Bump version: v3.1.2

updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.12.4 → v0.12.5](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.12.4...v0.12.5)

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

.circleci/prepare.sh

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ fi
 
 $PYTHON --version
 $PYTHON -m venv venv
-venv/bin/python -m pip install -U pip dependency-groups
+venv/bin/python -m pip install -U pip
-venv/bin/python -m dependency_groups test | xargs venv/bin/python -m pip install -e.
+venv/bin/python -m pip install -e. --group test
 venv/bin/python -m pip freeze
 venv/bin/python --version

.cirrus.yml

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-only_if: changesInclude('.cirrus.yml') || ($CIRRUS_BRANCH == "main" && !changesIncludeOnly('docs/*', '.pre-commit-config.yaml')) || $CIRRUS_BRANCH =~ 'cirrus.*'
+only_if: changesInclude('.cirrus.yml') || ($CIRRUS_BRANCH == "main" && !changesIncludeOnly('.github/*', 'bin/*', 'docs/*', '.circleci/*', '.travis.yml', '.pre-commit-config.yaml', '.readthedocs.yml', 'azure-pipelines.yml', 'README.md', 'mkdocs.yml', 'noxfile.py')) || $CIRRUS_BRANCH =~ 'cirrus.*'
 
 run_tests: &RUN_TESTS
   install_cibuildwheel_script:
-    - python -m pip install dependency-groups
+    - python -m pip install -U pip
-    - python -m dependency_groups test | xargs python -m pip install -e.
+    - python -m pip install -e. --group test
   run_cibuildwheel_tests_script:
     - python ./bin/run_tests.py
 
@@ -46,8 +46,8 @@ linux_aarch64_task:
   <<: *RUN_TESTS
 
 windows_x86_task:
-  # The task takes ~55 minutes while the timeout happens
+  # The task takes ~55 minutes while the timeout happens after 60 minutes by default,
-  # after 60 minutes by default, let's allow some wiggle room.
+  # let's allow some wiggle room.
   timeout_in: 120m
   windows_container:
     image: cirrusci/windowsservercore:visualstudio2022
@@ -55,9 +55,12 @@ windows_x86_task:
     memory: 8G
 
   install_pre_requirements_script:
+    - certutil -generateSSTFromWU roots.sst
+    - certutil -addstore -f root roots.sst
+    - del roots.sst
     - choco install -y --no-progress python3 --version 3.12.4
     - refreshenv
-    - echo PATH=%PATH% >> "%CIRRUS_ENV%"
+    - powershell -Command "$cleanPath = $env:PATH -replace ';+$', ''; Add-Content -Path $env:CIRRUS_ENV -Value ('PATH=' + $cleanPath)"
   <<: *RUN_TESTS
 
 macos_arm64_task:

.github/CODEOWNERS

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+cibuildwheel/platforms/ios.py         @freakboy3742
+cibuildwheel/platforms/pyodide.py     @hoodmane @ryanking13 @agriyakhetarpal
+cibuildwheel/platforms/android.py     @mhsmith

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ jobs:
         path: dist
 
     - name: Generate artifact attestation for sdist and wheel
-      uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@db473fddc028af60658334401dc6fa3ffd8669fd # v2.3.0
+      uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@e8998f949152b193b063cb0ec769d69d929409be # v2.4.0
       with:
         subject-path: "dist/cibuildwheel-*"
 

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -12,8 +12,19 @@ on:
       - reopened
       - labeled
     paths-ignore:
-      - 'docs/**'
+      - .ci*
+      - bin/*
+      - docs/**
+      - examples/azure-pipelines-*
+      - examples/ci*
+      - examples/travis-ci-*
       - .pre-commit-config.yaml
+      - .readthedocs.yml
+      - .travis.yml
+      - README.md
+      - azure-pipelines.yml
+      - mkdocs.yml
+      - noxfile.py
   workflow_dispatch:
     # allow manual runs on branches without a PR
 
@@ -23,7 +34,7 @@ concurrency:
 
 jobs:
   lint:
-    name: Linters (mypy, flake8, etc.)
+    name: Linters (mypy, ruff, etc.)
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -40,6 +51,7 @@ jobs:
     needs: lint
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-13, macos-15]
         python_version: ['3.13']
@@ -59,13 +71,23 @@ jobs:
 
     - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v6
 
-    # free some space to prevent reaching GHA disk space limits
+    - name: Free up disk space
-    - name: Clean docker images
       if: runner.os == 'Linux'
       run: |
         docker system prune -a -f
+        sudo rm -rf $ANDROID_HOME/ndk/{26,28}.* /opt/hostedtoolcache/CodeQL \
+          /usr/local/lib/node_modules /usr/local/share/chromium \
+          /usr/local/share/powershell
         df -h
 
+    # https://github.blog/changelog/2024-04-02-github-actions-hardware-accelerated-android-virtualization-now-available/
+    - name: Enable KVM for Android emulator
+      if: runner.os == 'Linux' && runner.arch == 'X64'
+      run: |
+          echo 'KERNEL=="kvm", GROUP="kvm", MODE="0666", OPTIONS+="static_node=kvm"' | sudo tee /etc/udev/rules.d/99-kvm4all.rules
+          sudo udevadm control --reload-rules
+          sudo udevadm trigger --name-match=kvm
+
     # for oci_container unit tests
     - name: Set up QEMU
       if: runner.os == 'Linux'
@@ -76,6 +98,7 @@ jobs:
         uv sync --no-dev --group test
 
     - uses: joerick/pr-labels-action@v1.0.9
+
     - name: Set CIBW_ENABLE
       shell: bash
       run: |
@@ -113,16 +136,16 @@ jobs:
       with:
         package-dir: sample_proj
         output-dir: wheelhouse_only
-        only: cp312-${{ runner.os == 'Linux' && (runner.arch == 'ARM64' && 'manylinux_aarch64' || 'manylinux_x86_64') || (runner.os == 'Windows' && 'win_amd64' || 'macosx_x86_64') }}
+        only: cp313-${{ runner.os == 'Linux' && (runner.arch == 'ARM64' && 'manylinux_aarch64' || 'manylinux_x86_64') || (runner.os == 'Windows' && 'win_amd64' || 'macosx_x86_64') }}
 
     - name: Create custom configuration file
       shell: bash
       run: |
         cat > sample_proj/cibw.toml <<EOF
         [tool.cibuildwheel]
-        # Only build on CPython 3.12 on native arch
+        # Only build on CPython 3.13 on native arch
         archs = ["native"]
-        build = "cp312-*"
+        build = "cp313-*"
         # Skip musllinux
         skip = "*-musllinux*"
         EOF
@@ -222,19 +245,6 @@ jobs:
       env:
         CIBW_PLATFORM: pyodide
 
-    - name: Run a sample build (GitHub Action) for an overridden Pyodide version
-      uses: ./
-      with:
-        package-dir: sample_proj
-        output-dir: wheelhouse
-        # In case this breaks at any point in time, switch to using the latest version
-        # available or any other version that is not the same as the default one set
-        # in cibuildwheel/resources/build-platforms.toml.
-      env:
-        CIBW_PLATFORM: pyodide
-        CIBW_BUILD: "cp312*"
-        CIBW_PYODIDE_VERSION: "0.27.6"
-
     - name: Run tests with 'CIBW_PLATFORM' set to 'pyodide'
       run: |
         uv run --no-sync ./bin/run_tests.py

.gitlab-ci.yml

@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ linux:
   script:
     - curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh
     - docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
-    - python -m pip install dependency-groups
+    - python -m pip install -U pip
-    - python -m dependency_groups test | xargs python -m pip install -e. pytest-custom-exit-code
+    - python -m pip install -e. pytest-custom-exit-code --group test
     - python ./bin/run_tests.py
 
 windows:
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ windows:
       variables:
         CIBW_ENABLE: "all"
   script:
-    - py -m pip install dependency-groups
+    - py -m pip install -U pip
-    - py -m pip install -e. pytest-custom-exit-code $(py -m dependency_groups test)
+    - py -m pip install -e. pytest-custom-exit-code --group test
     - py bin\run_tests.py
   tags:
     - saas-windows-medium-amd64
@@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ macos:
       variables:
         CIBW_ENABLE: "all"
   script:
-    - python3 -m pip install dependency-groups
+    - python3 -m pip install -U pip
-    - python3 -m dependency_groups test | xargs python3 -m pip install -e. pytest-custom-exit-code
+    - python3 -m pip install -e. pytest-custom-exit-code --group test
     - python3 ./bin/run_tests.py
   tags:
     - saas-macos-medium-m1

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -14,28 +14,31 @@ repos:
   - id: trailing-whitespace
 
 - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-  rev: v0.11.12
+  rev: v0.12.5
   hooks:
   - id: ruff
     args: ["--fix", "--show-fixes"]
   - id: ruff-format
 
 - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy
-  rev: v1.16.0
+  rev: v1.17.0
   hooks:
   - id: mypy
     name: mypy 3.11 on cibuildwheel/
     args: ["--python-version=3.11"]
+    exclude: ^cibuildwheel/resources/_cross_venv.py$  # Requires Python 3.13 or later
     additional_dependencies: &mypy-dependencies
       - bracex
+      - build
       - dependency-groups>=1.2
+      - humanize
       - nox>=2025.2.9
       - orjson
       - packaging
+      - pyelftools
       - pygithub
       - pytest
       - rich
-      - tomli
       - tomli_w
       - types-certifi
       - types-click
@@ -47,7 +50,6 @@ repos:
       - validate-pyproject
   - id: mypy
     name: mypy 3.13
-    exclude: ^cibuildwheel/resources/.*py$
     args: ["--python-version=3.13"]
     additional_dependencies: *mypy-dependencies
 
@@ -70,7 +72,7 @@ repos:
     pass_filenames: false
     entry: cog -c -P -r -I ./bin README.md
     files: '^(README\.md|docs/changelog\.md|docs/options\.md|bin/readme.*)$'
-    additional_dependencies: [cogapp]
+    additional_dependencies: [cogapp>=3.5]
 
 - repo: https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell
   rev: v2.4.1
@@ -81,7 +83,7 @@ repos:
 
 
 - repo: https://github.com/python-jsonschema/check-jsonschema
-  rev: 0.33.0
+  rev: 0.33.2
   hooks:
     - id: check-dependabot
     - id: check-github-actions

.readthedocs.yml

@@ -5,9 +5,7 @@ version: 2
 build:
   os: ubuntu-24.04
   commands:
-    - asdf install python 3.14-dev
-    - asdf global python 3.14-dev
     - asdf plugin add uv
     - asdf install uv latest
     - asdf global uv latest
-    - NO_COLOR=1 uv run --no-dev --group docs mkdocs build --strict --site-dir $READTHEDOCS_OUTPUT/html
+    - NO_COLOR=1 uv run --python 3.14 --managed-python --no-dev --group docs mkdocs build --strict --site-dir $READTHEDOCS_OUTPUT/html

.travis.yml

@@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ jobs:
 
 install:
 - if [ "${TRAVIS_OS_NAME}" == "linux" ]; then docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all; fi
-- $PYTHON -m pip install -U pip dependency-groups
+- $PYTHON -m pip install -U pip
-- $PYTHON -m dependency_groups test | xargs $PYTHON -m pip install -e.
+- $PYTHON -m pip install -e. --group test
 
 script: |
   # travis_wait disable the output while waiting

README.md

@@ -23,24 +23,24 @@ What does it do?
 
 While cibuildwheel itself requires a recent Python version to run (we support the last three releases), it can target the following versions to build wheels:
 
-|                    | macOS Intel | macOS Apple Silicon | Windows 64bit | Windows 32bit | Windows Arm64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux x86_64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux i686 | manylinux<br/>musllinux aarch64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux ppc64le | manylinux<br/>musllinux s390x | manylinux<br/>musllinux armv7l | iOS | Pyodide |
+|                    | macOS Intel | macOS Apple Silicon | Windows 64bit | Windows 32bit | Windows Arm64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux x86_64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux i686 | manylinux<br/>musllinux aarch64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux ppc64le | manylinux<br/>musllinux s390x | manylinux<br/>musllinux armv7l | Android | iOS | Pyodide |
-|--------------------|----|-----|-----|-----|-----|----|-----|----|-----|-----|---|-----|-----|
+|--------------------|----|-----|----|-----|-----|----|-----|----|-----|-----|---|-----|-----|-----|
-| CPython 3.8        | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A |
+| CPython 3.8        | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
-| CPython 3.9        | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A |
+| CPython 3.9        | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
-| CPython 3.10       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A |
+| CPython 3.10       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
-| CPython 3.11       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A |
+| CPython 3.11       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
-| CPython 3.12       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵  | N/A | ✅⁴ |
+| CPython 3.12       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵  | N/A | N/A | ✅⁴ |
-| CPython 3.13³      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵  | ✅ | N/A |
+| CPython 3.13³      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵  | ✅ | ✅ | N/A |
-| CPython 3.14³      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵  | ✅ | N/A |
+| CPython 3.14       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵  | N/A | N/A | N/A |
-| PyPy 3.8 v7.3      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.8 v7.3      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
-| PyPy 3.9 v7.3      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.9 v7.3      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
-| PyPy 3.10 v7.3     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.10 v7.3     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
-| PyPy 3.11 v7.3     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.11 v7.3     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
-| GraalPy 3.11 v24.2 | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | N/A  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| GraalPy 3.11 v24.2 | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | N/A  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
 
 <sup>¹ PyPy & GraalPy are only supported for manylinux wheels.</sup><br>
 <sup>² Windows arm64 support is experimental.</sup><br>
-<sup>³ Free-threaded mode requires opt-in using [`enable`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable).</sup><br>
+<sup>³ Free-threaded mode requires opt-in on 3.13 using [`enable`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable).</sup><br>
 <sup>⁴ Experimental, not yet supported on PyPI, but can be used directly in web deployment. Use `--platform pyodide` to build.</sup><br>
 <sup>⁵ manylinux armv7l support is experimental. As there are no RHEL based image for this architecture, it's using an Ubuntu based image instead.</sup><br>
 
@@ -56,19 +56,19 @@ Usage
 
 `cibuildwheel` runs inside a CI service. Supported platforms depend on which service you're using:
 
-|                 | Linux | macOS | Windows | Linux ARM | macOS ARM | Windows ARM | iOS |
+|                 | Linux | macOS | Windows | Linux ARM | macOS ARM | Windows ARM | Android | iOS |
-|-----------------|-------|-------|---------|-----------|-----------|-------------|-----|
+|-----------------|-------|-------|---------|-----------|-----------|-------------|---------|-----|
-| GitHub Actions  | ✅    | ✅    | ✅       | ✅        | ✅        | ✅          | ✅³  |
+| GitHub Actions  | ✅    | ✅    | ✅       | ✅        | ✅        | ✅²         | ✅⁴      | ✅³  |
-| Azure Pipelines | ✅    | ✅    | ✅       |           | ✅        | ✅²         | ✅³  |
+| Azure Pipelines | ✅    | ✅    | ✅       |           | ✅        | ✅²         | ✅⁴      | ✅³  |
-| Travis CI       | ✅    |       | ✅      | ✅        |           |             |     |
+| Travis CI       | ✅    |       | ✅      | ✅        |           |             | ✅⁴      |     |
-| CircleCI        | ✅    | ✅    |         | ✅        | ✅        |             | ✅³  |
+| CircleCI        | ✅    | ✅    |         | ✅        | ✅        |             | ✅⁴      | ✅³  |
-| Gitlab CI       | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅¹       | ✅        |             | ✅³  |
+| Gitlab CI       | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅¹       | ✅        |             | ✅⁴      | ✅³  |
-| Cirrus CI       | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅        | ✅        |             |      |
+| Cirrus CI       | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅        | ✅        |             | ✅⁴      |      |
 
 <sup>¹ [Requires emulation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/faq/#emulation), distributed separately. Other services may also support Linux ARM through emulation or third-party build hosts, but these are not tested in our CI.</sup><br>
 <sup>² [Uses cross-compilation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/faq/#windows-arm64). It is not possible to test `arm64` on this CI platform.</sup><br>
-<sup>³ Requires a macOS runner; runs tests on the simulator for the runner's architecture.</sup>
+<sup>³ Requires a macOS runner; runs tests on the simulator for the runner's architecture.</sup><br>
-
+<sup>⁴ Building for Android requires the runner to be Linux x86_64, macOS ARM64 or macOS x86_64. Testing has [additional requirements](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/platforms/#android).</sup><br>
 <!--intro-end-->
 
 Example setup
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, macos-13, macos-latest]
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-13, macos-latest]
 
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
 
       - name: Install cibuildwheel
-        run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.0.0b5
+        run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.2
 
       - name: Build wheels
         run: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ The following diagram summarises the steps that cibuildwheel takes on each platf
 |  | [`pyodide-version`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#pyodide-version) | Specify the Pyodide version to use for `pyodide` platform builds |
 | **Testing** | [`test-command`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-command) | The command to test each built wheel |
 |  | [`before-test`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#before-test) | Execute a shell command before testing each wheel |
-|  | [`test-sources`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-sources) | Files and folders from the source tree that are copied into an isolated tree before running the tests |
+|  | [`test-sources`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-sources) | Paths that are copied into the working directory of the tests |
 |  | [`test-requires`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-requires) | Install Python dependencies before running the tests |
 |  | [`test-extras`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-extras) | Install your wheel for testing using `extras_require` |
 |  | [`test-groups`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-groups) | Specify test dependencies from your project's `dependency-groups` |
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ The following diagram summarises the steps that cibuildwheel takes on each platf
 |  | [`build-verbosity`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-verbosity) | Increase/decrease the output of the build |
 
 
-<!--[[[end]]] (checksum: 4d6a8418630e9ed43251973d93798a1b) -->
+<!--[[[end]]] (sum: FxE3nIgFiY) -->
 
 These options can be specified in a pyproject.toml file, or as environment variables, see [configuration docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/configuration/).
 
@@ -227,55 +227,92 @@ Changelog
 
 <!-- [[[cog from readme_changelog import mini_changelog; print(mini_changelog()) ]]] -->
 
+### v3.1.2
+
+_29 July 2025_
+
+- ⚠️  Add an error if `CIBW_FREE_THREADING_SUPPORT` is set; you are likely missing 3.13t wheels, please use the `enable`/`CIBW_ENABLE` (#2520)
+- 🛠 `riscv64` now enabled if you target that architecture, it's now supported on PyPI (#2509)
+- 🛠 Add warning when using `cpython-experimental-riscv64` (no longer needed) (#2526, #2528)
+- 🛠 iOS versions bumped, fixing issues with 3.14 (now RC 1) (#2530)
+- 🐛 Fix bug in Android running wheel from our GitHub Action (#2517)
+- 🐛 Fix warning when using `test-skip` of `"*-macosx_universal2:arm64"` (#2522)
+- 🐛 Fix incorrect number of wheels reported in logs, again (#2517)
+- 📚 We welcome our Android platform maintainer (#2516)
+
+
+### v3.1.1
+
+_24 July 2025_
+
+- 🐛 Fix a bug showing an incorrect wheel count at the end of execution, and misrepresenting test-only runs in the GitHub Action summary (#2512)
+- 📚 Docs fix (#2510)
+
+### v3.1.0
+
+_23 July 2025_
+
+
+- 🌟 CPython 3.14 wheels are now built by default - without the `"cpython-prerelease"` `enable` set. It's time to build and upload these wheels to PyPI! This release includes CPython 3.14.0rc1, which is guaranteed to be ABI compatible with the final release. (#2507) Free-threading is no longer experimental in 3.14, so you have to skip it explicitly with `'cp31?t-*'` if you don't support it yet. (#2503)
+- 🌟 Adds the ability to [build wheels for Android](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/platforms/#android)! Set the [`platform` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#platform) to `android` on Linux or macOS to try it out! (#2349)
+- 🌟 Adds Pyodide 0.28, which builds 3.13 wheels (#2487)
+- ✨ Support for 32-bit `manylinux_2_28` (now a consistent default) and `manylinux_2_34` added (#2500)
+- 🛠 Improved summary, will also use markdown summary output on GHA (#2469)
+- 🛠 The riscv64 images now have a working default (as they are now part of pypy/manylinux), but are still experimental (and behind an `enable`) since you can't push them to PyPI yet (#2506)
+- 🛠 Fixed a typo in the 3.9 MUSL riscv64 identifier (`cp39-musllinux_ricv64` -> `cp39-musllinux_riscv64`) (#2490)
+- 🛠 Mistyping `--only` now shows the correct possibilities, and even suggests near matches on Python 3.14+ (#2499)
+- 🛠 Only support one output from the repair step on linux like other platforms; auditwheel fixed this over four years ago! (#2478)
+- 🛠 We now use pattern matching extensively (#2434)
+- 📚 We now have platform maintainers for our special platforms and interpreters! (#2481)
+
+
+
+### v3.0.1
+
+_5 July 2025_
+
+- 🛠 Updates CPython 3.14 prerelease to 3.14.0b3 (#2471)
+- ✨ Adds a CPython 3.14 prerelease iOS build (only when prerelease builds are [enabled](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable)) (#2475)
+
 ### v3.0.0
 
-Not yet released, but available for testing.
+_11 June 2025_
 
-Note - when using a beta version, be sure to check the [latest docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/), rather than the stable version, which is still on v2.X.
+See @henryiii's [release post](https://iscinumpy.dev/post/cibuildwheel-3-0-0/) for more info on new features!
 
-<!--
+- 🌟 Adds the ability to [build wheels for iOS](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/platforms/#ios)! Set the [`platform` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#platform) to `ios` on a Mac with the iOS toolchain to try it out! (#2286, #2363, #2432)
-note to self, when doing final release, change to docs URLs in this section to the stable version!
+- 🌟 Adds support for the GraalPy interpreter! Enable for your project using the [`enable` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable). (#1538, #2411, #2414)
--->
+- ✨ Adds CPython 3.14 support, under the [`enable` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) `cpython-prerelease`. This version of cibuildwheel uses 3.14.0b2. (#2390)
 
-If you've used previous versions of the beta:
+    _While CPython is in beta, the ABI can change, so your wheels might not be compatible with the final release. For this reason, we don't recommend distributing wheels until RC1, at which point 3.14 will be available in cibuildwheel without the flag._ (#2390)
-- ⚠️ Previous betas of v3.0 changed the working directory for tests. This has been rolled back to the v2.x behaviour, so you might need to change configs if you adapted to the beta 1 or 2 behaviour. See [issue #2406](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/2406) for more information.
-- ⚠️ GraalPy shipped with the identifier `gp242-*` in previous betas, this has been changed to `gp311_242-*` to be consistent with other interpreters, and to fix a bug with GraalPy and project requires-python detection. If you were using GraalPy, you might need to update your config to use the new identifier.
-- ⚠️ `test-sources` now uses `project` directory instead of the `package` directory (matching the docs).
 
-#### v3.0.0b5
+- ✨ Adds the [test-sources option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-sources), which copies files and folders into the temporary working directory we run tests from. (#2062, #2284, #2420, #2437)
 
-_3 June 2025_
+    This is particularly important for iOS builds, which do not support placeholders in the `test-command`, but can also be useful for other platforms.
 
