Bump version: v3.1.4

chore: bump to Pyodide 0.28.2 (#2562 )
Bump to Pyodide 0.28.2
2025-08-19 14:16:52 -04:00 · 2025-08-19 14:14:10 -04:00 · 2025-08-19 11:53:27 -04:00 · 2025-08-19 08:44:56 -04:00 · 2025-08-18 11:15:45 -04:00 · 2025-08-18 11:15:00 -04:00
105 changed files with 3477 additions and 1341 deletions
@@ -46,8 +46,8 @@ linux_aarch64_task:
  <<: *RUN_TESTS

 windows_x86_task:
-  # The task takes ~55 minutes while the timeout happens
-  # after 60 minutes by default, let's allow some wiggle room.
+  # The task takes ~55 minutes while the timeout happens after 60 minutes by default,
+  # let's allow some wiggle room.
  timeout_in: 120m
  windows_container:
    image: cirrusci/windowsservercore:visualstudio2022
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Specification files for platform maintainers
+cibuildwheel/platforms/ios.py         @freakboy3742
+cibuildwheel/platforms/pyodide.py     @hoodmane @ryanking13 @agriyakhetarpal
+cibuildwheel/platforms/android.py     @mhsmith
+
+# Constraints files
+cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-pyodide*.txt @hoodmane @ryanking13 @agriyakhetarpal
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ jobs:
  dist:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5

    - uses: hynek/build-and-inspect-python-package@v2

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ jobs:
      attestations: write

    steps:
-    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v5
      with:
        name: Packages
        path: dist
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ jobs:
    name: Linters (mypy, ruff, etc.)
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
      id: python
      with:
@@ -47,21 +47,47 @@ jobs:
      run: pipx run --python "${{ steps.python.outputs.python-path }}" nox -s pylint -- --output-format=github

  test:
-    name: Test on ${{ matrix.os }} (${{ matrix.python_version }})
+    name: Test on ${{ matrix.os }} (${{ matrix.python_version }}) ${{ matrix.test_select }}
    needs: lint
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-13, macos-15]
-        python_version: ['3.13']
        include:
+        # Min Python
        - os: ubuntu-latest
          python_version: '3.11'
+        # Max Python
        - os: ubuntu-latest
          python_version: '3.14'
+        - os: ubuntu-latest
+          python_version: '3.13'
+          test_select: android
+        - os: ubuntu-24.04-arm
+          python_version: '3.13'
+        - os: windows-latest
+          python_version: '3.13'
+        - os: windows-11-arm
+          python_version: '3.13'
+        - os: macos-13
+          python_version: '3.13'
+        - os: macos-15
+          python_version: '3.13'
+        - os: macos-13
+          python_version: '3.13'
+          test_select: ios
+        - os: macos-14  # 20250811 macos-15 update caused havoc with iOS simulators
+          python_version: '3.13'
+          test_select: ios
+        - os: macos-13
+          python_version: '3.13'
+          test_select: android
+        - os: macos-15
+          python_version: '3.13'
+          test_select: android
    timeout-minutes: 180
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
      name: Install Python ${{ matrix.python_version }}
      with:
@@ -70,13 +96,23 @@ jobs:

    - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v6

-    # free some space to prevent reaching GHA disk space limits
-    - name: Clean docker images
+    - name: Free up disk space
      if: runner.os == 'Linux'
      run: |
        docker system prune -a -f
+        sudo rm -rf $ANDROID_HOME/ndk/{26,28}.* /opt/hostedtoolcache/CodeQL \
+          /usr/local/lib/node_modules /usr/local/share/chromium \
+          /usr/local/share/powershell
        df -h

+    # https://github.blog/changelog/2024-04-02-github-actions-hardware-accelerated-android-virtualization-now-available/
+    - name: Enable KVM for Android emulator
+      if: runner.os == 'Linux' && runner.arch == 'X64'
+      run: |
+          echo 'KERNEL=="kvm", GROUP="kvm", MODE="0666", OPTIONS+="static_node=kvm"' | sudo tee /etc/udev/rules.d/99-kvm4all.rules
+          sudo udevadm control --reload-rules
+          sudo udevadm trigger --name-match=kvm
+
    # for oci_container unit tests
    - name: Set up QEMU
      if: runner.os == 'Linux'
@@ -87,6 +123,7 @@ jobs:
        uv sync --no-dev --group test

    - uses: joerick/pr-labels-action@v1.0.9
+
    - name: Set CIBW_ENABLE
      shell: bash
      run: |
@@ -117,29 +154,33 @@ jobs:
        output-dir: wheelhouse
      env:
        CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS: x86_64 universal2 arm64
-        CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND: 'build[uv]'
+        CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND: ${{ matrix.test_select && 'build' || 'build[uv]' }}
+        CIBW_PLATFORM: ${{ matrix.test_select }}

    - name: Run a sample build (GitHub Action, only)
      uses: ./
+      if: matrix.test_select == ''
      with:
        package-dir: sample_proj
        output-dir: wheelhouse_only
-        only: cp312-${{ runner.os == 'Linux' && (runner.arch == 'ARM64' && 'manylinux_aarch64' || 'manylinux_x86_64') || (runner.os == 'Windows' && 'win_amd64' || 'macosx_x86_64') }}
+        only: cp313-${{ runner.os == 'Linux' && (runner.arch == 'ARM64' && 'manylinux_aarch64' || 'manylinux_x86_64') || (runner.os == 'Windows' && 'win_amd64' || 'macosx_x86_64') }}

    - name: Create custom configuration file
      shell: bash
      run: |
        cat > sample_proj/cibw.toml <<EOF
        [tool.cibuildwheel]
-        # Only build on CPython 3.12 on native arch
+        # Only build on CPython 3.13 on native arch
        archs = ["native"]
-        build = "cp312-*"
+        build = "cp313-*"
        # Skip musllinux
        skip = "*-musllinux*"
        EOF

    - name: Run a sample build (GitHub Action, config-file)
      uses: ./
+      env:
+        CIBW_PLATFORM: ${{ matrix.test_select }}
      with:
        package-dir: sample_proj
        output-dir: wheelhouse_config_file
@@ -149,9 +190,14 @@ jobs:
      shell: bash
      run: |
        test $(find wheelhouse -name '*.whl' | wc -l) -ge 1
-        test $(find wheelhouse_only -name '*.whl' | wc -l) -eq 1
        test $(find wheelhouse_config_file -name '*.whl' | wc -l) -eq 1

+    - name: Check Action artifacts (native build only)
+      if: matrix.test_select == ''
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        test $(find wheelhouse_only -name '*.whl' | wc -l) -eq 1
+
    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
      with:
        name: cibw-wheels-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ strategy.job-index }}
@@ -159,7 +205,7 @@ jobs:

    - name: Test cibuildwheel
      run: |
-        uv run --no-sync bin/run_tests.py ${{ (runner.os == 'Linux' && runner.arch == 'X64') && '--run-podman' || '' }}
+        uv run --no-sync bin/run_tests.py --test-select=${{ matrix.test_select || 'native' }} ${{ (runner.os == 'Linux' && runner.arch == 'X64') && '--run-podman' || '' }}

  emulated-archs:
    name: Get qemu emulated architectures
@@ -168,7 +214,7 @@ jobs:
    outputs:
      archs: ${{ steps.archs.outputs.archs }}
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
      with:
        python-version: "3.x"
@@ -191,7 +237,7 @@ jobs:
      matrix:
        arch: ${{ fromJSON(needs.emulated-archs.outputs.archs) }}
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
      with:
        python-version: "3.x"
@@ -211,7 +257,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
    timeout-minutes: 180
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
      name: Install Python 3.12
      with:
@@ -233,19 +279,6 @@ jobs:
      env:
        CIBW_PLATFORM: pyodide

-    - name: Run a sample build (GitHub Action) for an overridden Pyodide version
-      uses: ./
-      with:
-        package-dir: sample_proj
-        output-dir: wheelhouse
-        # In case this breaks at any point in time, switch to using the latest version
-        # available or any other version that is not the same as the default one set
-        # in cibuildwheel/resources/build-platforms.toml.
-      env:
-        CIBW_PLATFORM: pyodide
-        CIBW_BUILD: "cp312*"
-        CIBW_PYODIDE_VERSION: "0.27.6"
-
    - name: Run tests with 'CIBW_PLATFORM' set to 'pyodide'
      run: |
        uv run --no-sync ./bin/run_tests.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ jobs:
        app-id: ${{ secrets.CIBUILDWHEEL_BOT_APP_ID }}
        private-key: ${{ secrets.CIBUILDWHEEL_BOT_APP_PRIVATE_KEY }}

-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5

    - uses: wntrblm/nox@2025.05.01

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ jobs:
    permissions:
      contents: write
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5

      - name: Update the ${{ env.TAG_NAME }} tag
        id: update-major-minor-tag
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 repos:

 - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
-  rev: v5.0.0
+  rev: v6.0.0
  hooks:
  - id: check-case-conflict
  - id: check-merge-conflict
@@ -14,24 +14,28 @@ repos:
  - id: trailing-whitespace

 - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-  rev: v0.12.1
+  rev: v0.12.9
  hooks:
  - id: ruff
    args: ["--fix", "--show-fixes"]
  - id: ruff-format

 - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy
-  rev: v1.16.1
+  rev: v1.17.1
  hooks:
  - id: mypy
    name: mypy 3.11 on cibuildwheel/
    args: ["--python-version=3.11"]
+    exclude: ^cibuildwheel/resources/_cross_venv.py$  # Requires Python 3.13 or later
    additional_dependencies: &mypy-dependencies
      - bracex
+      - build
      - dependency-groups>=1.2
+      - humanize
      - nox>=2025.2.9
      - orjson
      - packaging
+      - pyelftools
      - pygithub
      - pytest
      - rich
@@ -46,12 +50,11 @@ repos:
      - validate-pyproject
  - id: mypy
    name: mypy 3.13
-    exclude: ^cibuildwheel/resources/.*py$
    args: ["--python-version=3.13"]
    additional_dependencies: *mypy-dependencies

 - repo: https://github.com/shellcheck-py/shellcheck-py
-  rev: v0.10.0.1
+  rev: v0.11.0.1
  hooks:
  - id: shellcheck

@@ -80,7 +83,7 @@ repos:


 - repo: https://github.com/python-jsonschema/check-jsonschema
-  rev: 0.33.1
+  rev: 0.33.3
  hooks:
    - id: check-dependabot
    - id: check-github-actions
@@ -23,24 +23,24 @@ What does it do?

 While cibuildwheel itself requires a recent Python version to run (we support the last three releases), it can target the following versions to build wheels:

-|                    | macOS Intel | macOS Apple Silicon | Windows 64bit | Windows 32bit | Windows Arm64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux x86_64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux i686 | manylinux<br/>musllinux aarch64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux ppc64le | manylinux<br/>musllinux s390x | manylinux<br/>musllinux armv7l | iOS | Pyodide |
-|--------------------|----|-----|-----|-----|-----|----|-----|----|-----|-----|---|-----|-----|
-| CPython 3.8        | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A |
-| CPython 3.9        | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A |
-| CPython 3.10       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A |
-| CPython 3.11       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A |
-| CPython 3.12       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵  | N/A | ✅⁴ |
-| CPython 3.13³      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵  | ✅ | N/A |
-| CPython 3.14³      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵  | ✅ | N/A |
-| PyPy 3.8 v7.3      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
-| PyPy 3.9 v7.3      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
-| PyPy 3.10 v7.3     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
-| PyPy 3.11 v7.3     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
-| GraalPy 3.11 v24.2 | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | N/A  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+|                    | macOS Intel | macOS Apple Silicon | Windows 64bit | Windows 32bit | Windows Arm64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux x86_64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux i686 | manylinux<br/>musllinux aarch64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux ppc64le | manylinux<br/>musllinux s390x | manylinux<br/>musllinux armv7l | Android | iOS | Pyodide |
+|--------------------|----|-----|----|-----|-----|----|-----|----|-----|-----|---|-----|-----|-----|
+| CPython 3.8        | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| CPython 3.9        | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| CPython 3.10       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| CPython 3.11       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| CPython 3.12       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵  | N/A | N/A | ✅⁴ |
+| CPython 3.13³      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵  | ✅ | ✅ | N/A |
+| CPython 3.14       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵  | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.8 v7.3      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.9 v7.3      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.10 v7.3     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.11 v7.3     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| GraalPy 3.11 v24.2 | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | N/A  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |

 <sup>¹ PyPy & GraalPy are only supported for manylinux wheels.</sup><br>
 <sup>² Windows arm64 support is experimental.</sup><br>
-<sup>³ Free-threaded mode requires opt-in using [`enable`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable).</sup><br>
+<sup>³ Free-threaded mode requires opt-in on 3.13 using [`enable`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable).</sup><br>
 <sup>⁴ Experimental, not yet supported on PyPI, but can be used directly in web deployment. Use `--platform pyodide` to build.</sup><br>
 <sup>⁵ manylinux armv7l support is experimental. As there are no RHEL based image for this architecture, it's using an Ubuntu based image instead.</sup><br>

@@ -56,19 +56,19 @@ Usage

 `cibuildwheel` runs inside a CI service. Supported platforms depend on which service you're using:

-|                 | Linux | macOS | Windows | Linux ARM | macOS ARM | Windows ARM | iOS |
-|-----------------|-------|-------|---------|-----------|-----------|-------------|-----|
-| GitHub Actions  | ✅    | ✅    | ✅       | ✅        | ✅        | ✅          | ✅³  |
-| Azure Pipelines | ✅    | ✅    | ✅       |           | ✅        | ✅²         | ✅³  |
-| Travis CI       | ✅    |       | ✅      | ✅        |           |             |     |
-| CircleCI        | ✅    | ✅    |         | ✅        | ✅        |             | ✅³  |
-| Gitlab CI       | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅¹       | ✅        |             | ✅³  |
-| Cirrus CI       | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅        | ✅        |             |      |
+|                 | Linux | macOS | Windows | Linux ARM | macOS ARM | Windows ARM | Android | iOS |
+|-----------------|-------|-------|---------|-----------|-----------|-------------|---------|-----|
+| GitHub Actions  | ✅    | ✅    | ✅       | ✅        | ✅        | ✅²         | ✅⁴      | ✅³  |
+| Azure Pipelines | ✅    | ✅    | ✅       |           | ✅        | ✅²         | ✅⁴      | ✅³  |
+| Travis CI       | ✅    |       | ✅      | ✅        |           |             | ✅⁴      |     |
+| CircleCI        | ✅    | ✅    |         | ✅        | ✅        |             | ✅⁴      | ✅³  |
+| Gitlab CI       | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅¹       | ✅        |             | ✅⁴      | ✅³  |
+| Cirrus CI       | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅        | ✅        |             | ✅⁴      |      |

 <sup>¹ [Requires emulation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/faq/#emulation), distributed separately. Other services may also support Linux ARM through emulation or third-party build hosts, but these are not tested in our CI.</sup><br>
 <sup>² [Uses cross-compilation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/faq/#windows-arm64). It is not possible to test `arm64` on this CI platform.</sup><br>
-<sup>³ Requires a macOS runner; runs tests on the simulator for the runner's architecture.</sup>
-
+<sup>³ Requires a macOS runner; runs tests on the simulator for the runner's architecture.</sup><br>
+<sup>⁴ Building for Android requires the runner to be Linux x86_64, macOS ARM64 or macOS x86_64. Testing has [additional requirements](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/platforms/#android).</sup><br>
 <!--intro-end-->

 Example setup
@@ -91,13 +91,13 @@ jobs:
        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-13, macos-latest]

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5

      # Used to host cibuildwheel
      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5

      - name: Install cibuildwheel
-        run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.0.1
+        run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.4

      - name: Build wheels
        run: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ The following diagram summarises the steps that cibuildwheel takes on each platf
 |  | [`pyodide-version`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#pyodide-version) | Specify the Pyodide version to use for `pyodide` platform builds |
 | **Testing** | [`test-command`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-command) | The command to test each built wheel |
 |  | [`before-test`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#before-test) | Execute a shell command before testing each wheel |
-|  | [`test-sources`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-sources) | Files and folders from the source tree that are copied into an isolated tree before running the tests |
+|  | [`test-sources`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-sources) | Paths that are copied into the working directory of the tests |
 |  | [`test-requires`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-requires) | Install Python dependencies before running the tests |
 |  | [`test-extras`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-extras) | Install your wheel for testing using `extras_require` |
 |  | [`test-groups`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-groups) | Specify test dependencies from your project's `dependency-groups` |
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ The following diagram summarises the steps that cibuildwheel takes on each platf
 |  | [`build-verbosity`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-verbosity) | Increase/decrease the output of the build |


-<!--[[[end]]] (sum: TWqEGGMOnt) -->
+<!--[[[end]]] (sum: FxE3nIgFiY) -->

 These options can be specified in a pyproject.toml file, or as environment variables, see [configuration docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/configuration/).

@@ -178,8 +178,8 @@ Here are some repos that use cibuildwheel.
 | Name                              | CI | OS | Notes |
 |-----------------------------------|----|----|:------|
 | [scikit-learn][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The machine learning library. A complex but clean config using many of cibuildwheel's features to build a large project with Cython and C++ extensions.  |
-| [pytorch-fairseq][]               | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence Toolkit written in Python. |
 | [duckdb][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | DuckDB is an analytical in-process SQL database management system |
+| [pytorch-fairseq][]               | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence Toolkit written in Python. |
 | [NumPy][]                         | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. |
 | [Tornado][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library. Uses stable ABI for a small C extension. |
 | [NCNN][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | ncnn is a high-performance neural network inference framework optimized for the mobile platform |
@@ -189,8 +189,8 @@ Here are some repos that use cibuildwheel.
 | [Kivy][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Open source UI framework written in Python, running on Windows, Linux, macOS, Android and iOS |

 [scikit-learn]: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn
-[pytorch-fairseq]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/fairseq
 [duckdb]: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb
+[pytorch-fairseq]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/fairseq
 [NumPy]: https://github.com/numpy/numpy
 [Tornado]: https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado
 [NCNN]: https://github.com/Tencent/ncnn
@@ -227,72 +227,73 @@ Changelog

 <!-- [[[cog from readme_changelog import mini_changelog; print(mini_changelog()) ]]] -->

-### v3.0.1
+### v3.1.4

-_5 July 2025_
+_19 August 2025_

- 🛠 Updates CPython 3.14 prerelease to 3.14.0b3 (#2471)
- ✨ Adds a CPython 3.14 prerelease iOS build (only when prerelease builds are [enabled](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable)) (#2475)
+- ✨ Add a `--clean-cache` command to clean up our cache (#2489)
+- 🛠 Update Python to 3.14rc2 and other patch version bumps (#2542, #2556)
+- 🛠 Update Pyodide to 0.28.2 (#2562, #2558)
+- 🐛 Fix resolution with `pyodide-build` when `dependency-versions` is set (#2548)
+- 🐛 Set `CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PACKAGE` to `BOTH` on Android (#2547)
+- 🐛 Add `patchelf` dependency for platforms that can build Android wheels (#2552)
+- 🐛 Ignore empty values for `CIBW_ARCHS` like most other environment variables (#2541)
+- 💼 The `color` and `suggest_on_error` argparse options are now default in 3.14rc1+ (#2554)
+- 💼 Use the virtualenv release URL instead of blob URL (should be more robust) (#2555)
+- 🧪 For iOS, lowering to macos-14 is needed for now due to issues with GitHub's runner images (#2557)
+- 🧪 Split out platforms iOS and Android in our tests (#2519)
+- 🧪 Fix and enable doctests (#2546)
+- 📚 Improve our docs on free-threading (#2549)

-### v3.0.0

-_11 June 2025_
+### v3.1.3

-See @henryiii's [release post](https://iscinumpy.dev/post/cibuildwheel-3-0-0/) for more info on new features!
+_1 August 2025_

- 🌟 Adds the ability to [build wheels for iOS](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/platforms/#ios)! Set the [`platform` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#platform) to `ios` on a Mac with the iOS toolchain to try it out! (#2286, #2363, #2432)
- 🌟 Adds support for the GraalPy interpreter! Enable for your project using the [`enable` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable). (#1538, #2411, #2414)
- ✨ Adds CPython 3.14 support, under the [`enable` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) `cpython-prerelease`. This version of cibuildwheel uses 3.14.0b2. (#2390)
+- 🐛 Fix bug where "latest" dependencies couldn't update to pip 25.2 on Windows (#2537)
+- 🧪 Use pytest-rerunfailures to improve some of our iOS/Android tests (#2527, #2539)
+- 🧪 Remove some GraalPy Windows workarounds in our tests (#2501)

-    _While CPython is in beta, the ABI can change, so your wheels might not be compatible with the final release. For this reason, we don't recommend distributing wheels until RC1, at which point 3.14 will be available in cibuildwheel without the flag._ (#2390)
- ✨ Adds the [test-sources option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-sources), and changes the working directory for tests. (#2062, #2284, #2437)

-    - If this option is set, cibuildwheel will copy the files and folders specified in `test-sources` into the temporary directory we run from. This is required for iOS builds, but also useful for other platforms, as it allows you to avoid placeholders.
-    - If this option is not set, behaviour matches v2.x - cibuildwheel will run the tests from a temporary directory, and you can use the `{project}` placeholder in the `test-command` to refer to the project directory. (#2420)
+### v3.1.2

- ✨ Adds [`dependency-versions`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#dependency-versions) inline syntax (#2122)
- ✨ Improves support for Pyodide builds and adds the experimental [`pyodide-version`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#pyodide-version) option, which allows you to specify the version of Pyodide to use for builds. (#2002)
- ✨ Add `pyodide-prerelease` [enable](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) option, with an early build of 0.28 (Python 3.13). (#2431)
- ✨ Adds the [`test-environment`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-environment) option, which allows you to set environment variables for the test command. (#2388)
- ✨ Adds the [`xbuild-tools`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#xbuild-tools) option, which allows you to specify tools safe for cross-compilation. Currently only used on iOS; will be useful for Android in the future. (#2317)
- 🛠 The default [manylinux image](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image) has changed from `manylinux2014` to `manylinux_2_28`. (#2330)
- 🛠 EOL images `manylinux1`, `manylinux2010`, `manylinux_2_24` and `musllinux_1_1` can no longer be specified by their shortname. The full OCI name can still be used for these images, if you wish. (#2316)
- 🛠 Invokes `build` rather than `pip wheel` to build wheels by default. You can control this via the [`build-frontend`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-frontend) option. You might notice that you can see your build log output now! (#2321)
- 🛠 Build verbosity settings have been reworked to have consistent meanings between build backends when non-zero. (#2339)
- 🛠 Removed the `CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS` and `CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT` options - these have been folded into the [`enable`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) option instead. (#2095)
- 🛠 Build environments no longer have setuptools and wheel preinstalled. (#2329)
- 🛠 Use the standard Schema line for the integrated JSONSchema. (#2433)
- ⚠️ Dropped support for building Python 3.6 and 3.7 wheels. If you need to build wheels for these versions, use cibuildwheel v2.23.3 or earlier. (#2282)
- ⚠️ The minimum Python version required to run cibuildwheel is now Python 3.11. You can still build wheels for Python 3.8 and newer. (#1912)
- ⚠️ 32-bit Linux wheels no longer built by default - the [arch](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#archs) was removed from `"auto"`. It now requires explicit `"auto32"`. Note that modern manylinux images (like the new default, `manylinux_2_28`) do not have 32-bit versions. (#2458)
- ⚠️ PyPy wheels no longer built by default, due to a change to our options system. To continue building PyPy wheels, you'll now need to set the [`enable` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) to `pypy` or `pypy-eol`. (#2095)
- ⚠️ Dropped official support for Appveyor. If it was working for you before, it will probably continue to do so, but we can't be sure, because our CI doesn't run there anymore. (#2386)
- 📚 A reorganisation of the docs, and numerous updates. (#2280)
- 📚 Use Python 3.14 color output in docs CLI output. (#2407)
- 📚 Docs now primarily use the pyproject.toml name of options, rather than the environment variable name. (#2389)
- 📚 README table now matches docs and auto-updates. (#2427, #2428)
+_29 July 2025_

-### v2.23.3
+- ⚠️  Add an error if `CIBW_FREE_THREADING_SUPPORT` is set; you are likely missing 3.13t wheels, please use the `enable`/`CIBW_ENABLE` (#2520)
+- 🛠 `riscv64` now enabled if you target that architecture, it's now supported on PyPI (#2509)
+- 🛠 Add warning when using `cpython-experimental-riscv64` (no longer needed) (#2526, #2528)
+- 🛠 iOS versions bumped, fixing issues with 3.14 (now RC 1) (#2530)
+- 🐛 Fix bug in Android running wheel from our GitHub Action (#2517)
+- 🐛 Fix warning when using `test-skip` of `"*-macosx_universal2:arm64"` (#2522)
+- 🐛 Fix incorrect number of wheels reported in logs, again (#2517)
+- 📚 We welcome our Android platform maintainer (#2516)

-_26 April 2025_

- 🛠 Dependency updates, including Python 3.13.3 (#2371)
+### v3.1.1

-### v2.23.2
+_24 July 2025_

-_24 March 2025_
+- 🐛 Fix a bug showing an incorrect wheel count at the end of execution, and misrepresenting test-only runs in the GitHub Action summary (#2512)
+- 📚 Docs fix (#2510)

- 🐛 Workaround an issue with pyodide builds when running cibuildwheel with a Python that was installed via UV (#2328 via #2331)
- 🛠 Dependency updates, including a manylinux update that fixes an ['undefined symbol' error](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux/issues/1760) in gcc-toolset (#2334)
+### v3.1.0

-### v2.23.1
+_23 July 2025_

-_15 March 2025_

- ⚠️ Added warnings when the shorthand values `manylinux1`, `manylinux2010`, `manylinux_2_24`, and `musllinux_1_1` are used to specify the images in linux builds. The shorthand to these (unmaintainted) images will be removed in v3.0. If you want to keep using these images, explicitly opt-in using the full image URL, which can be found in [this file](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/v2.23.1/cibuildwheel/resources/pinned_docker_images.cfg). (#2312)
- 🛠 Dependency updates, including a manylinux update which fixes an [issue with rustup](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/2303). (#2315)
+- 🌟 CPython 3.14 wheels are now built by default - without the `"cpython-prerelease"` `enable` set. It's time to build and upload these wheels to PyPI! This release includes CPython 3.14.0rc1, which is guaranteed to be ABI compatible with the final release. (#2507) Free-threading is no longer experimental in 3.14, so you have to skip it explicitly with `'cp31?t-*'` if you don't support it yet. (#2503)
+- 🌟 Adds the ability to [build wheels for Android](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/platforms/#android)! Set the [`platform` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#platform) to `android` on Linux or macOS to try it out! (#2349)
+- 🌟 Adds Pyodide 0.28, which builds 3.13 wheels (#2487)
+- ✨ Support for 32-bit `manylinux_2_28` (now a consistent default) and `manylinux_2_34` added (#2500)
+- 🛠 Improved summary, will also use markdown summary output on GHA (#2469)
+- 🛠 The riscv64 images now have a working default (as they are now part of pypy/manylinux), but are still experimental (and behind an `enable`) since you can't push them to PyPI yet (#2506)
+- 🛠 Fixed a typo in the 3.9 MUSL riscv64 identifier (`cp39-musllinux_ricv64` -> `cp39-musllinux_riscv64`) (#2490)
+- 🛠 Mistyping `--only` now shows the correct possibilities, and even suggests near matches on Python 3.14+ (#2499)
+- 🛠 Only support one output from the repair step on linux like other platforms; auditwheel fixed this over four years ago! (#2478)
+- 💼 We now use pattern matching extensively (#2434)
+- 📚 We now have platform maintainers for our special platforms and interpreters! (#2481)

-<!-- [[[end]]] (sum: QKx9Hx5znR) -->
+<!-- [[[end]]] (sum: loynkRqdzf) -->

 ---

@@ -312,12 +313,23 @@ Everyone interacting with the cibuildwheel project via codebase, issue tracker,
 Maintainers
 -----------

+Core:
+
 - Joe Rickerby [@joerick](https://github.com/joerick)
 - Yannick Jadoul [@YannickJadoul](https://github.com/YannickJadoul)
 - Matthieu Darbois [@mayeut](https://github.com/mayeut)
 - Henry Schreiner [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii)
 - Grzegorz Bokota [@Czaki](https://github.com/Czaki)

+Platform maintainers:
+
+- Russell Keith-Magee [@freakboy3742](https://github.com/freakboy3742) (iOS)
+- Agriya Khetarpal [@agriyakhetarpal](https://github.com/agriyakhetarpal) (Pyodide)
+- Hood Chatham [@hoodmane](https://github.com/hoodmane) (Pyodide)
+- Gyeongjae Choi [@ryanking13](https://github.com/ryanking13) (Pyodide)
+- Tim Felgentreff [@timfel](https://github.com/timfel) (GraalPy)
+- Malcolm Smith [@mhsmith](https://github.com/mhsmith) (Android)
+
 Credits
 -------

@@ -16,57 +16,61 @@ pr:
      - noxfile.py

 jobs:
- job: linux_311
+- job: tests
+  strategy:
+    matrix:
+      linux_311:
+        imageName: "ubuntu-latest"
+        pythonVersion: "3.11"
+        testSelect: "native"
+      android_311:
+        imageName: "ubuntu-latest"
+        pythonVersion: "3.11"
+        testSelect: "android"
+      macos_311:
+        imageName: "macos-latest"
+        pythonVersion: "3.11"
+        testSelect: "native"
+      ios_311:
+        imageName: "macos-latest"
+        pythonVersion: "3.11"
+        testSelect: "ios"
+      android_macos_311:
+        imageName: "macos-latest"
+        pythonVersion: "3.11"
+        testSelect: "android"
+      windows_311:
+        imageName: "windows-latest"
+        pythonVersion: "3.11"
+        testSelect: "native"
  timeoutInMinutes: 180
-  pool: {vmImage: 'ubuntu-latest'}
-  steps:
-    - task: UsePythonVersion@0
-      inputs:
-        versionSpec: '3.11'
-    - bash: |
-        docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
-        python -m pip install -U pip
-        python -m pip install -e. --group test
-        if [ "$(Build.SourceBranch)" = "refs/heads/main" ]; then
-          echo "INFO: Exporting CIBW_ENABLE=all for main branch test run."
-          export CIBW_ENABLE=all
-        else
-          echo "INFO: CIBW_ENABLE not set for this branch ($(Build.SourceBranch))."
-        fi
-        python ./bin/run_tests.py
+  pool:
+    vmImage: $(imageName)

- job: macos_311
-  pool: {vmImage: 'macOS-latest'}
-  timeoutInMinutes: 120
  steps:
    - task: UsePythonVersion@0
      inputs:
-        versionSpec: '3.11'
-    - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -U pip
-        python -m pip install -e. --group test
-        if [ "$(Build.SourceBranch)" = "refs/heads/main" ]; then
-          echo "INFO: Exporting CIBW_ENABLE=all for main branch test run."
-          export CIBW_ENABLE=all
-        else
-          echo "INFO: CIBW_ENABLE not set for this branch ($(Build.SourceBranch))."
-        fi
-        python ./bin/run_tests.py
+        versionSpec: $(pythonVersion)

- job: windows_311
-  pool: {vmImage: 'windows-latest'}
-  timeoutInMinutes: 180
-  steps:
-    - task: UsePythonVersion@0
+    - task: JavaToolInstaller@0
+      condition: and(eq(variables['testSelect'], 'android'), eq(variables['Agent.OS'], 'Linux'))
      inputs:
-        versionSpec: '3.11'
+        versionSpec: '17'
+        jdkArchitectureOption: 'x64'
+        jdkSourceOption: 'PreInstalled'
+
+    - bash: docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
+      condition: and(eq(variables['imageName'], 'ubuntu-latest'), eq(variables['testSelect'], 'native'))
+      displayName: 'Install binfmt on Linux'
+
+    - bash: python -m pip install -U pip && python -m pip install -e. --group test
+      displayName: 'Update pip and install cibuildwheel --group test'
+
+    - bash: echo "##vso[task.setvariable variable=CIBW_ENABLE;]all"
+      condition: eq(variables['Build.SourceBranch'], 'refs/heads/main')
+      displayName: Set CIBW_ENABLE to all (main branch)
+
    - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -U pip
-        python -m pip install -e. --group test
-        if [ "$(Build.SourceBranch)" = "refs/heads/main" ]; then
-          echo "INFO: Exporting CIBW_ENABLE=all for main branch test run."
-          export CIBW_ENABLE=all
-        else
-          echo "INFO: CIBW_ENABLE not set for this branch ($(Build.SourceBranch))."
-        fi
-        python ./bin/run_tests.py
+        echo "CIBW_ENABLE = $CIBW_ENABLE"
+        python ./bin/run_tests.py --test-select $(testSelect)
+      displayName: 'Run tests'
@@ -6,17 +6,12 @@

 import argparse
 import copy
-import functools
 import json
-import sys
 from typing import Any

 import yaml

-make_parser = functools.partial(argparse.ArgumentParser, allow_abbrev=False)
-if sys.version_info >= (3, 14):
-    make_parser = functools.partial(make_parser, color=True, suggest_on_error=True)
-parser = make_parser()
+parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(allow_abbrev=False)
 parser.add_argument("--schemastore", action="store_true", help="Generate schema_store version")
 args = parser.parse_args()

