmp_path, capfd):
        project_dir,
        add_env={
            "CIBW_PLATFORM": "ios",
+            "CIBW_BUILD": "cp313-*",
            "CIBW_TEST_SKIP": "*",
            "CIBW_XBUILD_TOOLS": "",
        },
    )

    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels(
-        "spam", "0.1.0", platform="ios", python_abi_tags=["cp313-cp313", "cp314-cp314"]
+        "spam", "0.1.0", platform="ios", python_abi_tags=["cp313-cp313"]
    )
    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)

@@ -299,6 +308,7 @@ def test_ios_test_command_without_python_dash_m(tmp_path, capfd):
        project_dir,
        add_env={
            "CIBW_PLATFORM": "ios",
+            "CIBW_BUILD": "cp313-*",
            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": "pytest ./tests",
            "CIBW_TEST_SOURCES": "tests",
            "CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES": "pytest",
@@ -307,11 +317,11 @@ def test_ios_test_command_without_python_dash_m(tmp_path, capfd):
    )

    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels(
-        "spam", "0.1.0", platform="ios", python_abi_tags=["cp313-cp313", "cp314-cp314"]
+        "spam", "0.1.0", platform="ios", python_abi_tags=["cp313-cp313"]
    )
    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)

-    out, err = capfd.readouterr()
+    _, err = capfd.readouterr()

    assert "iOS tests configured with a test command which doesn't start with 'python -m'" in err

@@ -335,5 +345,5 @@ def test_ios_test_command_invalid(tmp_path, capfd):
                "CIBW_XBUILD_TOOLS": "",
            },
        )
-    out, err = capfd.readouterr()
+    _, err = capfd.readouterr()
    assert "iOS tests configured with a test command which doesn't start with 'python -m'" in err
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import contextlib
+import os
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import textwrap
@@ -9,6 +10,12 @@ from cibuildwheel.util.file import CIBW_CACHE_PATH

 from . import test_projects, utils

+pytestmark = pytest.mark.pyodide
+
+CIBW_PLATFORM = os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "pyodide")
+if CIBW_PLATFORM != "pyodide":
+    pytest.skip(f"{CIBW_PLATFORM=}", allow_module_level=True)
+
 basic_project = test_projects.new_c_project()
 basic_project.files["check_node.py"] = r"""
 import sys
@@ -97,7 +104,7 @@ def test_pyodide_version_incompatible(tmp_path, capfd):
            },
        )

-    out, err = capfd.readouterr()
+    _, err = capfd.readouterr()

    assert "is not compatible with the pyodide-build version" in err

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 import socket
 import textwrap

+import pytest
+
 from . import test_projects, utils

 project_with_ssl_tests = test_projects.new_c_project(
@@ -19,6 +21,7 @@ project_with_ssl_tests = test_projects.new_c_project(
 )


+@pytest.mark.flaky(reruns=2)
 def test(tmp_path):
    # this test checks that SSL is working in the build environment using
    # some checks in setup.py.
@@ -81,9 +81,7 @@ def test(tmp_path):
            # the 'false ||' bit is to ensure this command runs in a shell on
            # mac/linux.
            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": f"false || {utils.invoke_pytest()} {{project}}/test",
-            # pytest fails on GraalPy 24.2.0 on Windows so we skip it there
-            # until https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/issues/490 is fixed
-            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS": "COLOR 00 || where graalpy || pytest {project}/test",
+            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS": "COLOR 00 || pytest {project}/test",
        },
    )

@@ -104,9 +102,7 @@ def test_extras_require(tmp_path):
            # the 'false ||' bit is to ensure this command runs in a shell on
            # mac/linux.
            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": f"false || {utils.invoke_pytest()} {{project}}/test",
-            # pytest fails on GraalPy 24.2.0 on Windows so we skip it there
-            # until https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/issues/490 is fixed
-            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS": "COLOR 00 || where graalpy || pytest {project}/test",
+            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS": "COLOR 00 || pytest {project}/test",
        },
        single_python=True,
    )
@@ -138,9 +134,7 @@ def test_dependency_groups(tmp_path):
            # the 'false ||' bit is to ensure this command runs in a shell on
            # mac/linux.
            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": f"false || {utils.invoke_pytest()} {{project}}/test",
-            # pytest fails on GraalPy 24.2.0 on Windows so we skip it there
-            # until https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/issues/490 is fixed
-            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS": "COLOR 00 || where graalpy || pytest {project}/test",
+            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS": "COLOR 00 || pytest {project}/test",
        },
        single_python=True,
    )
@@ -230,9 +224,7 @@ def test_test_sources(tmp_path):
        project_dir,
        add_env={
            "CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES": "pytest",
-            # pytest fails on GraalPy 24.2.0 on Windows so we skip it there
-            # until https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/issues/490 is fixed
-            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS": "where graalpy || pytest",
+            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS": "pytest",
            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": utils.invoke_pytest(),
            "CIBW_TEST_SOURCES": "test",
        },
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ def get_platform() -> str:
        raise Exception(msg)