-- ✨ Support multiple commands on iOS, joined by `&&`, like the other platforms. (#2432)
+- ✨ Adds [`dependency-versions`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#dependency-versions) inline syntax (#2122)
-- ✨ Add `pyodide-prerelease` enable option, with an early build of 0.28 (Python 3.13). (#2431)
+- ✨ Improves support for Pyodide builds and adds the experimental [`pyodide-version`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#pyodide-version) option, which allows you to specify the version of Pyodide to use for builds. (#2002)
-- 🛠 test-sources now uses the `project` directory instead of the `package` directory (matching the docs). (#2437)
+- ✨ Add `pyodide-prerelease` [enable](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) option, with an early build of 0.28 (Python 3.13). (#2431)
-- 🛠 Fixed a bug with GraalPy if vsdevcmd prints an error. Cirrus CI works again. (#2414)
+- ✨ Adds the [`test-environment`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-environment) option, which allows you to set environment variables for the test command. (#2388)
+- ✨ Adds the [`xbuild-tools`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#xbuild-tools) option, which allows you to specify tools safe for cross-compilation. Currently only used on iOS; will be useful for Android in the future. (#2317)
+- 🛠 The default [manylinux image](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image) has changed from `manylinux2014` to `manylinux_2_28`. (#2330)
+- 🛠 EOL images `manylinux1`, `manylinux2010`, `manylinux_2_24` and `musllinux_1_1` can no longer be specified by their shortname. The full OCI name can still be used for these images, if you wish. (#2316)
+- 🛠 Invokes `build` rather than `pip wheel` to build wheels by default. You can control this via the [`build-frontend`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-frontend) option. You might notice that you can see your build log output now! (#2321)
+- 🛠 Build verbosity settings have been reworked to have consistent meanings between build backends when non-zero. (#2339)
+- 🛠 Removed the `CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS` and `CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT` options - these have been folded into the [`enable`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) option instead. (#2095)
+- 🛠 Build environments no longer have setuptools and wheel preinstalled. (#2329)
 - 🛠 Use the standard Schema line for the integrated JSONSchema. (#2433)
+- ⚠️ Dropped support for building Python 3.6 and 3.7 wheels. If you need to build wheels for these versions, use cibuildwheel v2.23.3 or earlier. (#2282)
+- ⚠️ The minimum Python version required to run cibuildwheel is now Python 3.11. You can still build wheels for Python 3.8 and newer. (#1912)
+- ⚠️ 32-bit Linux wheels no longer built by default - the [arch](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#archs) was removed from `"auto"`. It now requires explicit `"auto32"`. Note that modern manylinux images (like the new default, `manylinux_2_28`) do not have 32-bit versions. (#2458)
+- ⚠️ PyPy wheels no longer built by default, due to a change to our options system. To continue building PyPy wheels, you'll now need to set the [`enable` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) to `pypy` or `pypy-eol`. (#2095)
+- ⚠️ Dropped official support for Appveyor. If it was working for you before, it will probably continue to do so, but we can't be sure, because our CI doesn't run there anymore. (#2386)
+- 📚 A reorganisation of the docs, and numerous updates. (#2280)
 - 📚 Use Python 3.14 color output in docs CLI output. (#2407)
-
+- 📚 Docs now primarily use the pyproject.toml name of options, rather than the environment variable name. (#2389)
-#### v3.0.0b4
-
-_29 May 2025_
-
-- 🛠 Dependency updates, including Python 3.14.0b2. (#2371)
-- 🛠 Remove the addition of `PYTHONSAFEPATH` to `test-environment`. (#2429)
 - 📚 README table now matches docs and auto-updates. (#2427, #2428)
 
-#### v3.0.0b3
+<!-- [[[end]]] (sum: sVC5DNuhaF) -->
-
-_28 May 2025_
-
-- 🛠 Reverts the test working dir (when test-sources isn't set) to a temporary dir, rather than the project. (#2420)
-- 📚 Docs now primarily use the pyproject.toml name of options, rather than the environment variable name. (#2389)
-
-#### v3.0.0b2
-
-_25 May 2025_
-
-- ✨ Adds the [`CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/options/#test-environment) option, which allows you to set environment variables for the test command. cibuildwheel now sets `PYTHONSAFEPATH=1` in test environments by default, to avoid picking up package imports from the local directory - we want to test the installed wheel, not the source tree! You can change that, or any other environment variable in the test environment using this option. (#2388)
-- ✨ Improves support for Pyodide builds and adds the [`CIBW_PYODIDE_VERSION`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/options/#pyodide-version) option, which allows you to specify the version of Pyodide to use for builds. (#2002)
-
-<!-- [[[end]]] (checksum: c95d170eee4d70055d927723c033426a) -->
 
 ---
 
@@ -295,12 +332,23 @@ Everyone interacting with the cibuildwheel project via codebase, issue tracker,
 Maintainers
 -----------
 
+Core:
+
 - Joe Rickerby [@joerick](https://github.com/joerick)
 - Yannick Jadoul [@YannickJadoul](https://github.com/YannickJadoul)
 - Matthieu Darbois [@mayeut](https://github.com/mayeut)
 - Henry Schreiner [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii)
 - Grzegorz Bokota [@Czaki](https://github.com/Czaki)
 
+Platform maintainers:
+
+- Russell Keith-Magee [@freakboy3742](https://github.com/freakboy3742) (iOS)
+- Agriya Khetarpal [@agriyakhetarpal](https://github.com/agriyakhetarpal) (Pyodide)
+- Hood Chatham [@hoodmane](https://github.com/hoodmane) (Pyodide)
+- Gyeongjae Choi [@ryanking13](https://github.com/ryanking13) (Pyodide)
+- Tim Felgentreff [@timfel](https://github.com/timfel) (GraalPy)
+- Malcolm Smith [@mhsmith](https://github.com/mhsmith) (Android)
+
 Credits
 -------
 

azure-pipelines.yml

@@ -1,21 +1,37 @@
 pr:
   paths:
     exclude:
-      - docs/*
+      - .github/**
+      - bin/*
+      - docs/**
+      - examples/github-*
+      - examples/ci*
+      - examples/travis-ci-*
+      - .ci*
       - .pre-commit-config.yaml
+      - .readthedocs.yml
+      - .travis.yml
+      - README.md
+      - mkdocs.yml
+      - noxfile.py
 
 jobs:
 - job: linux_311
   timeoutInMinutes: 180
-  pool: {vmImage: 'Ubuntu-22.04'}
+  pool: {vmImage: 'ubuntu-latest'}
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
       inputs:
         versionSpec: '3.11'
+    - task: JavaToolInstaller@0
+      inputs:
+        versionSpec: '17'
+        jdkArchitectureOption: 'x64'
+        jdkSourceOption: 'PreInstalled'
     - bash: |
         docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
-        python -m pip install dependency-groups
+        python -m pip install -U pip
-        python -m dependency_groups test | xargs python -m pip install -e.
+        python -m pip install -e. --group test
         if [ "$(Build.SourceBranch)" = "refs/heads/main" ]; then
           echo "INFO: Exporting CIBW_ENABLE=all for main branch test run."
           export CIBW_ENABLE=all
@@ -25,15 +41,15 @@ jobs:
         python ./bin/run_tests.py
 
 - job: macos_311
-  pool: {vmImage: 'macOS-13'}
+  pool: {vmImage: 'macOS-latest'}
   timeoutInMinutes: 120
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
       inputs:
         versionSpec: '3.11'
     - bash: |
-        python -m pip install dependency-groups
+        python -m pip install -U pip
-        python -m dependency_groups test | xargs python -m pip install -e.
+        python -m pip install -e. --group test
         if [ "$(Build.SourceBranch)" = "refs/heads/main" ]; then
           echo "INFO: Exporting CIBW_ENABLE=all for main branch test run."
           export CIBW_ENABLE=all
@@ -43,15 +59,15 @@ jobs:
         python ./bin/run_tests.py
 
 - job: windows_311
-  pool: {vmImage: 'windows-2019'}
+  pool: {vmImage: 'windows-latest'}
   timeoutInMinutes: 180
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
       inputs:
         versionSpec: '3.11'
     - bash: |
-        python -m pip install dependency-groups
+        python -m pip install -U pip
-        python -m dependency_groups test | xargs python -m pip install -e.
+        python -m pip install -e. --group test
         if [ "$(Build.SourceBranch)" = "refs/heads/main" ]; then
           echo "INFO: Exporting CIBW_ENABLE=all for main branch test run."
           export CIBW_ENABLE=all

bin/bump_version.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
 # /// script
-# dependencies = ["click", "packaging", "tomli; python_version<'3.11'"]
+# dependencies = ["click", "packaging"]
 # ///
 
 
@@ -129,8 +129,8 @@ def bump_version() -> None:
         contents = contents.replace(find, replace)
         path.write_text(contents, encoding="utf8")
 
-    print("Files updated. If you want to update the changelog as part of this")
+    print("Files updated. If you want to update docs/changelog.md as part of")
-    print("commit, do that now.")
+    print("this commit, do that now.")
     print()
 
     while input('Type "done" to continue: ').strip().lower() != "done":

bin/generate_schema.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
+#!/usr/bin/env -S uv run -q
 
 # /// script
 # dependencies = ["pyyaml"]
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ properties:
     type: string_array
   build-frontend:
     default: default
-    description: Set the tool to use to build, either "pip" (default for now), "build", or "build[uv]"
+    description: Set the tool to use to build, either "build" (default), "build[uv]", or "pip"
     oneOf:
       - enum: [pip, build, "build[uv]", default]
       - type: string
@@ -348,6 +348,7 @@ oses = {
     "windows": as_object(not_linux),
     "macos": as_object(not_linux),
     "pyodide": as_object(not_linux),
+    "android": as_object(not_linux),
     "ios": as_object(not_linux),
 }
 
@@ -368,7 +369,7 @@ schema["properties"] |= oses
 if args.schemastore:
     schema["$id"] = "https://json.schemastore.org/partial-cibuildwheel.json"
     schema["description"] = (
-        "cibuildwheel's toml file, generated with ./bin/generate_schema.py --schemastore from cibuildwheel."
+        "cibuildwheel's settings. Generated with ./bin/generate_schema.py --schemastore from cibuildwheel."
     )
 
 print(json.dumps(schema, indent=2))

bin/run_example_ci_configs.py

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ def git_repo_has_changes() -> bool:
 
 def generate_basic_project(path: Path) -> None:
     sys.path.insert(0, "")
-    from test.test_projects.c import new_c_project
+    from test.test_projects.c import new_c_project  # noqa: PLC0415
 
     project = new_c_project()
     project.generate(path)

bin/update_docker.py

@@ -43,16 +43,40 @@ images = [
     ),
     # manylinux_2_28 images
     PyPAImage(
-        "manylinux_2_28", ["x86_64", "aarch64", "ppc64le", "s390x", "pypy_x86_64", "pypy_aarch64"]
+        "manylinux_2_28",
+        [
+            "x86_64",
+            "i686",
+            "aarch64",
+            "ppc64le",
+            "s390x",
+            "pypy_x86_64",
+            "pypy_i686",
+            "pypy_aarch64",
+        ],
     ),
     # manylinux_2_31 images
     PyPAImage("manylinux_2_31", ["armv7l"]),
     # manylinux_2_34 images
     PyPAImage(
-        "manylinux_2_34", ["x86_64", "aarch64", "ppc64le", "s390x", "pypy_x86_64", "pypy_aarch64"]
+        "manylinux_2_34",
+        [
+            "x86_64",
+            "i686",
+            "aarch64",
+            "ppc64le",
+            "s390x",
+            "pypy_x86_64",
+            "pypy_i686",
+            "pypy_aarch64",
+        ],
     ),
+    # manylinux_2_39 images
+    PyPAImage("manylinux_2_39", ["riscv64"]),
     # musllinux_1_2 images
-    PyPAImage("musllinux_1_2", ["x86_64", "i686", "aarch64", "ppc64le", "s390x", "armv7l"]),
+    PyPAImage(
+        "musllinux_1_2", ["x86_64", "i686", "aarch64", "ppc64le", "s390x", "armv7l", "riscv64"]
+    ),
 ]
 
 config = configparser.ConfigParser()
@@ -116,8 +140,5 @@ for image in images:
             suffix = f"_{platform.removeprefix('pypy_')}"
         config[platform][image.manylinux_version] = f"{image.image_name}{suffix}:{tag_name}"
 
-if not config.has_section("riscv64"):
-    config["riscv64"] = {}
-
 with open(RESOURCES / "pinned_docker_images.cfg", "w") as f:
     config.write(f)

bin/update_python_build_standalone.py

@@ -25,25 +25,25 @@ def main() -> None:
         f"repos/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/tags/{latest_tag}"
     )["assets"]
 
-    assets: list[PythonBuildStandaloneAsset] = []
+    assets = [
+        PythonBuildStandaloneAsset(name=ga["name"], url=ga["browser_download_url"])
+        for ga in github_assets
+        if ga["name"].endswith("install_only.tar.gz")
+    ]
 
-    for github_asset in github_assets:
+    # Try to keep output order stable
-        name = github_asset["name"]
+    assets = sorted(assets, key=lambda x: x["name"])
-        if not name.endswith("install_only.tar.gz"):
-            continue
-        url = github_asset["browser_download_url"]
-        assets.append({"name": name, "url": url})
 
     # Write the assets to the JSON file. One day, we might need to support
     # multiple releases, but for now, we only support the latest one
-    json_file_contents: PythonBuildStandaloneReleaseData = {
+    json_file_contents = PythonBuildStandaloneReleaseData(
-        "releases": [
+        releases=[
             {
                 "tag": latest_tag,
                 "assets": assets,
             }
         ]
-    }
+    )
 
     with PYTHON_BUILD_STANDALONE_RELEASES.open("w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
         json.dump(json_file_contents, f, indent=2)

bin/update_pythons.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import tomllib
 from collections.abc import Mapping, MutableMapping
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any, Final, Literal, TypedDict
+from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
 
 import click
 import requests
@@ -20,6 +21,7 @@ from rich.logging import RichHandler
 from rich.syntax import Syntax
 
 from cibuildwheel.extra import dump_python_configurations, get_pyodide_xbuildenv_info
+from cibuildwheel.platforms.android import android_triplet
 
 log = logging.getLogger("cibw")
 
@@ -57,6 +59,12 @@ class ConfigApple(TypedDict):
     url: str
 
 
+class ConfigAndroid(TypedDict):
+    identifier: str
+    version: str
+    url: str
+
+
 class ConfigPyodide(TypedDict):
     identifier: str
     version: str
@@ -64,7 +72,7 @@ class ConfigPyodide(TypedDict):
     node_version: str
 
 
-AnyConfig = ConfigWinCP | ConfigWinPP | ConfigWinGP | ConfigApple | ConfigPyodide
+AnyConfig = ConfigWinCP | ConfigWinPP | ConfigWinGP | ConfigApple | ConfigAndroid | ConfigPyodide
 
 
 # The following set of "Versions" classes allow the initial call to the APIs to
@@ -320,6 +328,39 @@ class CPythonVersions:
         return None
 
 
+class AndroidVersions:
+    # This should be replaced with official python.org downloads once they're available.
+    MAVEN_URL = "https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/chaquo/python/python"
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        response = requests.get(f"{self.MAVEN_URL}/maven-metadata.xml")
+        response.raise_for_status()
+        root = ET.fromstring(response.text)
+
+        self.versions: list[Version] = []
+        for version_elem in root.findall("./versioning/versions/version"):
+            version_str = version_elem.text
+            assert isinstance(version_str, str), version_str
+            self.versions.append(Version(version_str))
+
+    def update_version_android(
+        self, identifier: str, version: Version, spec: Specifier
+    ) -> ConfigAndroid | None:
+        sorted_versions = sorted(spec.filter(self.versions), reverse=True)
+
+        # Return a config using the highest version for the given specifier.
+        if sorted_versions:
+            max_version = sorted_versions[0]
+            triplet = android_triplet(identifier)
+            return ConfigAndroid(
+                identifier=identifier,
+                version=str(version),
+                url=f"{self.MAVEN_URL}/{max_version}/python-{max_version}-{triplet}.tar.gz",
+            )
+        else:
+            return None
+
+
 class CPythonIOSVersions:
     def __init__(self) -> None:
         response = requests.get(
@@ -413,6 +454,7 @@ class AllVersions:
         self.macos_pypy = PyPyVersions("64")
         self.macos_pypy_arm64 = PyPyVersions("ARM64")
 
+        self.android = AndroidVersions()
         self.ios_cpython = CPythonIOSVersions()
 
         self.graalpy = GraalPyVersions()
@@ -455,6 +497,8 @@ class AllVersions:
             config_update = self.windows_t_arm64.update_version_windows(spec)
         elif "win_arm64" in identifier and identifier.startswith("cp"):
             config_update = self.windows_arm64.update_version_windows(spec)
+        elif "android" in identifier:
+            config_update = self.android.update_version_android(identifier, version, spec)
         elif "ios" in identifier:
             config_update = self.ios_cpython.update_version_ios(identifier, version)
         elif "pyodide" in identifier:
@@ -490,17 +534,9 @@ def update_pythons(force: bool, level: str) -> None:
     with toml_file_path.open("rb") as f:
         configs = tomllib.load(f)
 
-    for config in configs["windows"]["python_configurations"]:
+    for platform in ["windows", "macos", "android", "ios", "pyodide"]:
-        all_versions.update_config(config)
+        for config in configs[platform]["python_configurations"]:
-
+            all_versions.update_config(config)
-    for config in configs["macos"]["python_configurations"]:
-        all_versions.update_config(config)
-
-    for config in configs["ios"]["python_configurations"]:
-        all_versions.update_config(config)
-
-    for config in configs["pyodide"]["python_configurations"]:
-        all_versions.update_config(config)
 
     result_toml = dump_python_configurations(configs)
 

cibuildwheel/__init__.py

@@ -1 +1 @@
-__version__ = "3.0.0b5"
+__version__ = "3.1.2"

cibuildwheel/__main__.py

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import shutil
 import sys
 import tarfile
 import textwrap
-import time
 import traceback
 import typing
 from collections.abc import Generator, Iterable, Sequence
@@ -22,11 +21,12 @@ from cibuildwheel.architecture import Architecture, allowed_architectures_check
 from cibuildwheel.ci import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider, fix_ansi_codes_for_github_actions
 from cibuildwheel.logger import log
 from cibuildwheel.options import CommandLineArguments, Options, compute_options
-from cibuildwheel.platforms import ALL_PLATFORM_MODULES, get_build_identifiers
+from cibuildwheel.platforms import ALL_PLATFORM_MODULES, get_build_identifiers, native_platform
 from cibuildwheel.selector import BuildSelector, EnableGroup, selector_matches
 from cibuildwheel.typing import PLATFORMS, PlatformName
 from cibuildwheel.util.file import CIBW_CACHE_PATH
 from cibuildwheel.util.helpers import strtobool
+from cibuildwheel.util.resources import read_all_configs
 
 
 @dataclasses.dataclass
@@ -94,14 +94,14 @@ def main_inner(global_options: GlobalOptions) -> None:
 
     parser.add_argument(
         "--platform",
-        choices=["auto", "linux", "macos", "windows", "pyodide", "ios"],
+        choices=["auto", "linux", "macos", "windows", "pyodide", "android", "ios"],
         default=None,
         help="""
             Platform to build for. Use this option to override the auto-detected
             platform. Specifying "macos" or "windows" only works on that
             operating system. "linux" works on any desktop OS, as long as
-            Docker/Podman is installed. "pyodide" only works on linux and macOS.
+            Docker/Podman is installed. "pyodide" and "android" only work on
-            "ios" only work on macOS. Default: auto.
+            Linux and macOS. "ios" only works on macOS. Default: auto.
         """,
     )
 
@@ -133,6 +133,8 @@ def main_inner(global_options: GlobalOptions) -> None:
     parser.add_argument(
         "--only",
         default=None,
+        choices=[v["identifier"] for vv in read_all_configs().values() for v in vv],
+        metavar="IDENTIFIER",
         help="""
             Force a single wheel build when given an identifier. Overrides
             CIBW_BUILD/CIBW_SKIP. --platform and --arch cannot be specified
@@ -242,28 +244,14 @@ def _compute_platform_only(only: str) -> PlatformName:
         return "windows"
     if "pyodide_" in only:
         return "pyodide"
+    if "android_" in only:
+        return "android"
     if "ios_" in only:
         return "ios"
     msg = f"Invalid --only='{only}', must be a build selector with a known platform"
     raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
 
 
-def _compute_platform_auto() -> PlatformName:
-    if sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
-        return "linux"
-    elif sys.platform == "darwin":
-        return "macos"
-    elif sys.platform == "win32":
-        return "windows"
-    else:
-        msg = (
-            'Unable to detect platform from "sys.platform". cibuildwheel doesn\'t '
-            "support building wheels for this platform. You might be able to build for a different "
-            "platform using the --platform argument. Check --help output for more information."
-        )
-        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
-
-
 def _compute_platform(args: CommandLineArguments) -> PlatformName:
     platform_option_value = args.platform or os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "") or "auto"
 
@@ -283,43 +271,7 @@ def _compute_platform(args: CommandLineArguments) -> PlatformName:
     elif platform_option_value != "auto":
         return typing.cast(PlatformName, platform_option_value)
 
-    return _compute_platform_auto()
+    return native_platform()
-
-
-@contextlib.contextmanager
-def print_new_wheels(msg: str, output_dir: Path) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
-    """
-    Prints the new items in a directory upon exiting. The message to display
-    can include {n} for number of wheels, {s} for total number of seconds,
-    and/or {m} for total number of minutes. Does not print anything if this
-    exits via exception.
-    """
-
-    start_time = time.time()
-    existing_contents = set(output_dir.iterdir())
-    yield
-    final_contents = set(output_dir.iterdir())
-
-    new_contents = [
-        FileReport(wheel.name, f"{(wheel.stat().st_size + 1023) // 1024:,d}")
-        for wheel in final_contents - existing_contents
-    ]
-
-    if not new_contents:
-        return
-
-    max_name_len = max(len(f.name) for f in new_contents)
-    max_size_len = max(len(f.size) for f in new_contents)
-    n = len(new_contents)
-    s = time.time() - start_time
-    m = s / 60
-    print(
-        msg.format(n=n, s=s, m=m),
-        *sorted(
-            f"  {f.name:<{max_name_len}s}   {f.size:>{max_size_len}s} kB" for f in new_contents
-        ),
-        sep="\n",
-    )
 
 
 def build_in_directory(args: CommandLineArguments) -> None:
@@ -382,7 +334,7 @@ def build_in_directory(args: CommandLineArguments) -> None:
 
     tmp_path = Path(mkdtemp(prefix="cibw-run-")).resolve(strict=True)
     try:
-        with print_new_wheels("\n{n} wheels produced in {m:.0f} minutes:", output_dir):
+        with log.print_summary(options=options):
             platform_module.build(options, tmp_path)
     finally:
         # avoid https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/86962 by performing
@@ -417,41 +369,61 @@ def print_preamble(platform: str, options: Options, identifiers: Sequence[str])
     print(f"Cache folder: {CIBW_CACHE_PATH}")
     print()
 
-    warnings = detect_warnings(options=options, identifiers=identifiers)
+    warnings = detect_warnings(options=options)
     for warning in warnings:
         log.warning(warning)
 
+    error_list = list(detect_errors(options=options, identifiers=identifiers))
+    if error_list:
+        for error in error_list:
+            log.error(error)
+        msg = "\n".join(error_list)
+        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
+
     print("Here we go!\n")
 
 
-def detect_warnings(*, options: Options, identifiers: Iterable[str]) -> list[str]:
+def detect_errors(*, options: Options, identifiers: Iterable[str]) -> Generator[str, None, None]:
-    warnings = []
+    # Check for deprecated CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT environment variable
-
+    if "CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT" in os.environ:
-    python_version_deprecation = ((3, 11), 3)
+        yield (
-    if sys.version_info[:2] < python_version_deprecation[0]:
+            "CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT environment variable is no longer supported. "
-        python_version = ".".join(map(str, python_version_deprecation[0]))
+            'Use tool.cibuildwheel.enable = ["cpython-freethreading"] in pyproject.toml '
-        msg = (
+            "or set CIBW_ENABLE=cpython-freethreading instead."
-            f"cibuildwheel {python_version_deprecation[1]} will require Python {python_version}+, "
-            "please upgrade the Python version used to run cibuildwheel. "
-            "This does not affect the versions you can target when building wheels. See: https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/#what-does-it-do"
         )
-        warnings.append(msg)
 
-    # warn about deprecated {python} and {pip}
+    # Deprecated {python} and {pip}
     for option_name in ["test_command", "before_build"]:
         option_values = [getattr(options.build_options(i), option_name) for i in identifiers]
 
         if any(o and ("{python}" in o or "{pip}" in o) for o in option_values):
             # Reminder: in an f-string, double braces means literal single brace
-            msg = (
+            yield (
                 f"{option_name}: '{{python}}' and '{{pip}}' are no longer supported "
                 "and have been removed in cibuildwheel 3. Simply use 'python' or 'pip' instead."
             )
-            raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
+
+
+def detect_warnings(*, options: Options) -> Generator[str, None, None]:
+    python_version_deprecation = ((3, 11), 3)
+    if sys.version_info[:2] < python_version_deprecation[0]:
+        python_version = ".".join(map(str, python_version_deprecation[0]))
+        yield (
+            f"cibuildwheel {python_version_deprecation[1]} will require Python {python_version}+, "
+            "please upgrade the Python version used to run cibuildwheel. "
+            "This does not affect the versions you can target when building wheels. See: https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/#what-does-it-do"
+        )
 
     build_selector = options.globals.build_selector
     test_selector = options.globals.test_selector
 
+    if EnableGroup.CPythonExperimentalRiscV64 in build_selector.enable:
+        yield (
+            "'cpython-experimental-riscv64' enable is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. "
+            "It should be removed from tool.cibuildwheel.enable in pyproject.toml "
+            "or CIBW_ENABLE environment variable."
+        )
+
     all_valid_identifiers = [
         config.identifier
         for module in ALL_PLATFORM_MODULES.values()
@@ -465,27 +437,25 @@ def detect_warnings(*, options: Options, identifiers: Iterable[str]) -> list[str
         identifier for identifier in all_valid_identifiers if enabled_selector(identifier)
     ]
 
-    warnings += check_for_invalid_selectors(
+    yield from check_for_invalid_selectors(
         selector_name="build",
         selector_value=build_selector.build_config,
         all_valid_identifiers=all_valid_identifiers,
         all_enabled_identifiers=all_enabled_identifiers,
     )
-    warnings += check_for_invalid_selectors(
+    yield from check_for_invalid_selectors(
         selector_name="skip",
         selector_value=build_selector.skip_config,
         all_valid_identifiers=all_valid_identifiers,
         all_enabled_identifiers=all_enabled_identifiers,
     )
-    warnings += check_for_invalid_selectors(
+    yield from check_for_invalid_selectors(
         selector_name="test_skip",
         selector_value=test_selector.skip_config,
         all_valid_identifiers=all_valid_identifiers,
         all_enabled_identifiers=all_enabled_identifiers,
     )
 
-    return warnings
-
 
 def check_for_invalid_selectors(
     *,
@@ -497,17 +467,31 @@ def check_for_invalid_selectors(
     warnings = []
 
     for selector in selector_value.split():
-        if not any(selector_matches(selector, i) for i in all_enabled_identifiers):
+        selector_ = selector
+        if selector_name == "test_skip":
+            # macosx_universal2 uses an additional identifier for tests which ends with ":{arch}"
+            values = selector.split(":")
+            universal2_identifiers = filter(
+                lambda x: x.endswith("-macosx_universal2"), all_valid_identifiers
+            )
+            if len(values) == 2 and any(
+                selector_matches(selector_, f"{i}:{arch}")
+                for i in universal2_identifiers
+                for arch in ["arm64", "x86_64"]
+            ):
+                # just ignore the arch part in the rest of the check
+                selector_ = values[0]
+        if not any(selector_matches(selector_, i) for i in all_enabled_identifiers):
             msg = f"Invalid {selector_name} selector: {selector!r}. "
             error_type: type = errors.ConfigurationError
 
-            if any(selector_matches(selector, i) for i in all_valid_identifiers):
+            if any(selector_matches(selector_, i) for i in all_valid_identifiers):
                 msg += "This selector matches a group that wasn't enabled. Enable it using the `enable` option or remove this selector. "
 
-            if "p2" in selector or "p35" in selector:
+            if "p2" in selector_ or "p35" in selector_:
                 msg += f"cibuildwheel 3.x no longer supports Python < 3.8. Please use the 1.x series or update `{selector_name}`. "
                 error_type = errors.DeprecationError
-            if "p36" in selector or "p37" in selector:
+            if "p36" in selector_ or "p37" in selector_:
                 msg += f"cibuildwheel 3.x no longer supports Python < 3.8. Please use the 2.x series or update `{selector_name}`. "
                 error_type = errors.DeprecationError
 

cibuildwheel/architecture.py

@@ -17,16 +17,25 @@ PRETTY_NAMES: Final[dict[PlatformName, str]] = {
     "macos": "macOS",
     "windows": "Windows",
     "pyodide": "Pyodide",
+    "android": "Android",
     "ios": "iOS",
 }
 