@@ -63,7 +58,7 @@ properties:
    type: string_array
  build-frontend:
    default: default
-    description: Set the tool to use to build, either "pip" (default for now), "build", or "build[uv]"
+    description: Set the tool to use to build, either "build" (default), "build[uv]", or "pip"
    oneOf:
      - enum: [pip, build, "build[uv]", default]
      - type: string
@@ -348,6 +343,7 @@ oses = {
    "windows": as_object(not_linux),
    "macos": as_object(not_linux),
    "pyodide": as_object(not_linux),
+    "android": as_object(not_linux),
    "ios": as_object(not_linux),
 }

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@


 import argparse
-import functools
 import os
 import subprocess
 import sys
@@ -14,10 +13,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
    else:
        default_cpu_count = os.process_cpu_count() or 2

-    make_parser = functools.partial(argparse.ArgumentParser, allow_abbrev=False)
-    if sys.version_info >= (3, 14):
-        make_parser = functools.partial(make_parser, color=True, suggest_on_error=True)
-    parser = make_parser()
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(allow_abbrev=False)
    parser.add_argument(
        "--run-podman", action="store_true", default=False, help="run podman tests (linux only)"
    )
@@ -27,26 +23,66 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
        default=default_cpu_count,
        help="number of processes to use for testing",
    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--test-select",
+        choices={"all", "native", "android", "ios", "pyodide"},
+        default="all",
+        help="Either 'native' or 'android'/'ios'/'pyodide'",
+    )
    args = parser.parse_args()

    # move cwd to the project root
    os.chdir(Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1])

+    # doc tests
+    doc_test_args = [sys.executable, "-m", "pytest", "cibuildwheel"]
+
+    print(
+        "\n\n================================== DOC TESTS ==================================",
+        flush=True,
+    )
+    result = subprocess.run(doc_test_args, check=False)
+    if result.returncode not in (0, 5):
+        # Allow case where no doctests are collected (returncode 5) because
+        # circleci sets an explicit "-k" filter that disables doctests. There
+        # isn't a pattern that will only select doctests. This can be removed
+        # and have check=True if the circleci PYTEST_ADDOPTS is removed.
+        raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(
+            result.returncode, result.args, output=result.stdout, stderr=result.stderr
+        )
+
    # unit tests
+    print(
+        "\n\n================================== UNIT TESTS ==================================",
+        flush=True,
+    )
    unit_test_args = [sys.executable, "-m", "pytest", "unit_test"]

-    if sys.platform.startswith("linux") and os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "linux") == "linux":
+    if (
+        sys.platform.startswith("linux")
+        and os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "linux") == "linux"
+        and args.test_select in ["all", "native"]
+    ):
        # run the docker unit tests only on Linux
        unit_test_args += ["--run-docker"]

        if args.run_podman:
            unit_test_args += ["--run-podman"]

+    subprocess.run(unit_test_args, check=True)
+
    print(
-        "\n\n================================== UNIT TESTS ==================================",
+        "\n\n=========================== SERIAL INTEGRATION TESTS ===========================",
        flush=True,
    )
-    subprocess.run(unit_test_args, check=True)
+
+    match args.test_select:
+        case "all":
+            marks = []
+        case "native":
+            marks = ["not pyodide", "not android", "not ios"]
+        case mark:
+            marks = [f"{mark}"]

    # Run the serial integration tests without multiple processes
    serial_integration_test_args = [
@@ -54,7 +90,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
        "-m",
        "pytest",
        "-m",
-        "serial",
+        f"{' and '.join(['serial', *marks])}",
        "-x",
        "--durations",
        "0",
@@ -62,19 +98,19 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
        "test",
        "-vv",
    ]
-    print(
-        "\n\n=========================== SERIAL INTEGRATION TESTS ===========================",
-        flush=True,
-    )
+
    subprocess.run(serial_integration_test_args, check=True)

-    # Non-serial integration tests
+    print(
+        "\n\n========================= NON-SERIAL INTEGRATION TESTS =========================",
+        flush=True,
+    )
    integration_test_args = [
        sys.executable,
        "-m",
        "pytest",
        "-m",
-        "not serial",
+        f"{' and '.join(['not serial', *marks])}",
        f"--numprocesses={args.num_processes}",
        "-x",
        "--durations",
@@ -87,8 +123,4 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
    if sys.platform.startswith("linux") and args.run_podman:
        integration_test_args += ["--run-podman"]

-    print(
-        "\n\n========================= NON-SERIAL INTEGRATION TESTS =========================",
-        flush=True,
-    )
    subprocess.run(integration_test_args, check=True)
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@


 import argparse
-import functools
 import os
 import subprocess
 import sys
@@ -13,10 +12,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
    # move cwd to the project root
    os.chdir(Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1])

-    make_parser = functools.partial(argparse.ArgumentParser, allow_abbrev=False)
-    if sys.version_info >= (3, 14):
-        make_parser = functools.partial(make_parser, color=True, suggest_on_error=True)
-    parser = make_parser(description="Runs a sample build")
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Runs a sample build", allow_abbrev=False)
    parser.add_argument("project_python_path", nargs="?", default="test.test_0_basic.basic_project")

    options = parser.parse_args()
@@ -43,16 +43,40 @@ images = [
    ),
    # manylinux_2_28 images
    PyPAImage(
-        "manylinux_2_28", ["x86_64", "aarch64", "ppc64le", "s390x", "pypy_x86_64", "pypy_aarch64"]
+        "manylinux_2_28",
+        [
+            "x86_64",
+            "i686",
+            "aarch64",
+            "ppc64le",
+            "s390x",
+            "pypy_x86_64",
+            "pypy_i686",
+            "pypy_aarch64",
+        ],
    ),
    # manylinux_2_31 images
    PyPAImage("manylinux_2_31", ["armv7l"]),
    # manylinux_2_34 images
    PyPAImage(
-        "manylinux_2_34", ["x86_64", "aarch64", "ppc64le", "s390x", "pypy_x86_64", "pypy_aarch64"]
+        "manylinux_2_34",
+        [
+            "x86_64",
+            "i686",
+            "aarch64",
+            "ppc64le",
+            "s390x",
+            "pypy_x86_64",
+            "pypy_i686",
+            "pypy_aarch64",
+        ],
    ),
+    # manylinux_2_39 images
+    PyPAImage("manylinux_2_39", ["riscv64"]),
    # musllinux_1_2 images
-    PyPAImage("musllinux_1_2", ["x86_64", "i686", "aarch64", "ppc64le", "s390x", "armv7l"]),
+    PyPAImage(
+        "musllinux_1_2", ["x86_64", "i686", "aarch64", "ppc64le", "s390x", "armv7l", "riscv64"]
+    ),
 ]

 config = configparser.ConfigParser()
@@ -116,8 +140,5 @@ for image in images:
            suffix = f"_{platform.removeprefix('pypy_')}"
        config[platform][image.manylinux_version] = f"{image.image_name}{suffix}:{tag_name}"

-if not config.has_section("riscv64"):
-    config["riscv64"] = {}
-
 with open(RESOURCES / "pinned_docker_images.cfg", "w") as f:
    config.write(f)
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import tomllib
 from collections.abc import Mapping, MutableMapping
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any, Final, Literal, TypedDict
+from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET

 import click
 import requests
@@ -20,6 +21,7 @@ from rich.logging import RichHandler
 from rich.syntax import Syntax

 from cibuildwheel.extra import dump_python_configurations, get_pyodide_xbuildenv_info
+from cibuildwheel.platforms.android import android_triplet

 log = logging.getLogger("cibw")

@@ -57,6 +59,12 @@ class ConfigApple(TypedDict):
    url: str


+class ConfigAndroid(TypedDict):
+    identifier: str
+    version: str
+    url: str
+
+
 class ConfigPyodide(TypedDict):
    identifier: str
    version: str
@@ -64,7 +72,7 @@ class ConfigPyodide(TypedDict):
    node_version: str


-AnyConfig = ConfigWinCP | ConfigWinPP | ConfigWinGP | ConfigApple | ConfigPyodide
+AnyConfig = ConfigWinCP | ConfigWinPP | ConfigWinGP | ConfigApple | ConfigAndroid | ConfigPyodide


 # The following set of "Versions" classes allow the initial call to the APIs to
@@ -320,6 +328,39 @@ class CPythonVersions:
        return None


+class AndroidVersions:
+    # This should be replaced with official python.org downloads once they're available.
+    MAVEN_URL = "https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/chaquo/python/python"
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        response = requests.get(f"{self.MAVEN_URL}/maven-metadata.xml")
+        response.raise_for_status()
+        root = ET.fromstring(response.text)
+
+        self.versions: list[Version] = []
+        for version_elem in root.findall("./versioning/versions/version"):
+            version_str = version_elem.text
+            assert isinstance(version_str, str), version_str
+            self.versions.append(Version(version_str))
+
+    def update_version_android(
+        self, identifier: str, version: Version, spec: Specifier
+    ) -> ConfigAndroid | None:
+        sorted_versions = sorted(spec.filter(self.versions), reverse=True)
+
+        # Return a config using the highest version for the given specifier.
+        if sorted_versions:
+            max_version = sorted_versions[0]
+            triplet = android_triplet(identifier)
+            return ConfigAndroid(
+                identifier=identifier,
+                version=str(version),
+                url=f"{self.MAVEN_URL}/{max_version}/python-{max_version}-{triplet}.tar.gz",
+            )
+        else:
+            return None
+
+
 class CPythonIOSVersions:
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        response = requests.get(
@@ -413,6 +454,7 @@ class AllVersions:
        self.macos_pypy = PyPyVersions("64")
        self.macos_pypy_arm64 = PyPyVersions("ARM64")

+        self.android = AndroidVersions()
        self.ios_cpython = CPythonIOSVersions()

        self.graalpy = GraalPyVersions()
@@ -455,6 +497,8 @@ class AllVersions:
            config_update = self.windows_t_arm64.update_version_windows(spec)
        elif "win_arm64" in identifier and identifier.startswith("cp"):
            config_update = self.windows_arm64.update_version_windows(spec)
+        elif "android" in identifier:
+            config_update = self.android.update_version_android(identifier, version, spec)
        elif "ios" in identifier:
            config_update = self.ios_cpython.update_version_ios(identifier, version)
        elif "pyodide" in identifier:
@@ -490,17 +534,9 @@ def update_pythons(force: bool, level: str) -> None:
    with toml_file_path.open("rb") as f:
        configs = tomllib.load(f)

-    for config in configs["windows"]["python_configurations"]:
-        all_versions.update_config(config)
-
-    for config in configs["macos"]["python_configurations"]:
-        all_versions.update_config(config)
-
-    for config in configs["ios"]["python_configurations"]:
-        all_versions.update_config(config)
-
-    for config in configs["pyodide"]["python_configurations"]:
-        all_versions.update_config(config)
+    for platform in ["windows", "macos", "android", "ios", "pyodide"]:
+        for config in configs[platform]["python_configurations"]:
+            all_versions.update_config(config)

    result_toml = dump_python_configurations(configs)

@@ -4,17 +4,18 @@
 import dataclasses
 import difflib
 import logging
-import subprocess
 import tomllib
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Final

 import click
 import rich
-from packaging.version import InvalidVersion, Version
+from packaging.version import Version
 from rich.logging import RichHandler
 from rich.syntax import Syntax

+from cibuildwheel.extra import github_api_request
+
 log = logging.getLogger("cibw")

 # Looking up the dir instead of using utils.resources_dir
@@ -30,32 +31,26 @@ GET_VIRTUALENV_URL_TEMPLATE: Final[str] = (

@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, order=True)
 class VersionTuple:
+    name: str
+    download_url: str
    version: Version
-    version_string: str


-def git_ls_remote_versions(url: str) -> list[VersionTuple]:
-    versions: list[VersionTuple] = []
-    tags = subprocess.run(
-        ["git", "ls-remote", "--tags", url], check=True, text=True, capture_output=True
-    ).stdout.splitlines()
-    for tag in tags:
-        _, ref = tag.split()
-        assert ref.startswith("refs/tags/")
-        version_string = ref[10:]
-        try:
-            version = Version(version_string)
-            if version.is_devrelease:
-                log.info("Ignoring development release %r", str(version))
-                continue
-            if version.is_prerelease:
-                log.info("Ignoring pre-release %r", str(version))
-                continue
-            versions.append(VersionTuple(version, version_string))
-        except InvalidVersion:
-            log.warning("Ignoring ref %r", ref)
-    versions.sort(reverse=True)
-    return versions
+def get_latest_virtualenv_release() -> VersionTuple:
+    response = github_api_request("repos/pypa/get-virtualenv/releases/latest")
+    tag_name = response["tag_name"]
+
+    asset = next(
+        (asset for asset in response["assets"] if asset["name"] == "virtualenv.pyz"),
+        None,
+    )
+    if not asset:
+        msg = "No asset named 'virtualenv.pyz' found in the latest release of get-virtualenv."
+        raise RuntimeError(msg)
+
+    return VersionTuple(
+        version=Version(tag_name), name=tag_name, download_url=asset["browser_download_url"]
+    )


@click.command()
@@ -78,14 +73,20 @@ def update_virtualenv(force: bool, level: str) -> None:
    with toml_file_path.open("rb") as f:
        configurations = tomllib.load(f)
    default = configurations.pop("default")
-    version = str(default["version"])
-    versions = git_ls_remote_versions(GET_VIRTUALENV_GITHUB)
-    if versions[0].version > Version(version):
-        version = versions[0].version_string
+    local_version = str(default["version"])
+
+    latest_release = get_latest_virtualenv_release()
+
+    if latest_release.version > Version(local_version):
+        version = latest_release.name
+        url = latest_release.download_url
+    else:
+        version = local_version
+        url = default["url"]

    configurations["default"] = {
        "version": version,
-        "url": GET_VIRTUALENV_URL_TEMPLATE.format(version=version),
+        "url": url,
    }
    result_toml = "".join(
        f'{key} = {{ version = "{value["version"]}", url = "{value["url"]}" }}\n'
@@ -1 +1 @@
-__version__ = "3.0.1"
+__version__ = "3.1.4"
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
 import argparse
 import contextlib
 import dataclasses
-import functools
 import os
 import shutil
 import sys
 import tarfile
 import textwrap
-import time
 import traceback
 import typing
 from collections.abc import Generator, Iterable, Sequence
@@ -22,11 +20,12 @@ from cibuildwheel.architecture import Architecture, allowed_architectures_check
 from cibuildwheel.ci import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider, fix_ansi_codes_for_github_actions
 from cibuildwheel.logger import log
 from cibuildwheel.options import CommandLineArguments, Options, compute_options
-from cibuildwheel.platforms import ALL_PLATFORM_MODULES, get_build_identifiers
+from cibuildwheel.platforms import ALL_PLATFORM_MODULES, get_build_identifiers, native_platform
 from cibuildwheel.selector import BuildSelector, EnableGroup, selector_matches
 from cibuildwheel.typing import PLATFORMS, PlatformName
-from cibuildwheel.util.file import CIBW_CACHE_PATH
+from cibuildwheel.util.file import CIBW_CACHE_PATH, ensure_cache_sentinel
 from cibuildwheel.util.helpers import strtobool
+from cibuildwheel.util.resources import read_all_configs


@dataclasses.dataclass
@@ -80,28 +79,26 @@ def main_inner(global_options: GlobalOptions) -> None:
    rather than exiting directly.
    """

-    make_parser = functools.partial(argparse.ArgumentParser, allow_abbrev=False)
-    if sys.version_info >= (3, 14):
-        make_parser = functools.partial(make_parser, color=True, suggest_on_error=True)
-    parser = make_parser(
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
        description="Build wheels for all the platforms.",
        epilog="""
            Most options are supplied via environment variables or in
            --config-file (pyproject.toml usually). See
            https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel#options for info.
        """,
+        allow_abbrev=False,
    )

    parser.add_argument(
        "--platform",
-        choices=["auto", "linux", "macos", "windows", "pyodide", "ios"],
+        choices=["auto", "linux", "macos", "windows", "pyodide", "android", "ios"],
        default=None,
        help="""
            Platform to build for. Use this option to override the auto-detected
            platform. Specifying "macos" or "windows" only works on that
            operating system. "linux" works on any desktop OS, as long as
-            Docker/Podman is installed. "pyodide" only works on linux and macOS.
-            "ios" only work on macOS. Default: auto.
+            Docker/Podman is installed. "pyodide" and "android" only work on
+            Linux and macOS. "ios" only works on macOS. Default: auto.
        """,
    )

@@ -133,6 +130,8 @@ def main_inner(global_options: GlobalOptions) -> None:
    parser.add_argument(
        "--only",
        default=None,
+        choices=[v["identifier"] for vv in read_all_configs().values() for v in vv],
+        metavar="IDENTIFIER",
        help="""
            Force a single wheel build when given an identifier. Overrides
            CIBW_BUILD/CIBW_SKIP. --platform and --arch cannot be specified
@@ -180,6 +179,12 @@ def main_inner(global_options: GlobalOptions) -> None:
        help="Print the build identifiers matched by the current invocation and exit.",
    )

+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--clean-cache",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Clear the cibuildwheel cache and exit.",
+    )
+
    parser.add_argument(
        "--allow-empty",
        action="store_true",
@@ -197,6 +202,48 @@ def main_inner(global_options: GlobalOptions) -> None:

    global_options.print_traceback_on_error = args.debug_traceback

+    if args.clean_cache:
+        if not CIBW_CACHE_PATH.exists():
+            print(f"Cache directory does not exist: {CIBW_CACHE_PATH}")
+            sys.exit(0)
+
+        sentinel_file = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / "CACHEDIR.TAG"
+        if not sentinel_file.exists():
+            print(
+                f"Error: {CIBW_CACHE_PATH} does not appear to be a cibuildwheel cache directory.",
+                "Only directories with a CACHEDIR.TAG sentinel file can be cleaned.",
+                sep="\n",
+                file=sys.stderr,
+            )
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        # Verify signature to ensure it's a proper cache dir
+        # See https://bford.info/cachedir/ for more
+        try:
+            sentinel_content = sentinel_file.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+        except OSError as e:
+            print(f"Error reading cache directory tag: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        if not sentinel_content.startswith("Signature: 8a477f597d28d172789f06886806bc55"):
+            print(
+                f"Error: {sentinel_file} does not contain a valid cache directory signature.",
+                "For safety, only properly signed cache directories can be cleaned.",
+                sep="\n",
+                file=sys.stderr,
+            )
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        print(f"Clearing cache directory: {CIBW_CACHE_PATH}")
+        try:
+            shutil.rmtree(CIBW_CACHE_PATH)
+            print("Cache cleared successfully.")
+        except OSError as e:
+            print(f"Error clearing cache: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        sys.exit(0)
+
    args.package_dir = args.package_dir.resolve()

    # This are always relative to the base directory, even in SDist builds
@@ -242,28 +289,14 @@ def _compute_platform_only(only: str) -> PlatformName:
        return "windows"
    if "pyodide_" in only:
        return "pyodide"
+    if "android_" in only:
+        return "android"
    if "ios_" in only:
        return "ios"
    msg = f"Invalid --only='{only}', must be a build selector with a known platform"
    raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)


-def _compute_platform_auto() -> PlatformName:
-    if sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
-        return "linux"
-    elif sys.platform == "darwin":
-        return "macos"
-    elif sys.platform == "win32":
-        return "windows"
-    else:
-        msg = (
-            'Unable to detect platform from "sys.platform". cibuildwheel doesn\'t '
-            "support building wheels for this platform. You might be able to build for a different "
-            "platform using the --platform argument. Check --help output for more information."
-        )
-        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
-
-
 def _compute_platform(args: CommandLineArguments) -> PlatformName:
    platform_option_value = args.platform or os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "") or "auto"

@@ -283,43 +316,7 @@ def _compute_platform(args: CommandLineArguments) -> PlatformName:
    elif platform_option_value != "auto":
        return typing.cast(PlatformName, platform_option_value)

-    return _compute_platform_auto()
-
-
-@contextlib.contextmanager
-def print_new_wheels(msg: str, output_dir: Path) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
-    """
-    Prints the new items in a directory upon exiting. The message to display
-    can include {n} for number of wheels, {s} for total number of seconds,
-    and/or {m} for total number of minutes. Does not print anything if this
-    exits via exception.
-    """
-
-    start_time = time.time()
-    existing_contents = set(output_dir.iterdir())
-    yield
-    final_contents = set(output_dir.iterdir())
-
-    new_contents = [
-        FileReport(wheel.name, f"{(wheel.stat().st_size + 1023) // 1024:,d}")
-        for wheel in final_contents - existing_contents
-    ]
-
-    if not new_contents:
-        return
-
-    max_name_len = max(len(f.name) for f in new_contents)
-    max_size_len = max(len(f.size) for f in new_contents)
-    n = len(new_contents)
-    s = time.time() - start_time
-    m = s / 60
-    print(
-        msg.format(n=n, s=s, m=m),
-        *sorted(
-            f"  {f.name:<{max_name_len}s}   {f.size:>{max_size_len}s} kB" for f in new_contents
-        ),
-        sep="\n",
-    )
+    return native_platform()


 def build_in_directory(args: CommandLineArguments) -> None:
@@ -360,6 +357,7 @@ def build_in_directory(args: CommandLineArguments) -> None:

    # create the cache dir before it gets printed & builds performed
    CIBW_CACHE_PATH.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    ensure_cache_sentinel(CIBW_CACHE_PATH)

    print_preamble(platform=platform, options=options, identifiers=identifiers)

@@ -382,7 +380,7 @@ def build_in_directory(args: CommandLineArguments) -> None:

    tmp_path = Path(mkdtemp(prefix="cibw-run-")).resolve(strict=True)
    try:
-        with print_new_wheels("\n{n} wheels produced in {m:.0f} minutes:", output_dir):
+        with log.print_summary(options=options):
            platform_module.build(options, tmp_path)
    finally:
        # avoid https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/86962 by performing
@@ -417,41 +415,61 @@ def print_preamble(platform: str, options: Options, identifiers: Sequence[str])
    print(f"Cache folder: {CIBW_CACHE_PATH}")
    print()

-    warnings = detect_warnings(options=options, identifiers=identifiers)
+    warnings = detect_warnings(options=options)
    for warning in warnings:
        log.warning(warning)

+    error_list = list(detect_errors(options=options, identifiers=identifiers))
+    if error_list:
+        for error in error_list:
+            log.error(error)
+        msg = "\n".join(error_list)
+        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
+
    print("Here we go!\n")


-def detect_warnings(*, options: Options, identifiers: Iterable[str]) -> list[str]:
-    warnings = []
-
-    python_version_deprecation = ((3, 11), 3)
-    if sys.version_info[:2] < python_version_deprecation[0]:
-        python_version = ".".join(map(str, python_version_deprecation[0]))
-        msg = (
-            f"cibuildwheel {python_version_deprecation[1]} will require Python {python_version}+, "
-            "please upgrade the Python version used to run cibuildwheel. "
-            "This does not affect the versions you can target when building wheels. See: https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/#what-does-it-do"
+def detect_errors(*, options: Options, identifiers: Iterable[str]) -> Generator[str, None, None]:
+    # Check for deprecated CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT environment variable
+    if "CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT" in os.environ:
+        yield (
+            "CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT environment variable is no longer supported. "
+            'Use tool.cibuildwheel.enable = ["cpython-freethreading"] in pyproject.toml '
+            "or set CIBW_ENABLE=cpython-freethreading instead."
        )
-        warnings.append(msg)

-    # warn about deprecated {python} and {pip}
+    # Deprecated {python} and {pip}
    for option_name in ["test_command", "before_build"]:
        option_values = [getattr(options.build_options(i), option_name) for i in identifiers]

        if any(o and ("{python}" in o or "{pip}" in o) for o in option_values):
            # Reminder: in an f-string, double braces means literal single brace
-            msg = (
+            yield (
                f"{option_name}: '{{python}}' and '{{pip}}' are no longer supported "
                "and have been removed in cibuildwheel 3. Simply use 'python' or 'pip' instead."
            )
-            raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
+
+
+def detect_warnings(*, options: Options) -> Generator[str, None, None]:
+    python_version_deprecation = ((3, 11), 3)
+    if sys.version_info[:2] < python_version_deprecation[0]:
+        python_version = ".".join(map(str, python_version_deprecation[0]))
+        yield (
+            f"cibuildwheel {python_version_deprecation[1]} will require Python {python_version}+, "
+            "please upgrade the Python version used to run cibuildwheel. "
+            "This does not affect the versions you can target when building wheels. See: https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/#what-does-it-do"
+        )

    build_selector = options.globals.build_selector
    test_selector = options.globals.test_selector

+    if EnableGroup.CPythonExperimentalRiscV64 in build_selector.enable:
+        yield (
+            "'cpython-experimental-riscv64' enable is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. "
+            "It should be removed from tool.cibuildwheel.enable in pyproject.toml "
+            "or CIBW_ENABLE environment variable."
+        )
+
    all_valid_identifiers = [
        config.identifier
        for module in ALL_PLATFORM_MODULES.values()
@@ -465,27 +483,25 @@ def detect_warnings(*, options: Options, identifiers: Iterable[str]) -> list[str
        identifier for identifier in all_valid_identifiers if enabled_selector(identifier)
    ]

-    warnings += check_for_invalid_selectors(
+    yield from check_for_invalid_selectors(
        selector_name="build",
        selector_value=build_selector.build_config,
        all_valid_identifiers=all_valid_identifiers,
        all_enabled_identifiers=all_enabled_identifiers,
    )
-    warnings += check_for_invalid_selectors(
+    yield from check_for_invalid_selectors(
        selector_name="skip",
        selector_value=build_selector.skip_config,
        all_valid_identifiers=all_valid_identifiers,
        all_enabled_identifiers=all_enabled_identifiers,
    )
-    warnings += check_for_invalid_selectors(
+    yield from check_for_invalid_selectors(
        selector_name="test_skip",
        selector_value=test_selector.skip_config,
        all_valid_identifiers=all_valid_identifiers,
        all_enabled_identifiers=all_enabled_identifiers,
    )

-    return warnings
-

 def check_for_invalid_selectors(
    *,
@@ -497,17 +513,31 @@ def check_for_invalid_selectors(
    warnings = []

    for selector in selector_value.split():
-        if not any(selector_matches(selector, i) for i in all_enabled_identifiers):
+        selector_ = selector
+        if selector_name == "test_skip":
+            # macosx_universal2 uses an additional identifier for tests which ends with ":{arch}"
+            values = selector.split(":")
+            universal2_identifiers = filter(
+                lambda x: x.endswith("-macosx_universal2"), all_valid_identifiers
+            )
+            if len(values) == 2 and any(
+                selector_matches(selector_, f"{i}:{arch}")
+                for i in universal2_identifiers
+                for arch in ["arm64", "x86_64"]
+            ):
+                # just ignore the arch part in the rest of the check
+                selector_ = values[0]
+        if not any(selector_matches(selector_, i) for i in all_enabled_identifiers):
            msg = f"Invalid {selector_name} selector: {selector!r}. "
            error_type: type = errors.ConfigurationError

-            if any(selector_matches(selector, i) for i in all_valid_identifiers):
+            if any(selector_matches(selector_, i) for i in all_valid_identifiers):
                msg += "This selector matches a group that wasn't enabled. Enable it using the `enable` option or remove this selector. "

-            if "p2" in selector or "p35" in selector:
+            if "p2" in selector_ or "p35" in selector_:
                msg += f"cibuildwheel 3.x no longer supports Python < 3.8. Please use the 1.x series or update `{selector_name}`. "
                error_type = errors.DeprecationError
-            if "p36" in selector or "p37" in selector:
+            if "p36" in selector_ or "p37" in selector_:
                msg += f"cibuildwheel 3.x no longer supports Python < 3.8. Please use the 2.x series or update `{selector_name}`. "
                error_type = errors.DeprecationError

@@ -17,16 +17,25 @@ PRETTY_NAMES: Final[dict[PlatformName, str]] = {
    "macos": "macOS",
    "windows": "Windows",
    "pyodide": "Pyodide",
+    "android": "Android",
    "ios": "iOS",
 }

 ARCH_SYNONYMS: Final[list[dict[PlatformName, str | None]]] = [
-    {"linux": "x86_64", "macos": "x86_64", "windows": "AMD64"},
+    {"linux": "x86_64", "macos": "x86_64", "windows": "AMD64", "android": "x86_64"},
    {"linux": "i686", "macos": None, "windows": "x86"},
-    {"linux": "aarch64", "macos": "arm64", "windows": "ARM64"},
+    {"linux": "aarch64", "macos": "arm64", "windows": "ARM64", "android": "arm64_v8a"},
 ]


+def arch_synonym(arch: str, from_platform: PlatformName, to_platform: PlatformName) -> str | None:
+    for arch_synonym_ in ARCH_SYNONYMS:
+        if arch == arch_synonym_.get(from_platform):
+            return arch_synonym_.get(to_platform, arch)
+
+    return arch
+
+
 def _check_aarch32_el0() -> bool:
    """Check if running armv7l natively on aarch64 is supported"""
    if not sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
@@ -42,7 +51,7 @@ def _check_aarch32_el0() -> bool:

@typing.final
 class Architecture(StrEnum):
-    # mac/linux archs
+    # mac/linux/android archs
    x86_64 = auto()

    # linux archs
@@ -65,6 +74,9 @@ class Architecture(StrEnum):
    # WebAssembly
    wasm32 = auto()

+    # android archs
+    arm64_v8a = auto()
+
    # iOS "multiarch" architectures that include both
    # the CPU architecture and the ABI.
    arm64_iphoneos = auto()
@@ -123,15 +135,12 @@ class Architecture(StrEnum):
        # we might need to rename the native arch to the machine we're running
        # on, as the same arch can have different names on different platforms
        if host_platform != platform:
-            for arch_synonym in ARCH_SYNONYMS:
-                if native_machine == arch_synonym.get(host_platform):
-                    synonym = arch_synonym[platform]
+            synonym = arch_synonym(native_machine, host_platform, platform)
+            if synonym is None:
+                # can't build anything on this platform
+                return None

-                    if synonym is None:
-                        # can't build anything on this platform
-                        return None
-
-                    native_architecture = Architecture(synonym)
+            native_architecture = Architecture(synonym)

        return native_architecture

@@ -166,6 +175,7 @@ class Architecture(StrEnum):
            "macos": {Architecture.x86_64, Architecture.arm64, Architecture.universal2},
            "windows": {Architecture.x86, Architecture.AMD64, Architecture.ARM64},
            "pyodide": {Architecture.wasm32},
+            "android": {Architecture.x86_64, Architecture.arm64_v8a},
            "ios": {
                Architecture.x86_64_iphonesimulator,
                Architecture.arm64_iphonesimulator,
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ from enum import Enum

 from .util.helpers import strtobool

+ANSI_CODE_REGEX = re.compile(r"(\033\[[0-9;]*m)")
+

 class CIProvider(Enum):
    # official support
@@ -46,7 +48,7 @@ def fix_ansi_codes_for_github_actions(text: str) -> str:
    Github Actions forgets the current ANSI style on every new line. This
    function repeats the current ANSI style on every new line.
    """
-    ansi_code_regex = re.compile(r"(\033\[[0-9;]*m)")
+
    ansi_codes: list[str] = []
    output = ""

@@ -55,7 +57,7 @@ def fix_ansi_codes_for_github_actions(text: str) -> str:
        output += "".join(ansi_codes) + line

        # split the line at each ANSI code
-        parts = ansi_code_regex.split(line)
+        parts = ANSI_CODE_REGEX.split(line)
        # if there are any ANSI codes, save them
        if len(parts) > 1:
            # iterate over the ANSI codes in this line
@@ -67,3 +69,11 @@ def fix_ansi_codes_for_github_actions(text: str) -> str:
                    ansi_codes.append(code)

    return output
+
+
+def filter_ansi_codes(text: str, /) -> str:
+    """
+    Remove ANSI codes from text.
+    """
+
+    return ANSI_CODE_REGEX.sub("", text)
@@ -85,3 +85,21 @@ class RepairStepProducedNoWheelError(FatalError):
        )
        super().__init__(message)
        self.return_code = 8
+
+
+class RepairStepProducedMultipleWheelsError(FatalError):
+    def __init__(self, wheels: list[str]) -> None:
+        message = textwrap.dedent(
+            f"""
+            Build failed because the repair step completed successfully but
+            produced multiple wheels: {wheels}
+
+            Your `repair-wheel-command` is expected to place one repaired
+            wheel in the {{dest_dir}} directory. See the documentation for
+            example configurations:
+
+            https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#repair-wheel-command
+            """
+        )
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.return_code = 8
@@ -58,6 +58,22 @@ def _split_config_settings(config_settings: str) -> list[str]:
    return [f"-C{setting}" for setting in config_settings_list]


+# Based on build.__main__.main.
+def parse_config_settings(config_settings_str: str) -> dict[str, str | list[str]]:
+    config_settings: dict[str, str | list[str]] = {}
+    for arg in shlex.split(config_settings_str):
+        setting, _, value = arg.partition("=")
+        existing_value = config_settings.get(setting)
+        if existing_value is None:
+            config_settings[setting] = value
+        elif isinstance(existing_value, str):
+            config_settings[setting] = [existing_value, value]
+        else:
+            existing_value.append(value)
+
+    return config_settings
+
+
 def get_build_frontend_extra_flags(
    build_frontend: BuildFrontendConfig, verbosity_level: int, config_settings: str
 ) -> list[str]:
@@ -1,11 +1,24 @@
 import codecs
+import contextlib
+import dataclasses
+import functools
+import hashlib
+import io
 import os
 import re
 import sys
+import textwrap
 import time
-from typing import IO, AnyStr, Final, Literal
+from collections.abc import Generator
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import IO, TYPE_CHECKING, AnyStr, Final, Literal