-DEFAULT_CIBW_ENABLE = "cpython-freethreading cpython-prerelease cpython-experimental-riscv64"
+DEFAULT_CIBW_ENABLE = "cpython-freethreading cpython-prerelease"


 def get_enable_groups() -> frozenset[EnableGroup]:
@@ -261,9 +261,20 @@ def _expected_wheels(
        musllinux_versions = ["musllinux_1_2"]

    if platform == "pyodide" and python_abi_tags is None:
-        python_abi_tags = ["cp312-cp312", "cp313-cp313"]
-    elif platform in {"android", "ios"} and python_abi_tags is None:
-        python_abi_tags = ["cp313-cp313"]
+        python_abi_tags = [
+            "cp312-cp312",
+            "cp313-cp313",
+        ]
+    elif platform == "android" and python_abi_tags is None:  # noqa: SIM114
+        python_abi_tags = [
+            "cp313-cp313",
+            "cp314-cp314",
+        ]
+    elif platform == "ios" and python_abi_tags is None:
+        python_abi_tags = [
+            "cp313-cp313",
+            "cp314-cp314",
+        ]
    elif python_abi_tags is None:
        python_abi_tags = [
            "cp38-cp38",
@@ -287,16 +298,17 @@ def _expected_wheels(
            python_abi_tags += [
                "pp38-pypy38_pp73",
                "pp39-pypy39_pp73",
+                "pp310-pypy310_pp73",
            ]
        if EnableGroup.PyPy in enable_groups:
            python_abi_tags += [
-                "pp310-pypy310_pp73",
                "pp311-pypy311_pp73",
            ]

        if EnableGroup.GraalPy in enable_groups:
            python_abi_tags += [
                "graalpy311-graalpy242_311_native",
+                "graalpy312-graalpy250_312_native",
            ]

    if machine_arch == "ARM64" and platform == "windows":
@@ -356,6 +368,11 @@ def _expected_wheels(
                    min_macosx = macosx_deployment_target
                else:
                    min_macosx = _floor_macosx(macosx_deployment_target, "10.13")
+            elif python_abi_tag.startswith("graalpy"):
+                if python_abi_tag.startswith("graalpy311"):
+                    min_macosx = macosx_deployment_target
+                else:
+                    min_macosx = _floor_macosx(macosx_deployment_target, "10.13")
            else:
                min_macosx = macosx_deployment_target

@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ def test_build():
    assert build_selector("cp312-manylinux_x86_64")
    assert build_selector("cp313-manylinux_x86_64")
    assert build_selector("cp314-manylinux_x86_64")
-    assert build_selector("pp310-manylinux_x86_64")
    assert build_selector("pp311-manylinux_x86_64")
    assert build_selector("cp36-manylinux_i686")
    assert build_selector("cp37-manylinux_i686")
@@ -62,8 +61,8 @@ def test_build_filter_pypy():
        skip_config="",
        enable=frozenset([EnableGroup.PyPy]),
    )
-    assert build_selector("pp310-manylinux_x86_64")
    assert build_selector("pp311-manylinux_x86_64")
+    assert not build_selector("pp310-manylinux_x86_64")
    assert not build_selector("pp38-manylinux_x86_64")
    assert not build_selector("pp39-manylinux_x86_64")

@@ -74,8 +73,8 @@ def test_build_filter_pypy_eol():
        skip_config="",
        enable=frozenset([EnableGroup.PyPyEoL]),
    )
-    assert not build_selector("pp310-manylinux_x86_64")
    assert not build_selector("pp311-manylinux_x86_64")
+    assert build_selector("pp310-manylinux_x86_64")
    assert build_selector("pp38-manylinux_x86_64")
    assert build_selector("pp39-manylinux_x86_64")