 ARCH_SYNONYMS: Final[list[dict[PlatformName, str | None]]] = [
-    {"linux": "x86_64", "macos": "x86_64", "windows": "AMD64"},
+    {"linux": "x86_64", "macos": "x86_64", "windows": "AMD64", "android": "x86_64"},
     {"linux": "i686", "macos": None, "windows": "x86"},
-    {"linux": "aarch64", "macos": "arm64", "windows": "ARM64"},
+    {"linux": "aarch64", "macos": "arm64", "windows": "ARM64", "android": "arm64_v8a"},
 ]
 
 
+def arch_synonym(arch: str, from_platform: PlatformName, to_platform: PlatformName) -> str | None:
+    for arch_synonym_ in ARCH_SYNONYMS:
+        if arch == arch_synonym_.get(from_platform):
+            return arch_synonym_.get(to_platform, arch)
+
+    return arch
+
+
 def _check_aarch32_el0() -> bool:
     """Check if running armv7l natively on aarch64 is supported"""
     if not sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
@@ -42,7 +51,7 @@ def _check_aarch32_el0() -> bool:
 
 @typing.final
 class Architecture(StrEnum):
-    # mac/linux archs
+    # mac/linux/android archs
     x86_64 = auto()
 
     # linux archs
@@ -65,6 +74,9 @@ class Architecture(StrEnum):
     # WebAssembly
     wasm32 = auto()
 
+    # android archs
+    arm64_v8a = auto()
+
     # iOS "multiarch" architectures that include both
     # the CPU architecture and the ABI.
     arm64_iphoneos = auto()
@@ -75,24 +87,24 @@ class Architecture(StrEnum):
     def parse_config(config: str, platform: PlatformName) -> "set[Architecture]":
         result = set()
         for arch_str in re.split(r"[\s,]+", config):
-            if arch_str == "auto":
+            match arch_str:
-                result |= Architecture.auto_archs(platform=platform)
+                case "auto":
-            elif arch_str == "native":
+                    result |= Architecture.auto_archs(platform=platform)
-                native_arch = Architecture.native_arch(platform=platform)
+                case "native":
-                if native_arch:
+                    if native_arch := Architecture.native_arch(platform=platform):
-                    result.add(native_arch)
+                        result.add(native_arch)
-            elif arch_str == "all":
+                case "all":
-                result |= Architecture.all_archs(platform=platform)
+                    result |= Architecture.all_archs(platform=platform)
-            elif arch_str == "auto64":
+                case "auto64":
-                result |= Architecture.bitness_archs(platform=platform, bitness="64")
+                    result |= Architecture.bitness_archs(platform=platform, bitness="64")
-            elif arch_str == "auto32":
+                case "auto32":
-                result |= Architecture.bitness_archs(platform=platform, bitness="32")
+                    result |= Architecture.bitness_archs(platform=platform, bitness="32")
-            else:
+                case _:
-                try:
+                    try:
-                    result.add(Architecture(arch_str))
+                        result.add(Architecture(arch_str))
-                except ValueError as e:
+                    except ValueError as e:
-                    msg = f"Invalid architecture '{arch_str}'"
+                        msg = f"Invalid architecture '{arch_str}'"
-                    raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg) from e
+                        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg) from e
         return result
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -123,15 +135,12 @@ class Architecture(StrEnum):
         # we might need to rename the native arch to the machine we're running
         # on, as the same arch can have different names on different platforms
         if host_platform != platform:
-            for arch_synonym in ARCH_SYNONYMS:
+            synonym = arch_synonym(native_machine, host_platform, platform)
-                if native_machine == arch_synonym.get(host_platform):
+            if synonym is None:
-                    synonym = arch_synonym[platform]
+                # can't build anything on this platform
+                return None
 
-                    if synonym is None:
+            native_architecture = Architecture(synonym)
-                        # can't build anything on this platform
-                        return None
-
-                    native_architecture = Architecture(synonym)
 
         return native_architecture
 
@@ -142,19 +151,12 @@ class Architecture(StrEnum):
             return set()  # can't build anything on this platform
         result = {native_arch}
 
-        if platform == "linux":
+        match platform:
-            if Architecture.x86_64 in result:
+            case "windows" if Architecture.AMD64 in result:
-                # x86_64 machines can run i686 containers
+                result.add(Architecture.x86)
-                result.add(Architecture.i686)
+            case "ios" if native_arch == Architecture.arm64_iphonesimulator:
-            elif Architecture.aarch64 in result and _check_aarch32_el0():
+                # Also build the device wheel if we're on ARM64.
-                result.add(Architecture.armv7l)
+                result.add(Architecture.arm64_iphoneos)
-
-        elif platform == "windows" and Architecture.AMD64 in result:
-            result.add(Architecture.x86)
-
-        elif platform == "ios" and native_arch == Architecture.arm64_iphonesimulator:
-            # Also build the device wheel if we're on ARM64.
-            result.add(Architecture.arm64_iphoneos)
 
         return result
 
@@ -173,6 +175,7 @@ class Architecture(StrEnum):
             "macos": {Architecture.x86_64, Architecture.arm64, Architecture.universal2},
             "windows": {Architecture.x86, Architecture.AMD64, Architecture.ARM64},
             "pyodide": {Architecture.wasm32},
+            "android": {Architecture.x86_64, Architecture.arm64_v8a},
             "ios": {
                 Architecture.x86_64_iphonesimulator,
                 Architecture.arm64_iphonesimulator,
@@ -183,14 +186,35 @@ class Architecture(StrEnum):
 
     @staticmethod
     def bitness_archs(platform: PlatformName, bitness: Literal["64", "32"]) -> "set[Architecture]":
-        archs_32 = {Architecture.i686, Architecture.x86, Architecture.armv7l}
+        # This map maps 64-bit architectures to their 32-bit equivalents.
-        auto_archs = Architecture.auto_archs(platform)
+        archs_map = {
+            Architecture.x86_64: Architecture.i686,
+            Architecture.AMD64: Architecture.x86,
+            Architecture.aarch64: Architecture.armv7l,
+        }
+        native_arch = Architecture.native_arch(platform)
 
-        if bitness == "64":
+        if native_arch is None:
-            return auto_archs - archs_32
+            return set()  # can't build anything on this platform
-        if bitness == "32":
+
-            return auto_archs & archs_32
+        if native_arch == Architecture.wasm32:
-        typing.assert_never(bitness)
+            return {native_arch} if bitness == "32" else set()
+
+        match bitness:
+            case "64":
+                return {native_arch} if native_arch not in archs_map.values() else set()
+            case "32":
+                if native_arch in archs_map.values():
+                    return {native_arch}
+                elif native_arch in archs_map and platform in {"linux", "windows"}:
+                    if native_arch == Architecture.aarch64 and not _check_aarch32_el0():
+                        # If we're on aarch64, skip if we cannot build armv7l wheels.
+                        return set()
+                    return {archs_map[native_arch]}
+                else:
+                    return set()
+            case _:
+                typing.assert_never(bitness)
 
 
 def allowed_architectures_check(

cibuildwheel/ci.py

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ from enum import Enum
 
 from .util.helpers import strtobool
 
+ANSI_CODE_REGEX = re.compile(r"(\033\[[0-9;]*m)")
+
 
 class CIProvider(Enum):
     # official support
@@ -46,7 +48,7 @@ def fix_ansi_codes_for_github_actions(text: str) -> str:
     Github Actions forgets the current ANSI style on every new line. This
     function repeats the current ANSI style on every new line.
     """
-    ansi_code_regex = re.compile(r"(\033\[[0-9;]*m)")
+
     ansi_codes: list[str] = []
     output = ""
 
@@ -55,7 +57,7 @@ def fix_ansi_codes_for_github_actions(text: str) -> str:
         output += "".join(ansi_codes) + line
 
         # split the line at each ANSI code
-        parts = ansi_code_regex.split(line)
+        parts = ANSI_CODE_REGEX.split(line)
         # if there are any ANSI codes, save them
         if len(parts) > 1:
             # iterate over the ANSI codes in this line
@@ -67,3 +69,11 @@ def fix_ansi_codes_for_github_actions(text: str) -> str:
                     ansi_codes.append(code)
 
     return output
+
+
+def filter_ansi_codes(text: str, /) -> str:
+    """
+    Remove ANSI codes from text.
+    """
+
+    return ANSI_CODE_REGEX.sub("", text)

cibuildwheel/environment.py

@@ -73,12 +73,16 @@ class EnvironmentAssignmentRaw:
         return self.value
 
 
+@dataclasses.dataclass
 class EnvironmentAssignmentBash:
     """
     An environment variable, in bash syntax. The value can use bash constructs
     like "$OTHER_VAR" and "$(command arg1 arg2)".
     """
 
+    name: str
+    value: str
+
     def __init__(self, assignment: str):
         name, equals, value = assignment.partition("=")
         if not equals:
@@ -96,11 +100,6 @@ class EnvironmentAssignmentBash:
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return f"{self.name}={self.value}"
 
-    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
-        if isinstance(other, EnvironmentAssignmentBash):
-            return self.name == other.name and self.value == other.value
-        return False
-
 
 @dataclasses.dataclass(kw_only=True)
 class ParsedEnvironment:

cibuildwheel/errors.py

@@ -85,3 +85,21 @@ class RepairStepProducedNoWheelError(FatalError):
         )
         super().__init__(message)
         self.return_code = 8
+
+
+class RepairStepProducedMultipleWheelsError(FatalError):
+    def __init__(self, wheels: list[str]) -> None:
+        message = textwrap.dedent(
+            f"""
+            Build failed because the repair step completed successfully but
+            produced multiple wheels: {wheels}
+
+            Your `repair-wheel-command` is expected to place one repaired
+            wheel in the {{dest_dir}} directory. See the documentation for
+            example configurations:
+
+            https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#repair-wheel-command
+            """
+        )
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.return_code = 8

cibuildwheel/frontend.py

@@ -58,6 +58,22 @@ def _split_config_settings(config_settings: str) -> list[str]:
     return [f"-C{setting}" for setting in config_settings_list]
 
 
+# Based on build.__main__.main.
+def parse_config_settings(config_settings_str: str) -> dict[str, str | list[str]]:
+    config_settings: dict[str, str | list[str]] = {}
+    for arg in shlex.split(config_settings_str):
+        setting, _, value = arg.partition("=")
+        existing_value = config_settings.get(setting)
+        if existing_value is None:
+            config_settings[setting] = value
+        elif isinstance(existing_value, str):
+            config_settings[setting] = [existing_value, value]
+        else:
+            existing_value.append(value)
+
+    return config_settings
+
+
 def get_build_frontend_extra_flags(
     build_frontend: BuildFrontendConfig, verbosity_level: int, config_settings: str
 ) -> list[str]:

cibuildwheel/logger.py

@@ -1,11 +1,24 @@
 import codecs
+import contextlib
+import dataclasses
+import functools
+import hashlib
+import io
 import os
 import re
 import sys
+import textwrap
 import time
-from typing import IO, AnyStr, Final
+from collections.abc import Generator
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import IO, TYPE_CHECKING, AnyStr, Final, Literal
 
-from .ci import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider
+import humanize
+
+from .ci import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider, filter_ansi_codes
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .options import Options
 
 FoldPattern = tuple[str, str]
 DEFAULT_FOLD_PATTERN: Final[FoldPattern] = ("{name}", "")
@@ -37,6 +50,8 @@ PLATFORM_IDENTIFIER_DESCRIPTIONS: Final[dict[str, str]] = {
     "macosx_universal2": "macOS Universal 2 - x86_64 and arm64",
     "macosx_arm64": "macOS arm64 - Apple Silicon",
     "pyodide_wasm32": "Pyodide",
+    "android_arm64_v8a": "Android arm64_v8a",
+    "android_x86_64": "Android x86_64",
     "ios_arm64_iphoneos": "iOS Device (ARM64)",
     "ios_arm64_iphonesimulator": "iOS Simulator (ARM64)",
     "ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator": "iOS Simulator (x86_64)",
@@ -69,14 +84,42 @@ class Symbols:
         self.error = "✕" if unicode else "failed"
 
 
+@dataclasses.dataclass(kw_only=True, frozen=True)
+class BuildInfo:
+    identifier: str
+    filename: Path | None
+    duration: float
+
+    @functools.cached_property
+    def size(self) -> str | None:
+        if self.filename is None:
+            return None
+        return humanize.naturalsize(self.filename.stat().st_size)
+
+    @functools.cached_property
+    def sha256(self) -> str | None:
+        if self.filename is None:
+            return None
+        with self.filename.open("rb") as f:
+            digest = hashlib.file_digest(f, "sha256")
+        return digest.hexdigest()
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        duration = humanize.naturaldelta(self.duration)
+        if self.filename:
+            return f"{self.identifier}: {self.filename.name} {self.size} in {duration}, SHA256={self.sha256}"
+        return f"{self.identifier}: {duration} (test only)"
+
+
 class Logger:
-    fold_mode: str
+    fold_mode: Literal["azure", "github", "travis", "disabled"]
     colors_enabled: bool
     unicode_enabled: bool
     active_build_identifier: str | None = None
     build_start_time: float | None = None
     step_start_time: float | None = None
     active_fold_group_name: str | None = None
+    summary: list[BuildInfo]
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
         if sys.platform == "win32" and hasattr(sys.stdout, "reconfigure"):
@@ -88,25 +131,28 @@ class Logger:
 
         ci_provider = detect_ci_provider()
 
-        if ci_provider == CIProvider.azure_pipelines:
+        match ci_provider:
-            self.fold_mode = "azure"
+            case CIProvider.azure_pipelines:
-            self.colors_enabled = True
+                self.fold_mode = "azure"
+                self.colors_enabled = True
 
-        elif ci_provider == CIProvider.github_actions:
+            case CIProvider.github_actions:
-            self.fold_mode = "github"
+                self.fold_mode = "github"
-            self.colors_enabled = True
+                self.colors_enabled = True
 
-        elif ci_provider == CIProvider.travis_ci:
+            case CIProvider.travis_ci:
-            self.fold_mode = "travis"
+                self.fold_mode = "travis"
-            self.colors_enabled = True
+                self.colors_enabled = True
 
-        elif ci_provider == CIProvider.appveyor:
+            case CIProvider.appveyor:
-            self.fold_mode = "disabled"
+                self.fold_mode = "disabled"
-            self.colors_enabled = True
+                self.colors_enabled = True
 
-        else:
+            case _:
-            self.fold_mode = "disabled"
+                self.fold_mode = "disabled"
-            self.colors_enabled = file_supports_color(sys.stdout)
+                self.colors_enabled = file_supports_color(sys.stdout)
+
+        self.summary = []
 
     def build_start(self, identifier: str) -> None:
         self.step_end()
@@ -120,7 +166,7 @@ class Logger:
         self.build_start_time = time.time()
         self.active_build_identifier = identifier
 
-    def build_end(self) -> None:
+    def build_end(self, filename: Path | None) -> None:
         assert self.build_start_time is not None
         assert self.active_build_identifier is not None
         self.step_end()
@@ -128,11 +174,14 @@ class Logger:
         c = self.colors
         s = self.symbols
         duration = time.time() - self.build_start_time
+        duration_str = humanize.naturaldelta(duration, minimum_unit="milliseconds")
 
         print()
-        print(
+        print(f"{c.green}{s.done} {c.end}{self.active_build_identifier} finished in {duration_str}")
-            f"{c.green}{s.done} {c.end}{self.active_build_identifier} finished in {duration:.2f}s"
+        self.summary.append(
+            BuildInfo(identifier=self.active_build_identifier, filename=filename, duration=duration)
         )
+
         self.build_start_time = None
         self.active_build_identifier = None
 
@@ -147,6 +196,7 @@ class Logger:
             c = self.colors
             s = self.symbols
             duration = time.time() - self.step_start_time
+
             if success:
                 print(f"{c.green}{s.done} {c.end}{duration:.2f}s".rjust(78))
             else:
@@ -183,6 +233,26 @@ class Logger:
             c = self.colors
             print(f"cibuildwheel: {c.bright_red}error{c.end}: {error}\n", file=sys.stderr)
 
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def print_summary(self, *, options: "Options") -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+        start = time.time()
+        yield
+        duration = time.time() - start
+        if summary_path := os.environ.get("GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY"):
+            github_summary = self._github_step_summary(duration=duration, options=options)
+            Path(summary_path).write_text(filter_ansi_codes(github_summary), encoding="utf-8")
+
+        n_wheels = len([info for info in self.summary if info.filename])
+        s = "s" if n_wheels > 1 else ""
+        duration_str = humanize.naturaldelta(duration)
+        print()
+        self._start_fold_group(f"{n_wheels} wheel{s} produced in {duration_str}")
+        for build_info in self.summary:
+            print(" ", build_info)
+        self._end_fold_group()
+
+        self.summary = []
+
     @property
     def step_active(self) -> bool:
         return self.step_start_time is not None
@@ -222,6 +292,72 @@ class Logger:
         # lowercase, shorten
         return identifier.lower()[:20]
 
+    def _github_step_summary(self, duration: float, options: "Options") -> str:
+        """
+        Returns the GitHub step summary, in markdown format.
+        """
+        out = io.StringIO()
+        options_summary = options.summary(
+            identifiers=[bi.identifier for bi in self.summary], skip_unset=True
+        )
+        out.write(
+            textwrap.dedent("""\
+                ### 🎡 cibuildwheel
+
+                <details>
+                <summary>
+                Build options
+                </summary>
+
+                ```yaml
+                {options_summary}
+                ```
+
+                </details>
+
+            """).format(options_summary=options_summary)
+        )
+        n_wheels = len([b for b in self.summary if b.filename])
+        wheel_rows = "\n".join(
+            "<tr>"
+            f"<td nowrap>{'<samp>' + b.filename.name + '</samp>' if b.filename else '*Test only*'}</td>"
+            f"<td nowrap>{b.size or 'N/A'}</td>"
+            f"<td nowrap><samp>{b.identifier}</samp></td>"
+            f"<td nowrap>{humanize.naturaldelta(b.duration)}</td>"
+            f"<td nowrap><samp>{b.sha256 or 'N/A'}</samp></td>"
+            "</tr>"
+            for b in self.summary
+        )
+        out.write(
+            textwrap.dedent("""\
+                <table>
+                <thead>
+                <tr>
+                <th align="left">Wheel</th>
+                <th align="left">Size</th>
+                <th align="left">Build identifier</th>
+                <th align="left">Time</th>
+                <th align="left">SHA256</th>
+                </tr>
+                </thead>
+                <tbody>
+                {wheel_rows}
+                </tbody>
+                </table>
+                <div align="right"><sup>{n} wheel{s} created in {duration_str}</sup></div>
+            """).format(
+                wheel_rows=wheel_rows,
+                n=n_wheels,
+                duration_str=humanize.naturaldelta(duration),
+                s="s" if n_wheels > 1 else "",
+            )
+        )
+
+        out.write("\n")
+        out.write("---")
+        out.write("\n")
+        return out.getvalue()
+
     @property
     def colors(self) -> Colors:
         return Colors(enabled=self.colors_enabled)

cibuildwheel/oci_container.py

@@ -95,43 +95,46 @@ def _check_engine_version(engine: OCIContainerEngineConfig) -> None:
     try:
         version_string = call(engine.name, "version", "-f", "{{json .}}", capture_stdout=True)
         version_info = json.loads(version_string.strip())
-        if engine.name == "docker":
+        match engine.name:
-            client_api_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["Client"]["ApiVersion"])
+            case "docker":
-            server_api_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["Server"]["ApiVersion"])
+                client_api_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["Client"]["ApiVersion"])
-            # --platform support was introduced in 1.32 as experimental, 1.41 removed the experimental flag
+                server_api_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["Server"]["ApiVersion"])
-            version = min(client_api_version, server_api_version)
+                # --platform support was introduced in 1.32 as experimental, 1.41 removed the experimental flag
-            minimum_version = FlexibleVersion("1.41")
+                version = min(client_api_version, server_api_version)
-            minimum_version_str = "20.10.0"  # docker version
+                minimum_version = FlexibleVersion("1.41")
-            error_msg = textwrap.dedent(
+                minimum_version_str = "20.10.0"  # docker version
-                f"""
+                error_msg = textwrap.dedent(
-                Build failed because {engine.name} is too old.
+                    f"""
+                    Build failed because {engine.name} is too old.
 
-                cibuildwheel requires {engine.name}>={minimum_version_str} running API version {minimum_version}.
+                    cibuildwheel requires {engine.name}>={minimum_version_str} running API version {minimum_version}.
-                The API version found by cibuildwheel is {version}.
+                    The API version found by cibuildwheel is {version}.
-                """
+                    """
-            )
+                )
-        elif engine.name == "podman":
+            case "podman":
-            # podman uses the same version string for "Version" & "ApiVersion"
+                # podman uses the same version string for "Version" & "ApiVersion"
-            client_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["Client"]["Version"])
+                client_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["Client"]["Version"])
-            if "Server" in version_info:
+                if "Server" in version_info:
-                server_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["Server"]["Version"])
+                    server_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["Server"]["Version"])
-            else:
+                else:
-                server_version = client_version
+                    server_version = client_version
-            # --platform support was introduced in v3
+                # --platform support was introduced in v3
-            version = min(client_version, server_version)
+                version = min(client_version, server_version)
-            minimum_version = FlexibleVersion("3")
+                minimum_version = FlexibleVersion("3")
-            error_msg = textwrap.dedent(
+                error_msg = textwrap.dedent(
-                f"""
+                    f"""
-                Build failed because {engine.name} is too old.
+                    Build failed because {engine.name} is too old.
+
+                    cibuildwheel requires {engine.name}>={minimum_version}.
+                    The version found by cibuildwheel is {version}.
+                    """
+                )
+            case _:
+                assert_never(engine.name)
 
-                cibuildwheel requires {engine.name}>={minimum_version}.
-                The version found by cibuildwheel is {version}.
-                """
-            )
-        else:
-            assert_never(engine.name)
         if version < minimum_version:
             raise OCIEngineTooOldError(error_msg) from None
+
     except (subprocess.CalledProcessError, KeyError, ValueError) as e:
         msg = f"Build failed because {engine.name} is too old or is not working properly."
         raise OCIEngineTooOldError(msg) from e

cibuildwheel/options.py

@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class BuildOptions:
     test_groups: list[str]
     test_environment: ParsedEnvironment
     build_verbosity: int
-    build_frontend: BuildFrontendConfig | None
+    build_frontend: BuildFrontendConfig
     config_settings: str
     container_engine: OCIContainerEngineConfig
     pyodide_version: str | None
@@ -343,40 +343,46 @@ def _apply_inherit_rule(
         msg = f"Don't know how to merge {before!r} and {after!r} with {rule}"
         raise OptionsReaderError(msg)
 
-    if rule == InheritRule.APPEND:
+    match rule:
-        return option_format.merge_values(before, after)
+        case InheritRule.APPEND:
-    if rule == InheritRule.PREPEND:
+            return option_format.merge_values(before, after)
-        return option_format.merge_values(after, before)
+        case InheritRule.PREPEND:
-
+            return option_format.merge_values(after, before)
-    assert_never(rule)
+        case _:
+            assert_never(rule)
 
 
 def _stringify_setting(
     setting: SettingValue,
     option_format: OptionFormat | None,
 ) -> str:
-    if isinstance(setting, Mapping):
+    match setting:
-        try:
+        case {}:
-            if option_format is None:
+            assert isinstance(setting, Mapping)  # MyPy 1.15 doesn't narrow this for us
-                raise OptionFormat.NotSupported
+            try:
-            return option_format.format_table(setting)
+                if option_format is None:
-        except OptionFormat.NotSupported:
+                    raise OptionFormat.NotSupported
-            msg = f"Error converting {setting!r} to a string: this setting doesn't accept a table"
+                return option_format.format_table(setting)
-            raise OptionsReaderError(msg) from None
+            except OptionFormat.NotSupported:
-
+                msg = (
-    if not isinstance(setting, str) and isinstance(setting, Sequence):
+                    f"Error converting {setting!r} to a string: this setting doesn't accept a table"
-        try:
+                )
-            if option_format is None:
+                raise OptionsReaderError(msg) from None
-                raise OptionFormat.NotSupported
+        case bool() | int():
-            return option_format.format_list(setting)
+            return str(setting)
-        except OptionFormat.NotSupported:
+        case [*_]:
-            msg = f"Error converting {setting!r} to a string: this setting doesn't accept a list"
+            try:
-            raise OptionsReaderError(msg) from None
+                if option_format is None:
-
+                    raise OptionFormat.NotSupported
-    if isinstance(setting, bool | int):
+                return option_format.format_list(setting)
-        return str(setting)
+            except OptionFormat.NotSupported:
-
+                msg = (
-    return setting
+                    f"Error converting {setting!r} to a string: this setting doesn't accept a list"
+                )
+                raise OptionsReaderError(msg) from None
+        case _:
+            assert isinstance(setting, str)  # MyPy 1.15 doesn't narrow this for us
+            return setting
 
 
 class OptionsReader:
@@ -659,7 +665,7 @@ class Options:
             build_config = args.only
             skip_config = ""
             architectures = Architecture.all_archs(self.platform)
-            enable = set(EnableGroup)
+            enable |= EnableGroup.all_groups()
 
         build_selector = BuildSelector(
             build_config=build_config,
@@ -766,9 +772,8 @@ class Options:
                 env_plat=False,
                 option_format=ShlexTableFormat(sep="; ", pair_sep=":", allow_merge=False),
             )
-            build_frontend: BuildFrontendConfig | None
             if not build_frontend_str or build_frontend_str == "default":
-                build_frontend = None
+                build_frontend = BuildFrontendConfig("build")
             else:
                 try:
                     build_frontend = BuildFrontendConfig.from_config_string(build_frontend_str)
@@ -901,14 +906,18 @@ class Options:
             defaults=True,
         )
 
-    def summary(self, identifiers: Iterable[str]) -> str:
+    def summary(self, identifiers: Iterable[str], skip_unset: bool = False) -> str:
         lines = []
         global_option_names = sorted(f.name for f in dataclasses.fields(self.globals))
 
         for option_name in global_option_names:
             option_value = getattr(self.globals, option_name)
             default_value = getattr(self.defaults.globals, option_name)
-            lines.append(self.option_summary(option_name, option_value, default_value))
+            line = self.option_summary(
+                option_name, option_value, default_value, skip_unset=skip_unset
+            )
+            if line is not None:
+                lines.append(line)
 
         build_options = self.build_options(identifier=None)
         build_options_defaults = self.defaults.build_options(identifier=None)
@@ -928,9 +937,15 @@ class Options:
                 i: getattr(build_options_for_identifier[i], option_name) for i in identifiers
             }
 