-from .ci import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider
+import humanize
+
+from .ci import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider, filter_ansi_codes
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .options import Options

 FoldPattern = tuple[str, str]
 DEFAULT_FOLD_PATTERN: Final[FoldPattern] = ("{name}", "")
@@ -37,6 +50,8 @@ PLATFORM_IDENTIFIER_DESCRIPTIONS: Final[dict[str, str]] = {
    "macosx_universal2": "macOS Universal 2 - x86_64 and arm64",
    "macosx_arm64": "macOS arm64 - Apple Silicon",
    "pyodide_wasm32": "Pyodide",
+    "android_arm64_v8a": "Android arm64_v8a",
+    "android_x86_64": "Android x86_64",
    "ios_arm64_iphoneos": "iOS Device (ARM64)",
    "ios_arm64_iphonesimulator": "iOS Simulator (ARM64)",
    "ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator": "iOS Simulator (x86_64)",
@@ -69,6 +84,33 @@ class Symbols:
        self.error = "✕" if unicode else "failed"


+@dataclasses.dataclass(kw_only=True, frozen=True)
+class BuildInfo:
+    identifier: str
+    filename: Path | None
+    duration: float
+
+    @functools.cached_property
+    def size(self) -> str | None:
+        if self.filename is None:
+            return None
+        return humanize.naturalsize(self.filename.stat().st_size)
+
+    @functools.cached_property
+    def sha256(self) -> str | None:
+        if self.filename is None:
+            return None
+        with self.filename.open("rb") as f:
+            digest = hashlib.file_digest(f, "sha256")
+        return digest.hexdigest()
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        duration = humanize.naturaldelta(self.duration)
+        if self.filename:
+            return f"{self.identifier}: {self.filename.name} {self.size} in {duration}, SHA256={self.sha256}"
+        return f"{self.identifier}: {duration} (test only)"
+
+
 class Logger:
    fold_mode: Literal["azure", "github", "travis", "disabled"]
    colors_enabled: bool
@@ -77,6 +119,7 @@ class Logger:
    build_start_time: float | None = None
    step_start_time: float | None = None
    active_fold_group_name: str | None = None
+    summary: list[BuildInfo]

    def __init__(self) -> None:
        if sys.platform == "win32" and hasattr(sys.stdout, "reconfigure"):
@@ -88,25 +131,28 @@ class Logger:

        ci_provider = detect_ci_provider()

-        if ci_provider == CIProvider.azure_pipelines:
-            self.fold_mode = "azure"
-            self.colors_enabled = True
+        match ci_provider:
+            case CIProvider.azure_pipelines:
+                self.fold_mode = "azure"
+                self.colors_enabled = True

-        elif ci_provider == CIProvider.github_actions:
-            self.fold_mode = "github"
-            self.colors_enabled = True
+            case CIProvider.github_actions:
+                self.fold_mode = "github"
+                self.colors_enabled = True

-        elif ci_provider == CIProvider.travis_ci:
-            self.fold_mode = "travis"
-            self.colors_enabled = True
+            case CIProvider.travis_ci:
+                self.fold_mode = "travis"
+                self.colors_enabled = True

-        elif ci_provider == CIProvider.appveyor:
-            self.fold_mode = "disabled"
-            self.colors_enabled = True
+            case CIProvider.appveyor:
+                self.fold_mode = "disabled"
+                self.colors_enabled = True

-        else:
-            self.fold_mode = "disabled"
-            self.colors_enabled = file_supports_color(sys.stdout)
+            case _:
+                self.fold_mode = "disabled"
+                self.colors_enabled = file_supports_color(sys.stdout)
+
+        self.summary = []

    def build_start(self, identifier: str) -> None:
        self.step_end()
@@ -120,7 +166,7 @@ class Logger:
        self.build_start_time = time.time()
        self.active_build_identifier = identifier

-    def build_end(self) -> None:
+    def build_end(self, filename: Path | None) -> None:
        assert self.build_start_time is not None
        assert self.active_build_identifier is not None
        self.step_end()
@@ -128,11 +174,14 @@ class Logger:
        c = self.colors
        s = self.symbols
        duration = time.time() - self.build_start_time
+        duration_str = humanize.naturaldelta(duration, minimum_unit="milliseconds")

        print()
-        print(
-            f"{c.green}{s.done} {c.end}{self.active_build_identifier} finished in {duration:.2f}s"
+        print(f"{c.green}{s.done} {c.end}{self.active_build_identifier} finished in {duration_str}")
+        self.summary.append(
+            BuildInfo(identifier=self.active_build_identifier, filename=filename, duration=duration)
        )
+
        self.build_start_time = None
        self.active_build_identifier = None

@@ -147,6 +196,7 @@ class Logger:
            c = self.colors
            s = self.symbols
            duration = time.time() - self.step_start_time
+
            if success:
                print(f"{c.green}{s.done} {c.end}{duration:.2f}s".rjust(78))
            else:
@@ -183,6 +233,26 @@ class Logger:
            c = self.colors
            print(f"cibuildwheel: {c.bright_red}error{c.end}: {error}\n", file=sys.stderr)

+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def print_summary(self, *, options: "Options") -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+        start = time.time()
+        yield
+        duration = time.time() - start
+        if summary_path := os.environ.get("GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY"):
+            github_summary = self._github_step_summary(duration=duration, options=options)
+            Path(summary_path).write_text(filter_ansi_codes(github_summary), encoding="utf-8")
+
+        n_wheels = len([info for info in self.summary if info.filename])
+        s = "s" if n_wheels > 1 else ""
+        duration_str = humanize.naturaldelta(duration)
+        print()
+        self._start_fold_group(f"{n_wheels} wheel{s} produced in {duration_str}")
+        for build_info in self.summary:
+            print(" ", build_info)
+        self._end_fold_group()
+
+        self.summary = []
+
    @property
    def step_active(self) -> bool:
        return self.step_start_time is not None
@@ -222,6 +292,72 @@ class Logger:
        # lowercase, shorten
        return identifier.lower()[:20]

+    def _github_step_summary(self, duration: float, options: "Options") -> str:
+        """
+        Returns the GitHub step summary, in markdown format.
+        """
+        out = io.StringIO()
+        options_summary = options.summary(
+            identifiers=[bi.identifier for bi in self.summary], skip_unset=True
+        )
+        out.write(
+            textwrap.dedent("""\
+                ### 🎡 cibuildwheel
+
+                <details>
+                <summary>
+                Build options
+                </summary>
+
+                ```yaml
+                {options_summary}
+                ```
+
+                </details>
+
+            """).format(options_summary=options_summary)
+        )
+        n_wheels = len([b for b in self.summary if b.filename])
+        wheel_rows = "\n".join(
+            "<tr>"
+            f"<td nowrap>{'<samp>' + b.filename.name + '</samp>' if b.filename else '*Test only*'}</td>"
+            f"<td nowrap>{b.size or 'N/A'}</td>"
+            f"<td nowrap><samp>{b.identifier}</samp></td>"
+            f"<td nowrap>{humanize.naturaldelta(b.duration)}</td>"
+            f"<td nowrap><samp>{b.sha256 or 'N/A'}</samp></td>"
+            "</tr>"
+            for b in self.summary
+        )
+        out.write(
+            textwrap.dedent("""\
+                <table>
+                <thead>
+                <tr>
+                <th align="left">Wheel</th>
+                <th align="left">Size</th>
+                <th align="left">Build identifier</th>
+                <th align="left">Time</th>
+                <th align="left">SHA256</th>
+                </tr>
+                </thead>
+                <tbody>
+                {wheel_rows}
+                </tbody>
+                </table>
+                <div align="right"><sup>{n} wheel{s} created in {duration_str}</sup></div>
+            """).format(
+                wheel_rows=wheel_rows,
+                n=n_wheels,
+                duration_str=humanize.naturaldelta(duration),
+                s="s" if n_wheels > 1 else "",
+            )
+        )
+
+        out.write("\n")
+        out.write("---")
+        out.write("\n")
+        return out.getvalue()
+
    @property
    def colors(self) -> Colors:
        return Colors(enabled=self.colors_enabled)
@@ -36,6 +36,28 @@ class OCIPlatform(Enum):
    RISCV64 = "linux/riscv64"
    S390X = "linux/s390x"

+    @classmethod
+    def native(cls) -> "OCIPlatform":
+        """Return the current OCI platform, or raise ValueError if unknown."""
+        arch = platform.machine().lower()
+        mapping = {
+            "i386": cls.i386,
+            "i686": cls.i386,
+            "x86_64": cls.AMD64,
+            "amd64": cls.AMD64,
+            "armv7l": cls.ARMV7,
+            "aarch64": cls.ARM64,
+            "arm64": cls.ARM64,
+            "ppc64le": cls.PPC64LE,
+            "riscv64": cls.RISCV64,
+            "s390x": cls.S390X,
+        }
+        try:
+            return mapping[arch]
+        except KeyError as ex:
+            msg = f"Unsupported platform architecture: {arch}"
+            raise OSError(msg) from ex
+

@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
 class OCIContainerEngineConfig:
@@ -95,43 +117,46 @@ def _check_engine_version(engine: OCIContainerEngineConfig) -> None:
    try:
        version_string = call(engine.name, "version", "-f", "{{json .}}", capture_stdout=True)
        version_info = json.loads(version_string.strip())
-        if engine.name == "docker":
-            client_api_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["Client"]["ApiVersion"])
-            server_api_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["Server"]["ApiVersion"])
-            # --platform support was introduced in 1.32 as experimental, 1.41 removed the experimental flag
-            version = min(client_api_version, server_api_version)
-            minimum_version = FlexibleVersion("1.41")
-            minimum_version_str = "20.10.0"  # docker version
-            error_msg = textwrap.dedent(
-                f"""
-                Build failed because {engine.name} is too old.
+        match engine.name:
+            case "docker":
+                client_api_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["Client"]["ApiVersion"])
+                server_api_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["Server"]["ApiVersion"])
+                # --platform support was introduced in 1.32 as experimental, 1.41 removed the experimental flag
+                version = min(client_api_version, server_api_version)
+                minimum_version = FlexibleVersion("1.41")
+                minimum_version_str = "20.10.0"  # docker version
+                error_msg = textwrap.dedent(
+                    f"""
+                    Build failed because {engine.name} is too old.

-                cibuildwheel requires {engine.name}>={minimum_version_str} running API version {minimum_version}.
-                The API version found by cibuildwheel is {version}.
-                """
-            )
-        elif engine.name == "podman":
-            # podman uses the same version string for "Version" & "ApiVersion"
-            client_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["Client"]["Version"])
-            if "Server" in version_info:
-                server_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["Server"]["Version"])
-            else:
-                server_version = client_version
-            # --platform support was introduced in v3
-            version = min(client_version, server_version)
-            minimum_version = FlexibleVersion("3")
-            error_msg = textwrap.dedent(
-                f"""
-                Build failed because {engine.name} is too old.
+                    cibuildwheel requires {engine.name}>={minimum_version_str} running API version {minimum_version}.
+                    The API version found by cibuildwheel is {version}.
+                    """
+                )
+            case "podman":
+                # podman uses the same version string for "Version" & "ApiVersion"
+                client_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["Client"]["Version"])
+                if "Server" in version_info:
+                    server_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["Server"]["Version"])
+                else:
+                    server_version = client_version
+                # --platform support was introduced in v3
+                version = min(client_version, server_version)
+                minimum_version = FlexibleVersion("3")
+                error_msg = textwrap.dedent(
+                    f"""
+                    Build failed because {engine.name} is too old.
+
+                    cibuildwheel requires {engine.name}>={minimum_version}.
+                    The version found by cibuildwheel is {version}.
+                    """
+                )
+            case _:
+                assert_never(engine.name)

-                cibuildwheel requires {engine.name}>={minimum_version}.
-                The version found by cibuildwheel is {version}.
-                """
-            )
-        else:
-            assert_never(engine.name)
        if version < minimum_version:
            raise OCIEngineTooOldError(error_msg) from None
+
    except (subprocess.CalledProcessError, KeyError, ValueError) as e:
        msg = f"Build failed because {engine.name} is too old or is not working properly."
        raise OCIEngineTooOldError(msg) from e
@@ -149,11 +174,19 @@ class OCIContainer:
    back to cibuildwheel.

    Example:
+        >>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(LINUX)
        >>> from cibuildwheel.oci_container import *  # NOQA
        >>> from cibuildwheel.options import _get_pinned_container_images
+        >>> import pytest
+        >>> try:
+        ...     oci_platform = OCIPlatform.native()
+        ... except OSError as ex:
+        ...     pytest.skip(str(ex))
+        >>> if oci_platform != OCIPlatform.AMD64:
+        ...     pytest.skip('only runs on amd64')
        >>> image = _get_pinned_container_images()['x86_64']['manylinux2014']
        >>> # Test the default container
-        >>> with OCIContainer(image=image) as self:
+        >>> with OCIContainer(image=image, oci_platform=oci_platform) as self:
        ...     self.call(["echo", "hello world"])
        ...     self.call(["cat", "/proc/1/cgroup"])
        ...     print(self.get_environment())
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ class CommandLineArguments:
    allow_empty: bool
    debug_traceback: bool
    enable: list[str]
+    clean_cache: bool

    @classmethod
    def defaults(cls) -> Self:
@@ -77,6 +78,7 @@ class CommandLineArguments:
            print_build_identifiers=False,
            debug_traceback=False,
            enable=[],
+            clean_cache=False,
        )


@@ -109,7 +111,7 @@ class BuildOptions:
    test_groups: list[str]
    test_environment: ParsedEnvironment
    build_verbosity: int
-    build_frontend: BuildFrontendConfig | None
+    build_frontend: BuildFrontendConfig
    config_settings: str
    container_engine: OCIContainerEngineConfig
    pyodide_version: str | None
@@ -343,40 +345,46 @@ def _apply_inherit_rule(
        msg = f"Don't know how to merge {before!r} and {after!r} with {rule}"
        raise OptionsReaderError(msg)

-    if rule == InheritRule.APPEND:
-        return option_format.merge_values(before, after)
-    if rule == InheritRule.PREPEND:
-        return option_format.merge_values(after, before)
-
-    assert_never(rule)
+    match rule:
+        case InheritRule.APPEND:
+            return option_format.merge_values(before, after)
+        case InheritRule.PREPEND:
+            return option_format.merge_values(after, before)
+        case _:
+            assert_never(rule)


 def _stringify_setting(
    setting: SettingValue,
    option_format: OptionFormat | None,
 ) -> str:
-    if isinstance(setting, Mapping):
-        try:
-            if option_format is None:
-                raise OptionFormat.NotSupported
-            return option_format.format_table(setting)
-        except OptionFormat.NotSupported:
-            msg = f"Error converting {setting!r} to a string: this setting doesn't accept a table"
-            raise OptionsReaderError(msg) from None
-
-    if not isinstance(setting, str) and isinstance(setting, Sequence):
-        try:
-            if option_format is None:
-                raise OptionFormat.NotSupported
-            return option_format.format_list(setting)
-        except OptionFormat.NotSupported:
-            msg = f"Error converting {setting!r} to a string: this setting doesn't accept a list"
-            raise OptionsReaderError(msg) from None
-
-    if isinstance(setting, bool | int):
-        return str(setting)
-
-    return setting
+    match setting:
+        case {}:
+            assert isinstance(setting, Mapping)  # MyPy 1.15 doesn't narrow this for us
+            try:
+                if option_format is None:
+                    raise OptionFormat.NotSupported
+                return option_format.format_table(setting)
+            except OptionFormat.NotSupported:
+                msg = (
+                    f"Error converting {setting!r} to a string: this setting doesn't accept a table"
+                )
+                raise OptionsReaderError(msg) from None
+        case bool() | int():
+            return str(setting)
+        case [*_]:
+            try:
+                if option_format is None:
+                    raise OptionFormat.NotSupported
+                return option_format.format_list(setting)
+            except OptionFormat.NotSupported:
+                msg = (
+                    f"Error converting {setting!r} to a string: this setting doesn't accept a list"
+                )
+                raise OptionsReaderError(msg) from None
+        case _:
+            assert isinstance(setting, str)  # MyPy 1.15 doesn't narrow this for us
+            return setting


 class OptionsReader:
@@ -385,6 +393,7 @@ class OptionsReader:
    by the platform.

    Example:
+      >>> # xdoctest: +SKIP
      >>> options_reader = OptionsReader(config_file, platform='macos')
      >>> options_reader.get('cool-color')

@@ -651,7 +660,9 @@ class Options:
        )
        requires_python = None if requires_python_str is None else SpecifierSet(requires_python_str)

-        archs_config_str = args.archs or self.reader.get("archs", option_format=ListFormat(sep=" "))
+        archs_config_str = args.archs or self.reader.get(
+            "archs", option_format=ListFormat(sep=" "), ignore_empty=True
+        )
        architectures = Architecture.parse_config(archs_config_str, platform=self.platform)

        # Process `--only`
@@ -659,7 +670,7 @@ class Options:
            build_config = args.only
            skip_config = ""
            architectures = Architecture.all_archs(self.platform)
-            enable = set(EnableGroup)
+            enable |= EnableGroup.all_groups()

        build_selector = BuildSelector(
            build_config=build_config,
@@ -766,9 +777,8 @@ class Options:
                env_plat=False,
                option_format=ShlexTableFormat(sep="; ", pair_sep=":", allow_merge=False),
            )
-            build_frontend: BuildFrontendConfig | None
            if not build_frontend_str or build_frontend_str == "default":
-                build_frontend = None
+                build_frontend = BuildFrontendConfig("build")
            else:
                try:
                    build_frontend = BuildFrontendConfig.from_config_string(build_frontend_str)
@@ -901,14 +911,18 @@ class Options:
            defaults=True,
        )

-    def summary(self, identifiers: Iterable[str]) -> str:
+    def summary(self, identifiers: Iterable[str], skip_unset: bool = False) -> str:
        lines = []
        global_option_names = sorted(f.name for f in dataclasses.fields(self.globals))

        for option_name in global_option_names:
            option_value = getattr(self.globals, option_name)
            default_value = getattr(self.defaults.globals, option_name)
-            lines.append(self.option_summary(option_name, option_value, default_value))
+            line = self.option_summary(
+                option_name, option_value, default_value, skip_unset=skip_unset
+            )
+            if line is not None:
+                lines.append(line)

        build_options = self.build_options(identifier=None)
        build_options_defaults = self.defaults.build_options(identifier=None)
@@ -928,9 +942,15 @@ class Options:
                i: getattr(build_options_for_identifier[i], option_name) for i in identifiers
            }

-            lines.append(
-                self.option_summary(option_name, option_value, default_value, overrides=overrides)
+            line = self.option_summary(
+                option_name,
+                option_value,
+                default_value,
+                overrides=overrides,
+                skip_unset=skip_unset,
            )
+            if line is not None:
+                lines.append(line)

        return "\n".join(lines)

@@ -940,7 +960,8 @@ class Options:
        option_value: Any,
        default_value: Any,
        overrides: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
-    ) -> str:
+        skip_unset: bool = False,
+    ) -> str | None:
        """
        Return a summary of the option value, including any overrides, with
        ANSI 'dim' color if it's the default.
@@ -954,6 +975,10 @@ class Options:
        overrides_value_strs = {k: v for k, v in overrides_value_strs.items() if v != value_str}

        has_been_set = (value_str != default_value_str) or overrides_value_strs
+
+        if skip_unset and not has_been_set:
+            return None
+
        c = log.colors

        result = c.gray if not has_been_set else ""
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
 from __future__ import annotations

+import sys
 from collections.abc import Sequence
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Final, Protocol

+from cibuildwheel import errors
 from cibuildwheel.architecture import Architecture
 from cibuildwheel.options import Options
-from cibuildwheel.platforms import ios, linux, macos, pyodide, windows
+from cibuildwheel.platforms import android, ios, linux, macos, pyodide, windows
 from cibuildwheel.selector import BuildSelector
 from cibuildwheel.typing import GenericPythonConfiguration, PlatformName

@@ -28,10 +30,27 @@ ALL_PLATFORM_MODULES: Final[dict[PlatformName, PlatformModule]] = {
    "windows": windows,
    "macos": macos,
    "pyodide": pyodide,
+    "android": android,
    "ios": ios,
 }


+def native_platform() -> PlatformName:
+    if sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
+        return "linux"
+    elif sys.platform == "darwin":
+        return "macos"
+    elif sys.platform == "win32":
+        return "windows"
+    else:
+        msg = (
+            'Unable to detect platform from "sys.platform". cibuildwheel doesn\'t '
+            "support building wheels for this platform. You might be able to build for a different "
+            "platform using the --platform argument. Check --help output for more information."
+        )
+        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
+
+
 def get_build_identifiers(
    platform_module: PlatformModule,
    build_selector: BuildSelector,
@@ -0,0 +1,645 @@
+import csv
+import hashlib
+import os
+import platform
+import re
+import shlex
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sys
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Iterator
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from os.path import relpath
+from pathlib import Path
+from pprint import pprint
+from runpy import run_path
+from textwrap import dedent
+from typing import Any
+
+from build import ProjectBuilder
+from build.env import IsolatedEnv
+from elftools.common.exceptions import ELFError
+from elftools.elf.elffile import ELFFile
+from filelock import FileLock
+
+from .. import errors, platforms  # pylint: disable=cyclic-import
+from ..architecture import Architecture, arch_synonym
+from ..frontend import get_build_frontend_extra_flags, parse_config_settings
+from ..logger import log
+from ..options import BuildOptions, Options
+from ..selector import BuildSelector
+from ..util import resources
+from ..util.cmd import call, shell
+from ..util.file import CIBW_CACHE_PATH, copy_test_sources, download, move_file
+from ..util.helpers import prepare_command
+from ..util.packaging import find_compatible_wheel
+from ..util.python_build_standalone import create_python_build_standalone_environment
+from ..venv import constraint_flags, virtualenv
+
+
+def android_triplet(identifier: str) -> str:
+    return {
+        "arm64_v8a": "aarch64-linux-android",
+        "x86_64": "x86_64-linux-android",
+    }[parse_identifier(identifier)[1]]
+
+
+def parse_identifier(identifier: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
+    match = re.fullmatch(r"cp(\d)(\d+)-android_(.+)", identifier)
+    if not match:
+        msg = f"invalid Android identifier: '{identifier}'"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    major, minor, arch = match.groups()
+    return (f"{major}.{minor}", arch)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class PythonConfiguration:
+    version: str
+    identifier: str
+    url: str
+
+    @property
+    def arch(self) -> str:
+        return parse_identifier(self.identifier)[1]
+
+
+def all_python_configurations() -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
+    return [PythonConfiguration(**item) for item in resources.read_python_configs("android")]
+
+
+def get_python_configurations(
+    build_selector: BuildSelector, architectures: set[Architecture]
+) -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
+    return [
+        c
+        for c in all_python_configurations()
+        if c.arch in architectures and build_selector(c.identifier)
+    ]
+
+
+def shell_prepared(command: str, *, build_options: BuildOptions, env: dict[str, str]) -> None:
+    shell(
+        prepare_command(command, project=".", package=build_options.package_dir),
+        env=env,
+    )
+
+
+def before_all(options: Options, python_configurations: list[PythonConfiguration]) -> None:
+    before_all_options = options.build_options(python_configurations[0].identifier)
+    if before_all_options.before_all:
+        log.step("Running before_all...")
+        shell_prepared(
+            before_all_options.before_all,
+            build_options=before_all_options,
+            env=before_all_options.environment.as_dictionary(os.environ),
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class BuildState:
+    config: PythonConfiguration
+    options: BuildOptions
+    build_path: Path
+    python_dir: Path
+    build_env: dict[str, str]
+    android_env: dict[str, str]
+
+
+def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    if "ANDROID_HOME" not in os.environ:
+        msg = (
+            "ANDROID_HOME environment variable is not set. For instructions, see "
+            "https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/platforms/#android"
+        )
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+    configs = get_python_configurations(
+        options.globals.build_selector, options.globals.architectures
+    )
+    if not configs:
+        return
+
+    try:
+        before_all(options, configs)
+
+        built_wheels: list[Path] = []
+        for config in configs:
+            log.build_start(config.identifier)
+            build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
+            build_path = tmp_path / config.identifier
+            build_path.mkdir()
+            python_dir = setup_target_python(config, build_path)
+            build_env, android_env = setup_env(config, build_options, build_path, python_dir)
+            state = BuildState(
+                config, build_options, build_path, python_dir, build_env, android_env
+            )
+
+            compatible_wheel = find_compatible_wheel(built_wheels, config.identifier)
+            if compatible_wheel:
+                print(
+                    f"\nFound previously built wheel {compatible_wheel.name} that is "
+                    f"compatible with {config.identifier}. Skipping build step..."
+                )
+                repaired_wheel = compatible_wheel
+            else:
+                before_build(state)
+                built_wheel = build_wheel(state)
+                repaired_wheel = repair_wheel(state, built_wheel)
+
+            test_wheel(state, repaired_wheel)
+
+            output_wheel: Path | None = None
+            if compatible_wheel is None:
+                output_wheel = move_file(
+                    repaired_wheel, build_options.output_dir / repaired_wheel.name
+                )
+                built_wheels.append(output_wheel)
+
+            shutil.rmtree(build_path)
+            log.build_end(output_wheel)
+
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
+        msg = f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout or ''}"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg) from error
+
+
+def setup_target_python(config: PythonConfiguration, build_path: Path) -> Path:
+    log.step("Installing target Python...")
+    python_tgz = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / config.url.rpartition("/")[-1]
+    with FileLock(f"{python_tgz}.lock"):
+        if not python_tgz.exists():
+            download(config.url, python_tgz)
+
+    python_dir = build_path / "python"
+    python_dir.mkdir()
+    shutil.unpack_archive(python_tgz, python_dir)
+    return python_dir
+
+
+def setup_env(
+    config: PythonConfiguration, build_options: BuildOptions, build_path: Path, python_dir: Path
+) -> tuple[dict[str, str], dict[str, str]]:
+    """
+    Returns two environment dicts, both pointing at the same virtual environment:
+
+    * build_env, which uses the environment normally.
+    * android_env, which uses the environment while simulating running on Android.
+    """
+    log.step("Setting up build environment...")
+
+    # Create virtual environment
+    python_exe = create_python_build_standalone_environment(
+        config.version, build_path, CIBW_CACHE_PATH
+    )
+    venv_dir = build_path / "venv"
+    dependency_constraint = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
+        version=config.version, tmp_dir=build_path
+    )
+    build_env = virtualenv(
+        config.version, python_exe, venv_dir, dependency_constraint, use_uv=False
+    )
+    create_cmake_toolchain(config, build_path, python_dir, build_env)
+
+    # Apply custom environment variables, and check environment is still valid
+    build_env = build_options.environment.as_dictionary(build_env)
+    build_env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
+    for command in ["python", "pip"]:
+        which = call("which", command, env=build_env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
+        if which != f"{venv_dir}/bin/{command}":
+            msg = (
+                f"{command} available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you "
+                f"have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry "
+                f"or insert {command} above it."
+            )
+            raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+        call(command, "--version", env=build_env)
+
+    # Construct an altered environment which simulates running on Android.
+    android_env = setup_android_env(config, python_dir, venv_dir, build_env)
+
+    # Install build tools
+    build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend
+    if build_frontend.name != "build":
+        msg = "Android requires the build frontend to be 'build'"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    call("pip", "install", "build", *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint), env=build_env)
+
+    # Build-time requirements must be queried within android_env, because
+    # `get_requires_for_build` can run arbitrary code in setup.py scripts, which may be
+    # affected by the target platform. However, the requirements must be installed
+    # within build_env, because they're going to run on the build machine.
+    #
+    # The `build` CLI doesn't support this combination, so we use its API to query the
+    # requirements, and then install them ourselves with pip. We'll later run `build` in
+    # the same environment, passing the `--no-isolation` option.
+    class AndroidEnv(IsolatedEnv):
+        @property
+        def python_executable(self) -> str:
+            return f"{venv_dir}/bin/python"
+
+        def make_extra_environ(self) -> dict[str, str]:
+            return android_env
+
+    pb = ProjectBuilder.from_isolated_env(AndroidEnv(), build_options.package_dir)
+    if pb.build_system_requires:
+        call("pip", "install", *pb.build_system_requires, env=build_env)
+
+    requires_for_build = pb.get_requires_for_build(
+        "wheel", parse_config_settings(build_options.config_settings)
+    )
+    if requires_for_build:
+        call("pip", "install", *requires_for_build, env=build_env)
+
+    return build_env, android_env
+
+
+def create_cmake_toolchain(
+    config: PythonConfiguration, build_path: Path, python_dir: Path, build_env: dict[str, str]
+) -> None:
+    toolchain_path = build_path / "toolchain.cmake"
+    build_env["CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE"] = str(toolchain_path)
+    with open(toolchain_path, "w", encoding="UTF-8") as toolchain_file:
+        print(
+            dedent(
+                f"""\
+                # To support as many build systems as possible, we use environment
+                # variables as the single source of truth for compiler flags and paths,
+                # so they don't need to be specified here.
+
+                set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME Android)
+                set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR {android_triplet(config.identifier).split("-")[0]})
+
+                # Inhibit all of CMake's own NDK handling code.
+                set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_VERSION 1)
+
+                # Tell CMake where to look for headers and libraries.
+                list(INSERT CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH 0 {python_dir}/prefix)
+                set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PROGRAM NEVER)
+                set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_LIBRARY ONLY)
+                set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_INCLUDE ONLY)
+                set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PACKAGE BOTH)
+                """
+            ),
+            file=toolchain_file,
+        )
+
+
+def localize_sysconfigdata(
+    python_dir: Path, build_env: dict[str, str], sysconfigdata_path: Path
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    sysconfigdata: dict[str, Any] = run_path(str(sysconfigdata_path))["build_time_vars"]
+    with sysconfigdata_path.open("w", encoding="UTF-8") as f:
+        f.write("# Generated by cibuildwheel\n")
+        f.write("build_time_vars = ")
+        sysconfigdata = localized_vars(build_env, sysconfigdata, python_dir / "prefix")
+        pprint(sysconfigdata, stream=f, compact=True)
+        return sysconfigdata
+
+
+def localized_vars(
+    build_env: dict[str, str], orig_vars: dict[str, Any], prefix: Path
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    orig_prefix = orig_vars["prefix"]
+    localized_vars_ = {}
+    for key, value in orig_vars.items():
+        # The host's sysconfigdata will include references to build-time paths.
+        # Update these to refer to the current prefix.
+        final = value
+        if isinstance(final, str):
+            final = final.replace(orig_prefix, str(prefix))
+
+        if key == "ANDROID_API_LEVEL":
+            if api_level := build_env.get(key):
+                final = int(api_level)
+
+        # Build systems vary in whether FLAGS variables are read from sysconfig, and if so,
+        # whether they're replaced by environment variables or combined with them. Even
+        # setuptools has changed its behavior here
+        # (https://github.com/pypa/setuptools/issues/4836).
+        #
+        # Ensure consistency by clearing the sysconfig variables and letting the environment
+        # variables take effect alone. This will also work for any non-Python build systems
+        # which the build script may call.
+        elif key in ["CFLAGS", "CXXFLAGS", "LDFLAGS"]:
+            final = ""
+
+        # These variables contain an embedded copy of LDFLAGS.
+        elif key in ["LDSHARED", "LDCXXSHARED"]:
+            final = final.removesuffix(" " + orig_vars["LDFLAGS"])
+
+        localized_vars_[key] = final
+
+    return localized_vars_
+
+
+def setup_android_env(
+    config: PythonConfiguration, python_dir: Path, venv_dir: Path, build_env: dict[str, str]
+) -> dict[str, str]:
+    site_packages = next(venv_dir.glob("lib/python*/site-packages"))
+    for suffix in ["pth", "py"]:
+        shutil.copy(resources.PATH / f"_cross_venv.{suffix}", site_packages)
+
+    sysconfigdata_path = Path(
+        shutil.copy(
+            next(python_dir.glob("prefix/lib/python*/_sysconfigdata_*.py")),
+            site_packages,
+        )
+    )
+    sysconfigdata = localize_sysconfigdata(python_dir, build_env, sysconfigdata_path)
+
+    # Activate the code in _cross_venv.py.
+    android_env = build_env.copy()
+    android_env["CIBW_HOST_TRIPLET"] = android_triplet(config.identifier)
+
+    # Get the environment variables needed to build for Android (CC, CFLAGS, etc). These are
+    # generated by https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Android/android-env.sh.
+    env_output = call(python_dir / "android.py", "env", env=build_env, capture_stdout=True)
+
+    # shlex.split should produce a sequence alternating between:
+    #   * the word "export"
+    #   * a key=value string, without quotes
+    for i, token in enumerate(shlex.split(env_output)):
+        if i % 2 == 0:
+            assert token == "export", token
+        else:
+            key, sep, value = token.partition("=")
+            assert sep == "=", token
+            android_env[key] = value
+
+    # localized_vars cleared the CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS in the sysconfigdata, but most
+    # packages take their optimization flags from these variables. Pass these flags via
+    # environment variables instead.
+    #
+    # We don't enable debug information, because it significantly increases binary size,
+    # and most Android app developers don't have the NDK installed, so they would have no
+    # way to strip it.
+    opt = " ".join(word for word in sysconfigdata["OPT"].split() if not word.startswith("-g"))
+    for key in ["CFLAGS", "CXXFLAGS"]:
+        android_env[key] += " " + opt
+
+    # Format the environment so it can be pasted into a shell when debugging.
+    for key, value in sorted(android_env.items()):
+        if os.environ.get(key) != value:
+            print(f"export {key}={shlex.quote(value)}")
+
+    return android_env
+
+
+def before_build(state: BuildState) -> None:
+    if state.options.before_build:
+        log.step("Running before_build...")
+        shell_prepared(
+            state.options.before_build,
+            build_options=state.options,
+            env=state.build_env,
+        )
+
+
+def build_wheel(state: BuildState) -> Path:
+    log.step("Building wheel...")
+    built_wheel_dir = state.build_path / "built_wheel"
+    call(
+        "python",
+        "-m",
+        "build",
+        state.options.package_dir,
+        "--wheel",
+        "--no-isolation",
+        "--skip-dependency-check",
+        f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+        *get_build_frontend_extra_flags(
+            state.options.build_frontend,
+            state.options.build_verbosity,
+            state.options.config_settings,
+        ),
+        env=state.android_env,
+    )
+
+    built_wheels = list(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+    if len(built_wheels) != 1:
+        msg = f"{built_wheel_dir} contains {len(built_wheels)} wheels; expected 1"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    built_wheel = built_wheels[0]
+
+    if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
+        raise errors.NonPlatformWheelError()
+    return built_wheel
+
+
+def repair_wheel(state: BuildState, built_wheel: Path) -> Path:
+    log.step("Repairing wheel...")
+    repaired_wheel_dir = state.build_path / "repaired_wheel"
+    repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir()
+
+    if state.options.repair_command:
+        shell(
+            prepare_command(
+                state.options.repair_command, wheel=built_wheel, dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir
+            ),
+            env=state.build_env,
+        )
+    else:
+        repair_default(state.android_env, built_wheel, repaired_wheel_dir)
+
+    repaired_wheels = list(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+    if len(repaired_wheels) == 0:
+        raise errors.RepairStepProducedNoWheelError()
+    if len(repaired_wheels) != 1:
+        msg = f"{repaired_wheel_dir} contains {len(repaired_wheels)} wheels; expected 1"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    repaired_wheel = repaired_wheels[0]
+
+    if repaired_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
+        raise errors.NonPlatformWheelError()
+    return repaired_wheel
+
+
+def repair_default(
+    android_env: dict[str, str], built_wheel: Path, repaired_wheel_dir: Path
+) -> None:
+    """
+    Adds libc++ to the wheel if anything links against it. In the future this should be
+    moved to auditwheel and generalized to support more libraries.
+    """
+    if (match := re.search(r"^(.+?)-", built_wheel.name)) is None:
+        msg = f"Failed to parse wheel filename: {built_wheel.name}"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    wheel_name = match[1]
+
+    unpacked_dir = repaired_wheel_dir / "unpacked"
+    unpacked_dir.mkdir()
+    shutil.unpack_archive(built_wheel, unpacked_dir, format="zip")
+
+    # Some build systems are inconsistent about name normalization, so don't assume the
+    # dist-info name is identical to the wheel name.
+    record_paths = list(unpacked_dir.glob("*.dist-info/RECORD"))
+    if len(record_paths) != 1:
+        msg = f"{built_wheel.name} contains {len(record_paths)} dist-info/RECORD files; expected 1"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+    old_soname = "libc++_shared.so"
+    paths_to_patch = []
+    for path, elffile in elf_file_filter(
+        unpacked_dir / filename
+        for filename, *_ in csv.reader(record_paths[0].read_text().splitlines())
+    ):
+        if (dynamic := elffile.get_section_by_name(".dynamic")) and any(  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
+            tag.entry.d_tag == "DT_NEEDED" and tag.needed == old_soname
+            for tag in dynamic.iter_tags()
+        ):
+            paths_to_patch.append(path)
+
+    if not paths_to_patch:
+        shutil.copyfile(built_wheel, repaired_wheel_dir / built_wheel.name)
+    else:
+        # Android doesn't support DT_RPATH, but supports DT_RUNPATH since API level 24
+        # (https://github.com/aosp-mirror/platform_bionic/blob/master/android-changes-for-ndk-developers.md).
+        if int(sysconfig_print('get_config_vars()["ANDROID_API_LEVEL"]', android_env)) < 24:
+            msg = f"Adding {old_soname} requires ANDROID_API_LEVEL to be at least 24"
+            raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+        toolchain = Path(android_env["CC"]).parent.parent
+        src_path = toolchain / f"sysroot/usr/lib/{android_env['CIBW_HOST_TRIPLET']}/{old_soname}"
+
+        # Use the same library location as auditwheel would.
+        libs_dir = unpacked_dir / (wheel_name + ".libs")
+        libs_dir.mkdir()
+        new_soname = soname_with_hash(src_path)
+        dst_path = libs_dir / new_soname
+        shutil.copyfile(src_path, dst_path)
+        call("patchelf", "--set-soname", new_soname, dst_path)
+
+        for path in paths_to_patch:
+            call("patchelf", "--replace-needed", old_soname, new_soname, path)
+            call(
+                "patchelf",
+                "--set-rpath",
+                f"${{ORIGIN}}/{relpath(libs_dir, path.parent)}",
+                path,
+            )
+        call(sys.executable, "-m", "wheel", "pack", unpacked_dir, "-d", repaired_wheel_dir)
+
+
+def elf_file_filter(paths: Iterable[Path]) -> Iterator[tuple[Path, ELFFile]]:
+    """Filter through an iterator of filenames and load up only ELF files"""
+    for path in paths:
+        if not path.name.endswith(".py"):
+            try:
+                with open(path, "rb") as f:
+                    candidate = ELFFile(f)  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
+                    yield path, candidate
+            except ELFError:
+                pass  # Not an ELF file
+
+
+def soname_with_hash(src_path: Path) -> str:
+    """Return the same library filename as auditwheel would"""
+    shorthash = hashlib.sha256(src_path.read_bytes()).hexdigest()[:8]
+    src_name = src_path.name
+    base, ext = src_name.split(".", 1)
+    if not base.endswith(f"-{shorthash}"):
+        return f"{base}-{shorthash}.{ext}"
+    else:
+        return src_name
+
+
+def test_wheel(state: BuildState, wheel: Path) -> None:
+    test_command = state.options.test_command
+    if not (test_command and state.options.test_selector(state.config.identifier)):
+        return
+
+    log.step("Testing wheel...")
+    native_arch = arch_synonym(platform.machine(), platforms.native_platform(), "android")
+    if state.config.arch != native_arch:
+        log.warning(
+            f"Skipping tests for {state.config.arch}, as the build machine only "
+            f"supports {native_arch}"
+        )
+        return
+
+    if state.options.before_test:
+        shell_prepared(
+            state.options.before_test,
+            build_options=state.options,
+            env=state.build_env,
+        )
+
+    # Install the wheel and test-requires.
+    site_packages_dir = state.build_path / "site-packages"
+    site_packages_dir.mkdir()
+    call(
+        "pip",
+        "install",
+        "--only-binary=:all:",
+        "--platform",
+        sysconfig_print("get_platform()", state.android_env).replace("-", "_"),
+        "--target",
+        site_packages_dir,
+        f"{wheel}{state.options.test_extras}",
+        *state.options.test_requires,
+        env=state.build_env,
+    )
+
+    # Copy test-sources.
+    cwd_dir = state.build_path / "cwd"
+    cwd_dir.mkdir()
+    if state.options.test_sources:
+        copy_test_sources(state.options.test_sources, Path.cwd(), cwd_dir)
+    else:
+        (cwd_dir / "test_fail.py").write_text(
+            resources.TEST_FAIL_CWD_FILE.read_text(),
+        )
+
+    # Android doesn't support placeholders in the test command.
+    if any(("{" + placeholder + "}") in test_command for placeholder in ["project", "package"]):
+        msg = (
+            f"Test command {test_command!r} with a "
+            "'{project}' or '{package}' placeholder is not supported on Android, "
+            "because the source directory is not visible on the emulator."
+        )
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+    # Parse test-command.
+    test_args = shlex.split(test_command)
+    if test_args[:2] in [["python", "-c"], ["python", "-m"]]:
+        test_args[:3] = [test_args[1], test_args[2], "--"]
+    elif test_args[0] in ["pytest"]:
+        # We transform some commands into the `python -m` form, but this is deprecated.
+        msg = (
+            f"Test command {test_command!r} is not supported on Android. "
+            "cibuildwheel will try to execute it as if it started with 'python -m'. "
+            "If this works, all you need to do is add that to your test command."
+        )
+        log.warning(msg)
+        test_args[:1] = ["-m", test_args[0], "--"]
+    else:
+        msg = (
+            f"Test command {test_command!r} is not supported on Android. "
+            f"Supported commands are 'python -m' and 'python -c'."
+        )
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+    # Run the test app.
+    call(
+        state.python_dir / "android.py",
+        "test",
+        "--managed",
+        "maxVersion",
+        "--site-packages",
+        site_packages_dir,
+        "--cwd",
+        cwd_dir,
+        *test_args,
+        env=state.build_env,
+    )
+
+
+def sysconfig_print(method_call: str, env: dict[str, str]) -> str:
+    return call(
+        "python",
+        "-c",
+        f'import sysconfig; print(sysconfig.{method_call}, end="")',
+        env=env,
+        capture_stdout=True,
+    )
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ from .. import errors
 from ..architecture import Architecture
 from ..environment import ParsedEnvironment
 from ..frontend import (
-    BuildFrontendConfig,
    BuildFrontendName,
    get_build_frontend_extra_flags,
 )
@@ -387,20 +386,21 @@ def setup_python(
    env.setdefault("IPHONEOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET", "13.0")