@@ -217,15 +216,6 @@ def test_build_free_threaded_python():
    assert build_selector("cp313t-manylinux_x86_64")


-def test_build_riscv64_enable():
-    build_selector = BuildSelector(build_config="*", skip_config="")
-    assert not build_selector("cp313-manylinux_riscv64")
-    build_selector = BuildSelector(
-        build_config="*", skip_config="", enable=frozenset([EnableGroup.CPythonExperimentalRiscV64])
-    )
-    assert build_selector("cp313-manylinux_riscv64")
-
-
 def test_testing_selector():
    # This is not a global import to keep pytest from collecting it as a test
    test_selector = cibuildwheel.selector.TestSelector(skip_config="cp36-*")
@@ -27,12 +27,8 @@ def patched_environment(


 def test_x86(tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
-    arch = "32"
    environment: dict[str, str] = {}
-
-    configuration = PythonConfiguration(
-        version="irrelevant", arch=arch, identifier="irrelevant", url=None
-    )
+    configuration = PythonConfiguration(version="irrelevant", identifier="cp314-win32", url=None)

    setup_setuptools_cross_compile(tmp_path, configuration, tmp_path, environment)
    with patched_environment(monkeypatch, environment):
@@ -43,11 +39,9 @@ def test_x86(tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:


 def test_x64(tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
-    arch = "64"
    environment: dict[str, str] = {}
-
    configuration = PythonConfiguration(
-        version="irrelevant", arch=arch, identifier="irrelevant", url=None
+        version="irrelevant", identifier="cp313-win_amd64", url=None
    )

    setup_setuptools_cross_compile(tmp_path, configuration, tmp_path, environment)
@@ -62,11 +56,9 @@ def test_x64(tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
    detect_ci_provider() == CIProvider.azure_pipelines, reason="arm64 not recognised on azure"
 )
 def test_arm(tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
-    arch = "ARM64"
    environment: dict[str, str] = {}
-
    configuration = PythonConfiguration(
-        version="irrelevant", arch=arch, identifier="irrelevant", url=None
+        version="irrelevant", identifier="cp312-win_arm64", url=None
    )

    setup_setuptools_cross_compile(tmp_path, configuration, tmp_path, environment)
@@ -78,24 +70,16 @@ def test_arm(tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:


 def test_env_set(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    arch = "32"
    environment = {"VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH": "x64"}
-
-    configuration = PythonConfiguration(
-        version="irrelevant", arch=arch, identifier="irrelevant", url=None
-    )
+    configuration = PythonConfiguration(version="irrelevant", identifier="cp313t-win32", url=None)

    with pytest.raises(FatalError, match="VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH"):
        setup_setuptools_cross_compile(tmp_path, configuration, tmp_path, environment)


 def test_env_blank(tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
-    arch = "32"
    environment = {"VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH": ""}
-
-    configuration = PythonConfiguration(
-        version="irrelevant", arch=arch, identifier="irrelevant", url=None
-    )
+    configuration = PythonConfiguration(version="irrelevant", identifier="cp312-win32", url=None)