-            lines.append(
+            line = self.option_summary(
-                self.option_summary(option_name, option_value, default_value, overrides=overrides)
+                option_name,
+                option_value,
+                default_value,
+                overrides=overrides,
+                skip_unset=skip_unset,
             )
+            if line is not None:
+                lines.append(line)
 
         return "\n".join(lines)
 
@@ -940,7 +955,8 @@ class Options:
         option_value: Any,
         default_value: Any,
         overrides: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
-    ) -> str:
+        skip_unset: bool = False,
+    ) -> str | None:
         """
         Return a summary of the option value, including any overrides, with
         ANSI 'dim' color if it's the default.
@@ -954,6 +970,10 @@ class Options:
         overrides_value_strs = {k: v for k, v in overrides_value_strs.items() if v != value_str}
 
         has_been_set = (value_str != default_value_str) or overrides_value_strs
+
+        if skip_unset and not has_been_set:
+            return None
+
         c = log.colors
 
         result = c.gray if not has_been_set else ""

cibuildwheel/platforms/__init__.py

@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import sys
 from collections.abc import Sequence
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Final, Protocol
 
+from cibuildwheel import errors
 from cibuildwheel.architecture import Architecture
 from cibuildwheel.options import Options
-from cibuildwheel.platforms import ios, linux, macos, pyodide, windows
+from cibuildwheel.platforms import android, ios, linux, macos, pyodide, windows
 from cibuildwheel.selector import BuildSelector
 from cibuildwheel.typing import GenericPythonConfiguration, PlatformName
 
@@ -28,10 +30,27 @@ ALL_PLATFORM_MODULES: Final[dict[PlatformName, PlatformModule]] = {
     "windows": windows,
     "macos": macos,
     "pyodide": pyodide,
+    "android": android,
     "ios": ios,
 }
 
 
+def native_platform() -> PlatformName:
+    if sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
+        return "linux"
+    elif sys.platform == "darwin":
+        return "macos"
+    elif sys.platform == "win32":
+        return "windows"
+    else:
+        msg = (
+            'Unable to detect platform from "sys.platform". cibuildwheel doesn\'t '
+            "support building wheels for this platform. You might be able to build for a different "
+            "platform using the --platform argument. Check --help output for more information."
+        )
+        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
+
+
 def get_build_identifiers(
     platform_module: PlatformModule,
     build_selector: BuildSelector,

cibuildwheel/platforms/android.py

@@ -0,0 +1,645 @@
+import csv
+import hashlib
+import os
+import platform
+import re
+import shlex
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sys
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Iterator
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from os.path import relpath
+from pathlib import Path
+from pprint import pprint
+from runpy import run_path
+from textwrap import dedent
+from typing import Any
+
+from build import ProjectBuilder
+from build.env import IsolatedEnv
+from elftools.common.exceptions import ELFError
+from elftools.elf.elffile import ELFFile
+from filelock import FileLock
+
+from .. import errors, platforms  # pylint: disable=cyclic-import
+from ..architecture import Architecture, arch_synonym
+from ..frontend import get_build_frontend_extra_flags, parse_config_settings
+from ..logger import log
+from ..options import BuildOptions, Options
+from ..selector import BuildSelector
+from ..util import resources
+from ..util.cmd import call, shell
+from ..util.file import CIBW_CACHE_PATH, copy_test_sources, download, move_file
+from ..util.helpers import prepare_command
+from ..util.packaging import find_compatible_wheel
+from ..util.python_build_standalone import create_python_build_standalone_environment
+from ..venv import constraint_flags, virtualenv
+
+
+def android_triplet(identifier: str) -> str:
+    return {
+        "arm64_v8a": "aarch64-linux-android",
+        "x86_64": "x86_64-linux-android",
+    }[parse_identifier(identifier)[1]]
+
+
+def parse_identifier(identifier: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
+    match = re.fullmatch(r"cp(\d)(\d+)-android_(.+)", identifier)
+    if not match:
+        msg = f"invalid Android identifier: '{identifier}'"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    major, minor, arch = match.groups()
+    return (f"{major}.{minor}", arch)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class PythonConfiguration:
+    version: str
+    identifier: str
+    url: str
+
+    @property
+    def arch(self) -> str:
+        return parse_identifier(self.identifier)[1]
+
+
+def all_python_configurations() -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
+    return [PythonConfiguration(**item) for item in resources.read_python_configs("android")]
+
+
+def get_python_configurations(
+    build_selector: BuildSelector, architectures: set[Architecture]
+) -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
+    return [
+        c
+        for c in all_python_configurations()
+        if c.arch in architectures and build_selector(c.identifier)
+    ]
+
+
+def shell_prepared(command: str, *, build_options: BuildOptions, env: dict[str, str]) -> None:
+    shell(
+        prepare_command(command, project=".", package=build_options.package_dir),
+        env=env,
+    )
+
+
+def before_all(options: Options, python_configurations: list[PythonConfiguration]) -> None:
+    before_all_options = options.build_options(python_configurations[0].identifier)
+    if before_all_options.before_all:
+        log.step("Running before_all...")
+        shell_prepared(
+            before_all_options.before_all,
+            build_options=before_all_options,
+            env=before_all_options.environment.as_dictionary(os.environ),
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class BuildState:
+    config: PythonConfiguration
+    options: BuildOptions
+    build_path: Path
+    python_dir: Path
+    build_env: dict[str, str]
+    android_env: dict[str, str]
+
+
+def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    if "ANDROID_HOME" not in os.environ:
+        msg = (
+            "ANDROID_HOME environment variable is not set. For instructions, see "
+            "https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/platforms/#android"
+        )
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+    configs = get_python_configurations(
+        options.globals.build_selector, options.globals.architectures
+    )
+    if not configs:
+        return
+
+    try:
+        before_all(options, configs)
+
+        built_wheels: list[Path] = []
+        for config in configs:
+            log.build_start(config.identifier)
+            build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
+            build_path = tmp_path / config.identifier
+            build_path.mkdir()
+            python_dir = setup_target_python(config, build_path)
+            build_env, android_env = setup_env(config, build_options, build_path, python_dir)
+            state = BuildState(
+                config, build_options, build_path, python_dir, build_env, android_env
+            )
+
+            compatible_wheel = find_compatible_wheel(built_wheels, config.identifier)
+            if compatible_wheel:
+                print(
+                    f"\nFound previously built wheel {compatible_wheel.name} that is "
+                    f"compatible with {config.identifier}. Skipping build step..."
+                )
+                repaired_wheel = compatible_wheel
+            else:
+                before_build(state)
+                built_wheel = build_wheel(state)
+                repaired_wheel = repair_wheel(state, built_wheel)
+
+            test_wheel(state, repaired_wheel)
+
+            output_wheel: Path | None = None
+            if compatible_wheel is None:
+                output_wheel = move_file(
+                    repaired_wheel, build_options.output_dir / repaired_wheel.name
+                )
+                built_wheels.append(output_wheel)
+
+            shutil.rmtree(build_path)
+            log.build_end(output_wheel)
+
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
+        msg = f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout or ''}"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg) from error
+
+
+def setup_target_python(config: PythonConfiguration, build_path: Path) -> Path:
+    log.step("Installing target Python...")
+    python_tgz = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / config.url.rpartition("/")[-1]
+    with FileLock(f"{python_tgz}.lock"):
+        if not python_tgz.exists():
+            download(config.url, python_tgz)
+
+    python_dir = build_path / "python"
+    python_dir.mkdir()
+    shutil.unpack_archive(python_tgz, python_dir)
+    return python_dir
+
+
+def setup_env(
+    config: PythonConfiguration, build_options: BuildOptions, build_path: Path, python_dir: Path
+) -> tuple[dict[str, str], dict[str, str]]:
+    """
+    Returns two environment dicts, both pointing at the same virtual environment:
+
+    * build_env, which uses the environment normally.
+    * android_env, which uses the environment while simulating running on Android.
+    """
+    log.step("Setting up build environment...")
+
+    # Create virtual environment
+    python_exe = create_python_build_standalone_environment(
+        config.version, build_path, CIBW_CACHE_PATH
+    )
+    venv_dir = build_path / "venv"
+    dependency_constraint = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
+        version=config.version, tmp_dir=build_path
+    )
+    build_env = virtualenv(
+        config.version, python_exe, venv_dir, dependency_constraint, use_uv=False
+    )
+    create_cmake_toolchain(config, build_path, python_dir, build_env)
+
+    # Apply custom environment variables, and check environment is still valid
+    build_env = build_options.environment.as_dictionary(build_env)
+    build_env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
+    for command in ["python", "pip"]:
+        which = call("which", command, env=build_env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
+        if which != f"{venv_dir}/bin/{command}":
+            msg = (
+                f"{command} available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you "
+                f"have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry "
+                f"or insert {command} above it."
+            )
+            raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+        call(command, "--version", env=build_env)
+
+    # Construct an altered environment which simulates running on Android.
+    android_env = setup_android_env(config, python_dir, venv_dir, build_env)
+
+    # Install build tools
+    build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend
+    if build_frontend.name != "build":
+        msg = "Android requires the build frontend to be 'build'"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    call("pip", "install", "build", *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint), env=build_env)
+
+    # Build-time requirements must be queried within android_env, because
+    # `get_requires_for_build` can run arbitrary code in setup.py scripts, which may be
+    # affected by the target platform. However, the requirements must be installed
+    # within build_env, because they're going to run on the build machine.
+    #
+    # The `build` CLI doesn't support this combination, so we use its API to query the
+    # requirements, and then install them ourselves with pip. We'll later run `build` in
+    # the same environment, passing the `--no-isolation` option.
+    class AndroidEnv(IsolatedEnv):
+        @property
+        def python_executable(self) -> str:
+            return f"{venv_dir}/bin/python"
+
+        def make_extra_environ(self) -> dict[str, str]:
+            return android_env
+
+    pb = ProjectBuilder.from_isolated_env(AndroidEnv(), build_options.package_dir)
+    if pb.build_system_requires:
+        call("pip", "install", *pb.build_system_requires, env=build_env)
+
+    requires_for_build = pb.get_requires_for_build(
+        "wheel", parse_config_settings(build_options.config_settings)
+    )
+    if requires_for_build:
+        call("pip", "install", *requires_for_build, env=build_env)
+
+    return build_env, android_env
+
+
+def create_cmake_toolchain(
+    config: PythonConfiguration, build_path: Path, python_dir: Path, build_env: dict[str, str]
+) -> None:
+    toolchain_path = build_path / "toolchain.cmake"
+    build_env["CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE"] = str(toolchain_path)
+    with open(toolchain_path, "w", encoding="UTF-8") as toolchain_file:
+        print(
+            dedent(
+                f"""\
+                # To support as many build systems as possible, we use environment
+                # variables as the single source of truth for compiler flags and paths,
+                # so they don't need to be specified here.
+
+                set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME Android)
+                set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR {android_triplet(config.identifier).split("-")[0]})
+
+                # Inhibit all of CMake's own NDK handling code.
+                set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_VERSION 1)
+
+                # Tell CMake where to look for headers and libraries.
+                list(INSERT CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH 0 {python_dir}/prefix)
+                set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PROGRAM NEVER)
+                set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_LIBRARY ONLY)
+                set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_INCLUDE ONLY)
+                set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PACKAGE ONLY)
+                """
+            ),
+            file=toolchain_file,
+        )
+
+
+def localize_sysconfigdata(
+    python_dir: Path, build_env: dict[str, str], sysconfigdata_path: Path
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    sysconfigdata: dict[str, Any] = run_path(str(sysconfigdata_path))["build_time_vars"]
+    with sysconfigdata_path.open("w", encoding="UTF-8") as f:
+        f.write("# Generated by cibuildwheel\n")
+        f.write("build_time_vars = ")
+        sysconfigdata = localized_vars(build_env, sysconfigdata, python_dir / "prefix")
+        pprint(sysconfigdata, stream=f, compact=True)
+        return sysconfigdata
+
+
+def localized_vars(
+    build_env: dict[str, str], orig_vars: dict[str, Any], prefix: Path
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    orig_prefix = orig_vars["prefix"]
+    localized_vars_ = {}
+    for key, value in orig_vars.items():
+        # The host's sysconfigdata will include references to build-time paths.
+        # Update these to refer to the current prefix.
+        final = value
+        if isinstance(final, str):
+            final = final.replace(orig_prefix, str(prefix))
+
+        if key == "ANDROID_API_LEVEL":
+            if api_level := build_env.get(key):
+                final = int(api_level)
+
+        # Build systems vary in whether FLAGS variables are read from sysconfig, and if so,
+        # whether they're replaced by environment variables or combined with them. Even
+        # setuptools has changed its behavior here
+        # (https://github.com/pypa/setuptools/issues/4836).
+        #
+        # Ensure consistency by clearing the sysconfig variables and letting the environment
+        # variables take effect alone. This will also work for any non-Python build systems
+        # which the build script may call.
+        elif key in ["CFLAGS", "CXXFLAGS", "LDFLAGS"]:
+            final = ""
+
+        # These variables contain an embedded copy of LDFLAGS.
+        elif key in ["LDSHARED", "LDCXXSHARED"]:
+            final = final.removesuffix(" " + orig_vars["LDFLAGS"])
+
+        localized_vars_[key] = final
+
+    return localized_vars_
+
+
+def setup_android_env(
+    config: PythonConfiguration, python_dir: Path, venv_dir: Path, build_env: dict[str, str]
+) -> dict[str, str]:
+    site_packages = next(venv_dir.glob("lib/python*/site-packages"))
+    for suffix in ["pth", "py"]:
+        shutil.copy(resources.PATH / f"_cross_venv.{suffix}", site_packages)
+
+    sysconfigdata_path = Path(
+        shutil.copy(
+            next(python_dir.glob("prefix/lib/python*/_sysconfigdata_*.py")),
+            site_packages,
+        )
+    )
+    sysconfigdata = localize_sysconfigdata(python_dir, build_env, sysconfigdata_path)
+
+    # Activate the code in _cross_venv.py.
+    android_env = build_env.copy()
+    android_env["CIBW_HOST_TRIPLET"] = android_triplet(config.identifier)
+
+    # Get the environment variables needed to build for Android (CC, CFLAGS, etc). These are
+    # generated by https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Android/android-env.sh.
+    env_output = call(python_dir / "android.py", "env", env=build_env, capture_stdout=True)
+
+    # shlex.split should produce a sequence alternating between:
+    #   * the word "export"
+    #   * a key=value string, without quotes
+    for i, token in enumerate(shlex.split(env_output)):
+        if i % 2 == 0:
+            assert token == "export", token
+        else:
+            key, sep, value = token.partition("=")
+            assert sep == "=", token
+            android_env[key] = value
+
+    # localized_vars cleared the CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS in the sysconfigdata, but most
+    # packages take their optimization flags from these variables. Pass these flags via
+    # environment variables instead.
+    #
+    # We don't enable debug information, because it significantly increases binary size,
+    # and most Android app developers don't have the NDK installed, so they would have no
+    # way to strip it.
+    opt = " ".join(word for word in sysconfigdata["OPT"].split() if not word.startswith("-g"))
+    for key in ["CFLAGS", "CXXFLAGS"]:
+        android_env[key] += " " + opt
+
+    # Format the environment so it can be pasted into a shell when debugging.
+    for key, value in sorted(android_env.items()):
+        if os.environ.get(key) != value:
+            print(f"export {key}={shlex.quote(value)}")
+
+    return android_env
+
+
+def before_build(state: BuildState) -> None:
+    if state.options.before_build:
+        log.step("Running before_build...")
+        shell_prepared(
+            state.options.before_build,
+            build_options=state.options,
+            env=state.build_env,
+        )
+
+
+def build_wheel(state: BuildState) -> Path:
+    log.step("Building wheel...")
+    built_wheel_dir = state.build_path / "built_wheel"
+    call(
+        "python",
+        "-m",
+        "build",
+        state.options.package_dir,
+        "--wheel",
+        "--no-isolation",
+        "--skip-dependency-check",
+        f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+        *get_build_frontend_extra_flags(
+            state.options.build_frontend,
+            state.options.build_verbosity,
+            state.options.config_settings,
+        ),
+        env=state.android_env,
+    )
+
+    built_wheels = list(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+    if len(built_wheels) != 1:
+        msg = f"{built_wheel_dir} contains {len(built_wheels)} wheels; expected 1"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    built_wheel = built_wheels[0]
+
+    if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
+        raise errors.NonPlatformWheelError()
+    return built_wheel
+
+
+def repair_wheel(state: BuildState, built_wheel: Path) -> Path:
+    log.step("Repairing wheel...")
+    repaired_wheel_dir = state.build_path / "repaired_wheel"
+    repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir()
+
+    if state.options.repair_command:
+        shell(
+            prepare_command(
+                state.options.repair_command, wheel=built_wheel, dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir
+            ),
+            env=state.build_env,
+        )
+    else:
+        repair_default(state.android_env, built_wheel, repaired_wheel_dir)
+
+    repaired_wheels = list(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+    if len(repaired_wheels) == 0:
+        raise errors.RepairStepProducedNoWheelError()
+    if len(repaired_wheels) != 1:
+        msg = f"{repaired_wheel_dir} contains {len(repaired_wheels)} wheels; expected 1"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    repaired_wheel = repaired_wheels[0]
+
+    if repaired_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
+        raise errors.NonPlatformWheelError()
+    return repaired_wheel
+
+
+def repair_default(
+    android_env: dict[str, str], built_wheel: Path, repaired_wheel_dir: Path
+) -> None:
+    """
+    Adds libc++ to the wheel if anything links against it. In the future this should be
+    moved to auditwheel and generalized to support more libraries.
+    """
+    if (match := re.search(r"^(.+?)-", built_wheel.name)) is None:
+        msg = f"Failed to parse wheel filename: {built_wheel.name}"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    wheel_name = match[1]
+
+    unpacked_dir = repaired_wheel_dir / "unpacked"
+    unpacked_dir.mkdir()
+    shutil.unpack_archive(built_wheel, unpacked_dir, format="zip")
+
+    # Some build systems are inconsistent about name normalization, so don't assume the
+    # dist-info name is identical to the wheel name.
+    record_paths = list(unpacked_dir.glob("*.dist-info/RECORD"))
+    if len(record_paths) != 1:
+        msg = f"{built_wheel.name} contains {len(record_paths)} dist-info/RECORD files; expected 1"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+    old_soname = "libc++_shared.so"
+    paths_to_patch = []
+    for path, elffile in elf_file_filter(
+        unpacked_dir / filename
+        for filename, *_ in csv.reader(record_paths[0].read_text().splitlines())
+    ):
+        if (dynamic := elffile.get_section_by_name(".dynamic")) and any(  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
+            tag.entry.d_tag == "DT_NEEDED" and tag.needed == old_soname
+            for tag in dynamic.iter_tags()
+        ):
+            paths_to_patch.append(path)
+
+    if not paths_to_patch:
+        shutil.copyfile(built_wheel, repaired_wheel_dir / built_wheel.name)
+    else:
+        # Android doesn't support DT_RPATH, but supports DT_RUNPATH since API level 24
+        # (https://github.com/aosp-mirror/platform_bionic/blob/master/android-changes-for-ndk-developers.md).
+        if int(sysconfig_print('get_config_vars()["ANDROID_API_LEVEL"]', android_env)) < 24:
+            msg = f"Adding {old_soname} requires ANDROID_API_LEVEL to be at least 24"
+            raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+        toolchain = Path(android_env["CC"]).parent.parent
+        src_path = toolchain / f"sysroot/usr/lib/{android_env['CIBW_HOST_TRIPLET']}/{old_soname}"
+
+        # Use the same library location as auditwheel would.
+        libs_dir = unpacked_dir / (wheel_name + ".libs")
+        libs_dir.mkdir()
+        new_soname = soname_with_hash(src_path)
+        dst_path = libs_dir / new_soname
+        shutil.copyfile(src_path, dst_path)
+        call("patchelf", "--set-soname", new_soname, dst_path)
+
+        for path in paths_to_patch:
+            call("patchelf", "--replace-needed", old_soname, new_soname, path)
+            call(
+                "patchelf",
+                "--set-rpath",
+                f"${{ORIGIN}}/{relpath(libs_dir, path.parent)}",
+                path,
+            )
+        call(sys.executable, "-m", "wheel", "pack", unpacked_dir, "-d", repaired_wheel_dir)
+
+
+def elf_file_filter(paths: Iterable[Path]) -> Iterator[tuple[Path, ELFFile]]:
+    """Filter through an iterator of filenames and load up only ELF files"""
+    for path in paths:
+        if not path.name.endswith(".py"):
+            try:
+                with open(path, "rb") as f:
+                    candidate = ELFFile(f)  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
+                    yield path, candidate
+            except ELFError:
+                pass  # Not an ELF file
+
+
+def soname_with_hash(src_path: Path) -> str:
+    """Return the same library filename as auditwheel would"""
+    shorthash = hashlib.sha256(src_path.read_bytes()).hexdigest()[:8]
+    src_name = src_path.name
+    base, ext = src_name.split(".", 1)
+    if not base.endswith(f"-{shorthash}"):
+        return f"{base}-{shorthash}.{ext}"
+    else:
+        return src_name
+
+
+def test_wheel(state: BuildState, wheel: Path) -> None:
+    test_command = state.options.test_command
+    if not (test_command and state.options.test_selector(state.config.identifier)):
+        return
+
+    log.step("Testing wheel...")
+    native_arch = arch_synonym(platform.machine(), platforms.native_platform(), "android")
+    if state.config.arch != native_arch:
+        log.warning(
+            f"Skipping tests for {state.config.arch}, as the build machine only "
+            f"supports {native_arch}"
+        )
+        return
+
+    if state.options.before_test:
+        shell_prepared(
+            state.options.before_test,
+            build_options=state.options,
+            env=state.build_env,
+        )
+
+    # Install the wheel and test-requires.
+    site_packages_dir = state.build_path / "site-packages"
+    site_packages_dir.mkdir()
+    call(
+        "pip",
+        "install",
+        "--only-binary=:all:",
+        "--platform",
+        sysconfig_print("get_platform()", state.android_env).replace("-", "_"),
+        "--target",
+        site_packages_dir,
+        f"{wheel}{state.options.test_extras}",
+        *state.options.test_requires,
+        env=state.build_env,
+    )
+
+    # Copy test-sources.
+    cwd_dir = state.build_path / "cwd"
+    cwd_dir.mkdir()
+    if state.options.test_sources:
+        copy_test_sources(state.options.test_sources, Path.cwd(), cwd_dir)
+    else:
+        (cwd_dir / "test_fail.py").write_text(
+            resources.TEST_FAIL_CWD_FILE.read_text(),
+        )
+
+    # Android doesn't support placeholders in the test command.
+    if any(("{" + placeholder + "}") in test_command for placeholder in ["project", "package"]):
+        msg = (
+            f"Test command {test_command!r} with a "
+            "'{project}' or '{package}' placeholder is not supported on Android, "
+            "because the source directory is not visible on the emulator."
+        )
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+    # Parse test-command.
+    test_args = shlex.split(test_command)
+    if test_args[:2] in [["python", "-c"], ["python", "-m"]]:
+        test_args[:3] = [test_args[1], test_args[2], "--"]
+    elif test_args[0] in ["pytest"]:
+        # We transform some commands into the `python -m` form, but this is deprecated.
+        msg = (
+            f"Test command {test_command!r} is not supported on Android. "
+            "cibuildwheel will try to execute it as if it started with 'python -m'. "
+            "If this works, all you need to do is add that to your test command."
+        )
+        log.warning(msg)
+        test_args[:1] = ["-m", test_args[0], "--"]
+    else:
+        msg = (
+            f"Test command {test_command!r} is not supported on Android. "
+            f"Supported commands are 'python -m' and 'python -c'."
+        )
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+    # Run the test app.
+    call(
+        state.python_dir / "android.py",
+        "test",
+        "--managed",
+        "maxVersion",
+        "--site-packages",
+        site_packages_dir,
+        "--cwd",
+        cwd_dir,
+        *test_args,
+        env=state.build_env,
+    )
+
+
+def sysconfig_print(method_call: str, env: dict[str, str]) -> str:
+    return call(
+        "python",
+        "-c",
+        f'import sysconfig; print(sysconfig.{method_call}, end="")',
+        env=env,
+        capture_stdout=True,
+    )

cibuildwheel/platforms/ios.py

@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ from .. import errors
 from ..architecture import Architecture
 from ..environment import ParsedEnvironment
 from ..frontend import (
-    BuildFrontendConfig,
     BuildFrontendName,
     get_build_frontend_extra_flags,
 )
@@ -387,20 +386,21 @@ def setup_python(
     env.setdefault("IPHONEOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET", "13.0")
 
     log.step("Installing build tools...")
-    if build_frontend == "pip":
+    match build_frontend:
-        # No additional build tools required
+        case "pip":
-        pass
+            # No additional build tools required
-    elif build_frontend == "build":
+            pass
-        call(
+        case "build":
-            "pip",
+            call(
-            "install",
+                "pip",
-            "--upgrade",
+                "install",
-            "build[virtualenv]",
+                "--upgrade",
-            *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
+                "build[virtualenv]",
-            env=env,
+                *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
-        )
+                env=env,
-    else:
+            )
-        assert_never(build_frontend)
+        case _:
+            assert_never(build_frontend)
 
     return target_install_path, env
 
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
         for config in python_configurations:
             build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
-            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend or BuildFrontendConfig("build")
+            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend
             # uv doesn't support iOS
             if build_frontend.name == "build[uv]":
                 msg = "uv doesn't support iOS"
@@ -494,34 +494,35 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                 if constraints_path:
                     combine_constraints(build_env, constraints_path, None)
 