    log.step("Installing build tools...")
-    if build_frontend == "pip":
-        # No additional build tools required
-        pass
-    elif build_frontend == "build":
-        call(
-            "pip",
-            "install",
-            "--upgrade",
-            "build[virtualenv]",
-            *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
-            env=env,
-        )
-    else:
-        assert_never(build_frontend)
+    match build_frontend:
+        case "pip":
+            # No additional build tools required
+            pass
+        case "build":
+            call(
+                "pip",
+                "install",
+                "--upgrade",
+                "build[virtualenv]",
+                *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
+                env=env,
+            )
+        case _:
+            assert_never(build_frontend)

    return target_install_path, env

@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:

        for config in python_configurations:
            build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
-            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend or BuildFrontendConfig("build")
+            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend
            # uv doesn't support iOS
            if build_frontend.name == "build[uv]":
                msg = "uv doesn't support iOS"
@@ -494,34 +494,35 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                if constraints_path:
                    combine_constraints(build_env, constraints_path, None)

-                if build_frontend.name == "pip":
-                    # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to
-                    # fetch package from pypi.org. See
-                    # https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
-                    call(
-                        "python",
-                        "-m",
-                        "pip",
-                        "wheel",
-                        build_options.package_dir.resolve(),
-                        f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                        "--no-deps",
-                        *extra_flags,
-                        env=build_env,
-                    )
-                elif build_frontend.name == "build":
-                    call(
-                        "python",
-                        "-m",
-                        "build",
-                        build_options.package_dir,
-                        "--wheel",
-                        f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                        *extra_flags,
-                        env=build_env,
-                    )
-                else:
-                    assert_never(build_frontend)
+                match build_frontend.name:
+                    case "pip":
+                        # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to
+                        # fetch package from pypi.org. See
+                        # https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
+                        call(
+                            "python",
+                            "-m",
+                            "pip",
+                            "wheel",
+                            build_options.package_dir.resolve(),
+                            f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            "--no-deps",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                            env=build_env,
+                        )
+                    case "build":
+                        call(
+                            "python",
+                            "-m",
+                            "build",
+                            build_options.package_dir,
+                            "--wheel",
+                            f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                            env=build_env,
+                        )
+                    case _:
+                        assert_never(build_frontend)

                test_wheel = built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))

@@ -671,6 +672,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                    log.step_end()

            # We're all done here; move it to output (overwrite existing)
+            output_wheel: Path | None = None
            if compatible_wheel is None:
                output_wheel = build_options.output_dir.joinpath(built_wheel.name)
                moved_wheel = move_file(built_wheel, output_wheel)
@@ -683,7 +685,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
            # Clean up
            shutil.rmtree(identifier_tmp_dir)

-            log.build_end()
+            log.build_end(output_wheel)
    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
        msg = f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout or ''}"
        raise errors.FatalError(msg) from error
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ from typing import assert_never

 from .. import errors
 from ..architecture import Architecture
-from ..frontend import BuildFrontendConfig, get_build_frontend_extra_flags
+from ..frontend import get_build_frontend_extra_flags
 from ..logger import log
 from ..oci_container import OCIContainer, OCIContainerEngineConfig, OCIPlatform
 from ..options import BuildOptions, Options
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ def build_in_container(
        log.build_start(config.identifier)
        local_identifier_tmp_dir = local_tmp_dir / config.identifier
        build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
-        build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend or BuildFrontendConfig("build")
+        build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend
        use_uv = build_frontend.name == "build[uv]"
        pip = ["uv", "pip"] if use_uv else ["pip"]

@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ def build_in_container(
            print(
                f"\nFound previously built wheel {compatible_wheel.name}, that's compatible with {config.identifier}. Skipping build step..."
            )
-            repaired_wheels = [compatible_wheel]
+            repaired_wheel = compatible_wheel
        else:
            if build_options.before_build:
                log.step("Running before_build...")
@@ -275,37 +275,38 @@ def build_in_container(
                build_frontend, build_options.build_verbosity, build_options.config_settings
            )

-            if build_frontend.name == "pip":
-                container.call(
-                    [
-                        "python",
-                        "-m",
-                        "pip",
-                        "wheel",
-                        container_package_dir,
-                        f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                        "--no-deps",
-                        *extra_flags,
-                    ],
-                    env=env,
-                )
-            elif build_frontend.name == "build" or build_frontend.name == "build[uv]":
-                if use_uv and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags and "-n" not in extra_flags:
-                    extra_flags += ["--installer=uv"]
-                container.call(
-                    [
-                        "python",
-                        "-m",
-                        "build",
-                        container_package_dir,
-                        "--wheel",
-                        f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                        *extra_flags,
-                    ],
-                    env=env,
-                )
-            else:
-                assert_never(build_frontend)
+            match build_frontend.name:
+                case "pip":
+                    container.call(
+                        [
+                            "python",
+                            "-m",
+                            "pip",
+                            "wheel",
+                            container_package_dir,
+                            f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            "--no-deps",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                        ],
+                        env=env,
+                    )
+                case "build" | "build[uv]":
+                    if use_uv and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags and "-n" not in extra_flags:
+                        extra_flags += ["--installer=uv"]
+                    container.call(
+                        [
+                            "python",
+                            "-m",
+                            "build",
+                            container_package_dir,
+                            "--wheel",
+                            f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                        ],
+                        env=env,
+                    )
+                case _:
+                    assert_never(build_frontend)

            built_wheel = container.glob(built_wheel_dir, "*.whl")[0]

@@ -325,14 +326,16 @@ def build_in_container(
            else:
                container.call(["mv", built_wheel, repaired_wheel_dir])

-            repaired_wheels = container.glob(repaired_wheel_dir, "*.whl")
+            match container.glob(repaired_wheel_dir, "*.whl"):
+                case []:
+                    raise errors.RepairStepProducedNoWheelError()
+                case [repaired_wheel]:
+                    pass
+                case too_many:
+                    raise errors.RepairStepProducedMultipleWheelsError([p.name for p in too_many])

-            if not repaired_wheels:
-                raise errors.RepairStepProducedNoWheelError()
-
-            for repaired_wheel in repaired_wheels:
-                if repaired_wheel.name in {wheel.name for wheel in built_wheels}:
-                    raise errors.AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)
+            if repaired_wheel.name in {wheel.name for wheel in built_wheels}:
+                raise errors.AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)

        if build_options.test_command and build_options.test_selector(config.identifier):
            log.step("Testing wheel...")
@@ -374,14 +377,8 @@ def build_in_container(
                container.call(["sh", "-c", before_test_prepared], env=virtualenv_env)

            # Install the wheel we just built
-            # Note: If auditwheel produced two wheels, it's because the earlier produced wheel
-            # conforms to multiple manylinux standards. These multiple versions of the wheel are
-            # functionally the same, differing only in name, wheel metadata, and possibly include
-            # different external shared libraries. so it doesn't matter which one we run the tests on.
-            # Let's just pick the first one.
-            wheel_to_test = repaired_wheels[0]
            container.call(
-                [*pip, "install", str(wheel_to_test) + build_options.test_extras],
+                [*pip, "install", str(repaired_wheel) + build_options.test_extras],
                env=virtualenv_env,
            )

@@ -394,7 +391,7 @@ def build_in_container(
                build_options.test_command,
                project=container_project_path,
                package=container_package_dir,
-                wheel=wheel_to_test,
+                wheel=repaired_wheel,
            )

            test_cwd = testing_temp_dir / "test_cwd"
@@ -417,15 +414,15 @@ def build_in_container(
            # clean up test environment
            container.call(["rm", "-rf", testing_temp_dir])

-        # move repaired wheels to output
+        # move repaired wheel to output
+        output_wheel: Path | None = None
        if compatible_wheel is None:
            container.call(["mkdir", "-p", container_output_dir])
-            container.call(["mv", *repaired_wheels, container_output_dir])
-            built_wheels.extend(
-                container_output_dir / repaired_wheel.name for repaired_wheel in repaired_wheels
-            )
+            container.call(["mv", repaired_wheel, container_output_dir])
+            built_wheels.append(container_output_dir / repaired_wheel.name)
+            output_wheel = options.globals.output_dir / repaired_wheel.name

-        log.build_end()
+        log.build_end(output_wheel)

    log.step("Copying wheels back to host...")
    # copy the output back into the host
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ from .. import errors
 from ..architecture import Architecture
 from ..ci import detect_ci_provider
 from ..environment import ParsedEnvironment
-from ..frontend import BuildFrontendConfig, BuildFrontendName, get_build_frontend_extra_flags
+from ..frontend import BuildFrontendName, get_build_frontend_extra_flags
 from ..logger import log
 from ..options import Options
 from ..selector import BuildSelector
@@ -345,39 +345,40 @@ def setup_python(
            env.setdefault("SDKROOT", arm64_compatible_sdks[0])

    log.step("Installing build tools...")
-    if build_frontend == "pip":
-        call(
-            "pip",
-            "install",
-            "--upgrade",
-            "delocate",
-            *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
-            env=env,
-        )
-    elif build_frontend == "build":
-        call(
-            "pip",
-            "install",
-            "--upgrade",
-            "delocate",
-            "build[virtualenv]",
-            *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
-            env=env,
-        )
-    elif build_frontend == "build[uv]":
-        assert uv_path is not None
-        call(
-            uv_path,
-            "pip",
-            "install",
-            "--upgrade",
-            "delocate",
-            "build[virtualenv, uv]",
-            *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
-            env=env,
-        )
-    else:
-        assert_never(build_frontend)
+    match build_frontend:
+        case "pip":
+            call(
+                "pip",
+                "install",
+                "--upgrade",
+                "delocate",
+                *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
+                env=env,
+            )
+        case "build":
+            call(
+                "pip",
+                "install",
+                "--upgrade",
+                "delocate",
+                "build[virtualenv]",
+                *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
+                env=env,
+            )
+        case "build[uv]":
+            assert uv_path is not None
+            call(
+                uv_path,
+                "pip",
+                "install",
+                "--upgrade",
+                "delocate",
+                "build[virtualenv, uv]",
+                *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
+                env=env,
+            )
+        case _:
+            assert_never(build_frontend)

    return base_python, env

@@ -407,7 +408,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:

        for config in python_configurations:
            build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
-            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend or BuildFrontendConfig("build")
+            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend
            use_uv = build_frontend.name == "build[uv]"
            uv_path = find_uv()
            if use_uv and uv_path is None:
@@ -467,35 +468,40 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                        build_env, constraints_path, identifier_tmp_dir if use_uv else None
                    )

-                if build_frontend.name == "pip":
-                    # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
-                    # see https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
-                    call(
-                        "python",
-                        "-m",
-                        "pip",
-                        "wheel",
-                        build_options.package_dir.resolve(),
-                        f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                        "--no-deps",
-                        *extra_flags,
-                        env=build_env,
-                    )
-                elif build_frontend.name == "build" or build_frontend.name == "build[uv]":
-                    if use_uv and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags and "-n" not in extra_flags:
-                        extra_flags.append("--installer=uv")
-                    call(
-                        "python",
-                        "-m",
-                        "build",
-                        build_options.package_dir,
-                        "--wheel",
-                        f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                        *extra_flags,
-                        env=build_env,
-                    )
-                else:
-                    assert_never(build_frontend)
+                match build_frontend.name:
+                    case "pip":
+                        # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
+                        # see https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
+                        call(
+                            "python",
+                            "-m",
+                            "pip",
+                            "wheel",
+                            build_options.package_dir.resolve(),
+                            f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            "--no-deps",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                            env=build_env,
+                        )
+                    case "build" | "build[uv]":
+                        if (
+                            use_uv
+                            and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags
+                            and "-n" not in extra_flags
+                        ):
+                            extra_flags.append("--installer=uv")
+                        call(
+                            "python",
+                            "-m",
+                            "build",
+                            build_options.package_dir,
+                            "--wheel",
+                            f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                            env=build_env,
+                        )
+                    case _:
+                        assert_never(build_frontend)

                built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))

@@ -726,6 +732,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                    shell_with_arch(test_command_prepared, cwd=test_cwd, env=virtualenv_env)

            # we're all done here; move it to output (overwrite existing)
+            output_wheel = None
            if compatible_wheel is None:
                output_wheel = build_options.output_dir.joinpath(repaired_wheel.name)
                moved_wheel = move_file(repaired_wheel, output_wheel)
@@ -738,7 +745,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
            # clean up
            shutil.rmtree(identifier_tmp_dir)

-            log.build_end()
+            log.build_end(output_wheel)
    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
        msg = f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout or ''}"
        raise errors.FatalError(msg) from error
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ from filelock import FileLock
 from .. import errors
 from ..architecture import Architecture
 from ..environment import ParsedEnvironment
-from ..frontend import BuildFrontendConfig, get_build_frontend_extra_flags
+from ..frontend import get_build_frontend_extra_flags
 from ..logger import log
 from ..options import Options
 from ..selector import BuildSelector
@@ -284,9 +284,8 @@ def setup_python(
        "pip",
        "install",
        "--upgrade",
-        "auditwheel-emscripten",
-        "build[virtualenv]",
        "pyodide-build",
+        "build[virtualenv]",
        *constraint_flags(constraints_path),
        env=env,
    )
@@ -353,7 +352,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:

        for config in python_configurations:
            build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
-            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend or BuildFrontendConfig("build")
+            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend

            if build_frontend.name == "pip":
                msg = "The pyodide platform doesn't support pip frontend"
@@ -540,6 +539,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                shell(test_command_prepared, cwd=test_cwd, env=virtualenv_env)

            # we're all done here; move it to output (overwrite existing)
+            output_wheel: Path | None = None
            if compatible_wheel is None:
                output_wheel = build_options.output_dir.joinpath(repaired_wheel.name)
                moved_wheel = move_file(repaired_wheel, output_wheel)
@@ -548,7 +548,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                        f"{repaired_wheel} was moved to {moved_wheel} instead of {output_wheel}"
                    )
                built_wheels.append(output_wheel)
-            log.build_end()
+            log.build_end(output_wheel)

    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
        msg = f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout or ''}"
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ from filelock import FileLock
 from .. import errors
 from ..architecture import Architecture
 from ..environment import ParsedEnvironment
-from ..frontend import BuildFrontendConfig, BuildFrontendName, get_build_frontend_extra_flags
+from ..frontend import BuildFrontendName, get_build_frontend_extra_flags
 from ..logger import log
 from ..options import Options
 from ..selector import BuildSelector
@@ -305,26 +305,27 @@ def setup_python(
        call("pip", "--version", env=env)

    log.step("Installing build tools...")
-    if build_frontend == "build":
-        call(
-            "pip",
-            "install",
-            "--upgrade",
-            "build[virtualenv]",
-            *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
-            env=env,
-        )
-    elif build_frontend == "build[uv]":
-        assert uv_path is not None
-        call(
-            uv_path,
-            "pip",
-            "install",
-            "--upgrade",
-            "build[virtualenv]",
-            *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
-            env=env,
-        )
+    match build_frontend:
+        case "build":
+            call(
+                "pip",
+                "install",
+                "--upgrade",
+                "build[virtualenv]",
+                *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
+                env=env,
+            )
+        case "build[uv]":
+            assert uv_path is not None
+            call(
+                uv_path,
+                "pip",
+                "install",
+                "--upgrade",
+                "build[virtualenv]",
+                *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
+                env=env,
+            )

    if python_libs_base:
        # Set up the environment for various backends to enable cross-compilation
@@ -394,7 +395,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:

        for config in python_configurations:
            build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
-            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend or BuildFrontendConfig("build")
+            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend

            use_uv = build_frontend.name == "build[uv]" and can_use_uv(config)
            log.build_start(config.identifier)
@@ -467,36 +468,41 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                if constraints_path:
                    combine_constraints(build_env, constraints_path, identifier_tmp_dir)

-                if build_frontend.name == "pip":
-                    # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
-                    # see https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
-                    call(
-                        "python",
-                        "-m",
-                        "pip",
-                        "wheel",
-                        options.globals.package_dir.resolve(),
-                        f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                        "--no-deps",
-                        *extra_flags,
-                        env=build_env,
-                    )
-                elif build_frontend.name == "build" or build_frontend.name == "build[uv]":
-                    if use_uv and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags and "-n" not in extra_flags:
-                        extra_flags.append("--installer=uv")
+                match build_frontend.name:
+                    case "pip":
+                        # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
+                        # see https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
+                        call(
+                            "python",
+                            "-m",
+                            "pip",
+                            "wheel",
+                            options.globals.package_dir.resolve(),
+                            f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            "--no-deps",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                            env=build_env,
+                        )
+                    case "build" | "build[uv]":
+                        if (
+                            use_uv
+                            and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags
+                            and "-n" not in extra_flags
+                        ):
+                            extra_flags.append("--installer=uv")

-                    call(
-                        "python",
-                        "-m",
-                        "build",
-                        build_options.package_dir,
-                        "--wheel",
-                        f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                        *extra_flags,
-                        env=build_env,
-                    )
-                else:
-                    assert_never(build_frontend)
+                        call(
+                            "python",
+                            "-m",
+                            "build",
+                            build_options.package_dir,
+                            "--wheel",
+                            f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                            env=build_env,
+                        )
+                    case _:
+                        assert_never(build_frontend)

                built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))

@@ -607,6 +613,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                shell(test_command_prepared, cwd=test_cwd, env=virtualenv_env)

            # we're all done here; move it to output (remove if already exists)
+            output_wheel = None
            if compatible_wheel is None:
                output_wheel = build_options.output_dir.joinpath(repaired_wheel.name)
                moved_wheel = move_file(repaired_wheel, output_wheel)
@@ -621,7 +628,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
            # don't want to abort a build because of that)
            shutil.rmtree(identifier_tmp_dir, ignore_errors=True)

-            log.build_end()
+            log.build_end(output_wheel)
    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
        msg = f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout or ''}"
        raise errors.FatalError(msg) from error
@@ -14,32 +14,16 @@ def get_parent(node: ast.AST | None, depth: int = 1) -> ast.AST | None:


 def is_main(parent: ast.AST | None) -> bool:
-    if parent is None:
-        return False
-
-    # This would be much nicer with 3.10's pattern matching!
-    if not isinstance(parent, ast.If):
-        return False
-    if not isinstance(parent.test, ast.Compare):
-        return False
-
-    try:
-        (op,) = parent.test.ops
-        (comp,) = parent.test.comparators
-    except ValueError:
-        return False
-
-    if not isinstance(op, ast.Eq):
-        return False
-
-    values = {comp, parent.test.left}
-
-    mains = {x for x in values if isinstance(x, ast.Constant) and x.value == "__main__"}
-    if len(mains) != 1:
-        return False
-    consts = {x for x in values if isinstance(x, ast.Name) and x.id == "__name__"}
-
-    return len(consts) == 1
+    match parent:
+        case ast.If(test=ast.Compare(left=left, ops=[ast.Eq()], comparators=[comp])):
+            values = {left, comp}
+            mains = {x for x in values if isinstance(x, ast.Constant) and x.value == "__main__"}
+            if len(mains) != 1:
+                return False
+            consts = {x for x in values if isinstance(x, ast.Name) and x.id == "__name__"}
+            return len(consts) == 1
+        case _:
+            return False


 class Analyzer(ast.NodeVisitor):
@@ -65,12 +49,10 @@ class Analyzer(ast.NodeVisitor):
            parent is not None and get_parent(parent) is None and is_main(get_parent(node, 3))
        )

-        if (
-            node.arg == "python_requires"
-            and isinstance(node.value, ast.Constant)
-            and (unnested or name_main_unnested)
-        ):
-            self.requires_python = node.value.value
+        match node:
+            case ast.keyword(arg="python_requires", value=ast.Constant(value=str(version))):
+                if unnested or name_main_unnested:
+                    self.requires_python = version


 def setup_py_python_requires(content: str) -> str | None:
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+import _cross_venv; _cross_venv.initialize()
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+# This module is copied into the site-packages directory of an Android build environment, and
+# activated via a .pth file when we want the environment to simulate Android.
+
+import os
+import platform
+import re
+import sys
+import sysconfig
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
+
+
+def initialize() -> None:
+    if not (host_triplet := os.environ.get("CIBW_HOST_TRIPLET")):
+        return
+
+    # os ######################################################################
+    def cross_os_uname() -> os.uname_result:
+        return os.uname_result(
+            (
+                "Linux",
+                "localhost",
+                # The Linux kernel version and release are unlikely to be significant, but return
+                # realistic values anyway (from an API level 24 emulator).
+                "3.18.91+",
+                "#1 SMP PREEMPT Tue Jan 9 20:35:43 UTC 2018",
+                host_triplet.split("-")[0],
+            )
+        )
+
+    os.name = "posix"
+    os.uname = cross_os_uname
+
+    # platform ################################################################
+    #
+    # We can't determine the user-visible Android version number from the API level, so return a
+    # string which will work fine for display, but will fail to parse as a version number.
+    def cross_android_ver(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> platform.AndroidVer:
+        return platform.AndroidVer(
+            release=f"API level {cross_getandroidapilevel()}",
+            api_level=cross_getandroidapilevel(),
+            manufacturer="Google",
+            model="sdk_gphone64",
+            device="emu64",
+            is_emulator=True,
+        )
+
+    # platform.uname, platform.system etc. are all implemented in terms of platform.android_ver.
+    platform.android_ver = cross_android_ver
+
+    # sys #####################################################################
+    def cross_getandroidapilevel() -> int:
+        api_level = sysconfig.get_config_var("ANDROID_API_LEVEL")
+        assert isinstance(api_level, int)
+        return api_level
+
+    # Some packages may recognize sys.cross_compiling from the crossenv tool.
+    sys.cross_compiling = True  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    sys.getandroidapilevel = cross_getandroidapilevel  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    sys.implementation._multiarch = host_triplet  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    sys.platform = "android"
+
+    # Determine the abiflags from the sysconfigdata filename.
+    sysconfigdata_path = next(Path(__file__).parent.glob("_sysconfigdata_*.py"))
+    abiflags_match = re.match(r"_sysconfigdata_(.*?)_", sysconfigdata_path.name)
+    assert abiflags_match is not None
+    sys.abiflags = abiflags_match[1]
+
+    # sysconfig ###############################################################
+    #
+    # We don't change the actual sys.base_prefix and base_exec_prefix, because that
+    # could have unpredictable effects. Instead, we change the internal variables
+    # used to generate sysconfig.get_path("include").
+    exec_prefix = sysconfig.get_config_var("exec_prefix")
+    sysconfig._BASE_PREFIX = sysconfig._BASE_EXEC_PREFIX = exec_prefix  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+    # Reload the sysconfigdata file, generating its name from sys.abiflags,
+    # sys.platform, and sys.implementation._multiarch.
+    sysconfig._init_config_vars()  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+    # sysconfig.get_platform, which determines the wheel tag, is implemented in terms of
+    # sys.platform, sysconfig.get_config_var("ANDROID_API_LEVEL") (see localized_vars in
+    # android.py), and os.uname.
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ python_configurations = [
  { identifier = "cp314-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314" },
  { identifier = "cp314t-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314t" },
  { identifier = "cp38-musllinux_riscv64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
-  { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_ricv64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_riscv64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
  { identifier = "cp310-musllinux_riscv64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
  { identifier = "cp311-musllinux_riscv64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
  { identifier = "cp312-musllinux_riscv64", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
@@ -159,28 +159,28 @@ python_configurations = [
  { identifier = "cp312-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.10/python-3.12.10-macos11.pkg" },
  { identifier = "cp312-macosx_arm64", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.10/python-3.12.10-macos11.pkg" },
  { identifier = "cp312-macosx_universal2", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.10/python-3.12.10-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.5/python-3.13.5-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.5/python-3.13.5-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.5/python-3.13.5-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.5/python-3.13.5-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.5/python-3.13.5-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.5/python-3.13.5-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0b3-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_arm64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0b3-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_universal2", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0b3-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0b3-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_arm64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0b3-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_universal2", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0b3-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.7/python-3.13.7-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.7/python-3.13.7-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.7/python-3.13.7-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.7/python-3.13.7-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.7/python-3.13.7-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.7/python-3.13.7-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc2-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_arm64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc2-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_universal2", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc2-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc2-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_arm64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc2-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_universal2", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc2-macos11.pkg" },
  { identifier = "pp38-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.8", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
  { identifier = "pp38-macosx_arm64", version = "3.8", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
  { identifier = "pp39-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.9", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.16-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
  { identifier = "pp39-macosx_arm64", version = "3.9", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.16-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
  { identifier = "pp310-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.10", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.19-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
  { identifier = "pp310-macosx_arm64", version = "3.10", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.19-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
-  { identifier = "pp311-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.11", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.11-v7.3.19-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
-  { identifier = "pp311-macosx_arm64", version = "3.11", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.11-v7.3.19-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
-  { identifier = "gp311_242-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.11", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-24.2.1/graalpy-24.2.1-macos-amd64.tar.gz" },
-  { identifier = "gp311_242-macosx_arm64", version = "3.11", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-24.2.1/graalpy-24.2.1-macos-aarch64.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "pp311-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.11", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.11-v7.3.20-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "pp311-macosx_arm64", version = "3.11", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.11-v7.3.20-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "gp311_242-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.11", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-24.2.2/graalpy-24.2.2-macos-amd64.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "gp311_242-macosx_arm64", version = "3.11", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-24.2.2/graalpy-24.2.2-macos-aarch64.tar.gz" },
 ]