    setup_setuptools_cross_compile(tmp_path, configuration, tmp_path, environment)
    with patched_environment(monkeypatch, environment):
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+import errno
+import shutil
+import sys
+
+import pytest
+
+import cibuildwheel.__main__ as main_module
+from cibuildwheel.__main__ import main
+
+
+def test_clean_cache_when_cache_exists(tmp_path, monkeypatch, capfd):
+    fake_cache_dir = (tmp_path / "cibw_cache").resolve()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(main_module, "CIBW_CACHE_PATH", fake_cache_dir)
+
+    fake_cache_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    assert fake_cache_dir.exists()
+
+    cibw_sentinel = fake_cache_dir / "CACHEDIR.TAG"
+    cibw_sentinel.write_text(
+        "Signature: 8a477f597d28d172789f06886806bc55\n"
+        "# This file is a cache directory tag created by cibuildwheel.\n"
+        "# For information about cache directory tags, see:\n"
+        "# https://www.brynosaurus.com/cachedir/",
+        encoding="utf-8",
+    )
+
+    dummy_file = fake_cache_dir / "dummy.txt"
+    dummy_file.write_text("hello")
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(sys, "argv", ["cibuildwheel", "--clean-cache"])
+
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit) as e:
+        main()
+
+    assert e.value.code == 0
+
+    out, _ = capfd.readouterr()
+    assert f"Clearing cache directory: {fake_cache_dir}" in out
+    assert "Cache cleared successfully." in out
+    assert not fake_cache_dir.exists()
+
+
+def test_clean_cache_when_cache_does_not_exist(tmp_path, monkeypatch, capfd):
+    fake_cache_dir = (tmp_path / "nonexistent_cache").resolve()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(main_module, "CIBW_CACHE_PATH", fake_cache_dir)
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(sys, "argv", ["cibuildwheel", "--clean-cache"])
+
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit) as e:
+        main()
+
+    assert e.value.code == 0
+
+    out, _ = capfd.readouterr()
+    assert f"Cache directory does not exist: {fake_cache_dir}" in out
+
+
+def test_clean_cache_with_error(tmp_path, monkeypatch, capfd):
+    fake_cache_dir = (tmp_path / "cibw_cache").resolve()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(main_module, "CIBW_CACHE_PATH", fake_cache_dir)
+
+    fake_cache_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    assert fake_cache_dir.exists()
+
+    cibw_sentinel = fake_cache_dir / "CACHEDIR.TAG"
+    cibw_sentinel.write_text(
+        "Signature: 8a477f597d28d172789f06886806bc55\n"
+        "# This file is a cache directory tag created by cibuildwheel.\n"
+        "# For information about cache directory tags, see:\n"
+        "# https://www.brynosaurus.com/cachedir/",
+        encoding="utf-8",
+    )
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(sys, "argv", ["cibuildwheel", "--clean-cache"])
+
+    def fake_rmtree(path):  # noqa: ARG001
+        raise OSError(errno.EACCES, "Permission denied")
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(shutil, "rmtree", fake_rmtree)
+
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit) as e:
+        main()
+
+    assert e.value.code == 1
+
+    out, err = capfd.readouterr()
+    assert f"Clearing cache directory: {fake_cache_dir}" in out
+    assert "Error clearing cache:" in err
+
+
+def test_clean_cache_without_sentinel(tmp_path, monkeypatch, capfd):
+    fake_cache_dir = (tmp_path / "not_a_cache").resolve()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(main_module, "CIBW_CACHE_PATH", fake_cache_dir)
+
+    fake_cache_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(sys, "argv", ["cibuildwheel", "--clean-cache"])
+
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit) as e:
+        main()
+
+    assert e.value.code == 1
+
+    _, err = capfd.readouterr()
+    assert "does not appear to be a cibuildwheel cache directory" in err
+    assert fake_cache_dir.exists()
+
+
+def test_clean_cache_with_invalid_signature(tmp_path, monkeypatch, capfd):
+    fake_cache_dir = (tmp_path / "fake_cache").resolve()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(main_module, "CIBW_CACHE_PATH", fake_cache_dir)
+
+    fake_cache_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    cibw_sentinel = fake_cache_dir / "CACHEDIR.TAG"
+    cibw_sentinel.write_text("Invalid signature\n# This is not a real cache directory tag")
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(sys, "argv", ["cibuildwheel", "--clean-cache"])
+
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit) as e:
+        main()
+
+    assert e.value.code == 1
+
+    _, err = capfd.readouterr()
+    assert "does not contain a valid cache directory signature" in err
+    assert fake_cache_dir.exists()
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import pytest

 from cibuildwheel import architecture
 from cibuildwheel.logger import Logger
-from cibuildwheel.platforms import linux, macos, pyodide, windows
+from cibuildwheel.platforms import android, ios, linux, macos, pyodide, windows
 from cibuildwheel.util import file


@@ -87,10 +87,12 @@ def platform(request, monkeypatch):
 def intercepted_build_args(monkeypatch):
    intercepted = ArgsInterceptor()

+    monkeypatch.setattr(android, "build", intercepted)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(ios, "build", intercepted)
    monkeypatch.setattr(linux, "build", intercepted)
    monkeypatch.setattr(macos, "build", intercepted)
-    monkeypatch.setattr(windows, "build", intercepted)
    monkeypatch.setattr(pyodide, "build", intercepted)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(windows, "build", intercepted)

    yield intercepted

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import os
 import sys
 import tomllib
 from fnmatch import fnmatch
@@ -16,6 +17,18 @@ from cibuildwheel.util.packaging import DependencyConstraints
 # CIBW_PLATFORM is tested in main_platform_test.py