-                if build_frontend.name == "pip":
+                match build_frontend.name:
-                    # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to
+                    case "pip":
-                    # fetch package from pypi.org. See
+                        # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to
-                    # https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
+                        # fetch package from pypi.org. See
-                    call(
+                        # https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
-                        "python",
+                        call(
-                        "-m",
+                            "python",
-                        "pip",
+                            "-m",
-                        "wheel",
+                            "pip",
-                        build_options.package_dir.resolve(),
+                            "wheel",
-                        f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            build_options.package_dir.resolve(),
-                        "--no-deps",
+                            f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                        *extra_flags,
+                            "--no-deps",
-                        env=build_env,
+                            *extra_flags,
-                    )
+                            env=build_env,
-                elif build_frontend.name == "build":
+                        )
-                    call(
+                    case "build":
-                        "python",
+                        call(
-                        "-m",
+                            "python",
-                        "build",
+                            "-m",
-                        build_options.package_dir,
+                            "build",
-                        "--wheel",
+                            build_options.package_dir,
-                        f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            "--wheel",
-                        *extra_flags,
+                            f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                        env=build_env,
+                            *extra_flags,
-                    )
+                            env=build_env,
-                else:
+                        )
-                    assert_never(build_frontend)
+                    case _:
+                        assert_never(build_frontend)
 
                 test_wheel = built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
 
@@ -671,6 +672,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                     log.step_end()
 
             # We're all done here; move it to output (overwrite existing)
+            output_wheel: Path | None = None
             if compatible_wheel is None:
                 output_wheel = build_options.output_dir.joinpath(built_wheel.name)
                 moved_wheel = move_file(built_wheel, output_wheel)
@@ -683,7 +685,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
             # Clean up
             shutil.rmtree(identifier_tmp_dir)
 
-            log.build_end()
+            log.build_end(output_wheel)
     except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
         msg = f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout or ''}"
         raise errors.FatalError(msg) from error

cibuildwheel/platforms/linux.py

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ from typing import assert_never
 
 from .. import errors
 from ..architecture import Architecture
-from ..frontend import BuildFrontendConfig, get_build_frontend_extra_flags
+from ..frontend import get_build_frontend_extra_flags
 from ..logger import log
 from ..oci_container import OCIContainer, OCIContainerEngineConfig, OCIPlatform
 from ..options import BuildOptions, Options
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ def build_in_container(
         log.build_start(config.identifier)
         local_identifier_tmp_dir = local_tmp_dir / config.identifier
         build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
-        build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend or BuildFrontendConfig("build")
+        build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend
         use_uv = build_frontend.name == "build[uv]"
         pip = ["uv", "pip"] if use_uv else ["pip"]
 
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ def build_in_container(
             print(
                 f"\nFound previously built wheel {compatible_wheel.name}, that's compatible with {config.identifier}. Skipping build step..."
             )
-            repaired_wheels = [compatible_wheel]
+            repaired_wheel = compatible_wheel
         else:
             if build_options.before_build:
                 log.step("Running before_build...")
@@ -275,37 +275,38 @@ def build_in_container(
                 build_frontend, build_options.build_verbosity, build_options.config_settings
             )
 
-            if build_frontend.name == "pip":
+            match build_frontend.name:
-                container.call(
+                case "pip":
-                    [
+                    container.call(
-                        "python",
+                        [
-                        "-m",
+                            "python",
-                        "pip",
+                            "-m",
-                        "wheel",
+                            "pip",
-                        container_package_dir,
+                            "wheel",
-                        f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            container_package_dir,
-                        "--no-deps",
+                            f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                        *extra_flags,
+                            "--no-deps",
-                    ],
+                            *extra_flags,
-                    env=env,
+                        ],
-                )
+                        env=env,
-            elif build_frontend.name == "build" or build_frontend.name == "build[uv]":
+                    )
-                if use_uv and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags and "-n" not in extra_flags:
+                case "build" | "build[uv]":
-                    extra_flags += ["--installer=uv"]
+                    if use_uv and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags and "-n" not in extra_flags:
-                container.call(
+                        extra_flags += ["--installer=uv"]
-                    [
+                    container.call(
-                        "python",
+                        [
-                        "-m",
+                            "python",
-                        "build",
+                            "-m",
-                        container_package_dir,
+                            "build",
-                        "--wheel",
+                            container_package_dir,
-                        f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            "--wheel",
-                        *extra_flags,
+                            f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                    ],
+                            *extra_flags,
-                    env=env,
+                        ],
-                )
+                        env=env,
-            else:
+                    )
-                assert_never(build_frontend)
+                case _:
+                    assert_never(build_frontend)
 
             built_wheel = container.glob(built_wheel_dir, "*.whl")[0]
 
@@ -325,14 +326,16 @@ def build_in_container(
             else:
                 container.call(["mv", built_wheel, repaired_wheel_dir])
 
-            repaired_wheels = container.glob(repaired_wheel_dir, "*.whl")
+            match container.glob(repaired_wheel_dir, "*.whl"):
+                case []:
+                    raise errors.RepairStepProducedNoWheelError()
+                case [repaired_wheel]:
+                    pass
+                case too_many:
+                    raise errors.RepairStepProducedMultipleWheelsError([p.name for p in too_many])
 
-            if not repaired_wheels:
+            if repaired_wheel.name in {wheel.name for wheel in built_wheels}:
-                raise errors.RepairStepProducedNoWheelError()
+                raise errors.AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)
-
-            for repaired_wheel in repaired_wheels:
-                if repaired_wheel.name in {wheel.name for wheel in built_wheels}:
-                    raise errors.AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)
 
         if build_options.test_command and build_options.test_selector(config.identifier):
             log.step("Testing wheel...")
@@ -374,14 +377,8 @@ def build_in_container(
                 container.call(["sh", "-c", before_test_prepared], env=virtualenv_env)
 
             # Install the wheel we just built
-            # Note: If auditwheel produced two wheels, it's because the earlier produced wheel
-            # conforms to multiple manylinux standards. These multiple versions of the wheel are
-            # functionally the same, differing only in name, wheel metadata, and possibly include
-            # different external shared libraries. so it doesn't matter which one we run the tests on.
-            # Let's just pick the first one.
-            wheel_to_test = repaired_wheels[0]
             container.call(
-                [*pip, "install", str(wheel_to_test) + build_options.test_extras],
+                [*pip, "install", str(repaired_wheel) + build_options.test_extras],
                 env=virtualenv_env,
             )
 
@@ -394,7 +391,7 @@ def build_in_container(
                 build_options.test_command,
                 project=container_project_path,
                 package=container_package_dir,
-                wheel=wheel_to_test,
+                wheel=repaired_wheel,
             )
 
             test_cwd = testing_temp_dir / "test_cwd"
@@ -417,15 +414,15 @@ def build_in_container(
             # clean up test environment
             container.call(["rm", "-rf", testing_temp_dir])
 
-        # move repaired wheels to output
+        # move repaired wheel to output
+        output_wheel: Path | None = None
         if compatible_wheel is None:
             container.call(["mkdir", "-p", container_output_dir])
-            container.call(["mv", *repaired_wheels, container_output_dir])
+            container.call(["mv", repaired_wheel, container_output_dir])
-            built_wheels.extend(
+            built_wheels.append(container_output_dir / repaired_wheel.name)
-                container_output_dir / repaired_wheel.name for repaired_wheel in repaired_wheels
+            output_wheel = options.globals.output_dir / repaired_wheel.name
-            )
 
-        log.build_end()
+        log.build_end(output_wheel)
 
     log.step("Copying wheels back to host...")
     # copy the output back into the host

cibuildwheel/platforms/macos.py

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ from .. import errors
 from ..architecture import Architecture
 from ..ci import detect_ci_provider
 from ..environment import ParsedEnvironment
-from ..frontend import BuildFrontendConfig, BuildFrontendName, get_build_frontend_extra_flags
+from ..frontend import BuildFrontendName, get_build_frontend_extra_flags
 from ..logger import log
 from ..options import Options
 from ..selector import BuildSelector
@@ -345,39 +345,40 @@ def setup_python(
             env.setdefault("SDKROOT", arm64_compatible_sdks[0])
 
     log.step("Installing build tools...")
-    if build_frontend == "pip":
+    match build_frontend:
-        call(
+        case "pip":
-            "pip",
+            call(
-            "install",
+                "pip",
-            "--upgrade",
+                "install",
-            "delocate",
+                "--upgrade",
-            *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
+                "delocate",
-            env=env,
+                *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
-        )
+                env=env,
-    elif build_frontend == "build":
+            )
-        call(
+        case "build":
-            "pip",
+            call(
-            "install",
+                "pip",
-            "--upgrade",
+                "install",
-            "delocate",
+                "--upgrade",
-            "build[virtualenv]",
+                "delocate",
-            *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
+                "build[virtualenv]",
-            env=env,
+                *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
-        )
+                env=env,
-    elif build_frontend == "build[uv]":
+            )
-        assert uv_path is not None
+        case "build[uv]":
-        call(
+            assert uv_path is not None
-            uv_path,
+            call(
-            "pip",
+                uv_path,
-            "install",
+                "pip",
-            "--upgrade",
+                "install",
-            "delocate",
+                "--upgrade",
-            "build[virtualenv, uv]",
+                "delocate",
-            *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
+                "build[virtualenv, uv]",
-            env=env,
+                *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
-        )
+                env=env,
-    else:
+            )
-        assert_never(build_frontend)
+        case _:
+            assert_never(build_frontend)
 
     return base_python, env
 
@@ -407,7 +408,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
         for config in python_configurations:
             build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
-            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend or BuildFrontendConfig("build")
+            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend
             use_uv = build_frontend.name == "build[uv]"
             uv_path = find_uv()
             if use_uv and uv_path is None:
@@ -467,35 +468,40 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                         build_env, constraints_path, identifier_tmp_dir if use_uv else None
                     )
 
-                if build_frontend.name == "pip":
+                match build_frontend.name:
-                    # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
+                    case "pip":
-                    # see https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
+                        # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
-                    call(
+                        # see https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
-                        "python",
+                        call(
-                        "-m",
+                            "python",
-                        "pip",
+                            "-m",
-                        "wheel",
+                            "pip",
-                        build_options.package_dir.resolve(),
+                            "wheel",
-                        f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            build_options.package_dir.resolve(),
-                        "--no-deps",
+                            f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                        *extra_flags,
+                            "--no-deps",
-                        env=build_env,
+                            *extra_flags,
-                    )
+                            env=build_env,
-                elif build_frontend.name == "build" or build_frontend.name == "build[uv]":
+                        )
-                    if use_uv and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags and "-n" not in extra_flags:
+                    case "build" | "build[uv]":
-                        extra_flags.append("--installer=uv")
+                        if (
-                    call(
+                            use_uv
-                        "python",
+                            and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags
-                        "-m",
+                            and "-n" not in extra_flags
-                        "build",
+                        ):
-                        build_options.package_dir,
+                            extra_flags.append("--installer=uv")
-                        "--wheel",
+                        call(
-                        f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            "python",
-                        *extra_flags,
+                            "-m",
-                        env=build_env,
+                            "build",
-                    )
+                            build_options.package_dir,
-                else:
+                            "--wheel",
-                    assert_never(build_frontend)
+                            f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                            env=build_env,
+                        )
+                    case _:
+                        assert_never(build_frontend)
 
                 built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
 
@@ -726,6 +732,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                     shell_with_arch(test_command_prepared, cwd=test_cwd, env=virtualenv_env)
 
             # we're all done here; move it to output (overwrite existing)
+            output_wheel = None
             if compatible_wheel is None:
                 output_wheel = build_options.output_dir.joinpath(repaired_wheel.name)
                 moved_wheel = move_file(repaired_wheel, output_wheel)
@@ -738,7 +745,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
             # clean up
             shutil.rmtree(identifier_tmp_dir)
 
-            log.build_end()
+            log.build_end(output_wheel)
     except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
         msg = f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout or ''}"
         raise errors.FatalError(msg) from error

cibuildwheel/platforms/pyodide.py

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import functools
 import json
 import os
 import shutil
+import subprocess
 import sys
 import tomllib
 import typing
@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ from filelock import FileLock
 from .. import errors
 from ..architecture import Architecture
 from ..environment import ParsedEnvironment
-from ..frontend import BuildFrontendConfig, get_build_frontend_extra_flags
+from ..frontend import get_build_frontend_extra_flags
 from ..logger import log
 from ..options import Options
 from ..selector import BuildSelector
@@ -352,7 +353,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
         for config in python_configurations:
             build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
-            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend or BuildFrontendConfig("build")
+            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend
 
             if build_frontend.name == "pip":
                 msg = "The pyodide platform doesn't support pip frontend"
@@ -445,6 +446,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                         dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir,
                     )
                     shell(repair_command_prepared, env=env)
+                    log.step_end()
                 else:
                     shutil.move(str(built_wheel), repaired_wheel_dir)
 
@@ -538,6 +540,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                 shell(test_command_prepared, cwd=test_cwd, env=virtualenv_env)
 
             # we're all done here; move it to output (overwrite existing)
+            output_wheel: Path | None = None
             if compatible_wheel is None:
                 output_wheel = build_options.output_dir.joinpath(repaired_wheel.name)
                 moved_wheel = move_file(repaired_wheel, output_wheel)
@@ -546,6 +549,8 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                         f"{repaired_wheel} was moved to {moved_wheel} instead of {output_wheel}"
                     )
                 built_wheels.append(output_wheel)
+            log.build_end(output_wheel)
 
-    finally:
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
-        pass
+        msg = f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout or ''}"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg) from error

cibuildwheel/platforms/windows.py

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ from filelock import FileLock
 from .. import errors
 from ..architecture import Architecture
 from ..environment import ParsedEnvironment
-from ..frontend import BuildFrontendConfig, BuildFrontendName, get_build_frontend_extra_flags
+from ..frontend import BuildFrontendName, get_build_frontend_extra_flags
 from ..logger import log
 from ..options import Options
 from ..selector import BuildSelector
@@ -305,26 +305,27 @@ def setup_python(
         call("pip", "--version", env=env)
 
     log.step("Installing build tools...")
-    if build_frontend == "build":
+    match build_frontend:
-        call(
+        case "build":
-            "pip",
+            call(
-            "install",
+                "pip",
-            "--upgrade",
+                "install",
-            "build[virtualenv]",
+                "--upgrade",
-            *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
+                "build[virtualenv]",
-            env=env,
+                *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
-        )
+                env=env,
-    elif build_frontend == "build[uv]":
+            )
-        assert uv_path is not None
+        case "build[uv]":
-        call(
+            assert uv_path is not None
-            uv_path,
+            call(
-            "pip",
+                uv_path,
-            "install",
+                "pip",
-            "--upgrade",
+                "install",
-            "build[virtualenv]",
+                "--upgrade",
-            *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
+                "build[virtualenv]",
-            env=env,
+                *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
-        )
+                env=env,
+            )
 
     if python_libs_base:
         # Set up the environment for various backends to enable cross-compilation
@@ -394,7 +395,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
         for config in python_configurations:
             build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
-            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend or BuildFrontendConfig("build")
+            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend
 
             use_uv = build_frontend.name == "build[uv]" and can_use_uv(config)
             log.build_start(config.identifier)
@@ -467,36 +468,41 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                 if constraints_path:
                     combine_constraints(build_env, constraints_path, identifier_tmp_dir)
 
-                if build_frontend.name == "pip":
+                match build_frontend.name:
-                    # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
+                    case "pip":
-                    # see https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
+                        # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
-                    call(
+                        # see https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
-                        "python",
+                        call(
-                        "-m",
+                            "python",
-                        "pip",
+                            "-m",
-                        "wheel",
+                            "pip",
-                        options.globals.package_dir.resolve(),
+                            "wheel",
-                        f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            options.globals.package_dir.resolve(),
-                        "--no-deps",
+                            f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                        *extra_flags,
+                            "--no-deps",
-                        env=build_env,
+                            *extra_flags,
-                    )
+                            env=build_env,
-                elif build_frontend.name == "build" or build_frontend.name == "build[uv]":
+                        )
-                    if use_uv and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags and "-n" not in extra_flags:
+                    case "build" | "build[uv]":
-                        extra_flags.append("--installer=uv")
+                        if (
+                            use_uv
+                            and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags
+                            and "-n" not in extra_flags
+                        ):
+                            extra_flags.append("--installer=uv")
 
-                    call(
+                        call(
-                        "python",
+                            "python",
-                        "-m",
+                            "-m",
-                        "build",
+                            "build",
-                        build_options.package_dir,
+                            build_options.package_dir,
-                        "--wheel",
+                            "--wheel",
-                        f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                        *extra_flags,
+                            *extra_flags,
-                        env=build_env,
+                            env=build_env,
-                    )
+                        )
-                else:
+                    case _:
-                    assert_never(build_frontend)
+                        assert_never(build_frontend)
 
                 built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
 
@@ -607,6 +613,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                 shell(test_command_prepared, cwd=test_cwd, env=virtualenv_env)
 
             # we're all done here; move it to output (remove if already exists)
+            output_wheel = None
             if compatible_wheel is None:
                 output_wheel = build_options.output_dir.joinpath(repaired_wheel.name)
                 moved_wheel = move_file(repaired_wheel, output_wheel)
@@ -621,7 +628,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
             # don't want to abort a build because of that)
             shutil.rmtree(identifier_tmp_dir, ignore_errors=True)
 
-            log.build_end()
+            log.build_end(output_wheel)
     except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
         msg = f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout or ''}"
         raise errors.FatalError(msg) from error

cibuildwheel/projectfiles.py

@@ -14,32 +14,16 @@ def get_parent(node: ast.AST | None, depth: int = 1) -> ast.AST | None:
 
 
 def is_main(parent: ast.AST | None) -> bool:
-    if parent is None:
+    match parent:
-        return False
+        case ast.If(test=ast.Compare(left=left, ops=[ast.Eq()], comparators=[comp])):
-
+            values = {left, comp}
-    # This would be much nicer with 3.10's pattern matching!
+            mains = {x for x in values if isinstance(x, ast.Constant) and x.value == "__main__"}
-    if not isinstance(parent, ast.If):
+            if len(mains) != 1:
-        return False
+                return False
-    if not isinstance(parent.test, ast.Compare):
+            consts = {x for x in values if isinstance(x, ast.Name) and x.id == "__name__"}
-        return False
+            return len(consts) == 1
-
+        case _:
-    try:
+            return False
-        (op,) = parent.test.ops
-        (comp,) = parent.test.comparators
-    except ValueError:
-        return False
-
-    if not isinstance(op, ast.Eq):
-        return False
-
-    values = {comp, parent.test.left}
-
-    mains = {x for x in values if isinstance(x, ast.Constant) and x.value == "__main__"}
-    if len(mains) != 1:
-        return False
-    consts = {x for x in values if isinstance(x, ast.Name) and x.id == "__name__"}
-
-    return len(consts) == 1
 
 
 class Analyzer(ast.NodeVisitor):
@@ -65,12 +49,10 @@ class Analyzer(ast.NodeVisitor):
             parent is not None and get_parent(parent) is None and is_main(get_parent(node, 3))
         )
 
-        if (
+        match node:
-            node.arg == "python_requires"
+            case ast.keyword(arg="python_requires", value=ast.Constant(value=str(version))):
-            and isinstance(node.value, ast.Constant)
+                if unnested or name_main_unnested:
-            and (unnested or name_main_unnested)
+                    self.requires_python = version
-        ):
-            self.requires_python = node.value.value
 
 
 def setup_py_python_requires(content: str) -> str | None:

cibuildwheel/resources/_cross_venv.pth

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+import _cross_venv; _cross_venv.initialize()

cibuildwheel/resources/_cross_venv.py

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+# This module is copied into the site-packages directory of an Android build environment, and
+# activated via a .pth file when we want the environment to simulate Android.
+
+import os
+import platform
+import re
+import sys
+import sysconfig
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
+
+
+def initialize() -> None:
+    if not (host_triplet := os.environ.get("CIBW_HOST_TRIPLET")):
+        return
+
+    # os ######################################################################
+    def cross_os_uname() -> os.uname_result:
+        return os.uname_result(
+            (
+                "Linux",
+                "localhost",
+                # The Linux kernel version and release are unlikely to be significant, but return
+                # realistic values anyway (from an API level 24 emulator).
+                "3.18.91+",
+                "#1 SMP PREEMPT Tue Jan 9 20:35:43 UTC 2018",
+                host_triplet.split("-")[0],
+            )
+        )
+
+    os.name = "posix"
+    os.uname = cross_os_uname
+
+    # platform ################################################################
+    #
+    # We can't determine the user-visible Android version number from the API level, so return a
+    # string which will work fine for display, but will fail to parse as a version number.
+    def cross_android_ver(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> platform.AndroidVer:
+        return platform.AndroidVer(
+            release=f"API level {cross_getandroidapilevel()}",
+            api_level=cross_getandroidapilevel(),
+            manufacturer="Google",
+            model="sdk_gphone64",
+            device="emu64",
+            is_emulator=True,
+        )
+
+    # platform.uname, platform.system etc. are all implemented in terms of platform.android_ver.
+    platform.android_ver = cross_android_ver
+
+    # sys #####################################################################
+    def cross_getandroidapilevel() -> int:
+        api_level = sysconfig.get_config_var("ANDROID_API_LEVEL")
+        assert isinstance(api_level, int)
+        return api_level
+
+    # Some packages may recognize sys.cross_compiling from the crossenv tool.
+    sys.cross_compiling = True  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    sys.getandroidapilevel = cross_getandroidapilevel  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    sys.implementation._multiarch = host_triplet  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    sys.platform = "android"
+
+    # Determine the abiflags from the sysconfigdata filename.
+    sysconfigdata_path = next(Path(__file__).parent.glob("_sysconfigdata_*.py"))
+    abiflags_match = re.match(r"_sysconfigdata_(.*?)_", sysconfigdata_path.name)
+    assert abiflags_match is not None
+    sys.abiflags = abiflags_match[1]
+
+    # sysconfig ###############################################################
+    #
+    # We don't change the actual sys.base_prefix and base_exec_prefix, because that
+    # could have unpredictable effects. Instead, we change the internal variables
+    # used to generate sysconfig.get_path("include").
+    exec_prefix = sysconfig.get_config_var("exec_prefix")
+    sysconfig._BASE_PREFIX = sysconfig._BASE_EXEC_PREFIX = exec_prefix  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+    # Reload the sysconfigdata file, generating its name from sys.abiflags,
+    # sys.platform, and sys.implementation._multiarch.
+    sysconfig._init_config_vars()  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+    # sysconfig.get_platform, which determines the wheel tag, is implemented in terms of
+    # sys.platform, sysconfig.get_config_var("ANDROID_API_LEVEL") (see localized_vars in
+    # android.py), and os.uname.

cibuildwheel/resources/build-platforms.toml

@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ python_configurations = [
   { identifier = "cp314-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314" },
   { identifier = "cp314t-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314t" },
   { identifier = "cp38-musllinux_riscv64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
-  { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_ricv64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_riscv64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
   { identifier = "cp310-musllinux_riscv64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
   { identifier = "cp311-musllinux_riscv64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
   { identifier = "cp312-musllinux_riscv64", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
@@ -159,28 +159,28 @@ python_configurations = [
   { identifier = "cp312-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.10/python-3.12.10-macos11.pkg" },
   { identifier = "cp312-macosx_arm64", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.10/python-3.12.10-macos11.pkg" },
   { identifier = "cp312-macosx_universal2", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.10/python-3.12.10-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.3/python-3.13.3-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.5/python-3.13.5-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.3/python-3.13.3-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.5/python-3.13.5-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.3/python-3.13.3-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.5/python-3.13.5-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.3/python-3.13.3-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.5/python-3.13.5-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.3/python-3.13.3-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.5/python-3.13.5-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.3/python-3.13.3-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.5/python-3.13.5-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0b2-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc1-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_arm64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0b2-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_arm64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc1-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_universal2", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0b2-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_universal2", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc1-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0b2-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc1-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_arm64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0b2-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_arm64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc1-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_universal2", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0b2-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_universal2", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc1-macos11.pkg" },
   { identifier = "pp38-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.8", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
   { identifier = "pp38-macosx_arm64", version = "3.8", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
   { identifier = "pp39-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.9", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.16-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
   { identifier = "pp39-macosx_arm64", version = "3.9", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.16-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
   { identifier = "pp310-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.10", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.19-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
   { identifier = "pp310-macosx_arm64", version = "3.10", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.19-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
-  { identifier = "pp311-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.11", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.11-v7.3.19-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "pp311-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.11", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.11-v7.3.20-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
-  { identifier = "pp311-macosx_arm64", version = "3.11", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.11-v7.3.19-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "pp311-macosx_arm64", version = "3.11", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.11-v7.3.20-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
-  { identifier = "gp311_242-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.11", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-24.2.1/graalpy-24.2.1-macos-amd64.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "gp311_242-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.11", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-24.2.2/graalpy-24.2.2-macos-amd64.tar.gz" },
-  { identifier = "gp311_242-macosx_arm64", version = "3.11", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-24.2.1/graalpy-24.2.1-macos-aarch64.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "gp311_242-macosx_arm64", version = "3.11", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-24.2.2/graalpy-24.2.2-macos-aarch64.tar.gz" },
 ]
 
 [windows]
@@ -195,38 +195,47 @@ python_configurations = [
   { identifier = "cp311-win_amd64", version = "3.11.9", arch = "64" },
   { identifier = "cp312-win32", version = "3.12.10", arch = "32" },
   { identifier = "cp312-win_amd64", version = "3.12.10", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-win32", version = "3.13.3", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-win32", version = "3.13.5", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-win32", version = "3.13.3", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-win32", version = "3.13.5", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-win_amd64", version = "3.13.3", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-win_amd64", version = "3.13.5", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-win_amd64", version = "3.13.3", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-win_amd64", version = "3.13.5", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-win32", version = "3.14.0-b2", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-win32", version = "3.14.0-rc1", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp314t-win32", version = "3.14.0-b2", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-win32", version = "3.14.0-rc1", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-win_amd64", version = "3.14.0-b2", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-win_amd64", version = "3.14.0-rc1", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp314t-win_amd64", version = "3.14.0-b2", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-win_amd64", version = "3.14.0-rc1", arch = "64" },
   { identifier = "cp39-win_arm64", version = "3.9.10", arch = "ARM64" },
   { identifier = "cp310-win_arm64", version = "3.10.11", arch = "ARM64" },
   { identifier = "cp311-win_arm64", version = "3.11.9", arch = "ARM64" },
   { identifier = "cp312-win_arm64", version = "3.12.10", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-win_arm64", version = "3.13.3", arch = "ARM64" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-win_arm64", version = "3.13.5", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-win_arm64", version = "3.13.3", arch = "ARM64" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-win_arm64", version = "3.13.5", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-win_arm64", version = "3.14.0-b2", arch = "ARM64" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-win_arm64", version = "3.14.0-rc1", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp314t-win_arm64", version = "3.14.0-b2", arch = "ARM64" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-win_arm64", version = "3.14.0-rc1", arch = "ARM64" },
   { identifier = "pp38-win_amd64", version = "3.8", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-win64.zip" },
   { identifier = "pp39-win_amd64", version = "3.9", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.16-win64.zip" },
   { identifier = "pp310-win_amd64", version = "3.10", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.19-win64.zip" },
-  { identifier = "pp311-win_amd64", version = "3.11", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.11-v7.3.19-win64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "pp311-win_amd64", version = "3.11", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.11-v7.3.20-win64.zip" },
-  { identifier = "gp311_242-win_amd64", version = "3.11", arch = "64", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-24.2.1/graalpy-24.2.1-windows-amd64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "gp311_242-win_amd64", version = "3.11", arch = "64", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-24.2.2/graalpy-24.2.2-windows-amd64.zip" },
 ]
 