 [windows]
@@ -195,41 +195,47 @@ python_configurations = [
  { identifier = "cp311-win_amd64", version = "3.11.9", arch = "64" },
  { identifier = "cp312-win32", version = "3.12.10", arch = "32" },
  { identifier = "cp312-win_amd64", version = "3.12.10", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-win32", version = "3.13.5", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-win32", version = "3.13.5", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-win_amd64", version = "3.13.5", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-win_amd64", version = "3.13.5", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-win32", version = "3.14.0-b3", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp314t-win32", version = "3.14.0-b3", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-win_amd64", version = "3.14.0-b3", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp314t-win_amd64", version = "3.14.0-b3", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-win32", version = "3.13.7", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-win32", version = "3.13.7", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-win_amd64", version = "3.13.7", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-win_amd64", version = "3.13.7", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-win32", version = "3.14.0-rc2", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-win32", version = "3.14.0-rc2", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-win_amd64", version = "3.14.0-rc2", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-win_amd64", version = "3.14.0-rc2", arch = "64" },
  { identifier = "cp39-win_arm64", version = "3.9.10", arch = "ARM64" },
  { identifier = "cp310-win_arm64", version = "3.10.11", arch = "ARM64" },
  { identifier = "cp311-win_arm64", version = "3.11.9", arch = "ARM64" },
  { identifier = "cp312-win_arm64", version = "3.12.10", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-win_arm64", version = "3.13.5", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-win_arm64", version = "3.13.5", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-win_arm64", version = "3.14.0-b3", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp314t-win_arm64", version = "3.14.0-b3", arch = "ARM64" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-win_arm64", version = "3.13.7", arch = "ARM64" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-win_arm64", version = "3.13.7", arch = "ARM64" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-win_arm64", version = "3.14.0-rc2", arch = "ARM64" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-win_arm64", version = "3.14.0-rc2", arch = "ARM64" },
  { identifier = "pp38-win_amd64", version = "3.8", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-win64.zip" },
  { identifier = "pp39-win_amd64", version = "3.9", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.16-win64.zip" },
  { identifier = "pp310-win_amd64", version = "3.10", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.19-win64.zip" },
-  { identifier = "pp311-win_amd64", version = "3.11", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.11-v7.3.19-win64.zip" },
-  { identifier = "gp311_242-win_amd64", version = "3.11", arch = "64", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-24.2.1/graalpy-24.2.1-windows-amd64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "pp311-win_amd64", version = "3.11", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.11-v7.3.20-win64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "gp311_242-win_amd64", version = "3.11", arch = "64", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-24.2.2/graalpy-24.2.2-windows-amd64.zip" },
 ]

 [pyodide]
 python_configurations = [
  { identifier = "cp312-pyodide_wasm32", version = "3.12", default_pyodide_version = "0.27.7", node_version = "v22" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-pyodide_wasm32", version = "3.13", default_pyodide_version = "0.28.0a3", node_version = "v22" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-pyodide_wasm32", version = "3.13", default_pyodide_version = "0.28.2", node_version = "v22" },
+]
+
+[android]
+python_configurations = [
+  { identifier = "cp313-android_arm64_v8a", version = "3.13", url = "https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/chaquo/python/python/3.13.5+20250722.214220/python-3.13.5+20250722.214220-aarch64-linux-android.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-android_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/chaquo/python/python/3.13.5+20250722.214220/python-3.13.5+20250722.214220-x86_64-linux-android.tar.gz" },
 ]

 [ios]
 python_configurations = [
-  { identifier = "cp313-ios_arm64_iphoneos", version = "3.13", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.13-b9/Python-3.13-iOS-support.b9.tar.gz" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.13", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.13-b9/Python-3.13-iOS-support.b9.tar.gz" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.13", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.13-b9/Python-3.13-iOS-support.b9.tar.gz" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-ios_arm64_iphoneos", version = "3.14", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.14-b5/Python-3.14-iOS-support.b5.tar.gz" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.14", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.14-b5/Python-3.14-iOS-support.b5.tar.gz" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.14", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.14-b5/Python-3.14-iOS-support.b5.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-ios_arm64_iphoneos", version = "3.13", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.13-b10/Python-3.13-iOS-support.b10.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.13", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.13-b10/Python-3.13-iOS-support.b10.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.13", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.13-b10/Python-3.13-iOS-support.b10.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-ios_arm64_iphoneos", version = "3.14", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.14-b6/Python-3.14-iOS-support.b6.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.14", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.14-b6/Python-3.14-iOS-support.b6.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.14", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.14-b6/Python-3.14-iOS-support.b6.tar.gz" },
 ]
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@
    },
    "build-frontend": {
      "default": "default",
-      "description": "Set the tool to use to build, either \"pip\" (default for now), \"build\", or \"build[uv]\"",
+      "description": "Set the tool to use to build, either \"build\" (default), \"build[uv]\", or \"pip\"",
      "oneOf": [
        {
          "enum": [
@@ -1072,6 +1072,66 @@
        }
      }
    },
+    "android": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "archs": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/archs"
+        },
+        "before-all": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/before-all"
+        },
+        "before-build": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/before-build"
+        },
+        "before-test": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/before-test"
+        },
+        "build-frontend": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/build-frontend"
+        },
+        "build-verbosity": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/build-verbosity"
+        },
+        "config-settings": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/config-settings"
+        },
+        "dependency-versions": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/dependency-versions"
+        },
+        "environment": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/environment"
+        },
+        "xbuild-tools": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/xbuild-tools"
+        },
+        "pyodide-version": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/pyodide-version"
+        },
+        "repair-wheel-command": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/repair-wheel-command"
+        },
+        "test-command": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-command"
+        },
+        "test-extras": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-extras"
+        },
+        "test-sources": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-sources"
+        },
+        "test-groups": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-groups"
+        },
+        "test-requires": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-requires"
+        },
+        "test-environment": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-environment"
+        }
+      }
+    },
    "ios": {
      "type": "object",
      "additionalProperties": false,
@@ -2,28 +2,28 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 annotated-types==0.7.0
    # via pydantic
-anyio==4.9.0
+anyio==4.10.0
    # via httpx
-auditwheel-emscripten==0.1.0
+auditwheel-emscripten==0.2.0
    # via pyodide-build
 build==1.2.2.post1
    # via
    #   -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
    #   pyodide-build
-certifi==2025.6.15
+certifi==2025.8.3
    # via
    #   httpcore
    #   httpx
    #   requests
-charset-normalizer==3.4.2
+charset-normalizer==3.4.3
    # via requests
 click==8.1.8
    # via
    #   -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
    #   typer
-distlib==0.3.9
+distlib==0.4.0
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
+filelock==3.19.1
    # via virtualenv
 h11==0.16.0
    # via httpcore
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ idna==3.10
    #   requests
 leb128==1.0.8
    # via auditwheel-emscripten
-markdown-it-py==3.0.0
+markdown-it-py==4.0.0
    # via rich
 mdurl==0.1.2
    # via markdown-it-py
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ packaging==25.0
    #   build
    #   pyodide-build
    #   unearth
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==25.2
    # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
 platformdirs==4.3.8
    # via
@@ -62,13 +62,13 @@ pydantic-core==2.33.2
    # via pydantic
 pygments==2.19.2
    # via rich
-pyodide-build==0.30.5
+pyodide-build==0.30.7
    # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
 pyodide-cli==0.3.0
    # via
    #   auditwheel-emscripten
    #   pyodide-build
-pyodide-lock==0.1.0a7
+pyodide-lock==0.1.0
    # via pyodide-build
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ requests==2.32.4
    # via pyodide-build
 resolvelib==1.2.0
    # via pyodide-build
-rich==14.0.0
+rich==14.1.0
    # via
    #   pyodide-build
    #   pyodide-cli
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ typer==0.16.0
    #   auditwheel-emscripten
    #   pyodide-build
    #   pyodide-cli
-typing-extensions==4.14.0
+typing-extensions==4.14.1
    # via
    #   anyio
    #   pydantic
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ unearth==0.17.5
    # via pyodide-build
 urllib3==2.5.0
    # via requests
-virtualenv==20.31.2
+virtualenv==20.34.0
    # via
    #   build
    #   pyodide-build
@@ -2,28 +2,28 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 annotated-types==0.7.0
    # via pydantic
-anyio==4.9.0
+anyio==4.10.0
    # via httpx
-auditwheel-emscripten==0.1.0
+auditwheel-emscripten==0.2.0
    # via pyodide-build
 build==1.2.2.post1
    # via
    #   -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
    #   pyodide-build
-certifi==2025.6.15
+certifi==2025.8.3
    # via
    #   httpcore
    #   httpx
    #   requests
-charset-normalizer==3.4.2
+charset-normalizer==3.4.3
    # via requests
 click==8.1.8
    # via
    #   -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
    #   typer
-distlib==0.3.9
+distlib==0.4.0
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
+filelock==3.19.1
    # via virtualenv
 h11==0.16.0
    # via httpcore
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ idna==3.10
    #   requests
 leb128==1.0.8
    # via auditwheel-emscripten
-markdown-it-py==3.0.0
+markdown-it-py==4.0.0
    # via rich
 mdurl==0.1.2
    # via markdown-it-py
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ packaging==25.0
    #   build
    #   pyodide-build
    #   unearth
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==25.2
    # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
 platformdirs==4.3.8
    # via
@@ -62,13 +62,13 @@ pydantic-core==2.33.2
    # via pydantic
 pygments==2.19.2
    # via rich
-pyodide-build==0.30.5
+pyodide-build==0.30.7
    # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
 pyodide-cli==0.3.0
    # via
    #   auditwheel-emscripten
    #   pyodide-build
-pyodide-lock==0.1.0a7
+pyodide-lock==0.1.0
    # via pyodide-build
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ requests==2.32.4
    # via pyodide-build
 resolvelib==1.2.0
    # via pyodide-build
-rich==14.0.0
+rich==14.1.0
    # via
    #   pyodide-build
    #   pyodide-cli
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ typer==0.16.0
    #   auditwheel-emscripten
    #   pyodide-build
    #   pyodide-cli
-typing-extensions==4.14.0
+typing-extensions==4.14.1
    # via
    #   pydantic
    #   pydantic-core
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ unearth==0.17.5
    # via pyodide-build
 urllib3==2.5.0
    # via requests
-virtualenv==20.31.2
+virtualenv==20.34.0
    # via
    #   build
    #   pyodide-build
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
    # via macholib
-build==1.2.2.post1
+build==1.3.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.9
+distlib==0.4.0
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
+filelock==3.19.1
    # via virtualenv
 importlib-metadata==8.7.0
    # via build
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ packaging==25.0
    # via
    #   build
    #   delocate
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==25.2
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 platformdirs==4.3.8
    # via virtualenv
@@ -26,9 +26,11 @@ pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
 tomli==2.2.1
    # via build
-typing-extensions==4.14.0
-    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.31.2
+typing-extensions==4.14.1
+    # via
+    #   delocate
+    #   virtualenv
+virtualenv==20.34.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 zipp==3.23.0
    # via importlib-metadata
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
    # via macholib
-build==1.2.2.post1
+build==1.3.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.9
+distlib==0.4.0
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
+filelock==3.19.1
    # via virtualenv
 macholib==1.16.3
    # via delocate
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ packaging==25.0
    # via
    #   build
    #   delocate
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==25.2
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 platformdirs==4.3.8
    # via virtualenv
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
-typing-extensions==4.14.0
+typing-extensions==4.14.1
    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.31.2
+virtualenv==20.34.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
    # via macholib
-build==1.2.2.post1
+build==1.3.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.9
+distlib==0.4.0
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
+filelock==3.19.1
    # via virtualenv
 macholib==1.16.3
    # via delocate
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ packaging==25.0
    # via
    #   build
    #   delocate
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==25.2
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 platformdirs==4.3.8
    # via virtualenv
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
-typing-extensions==4.14.0
+typing-extensions==4.14.1
    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.31.2
+virtualenv==20.34.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
    # via macholib
-build==1.2.2.post1
+build==1.3.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.9
+distlib==0.4.0
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
+filelock==3.19.1
    # via virtualenv
 macholib==1.16.3
    # via delocate
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ packaging==25.0
    # via
    #   build
    #   delocate
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==25.2
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 platformdirs==4.3.8
    # via virtualenv
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
-typing-extensions==4.14.0
+typing-extensions==4.14.1
    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.31.2
+virtualenv==20.34.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
    # via macholib
-build==1.2.2.post1
+build==1.3.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.9
+distlib==0.4.0
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
+filelock==3.19.1
    # via virtualenv
 macholib==1.16.3
    # via delocate
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ packaging==25.0
    # via
    #   build
    #   delocate
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==25.2
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 platformdirs==4.3.8
    # via virtualenv
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
-typing-extensions==4.14.0
+typing-extensions==4.14.1
    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.31.2
+virtualenv==20.34.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ build==1.2.2.post1
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.12.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.9
+distlib==0.4.0
    # via virtualenv
 filelock==3.16.1
    # via virtualenv
@@ -27,8 +27,10 @@ pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
 tomli==2.2.1
    # via build
 typing-extensions==4.13.2
-    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.31.2
+    # via
+    #   delocate
+    #   virtualenv
+virtualenv==20.34.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 zipp==3.20.2
    # via importlib-metadata
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
    # via macholib
-build==1.2.2.post1
+build==1.3.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.9
+distlib==0.4.0
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
+filelock==3.19.1
    # via virtualenv
 importlib-metadata==8.7.0
    # via build
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ packaging==25.0
    # via
    #   build
    #   delocate
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==25.2
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 platformdirs==4.3.8
    # via virtualenv
@@ -26,9 +26,11 @@ pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
 tomli==2.2.1
    # via build
-typing-extensions==4.14.0
-    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.31.2
+typing-extensions==4.14.1
+    # via
+    #   delocate
+    #   virtualenv
+virtualenv==20.34.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 zipp==3.23.0
    # via importlib-metadata
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
    # via macholib
-build==1.2.2.post1
+build==1.3.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.9
+distlib==0.4.0
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
+filelock==3.19.1
    # via virtualenv
 macholib==1.16.3
    # via delocate
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ packaging==25.0
    # via
    #   build
    #   delocate
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==25.2
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 platformdirs==4.3.8
    # via virtualenv
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
-typing-extensions==4.14.0
+typing-extensions==4.14.1
    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.31.2
+virtualenv==20.34.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
@@ -31,14 +31,14 @@ container-engine = "docker"
 pyodide-version = ""

 manylinux-x86_64-image = "manylinux_2_28"
-manylinux-i686-image = "manylinux2014"
+manylinux-i686-image = "manylinux_2_28"
 manylinux-aarch64-image = "manylinux_2_28"
 manylinux-ppc64le-image = "manylinux_2_28"
 manylinux-s390x-image = "manylinux_2_28"
 manylinux-armv7l-image = "manylinux_2_31"
-manylinux-riscv64-image = "ghcr.io/pypa/cibuildwheel/no_default_image:please_use_override"
+manylinux-riscv64-image = "manylinux_2_39"
 manylinux-pypy_x86_64-image = "manylinux_2_28"
-manylinux-pypy_i686-image = "manylinux2014"
+manylinux-pypy_i686-image = "manylinux_2_28"
 manylinux-pypy_aarch64-image = "manylinux_2_28"

 musllinux-x86_64-image = "musllinux_1_2"
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ musllinux-aarch64-image = "musllinux_1_2"
 musllinux-ppc64le-image = "musllinux_1_2"
 musllinux-s390x-image = "musllinux_1_2"
 musllinux-armv7l-image = "musllinux_1_2"
-musllinux-riscv64-image = "ghcr.io/pypa/cibuildwheel/no_default_image:please_use_override"
+musllinux-riscv64-image = "musllinux_1_2"


 [tool.cibuildwheel.linux]
@@ -58,6 +58,8 @@ repair-wheel-command = "delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest

 [tool.cibuildwheel.windows]

+[tool.cibuildwheel.android]
+
 [tool.cibuildwheel.ios]

 [tool.cibuildwheel.pyodide]
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 url = "https://nodejs.org/dist/"
-v22 = "v22.17.0"
-v20 = "v20.19.3"
+v22 = "v22.18.0"
+v20 = "v20.19.4"
@@ -1,47 +1,53 @@
 [x86_64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2025.06.28-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2025.06.28-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_x86_64:2025.06.28-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64:2025.06.28-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2025.08.15-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2025.08.15-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_x86_64:2025.08.15-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64:2025.08.15-1

 [i686]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2025.06.28-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686:2025.06.28-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2025.08.15-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686:2025.08.15-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_i686:2025.08.15-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686:2025.08.15-1

 [aarch64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2025.06.28-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2025.06.28-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_aarch64:2025.06.28-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_aarch64:2025.06.28-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2025.08.15-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2025.08.15-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_aarch64:2025.08.15-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_aarch64:2025.08.15-1

 [ppc64le]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le:2025.06.28-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_ppc64le:2025.06.28-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_ppc64le:2025.06.28-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_ppc64le:2025.06.28-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le:2025.08.15-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_ppc64le:2025.08.15-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_ppc64le:2025.08.15-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_ppc64le:2025.08.15-1

 [s390x]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x:2025.06.28-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_s390x:2025.06.28-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_s390x:2025.06.28-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_s390x:2025.06.28-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x:2025.08.15-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_s390x:2025.08.15-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_s390x:2025.08.15-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_s390x:2025.08.15-1

 [pypy_x86_64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2025.06.28-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2025.06.28-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_x86_64:2025.06.28-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2025.08.15-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2025.08.15-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_x86_64:2025.08.15-1

 [pypy_i686]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2025.06.28-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2025.08.15-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686:2025.08.15-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_i686:2025.08.15-1

 [pypy_aarch64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2025.06.28-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2025.06.28-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_aarch64:2025.06.28-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2025.08.15-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2025.08.15-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_aarch64:2025.08.15-1

 [armv7l]
-manylinux_2_31 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_31_armv7l:2025.06.28-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_armv7l:2025.06.28-1
+manylinux_2_31 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_31_armv7l:2025.08.15-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_armv7l:2025.08.15-1

 [riscv64]
+manylinux_2_39 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_39_riscv64:2025.08.15-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_riscv64:2025.08.15-1

@@ -1,439 +1,455 @@
 {
  "releases": [
    {
-      "tag": "20250626",
+      "tag": "20250814",
      "assets": [
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-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250626/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250626-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250814-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250814-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
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-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250626/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250626-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250814-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250814-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
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+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250814-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250814-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz"
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+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250814-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250814-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz"
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+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250814-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250814-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
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+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250814-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250814-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
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+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250814-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250814-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
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+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250814-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250814-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
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+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250814-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250814-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
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+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250814-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
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+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250814-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250814-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
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+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250814-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
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+          "name": "cpython-3.11.13+20250814-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.11.13%2B20250814-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz"
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-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250626/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250626-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250814-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250814-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
        },
        {
-          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250626-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250626/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250626-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250814-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250814-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz"
        },
        {
-          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250626-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250626/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250626-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250814-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250814-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz"
        },
        {
-          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250626-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250626/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250626-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250814-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250814-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
        },
        {
-          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250626-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250626/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250626-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250814-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250814-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
        },
        {
-          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250626-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250626/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250626-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250814-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250814-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
        },
        {
-          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250626-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250626/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250626-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250814-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250814-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
        },
        {
-          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250626-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250626/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250626-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250814-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250814-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
        },
        {
-          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250626-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250626/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250626-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250814-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250814-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
        },
        {
-          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250626-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250626/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250626-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250814-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250814-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
        },
        {
-          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250626-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250626/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250626-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250814-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250814-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
        },
        {
-          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250626-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250626/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250626-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250814-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250814-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
        },
        {
-          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250626-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250626/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250626-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250814-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250814-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250814-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250814-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250814-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250814-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250814-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250814-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250814-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250814/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250814-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
        }
      ]
    }
@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ from typing import NoReturn

 class TestStringMethods(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_fail(self) -> NoReturn:
-        if sys.platform == "ios":
+        if sys.platform in ["android", "ios"]:
            msg = (
                "You tried to run tests from the testbed app's working "
                "directory, without specifying `test-sources`. "
-                "On iOS, you must copy your test files to the testbed app by "
+                "On this platform, you must copy your test files to the testbed app by "
                "setting the `test-sources` option in your cibuildwheel "
                "configuration."
            )
@@ -1 +1 @@
-default = { version = "20.31.2", url = "https://github.com/pypa/get-virtualenv/blob/20.31.2/public/virtualenv.pyz?raw=true" }
+default = { version = "20.34.0", url = "https://github.com/pypa/get-virtualenv/releases/download/20.34.0/virtualenv.pyz" }
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class EnableGroup(StrEnum):

    @classmethod
    def all_groups(cls) -> frozenset["EnableGroup"]:
-        return frozenset(cls)
+        return frozenset(set(cls) - {cls.CPythonExperimentalRiscV64})

    @classmethod
    def parse_option_value(cls, value: str) -> frozenset["EnableGroup"]:
@@ -85,24 +85,27 @@ class BuildSelector:
                return False

        # filter out groups that are not enabled
-        if EnableGroup.CPythonFreeThreading not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "cp3??t-*"):
+        if EnableGroup.CPythonFreeThreading not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "cp313t-*"):
            return False
-        if EnableGroup.CPythonPrerelease not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "cp314*"):
+        if EnableGroup.CPythonPrerelease not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "cp315*"):
            return False
        if EnableGroup.PyPy not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "pp31*"):
            return False
        if EnableGroup.PyPyEoL not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "pp3?-*"):
            return False
-        if EnableGroup.CPythonExperimentalRiscV64 not in self.enable and fnmatch(
-            build_id, "*_riscv64"
-        ):
-            return False
        if EnableGroup.GraalPy not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "gp*"):
            return False
-        if EnableGroup.PyodidePrerelease not in self.enable and fnmatch(
-            build_id, "cp313-pyodide_*"
-        ):
-            return False
+        # TODO: Re-enable this when we have Pyodide prereleases again (e.g., 0.29.0a1+)
+        # Python 3.13 support became stable in Pyodide 0.28.0, so it no longer needs a prerelease
+        # flag.
+        # Also update Pyodide tests in unit_test/build_selector_test.py accordingly.
+        # When re-enabling, update the pattern to match the experimental Python version in case
+        # it is bumped to Python 3.14 (likely cp314-pyodide_* but could remain as 3.13 as well).
+        # This depends on the CPython version being used in the Pyodide runtime at the time.
+        # if EnableGroup.PyodidePrerelease not in self.enable and fnmatch(
+        #     build_id, "cp313-pyodide_*"
+        # ):
+        #     return False

        should_build = selector_matches(self.build_config, build_id)
        should_skip = selector_matches(self.skip_config, build_id)
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ __all__ = (
 PathOrStr = str | os.PathLike[str]


-PlatformName = Literal["linux", "macos", "windows", "pyodide", "ios"]
+PlatformName = Literal["linux", "macos", "windows", "pyodide", "android", "ios"]
 PLATFORMS: Final[frozenset[PlatformName]] = frozenset(typing.get_args(PlatformName))


@@ -20,6 +20,26 @@ CIBW_CACHE_PATH: Final[Path] = Path(
 ).resolve()


+def ensure_cache_sentinel(cache_path: Path) -> None:
+    """Create a sentinel file to mark a cibuildwheel cache directory.
+
+    We help prevent accidental deletion of non-cache directories with this.
+
+    Args:
+        cache_path: The cache directory path where the sentinel should be created
+    """
+    if cache_path.exists():
+        sentinel_file = cache_path / "CACHEDIR.TAG"
+        if not sentinel_file.exists():
+            sentinel_file.write_text(
+                "Signature: 8a477f597d28d172789f06886806bc55\n"
+                "# This file is a cache directory tag created by cibuildwheel.\n"
+                "# For information about cache directory tags, see:\n"
+                "# https://www.brynosaurus.com/cachedir/",
+                encoding="utf-8",
+            )
+
+
 def download(url: str, dest: Path) -> None:
    print(f"+ Download {url} to {dest}")
    dest_dir = dest.parent
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ def format_safe(template: str, **kwargs: str | os.PathLike[str]) -> str:
    >>> format_safe('{a} {b[4]:3f}', a='123')
    '123 {b[4]:3f}'

-    To avoid variable expansion, precede with a single backslash e.g.
-    >>> format_safe('\\{a} {b}', a='123')
+    To avoid variable expansion, precede with a single hash e.g.
+    >>> format_safe('#{a} {b}', a='123')
    '{a} {b}'
    """

@@ -158,9 +158,9 @@ def find_compatible_wheel(wheels: Sequence[T], identifier: str) -> T | None:
                # If a minor version number is given, it has to be lower than the current one.
                continue

-            if platform.startswith(("manylinux", "musllinux", "macosx", "ios")):
-                # Linux, macOS, and iOS require the beginning and ending match
-                # (macos/manylinux/iOS version number doesn't need to match)
+            if platform.startswith(("manylinux", "musllinux", "macosx", "android", "ios")):
+                # On these platforms the wheel tag includes a platform version number, which we
+                # should ignore.
                os_, arch = platform.split("_", 1)
                if not tag.platform.startswith(os_):
                    continue
@@ -22,8 +22,11 @@ TEST_FAIL_CWD_FILE: Final[Path] = PATH / "testing_temp_dir_file.py"

 # this value is cached because it's used a lot in unit tests
@functools.cache
-def read_python_configs(config: PlatformName) -> list[dict[str, str]]:
+def read_all_configs() -> dict[str, list[dict[str, str]]]:
    with BUILD_PLATFORMS.open("rb") as f:
        loaded_file = tomllib.load(f)
-    results: list[dict[str, str]] = list(loaded_file[config]["python_configurations"])
-    return results
+    return {k: list[dict[str, str]](v["python_configurations"]) for k, v in loaded_file.items()}
+
+
+def read_python_configs(config: PlatformName) -> list[dict[str, str]]:
+    return read_all_configs()[config]
@@ -143,6 +143,8 @@ def virtualenv(
    venv_env["VIRTUAL_ENV"] = str(venv_path)
    if not use_uv and pip_version == "embed":
        call(
+            "python",
+            "-m",
            "pip",
            "install",
            "--upgrade",
@@ -4,6 +4,74 @@ title: Changelog

 # Changelog

+### v3.1.4
+
+_19 August 2025_
+
+- ✨ Add a `--clean-cache` command to clean up our cache (#2489)
+- 🛠 Update Python to 3.14rc2 and other patch version bumps (#2542, #2556)
+- 🛠 Update Pyodide to 0.28.2 (#2562, #2558)
+- 🐛 Fix resolution with `pyodide-build` when `dependency-versions` is set (#2548)
+- 🐛 Set `CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PACKAGE` to `BOTH` on Android (#2547)
+- 🐛 Add `patchelf` dependency for platforms that can build Android wheels (#2552)
+- 🐛 Ignore empty values for `CIBW_ARCHS` like most other environment variables (#2541)
+- 💼 The `color` and `suggest_on_error` argparse options are now default in 3.14rc1+ (#2554)
+- 💼 Use the virtualenv release URL instead of blob URL (should be more robust) (#2555)
+- 🧪 For iOS, lowering to macos-14 is needed for now due to issues with GitHub's runner images (#2557)
+- 🧪 Split out platforms iOS and Android in our tests (#2519)
+- 🧪 Fix and enable doctests (#2546)
+- 📚 Improve our docs on free-threading (#2549)
+
+
+### v3.1.3
+
+_1 August 2025_
+
+- 🐛 Fix bug where "latest" dependencies couldn't update to pip 25.2 on Windows (#2537)
+- 🧪 Use pytest-rerunfailures to improve some of our iOS/Android tests (#2527, #2539)
+- 🧪 Remove some GraalPy Windows workarounds in our tests (#2501)
+
+
+### v3.1.2
+
+_29 July 2025_
+
+- ⚠️  Add an error if `CIBW_FREE_THREADING_SUPPORT` is set; you are likely missing 3.13t wheels, please use the `enable`/`CIBW_ENABLE` (#2520)
+- 🛠 `riscv64` now enabled if you target that architecture, it's now supported on PyPI (#2509)
+- 🛠 Add warning when using `cpython-experimental-riscv64` (no longer needed) (#2526, #2528)
+- 🛠 iOS versions bumped, fixing issues with 3.14 (now RC 1) (#2530)
+- 🐛 Fix bug in Android running wheel from our GitHub Action (#2517)
+- 🐛 Fix warning when using `test-skip` of `"*-macosx_universal2:arm64"` (#2522)
+- 🐛 Fix incorrect number of wheels reported in logs, again (#2517)
+- 📚 We welcome our Android platform maintainer (#2516)
+
+
+### v3.1.1
+
+_24 July 2025_
+
+- 🐛 Fix a bug showing an incorrect wheel count at the end of execution, and misrepresenting test-only runs in the GitHub Action summary (#2512)
+- 📚 Docs fix (#2510)
+
+### v3.1.0
+
+_23 July 2025_
+
+
+- 🌟 CPython 3.14 wheels are now built by default - without the `"cpython-prerelease"` `enable` set. It's time to build and upload these wheels to PyPI! This release includes CPython 3.14.0rc1, which is guaranteed to be ABI compatible with the final release. (#2507) Free-threading is no longer experimental in 3.14, so you have to skip it explicitly with `'cp31?t-*'` if you don't support it yet. (#2503)
+- 🌟 Adds the ability to [build wheels for Android](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/platforms/#android)! Set the [`platform` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#platform) to `android` on Linux or macOS to try it out! (#2349)
+- 🌟 Adds Pyodide 0.28, which builds 3.13 wheels (#2487)
+- ✨ Support for 32-bit `manylinux_2_28` (now a consistent default) and `manylinux_2_34` added (#2500)
+- 🛠 Improved summary, will also use markdown summary output on GHA (#2469)
+- 🛠 The riscv64 images now have a working default (as they are now part of pypy/manylinux), but are still experimental (and behind an `enable`) since you can't push them to PyPI yet (#2506)
+- 🛠 Fixed a typo in the 3.9 MUSL riscv64 identifier (`cp39-musllinux_ricv64` -> `cp39-musllinux_riscv64`) (#2490)
+- 🛠 Mistyping `--only` now shows the correct possibilities, and even suggests near matches on Python 3.14+ (#2499)
+- 🛠 Only support one output from the repair step on linux like other platforms; auditwheel fixed this over four years ago! (#2478)
+- 💼 We now use pattern matching extensively (#2434)
+- 📚 We now have platform maintainers for our special platforms and interpreters! (#2481)
+
+
+
 ### v3.0.1

 _5 July 2025_
@@ -22,10 +90,10 @@ See @henryiii's [release post](https://iscinumpy.dev/post/cibuildwheel-3-0-0/) f
 - ✨ Adds CPython 3.14 support, under the [`enable` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) `cpython-prerelease`. This version of cibuildwheel uses 3.14.0b2. (#2390)

    _While CPython is in beta, the ABI can change, so your wheels might not be compatible with the final release. For this reason, we don't recommend distributing wheels until RC1, at which point 3.14 will be available in cibuildwheel without the flag._ (#2390)
- ✨ Adds the [test-sources option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-sources), and changes the working directory for tests. (#2062, #2284, #2437)

-    - If this option is set, cibuildwheel will copy the files and folders specified in `test-sources` into the temporary directory we run from. This is required for iOS builds, but also useful for other platforms, as it allows you to avoid placeholders.
-    - If this option is not set, behaviour matches v2.x - cibuildwheel will run the tests from a temporary directory, and you can use the `{project}` placeholder in the `test-command` to refer to the project directory. (#2420)
+- ✨ Adds the [test-sources option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-sources), which copies files and folders into the temporary working directory we run tests from. (#2062, #2284, #2420, #2437)
+
+    This is particularly important for iOS builds, which do not support placeholders in the `test-command`, but can also be useful for other platforms.