+def test_old_free_threaded(monkeypatch, capsys):
+    monkeypatch.setenv("CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT", "ON")
+
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit):
+        main()
+
+    assert (
+        "CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT environment variable is no longer supported."
+        in capsys.readouterr().err
+    )
+
+
@pytest.mark.usefixtures("platform")
 def test_output_dir(intercepted_build_args, monkeypatch):
    OUTPUT_DIR = Path("some_output_dir")
@@ -93,6 +106,32 @@ def test_invalid_skip_selector(monkeypatch, capsys, option_name, option_env_var)
    assert f"Invalid {option_name} selector" in err


+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "selector", ["*-macosx_universal2:arm64", "*-macosx_universal2:x86_64", "*-macosx_arm64"]
+)
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures("platform", "intercepted_build_args")
+def test_valid_test_skip_selector(monkeypatch, capsys, selector):
+    monkeypatch.setenv("CIBW_TEST_SKIP", selector)
+
+    main()
+
+    _, err = capsys.readouterr()
+    print(err)
+    assert "Invalid test_skip selector" not in err
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("selector", ["*-macosx_universal2:invalid", "*-macosx_arm64:arm64"])
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures("platform", "intercepted_build_args")
+def test_invalid_test_skip_selector(monkeypatch, capsys, selector):
+    monkeypatch.setenv("CIBW_TEST_SKIP", selector)
+
+    main()
+
+    _, err = capsys.readouterr()
+    print(err)
+    assert "Invalid test_skip selector" in err
+
+
@pytest.mark.usefixtures("platform", "intercepted_build_args")
 def test_empty_selector(monkeypatch):
    monkeypatch.setenv("CIBW_SKIP", "*")
@@ -103,6 +142,70 @@ def test_empty_selector(monkeypatch):
    assert e.value.code == 3


+@pytest.mark.usefixtures("platform", "intercepted_build_args")
+def test_riscv64_warning1(monkeypatch, capsys):
+    monkeypatch.setenv("CIBW_ENABLE", "cpython-experimental-riscv64")
+
+    main()
+
+    _, err = capsys.readouterr()
+    print(err)
+    assert "'cpython-experimental-riscv64' enable is deprecated" in err
+
+
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures("platform", "intercepted_build_args")
+def test_riscv64_warning2(monkeypatch, capsys, tmp_path):
+    local_path = tmp_path / "tmp_project"
+    os.mkdir(local_path)  # noqa:PTH102 Path.mkdir has been monkeypatched already
+    local_path.joinpath("setup.py").touch()
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        sys, "argv", ["cibuildwheel", "--only", "cp313-manylinux_riscv64", str(local_path)]
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setenv("CIBW_ENABLE", "cpython-experimental-riscv64")
+
+    main()
+
+    _, err = capsys.readouterr()
+    print(err)
+    assert "'cpython-experimental-riscv64' enable is deprecated" in err
+
+
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures("platform", "intercepted_build_args")
+def test_riscv64_no_warning(monkeypatch, capsys, tmp_path):
+    local_path = tmp_path / "tmp_project"
+    os.mkdir(local_path)  # noqa:PTH102 Path.mkdir has been monkeypatched already
+    local_path.joinpath("setup.py").touch()
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        sys, "argv", ["cibuildwheel", "--only", "cp313-manylinux_riscv64", str(local_path)]
+    )
+
+    main()
+
+    _, err = capsys.readouterr()
+    print(err)
+    assert "'cpython-experimental-riscv64' enable is deprecated" not in err
+
+
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures("platform", "intercepted_build_args")
+def test_riscv64_no_warning2(monkeypatch, capsys, tmp_path):
+    local_path = tmp_path / "tmp_project"
+    os.mkdir(local_path)  # noqa:PTH102 Path.mkdir has been monkeypatched already
+    local_path.joinpath("setup.py").touch()
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        sys, "argv", ["cibuildwheel", "--only", "cp313-manylinux_riscv64", str(local_path)]
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setenv("CIBW_ENABLE", "all")
+
+    main()
+
+    _, err = capsys.readouterr()
+    print(err)
+    assert "'cpython-experimental-riscv64' enable is deprecated" not in err
+
+
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    ("architecture", "image", "full_image"),
    [
@@ -278,3 +278,12 @@ def test_pyodide_on_windows(monkeypatch, capsys):