 [pyodide]
 python_configurations = [
-  { identifier = "cp312-pyodide_wasm32", version = "3.12", default_pyodide_version = "0.27.6", node_version = "v22" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-pyodide_wasm32", version = "3.12", default_pyodide_version = "0.27.7", node_version = "v22" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-pyodide_wasm32", version = "3.13", default_pyodide_version = "0.28.0a3", node_version = "v22" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-pyodide_wasm32", version = "3.13", default_pyodide_version = "0.28.0", node_version = "v22" },
+]
+
+[android]
+python_configurations = [
+  { identifier = "cp313-android_arm64_v8a", version = "3.13", url = "https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/chaquo/python/python/3.13.5+20250722.214220/python-3.13.5+20250722.214220-aarch64-linux-android.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-android_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/chaquo/python/python/3.13.5+20250722.214220/python-3.13.5+20250722.214220-x86_64-linux-android.tar.gz" },
 ]
 
 [ios]
 python_configurations = [
-  { identifier = "cp313-ios_arm64_iphoneos", version = "3.13", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.13-b6/Python-3.13-iOS-support.b6.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-ios_arm64_iphoneos", version = "3.13", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.13-b10/Python-3.13-iOS-support.b10.tar.gz" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.13", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.13-b6/Python-3.13-iOS-support.b6.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.13", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.13-b10/Python-3.13-iOS-support.b10.tar.gz" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.13", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.13-b6/Python-3.13-iOS-support.b6.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.13", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.13-b10/Python-3.13-iOS-support.b10.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-ios_arm64_iphoneos", version = "3.14", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.14-b6/Python-3.14-iOS-support.b6.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.14", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.14-b6/Python-3.14-iOS-support.b6.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.14", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.14-b6/Python-3.14-iOS-support.b6.tar.gz" },
 ]

cibuildwheel/resources/cibuildwheel.schema.json

@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@
     },
     "build-frontend": {
       "default": "default",
-      "description": "Set the tool to use to build, either \"pip\" (default for now), \"build\", or \"build[uv]\"",
+      "description": "Set the tool to use to build, either \"build\" (default), \"build[uv]\", or \"pip\"",
       "oneOf": [
         {
           "enum": [
@@ -1072,6 +1072,66 @@
         }
       }
     },
+    "android": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "archs": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/archs"
+        },
+        "before-all": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/before-all"
+        },
+        "before-build": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/before-build"
+        },
+        "before-test": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/before-test"
+        },
+        "build-frontend": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/build-frontend"
+        },
+        "build-verbosity": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/build-verbosity"
+        },
+        "config-settings": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/config-settings"
+        },
+        "dependency-versions": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/dependency-versions"
+        },
+        "environment": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/environment"
+        },
+        "xbuild-tools": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/xbuild-tools"
+        },
+        "pyodide-version": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/pyodide-version"
+        },
+        "repair-wheel-command": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/repair-wheel-command"
+        },
+        "test-command": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-command"
+        },
+        "test-extras": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-extras"
+        },
+        "test-sources": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-sources"
+        },
+        "test-groups": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-groups"
+        },
+        "test-requires": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-requires"
+        },
+        "test-environment": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-environment"
+        }
+      }
+    },
     "ios": {
       "type": "object",
       "additionalProperties": false,

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-pyodide312.txt

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ build==1.2.2.post1
     # via
     #   -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
     #   pyodide-build
-certifi==2025.4.26
+certifi==2025.7.14
     # via
     #   httpcore
     #   httpx
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ click==8.1.8
     # via
     #   -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
     #   typer
-distlib==0.3.9
+distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
 filelock==3.18.0
     # via virtualenv
@@ -54,15 +54,15 @@ platformdirs==4.3.8
     # via
     #   pyodide-build
     #   virtualenv
-pydantic==2.11.5
+pydantic==2.11.7
     # via
     #   pyodide-build
     #   pyodide-lock
 pydantic-core==2.33.2
     # via pydantic
-pygments==2.19.1
+pygments==2.19.2
     # via rich
-pyodide-build==0.30.4
+pyodide-build==0.30.5
     # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
 pyodide-cli==0.3.0
     # via
@@ -72,16 +72,16 @@ pyodide-lock==0.1.0a7
     # via pyodide-build
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
     # via build
-requests==2.32.3
+requests==2.32.4
     # via pyodide-build
-resolvelib==1.1.0
+resolvelib==1.2.0
     # via pyodide-build
-rich==14.0.0
+rich==14.1.0
     # via
     #   pyodide-build
     #   pyodide-cli
     #   typer
-ruamel-yaml==0.18.12
+ruamel-yaml==0.18.14
     # via pyodide-build
 ruamel-yaml-clib==0.2.12
     # via ruamel-yaml
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ typer==0.16.0
     #   auditwheel-emscripten
     #   pyodide-build
     #   pyodide-cli
-typing-extensions==4.13.2
+typing-extensions==4.14.1
     # via
     #   anyio
     #   pydantic
@@ -105,9 +105,9 @@ typing-inspection==0.4.1
     # via pydantic
 unearth==0.17.5
     # via pyodide-build
-urllib3==2.4.0
+urllib3==2.5.0
     # via requests
-virtualenv==20.31.2
+virtualenv==20.32.0
     # via
     #   build
     #   pyodide-build

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-pyodide313.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+# This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
+#    nox -s update_constraints
+annotated-types==0.7.0
+    # via pydantic
+anyio==4.9.0
+    # via httpx
+auditwheel-emscripten==0.1.0
+    # via pyodide-build
+build==1.2.2.post1
+    # via
+    #   -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
+    #   pyodide-build
+certifi==2025.7.14
+    # via
+    #   httpcore
+    #   httpx
+    #   requests
+charset-normalizer==3.4.2
+    # via requests
+click==8.1.8
+    # via
+    #   -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
+    #   typer
+distlib==0.4.0
+    # via virtualenv
+filelock==3.18.0
+    # via virtualenv
+h11==0.16.0
+    # via httpcore
+httpcore==1.0.9
+    # via httpx
+httpx==0.28.1
+    # via unearth
+idna==3.10
+    # via
+    #   anyio
+    #   httpx
+    #   requests
+leb128==1.0.8
+    # via auditwheel-emscripten
+markdown-it-py==3.0.0
+    # via rich
+mdurl==0.1.2
+    # via markdown-it-py
+packaging==25.0
+    # via
+    #   auditwheel-emscripten
+    #   build
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   unearth
+pip==25.1.1
+    # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
+platformdirs==4.3.8
+    # via
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   virtualenv
+pydantic==2.11.7
+    # via
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   pyodide-lock
+pydantic-core==2.33.2
+    # via pydantic
+pygments==2.19.2
+    # via rich
+pyodide-build==0.30.5
+    # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
+pyodide-cli==0.3.0
+    # via
+    #   auditwheel-emscripten
+    #   pyodide-build
+pyodide-lock==0.1.0a7
+    # via pyodide-build
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
+    # via build
+requests==2.32.4
+    # via pyodide-build
+resolvelib==1.2.0
+    # via pyodide-build
+rich==14.1.0
+    # via
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   pyodide-cli
+    #   typer
+ruamel-yaml==0.18.14
+    # via pyodide-build
+ruamel-yaml-clib==0.2.12
+    # via ruamel-yaml
+shellingham==1.5.4
+    # via typer
+sniffio==1.3.1
+    # via anyio
+typer==0.16.0
+    # via
+    #   auditwheel-emscripten
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   pyodide-cli
+typing-extensions==4.14.1
+    # via
+    #   pydantic
+    #   pydantic-core
+    #   typer
+    #   typing-inspection
+typing-inspection==0.4.1
+    # via pydantic
+unearth==0.17.5
+    # via pyodide-build
+urllib3==2.5.0
+    # via requests
+virtualenv==20.32.0
+    # via
+    #   build
+    #   pyodide-build
+wheel==0.45.1
+    # via
+    #   auditwheel-emscripten
+    #   pyodide-build

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python310.txt

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ build==1.2.2.post1
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.9
+distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
 filelock==3.18.0
     # via virtualenv
@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
     # via build
 tomli==2.2.1
     # via build
-typing-extensions==4.13.2
+typing-extensions==4.14.1
     # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.31.2
+virtualenv==20.32.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-zipp==3.22.0
+zipp==3.23.0
     # via importlib-metadata

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python311.txt

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ build==1.2.2.post1
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.9
+distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
 filelock==3.18.0
     # via virtualenv
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ platformdirs==4.3.8
     # via virtualenv
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
     # via build
-typing-extensions==4.13.2
+typing-extensions==4.14.1
     # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.31.2
+virtualenv==20.32.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python312.txt

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ build==1.2.2.post1
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.9
+distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
 filelock==3.18.0
     # via virtualenv
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ platformdirs==4.3.8
     # via virtualenv
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
     # via build
-typing-extensions==4.13.2
+typing-extensions==4.14.1
     # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.31.2
+virtualenv==20.32.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python313.txt

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ build==1.2.2.post1
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.9
+distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
 filelock==3.18.0
     # via virtualenv
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ platformdirs==4.3.8
     # via virtualenv
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
     # via build
-typing-extensions==4.13.2
+typing-extensions==4.14.1
     # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.31.2
+virtualenv==20.32.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python314.txt

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ build==1.2.2.post1
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.9
+distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
 filelock==3.18.0
     # via virtualenv
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ platformdirs==4.3.8
     # via virtualenv
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
     # via build
-typing-extensions==4.13.2
+typing-extensions==4.14.1
     # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.31.2
+virtualenv==20.32.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python38.txt

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ build==1.2.2.post1
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.12.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.9
+distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
 filelock==3.16.1
     # via virtualenv
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ tomli==2.2.1
     # via build
 typing-extensions==4.13.2
     # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.31.2
+virtualenv==20.32.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 zipp==3.20.2
     # via importlib-metadata

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python39.txt

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ build==1.2.2.post1
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.9
+distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
 filelock==3.18.0
     # via virtualenv
@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
     # via build
 tomli==2.2.1
     # via build
-typing-extensions==4.13.2
+typing-extensions==4.14.1
     # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.31.2
+virtualenv==20.32.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-zipp==3.22.0
+zipp==3.23.0
     # via importlib-metadata

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.txt

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ build==1.2.2.post1
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.9
+distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
 filelock==3.18.0
     # via virtualenv
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ platformdirs==4.3.8
     # via virtualenv
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
     # via build
-typing-extensions==4.13.2
+typing-extensions==4.14.1
     # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.31.2
+virtualenv==20.32.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/defaults.toml

@@ -31,14 +31,14 @@ container-engine = "docker"
 pyodide-version = ""
 
 manylinux-x86_64-image = "manylinux_2_28"
-manylinux-i686-image = "manylinux2014"
+manylinux-i686-image = "manylinux_2_28"
 manylinux-aarch64-image = "manylinux_2_28"
 manylinux-ppc64le-image = "manylinux_2_28"
 manylinux-s390x-image = "manylinux_2_28"
 manylinux-armv7l-image = "manylinux_2_31"
-manylinux-riscv64-image = "ghcr.io/pypa/cibuildwheel/no_default_image:please_use_override"
+manylinux-riscv64-image = "manylinux_2_39"
 manylinux-pypy_x86_64-image = "manylinux_2_28"
-manylinux-pypy_i686-image = "manylinux2014"
+manylinux-pypy_i686-image = "manylinux_2_28"
 manylinux-pypy_aarch64-image = "manylinux_2_28"
 
 musllinux-x86_64-image = "musllinux_1_2"
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ musllinux-aarch64-image = "musllinux_1_2"
 musllinux-ppc64le-image = "musllinux_1_2"
 musllinux-s390x-image = "musllinux_1_2"
 musllinux-armv7l-image = "musllinux_1_2"
-musllinux-riscv64-image = "ghcr.io/pypa/cibuildwheel/no_default_image:please_use_override"
+musllinux-riscv64-image = "musllinux_1_2"
 
 
 [tool.cibuildwheel.linux]
@@ -58,6 +58,8 @@ repair-wheel-command = "delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest
 
 [tool.cibuildwheel.windows]
 
+[tool.cibuildwheel.android]
+
 [tool.cibuildwheel.ios]
 
 [tool.cibuildwheel.pyodide]

cibuildwheel/resources/install_certifi.py

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ def main() -> None:
         [sys.executable, "-E", "-s", "-m", "pip", "install", "--upgrade", "certifi"]
     )
 
-    import certifi
+    import certifi  # noqa: PLC0415
 
     # change working directory to the default SSL directory
     os.chdir(openssl_dir)

cibuildwheel/resources/nodejs.toml

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 url = "https://nodejs.org/dist/"
-v22 = "v22.16.0"
+v22 = "v22.17.1"
-v20 = "v20.19.2"
+v20 = "v20.19.4"

cibuildwheel/resources/pinned_docker_images.cfg

@@ -1,47 +1,53 @@
 [x86_64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2025.05.31-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2025.07.27-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2025.05.28-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2025.07.27-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_x86_64:2025.05.31-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_x86_64:2025.07.27-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64:2025.05.31-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64:2025.07.27-1
 
 [i686]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2025.05.31-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2025.07.27-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686:2025.05.31-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686:2025.07.27-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_i686:2025.07.27-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686:2025.07.27-1
 
 [aarch64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2025.05.31-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2025.07.27-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2025.05.28-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2025.07.27-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_aarch64:2025.05.31-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_aarch64:2025.07.27-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_aarch64:2025.05.31-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_aarch64:2025.07.27-1
 
 [ppc64le]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le:2025.05.31-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le:2025.07.27-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_ppc64le:2025.05.28-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_ppc64le:2025.07.27-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_ppc64le:2025.05.31-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_ppc64le:2025.07.27-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_ppc64le:2025.05.31-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_ppc64le:2025.07.27-1
 
 [s390x]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x:2025.05.31-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x:2025.07.27-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_s390x:2025.05.28-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_s390x:2025.07.27-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_s390x:2025.05.31-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_s390x:2025.07.27-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_s390x:2025.05.31-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_s390x:2025.07.27-1
 
 [pypy_x86_64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2025.05.31-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2025.07.27-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2025.05.28-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2025.07.27-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_x86_64:2025.05.31-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_x86_64:2025.07.27-1
 
 [pypy_i686]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2025.05.31-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2025.07.27-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686:2025.07.27-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_i686:2025.07.27-1
 
 [pypy_aarch64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2025.05.31-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2025.07.27-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2025.05.28-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2025.07.27-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_aarch64:2025.05.31-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_aarch64:2025.07.27-1
 
 [armv7l]
-manylinux_2_31 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_31_armv7l:2025.05.31-1
+manylinux_2_31 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_31_armv7l:2025.07.27-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_armv7l:2025.05.31-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_armv7l:2025.07.27-1
 
 [riscv64]
+manylinux_2_39 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_39_riscv64:2025.07.27-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_riscv64:2025.07.27-1
 

cibuildwheel/resources/python-build-standalone-releases.json

@@ -1,439 +1,455 @@
 {
   "releases": [
     {
-      "tag": "20250529",
+      "tag": "20250723",
       "assets": [
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.10.17+20250529-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250723-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250529/cpython-3.10.17%2B20250529-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250723-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.10.17+20250529-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250723-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250529/cpython-3.10.17%2B20250529-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250723-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.10.17+20250529-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250529/cpython-3.10.17%2B20250529-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.10.17+20250529-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250529/cpython-3.10.17%2B20250529-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.10.17+20250529-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250723-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250529/cpython-3.10.17%2B20250529-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250723-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.10.17+20250529-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250723-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250529/cpython-3.10.17%2B20250529-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250723-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.10.17+20250529-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250723-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250529/cpython-3.10.17%2B20250529-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250723-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.10.17+20250529-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250723-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250529/cpython-3.10.17%2B20250529-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250723-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.10.17+20250529-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250723-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250529/cpython-3.10.17%2B20250529-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250723-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
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-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250529/cpython-3.14.0a7%2B20250529-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.14.0rc1%2B20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz"
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+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.14.0rc1%2B20250723-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
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+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.14.0rc1%2B20250723-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
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+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.14.0rc1%2B20250723-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
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+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.14.0rc1%2B20250723-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
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-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250529/cpython-3.12.10%2B20250529-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.14.0rc1%2B20250723-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
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+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.14.0rc1%2B20250723-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
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+          "name": "cpython-3.14.0rc1+20250723-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250529/cpython-3.14.0a7%2B20250529-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.14.0rc1%2B20250723-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
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-          "name": "cpython-3.12.10+20250529-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.0rc1+20250723-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250529/cpython-3.12.10%2B20250529-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.14.0rc1%2B20250723-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
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-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250529/cpython-3.14.0a7%2B20250529-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.14.0rc1%2B20250723-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
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-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250529/cpython-3.9.22%2B20250529-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.14.0rc1%2B20250723-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
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-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250529/cpython-3.9.22%2B20250529-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.14.0rc1%2B20250723-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
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+          "name": "cpython-3.14.0rc1+20250723-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250529/cpython-3.9.22%2B20250529-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.14.0rc1%2B20250723-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
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-          "name": "cpython-3.9.22+20250529-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.0rc1+20250723-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250529/cpython-3.9.22%2B20250529-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.14.0rc1%2B20250723-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
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+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250723-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250529/cpython-3.9.22%2B20250529-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250723-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
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-          "name": "cpython-3.9.22+20250529-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250723-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250529/cpython-3.9.22%2B20250529-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250723-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
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+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250529/cpython-3.9.22%2B20250529-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz"
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+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250529/cpython-3.9.22%2B20250529-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
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-          "name": "cpython-3.9.22+20250529-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250723-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250529/cpython-3.9.22%2B20250529-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250723-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
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+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250723-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250529/cpython-3.9.22%2B20250529-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250723-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
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+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250723-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
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+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250723-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
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+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250723-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250529/cpython-3.9.22%2B20250529-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250723-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
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+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250723-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250529/cpython-3.9.22%2B20250529-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250723-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
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+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250723-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250529/cpython-3.9.22%2B20250529-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250723-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
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+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250723-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250529/cpython-3.9.22%2B20250529-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250723-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
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+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250723-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250529/cpython-3.9.22%2B20250529-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250723-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
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         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.9.22+20250529-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250723-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250529/cpython-3.9.22%2B20250529-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250723-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.9.22+20250529-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250723-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250529/cpython-3.9.22%2B20250529-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250723-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250723-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250723-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250723-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250723-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250723-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250723-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250723-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250723-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
         }
       ]
     }

cibuildwheel/resources/testing_temp_dir_file.py

@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ from typing import NoReturn
 
 class TestStringMethods(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_fail(self) -> NoReturn:
-        if sys.platform == "ios":
+        if sys.platform in ["android", "ios"]:
             msg = (
                 "You tried to run tests from the testbed app's working "
                 "directory, without specifying `test-sources`. "
-                "On iOS, you must copy your test files to the testbed app by "
+                "On this platform, you must copy your test files to the testbed app by "
                 "setting the `test-sources` option in your cibuildwheel "
                 "configuration."
             )

cibuildwheel/resources/virtualenv.toml

@@ -1 +1 @@
-default = { version = "20.31.2", url = "https://github.com/pypa/get-virtualenv/blob/20.31.2/public/virtualenv.pyz?raw=true" }
+default = { version = "20.32.0", url = "https://github.com/pypa/get-virtualenv/blob/20.32.0/public/virtualenv.pyz?raw=true" }

cibuildwheel/selector.py

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class EnableGroup(StrEnum):
 
     @classmethod
     def all_groups(cls) -> frozenset["EnableGroup"]:
-        return frozenset(cls)
+        return frozenset(set(cls) - {cls.CPythonExperimentalRiscV64})
 
     @classmethod
     def parse_option_value(cls, value: str) -> frozenset["EnableGroup"]:
@@ -85,24 +85,27 @@ class BuildSelector:
                 return False
 
         # filter out groups that are not enabled
-        if EnableGroup.CPythonFreeThreading not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "cp3??t-*"):
+        if EnableGroup.CPythonFreeThreading not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "cp313t-*"):
             return False
-        if EnableGroup.CPythonPrerelease not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "cp314*"):
+        if EnableGroup.CPythonPrerelease not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "cp315*"):
             return False
         if EnableGroup.PyPy not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "pp31*"):
             return False
         if EnableGroup.PyPyEoL not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "pp3?-*"):
             return False
-        if EnableGroup.CPythonExperimentalRiscV64 not in self.enable and fnmatch(
-            build_id, "*_riscv64"
-        ):
-            return False
         if EnableGroup.GraalPy not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "gp*"):
             return False
-        if EnableGroup.PyodidePrerelease not in self.enable and fnmatch(
+        # TODO: Re-enable this when we have Pyodide prereleases again (e.g., 0.29.0a1+)
-            build_id, "cp313-pyodide_*"
+        # Python 3.13 support became stable in Pyodide 0.28.0, so it no longer needs a prerelease
-        ):
+        # flag.
-            return False
+        # Also update Pyodide tests in unit_test/build_selector_test.py accordingly.
+        # When re-enabling, update the pattern to match the experimental Python version in case
+        # it is bumped to Python 3.14 (likely cp314-pyodide_* but could remain as 3.13 as well).
+        # This depends on the CPython version being used in the Pyodide runtime at the time.
+        # if EnableGroup.PyodidePrerelease not in self.enable and fnmatch(
+        #     build_id, "cp313-pyodide_*"
+        # ):
+        #     return False
 
         should_build = selector_matches(self.build_config, build_id)
         should_skip = selector_matches(self.skip_config, build_id)

cibuildwheel/typing.py

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ __all__ = (
 PathOrStr = str | os.PathLike[str]
 
 
-PlatformName = Literal["linux", "macos", "windows", "pyodide", "ios"]
+PlatformName = Literal["linux", "macos", "windows", "pyodide", "android", "ios"]
 PLATFORMS: Final[frozenset[PlatformName]] = frozenset(typing.get_args(PlatformName))
 
 

cibuildwheel/util/helpers.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import dataclasses
 import itertools
 import os
 import re
@@ -5,7 +6,6 @@ import shlex
 import textwrap
 from collections import defaultdict
 from collections.abc import Sequence
-from functools import total_ordering
 
 from ..typing import PathOrStr
 
@@ -140,19 +140,17 @@ def parse_key_value_string(
     return dict(result)
 
 
-@total_ordering
+@dataclasses.dataclass(order=True)
 class FlexibleVersion:
-    version_str: str
+    version_parts: tuple[int, ...] = dataclasses.field(init=False, repr=False)
-    version_parts: tuple[int, ...]
+    suffix: str = dataclasses.field(init=False, repr=False)
-    suffix: str
+    version_str: str = dataclasses.field(compare=False)
-
-    def __init__(self, version_str: str) -> None:
-        self.version_str = version_str
 
+    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
         # Split into numeric parts and the optional suffix
-        match = re.match(r"^[v]?(\d+(\.\d+)*)(.*)$", version_str)
+        match = re.match(r"^[v]?(\d+(\.\d+)*)(.*)$", self.version_str)
         if not match:
-            msg = f"Invalid version string: {version_str}"
+            msg = f"Invalid version string: {self.version_str}"
             raise ValueError(msg)
 
         version_part, _, suffix = match.groups()
@@ -172,18 +170,5 @@ class FlexibleVersion:
             parts = parts[:-1]
         return parts
 
-    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
-        if not isinstance(other, FlexibleVersion):
-            raise NotImplementedError()
-        return (self.version_parts, self.suffix) == (other.version_parts, other.suffix)
-
-    def __lt__(self, other: object) -> bool:
-        if not isinstance(other, FlexibleVersion):
-            raise NotImplementedError()
-        return (self.version_parts, self.suffix) < (other.version_parts, other.suffix)
-
-    def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return f"FlexibleVersion('{self.version_str}')"
-
     def __str__(self) -> str:
         return self.version_str

cibuildwheel/util/packaging.py

@@ -158,9 +158,9 @@ def find_compatible_wheel(wheels: Sequence[T], identifier: str) -> T | None:
                 # If a minor version number is given, it has to be lower than the current one.
                 continue
 
-            if platform.startswith(("manylinux", "musllinux", "macosx", "ios")):
+            if platform.startswith(("manylinux", "musllinux", "macosx", "android", "ios")):
-                # Linux, macOS, and iOS require the beginning and ending match
+                # On these platforms the wheel tag includes a platform version number, which we
-                # (macos/manylinux/iOS version number doesn't need to match)
+                # should ignore.
                 os_, arch = platform.split("_", 1)
                 if not tag.platform.startswith(os_):
                     continue

cibuildwheel/util/resources.py

@@ -22,8 +22,11 @@ TEST_FAIL_CWD_FILE: Final[Path] = PATH / "testing_temp_dir_file.py"
 
 # this value is cached because it's used a lot in unit tests
 @functools.cache
-def read_python_configs(config: PlatformName) -> list[dict[str, str]]:
+def read_all_configs() -> dict[str, list[dict[str, str]]]:
     with BUILD_PLATFORMS.open("rb") as f:
         loaded_file = tomllib.load(f)
-    results: list[dict[str, str]] = list(loaded_file[config]["python_configurations"])
+    return {k: list[dict[str, str]](v["python_configurations"]) for k, v in loaded_file.items()}
-    return results
+
+
+def read_python_configs(config: PlatformName) -> list[dict[str, str]]:
+    return read_all_configs()[config]

cibuildwheel/venv.py

@@ -157,8 +157,7 @@ def virtualenv(
 def find_uv() -> Path | None:
     # Prefer uv in our environment
     with contextlib.suppress(ImportError, FileNotFoundError):
-        # pylint: disable-next=import-outside-toplevel
+        from uv import find_uv_bin  # noqa: PLC0415
-        from uv import find_uv_bin
 
         return Path(find_uv_bin())
 

docs/changelog.md

@@ -4,80 +4,90 @@ title: Changelog
 
 # Changelog
 
+### v3.1.2
+
+_29 July 2025_
+
+- ⚠️  Add an error if `CIBW_FREE_THREADING_SUPPORT` is set; you are likely missing 3.13t wheels, please use the `enable`/`CIBW_ENABLE` (#2520)
+- 🛠 `riscv64` now enabled if you target that architecture, it's now supported on PyPI (#2509)
+- 🛠 Add warning when using `cpython-experimental-riscv64` (no longer needed) (#2526, #2528)
+- 🛠 iOS versions bumped, fixing issues with 3.14 (now RC 1) (#2530)
+- 🐛 Fix bug in Android running wheel from our GitHub Action (#2517)
+- 🐛 Fix warning when using `test-skip` of `"*-macosx_universal2:arm64"` (#2522)
+- 🐛 Fix incorrect number of wheels reported in logs, again (#2517)
+- 📚 We welcome our Android platform maintainer (#2516)
+
+
+### v3.1.1
+
+_24 July 2025_
+
+- 🐛 Fix a bug showing an incorrect wheel count at the end of execution, and misrepresenting test-only runs in the GitHub Action summary (#2512)
+- 📚 Docs fix (#2510)
+
+### v3.1.0
+
+_23 July 2025_
+
+
+- 🌟 CPython 3.14 wheels are now built by default - without the `"cpython-prerelease"` `enable` set. It's time to build and upload these wheels to PyPI! This release includes CPython 3.14.0rc1, which is guaranteed to be ABI compatible with the final release. (#2507) Free-threading is no longer experimental in 3.14, so you have to skip it explicitly with `'cp31?t-*'` if you don't support it yet. (#2503)
+- 🌟 Adds the ability to [build wheels for Android](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/platforms/#android)! Set the [`platform` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#platform) to `android` on Linux or macOS to try it out! (#2349)
+- 🌟 Adds Pyodide 0.28, which builds 3.13 wheels (#2487)
+- ✨ Support for 32-bit `manylinux_2_28` (now a consistent default) and `manylinux_2_34` added (#2500)
+- 🛠 Improved summary, will also use markdown summary output on GHA (#2469)
+- 🛠 The riscv64 images now have a working default (as they are now part of pypy/manylinux), but are still experimental (and behind an `enable`) since you can't push them to PyPI yet (#2506)
+- 🛠 Fixed a typo in the 3.9 MUSL riscv64 identifier (`cp39-musllinux_ricv64` -> `cp39-musllinux_riscv64`) (#2490)
+- 🛠 Mistyping `--only` now shows the correct possibilities, and even suggests near matches on Python 3.14+ (#2499)
+- 🛠 Only support one output from the repair step on linux like other platforms; auditwheel fixed this over four years ago! (#2478)
+- 🛠 We now use pattern matching extensively (#2434)
+- 📚 We now have platform maintainers for our special platforms and interpreters! (#2481)
+
+
+
+### v3.0.1
+
+_5 July 2025_
+
+- 🛠 Updates CPython 3.14 prerelease to 3.14.0b3 (#2471)
+- ✨ Adds a CPython 3.14 prerelease iOS build (only when prerelease builds are [enabled](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable)) (#2475)
+
 ### v3.0.0
 
-Not yet released, but available for testing.
+_11 June 2025_
 
-Note - when using a beta version, be sure to check the [latest docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/), rather than the stable version, which is still on v2.X.
+See @henryiii's [release post](https://iscinumpy.dev/post/cibuildwheel-3-0-0/) for more info on new features!
 