 - ✨ Adds [`dependency-versions`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#dependency-versions) inline syntax (#2122)
 - ✨ Improves support for Pyodide builds and adds the experimental [`pyodide-version`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#pyodide-version) option, which allows you to specify the version of Pyodide to use for builds. (#2002)
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ Commit this file, and push to GitHub - either to your default branch, or to a PR

 For more info on this file, check out the [docs](https://help.github.com/en/actions/reference/workflow-syntax-for-github-actions).

-[`examples/github-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/examples/github-deploy.yml) extends this minimal example to include iOS and Pyodide builds, and a demonstration of how to automatically upload the built wheels to PyPI.
+[`examples/github-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/examples/github-deploy.yml) extends this minimal example to include Android, iOS and Pyodide builds, and a demonstration of how to automatically upload the built wheels to PyPI.


 ### Azure Pipelines [linux/mac/windows] {: #azure-pipelines}
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ cibuildwheel to run tests, add the following YAML to your CI config file:
 You can configure cibuildwheel with a config file, such as `pyproject.toml`.
 Options have the same names as the environment variable overrides, but are
 placed in `[tool.cibuildwheel]` and are lower case, with dashes, following
-common [TOML][https://toml.io] practice. Anything placed in subsections `linux`, `windows`,
+common [TOML](https://toml.io) practice. Anything placed in subsections `linux`, `windows`,
 `macos`, or `pyodide` will only affect those platforms. Lists can be used
 instead of strings for items that are naturally a list. Multiline strings also
 work just like in the environment variables. Environment variables will take
@@ -664,3 +664,10 @@
  os: [apple, linux, windows]
  pypi: streaming-form-data
  notes: Streaming parser for multipart/form-data written in Cython
+
+- name: falcon
+  gh: falconry/falcon
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+  pypi: falcon
+  notes: Falcon is a no-magic ASGI/WSGI API and microservices framework; it uses cibuildwheel for (optional) Cython extensions.
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ GitHub actions has pipx in all the runners as a supported package manager, as we
    name: Make SDist
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
      with:
        fetch-depth: 0  # Optional, use if you use setuptools_scm
        submodules: true  # Optional, use if you have submodules
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ Then, you need to publish the artifacts that the previous jobs have built. This
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    if: github.event_name == 'release' && github.event.action == 'published'
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v5
      with:
        pattern: cibw-*
        path: dist
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ There are two suggested methods for keeping cibuildwheel up to date that instead
 If you use GitHub Actions for builds, you can use cibuildwheel as an action:

 ```yaml
-uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.0.1
+uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.1.4
 ```

 This is a composite step that just runs cibuildwheel using pipx. You can set command-line options as `with:` parameters, and use `env:` as normal.
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ The second option, and the only one that supports other CI systems, is using a `

 ```bash
 # requirements-cibw.txt
-cibuildwheel==3.0.1
+cibuildwheel==3.1.4
 ```

 Then your install step would have `python -m pip install -r requirements-cibw.txt` in it. Your `.github/dependabot.yml` file could look like this:
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ Solutions to this vary, but the simplest is to use pipx:
 # most runners have pipx preinstalled, but in case you don't
 python3 -m pip install pipx