    assert exit.value.code == 2
    assert "Building for pyodide is not supported on Windows" in err
+
+
+def test_empty_archs_platform(platform, intercepted_build_args, monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.setenv("CIBW_ARCHS", "")
+
+    main()
+
+    options = intercepted_build_args.args[0]
+    assert options.globals.architectures == Architecture.auto_archs(platform)
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import json
 import os
-import platform
 import random
 import shutil
 import subprocess
@@ -29,16 +28,7 @@ from cibuildwheel.oci_container import (
 # for these tests we use manylinux2014 images, because they're available on
 # multi architectures and include python3.8
 DEFAULT_IMAGE = "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014:2025.03.08-1"
-pm = platform.machine()
-DEFAULT_OCI_PLATFORM = {
-    "AMD64": OCIPlatform.AMD64,
-    "x86_64": OCIPlatform.AMD64,
-    "ppc64le": OCIPlatform.PPC64LE,
-    "s390x": OCIPlatform.S390X,
-    "aarch64": OCIPlatform.ARM64,
-    "arm64": OCIPlatform.ARM64,
-    "ARM64": OCIPlatform.ARM64,
-}[pm]
+DEFAULT_OCI_PLATFORM = OCIPlatform.native()

 PODMAN = OCIContainerEngineConfig(name="podman")

@@ -494,7 +484,7 @@ def test_parse_engine_config(config, name, create_args, capsys):
        )


-@pytest.mark.skipif(pm != "x86_64", reason="Only runs on x86_64")
+@pytest.mark.skipif(DEFAULT_OCI_PLATFORM != OCIPlatform.AMD64, reason="Only runs on x86_64")
 def test_enforce_32_bit(container_engine):
    with OCIContainer(
        engine=container_engine, image=DEFAULT_IMAGE, oci_platform=OCIPlatform.i386
@@ -551,7 +541,7 @@ def test_local_image(
 ) -> None:
    if (
        detect_ci_provider() == CIProvider.travis_ci
-        and pm != "x86_64"
+        and DEFAULT_OCI_PLATFORM != OCIPlatform.AMD64
        and platform != DEFAULT_OCI_PLATFORM
    ):
        pytest.skip("Skipping test because docker on this platform does not support QEMU")
@@ -581,7 +571,7 @@ def test_local_image(
 def test_multiarch_image(container_engine, platform):
    if (
        detect_ci_provider() == CIProvider.travis_ci
-        and pm != "x86_64"
+        and DEFAULT_OCI_PLATFORM != OCIPlatform.AMD64
        and platform != DEFAULT_OCI_PLATFORM
    ):
        pytest.skip("Skipping test because docker on this platform does not support QEMU")
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ from cibuildwheel.oci_container import OCIPlatform
 from cibuildwheel.util import file

 DEFAULT_IDS = {"cp38", "cp39", "cp310", "cp311", "cp312", "cp313", "cp314", "cp314t"}
-ALL_IDS = DEFAULT_IDS | {"cp313t", "pp38", "pp39", "pp310", "pp311", "gp311_242"}
+ALL_IDS = DEFAULT_IDS | {"cp313t", "pp38", "pp39", "pp310", "pp311", "gp311_242", "gp312_250"}


@pytest.fixture
@@ -162,6 +162,7 @@ before-all = "true"
            "pp310",
            "pp311",
            "gp311_242",
+            "gp312_250",
        }
    }
    assert kwargs["options"].build_options("cp39-manylinux_x86_64").before_all == ""
@@ -186,6 +187,7 @@ before-all = "true"
            "pp310",
            "pp311",
            "gp311_242",
+            "gp312_250",
        ]
    }

@@ -15,9 +15,11 @@ def test_printout_wheels(capsys):
    log.colors_enabled = False

    with log.print_summary(options=OPTIONS_DEFAULTS):
+        # the number of BuildInfo with & without filename shall be different for this test
        log.summary = [
            BuildInfo(identifier="id1", filename=None, duration=3),
            BuildInfo(identifier="id2", filename=FILE, duration=2),
+            BuildInfo(identifier="id3", filename=FILE, duration=3),
        ]

    captured = capsys.readouterr()
@@ -25,7 +27,8 @@ def test_printout_wheels(capsys):

    assert "id1" in captured.out
    assert "id2" in captured.out
-    assert "wheels produced in" in captured.out
+    assert "id3" in captured.out
+    assert "2 wheels produced in" in captured.out
    assert "SHA256=" in captured.out