-<!--
+- 🌟 Adds the ability to [build wheels for iOS](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/platforms/#ios)! Set the [`platform` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#platform) to `ios` on a Mac with the iOS toolchain to try it out! (#2286, #2363, #2432)
-note to self, when doing final release, change to docs URLs in this section to the stable version!
+- 🌟 Adds support for the GraalPy interpreter! Enable for your project using the [`enable` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable). (#1538, #2411, #2414)
--->
+- ✨ Adds CPython 3.14 support, under the [`enable` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) `cpython-prerelease`. This version of cibuildwheel uses 3.14.0b2. (#2390)
-
-If you've used previous versions of the beta:
-- ⚠️ Previous betas of v3.0 changed the working directory for tests. This has been rolled back to the v2.x behaviour, so you might need to change configs if you adapted to the beta 1 or 2 behaviour. See [issue #2406](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/2406) for more information.
-- ⚠️ GraalPy shipped with the identifier `gp242-*` in previous betas, this has been changed to `gp311_242-*` to be consistent with other interpreters, and to fix a bug with GraalPy and project requires-python detection. If you were using GraalPy, you might need to update your config to use the new identifier.
-- ⚠️ `test-sources` now uses `project` directory instead of the `package` directory (matching the docs).
-
-#### v3.0.0b5
-
-_3 June 2025_
-
-- ✨ Support multiple commands on iOS, joined by `&&`, like the other platforms. (#2432)
-- ✨ Add `pyodide-prerelease` enable option, with an early build of 0.28 (Python 3.13). (#2431)
-- 🛠 test-sources now uses the `project` directory instead of the `package` directory (matching the docs). (#2437)
-- 🛠 Fixed a bug with GraalPy if vsdevcmd prints an error. Cirrus CI works again. (#2414)
-- 🛠 Use the standard Schema line for the integrated JSONSchema. (#2433)
-- 📚 Use Python 3.14 color output in docs CLI output. (#2407)
-
-#### v3.0.0b4
-
-_29 May 2025_
-
-- 🛠 Dependency updates, including Python 3.14.0b2. (#2371)
-- 🛠 Remove the addition of `PYTHONSAFEPATH` to `test-environment`. (#2429)
-- 📚 README table now matches docs and auto-updates. (#2427, #2428)
-
-#### v3.0.0b3
-
-_28 May 2025_
-
-- 🛠 Reverts the test working dir (when test-sources isn't set) to a temporary dir, rather than the project. (#2420)
-- 📚 Docs now primarily use the pyproject.toml name of options, rather than the environment variable name. (#2389)
-
-#### v3.0.0b2
-
-_25 May 2025_
-
-- ✨ Adds the [`CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/options/#test-environment) option, which allows you to set environment variables for the test command. cibuildwheel now sets `PYTHONSAFEPATH=1` in test environments by default, to avoid picking up package imports from the local directory - we want to test the installed wheel, not the source tree! You can change that, or any other environment variable in the test environment using this option. (#2388)
-- ✨ Improves support for Pyodide builds and adds the [`CIBW_PYODIDE_VERSION`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/options/#pyodide-version) option, which allows you to specify the version of Pyodide to use for builds. (#2002)
-
-#### v3.0.0b1
-
-_19 May 2025_
-
-- 🌟 Adds the ability to [build wheels for iOS](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/platforms/#ios)! Set the [`platform` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/options/#platform) to `ios` on a Mac with the iOS toolchain to try it out!
-- 🌟 Adds support for the GraalPy interpreter! Enable for your project using the [`enable` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/options/#enable). (#1538)
-- ✨ Adds CPython 3.14 support, under the [`enable` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/options/#enable) `cpython-prerelease`. This version of cibuildwheel uses 3.14.0b1.
 
     _While CPython is in beta, the ABI can change, so your wheels might not be compatible with the final release. For this reason, we don't recommend distributing wheels until RC1, at which point 3.14 will be available in cibuildwheel without the flag._ (#2390)
-- ✨ Adds the [test-sources option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/options/#test-sources), and changes the working directory for tests.
 
-    - If this option is set, cibuildwheel will copy the files and folders specified in `test-sources` into a temporary directory, and run the tests from there. This is required for iOS builds, but also useful for other platforms, as it allows you to test the installed wheel without any chance of accidentally importing from the source tree.
+- ✨ Adds the [test-sources option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-sources), which copies files and folders into the temporary working directory we run tests from. (#2062, #2284, #2420, #2437)
-    - ~If this option is not set, cibuildwheel will run the tests in the source tree. This is a change from the previous behavior, where cibuildwheel would run the tests from a temporary directory. We're still investigating what's best here, so if you encounter any issues with this, please let us know in [issue #2406](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/2406).~
-    - If this option is not set, behaviour matches v2.x - cibuildwheel will run the tests from a temporary directory, and you can use the `{project}` placeholder in the `test-command` to refer to the project directory.
 
-- ✨ Added´ `dependency-versions` inline syntax (#2123)
+    This is particularly important for iOS builds, which do not support placeholders in the `test-command`, but can also be useful for other platforms.
-- 🛠 The default [manylinux image](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/options/#linux-image) has changed from `manylinux2014` to `manylinux_2_28` (#2330)
+
-- 🛠 Invokes `build` rather than `pip wheel` to build wheels by default. You can control this via the [`build-frontend`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/options/#build-frontend) option. You might notice that you can see your build log output now! (#2321)
+- ✨ Adds [`dependency-versions`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#dependency-versions) inline syntax (#2122)
-- 🛠 Removed the `CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS` and `CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT` options - these have been folded into the [`enable`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/options/#enable) option instead. (#2095)
+- ✨ Improves support for Pyodide builds and adds the experimental [`pyodide-version`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#pyodide-version) option, which allows you to specify the version of Pyodide to use for builds. (#2002)
-- 🛠 EOL images `manylinux1`, `manylinux2010`, `manylinux_2_24` and `musllinux_1_1` can no longer be specified by their shortname. The full OCI name can still be used for these images, if you wish (#2316)
+- ✨ Add `pyodide-prerelease` [enable](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) option, with an early build of 0.28 (Python 3.13). (#2431)
+- ✨ Adds the [`test-environment`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-environment) option, which allows you to set environment variables for the test command. (#2388)
+- ✨ Adds the [`xbuild-tools`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#xbuild-tools) option, which allows you to specify tools safe for cross-compilation. Currently only used on iOS; will be useful for Android in the future. (#2317)
+- 🛠 The default [manylinux image](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image) has changed from `manylinux2014` to `manylinux_2_28`. (#2330)
+- 🛠 EOL images `manylinux1`, `manylinux2010`, `manylinux_2_24` and `musllinux_1_1` can no longer be specified by their shortname. The full OCI name can still be used for these images, if you wish. (#2316)
+- 🛠 Invokes `build` rather than `pip wheel` to build wheels by default. You can control this via the [`build-frontend`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-frontend) option. You might notice that you can see your build log output now! (#2321)
+- 🛠 Build verbosity settings have been reworked to have consistent meanings between build backends when non-zero. (#2339)
+- 🛠 Removed the `CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS` and `CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT` options - these have been folded into the [`enable`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) option instead. (#2095)
 - 🛠 Build environments no longer have setuptools and wheel preinstalled. (#2329)
+- 🛠 Use the standard Schema line for the integrated JSONSchema. (#2433)
 - ⚠️ Dropped support for building Python 3.6 and 3.7 wheels. If you need to build wheels for these versions, use cibuildwheel v2.23.3 or earlier. (#2282)
 - ⚠️ The minimum Python version required to run cibuildwheel is now Python 3.11. You can still build wheels for Python 3.8 and newer. (#1912)
-- ⚠️ PyPy wheels no longer built by default, due to a change to our options system. To continue building PyPy wheels, you'll now need to set the [`enable` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/options/#enable) to `pypy` or `pypy-eol`. (#2095)
+- ⚠️ 32-bit Linux wheels no longer built by default - the [arch](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#archs) was removed from `"auto"`. It now requires explicit `"auto32"`. Note that modern manylinux images (like the new default, `manylinux_2_28`) do not have 32-bit versions. (#2458)
+- ⚠️ PyPy wheels no longer built by default, due to a change to our options system. To continue building PyPy wheels, you'll now need to set the [`enable` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) to `pypy` or `pypy-eol`. (#2095)
 - ⚠️ Dropped official support for Appveyor. If it was working for you before, it will probably continue to do so, but we can't be sure, because our CI doesn't run there anymore. (#2386)
-- 📚 A reorganisation of the docs, and numerous updates (#2280)
+- 📚 A reorganisation of the docs, and numerous updates. (#2280)
+- 📚 Use Python 3.14 color output in docs CLI output. (#2407)
+- 📚 Docs now primarily use the pyproject.toml name of options, rather than the environment variable name. (#2389)
+- 📚 README table now matches docs and auto-updates. (#2427, #2428)
 
 ### v2.23.3
 
@@ -553,7 +563,7 @@ _14 December 2021_
 _26 November 2021_
 
 - 📈 cibuildwheel now defaults to manylinux2014 image for linux builds, rather than manylinux2010. If you want to stick with manylinux2010, it's simple to set this using [the image options](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image). (#926)
-- ✨ You can now pass environment variables from the host machine into the Docker container during a Linux build. Check out [the docs for `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_PASS_LINUX `](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/options/#environment-pass) for the details. (#914)
+- ✨ You can now pass environment variables from the host machine into the Docker container during a Linux build. Check out [the docs for `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_PASS_LINUX `](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#environment-pass) for the details. (#914)
 - ✨ Added support for building PyPy 3.8 wheels. (#881)
 - ✨ Added support for building Windows arm64 CPython wheels on a Windows arm64 runner. We can't test this in CI yet, so for now, this is experimental. (#920)
 - 📚 Improved the deployment documentation (#911)
@@ -584,7 +594,7 @@ _22 October 2021_
 
 - 🌟 TOML option overrides! This provides much greater flexibility in configuration via pyproject.toml. (#854)
 
-  You can now set build options for any subset of your builds using a match pattern. So, for example, you can customise CPython 3.8 builds with an override on `cp38-*` or musllinux builds by selecting `*musllinux*`. Check out [the docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/options/#overrides) for more info on the specifics.
+  You can now set build options for any subset of your builds using a match pattern. So, for example, you can customise CPython 3.8 builds with an override on `cp38-*` or musllinux builds by selecting `*musllinux*`. Check out [the docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#overrides) for more info on the specifics.
 
 - 🛠 Added support for building PyPy wheels on macOS 11 CI runners. (#875)
 

docs/ci-services.md

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ Commit this file, and push to GitHub - either to your default branch, or to a PR
 
 For more info on this file, check out the [docs](https://help.github.com/en/actions/reference/workflow-syntax-for-github-actions).
 
-[`examples/github-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/examples/github-deploy.yml) extends this minimal example to include iOS and Pyodide builds, and a demonstration of how to automatically upload the built wheels to PyPI.
+[`examples/github-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/examples/github-deploy.yml) extends this minimal example to include Android, iOS and Pyodide builds, and a demonstration of how to automatically upload the built wheels to PyPI.
 
 
 ### Azure Pipelines [linux/mac/windows] {: #azure-pipelines}

docs/extra.css

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
   left: -3.236em;
   max-width: calc(100cqw);
   width: fit-content;
-  min-width: calc(100% + 3.236em + 3.236em);
+  min-width: min(calc(100% + 3.236em + 3.236em), 100cqw);
 }
 .rst-content .section .wy-table-responsive .docutils {
   padding-left: 3.236em;

docs/faq.md

@@ -49,6 +49,56 @@ myextension = Extension(
 )
 ```
 
+### Building with NumPy
+
+If using NumPy, there are a couple of things that can help.
+
+First, if you require the `numpy` package at build-time (some binding tools, like `pybind11` and `nanobind`, do not), then the backward compatibility for your `build-backend.build-requires` is a little complicated for Python <3.9:
+
+* NumPy <1.25: You must build with the oldest version of NumPy you want to support at runtime.
+* NumPy 1.25 and 1.26: Anything you build will be compatible with 1.19+ by default, and you can set the minimum target to, for example, 1.22 with `#define NPY_TARGET_VERSION NPY_1_22_API_VERSION`.
+* NumPy 2.x: You must build with NumPy 2 to support NumPy 2; otherwise the same as 1.25+.
+
+So the rule is:
+
+* Python <3.8: Use the oldest supported NumPy (via helper `oldest-supported-numpy` if you want)
+* Python 3.9+: Use latest supported NumPy (2+).
+
+Second, there might be platforms you want to ship for that NumPy (or some other scientific Python libraries) are not shipping yet for. This is often true for beta candidates of new Python releases, for example. To work with this, you can use the Scientific Python Nightly wheels. Here's an example, depending on what frontend you use:
+
+!!! tab "pip based"
+    For frontends like `build` (the default) and `pip`:
+
+    ```toml
+    [tool.cibuildwheel]
+    environment.PIP_ONLY_BINARY = "numpy"
+    environment.PIP_PREFER_BINARY = "1"
+
+    [[tool.cibuildwheel.overrides]]
+    select = ["cp314*"]
+    inherit.environment = "append"
+    environment.PIP_EXTRA_INDEX_URL = "https://pypi.anaconda.org/scientific-python-nightly-wheels/simple/"
+    environment.PIP_PRERELEASE = "allow"
+    ```
+
+!!! tab "uv based"
+    For frontends like `build[uv]`:
+
+    ```toml
+    [tool.cibuildwheel]
+    environment.UV_ONLY_BINARY = "numpy"
+    environment.UV_PREFER_BINARY = "1"
+
+    [[tool.cibuildwheel.overrides]]
+    select = ["cp314*"]
+    inherit.environment = "append"
+    environment.UV_INDEX = "https://pypi.anaconda.org/scientific-python-nightly-wheels/simple/"
+    environment.UV_INDEX_STRATEGY = "unsafe-best-match"
+    environment.UV_PRERELEASE = "allow"
+    ```
+
+(Note the `*_ONLY_BINARY` variable also supports `":all:"`, and you don't need both that and `*_PREFER_BINARY`, you can use either one, depending on if you want a missing wheel to be a failure or an attempt to build in CI.)
+
 ### Automatic updates using Dependabot {: #automatic-updates}
 
 Selecting a moving target (like the latest release) is generally a bad idea in CI. If something breaks, you can't tell whether it was your code or an upstream update that caused the breakage, and in a worst-case scenario, it could occur during a release.
@@ -60,7 +110,7 @@ There are two suggested methods for keeping cibuildwheel up to date that instead
 If you use GitHub Actions for builds, you can use cibuildwheel as an action:
 
 ```yaml
-uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.0.0b5
+uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.1.2
 ```
 
 This is a composite step that just runs cibuildwheel using pipx. You can set command-line options as `with:` parameters, and use `env:` as normal.
@@ -82,7 +132,7 @@ The second option, and the only one that supports other CI systems, is using a `
 
 ```bash
 # requirements-cibw.txt
-cibuildwheel==3.0.0b5
+cibuildwheel==3.1.2
 ```
 
 Then your install step would have `python -m pip install -r requirements-cibw.txt` in it. Your `.github/dependabot.yml` file could look like this:
@@ -247,7 +297,7 @@ Solutions to this vary, but the simplest is to use pipx:
 # most runners have pipx preinstalled, but in case you don't
 python3 -m pip install pipx
 
-pipx run cibuildwheel==3.0.0b5 --output-dir wheelhouse
+pipx run cibuildwheel==3.1.2 --output-dir wheelhouse
 pipx run twine upload wheelhouse/*.whl
 ```
 

docs/options.md

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 
 > Override the auto-detected target platform
 
-Options: `auto` `linux` `macos` `windows` `ios` `pyodide`
+Options: `auto` `linux` `macos` `windows` `android` `ios` `pyodide`
 
 Default: `auto`
 
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ Default: `auto`
 
 - For `linux`, you need [Docker or Podman](#container-engine) running, on Linux, macOS, or Windows.
 - For `macos` and `windows`, you need to be running on the respective system, with a working compiler toolchain installed - Xcode Command Line tools for macOS, and MSVC for Windows.
+- For `android` you need to be running on Linux or macOS, with an Android SDK installed. See [here](platforms.md#android) for more details.
 - For `ios` you need to be running on macOS, with Xcode and the iOS simulator installed.
 - For `pyodide`, you need a Linux or macOS machine.
 
@@ -51,26 +52,25 @@ When both options are specified, both conditions are applied and only builds wit
 When setting the options, you can use shell-style globbing syntax, as per [fnmatch](https://docs.python.org/3/library/fnmatch.html) with the addition of curly bracket syntax `{option1,option2}`, provided by [bracex](https://pypi.org/project/bracex/). All the build identifiers supported by cibuildwheel are shown below:
 
 <div class="build-id-table-marker"></div>
-|               | macOS                                                                  | Windows                                             | Linux Intel                                                                                         | Linux Other                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | iOS                                                                                               | pyodide (WASM)       |
+|               | macOS                                                                  | Windows                                             | Linux Intel                                                                                         | Linux Other                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | Android                                          | iOS                                                                                               | pyodide (WASM)       |
-|---------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------|
+|---------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------|
-| Python 3.8    | cp38-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp38-macosx_universal2<br/>cp38-macosx_arm64    | cp38-win_amd64<br/>cp38-win32                       | cp38-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp38-manylinux_i686<br/>cp38-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp38-musllinux_i686     | cp38-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp38-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp38-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp38-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp38-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp38-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp38-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp38-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp38-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp38-musllinux_riscv64           |                                                                                                   |                      |
+| Python 3.8    | cp38-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp38-macosx_universal2<br/>cp38-macosx_arm64    | cp38-win_amd64<br/>cp38-win32                       | cp38-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp38-manylinux_i686<br/>cp38-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp38-musllinux_i686     | cp38-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp38-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp38-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp38-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp38-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp38-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp38-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp38-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp38-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp38-musllinux_riscv64           |                                                  |                                                                                                   |                      |
-| Python 3.9    | cp39-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp39-macosx_universal2<br/>cp39-macosx_arm64    | cp39-win_amd64<br/>cp39-win32<br/>cp39-win_arm64    | cp39-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp39-manylinux_i686<br/>cp39-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp39-musllinux_i686     | cp39-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp39-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp39-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp39-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp39-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp39-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp39-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp39-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp39-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp39-musllinux_riscv64           |                                                                                                   |                      |
+| Python 3.9    | cp39-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp39-macosx_universal2<br/>cp39-macosx_arm64    | cp39-win_amd64<br/>cp39-win32<br/>cp39-win_arm64    | cp39-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp39-manylinux_i686<br/>cp39-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp39-musllinux_i686     | cp39-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp39-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp39-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp39-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp39-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp39-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp39-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp39-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp39-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp39-musllinux_riscv64           |                                                  |                                                                                                   |                      |
-| Python 3.10   | cp310-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp310-macosx_universal2<br/>cp310-macosx_arm64 | cp310-win_amd64<br/>cp310-win32<br/>cp310-win_arm64 | cp310-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp310-manylinux_i686<br/>cp310-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp310-musllinux_i686 | cp310-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp310-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp310-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp310-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp310-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp310-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp310-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp310-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp310-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp310-musllinux_riscv64 |                                                                                                   |                      |
+| Python 3.10   | cp310-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp310-macosx_universal2<br/>cp310-macosx_arm64 | cp310-win_amd64<br/>cp310-win32<br/>cp310-win_arm64 | cp310-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp310-manylinux_i686<br/>cp310-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp310-musllinux_i686 | cp310-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp310-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp310-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp310-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp310-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp310-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp310-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp310-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp310-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp310-musllinux_riscv64 |                                                  |                                                                                                   |                      |
-| Python 3.11   | cp311-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp311-macosx_universal2<br/>cp311-macosx_arm64 | cp311-win_amd64<br/>cp311-win32<br/>cp311-win_arm64 | cp311-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp311-manylinux_i686<br/>cp311-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp311-musllinux_i686 | cp311-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp311-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp311-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp311-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp311-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp311-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp311-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp311-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp311-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp311-musllinux_riscv64 |                                                                                                   |                      |
+| Python 3.11   | cp311-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp311-macosx_universal2<br/>cp311-macosx_arm64 | cp311-win_amd64<br/>cp311-win32<br/>cp311-win_arm64 | cp311-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp311-manylinux_i686<br/>cp311-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp311-musllinux_i686 | cp311-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp311-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp311-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp311-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp311-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp311-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp311-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp311-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp311-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp311-musllinux_riscv64 |                                                  |                                                                                                   |                      |
-| Python 3.12   | cp312-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp312-macosx_universal2<br/>cp312-macosx_arm64 | cp312-win_amd64<br/>cp312-win32<br/>cp312-win_arm64 | cp312-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp312-manylinux_i686<br/>cp312-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp312-musllinux_i686 | cp312-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp312-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp312-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp312-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp312-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp312-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp312-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp312-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp312-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp312-musllinux_riscv64 |                                                                                                   | cp312-pyodide_wasm32 |
+| Python 3.12   | cp312-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp312-macosx_universal2<br/>cp312-macosx_arm64 | cp312-win_amd64<br/>cp312-win32<br/>cp312-win_arm64 | cp312-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp312-manylinux_i686<br/>cp312-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp312-musllinux_i686 | cp312-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp312-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp312-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp312-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp312-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp312-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp312-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp312-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp312-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp312-musllinux_riscv64 |                                                  |                                                                                                   | cp312-pyodide_wasm32 |
-| Python 3.13   | cp313-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp313-macosx_universal2<br/>cp313-macosx_arm64 | cp313-win_amd64<br/>cp313-win32<br/>cp313-win_arm64 | cp313-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp313-manylinux_i686<br/>cp313-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp313-musllinux_i686 | cp313-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp313-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp313-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp313-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp313-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp313-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp313-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp313-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp313-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp313-musllinux_riscv64 | cp313-ios_arm64_iphoneos<br/>cp313-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator<br/>cp313-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator | cp313-pyodide_wasm32 |
+| Python 3.13   | cp313-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp313-macosx_universal2<br/>cp313-macosx_arm64 | cp313-win_amd64<br/>cp313-win32<br/>cp313-win_arm64 | cp313-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp313-manylinux_i686<br/>cp313-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp313-musllinux_i686 | cp313-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp313-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp313-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp313-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp313-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp313-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp313-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp313-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp313-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp313-musllinux_riscv64 | cp313-android_arm64_v8a<br/>cp313-android_x86_64 | cp313-ios_arm64_iphoneos<br/>cp313-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator<br/>cp313-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator | cp313-pyodide_wasm32 |
-| Python 3.14   | cp314-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp314-macosx_universal2<br/>cp314-macosx_arm64 | cp314-win_amd64<br/>cp314-win32<br/>cp314-win_arm64 | cp314-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp314-manylinux_i686<br/>cp314-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp314-musllinux_i686 | cp314-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp314-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp314-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp314-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp314-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp314-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp314-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp314-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp314-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp314-musllinux_riscv64 |                                                                                                   |                      |
+| Python 3.14   | cp314-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp314-macosx_universal2<br/>cp314-macosx_arm64 | cp314-win_amd64<br/>cp314-win32<br/>cp314-win_arm64 | cp314-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp314-manylinux_i686<br/>cp314-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp314-musllinux_i686 | cp314-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp314-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp314-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp314-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp314-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp314-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp314-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp314-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp314-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp314-musllinux_riscv64 | cp314-ios_arm64_iphoneos<br/>cp314-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator<br/>cp314-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator |                      |
-| PyPy3.8 v7.3  | pp38-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp38-macosx_arm64                               | pp38-win_amd64                                      | pp38-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp38-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp38-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |                                                                                                   |                      |
+| PyPy3.8 v7.3  | pp38-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp38-macosx_arm64                               | pp38-win_amd64                                      | pp38-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp38-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp38-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |                                                  |                                                                                                   |                      |
-| PyPy3.9 v7.3  | pp39-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp39-macosx_arm64                               | pp39-win_amd64                                      | pp39-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp39-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp39-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |                                                                                                   |                      |
+| PyPy3.9 v7.3  | pp39-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp39-macosx_arm64                               | pp39-win_amd64                                      | pp39-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp39-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp39-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |                                                  |                                                                                                   |                      |
-| PyPy3.10 v7.3 | pp310-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp310-macosx_arm64                             | pp310-win_amd64                                     | pp310-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp310-manylinux_i686                                                     | pp310-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |                                                                                                   |                      |
+| PyPy3.10 v7.3 | pp310-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp310-macosx_arm64                             | pp310-win_amd64                                     | pp310-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp310-manylinux_i686                                                     | pp310-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |                                                  |                                                                                                   |                      |
-| PyPy3.11 v7.3 | pp311-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp311-macosx_arm64                             | pp311-win_amd64                                     | pp311-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp311-manylinux_i686                                                     | pp311-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |                                                                                                   |                      |
+| PyPy3.11 v7.3 | pp311-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp311-macosx_arm64                             | pp311-win_amd64                                     | pp311-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp311-manylinux_i686                                                     | pp311-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |                                                  |                                                                                                   |                      |
 | GraalPy 3.11 v24.2 | gp311_242-macosx_x86_64<br/>gp311_242-macosx_arm64                             | gp311_242-win_amd64                                     | gp311_242-manylinux_x86_64                                                                              | gp311_242-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |                                                                                                   |                      |
 
 The list of supported and currently selected build identifiers can also be retrieved by passing the `--print-build-identifiers` flag to cibuildwheel.
 The format is `python_tag-platform_tag`, with tags similar to those in [PEP 425](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0425/#details).
 