-pipx run cibuildwheel==3.0.1 --output-dir wheelhouse
+pipx run cibuildwheel==3.1.4 --output-dir wheelhouse
 pipx run twine upload wheelhouse/*.whl
 ```

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@

 > Override the auto-detected target platform

-Options: `auto` `linux` `macos` `windows` `ios` `pyodide`
+Options: `auto` `linux` `macos` `windows` `android` `ios` `pyodide`

 Default: `auto`

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ Default: `auto`

 - For `linux`, you need [Docker or Podman](#container-engine) running, on Linux, macOS, or Windows.
 - For `macos` and `windows`, you need to be running on the respective system, with a working compiler toolchain installed - Xcode Command Line tools for macOS, and MSVC for Windows.
+- For `android` you need to be running on Linux or macOS, with an Android SDK installed. See [here](platforms.md#android) for more details.
 - For `ios` you need to be running on macOS, with Xcode and the iOS simulator installed.
 - For `pyodide`, you need a Linux or macOS machine.

@@ -51,30 +52,29 @@ When both options are specified, both conditions are applied and only builds wit
 When setting the options, you can use shell-style globbing syntax, as per [fnmatch](https://docs.python.org/3/library/fnmatch.html) with the addition of curly bracket syntax `{option1,option2}`, provided by [bracex](https://pypi.org/project/bracex/). All the build identifiers supported by cibuildwheel are shown below:

 <div class="build-id-table-marker"></div>
-|               | macOS                                                                  | Windows                                             | Linux Intel                                                                                         | Linux Other                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | iOS                                                                                               | pyodide (WASM)       |
-|---------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------|
-| Python 3.8    | cp38-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp38-macosx_universal2<br/>cp38-macosx_arm64    | cp38-win_amd64<br/>cp38-win32                       | cp38-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp38-manylinux_i686<br/>cp38-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp38-musllinux_i686     | cp38-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp38-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp38-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp38-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp38-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp38-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp38-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp38-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp38-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp38-musllinux_riscv64           |                                                                                                   |                      |
-| Python 3.9    | cp39-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp39-macosx_universal2<br/>cp39-macosx_arm64    | cp39-win_amd64<br/>cp39-win32<br/>cp39-win_arm64    | cp39-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp39-manylinux_i686<br/>cp39-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp39-musllinux_i686     | cp39-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp39-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp39-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp39-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp39-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp39-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp39-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp39-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp39-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp39-musllinux_riscv64           |                                                                                                   |                      |
-| Python 3.10   | cp310-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp310-macosx_universal2<br/>cp310-macosx_arm64 | cp310-win_amd64<br/>cp310-win32<br/>cp310-win_arm64 | cp310-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp310-manylinux_i686<br/>cp310-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp310-musllinux_i686 | cp310-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp310-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp310-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp310-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp310-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp310-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp310-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp310-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp310-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp310-musllinux_riscv64 |                                                                                                   |                      |
-| Python 3.11   | cp311-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp311-macosx_universal2<br/>cp311-macosx_arm64 | cp311-win_amd64<br/>cp311-win32<br/>cp311-win_arm64 | cp311-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp311-manylinux_i686<br/>cp311-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp311-musllinux_i686 | cp311-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp311-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp311-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp311-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp311-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp311-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp311-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp311-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp311-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp311-musllinux_riscv64 |                                                                                                   |                      |
-| Python 3.12   | cp312-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp312-macosx_universal2<br/>cp312-macosx_arm64 | cp312-win_amd64<br/>cp312-win32<br/>cp312-win_arm64 | cp312-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp312-manylinux_i686<br/>cp312-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp312-musllinux_i686 | cp312-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp312-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp312-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp312-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp312-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp312-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp312-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp312-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp312-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp312-musllinux_riscv64 |                                                                                                   | cp312-pyodide_wasm32 |
-| Python 3.13   | cp313-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp313-macosx_universal2<br/>cp313-macosx_arm64 | cp313-win_amd64<br/>cp313-win32<br/>cp313-win_arm64 | cp313-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp313-manylinux_i686<br/>cp313-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp313-musllinux_i686 | cp313-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp313-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp313-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp313-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp313-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp313-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp313-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp313-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp313-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp313-musllinux_riscv64 | cp313-ios_arm64_iphoneos<br/>cp313-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator<br/>cp313-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator | cp313-pyodide_wasm32 |
+|               | macOS                                                                  | Windows                                             | Linux Intel                                                                                         | Linux Other                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | Android                                          | iOS                                                                                               | pyodide (WASM)       |
+|---------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------|
+| Python 3.8    | cp38-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp38-macosx_universal2<br/>cp38-macosx_arm64    | cp38-win_amd64<br/>cp38-win32                       | cp38-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp38-manylinux_i686<br/>cp38-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp38-musllinux_i686     | cp38-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp38-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp38-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp38-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp38-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp38-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp38-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp38-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp38-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp38-musllinux_riscv64           |                                                  |                                                                                                   |                      |
+| Python 3.9    | cp39-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp39-macosx_universal2<br/>cp39-macosx_arm64    | cp39-win_amd64<br/>cp39-win32<br/>cp39-win_arm64    | cp39-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp39-manylinux_i686<br/>cp39-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp39-musllinux_i686     | cp39-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp39-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp39-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp39-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp39-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp39-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp39-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp39-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp39-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp39-musllinux_riscv64           |                                                  |                                                                                                   |                      |
+| Python 3.10   | cp310-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp310-macosx_universal2<br/>cp310-macosx_arm64 | cp310-win_amd64<br/>cp310-win32<br/>cp310-win_arm64 | cp310-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp310-manylinux_i686<br/>cp310-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp310-musllinux_i686 | cp310-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp310-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp310-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp310-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp310-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp310-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp310-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp310-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp310-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp310-musllinux_riscv64 |                                                  |                                                                                                   |                      |
+| Python 3.11   | cp311-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp311-macosx_universal2<br/>cp311-macosx_arm64 | cp311-win_amd64<br/>cp311-win32<br/>cp311-win_arm64 | cp311-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp311-manylinux_i686<br/>cp311-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp311-musllinux_i686 | cp311-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp311-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp311-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp311-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp311-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp311-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp311-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp311-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp311-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp311-musllinux_riscv64 |                                                  |                                                                                                   |                      |
+| Python 3.12   | cp312-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp312-macosx_universal2<br/>cp312-macosx_arm64 | cp312-win_amd64<br/>cp312-win32<br/>cp312-win_arm64 | cp312-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp312-manylinux_i686<br/>cp312-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp312-musllinux_i686 | cp312-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp312-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp312-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp312-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp312-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp312-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp312-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp312-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp312-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp312-musllinux_riscv64 |                                                  |                                                                                                   | cp312-pyodide_wasm32 |
+| Python 3.13   | cp313-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp313-macosx_universal2<br/>cp313-macosx_arm64 | cp313-win_amd64<br/>cp313-win32<br/>cp313-win_arm64 | cp313-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp313-manylinux_i686<br/>cp313-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp313-musllinux_i686 | cp313-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp313-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp313-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp313-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp313-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp313-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp313-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp313-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp313-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp313-musllinux_riscv64 | cp313-android_arm64_v8a<br/>cp313-android_x86_64 | cp313-ios_arm64_iphoneos<br/>cp313-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator<br/>cp313-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator | cp313-pyodide_wasm32 |
 | Python 3.14   | cp314-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp314-macosx_universal2<br/>cp314-macosx_arm64 | cp314-win_amd64<br/>cp314-win32<br/>cp314-win_arm64 | cp314-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp314-manylinux_i686<br/>cp314-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp314-musllinux_i686 | cp314-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp314-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp314-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp314-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp314-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp314-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp314-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp314-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp314-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp314-musllinux_riscv64 | cp314-ios_arm64_iphoneos<br/>cp314-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator<br/>cp314-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator |                      |
-| PyPy3.8 v7.3  | pp38-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp38-macosx_arm64                               | pp38-win_amd64                                      | pp38-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp38-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp38-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |                                                                                                   |                      |
-| PyPy3.9 v7.3  | pp39-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp39-macosx_arm64                               | pp39-win_amd64                                      | pp39-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp39-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp39-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |                                                                                                   |                      |
-| PyPy3.10 v7.3 | pp310-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp310-macosx_arm64                             | pp310-win_amd64                                     | pp310-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp310-manylinux_i686                                                     | pp310-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |                                                                                                   |                      |
-| PyPy3.11 v7.3 | pp311-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp311-macosx_arm64                             | pp311-win_amd64                                     | pp311-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp311-manylinux_i686                                                     | pp311-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |                                                                                                   |                      |
+| PyPy3.8 v7.3  | pp38-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp38-macosx_arm64                               | pp38-win_amd64                                      | pp38-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp38-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp38-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |                                                  |                                                                                                   |                      |
+| PyPy3.9 v7.3  | pp39-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp39-macosx_arm64                               | pp39-win_amd64                                      | pp39-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp39-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp39-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |                                                  |                                                                                                   |                      |
+| PyPy3.10 v7.3 | pp310-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp310-macosx_arm64                             | pp310-win_amd64                                     | pp310-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp310-manylinux_i686                                                     | pp310-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |                                                  |                                                                                                   |                      |
+| PyPy3.11 v7.3 | pp311-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp311-macosx_arm64                             | pp311-win_amd64                                     | pp311-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp311-manylinux_i686                                                     | pp311-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |                                                  |                                                                                                   |                      |
 | GraalPy 3.11 v24.2 | gp311_242-macosx_x86_64<br/>gp311_242-macosx_arm64                             | gp311_242-win_amd64                                     | gp311_242-manylinux_x86_64                                                                              | gp311_242-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |                                                                                                   |                      |

 The list of supported and currently selected build identifiers can also be retrieved by passing the `--print-build-identifiers` flag to cibuildwheel.
 The format is `python_tag-platform_tag`, with tags similar to those in [PEP 425](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0425/#details).

 Windows arm64 platform support is experimental.
-Linux riscv64 platform support is experimental and requires an explicit opt-in through [`enable`](#enable).

 See the [cibuildwheel 2 documentation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/2.x/) for past end-of-life versions of Python.

-#### Examples
+#### Examples {: #build-skip-examples }

 !!! tab examples "pyproject.toml"

@@ -106,6 +106,12 @@ See the [cibuildwheel 2 documentation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/2.x/) for

    # Disable building PyPy wheels on all platforms
    skip = "pp*"
+
+    # Disable free-threading builds on all platforms
+    skip = "cp3??t-*"
+
+    # Disable free-threading builds on Windows
+    skip = "cp3??t-win*"
    ```

 !!! tab examples "Environment variables"
@@ -137,12 +143,16 @@ See the [cibuildwheel 2 documentation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/2.x/) for

    # Disable building PyPy wheels on all platforms
    CIBW_SKIP: pp*
+
+    # Disable free-threading builds on all platforms
+    CIBW_SKIP: "cp3??t-*"
+
+    # Disable free-threading builds on Windows
+    CIBW_SKIP: "cp3??t-win*"
    ```

    Separate multiple selectors with a space.

-
-
    It is generally recommended to set `CIBW_BUILD` as an environment variable, though `skip`
    tends to be useful in a config file; you can statically declare that you don't
    support a specific build, for example.
@@ -190,6 +200,7 @@ Options:
 - macOS: `x86_64` `arm64` `universal2`
 - Windows: `AMD64` `x86` `ARM64`
 - Pyodide: `wasm32`
+- Android: `arm64_v8a` `x86_64`
 - iOS: `arm64_iphoneos` `arm64_iphonesimulator` `x86_64_iphonesimulator`
 - `auto`: The recommended archs for your machine - see the table below.
 - `auto64`: The 64-bit arch(s) supported by your machine (includes device and simulator for iOS)
@@ -199,8 +210,6 @@ Options:
  to use [`build`](#build-skip) with this option to target specific
  architectures via build selectors.

-Linux riscv64 platform support is experimental and requires an explicit opt-in through [`enable`](#enable).
-
 Default: `auto`

 | Runner | `native` | `auto` | `auto64` | `auto32` |
@@ -237,7 +246,7 @@ If not listed above, `auto` is the same as `native`.
 [binfmt]: https://hub.docker.com/r/tonistiigi/binfmt

 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
- `CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS` | `CIBW_ARCHS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_ARCHS_LINUX` | `CIBW_ARCHS_IOS`
+`CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS` | `CIBW_ARCHS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_ARCHS_LINUX` | `CIBW_ARCHS_ANDROID` | `CIBW_ARCHS_IOS`

 This option can also be set using the [command-line option](#command-line)
 `--archs`. This option cannot be set in an `overrides` section in `pyproject.toml`.
@@ -345,17 +354,11 @@ values are:

 - `cpython-prerelease`: Enables beta versions of Pythons if any are available
  (May-July, approximately).
- `cpython-freethreading`: [PEP 703](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0703)
-  introduced variants of CPython that can be built without the Global
-  Interpreter Lock (GIL).  Those variants are also known as free-threaded /
-  no-gil. This will enable building these wheels while they are experimental.
-  The build identifiers for those variants have a `t` suffix in their
-  `python_tag` (e.g. `cp313t-manylinux_x86_64`).
+- `cpython-freethreading`: Enable experimental free-threaded builds for CPython 3.13.
+  Free-threading wheels for 3.14+ are available without this flag, as it's [no
+  longer considered experimental](https://peps.python.org/pep-0779/).
 - `pypy`: Enable PyPy.
 - `pypy-eol`: Enable PyPy versions that have passed end of life (if still available).
- `cpython-experimental-riscv64`: Enable experimental riscv64 builds. Those builds
-  are disabled by default as they can't be uploaded to PyPI and a PEP will most likely
-  be required before this can happen.
 - `graalpy`: Enable GraalPy.
 - `pyodide-prerelease`: Pyodide versions that haven't released yet, if one is
  available. Safe if you are shipping a site with an early build, not for
@@ -371,7 +374,15 @@ values are:
    that version of Python will become available without this flag.

 !!! note
-    Free threading is experimental: [What’s New In Python 3.13](https://docs.python.org/3.13/whatsnew/3.13.html#free-threaded-cpython)
+    [PEP 703](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0703) introduced variants of
+    CPython that can be built without the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL). Those
+    variants are also known as free-threaded / no-gil. The build identifiers for
+    those variants have a `t` suffix in their `python_tag` (e.g.
+    `cp313t-manylinux_x86_64`).
+
+    Free threading was [experimental in 3.13](https://docs.python.org/3.13/whatsnew/3.13.html#free-threaded-cpython), so it required an explicit enable flag. But, as noted above, free-threading doesn't require an enable flag for 3.14+.
+
+    For more info on building for free-threading, see the [Python Free-Threading Guide](https://py-free-threading.github.io/).

 Default: empty.

@@ -395,13 +406,9 @@ without disabling your other enables.

    ```toml
    [tool.cibuildwheel]
-    # Enable free-threaded support
+    # Enable free-threaded support for CPython 3.13
    enable = ["cpython-freethreading"]

-    # Skip building free-threaded compatible wheels on Windows
-    enable = ["cpython-freethreading"]
-    skip = "*t-win*"
-
    # Include all PyPy versions
    enable = ["pypy", "pypy-eol"]
    ```
@@ -413,18 +420,14 @@ without disabling your other enables.
    # Include latest Python beta
    CIBW_ENABLE: cpython-prerelease

-    # Include free-threaded support
+    # Include free-threaded support for CPython 3.13
    CIBW_ENABLE: cpython-freethreading

    # Include both
    CIBW_ENABLE: cpython-prerelease cpython-freethreading

-    # Skip building free-threaded compatible wheels on Windows
-    CIBW_ENABLE: cpython-freethreading
-    CIBW_SKIP: *t-win*
-
    # Include all PyPy versions
-    CIBW_ENABLE = pypy pypy-eol
+    CIBW_ENABLE: pypy pypy-eol
    ```


@@ -471,11 +474,11 @@ possible, both through `--installer=uv` passed to build, as well as when making
 all build and test environments. This will generally speed up cibuildwheel.
 Make sure you have an external uv on Windows and macOS, either by
 pre-installing it, or installing cibuildwheel with the uv extra,
-`cibuildwheel[uv]`. You cannot use uv currently on Windows for ARM, for
-musllinux on s390x, or for iOS, as binaries are not provided by uv. Legacy dependencies like
+`cibuildwheel[uv]`. uv currently does not support Windows on ARM,
+musllinux on s390x, Android, or iOS. Legacy dependencies like
 setuptools on Python < 3.12 and pip are not installed if using uv.

-Pyodide ignores this setting, as only "build" is supported.
+On Android and Pyodide, only "build" is supported.

 You can specify extra arguments to pass to the build frontend using the
 optional `args` option.
@@ -539,7 +542,7 @@ a table of items, including arrays.
    single values.

 Platform-specific environment variables also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_MACOS` | `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_LINUX` | `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_IOS` | `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_PYODIDE`
+`CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_MACOS` | `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_LINUX` | `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_ANDROID` | `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_IOS` | `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_PYODIDE`


 #### Examples
@@ -572,7 +575,7 @@ You can use `$PATH` syntax to insert other variables, or the `$(pwd)` syntax to
 To specify more than one environment variable, separate the assignments by spaces.

 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_MACOS` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_LINUX` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_IOS` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_PYODIDE`
+`CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_MACOS` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_LINUX` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_ANDROID` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_IOS` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_PYODIDE`

 #### Examples

@@ -704,7 +707,7 @@ On linux, overriding it triggers a new container launch. It cannot be overridden
 on macOS and Windows.

 Platform-specific environment variables also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_LINUX` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_IOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_PYODIDE`
+`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_LINUX` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_ANDROID` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_IOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_PYODIDE`

 !!! note

@@ -770,7 +773,7 @@ The active Python binary can be accessed using `python`, and pip with `pip`; cib
 The command is run in a shell, so you can write things like `cmd1 && cmd2`.

 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
- `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_LINUX` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_IOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_PYODIDE`
+ `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_LINUX` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_ANDROID` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_IOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_PYODIDE`

 #### Examples

@@ -888,9 +891,9 @@ Default:

 - on Linux: `'auditwheel repair -w {dest_dir} {wheel}'`
 - on macOS: `'delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} -v {wheel}'`
- on Windows: `''`
- on iOS: `''`
- on Pyodide: `''`
+- on Android: There is no default command, but cibuildwheel will add `libc++` to the
+  wheel if anything links against it. Setting a command will replace this behavior.
+- on other platforms: `''`

 A shell command to repair a built wheel by copying external library dependencies into the wheel tree and relinking them.
 The command is run on each built wheel (except for pure Python ones) before testing it.
@@ -904,7 +907,7 @@ The following placeholders must be used inside the command and will be replaced
 The command is run in a shell, so you can run multiple commands like `cmd1 && cmd2`.

 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_MACOS` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_LINUX` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_IOS` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_PYODIDE`
+`CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_MACOS` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_LINUX` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_ANDROID` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_IOS` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_PYODIDE`

 !!! tip
    cibuildwheel doesn't yet ship a default repair command for Windows.
@@ -1009,30 +1012,31 @@ The available options are:
 | Option                         | Default                                                         |
 |--------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------|
 | `manylinux_x86_64-image`       | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64)  |
-| `manylinux-i686-image`         | [`manylinux2014`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686)      |
+| `manylinux-i686-image`         | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686)    |
 | `manylinux-pypy_x86_64-image`  | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64)  |
 | `manylinux-aarch64-image`      | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64) |
 | `manylinux-ppc64le-image`      | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_ppc64le) |
 | `manylinux-s390x-image`        | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_s390x)   |
 | `manylinux-armv7l-image`       | [`manylinux_2_31`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_31_armv7l)  |
-| `manylinux-riscv64-image`      | No default                                                      |
+| `manylinux-riscv64-image`      | [`manylinux_2_39`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_39_riscv64) |
 | `manylinux-pypy_aarch64-image` | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64) |
-| `manylinux-pypy_i686-image`    | [`manylinux2014`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686)      |
+| `manylinux-pypy_i686-image`    | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686)    |
 | `musllinux_x86_64-image`       | [`musllinux_1_2`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64)    |
 | `musllinux-i686-image`         | [`musllinux_1_2`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686)      |
 | `musllinux-aarch64-image`      | [`musllinux_1_2`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_aarch64)   |
 | `musllinux-ppc64le-image`      | [`musllinux_1_2`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_ppc64le)   |
 | `musllinux-s390x-image`        | [`musllinux_1_2`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_s390x)     |
 | `musllinux-armv7l-image`       | [`musllinux_1_2`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_armv7l)    |
-| `musllinux-riscv64-image`      | No default                                                      |
+| `musllinux-riscv64-image`      | [`musllinux_1_2`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_riscv64)   |

 Set the Docker image to be used for building [manylinux / musllinux](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux) wheels.

-For `manylinux-*-image`, except `manylinux-armv7l-image`, the value of this option can either be set to `manylinux2014`, `manylinux_2_28` or `manylinux_2_34` to use a pinned version of the [official manylinux images](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux). Alternatively, set these options to any other valid Docker image name.
-`manylinux_2_28` and `manylinux_2_34` are not supported for `i686` architecture.
+For `manylinux-*-image`, except `manylinux-armv7l-image` and `manylinux-riscv64-image`, the value of this option can either be set to `manylinux2014`, `manylinux_2_28` or `manylinux_2_34` to use a pinned version of the [official manylinux images](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux). Alternatively, set these options to any other valid Docker image name.

 For `manylinux-armv7l-image`, the value of this option can either be set to `manylinux_2_31` or a custom image. Support is experimental for now. The `manylinux_2_31` value is only available for `armv7`.

+For `manylinux-riscv64-image`, the value of this option can either be set to `manylinux_2_39` or a custom image. Support is experimental for now. The `manylinux_2_39` value is only available for `riscv64`.
+
 For `musllinux-*-image`, the value of this option can either be set to `musllinux_1_2` or a custom image.

 If this option is blank, it will fall though to the next available definition (environment variable -> pyproject.toml -> default).
@@ -1205,7 +1209,7 @@ specifiers inline with the `packages: SPECIFIER...` syntax.
    `./constraints.txt` if that's not found.

 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_MACOS` | `CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_IOS` | `CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_PYODIDE`
+`CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_MACOS` | `CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_ANDROID` | `CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_IOS` | `CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_PYODIDE`

 !!! note
    This option does not affect the tools used on the Linux build - those versions
@@ -1288,22 +1292,22 @@ The available Pyodide versions are determined by the version of `pyodide-build`

    ```toml
    [tool.cibuildwheel.pyodide]
-    # Build Pyodide wheels using Pyodide version 0.27.6
-    pyodide-version = "0.27.6"
+    # Build Pyodide wheels using Pyodide version 0.28.0
+    pyodide-version = "0.28.0"

    [tool.cibuildwheel.pyodide]
-    # Build Pyodide wheels using a specific alpha release
-    pyodide-version = "0.28.0a2"
+    # Build Pyodide wheels using a specific, previously released alpha release of 0.28.0
+    pyodide-version = "0.28.0a3"
    ```

 !!! tab examples "Environment variables"

    ```yaml
-    # Build Pyodide wheels using Pyodide version 0.27.6
-    CIBW_PYODIDE_VERSION: 0.27.6
+    # Build Pyodide wheels using Pyodide version 0.28.0
+    CIBW_PYODIDE_VERSION: 0.28.0

-    # Build Pyodide wheels using a specific alpha release
-    CIBW_PYODIDE_VERSION: 0.28.0a2
+    # Build Pyodide wheels using a specific, previously released alpha release of 0.28.0
+    CIBW_PYODIDE_VERSION: 0.28.0a3
    ```


@@ -1316,8 +1320,8 @@ Shell command to run tests after the build. The wheel will be installed
 automatically and available for import from the tests. If this variable is not
 set, your wheel will not be installed after building.

-To ensure the wheel is imported by your tests (instead of your source copy),
-**Tests are executed from a temporary directory**, outside of your source
+To ensure your tests import the wheel (instead of your source tree),
+**tests are executed from a temporary working directory**, outside of your source
 tree. To access your test code, you have a couple of options:

 - You can use the [`test-sources`](#test-sources) setting to copy specific
@@ -1334,14 +1338,20 @@ tree. To access your test code, you have a couple of options:
    - `{project}` is an absolute path to the project root - the working
      directory where cibuildwheel was called.

-On all platforms other than iOS, the command is run in a shell, so you can write things like `cmd1 && cmd2`.
+    These placeholders are not available on Android and iOS, because those
+    platforms run tests in a virtual machine that does not have access to
+    the build machine's filesystem.

-On iOS, the value of the `test-command` setting must follow the format `python
-m MODULE [ARGS...]` - where MODULE is a Python module name, followed by
-arguments that will be assigned to `sys.argv`. Other commands cannot be used.
+On all platforms other than Android and iOS, the command is run in a shell, so you can write things like `cmd1 && cmd2`.
+
+On Android and iOS, the command is parsed by `shlex.split`, and is required to
+be in one of the following forms:
+
+* `python -c command ...` (Android only)
+* `python -m module-name ...`

 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_IOS` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_PYODIDE`
+`CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_ANDROID` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_IOS` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_PYODIDE`

 #### Examples

@@ -1399,7 +1409,7 @@ The active Python binary can be accessed using `python`, and pip with `pip`; cib
 The command is run in a shell, so you can write things like `cmd1 && cmd2`.

 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
- `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_LINUX` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_IOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_PYODIDE`
+ `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_LINUX` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_ANDROID` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_IOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_PYODIDE`

 #### Examples

@@ -1454,20 +1464,15 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>


 ### `test-sources` {: #test-sources env-var toml}
-> Files and folders from the source tree that are copied into an isolated tree before running the tests
+> Paths that are copied into the working directory of the tests

 A space-separated list of files and folders, relative to the root of the
 project, required for running the tests. If specified, these files and folders
-will be copied into a temporary folder, and that temporary folder will be used
-as the working directory for running the test suite.
-
-The use of `test-sources` is *required* for iOS builds. This is because the
-simulator does not have access to the project directory, as it is not stored on
-the simulator device. On iOS, the files will be copied into the test application,
-rather than a temporary folder.
+will be copied into the temporary folder which is used as the working directory
+for running the test suite. For more details, see [`test-command`](#test-command).

 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_TEST_SOURCES_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_SOURCES_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_SOURCES_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_SOURCES_IOS` | `CIBW_TEST_SOURCES_PYODIDE`
+`CIBW_TEST_SOURCES_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_SOURCES_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_SOURCES_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_SOURCES_ANDROID` | `CIBW_TEST_SOURCES_IOS` | `CIBW_TEST_SOURCES_PYODIDE`

 #### Examples

@@ -1495,7 +1500,7 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
 Space-separated list of dependencies required for running the tests.

 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_IOS` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_PYODIDE`
+`CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_ANDROID` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_IOS` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_PYODIDE`

 #### Examples

@@ -1536,7 +1541,7 @@ tests. This can be used to avoid having to redefine test dependencies in
 `setup.cfg` or `setup.py`.

 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_IOS` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_PYODIDE`
+`CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_ANDROID` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_IOS` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_PYODIDE`

 #### Examples

@@ -1637,7 +1642,7 @@ A space-separated list of environment variables to set in the test environment.
 The syntax is the same as for [`environment`](#environment).

 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT_IOS` | `CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT_PYODIDE`
+`CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT_ANDROID` |`CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT_IOS` | `CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT_PYODIDE`

 #### Examples

@@ -1720,7 +1725,7 @@ The default build frontend is `build`, which does show build backend output by
 default.

 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_MACOS` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_LINUX` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_IOS` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_PYODIDE`
+`CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_MACOS` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_LINUX` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_ANDROID` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_IOS` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_PYODIDE`

 #### Examples

@@ -172,12 +172,85 @@ You must target pyodide with `--platform pyodide` (or use `--only` on the identi

 It is also possible to target a specific Pyodide version by setting the [`pyodide-version`](options.md#pyodide-version) option to the desired version. Users are responsible for setting an appropriate Pyodide version according to the `pyodide-build` version. A list is available in Pyodide's [cross-build environments metadata file](https://github.com/pyodide/pyodide/blob/main/pyodide-cross-build-environments.json), which can be viewed more easily by installing `pyodide-build` from PyPI and using `pyodide xbuildenv search --all` to see a compatibility table.

-If there are pre-releases available for a newer Python version, the `pyodide-prerelease` [`enable`](options.md#enable) can be used to include pre-release versions.
+If there are pre-releases available for a newer Pyodide version, the `pyodide-prerelease` [`enable`](options.md#enable) can be used to include pre-release versions.

 ### Running tests

 Currently, it's recommended to run tests using a `python -m` entrypoint, rather than a command line entrypoint, or a shell script. This is because custom entrypoints have some issues in the Pyodide virtual environment. For example, `pytest` may not work as a command line entrypoint, but will work as a `python -m pytest` entrypoint.

+
+## Android {: android}
+
+### Prerequisites
+
+cibuildwheel can build Android wheels on any POSIX platform supported by the Android
+development tools, which currently means Linux x86_64, macOS ARM64 or macOS x86_64. Any
+of these platforms can be used to build wheels for any Android architecture supported by
+Python. However, *testing* wheels has additional requirements: see the section below.
+
+If you already have an Android SDK, export the `ANDROID_HOME` environment variable to
+point at its location. Otherwise, here's how to install it:
+
+* Download the "Command line tools" from <https://developer.android.com/studio>.
+* Create a directory `android-sdk/cmdline-tools`, and unzip the command line
+  tools package into it.
+* Rename `android-sdk/cmdline-tools/cmdline-tools` to
+  `android-sdk/cmdline-tools/latest`.
+* `export ANDROID_HOME=/path/to/android-sdk`
+
+cibuildwheel will automatically use the SDK's `sdkmanager` to install any packages it
+needs.
+
+It also requires the following commands to be on the `PATH`:
+
+* `curl`
+* `java` (or set the `JAVA_HOME` environment variable)
+* `patchelf` (if the wheel links against any external libraries)
+
+### Android version compatibility
+
+Android builds will honor the `ANDROID_API_LEVEL` environment variable to set the
+minimum supported [API level](https://developer.android.com/tools/releases/platforms)
+for generated wheels. This will default to the minimum API level of the selected Python
+version.
+
+### Build frontend support
+
+Android builds only support the `build` frontend. In principle, support for the
+`build[uv]` frontend should be possible, but `uv` [doesn't currently have support for
+cross-platform builds](https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/issues/7957), and [doesn't have
+support for iOS or Android wheel tags](https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/issues/8029).
+
+### Tests
+
+Tests are executed on a Gradle-managed emulator matching the architecture of the build
+machine – for example, if you're building on an ARM64 machine, then you can test an
+ARM64 wheel. Wheels of other architectures can still be built, but testing will
+automatically be skipped.
+
+Running an emulator requires the build machine to either be bare-metal or support
+nested virtualization. CI platforms known to meet this requirement are:
+
+* GitHub Actions Linux x86_64
+
+On Linux, the emulator needs access to the KVM virtualization interface. This may
+require adding your user to a group, or [changing your udev
+rules](https://github.blog/changelog/2024-04-02-github-actions-hardware-accelerated-android-virtualization-now-available/).
+If the emulator fails to start, try running `$ANDROID_HOME/emulator/emulator
+-accel-check`.
+
+The Android test environment can't support running shell scripts, so the
+[`test-command`](options.md#test-command) must be a Python command – see its
+documentation for details.
+
+If your package has dependencies which haven't been released on PyPI yet, you may want
+to use the [`environment`](options.md#environment) option to set `PIP_EXTRA_INDEX_URL`
+to one of the following URLs:
+
+* https://chaquo.com/pypi-13.1
+* https://pypi.anaconda.org/scientific-python-nightly-wheels/simple
+
+
 ## iOS {: #ios}

 ### System requirements
@@ -192,7 +265,7 @@ iOS is effectively 2 platforms - physical devices, and simulators. While the API

 * `arm64_iphoneos` (for physical iOS devices);
 * `arm64_iphonesimulator` (for iOS simulators running on Apple Silicon macOS machines); and
-* `x64_64_iphonesimulator` (for iOS simulators running on Intel macOS machines).
+* `x86_64_iphonesimulator` (for iOS simulators running on Intel macOS machines).

 By default, cibuildwheel will build all wheels for the CPU architecture of the build machine. You can build all wheels for all architectures by specifying `--archs all`.

@@ -241,6 +314,6 @@ If your project requires additional tools to build (such as `cmake`, `ninja`, or

 If tests have been configured, the test suite will be executed on the simulator matching the architecture of the build machine - that is, if you're building on an ARM64 macOS machine, the ARM64 wheel will be tested on an ARM64 simulator. It is not possible to use cibuildwheel to test wheels on other simulators, or on physical devices.

-The iOS test environment can't support running shell scripts, so the [`test-command`](options.md#test-command) value must be specified as if it were a command line being passed to `python -m ...`. In addition, the project must use [`test-sources`](options.md#test-sources) to specify the minimum subset of files that should be copied to the test environment. This is because the test must be run "on device", and the simulator device will not have access to the local project directory.
+The iOS test environment can't support running shell scripts, so the [`test-command`](options.md#test-command) value must be specified as if it were a command line being passed to `python -m ...`.

 The test process uses the same testbed used by CPython itself to run the CPython test suite. It is an Xcode project that has been configured to have a single Xcode "XCUnit" test - the result of which reports the success or failure of running `python -m <test-command>`.
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ cibuildwheel
 !!!tip
    You can pass the `--platform linux` option to cibuildwheel to build Linux wheels, even if you're not on Linux. On most machines, the easiest builds to try are the Linux builds. You don't need any software installed except a Docker daemon, such as [Docker Desktop](https://www.docker.com/get-started/). Each platform that cibuildwheel supports has its own system requirements and platform-specific behaviors. See the [platforms page](platforms.md) for details.

+    When building locally for macOS or iOS, regardless of the Python you use to invoke cibuildwheel, you'll need [official Python.org](https://www.python.org/downloads/) installations on your machine. `cibuildwheel` won't perform the build using unofficial Python installations such as from `brew` or `uv`.
+
 You should see the builds taking place. You can experiment with [options](options.md) using pyproject.toml or environment variables.

 !!! tab "pyproject.toml"
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ title: Working examples
 | Name                              | CI | OS | Notes |
 |-----------------------------------|----|----|:------|
 | [scikit-learn][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The machine learning library. A complex but clean config using many of cibuildwheel's features to build a large project with Cython and C++ extensions.  |
-| [pytorch-fairseq][]               | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence Toolkit written in Python. |
 | [duckdb][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | DuckDB is an analytical in-process SQL database management system |
+| [pytorch-fairseq][]               | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence Toolkit written in Python. |
 | [NumPy][]                         | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. |
 | [Tornado][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library. Uses stable ABI for a small C extension. |
 | [NCNN][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | ncnn is a high-performance neural network inference framework optimized for the mobile platform |
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ title: Working examples
 | [MemRay][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] | Memray is a memory profiler for Python |
 | [uvloop][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Ultra fast asyncio event loop. |
 | [psutil][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Cross-platform lib for process and system monitoring in Python |
+| [falcon][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Falcon is a no-magic ASGI/WSGI API and microservices framework; it uses cibuildwheel for (optional) Cython extensions. |
 | [Google Benchmark][]              | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A microbenchmark support library |
 | [vaex][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Out-of-Core hybrid Apache Arrow/NumPy DataFrame for Python, ML, visualization and exploration of big tabular data at a billion rows per second 🚀 |
 | [Apache Beam][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Apache Beam is a unified programming model for Batch and Streaming data processing. |
@@ -31,8 +32,8 @@ title: Working examples
 | [pyinstrument][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python profiler with a C extension. No external dependencies. |
 | [scikit-image][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Image processing library. Uses cibuildwheel to build and test a project that uses Cython with platform-native code.  |
 | [PyOxidizer][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A modern Python application packaging and distribution tool |
-| [twisted-iocpsupport][]           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] | A submodule of Twisted that hooks into native C APIs using Cython. |
 | [cvxpy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A Python-embedded modeling language for convex optimization problems. |
+| [twisted-iocpsupport][]           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] | A submodule of Twisted that hooks into native C APIs using Cython. |
 | [pedalboard][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] | A Python library for working with audio data and audio plugins by wrapping the [JUCE](https://github.com/juce-framework/JUCE/) C++ framework. Uses cibuildwheel to deploy on as many operating systems and Python versions as possible with only one dependency (any NumPy).  |
 | [websockets][]                    | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Library for building WebSocket servers and clients. Mostly written in Python, with a small C 'speedups' extension module.  |
 | [River][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | 🌊 Online machine learning in Python |
@@ -40,8 +41,8 @@ title: Working examples
 | [OpenSpiel][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | OpenSpiel is a collection of environments and algorithms for research in general reinforcement learning and search/planning in games. |
 | [Dependency Injector][]           | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Dependency injection framework for Python, uses Windows TravisCI |
 | [UltraJSON][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Ultra fast JSON decoder and encoder written in C with Python bindings |
-| [pyzmq][]                         | ![github icon][] ![circleci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for zeromq, the networking library. Uses Cython on CPython and CFFI on PyPy. ARM wheels for linux are built natively on CircleCI.  |
 | [CTranslate2][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes libraries from the [Intel oneAPI toolkit](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/tools/oneapi/base-toolkit.html) and CUDA kernels compiled for multiple GPU architectures. |
+| [pyzmq][]                         | ![github icon][] ![circleci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for zeromq, the networking library. Uses Cython on CPython and CFFI on PyPy. ARM wheels for linux are built natively on CircleCI.  |
 | [Implicit][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes GPU support for linux wheels |
 | [tinyobjloader][]                 | ![azurepipelines icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tiny but powerful single file wavefront obj loader |
 | [vispy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Main repository for Vispy |
@@ -64,8 +65,8 @@ title: Working examples
 | [PyTables][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python package to manage extremely large amounts of data |
 | [google neuroglancer][]           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | WebGL-based viewer for volumetric data |
 | [Parselmouth][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python interface to the Praat software package, using pybind11, C++17 and CMake, with the core Praat static library built only once and shared between wheels. |
-| [DeepForest][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | An Efficient, Scalable and Optimized Python Framework for Deep Forest (2021.2.1) |
 | [AutoPy][]                        | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes a Windows Travis build. |
+| [DeepForest][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | An Efficient, Scalable and Optimized Python Framework for Deep Forest (2021.2.1) |
 | [H3-py][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python bindings for H3, a hierarchical hexagonal geospatial indexing system |
 | [time-machine][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Time mocking library using only the CPython C API. |
 | [mosec][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] | A machine learning model serving framework powered by Rust |
@@ -84,16 +85,16 @@ title: Working examples
 | [cyvcf2][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | cython + htslib == fast VCF and BCF processing |
 | [jq.py][]                         | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for jq |
 | [matrixprofile][]                 | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python 3 library making time series data mining tasks, utilizing matrix profile algorithms, accessible to everyone. |
+| [Confluent client for Kafka][]    | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | setup in `tools/wheels/build-wheels.bat` |
 | [Tokenizer][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast and customizable text tokenization library with BPE and SentencePiece support |
 | [iminuit][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Jupyter-friendly Python interface for C++ MINUIT2 |
-| [Confluent client for Kafka][]    | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | setup in `tools/wheels/build-wheels.bat` |
 | [pillow-heif][]                   | ![github icon][] ![cirrusci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Bindings to libheif library with third party dependencies. Fully automated CI for tests and publishing including Apple Silicon builds. |
 | [keyvi][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] | FST based key value index highly optimized for size and lookup performance, utilizes ccache action for improved runtime |
 | [PyGLM][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Fast OpenGL Mathematics (GLM) for Python |
 | [TgCrypto][]                      | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes a Windows Travis build. |
 | [iDynTree][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] | Uses manylinux_2_24 |
-| [streaming-form-data][]           | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Streaming parser for multipart/form-data written in Cython |
 | [power-grid-model][]              | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python/C++ library for distribution power system analysis |
+| [streaming-form-data][]           | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Streaming parser for multipart/form-data written in Cython |
 | [pybase64][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast Base64 encoding/decoding in Python |
 | [bx-python][]                     | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A library that includes Cython extensions. |
 | [boost-histogram][]               | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Supports full range of wheels, including PyPy and alternate archs. |
@@ -111,16 +112,16 @@ title: Working examples
 | [pyjet][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The interface between FastJet and NumPy |
 | [ril][]                           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A python binding to Rust Imaging library using maturin and Pyo3, utilizes Github Action cache to improve speed. Builds abi3 wheels. |
 | [SiPM][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | High performance library for SiPM detectors simulation using C++17, OpenMP and AVX2 intrinsics. |
-| [aalink][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Async Python interface for Ableton Link. |
 | [GSD][]                           | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Cython and NumPy project with 64-bit wheels. |
+| [aalink][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Async Python interface for Ableton Link. |
 | [CorrectionLib][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Structured JSON powered correction library for HEP, designed for the CMS experiment at CERN. |
 | [xmlstarlet][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python 3.6+ CFFI bindings with true MSVC build. |
 | [werpy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] | An ultra-fast python package using optimized dynamic programming to compute the Word Error Rate (WER). |
 | [pybind11 cross build example][]  | ![github icon][] ![gitlab icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Same as pybind11 cmake_example but used to demo Linux ARM + Windows + macOS builds on GitLab |

 [scikit-learn]: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn
-[pytorch-fairseq]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/fairseq
 [duckdb]: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb
+[pytorch-fairseq]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/fairseq
 [NumPy]: https://github.com/numpy/numpy
 [Tornado]: https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado
 [NCNN]: https://github.com/Tencent/ncnn
@@ -132,6 +133,7 @@ title: Working examples
 [MemRay]: https://github.com/bloomberg/memray
 [uvloop]: https://github.com/MagicStack/uvloop
 [psutil]: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil
+[falcon]: https://github.com/falconry/falcon
 [Google Benchmark]: https://github.com/google/benchmark
 [vaex]: https://github.com/vaexio/vaex
 [Apache Beam]: https://github.com/apache/beam
@@ -141,8 +143,8 @@ title: Working examples
 [pyinstrument]: https://github.com/joerick/pyinstrument
 [scikit-image]: https://github.com/scikit-image/scikit-image
 [PyOxidizer]: https://github.com/indygreg/PyOxidizer
-[twisted-iocpsupport]: https://github.com/twisted/twisted-iocpsupport
 [cvxpy]: https://github.com/cvxpy/cvxpy
+[twisted-iocpsupport]: https://github.com/twisted/twisted-iocpsupport
 [pedalboard]: https://github.com/spotify/pedalboard
 [websockets]: https://github.com/python-websockets/websockets
 [River]: https://github.com/online-ml/river
@@ -150,8 +152,8 @@ title: Working examples
 [OpenSpiel]: https://github.com/google-deepmind/open_spiel
 [Dependency Injector]: https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector
 [UltraJSON]: https://github.com/ultrajson/ultrajson
-[pyzmq]: https://github.com/zeromq/pyzmq
 [CTranslate2]: https://github.com/OpenNMT/CTranslate2
+[pyzmq]: https://github.com/zeromq/pyzmq
 [Implicit]: https://github.com/benfred/implicit
 [tinyobjloader]: https://github.com/tinyobjloader/tinyobjloader
 [vispy]: https://github.com/vispy/vispy
@@ -174,8 +176,8 @@ title: Working examples
 [PyTables]: https://github.com/PyTables/PyTables
 [google neuroglancer]: https://github.com/google/neuroglancer
 [Parselmouth]: https://github.com/YannickJadoul/Parselmouth
-[DeepForest]: https://github.com/LAMDA-NJU/Deep-Forest
 [AutoPy]: https://github.com/autopilot-rs/autopy
+[DeepForest]: https://github.com/LAMDA-NJU/Deep-Forest
 [H3-py]: https://github.com/uber/h3-py
 [time-machine]: https://github.com/adamchainz/time-machine
 [mosec]: https://github.com/mosecorg/mosec
@@ -194,16 +196,16 @@ title: Working examples
 [cyvcf2]: https://github.com/brentp/cyvcf2
 [jq.py]: https://github.com/mwilliamson/jq.py
 [matrixprofile]: https://github.com/matrix-profile-foundation/matrixprofile
+[Confluent client for Kafka]: https://github.com/confluentinc/confluent-kafka-python
 [Tokenizer]: https://github.com/OpenNMT/Tokenizer
 [iminuit]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/iminuit
-[Confluent client for Kafka]: https://github.com/confluentinc/confluent-kafka-python
 [pillow-heif]: https://github.com/bigcat88/pillow_heif
 [keyvi]: https://github.com/KeyviDev/keyvi
 [PyGLM]: https://github.com/Zuzu-Typ/PyGLM
 [TgCrypto]: https://github.com/pyrogram/tgcrypto
 [iDynTree]: https://github.com/robotology/idyntree
-[streaming-form-data]: https://github.com/siddhantgoel/streaming-form-data
 [power-grid-model]: https://github.com/PowerGridModel/power-grid-model
+[streaming-form-data]: https://github.com/siddhantgoel/streaming-form-data
 [pybase64]: https://github.com/mayeut/pybase64
 [bx-python]: https://github.com/bxlab/bx-python
 [boost-histogram]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/boost-histogram
@@ -221,8 +223,8 @@ title: Working examples
 [pyjet]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/pyjet
 [ril]: https://github.com/Cryptex-github/ril-py
 [SiPM]: https://github.com/EdoPro98/SimSiPM
-[aalink]: https://github.com/artfwo/aalink
 [GSD]: https://github.com/glotzerlab/gsd
+[aalink]: https://github.com/artfwo/aalink
 [CorrectionLib]: https://github.com/cms-nanoAOD/correctionlib
 [xmlstarlet]: https://github.com/dimitern/xmlstarlet
 [werpy]: https://github.com/analyticsinmotion/werpy
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ jobs:
    - bash: |
        set -o errexit
        python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        pip3 install cibuildwheel==3.0.1
+        pip3 install cibuildwheel==3.1.4
      displayName: Install dependencies
    - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
      displayName: Build wheels
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
    - bash: |
        set -o errexit
        python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.0.1
+        python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.4
      displayName: Install dependencies
    - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
      displayName: Build wheels
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ jobs:
    - bash: |
        set -o errexit
        python -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        pip install cibuildwheel==3.0.1
+        pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.4
      displayName: Install dependencies
    - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
      displayName: Build wheels
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ jobs:
      - run:
          name: Build the Linux wheels.
          command: |
-            python3 -m pip install --user cibuildwheel==3.0.1
+            python3 -m pip install --user cibuildwheel==3.1.4
            cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
      - store_artifacts:
          path: wheelhouse/
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ jobs:
      - run:
          name: Build the Linux aarch64 wheels.
          command: |
-            python3 -m pip install --user cibuildwheel==3.0.1
+            python3 -m pip install --user cibuildwheel==3.1.4
            python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
      - store_artifacts:
          path: wheelhouse/
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ jobs:
          name: Build the OS X wheels.
          command: |
            sudo softwareupdate --install-rosetta --agree-to-license  # for python<=3.8 or x86_64/universal2 tests
-            pip3 install cibuildwheel==3.0.1
+            pip3 install cibuildwheel==3.1.4
            cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
      - store_artifacts:
          path: wheelhouse/
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 build_and_store_wheels: &BUILD_AND_STORE_WHEELS
  install_cibuildwheel_script:
-    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.0.1
+    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.4
  run_cibuildwheel_script:
    - cibuildwheel
  wheels_artifacts:
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 build_and_store_wheels: &BUILD_AND_STORE_WHEELS
  install_cibuildwheel_script:
-    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.0.1
+    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.4
  run_cibuildwheel_script:
    - cibuildwheel
  wheels_artifacts:
@@ -31,6 +31,12 @@ jobs:
          - os: macos-arm
            # macos-14+ (including latest) are ARM64 runners
            runs-on: macos-latest
+          - os: android-intel
+            runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+            platform: android
+          - os: android-arm
+            runs-on: macos-latest
+            platform: android
          - os: ios
            runs-on: macos-latest
            platform: ios
@@ -39,10 +45,23 @@ jobs:
            platform: pyodide

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+
+      # GitHub Actions can't currently run the Android emulator on macOS.
+      - name: Skip Android tests on macOS
+        if: matrix.os == 'android-arm'
+        run: echo "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND=" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+
+      # https://github.blog/changelog/2024-04-02-github-actions-hardware-accelerated-android-virtualization-now-available/
+      - name: Enable KVM for Android emulator
+        if: matrix.os == 'android-intel'
+        run: |
+          echo 'KERNEL=="kvm", GROUP="kvm", MODE="0666", OPTIONS+="static_node=kvm"' | sudo tee /etc/udev/rules.d/99-kvm4all.rules
+          sudo udevadm control --reload-rules
+          sudo udevadm trigger --name-match=kvm

      - name: Build wheels
-        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.0.1
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.1.4
        env:
          CIBW_PLATFORM: ${{ matrix.platform || 'auto' }}
        # Can also be configured directly, using `with:`
@@ -60,7 +79,7 @@ jobs:
    name: Build source distribution
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5

      - name: Build sdist
        run: pipx run build --sdist
@@ -80,7 +99,7 @@ jobs:
    # or, alternatively, upload to PyPI on every tag starting with 'v' (remove on: release above to use this)
    # if: github.event_name == 'push' && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v')
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v5
        with:
          # unpacks all CIBW artifacts into dist/
          pattern: cibw-*
@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ jobs:
        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-13, macos-14]

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5

      - name: Build wheels
-        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.0.1
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.1.4
        # env:
        #   CIBW_SOME_OPTION: value
        #   ...
@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ jobs:
        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-13, macos-14]

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5

      - name: Build wheels
-        run: pipx run cibuildwheel==3.0.1
+        run: pipx run cibuildwheel==3.1.4

      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ jobs:
        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-13, macos-14]

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5

      - name: Set up QEMU
        if: runner.os == 'Linux' && runner.arch == 'X64'
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ jobs:
          platforms: all

      - name: Build wheels
-        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.0.1
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.1.4
        env:
          # configure cibuildwheel on Linux to build native archs ('auto'),
          # and to split the remaining architectures between the x86_64 and
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ linux:
    DOCKER_TLS_CERTDIR: ""
  script:
    - curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh
-    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.0.1
+    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.4
    - cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
  artifacts:
    paths:
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ windows:
  before_script:
    - choco install python -y --allow-downgrade --version 3.12.4
    - choco install git.install -y
-    - py -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.0.1
+    - py -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.4
  script:
    - py -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse --platform windows
  artifacts:
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ windows:
 macos:
  image: macos-14-xcode-15
  before_script:
-    - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.0.1
+    - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.4
  script:
    - python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
  artifacts:
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ linux:
    - curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh
    # Warning: This is extremely slow, be careful with how many wheels you build
    - docker run --rm --privileged multiarch/qemu-user-static --reset -p yes
-    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.0.1
+    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.4
    # Assuming your CI runner's default architecture is x86_64...
    - cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse --platform linux --archs aarch64
  artifacts:
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
        - ln -s /c/Python312/python.exe /c/Python312/python3.exe

 install:
-  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.0.1
+  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.4

 script:
  # build the wheels, put them into './dist'
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ jobs:
        - ln -s /c/Python312/python.exe /c/Python312/python3.exe

 install:
-  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.0.1
+  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.4

 script:
  # build the wheels, put them into './wheelhouse'
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ jobs:
    - stage: deploy
      name: Build and deploy Linux wheels
      services: docker
-      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.0.1 twine
+      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.4 twine
      script: python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
      after_success: python3 -m twine upload --skip-existing wheelhouse/*.whl
    # Deploy on windows
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ jobs:
      name: Build and deploy Windows wheels
      os: windows
      language: shell
-      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.0.1 twine
+      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.4 twine
      script: python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
      after_success: python3 -m twine upload --skip-existing wheelhouse/*.whl

@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ def tests(session: nox.Session) -> None:
        session.run("pytest", *session.posargs)
    else:
        unit_test_args = ["--run-docker"] if sys.platform.startswith("linux") else []
+        session.run("pytest", "cibuildwheel")  # run doctests
        session.run("pytest", "unit_test", *unit_test_args)
        session.run("pytest", "test", "-x", "--durations", "0", "--timeout=2400", "test")

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ build-backend = "hatchling.build"

 [project]
 name = "cibuildwheel"
-version = "3.0.1"
+version = "3.1.4"
 description = "Build Python wheels on CI with minimal configuration."
 readme = "README.md"
 license = "BSD-2-Clause"
@@ -39,11 +39,17 @@ classifiers = [
 dependencies = [
    "bashlex!=0.13",
    "bracex",
+    "build>=1.0.0",
    "certifi",
    "dependency-groups>=1.2",
    "filelock",
+    "humanize",
    "packaging>=20.9",
-    "platformdirs"
+    # patchelf is used for Android
+    "patchelf; (sys_platform == 'linux' or sys_platform == 'darwin') and (platform_machine == 'x86_64' or platform_machine == 'arm64' or platform_machine == 'aarch64')",
+    "platformdirs",
+    "pyelftools>=0.29",
+    "wheel>=0.33.6",
 ]

 [project.optional-dependencies]
@@ -84,10 +90,12 @@ test = [
    "jinja2",
    "pytest-timeout",
    "pytest-xdist",
+    "pytest-rerunfailures",
    "pytest>=6",
    "setuptools",
    "tomli_w",
    "validate-pyproject",
+    "xdoctest",
 ]
 dev = [
    {include-group = "bin"},
@@ -98,13 +106,16 @@ dev = [

 [tool.pytest.ini_options]
 minversion = "6.0"
-addopts = ["-ra", "--showlocals", "--strict-markers", "--strict-config"]
+addopts = ["-ra", "--showlocals", "--strict-markers", "--strict-config", "--xdoctest", "--ignore-glob=*venv*"]
 junit_family = "xunit2"
 xfail_strict = true
 filterwarnings = ["error"]
 log_cli_level = "INFO"
 markers = [
    "serial: tests that must *not* be run in parallel (deselect with '-m \"not serial\"')",
+    "ios: tests that run on iOS",
+    "android: tests that run on Android",
+    "pyodide: tests that run on Pyodide",
 ]

 [tool.mypy]
@@ -144,6 +155,7 @@ py-version = "3.11"
 jobs = "0"
 fail-on = ["E", "F"]
 fail-under = "9.8"
+max-positional-arguments = "7"
 reports.output-format = "colorized"
 messages_control.enable = [
  "useless-suppression",
@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+import os
+import platform
+import re
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from shutil import rmtree
+from subprocess import CalledProcessError
+from textwrap import dedent
+from zipfile import ZipFile
+
+import pytest
+
+from .test_projects import new_c_project
+from .utils import cibuildwheel_run, expected_wheels
+
+pytestmark = pytest.mark.android
+
+
+CIBW_PLATFORM = os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "android")
+if CIBW_PLATFORM != "android":
+    pytest.skip(f"{CIBW_PLATFORM=}", allow_module_level=True)
+
+if (platform.system(), platform.machine()) not in [
+    ("Linux", "x86_64"),
+    ("Darwin", "arm64"),
+    ("Darwin", "x86_64"),
+]:
+    pytest.skip(
+        f"cibuildwheel does not support building Android wheels on "
+        f"{platform.system()} {platform.machine()}",
+        allow_module_level=True,
+    )
+
+# Detect CI services which have the Android SDK pre-installed.
+ci_supports_build = (
+    ("CIRRUS_CI" in os.environ and platform.system() == "Darwin")
+    or "GITHUB_ACTIONS" in os.environ
+    or "TF_BUILD" in os.environ  # Azure Pipelines
+)
+
+if "ANDROID_HOME" not in os.environ:
+    msg = "ANDROID_HOME environment variable is not set"
+    if ci_supports_build:
+        pytest.fail(msg)
+    else:
+        pytest.skip(msg, allow_module_level=True)
+
+# Many CI services don't support running the Android emulator: see platforms.md.
+ci_supports_emulator = "GITHUB_ACTIONS" in os.environ and platform.system() == "Linux"
+
+
+def needs_emulator(test):
+    # All copies of the testbed app run on the same emulator with the same
+    # application ID, so these tests must be run serially.
+    test = pytest.mark.serial(test)
+
+    if ci_supports_build and not ci_supports_emulator:
+        test = pytest.mark.skip("This CI platform doesn't support the emulator")(test)
+    return test
+
+
+@dataclass
+class Architecture:
+    linux_machine: str
+    macos_machine: str
+    android_abi: str
+
+
+archs = [
+    Architecture("aarch64", "arm64", "arm64_v8a"),
+    Architecture("x86_64", "x86_64", "x86_64"),
+]
+native_arch = next(
+    arch for arch in archs if platform.machine() in [arch.linux_machine, arch.macos_machine]
+)
+
+
+cp313_env = {
+    "CIBW_PLATFORM": "android",
+    "CIBW_BUILD": "cp313-*",
+}
+
+
+def test_android_home(tmp_path, capfd):
+    new_c_project().generate(tmp_path)
+    env = os.environ.copy()
+    del env["ANDROID_HOME"]
+
+    with pytest.raises(CalledProcessError):
+        cibuildwheel_run(tmp_path, env={**env, **cp313_env})
+    assert "ANDROID_HOME environment variable is not set" in capfd.readouterr().err
+
+
+# the first build can fail to setup - mark as flaky, and serial to make sure it runs first
+@pytest.mark.serial
+@pytest.mark.flaky(reruns=2)
+def test_expected_wheels(tmp_path):
+    new_c_project().generate(tmp_path)
+    wheels = cibuildwheel_run(tmp_path, add_env={"CIBW_PLATFORM": "android"})
+    assert wheels == expected_wheels(
+        "spam", "0.1.0", platform="android", machine_arch=native_arch.android_abi
+    )
+
+
+def test_frontend_good(tmp_path):
+    new_c_project().generate(tmp_path)
+    wheels = cibuildwheel_run(
+        tmp_path,
+        add_env={**cp313_env, "CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND": "build"},
+    )
+    assert wheels == [f"spam-0.1.0-cp313-cp313-android_21_{native_arch.android_abi}.whl"]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("frontend", ["build[uv]", "pip"])
+def test_frontend_bad(frontend, tmp_path, capfd):
+    new_c_project().generate(tmp_path)
+    with pytest.raises(CalledProcessError):
+        cibuildwheel_run(
+            tmp_path,
+            add_env={**cp313_env, "CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND": frontend},
+        )
+    assert "Android requires the build frontend to be 'build'" in capfd.readouterr().err
+
+
+@needs_emulator
+def test_archs(tmp_path, capfd):
+    new_c_project().generate(tmp_path)
+
+    # Build all architectures while checking the handling of the `before` commands.
+    command_pattern = 'echo "Hello from {0}, package={{package}}, python=$(which python)"'
+    output_pattern = (
+        f"Hello from {{0}}, package={tmp_path}, python=/.+/cp313-android_{{1}}/venv/bin/python"
+    )
+
+    wheels = cibuildwheel_run(
+        tmp_path,
+        add_env={
+            **cp313_env,
+            "CIBW_ARCHS": "all",
+            "CIBW_BEFORE_ALL": "echo 'Hello from before_all'",
+            "CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD": command_pattern.format("before_build"),
+            "CIBW_BEFORE_TEST": command_pattern.format("before_test"),
+            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": (
+                "python -c 'import platform; print(f\"Hello from {platform.machine()}\")'"
+            ),
+        },
+    )
+    assert wheels == [f"spam-0.1.0-cp313-cp313-android_21_{arch.android_abi}.whl" for arch in archs]
+
+    stdout, stderr = capfd.readouterr()
+    lines = (line for line in stdout.splitlines() if line.startswith("Hello from"))
+    assert next(lines) == "Hello from before_all"
+
+    # All architectures should be built, but only the native architecture should run tests.
+    for arch in archs:
+        abi = arch.android_abi
+        assert re.fullmatch(output_pattern.format("before_build", abi), next(lines))
+        if arch == native_arch:
+            assert re.fullmatch(output_pattern.format("before_test", abi), next(lines))
+            assert next(lines) == f"Hello from {arch.linux_machine}"
+        else:
+            assert (
+                f"Skipping tests for {arch.android_abi}, as the build machine "
+                f"only supports {native_arch.android_abi}"
+            ) in stderr
+
+    try:
+        line = next(lines)
+    except StopIteration:
+        pass
+    else:
+        pytest.fail(f"Unexpected line: {line!r}")
+
+
+def test_build_requires(tmp_path, capfd):
+    # Build-time requirements should be installed for the build platform, not for Android. Prove
+    # this by installing some non-pure-Python requirements and using them in setup.py.
+    #
+    # setup_requires is installed via ProjectBuilder.get_requires_for_build.
+    project = new_c_project(
+        setup_py_setup_args_add="setup_requires=['cmake==3.31.4']",
+        setup_py_add=dedent(
+            """\
+            if "egg_info" not in sys.argv:
+                import subprocess
+                subprocess.run(["cmake", "--version"], check=True)
+
+                from bitarray import bitarray
+                print(f"{bitarray('10110').count()=}")
+            """
+        ),
+    )
+
+    # [build_system] requires is installed via ProjectBuilder.build_system_requires.
+    project.files["pyproject.toml"] = dedent(
+        """\
+        [build-system]
+        requires = ["setuptools", "wheel", "bitarray==3.3.2"]
+        """
+    )
+
+    project.generate(tmp_path)
+    cibuildwheel_run(tmp_path, add_env={**cp313_env})
+
+    # Test for a specific version to minimize the chance that we ran a system cmake.
+    stdout = capfd.readouterr().out
+    assert "cmake version 3.31.4" in stdout
+    assert "bitarray('10110').count()=3" in stdout
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def spam_env(tmp_path):
+    project = new_c_project()
+    project.files["test_spam.py"] = dedent(
+        """\
+        import spam
+
+        def test_spam():
+            assert spam.filter("ham")
+            assert not spam.filter("spam")
+            print("Spam test passed")
+        """
+    )
+    project.generate(tmp_path)
+
+    return {
+        **cp313_env,
+        "CIBW_TEST_SOURCES": "test_spam.py",
+        "CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES": "pytest==8.3.5",
+    }
+
+
+@needs_emulator
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("command", "expected_output"),
+    [
+        ("python -c 'import test_spam; test_spam.test_spam()'", "Spam test passed"),
+        ("python -m pytest test_spam.py", "=== 1 passed in "),
+        ("pytest test_spam.py", "=== 1 passed in "),
+    ],
+)
+def test_test_command_good(command, expected_output, tmp_path, spam_env, capfd):
+    cibuildwheel_run(tmp_path, add_env={**spam_env, "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": command})
+    stdout, stderr = capfd.readouterr()
+    assert expected_output in stdout
+
+    if not command.startswith("python"):
+        assert (
+            f"Test command {command!r} is not supported on Android. cibuildwheel "
+            "will try to execute it as if it started with 'python -m'."
+        ) in stderr
+
+
+@needs_emulator
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("command", "expected_output"),
+    [
+        # Build-time failure: unrecognized command
+        (
+            "./test_spam.py",
+            "Test command './test_spam.py' is not supported on Android. "
+            "Supported commands are 'python -m' and 'python -c'.",
+        ),
+        # Build-time failure: unrecognized placeholder
+        (
+            "pytest {project}",
+            "Test command 'pytest {project}' with a '{project}' or '{package}' "
+            "placeholder is not supported on Android",
+        ),
+        (
+            "pytest {package}",
+            "Test command 'pytest {package}' with a '{project}' or '{package}' "
+            "placeholder is not supported on Android",
+        ),
+        # Runtime failure
+        ("pytest test_ham.py", "not found: test_ham.py"),
+    ],
+)
+def test_test_command_bad(command, expected_output, tmp_path, spam_env, capfd):
+    with pytest.raises(CalledProcessError):
+        cibuildwheel_run(tmp_path, add_env={**spam_env, "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": command})
+    assert expected_output in capfd.readouterr().err
+
+
+@needs_emulator
+def test_package_subdir(tmp_path, spam_env, capfd):
+    spam_paths = list(tmp_path.iterdir())
+    package_dir = tmp_path / "package"
+    package_dir.mkdir()
+    for path in spam_paths:
+        path.rename(package_dir / path.name)
+
+    test_filename = "package/" + spam_env["CIBW_TEST_SOURCES"]
+    cibuildwheel_run(
+        tmp_path,
+        package_dir,
+        add_env={
+            **spam_env,
+            "CIBW_TEST_SOURCES": test_filename,
+            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": f"python -m pytest {test_filename}",
+        },
+    )
+    assert "=== 1 passed in " in capfd.readouterr().out
+
+
+@needs_emulator
+def test_no_test_sources(tmp_path, capfd):
+    new_c_project().generate(tmp_path)
+    with pytest.raises(CalledProcessError):
+        cibuildwheel_run(
+            tmp_path,
+            add_env={**cp313_env, "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": "python -m unittest discover"},
+        )
+    assert (
+        "On this platform, you must copy your test files to the testbed app by "
+        "setting the `test-sources` option"
+    ) in capfd.readouterr().err
+
+
+@needs_emulator
+def test_api_level(tmp_path, capfd):
+    project = new_c_project()
+    project.files["pyproject.toml"] = dedent(
+        """\
+        [build-system]
+        requires = ["setuptools"]
+
+        [tool.cibuildwheel]
+        android.environment.ANDROID_API_LEVEL = "33"
+        android.environment.PIP_EXTRA_INDEX_URL = "https://chaquo.com/pypi-13.1"
+        """
+    )
+    project.generate(tmp_path)
+
+    wheels = cibuildwheel_run(
+        tmp_path,
+        add_env={
+            **cp313_env,
+            # Verify that Android dependencies can be installed from the Chaquopy repository, and
+            # that wheels tagged with an older version of Android (in this case 24) are still
+            # accepted.
+            "CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES": "bitarray==3.0.0",
+            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": (
+                "python -c 'from bitarray import bitarray; print(~bitarray(\"01100\"))'"
+            ),
+        },
+    )
+    assert wheels == [f"spam-0.1.0-cp313-cp313-android_33_{native_arch.android_abi}.whl"]
+    assert "bitarray('10011')" in capfd.readouterr().out
+
+
+@needs_emulator
+def test_libcxx(tmp_path, capfd):
+    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
+    output_dir = tmp_path / "output"
+
+    # A C++ package should include libc++, and the extension module should be able to
+    # find it using DT_RUNPATH.
+    new_c_project(setup_py_extension_args_add="language='c++'").generate(project_dir)
+    script = 'import spam; print(", ".join(f"{s}: {spam.filter(s)}" for s in ["ham", "spam"]))'
+    cp313_test_env = {**cp313_env, "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": f"python -c '{script}'"}
+
+    # Including external libraries requires API level 24.
+    with pytest.raises(CalledProcessError):
+        cibuildwheel_run(project_dir, add_env=cp313_test_env, output_dir=output_dir)
+    assert "libc++_shared.so requires ANDROID_API_LEVEL to be at least 24" in capfd.readouterr().err
+
+    wheels = cibuildwheel_run(
+        project_dir,
+        add_env={**cp313_test_env, "ANDROID_API_LEVEL": "24"},
+        output_dir=output_dir,
+    )
+    assert len(wheels) == 1
+    names = ZipFile(output_dir / wheels[0]).namelist()
+    libcxx_names = [
+        name for name in names if re.fullmatch(r"spam\.libs/libc\+\+_shared-[0-9a-f]{8}\.so", name)
+    ]
+    assert len(libcxx_names) == 1
+    assert "ham: 1, spam: 0" in capfd.readouterr().out
+
+    # A C package should not include libc++.
+    rmtree(project_dir)
+    rmtree(output_dir)
+    new_c_project().generate(project_dir)
+    wheels = cibuildwheel_run(project_dir, add_env=cp313_env, output_dir=output_dir)
+    assert len(wheels) == 1
+    for name in ZipFile(output_dir / wheels[0]).namelist():
+        assert ".libs" not in name
@@ -63,9 +63,7 @@ def test(tmp_path, build_frontend_env):
            # the 'false ||' bit is to ensure this command runs in a shell on
            # mac/linux.
            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": f"false || {utils.invoke_pytest()} {{project}}/test",
-            # pytest fails on GraalPy 24.2.0 on Windows so we skip it there
-            # until https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/issues/490 is fixed
-            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS": "where graalpy || pytest {project}/test",
+            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS": "pytest {project}/test",
            **build_frontend_env,
        },
    )
@@ -34,21 +34,14 @@ def test(tmp_path, request):
            "CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES": "pytest",
            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": "pytest {project}/test",
            "CIBW_ARCHS": archs,
-            # TODO remove me once proper support is added
-            "CIBW_MANYLINUX_RISCV64_IMAGE": "ghcr.io/mayeut/manylinux_2_35:2025.05.11-1",
-            "CIBW_SKIP": "*-musllinux_riscv64",
        },
    )

    # also check that we got the right wheels
-    expected_wheels = list(
-        itertools.chain.from_iterable(
-            utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0", machine_arch=arch, single_arch=True)
-            for arch in archs.split(" ")
-        )
+    expected_wheels = itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+        utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0", machine_arch=arch, single_arch=True)
+        for arch in archs.split(" ")
    )
-    # TODO remove me once proper support is added
-    expected_wheels = [wheel for wheel in expected_wheels if "musllinux_1_2_riscv64" not in wheel]
    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)


@@ -12,6 +12,12 @@ from cibuildwheel.ci import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider

 from . import test_projects, utils

+pytestmark = pytest.mark.ios
+
+CIBW_PLATFORM = os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "ios")
+if CIBW_PLATFORM != "ios":
+    pytest.skip(f"{CIBW_PLATFORM=}", allow_module_level=True)
+
 basic_project_files = {
    "tests/test_platform.py": f"""
 import platform
@@ -43,7 +49,9 @@ def skip_if_ios_testing_not_supported() -> None:
 # it's easy to overload the CI machine if there are multiple test processes
 # running multithreaded processes. Therefore, they're put in the serial group,
 # which is guaranteed to run single-process.
+# This can also fail the first time sometimes.
@pytest.mark.serial
+@pytest.mark.flaky(reruns=2)
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "build_config",
    [
@@ -163,6 +171,7 @@ def test_ios_testing_with_placeholder(tmp_path, capfd):


@pytest.mark.serial
+@pytest.mark.flaky(reruns=2)
 def test_ios_test_command_short_circuit(tmp_path, capfd):
    skip_if_ios_testing_not_supported()

@@ -230,6 +239,7 @@ def test_no_xbuild_tool_definition(tmp_path, capfd):
        project_dir,
        add_env={
            "CIBW_PLATFORM": "ios",
+            "CIBW_BUILD": "cp313-*",
            "CIBW_TEST_SKIP": "*",
        },
    )
@@ -239,7 +249,7 @@ def test_no_xbuild_tool_definition(tmp_path, capfd):
        "spam",
        "0.1.0",
        platform="ios",
-        python_abi_tags=["cp313-cp313", "cp314-cp314"],
+        python_abi_tags=["cp313-cp313"],
    )
    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)

@@ -263,13 +273,14 @@ def test_empty_xbuild_tool_definition(tmp_path, capfd):
        project_dir,
        add_env={
            "CIBW_PLATFORM": "ios",
+            "CIBW_BUILD": "cp313-*",
            "CIBW_TEST_SKIP": "*",
            "CIBW_XBUILD_TOOLS": "",
        },
    )

    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels(
-        "spam", "0.1.0", platform="ios", python_abi_tags=["cp313-cp313", "cp314-cp314"]
+        "spam", "0.1.0", platform="ios", python_abi_tags=["cp313-cp313"]
    )
    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)

@@ -299,6 +310,7 @@ def test_ios_test_command_without_python_dash_m(tmp_path, capfd):
        project_dir,
        add_env={
            "CIBW_PLATFORM": "ios",
+            "CIBW_BUILD": "cp313-*",
            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": "pytest ./tests",
            "CIBW_TEST_SOURCES": "tests",
            "CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES": "pytest",
@@ -307,7 +319,7 @@ def test_ios_test_command_without_python_dash_m(tmp_path, capfd):
    )

    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels(
-        "spam", "0.1.0", platform="ios", python_abi_tags=["cp313-cp313", "cp314-cp314"]
+        "spam", "0.1.0", platform="ios", python_abi_tags=["cp313-cp313"]
    )
    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)

@@ -64,8 +64,6 @@ project_with_manylinux_symbols = test_projects.new_c_project(
 def test(manylinux_image, tmp_path):
    if utils.get_platform() != "linux":
        pytest.skip("the container image test is only relevant to the linux build")
-    elif manylinux_image in {"manylinux_2_28", "manylinux_2_34"} and platform.machine() == "i686":
-        pytest.skip(f"{manylinux_image} doesn't exist for i686 architecture")

    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
    project_with_manylinux_symbols.generate(project_dir)
@@ -85,9 +83,6 @@ def test(manylinux_image, tmp_path):
        "CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_AARCH64_IMAGE": manylinux_image,
        "CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_I686_IMAGE": manylinux_image,
    }
-    if manylinux_image in {"manylinux_2_28", "manylinux_2_34"} and platform.machine() == "x86_64":
-        # We don't have a manylinux_2_28+ image for i686
-        add_env["CIBW_ARCHS"] = "x86_64"
    if platform.machine() == "aarch64":
        # We just have a manylinux_2_31 image for armv7l
        add_env["CIBW_ARCHS"] = "aarch64"
@@ -104,10 +99,6 @@ def test(manylinux_image, tmp_path):
        musllinux_versions=[],
    )

-    if manylinux_image in {"manylinux_2_28", "manylinux_2_34"} and platform.machine() == "x86_64":
-        # We don't have a manylinux_2_28+ image for i686
-        expected_wheels = [w for w in expected_wheels if "i686" not in w]
-
    if platform.machine() == "aarch64":
        # We just have a manylinux_2_31 image for armv7l
        expected_wheels = [w for w in expected_wheels if "armv7l" not in w]
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ spam_filter(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
        return NULL;

    // Spam should not be allowed through the filter.
-    sts = strcmp(content, "spam");
+    sts = strcmp(content, "spam") != 0;

    {{ spam_c_function_add | indent(4) }}

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import contextlib
+import os
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import textwrap
@@ -9,6 +10,12 @@ from cibuildwheel.util.file import CIBW_CACHE_PATH

 from . import test_projects, utils

+pytestmark = pytest.mark.pyodide
+
+CIBW_PLATFORM = os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "pyodide")
+if CIBW_PLATFORM != "pyodide":
+    pytest.skip(f"{CIBW_PLATFORM=}", allow_module_level=True)
+
 basic_project = test_projects.new_c_project()
 basic_project.files["check_node.py"] = r"""
 import sys
@@ -81,9 +81,7 @@ def test(tmp_path):
            # the 'false ||' bit is to ensure this command runs in a shell on
            # mac/linux.
            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": f"false || {utils.invoke_pytest()} {{project}}/test",
-            # pytest fails on GraalPy 24.2.0 on Windows so we skip it there
-            # until https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/issues/490 is fixed
-            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS": "COLOR 00 || where graalpy || pytest {project}/test",
+            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS": "COLOR 00 || pytest {project}/test",
        },
    )

@@ -104,9 +102,7 @@ def test_extras_require(tmp_path):
            # the 'false ||' bit is to ensure this command runs in a shell on
            # mac/linux.
            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": f"false || {utils.invoke_pytest()} {{project}}/test",
-            # pytest fails on GraalPy 24.2.0 on Windows so we skip it there
-            # until https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/issues/490 is fixed
-            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS": "COLOR 00 || where graalpy || pytest {project}/test",
+            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS": "COLOR 00 || pytest {project}/test",
        },
        single_python=True,
    )
@@ -138,9 +134,7 @@ def test_dependency_groups(tmp_path):
            # the 'false ||' bit is to ensure this command runs in a shell on
            # mac/linux.
            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": f"false || {utils.invoke_pytest()} {{project}}/test",
-            # pytest fails on GraalPy 24.2.0 on Windows so we skip it there
-            # until https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/issues/490 is fixed
-            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS": "COLOR 00 || where graalpy || pytest {project}/test",
+            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS": "COLOR 00 || pytest {project}/test",
        },
        single_python=True,
    )
@@ -189,7 +183,7 @@ def test_bare_pytest_invocation(
    tmp_path: Path, capfd: pytest.CaptureFixture[str], test_runner: str
 ) -> None:
    """
-    Check that if a user runs pytest in the the test cwd without setting
+    Check that if a user runs pytest in the test cwd without setting
    test-sources, it raises a helpful error
    """
    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
@@ -230,9 +224,7 @@ def test_test_sources(tmp_path):
        project_dir,
        add_env={
            "CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES": "pytest",
-            # pytest fails on GraalPy 24.2.0 on Windows so we skip it there
-            # until https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/issues/490 is fixed
-            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS": "where graalpy || pytest",
+            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS": "pytest",
            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": utils.invoke_pytest(),
            "CIBW_TEST_SOURCES": "test",
        },
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ def get_platform() -> str:
        raise Exception(msg)


-DEFAULT_CIBW_ENABLE = "cpython-freethreading cpython-prerelease cpython-experimental-riscv64"
+DEFAULT_CIBW_ENABLE = "cpython-freethreading cpython-prerelease"


 def get_enable_groups() -> frozenset[EnableGroup]:
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ def cibuildwheel_run(
            cwd=project_path,
            check=True,
        )
-        wheels = [p.name for p in (output_dir or Path(tmp_output_dir)).iterdir()]
+        wheels = sorted(p.name for p in (output_dir or Path(tmp_output_dir)).iterdir())
    return wheels


@@ -252,19 +252,17 @@ def _expected_wheels(
    if manylinux_versions is None:
        manylinux_versions = {
            "armv7l": ["manylinux2014", "manylinux_2_17", "manylinux_2_31"],
-            "i686": ["manylinux1", "manylinux2014", "manylinux_2_17", "manylinux_2_5"],
+            "i686": ["manylinux1", "manylinux_2_28", "manylinux_2_5"],
            "x86_64": ["manylinux1", "manylinux_2_28", "manylinux_2_5"],
-            "riscv64": ["manylinux_2_31", "manylinux_2_35"],
+            "riscv64": ["manylinux_2_31", "manylinux_2_39"],
        }.get(machine_arch, ["manylinux2014", "manylinux_2_17", "manylinux_2_28"])

    if musllinux_versions is None:
        musllinux_versions = ["musllinux_1_2"]

    if platform == "pyodide" and python_abi_tags is None:
-        python_abi_tags = ["cp312-cp312"]
-        if EnableGroup.PyodidePrerelease in enable_groups:
-            python_abi_tags.append("cp313-cp313")
-    elif platform == "ios" and python_abi_tags is None:
+        python_abi_tags = ["cp312-cp312", "cp313-cp313"]
+    elif platform in {"android", "ios"} and python_abi_tags is None:
        python_abi_tags = ["cp313-cp313"]
    elif python_abi_tags is None:
        python_abi_tags = [
@@ -274,6 +272,8 @@ def _expected_wheels(
            "cp311-cp311",
            "cp312-cp312",
            "cp313-cp313",
+            "cp314-cp314",
+            "cp314-cp314t",
        ]

        enable_groups = get_enable_groups()
@@ -281,9 +281,7 @@ def _expected_wheels(
            python_abi_tags.append("cp313-cp313t")

        if EnableGroup.CPythonPrerelease in enable_groups:
-            python_abi_tags.append("cp314-cp314")
-            if EnableGroup.CPythonFreeThreading in enable_groups:
-                python_abi_tags.append("cp314-cp314t")
+            ...  # Add cp315 here when available

        if EnableGroup.PyPyEoL in enable_groups:
            python_abi_tags += [
@@ -370,6 +368,13 @@ def _expected_wheels(
            if include_universal2:
                platform_tags.append(f"macosx_{min_macosx.replace('.', '_')}_universal2")

+        elif platform == "android":
+            api_level = {
+                "cp313-cp313": 21,
+                "cp314-cp314": 24,
+            }[python_abi_tag]
+            platform_tags = [f"android_{api_level}_{machine_arch}"]
+
        elif platform == "ios":
            if machine_arch == "x86_64":
                platform_tags = [
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import sys
 import pytest

 import cibuildwheel.architecture
-from cibuildwheel.architecture import Architecture
+from cibuildwheel.architecture import Architecture, arch_synonym


@pytest.fixture(
@@ -115,3 +115,20 @@ def test_arch_auto_on_ios(monkeypatch):
    monkeypatch.setattr(platform_module, "machine", lambda: "arm64")
    arch_set = Architecture.parse_config("auto", platform="ios")
    assert arch_set == {Architecture.arm64_iphonesimulator, Architecture.arm64_iphoneos}
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("arch", "from_platform", "to_platform", "expected"),
+    [
+        ("x86_64", "linux", "macos", "x86_64"),
+        ("x86_64", "macos", "linux", "x86_64"),
+        ("x86_64", "linux", "windows", "AMD64"),
+        ("AMD64", "windows", "linux", "x86_64"),
+        ("x86_64", "linux", "nonexistent", "x86_64"),
+        ("x86_64", "nonexistent", "linux", "x86_64"),
+        ("nonexistent", "linux", "windows", "nonexistent"),
+        ("x86", "windows", "macos", None),
+    ],
+)
+def test_arch_synonym(arch, from_platform, to_platform, expected):
+    assert arch_synonym(arch, from_platform, to_platform) == expected
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ def test_build():
    assert build_selector("cp311-manylinux_x86_64")
    assert build_selector("cp312-manylinux_x86_64")
    assert build_selector("cp313-manylinux_x86_64")
+    assert build_selector("cp314-manylinux_x86_64")
    assert build_selector("pp310-manylinux_x86_64")
    assert build_selector("pp311-manylinux_x86_64")
    assert build_selector("cp36-manylinux_i686")
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@ def test_build():
    assert build_selector("cp311-win_amd64")
    assert build_selector("cp312-win_amd64")
    assert build_selector("cp313-win_amd64")
+    assert build_selector("cp314-win_amd64")
    assert not build_selector("pp310-win_amd64")
    assert not build_selector("pp311-win_amd64")

@@ -107,7 +109,7 @@ def test_build_filter_pyodide():
        enable=frozenset(),
    )
    assert build_selector("cp312-pyodide_wasm32")
-    assert not build_selector("cp313-pyodide_wasm32")
+    assert build_selector("cp313-pyodide_wasm32")


 def test_skip():
@@ -215,15 +217,6 @@ def test_build_free_threaded_python():
    assert build_selector("cp313t-manylinux_x86_64")


-def test_build_riscv64_enable():
-    build_selector = BuildSelector(build_config="*", skip_config="")
-    assert not build_selector("cp313-manylinux_riscv64")
-    build_selector = BuildSelector(
-        build_config="*", skip_config="", enable=frozenset([EnableGroup.CPythonExperimentalRiscV64])
-    )
-    assert build_selector("cp313-manylinux_riscv64")
-
-
 def test_testing_selector():
    # This is not a global import to keep pytest from collecting it as a test
    test_selector = cibuildwheel.selector.TestSelector(skip_config="cp36-*")
@@ -90,6 +90,8 @@ def test_linux_container_split(tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch)
        "cp311-manylinux_x86_64",
        "cp312-manylinux_x86_64",
        "cp313-manylinux_x86_64",
+        "cp314-manylinux_x86_64",
+        "cp314t-manylinux_x86_64",
    ]
-    assert before_alls(build_steps[3]) == [""] * 3
-    assert container_engines(build_steps[3]) == [default_container_engine] * 3
+    assert before_alls(build_steps[3]) == [""] * 5
+    assert container_engines(build_steps[3]) == [default_container_engine] * 5
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+import errno
+import shutil
+import sys
+
+import pytest
+
+import cibuildwheel.__main__ as main_module
+from cibuildwheel.__main__ import main
+
+
+def test_clean_cache_when_cache_exists(tmp_path, monkeypatch, capfd):
+    fake_cache_dir = (tmp_path / "cibw_cache").resolve()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(main_module, "CIBW_CACHE_PATH", fake_cache_dir)
+
+    fake_cache_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    assert fake_cache_dir.exists()
+
+    cibw_sentinel = fake_cache_dir / "CACHEDIR.TAG"
+    cibw_sentinel.write_text(
+        "Signature: 8a477f597d28d172789f06886806bc55\n"
+        "# This file is a cache directory tag created by cibuildwheel.\n"
+        "# For information about cache directory tags, see:\n"
+        "# https://www.brynosaurus.com/cachedir/",
+        encoding="utf-8",
+    )
+
+    dummy_file = fake_cache_dir / "dummy.txt"
+    dummy_file.write_text("hello")
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(sys, "argv", ["cibuildwheel", "--clean-cache"])
+
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit) as e:
+        main()
+
+    assert e.value.code == 0
+
+    out, err = capfd.readouterr()
+    assert f"Clearing cache directory: {fake_cache_dir}" in out
+    assert "Cache cleared successfully." in out
+    assert not fake_cache_dir.exists()
+
+
+def test_clean_cache_when_cache_does_not_exist(tmp_path, monkeypatch, capfd):
+    fake_cache_dir = (tmp_path / "nonexistent_cache").resolve()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(main_module, "CIBW_CACHE_PATH", fake_cache_dir)
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(sys, "argv", ["cibuildwheel", "--clean-cache"])
+
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit) as e:
+        main()
+
+    assert e.value.code == 0
+
+    out, err = capfd.readouterr()
+    assert f"Cache directory does not exist: {fake_cache_dir}" in out
+
+
+def test_clean_cache_with_error(tmp_path, monkeypatch, capfd):
+    fake_cache_dir = (tmp_path / "cibw_cache").resolve()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(main_module, "CIBW_CACHE_PATH", fake_cache_dir)
+
+    fake_cache_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    assert fake_cache_dir.exists()
+
+    cibw_sentinel = fake_cache_dir / "CACHEDIR.TAG"
+    cibw_sentinel.write_text(
+        "Signature: 8a477f597d28d172789f06886806bc55\n"
+        "# This file is a cache directory tag created by cibuildwheel.\n"
+        "# For information about cache directory tags, see:\n"
+        "# https://www.brynosaurus.com/cachedir/",
+        encoding="utf-8",
+    )
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(sys, "argv", ["cibuildwheel", "--clean-cache"])
+
+    def fake_rmtree(path):  # noqa: ARG001
+        raise OSError(errno.EACCES, "Permission denied")
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(shutil, "rmtree", fake_rmtree)
+
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit) as e:
+        main()
+
+    assert e.value.code == 1
+
+    out, err = capfd.readouterr()
+    assert f"Clearing cache directory: {fake_cache_dir}" in out
+    assert "Error clearing cache:" in err
+
+
+def test_clean_cache_without_sentinel(tmp_path, monkeypatch, capfd):
+    fake_cache_dir = (tmp_path / "not_a_cache").resolve()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(main_module, "CIBW_CACHE_PATH", fake_cache_dir)
+
+    fake_cache_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(sys, "argv", ["cibuildwheel", "--clean-cache"])
+
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit) as e:
+        main()
+
+    assert e.value.code == 1
+
+    out, err = capfd.readouterr()
+    assert "does not appear to be a cibuildwheel cache directory" in err
+    assert fake_cache_dir.exists()
+
+
+def test_clean_cache_with_invalid_signature(tmp_path, monkeypatch, capfd):
+    fake_cache_dir = (tmp_path / "fake_cache").resolve()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(main_module, "CIBW_CACHE_PATH", fake_cache_dir)
+
+    fake_cache_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    cibw_sentinel = fake_cache_dir / "CACHEDIR.TAG"
+    cibw_sentinel.write_text("Invalid signature\n# This is not a real cache directory tag")
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(sys, "argv", ["cibuildwheel", "--clean-cache"])
+
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit) as e:
+        main()
+
+    assert e.value.code == 1
+
+    out, err = capfd.readouterr()
+    assert "does not contain a valid cache directory signature" in err
+    assert fake_cache_dir.exists()
@@ -6,8 +6,9 @@ from pathlib import Path

 import pytest

-from cibuildwheel import __main__, architecture
-from cibuildwheel.platforms import linux, macos, pyodide, windows
+from cibuildwheel import architecture
+from cibuildwheel.logger import Logger
+from cibuildwheel.platforms import android, ios, linux, macos, pyodide, windows
 from cibuildwheel.util import file


@@ -58,7 +59,7 @@ def disable_print_wheels(monkeypatch):
    def empty_cm(*args, **kwargs):
        yield

-    monkeypatch.setattr(__main__, "print_new_wheels", empty_cm)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(Logger, "print_summary", empty_cm)


@pytest.fixture
@@ -86,10 +87,12 @@ def platform(request, monkeypatch):
 def intercepted_build_args(monkeypatch):
    intercepted = ArgsInterceptor()

+    monkeypatch.setattr(android, "build", intercepted)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(ios, "build", intercepted)
    monkeypatch.setattr(linux, "build", intercepted)
    monkeypatch.setattr(macos, "build", intercepted)
-    monkeypatch.setattr(windows, "build", intercepted)
    monkeypatch.setattr(pyodide, "build", intercepted)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(windows, "build", intercepted)

    yield intercepted

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import os
 import sys
 import tomllib
 from fnmatch import fnmatch
@@ -7,7 +8,7 @@ import pytest

 from cibuildwheel.__main__ import main
 from cibuildwheel.environment import ParsedEnvironment
-from cibuildwheel.frontend import _split_config_settings
+from cibuildwheel.frontend import _split_config_settings, parse_config_settings
 from cibuildwheel.options import BuildOptions, _get_pinned_container_images
 from cibuildwheel.selector import BuildSelector, EnableGroup
 from cibuildwheel.util import resources
@@ -16,6 +17,18 @@ from cibuildwheel.util.packaging import DependencyConstraints
 # CIBW_PLATFORM is tested in main_platform_test.py


+def test_old_free_threaded(monkeypatch, capsys):
+    monkeypatch.setenv("CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT", "ON")
+
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit):
+        main()
+
+    assert (
+        "CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT environment variable is no longer supported."
+        in capsys.readouterr().err
+    )
+
+
@pytest.mark.usefixtures("platform")
 def test_output_dir(intercepted_build_args, monkeypatch):
    OUTPUT_DIR = Path("some_output_dir")
@@ -93,6 +106,32 @@ def test_invalid_skip_selector(monkeypatch, capsys, option_name, option_env_var)
    assert f"Invalid {option_name} selector" in err


+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "selector", ["*-macosx_universal2:arm64", "*-macosx_universal2:x86_64", "*-macosx_arm64"]
+)
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures("platform", "intercepted_build_args")
+def test_valid_test_skip_selector(monkeypatch, capsys, selector):
+    monkeypatch.setenv("CIBW_TEST_SKIP", selector)
+
+    main()
+
+    _, err = capsys.readouterr()
+    print(err)
+    assert "Invalid test_skip selector" not in err
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("selector", ["*-macosx_universal2:invalid", "*-macosx_arm64:arm64"])
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures("platform", "intercepted_build_args")
+def test_invalid_test_skip_selector(monkeypatch, capsys, selector):
+    monkeypatch.setenv("CIBW_TEST_SKIP", selector)
+
+    main()
+
+    _, err = capsys.readouterr()
+    print(err)
+    assert "Invalid test_skip selector" in err
+
+
@pytest.mark.usefixtures("platform", "intercepted_build_args")
 def test_empty_selector(monkeypatch):
    monkeypatch.setenv("CIBW_SKIP", "*")
@@ -103,6 +142,70 @@ def test_empty_selector(monkeypatch):
    assert e.value.code == 3


+@pytest.mark.usefixtures("platform", "intercepted_build_args")
+def test_riscv64_warning1(monkeypatch, capsys):
+    monkeypatch.setenv("CIBW_ENABLE", "cpython-experimental-riscv64")
+
+    main()
+
+    _, err = capsys.readouterr()
+    print(err)
+    assert "'cpython-experimental-riscv64' enable is deprecated" in err
+
+
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures("platform", "intercepted_build_args")
+def test_riscv64_warning2(monkeypatch, capsys, tmp_path):
+    local_path = tmp_path / "tmp_project"
+    os.mkdir(local_path)  # noqa:PTH102 Path.mkdir has been monkeypatched already
+    local_path.joinpath("setup.py").touch()
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        sys, "argv", ["cibuildwheel", "--only", "cp313-manylinux_riscv64", str(local_path)]
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setenv("CIBW_ENABLE", "cpython-experimental-riscv64")
+
+    main()
+
+    _, err = capsys.readouterr()
+    print(err)
+    assert "'cpython-experimental-riscv64' enable is deprecated" in err
+
+
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures("platform", "intercepted_build_args")
+def test_riscv64_no_warning(monkeypatch, capsys, tmp_path):
+    local_path = tmp_path / "tmp_project"
+    os.mkdir(local_path)  # noqa:PTH102 Path.mkdir has been monkeypatched already
+    local_path.joinpath("setup.py").touch()
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        sys, "argv", ["cibuildwheel", "--only", "cp313-manylinux_riscv64", str(local_path)]
+    )
+
+    main()
+
+    _, err = capsys.readouterr()
+    print(err)
+    assert "'cpython-experimental-riscv64' enable is deprecated" not in err
+
+
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures("platform", "intercepted_build_args")
+def test_riscv64_no_warning2(monkeypatch, capsys, tmp_path):
+    local_path = tmp_path / "tmp_project"
+    os.mkdir(local_path)  # noqa:PTH102 Path.mkdir has been monkeypatched already
+    local_path.joinpath("setup.py").touch()
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        sys, "argv", ["cibuildwheel", "--only", "cp313-manylinux_riscv64", str(local_path)]
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setenv("CIBW_ENABLE", "all")
+
+    main()
+
+    _, err = capsys.readouterr()
+    print(err)
+    assert "'cpython-experimental-riscv64' enable is deprecated" not in err
+
+
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    ("architecture", "image", "full_image"),
    [
@@ -111,8 +214,9 @@ def test_empty_selector(monkeypatch):
        ("x86_64", "manylinux_2_28", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:*"),
        ("x86_64", "manylinux_2_34", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_x86_64:*"),
        ("x86_64", "custom_image", "custom_image"),
-        ("i686", None, "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:*"),
+        ("i686", None, "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686:*"),
        ("i686", "manylinux2014", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:*"),
+        ("i686", "manylinux_2_28", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686:*"),
        ("i686", "custom_image", "custom_image"),
        ("pypy_x86_64", None, "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:*"),
        ("pypy_x86_64", "manylinux2014", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:*"),
@@ -288,7 +392,9 @@ def test_build_verbosity(

@pytest.mark.parametrize("platform_specific", [False, True])
 def test_config_settings(platform_specific, platform, intercepted_build_args, monkeypatch):
-    config_settings = 'setting=value setting=value2 other="something else"'
+    config_settings = (
+        'setting=value setting=value2 triplet=1 triplet=2 triplet=3 other="something else"'
+    )
    if platform_specific:
        monkeypatch.setenv("CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_" + platform.upper(), config_settings)
        monkeypatch.setenv("CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS", "a=b")
@@ -303,8 +409,16 @@ def test_config_settings(platform_specific, platform, intercepted_build_args, mo
    assert _split_config_settings(config_settings) == [
        "-Csetting=value",
        "-Csetting=value2",
+        "-Ctriplet=1",
+        "-Ctriplet=2",
+        "-Ctriplet=3",
        "-Cother=something else",
    ]
+    assert parse_config_settings(config_settings) == {
+        "setting": ["value", "value2"],
+        "triplet": ["1", "2", "3"],
+        "other": "something else",
+    }


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
@@ -493,7 +607,8 @@ def test_defaults(platform, intercepted_build_args):
    if isinstance(repair_wheel_default, list):
        repair_wheel_default = " && ".join(repair_wheel_default)
    assert build_options.repair_command == repair_wheel_default
-    assert build_options.build_frontend is None
+    assert build_options.build_frontend.name == "build"
+    assert build_options.build_frontend.args == ()

    if platform == "linux":
        assert build_options.manylinux_images
@@ -278,3 +278,12 @@ def test_pyodide_on_windows(monkeypatch, capsys):

    assert exit.value.code == 2
    assert "Building for pyodide is not supported on Windows" in err
+
+
+def test_empty_archs_platform(platform, intercepted_build_args, monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.setenv("CIBW_ARCHS", "")
+
+    main()
+
+    options = intercepted_build_args.args[0]
+    assert options.globals.architectures == Architecture.auto_archs(platform)
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
				`@@ -0,0 +1 @@`
				`import _cross_venv; _cross_venv.initialize()`