 Windows arm64 platform support is experimental.
-Linux riscv64 platform support is experimental and requires an explicit opt-in through [`enable`](#enable).
 
 See the [cibuildwheel 2 documentation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/2.x/) for past end-of-life versions of Python.
 
@@ -190,36 +190,53 @@ Options:
 - macOS: `x86_64` `arm64` `universal2`
 - Windows: `AMD64` `x86` `ARM64`
 - Pyodide: `wasm32`
+- Android: `arm64_v8a` `x86_64`
 - iOS: `arm64_iphoneos` `arm64_iphonesimulator` `x86_64_iphonesimulator`
-- `auto`: The default archs for your machine - see the table below.
+- `auto`: The recommended archs for your machine - see the table below.
-    - `auto64`: Just the 64-bit auto archs
+- `auto64`: The 64-bit arch(s) supported by your machine (includes device and simulator for iOS)
-    - `auto32`: Just the 32-bit auto archs
+- `auto32`: The 32-bit arch supported by your machine
-- `native`: the native arch of the build machine - Matches [`platform.machine()`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/platform.html#platform.machine).
+- `native`: the native arch of the build machine - matches [`platform.machine()`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/platform.html#platform.machine).
 - `all` : expands to all the architectures supported on this OS. You may want
   to use [`build`](#build-skip) with this option to target specific
   architectures via build selectors.
 
-Linux riscv64 platform support is experimental and requires an explicit opt-in through [`enable`](#enable).
-
 Default: `auto`
 
 | Runner | `native` | `auto` | `auto64` | `auto32` |
 |---|---|---|---|---|
-| Linux / Intel | `x86_64` | `x86_64` `i686` | `x86_64` | `i686` |
+| Linux / Intel 64-bit | `x86_64` | `x86_64` | `x86_64` | `i686` |
-| Windows / Intel | `AMD64` | `AMD64` `x86` | `AMD64` | `x86` |
+| Linux / Intel 32-bit | `i686` | `i686` |  | `i686` |
+| Linux / Arm 64-bit | `aarch64` | `aarch64` | `aarch64` | `armv7l`¹ |
+| Linux / Arm 32-bit | `armv7l` | `armv7l` | | `armv7l` |
+| Windows / Intel 64-bit | `AMD64` | `AMD64` `x86` | `AMD64` | `x86` |
+| Windows / Intel 32-bit | `x86` | `x86` | | `x86` |
 | Windows / ARM64 | `ARM64` | `ARM64` | `ARM64` | |
 | macOS / Intel | `x86_64` | `x86_64` | `x86_64` |  |
 | macOS / Apple Silicon | `arm64` | `arm64` | `arm64` |  |
 | iOS on macOS / Intel | `x86_64_iphonesimulator` | `x86_64_iphonesimulator` | `x86_64_iphonesimulator` |  |
 | iOS on macOS / Apple Silicon | `arm64_iphonesimulator` | `arm64_iphoneos` `arm64_iphonesimulator` | `arm64_iphoneos` `arm64_iphonesimulator` |
 
+¹: This will only be included if the runner supports it.
+
 If not listed above, `auto` is the same as `native`.
 
+!!! warning
+    The `auto` option only includes 32-bit architectures if they are
+    commonly built. `cibuildwheel` 3.0 removed 32-bit Linux builds from `auto`,
+    and a future release may remove 32-bit Windows builds from `auto` as well.
+    If you know you need them, please include `auto32`. Note that modern
+    manylinux image do not support 32-bit builds. If you want to avoid 32-bit
+    Windows builds today, feel free to use `auto64`.
+
+!!! note
+    Pyodide currently ignores the architecture setting, as it always builds for
+    `wasm32`.
+
 [setup-qemu-action]: https://github.com/docker/setup-qemu-action
 [binfmt]: https://hub.docker.com/r/tonistiigi/binfmt
 
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
- `CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS` | `CIBW_ARCHS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_ARCHS_LINUX` | `CIBW_ARCHS_IOS`
+`CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS` | `CIBW_ARCHS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_ARCHS_LINUX` | `CIBW_ARCHS_ANDROID` | `CIBW_ARCHS_IOS`
 
 This option can also be set using the [command-line option](#command-line)
 `--archs`. This option cannot be set in an `overrides` section in `pyproject.toml`.
@@ -238,6 +255,10 @@ This option can also be set using the [command-line option](#command-line)
     # On an Linux Intel runner with qemu installed, build Intel and ARM wheels
     [tool.cibuildwheel.linux]
     archs = ["auto", "aarch64"]
+
+    # Build all 32-bit and 64-bit wheels natively buildable on the image
+    [tool.cibuildwheel]
+    archs = ["auto64", "auto32"]
     ```
 
 !!! tab examples "Environment variables"
@@ -250,12 +271,13 @@ This option can also be set using the [command-line option](#command-line)
 
     # On an Linux Intel runner with qemu installed, build Intel and ARM wheels
     CIBW_ARCHS_LINUX: "auto aarch64"
+
+    # Build all 32-bit and 64-bit wheels natively buildable on the image
+    CIBW_ARCHS: "auto64 auto32"
     ```
 
     Separate multiple archs with a space.
 
-
-
     It is generally recommended to use the environment variable or
     command-line option for Linux, as selecting archs often depends
     on your specific runner having qemu installed.
@@ -325,14 +347,12 @@ values are:
 - `cpython-freethreading`: [PEP 703](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0703)
   introduced variants of CPython that can be built without the Global
   Interpreter Lock (GIL).  Those variants are also known as free-threaded /
-  no-gil. This will enable building these wheels while they are experimental.
+  no-gil. This will enable building these wheels for 3.13, which was considered
-  The build identifiers for those variants have a `t` suffix in their
+  experimental.  The build identifiers for those variants have a `t` suffix in
-  `python_tag` (e.g. `cp313t-manylinux_x86_64`).
+  their `python_tag` (e.g. `cp313t-manylinux_x86_64`). Starting in 3.14,
+  free-threaded builds are no longer experimental, so this enable is not needed.
 - `pypy`: Enable PyPy.
 - `pypy-eol`: Enable PyPy versions that have passed end of life (if still available).
-- `cpython-experimental-riscv64`: Enable experimental riscv64 builds. Those builds
-  are disabled by default as they can't be uploaded to PyPI and a PEP will most likely
-  be required before this can happen.
 - `graalpy`: Enable GraalPy.
 - `pyodide-prerelease`: Pyodide versions that haven't released yet, if one is
   available. Safe if you are shipping a site with an early build, not for
@@ -348,7 +368,7 @@ values are:
     that version of Python will become available without this flag.
 
 !!! note
-    Free threading is experimental: [What’s New In Python 3.13](https://docs.python.org/3.13/whatsnew/3.13.html#free-threaded-cpython)
+    Free threading was experimental in 3.13: [What’s New In Python 3.13](https://docs.python.org/3.13/whatsnew/3.13.html#free-threaded-cpython)
 
 Default: empty.
 
@@ -448,11 +468,11 @@ possible, both through `--installer=uv` passed to build, as well as when making
 all build and test environments. This will generally speed up cibuildwheel.
 Make sure you have an external uv on Windows and macOS, either by
 pre-installing it, or installing cibuildwheel with the uv extra,
-`cibuildwheel[uv]`. You cannot use uv currently on Windows for ARM, for
+`cibuildwheel[uv]`. uv currently does not support Windows on ARM,
-musllinux on s390x, or for iOS, as binaries are not provided by uv. Legacy dependencies like
+musllinux on s390x, Android, or iOS. Legacy dependencies like
 setuptools on Python < 3.12 and pip are not installed if using uv.
 
-Pyodide ignores this setting, as only "build" is supported.
+On Android and Pyodide, only "build" is supported.
 
 You can specify extra arguments to pass to the build frontend using the
 optional `args` option.
@@ -516,7 +536,7 @@ a table of items, including arrays.
     single values.
 
 Platform-specific environment variables also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_MACOS` | `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_LINUX` | `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_IOS` | `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_PYODIDE`
+`CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_MACOS` | `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_LINUX` | `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_ANDROID` | `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_IOS` | `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_PYODIDE`
 
 
 #### Examples
@@ -549,7 +569,7 @@ You can use `$PATH` syntax to insert other variables, or the `$(pwd)` syntax to
 To specify more than one environment variable, separate the assignments by spaces.
 
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_MACOS` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_LINUX` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_IOS` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_PYODIDE`
+`CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_MACOS` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_LINUX` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_ANDROID` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_IOS` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_PYODIDE`
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -681,7 +701,7 @@ On linux, overriding it triggers a new container launch. It cannot be overridden
 on macOS and Windows.
 
 Platform-specific environment variables also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_LINUX` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_IOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_PYODIDE`
+`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_LINUX` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_ANDROID` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_IOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_PYODIDE`
 
 !!! note
 
@@ -747,7 +767,7 @@ The active Python binary can be accessed using `python`, and pip with `pip`; cib
 The command is run in a shell, so you can write things like `cmd1 && cmd2`.
 
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
- `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_LINUX` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_IOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_PYODIDE`
+ `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_LINUX` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_ANDROID` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_IOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_PYODIDE`
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -865,9 +885,9 @@ Default:
 
 - on Linux: `'auditwheel repair -w {dest_dir} {wheel}'`
 - on macOS: `'delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} -v {wheel}'`
-- on Windows: `''`
+- on Android: There is no default command, but cibuildwheel will add `libc++` to the
-- on iOS: `''`
+  wheel if anything links against it. Setting a command will replace this behavior.
-- on Pyodide: `''`
+- on other platforms: `''`
 
 A shell command to repair a built wheel by copying external library dependencies into the wheel tree and relinking them.
 The command is run on each built wheel (except for pure Python ones) before testing it.
@@ -881,7 +901,7 @@ The following placeholders must be used inside the command and will be replaced
 The command is run in a shell, so you can run multiple commands like `cmd1 && cmd2`.
 
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_MACOS` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_LINUX` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_IOS` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_PYODIDE`
+`CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_MACOS` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_LINUX` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_ANDROID` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_IOS` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_PYODIDE`
 
 !!! tip
     cibuildwheel doesn't yet ship a default repair command for Windows.
@@ -986,30 +1006,31 @@ The available options are:
 | Option                         | Default                                                         |
 |--------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------|
 | `manylinux_x86_64-image`       | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64)  |
-| `manylinux-i686-image`         | [`manylinux2014`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686)      |
+| `manylinux-i686-image`         | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686)    |
 | `manylinux-pypy_x86_64-image`  | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64)  |
 | `manylinux-aarch64-image`      | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64) |
 | `manylinux-ppc64le-image`      | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_ppc64le) |
 | `manylinux-s390x-image`        | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_s390x)   |
 | `manylinux-armv7l-image`       | [`manylinux_2_31`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_31_armv7l)  |
-| `manylinux-riscv64-image`      | No default                                                      |
+| `manylinux-riscv64-image`      | [`manylinux_2_39`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_39_riscv64) |
 | `manylinux-pypy_aarch64-image` | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64) |
-| `manylinux-pypy_i686-image`    | [`manylinux2014`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686)      |
+| `manylinux-pypy_i686-image`    | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686)    |
 | `musllinux_x86_64-image`       | [`musllinux_1_2`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64)    |
 | `musllinux-i686-image`         | [`musllinux_1_2`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686)      |
 | `musllinux-aarch64-image`      | [`musllinux_1_2`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_aarch64)   |
 | `musllinux-ppc64le-image`      | [`musllinux_1_2`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_ppc64le)   |
 | `musllinux-s390x-image`        | [`musllinux_1_2`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_s390x)     |
 | `musllinux-armv7l-image`       | [`musllinux_1_2`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_armv7l)    |
-| `musllinux-riscv64-image`      | No default                                                      |
+| `musllinux-riscv64-image`      | [`musllinux_1_2`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_riscv64)   |
 
 Set the Docker image to be used for building [manylinux / musllinux](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux) wheels.
 
-For `manylinux-*-image`, except `manylinux-armv7l-image`, the value of this option can either be set to `manylinux2014`, `manylinux_2_28` or `manylinux_2_34` to use a pinned version of the [official manylinux images](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux). Alternatively, set these options to any other valid Docker image name.
+For `manylinux-*-image`, except `manylinux-armv7l-image` and `manylinux-riscv64-image`, the value of this option can either be set to `manylinux2014`, `manylinux_2_28` or `manylinux_2_34` to use a pinned version of the [official manylinux images](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux). Alternatively, set these options to any other valid Docker image name.
-`manylinux_2_28` and `manylinux_2_34` are not supported for `i686` architecture.
 
 For `manylinux-armv7l-image`, the value of this option can either be set to `manylinux_2_31` or a custom image. Support is experimental for now. The `manylinux_2_31` value is only available for `armv7`.
 
+For `manylinux-riscv64-image`, the value of this option can either be set to `manylinux_2_39` or a custom image. Support is experimental for now. The `manylinux_2_39` value is only available for `riscv64`.
+
 For `musllinux-*-image`, the value of this option can either be set to `musllinux_1_2` or a custom image.
 
 If this option is blank, it will fall though to the next available definition (environment variable -> pyproject.toml -> default).
@@ -1182,7 +1203,7 @@ specifiers inline with the `packages: SPECIFIER...` syntax.
     `./constraints.txt` if that's not found.
 
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_MACOS` | `CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_IOS` | `CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_PYODIDE`
+`CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_MACOS` | `CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_ANDROID` | `CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_IOS` | `CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_PYODIDE`
 
 !!! note
     This option does not affect the tools used on the Linux build - those versions
@@ -1253,28 +1274,34 @@ The available Pyodide versions are determined by the version of `pyodide-build`
 !!! tip
     You can set the version of `pyodide-build` using the [`dependency-versions`](#dependency-versions) option.
 
+!!! warning
+    This option is considered experimental, and might be converted to a more general mechanism in a future minor cibuildwheel release.
+
+!!! warning
+    Make sure to scope it to one specific pyodide identifier with overrides if using the `pyodide-prerelease` enable.
+
 #### Examples
 
 !!! tab examples "pyproject.toml"
 
     ```toml
     [tool.cibuildwheel.pyodide]
-    # Build Pyodide wheels using Pyodide version 0.27.6
+    # Build Pyodide wheels using Pyodide version 0.28.0
-    pyodide-version = "0.27.6"
+    pyodide-version = "0.28.0"
 
     [tool.cibuildwheel.pyodide]
-    # Build Pyodide wheels using a specific alpha release
+    # Build Pyodide wheels using a specific, previously released alpha release of 0.28.0
-    pyodide-version = "0.28.0a2"
+    pyodide-version = "0.28.0a3"
     ```
 
 !!! tab examples "Environment variables"
 
     ```yaml
-    # Build Pyodide wheels using Pyodide version 0.27.6
+    # Build Pyodide wheels using Pyodide version 0.28.0
-    CIBW_PYODIDE_VERSION: 0.27.6
+    CIBW_PYODIDE_VERSION: 0.28.0
 
-    # Build Pyodide wheels using a specific alpha release
+    # Build Pyodide wheels using a specific, previously released alpha release of 0.28.0
-    CIBW_PYODIDE_VERSION: 0.28.0a2
+    CIBW_PYODIDE_VERSION: 0.28.0a3
     ```
 
 
@@ -1287,8 +1314,8 @@ Shell command to run tests after the build. The wheel will be installed
 automatically and available for import from the tests. If this variable is not
 set, your wheel will not be installed after building.
 
-To ensure the wheel is imported by your tests (instead of your source copy),
+To ensure your tests import the wheel (instead of your source tree),
-**Tests are executed from a temporary directory**, outside of your source
+**tests are executed from a temporary working directory**, outside of your source
 tree. To access your test code, you have a couple of options:
 
 - You can use the [`test-sources`](#test-sources) setting to copy specific
@@ -1305,14 +1332,20 @@ tree. To access your test code, you have a couple of options:
     - `{project}` is an absolute path to the project root - the working
       directory where cibuildwheel was called.
 
-On all platforms other than iOS, the command is run in a shell, so you can write things like `cmd1 && cmd2`.
+    These placeholders are not available on Android and iOS, because those
+    platforms run tests in a virtual machine that does not have access to
+    the build machine's filesystem.
 
-On iOS, the value of the `test-command` setting must follow the format `python
+On all platforms other than Android and iOS, the command is run in a shell, so you can write things like `cmd1 && cmd2`.
--m MODULE [ARGS...]` - where MODULE is a Python module name, followed by
+
-arguments that will be assigned to `sys.argv`. Other commands cannot be used.
+On Android and iOS, the command is parsed by `shlex.split`, and is required to
+be in one of the following forms:
+
+* `python -c command ...` (Android only)
+* `python -m module-name ...`
 
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_IOS` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_PYODIDE`
+`CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_ANDROID` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_IOS` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_PYODIDE`
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -1370,7 +1403,7 @@ The active Python binary can be accessed using `python`, and pip with `pip`; cib
 The command is run in a shell, so you can write things like `cmd1 && cmd2`.
 
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
- `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_LINUX` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_IOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_PYODIDE`
+ `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_LINUX` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_ANDROID` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_IOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_PYODIDE`
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -1425,20 +1458,15 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
 
 
 ### `test-sources` {: #test-sources env-var toml}
-> Files and folders from the source tree that are copied into an isolated tree before running the tests
+> Paths that are copied into the working directory of the tests
 
 A space-separated list of files and folders, relative to the root of the
 project, required for running the tests. If specified, these files and folders
-will be copied into a temporary folder, and that temporary folder will be used
+will be copied into the temporary folder which is used as the working directory
-as the working directory for running the test suite.
+for running the test suite. For more details, see [`test-command`](#test-command).
-
-The use of `test-sources` is *required* for iOS builds. This is because the
-simulator does not have access to the project directory, as it is not stored on
-the simulator device. On iOS, the files will be copied into the test application,
-rather than a temporary folder.
 
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_TEST_SOURCES_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_SOURCES_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_SOURCES_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_SOURCES_IOS` | `CIBW_TEST_SOURCES_PYODIDE`
+`CIBW_TEST_SOURCES_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_SOURCES_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_SOURCES_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_SOURCES_ANDROID` | `CIBW_TEST_SOURCES_IOS` | `CIBW_TEST_SOURCES_PYODIDE`
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -1466,7 +1494,7 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
 Space-separated list of dependencies required for running the tests.
 
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_IOS` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_PYODIDE`
+`CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_ANDROID` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_IOS` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_PYODIDE`
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -1507,7 +1535,7 @@ tests. This can be used to avoid having to redefine test dependencies in
 `setup.cfg` or `setup.py`.
 
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_IOS` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_PYODIDE`
+`CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_ANDROID` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_IOS` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_PYODIDE`
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -1608,7 +1636,7 @@ A space-separated list of environment variables to set in the test environment.
 The syntax is the same as for [`environment`](#environment).
 
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT_IOS` | `CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT_PYODIDE`
+`CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT_ANDROID` |`CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT_IOS` | `CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT_PYODIDE`
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -1691,7 +1719,7 @@ The default build frontend is `build`, which does show build backend output by
 default.
 
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_MACOS` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_LINUX` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_IOS` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_PYODIDE`
+`CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_MACOS` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_LINUX` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_ANDROID` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_IOS` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_PYODIDE`
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -1791,6 +1819,7 @@ Some options support placeholders, like `{project}`, `{package}` or `{wheel}`, t
     padding-left: 10px;
     padding-right: 10px;
     line-height: normal;
+    overflow: visible;
   }
   .rst-content h3 .badges code.cmd-line:before, .rst-content h3 .badges code.toml:before, .rst-content h3 .badges code.env-var:before {
     content: ' ';

docs/platforms.md

@@ -172,12 +172,85 @@ You must target pyodide with `--platform pyodide` (or use `--only` on the identi
 
 It is also possible to target a specific Pyodide version by setting the [`pyodide-version`](options.md#pyodide-version) option to the desired version. Users are responsible for setting an appropriate Pyodide version according to the `pyodide-build` version. A list is available in Pyodide's [cross-build environments metadata file](https://github.com/pyodide/pyodide/blob/main/pyodide-cross-build-environments.json), which can be viewed more easily by installing `pyodide-build` from PyPI and using `pyodide xbuildenv search --all` to see a compatibility table.
 
-If there are pre-releases available for a newer Python version, the `pyodide-prerelease` [`enable`](options.md#enable) can be used to include pre-release versions.
+If there are pre-releases available for a newer Pyodide version, the `pyodide-prerelease` [`enable`](options.md#enable) can be used to include pre-release versions.
 
 ### Running tests
 
 Currently, it's recommended to run tests using a `python -m` entrypoint, rather than a command line entrypoint, or a shell script. This is because custom entrypoints have some issues in the Pyodide virtual environment. For example, `pytest` may not work as a command line entrypoint, but will work as a `python -m pytest` entrypoint.
 
+
+## Android {: android}
+
+### Prerequisites
+
+cibuildwheel can build Android wheels on any POSIX platform supported by the Android
+development tools, which currently means Linux x86_64, macOS ARM64 or macOS x86_64. Any
+of these platforms can be used to build wheels for any Android architecture supported by
+Python. However, *testing* wheels has additional requirements: see the section below.
+
+If you already have an Android SDK, export the `ANDROID_HOME` environment variable to
+point at its location. Otherwise, here's how to install it:
+
+* Download the "Command line tools" from <https://developer.android.com/studio>.
+* Create a directory `android-sdk/cmdline-tools`, and unzip the command line
+  tools package into it.
+* Rename `android-sdk/cmdline-tools/cmdline-tools` to
+  `android-sdk/cmdline-tools/latest`.
+* `export ANDROID_HOME=/path/to/android-sdk`
+
+cibuildwheel will automatically use the SDK's `sdkmanager` to install any packages it
+needs.
+
+It also requires the following commands to be on the `PATH`:
+
+* `curl`
+* `java` (or set the `JAVA_HOME` environment variable)
+* `patchelf` (if the wheel links against any external libraries)
+
+### Android version compatibility
+
+Android builds will honor the `ANDROID_API_LEVEL` environment variable to set the
+minimum supported [API level](https://developer.android.com/tools/releases/platforms)
+for generated wheels. This will default to the minimum API level of the selected Python
+version.
+
+### Build frontend support
+
+Android builds only support the `build` frontend. In principle, support for the
+`build[uv]` frontend should be possible, but `uv` [doesn't currently have support for
+cross-platform builds](https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/issues/7957), and [doesn't have
+support for iOS or Android wheel tags](https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/issues/8029).
+
+### Tests
+
+Tests are executed on a Gradle-managed emulator matching the architecture of the build
+machine – for example, if you're building on an ARM64 machine, then you can test an
+ARM64 wheel. Wheels of other architectures can still be built, but testing will
+automatically be skipped.
+
+Running an emulator requires the build machine to either be bare-metal or support
+nested virtualization. CI platforms known to meet this requirement are:
+
+* GitHub Actions Linux x86_64
+
+On Linux, the emulator needs access to the KVM virtualization interface. This may
+require adding your user to a group, or [changing your udev
+rules](https://github.blog/changelog/2024-04-02-github-actions-hardware-accelerated-android-virtualization-now-available/).
+If the emulator fails to start, try running `$ANDROID_HOME/emulator/emulator
+-accel-check`.
+
+The Android test environment can't support running shell scripts, so the
+[`test-command`](options.md#test-command) must be a Python command – see its
+documentation for details.
+
+If your package has dependencies which haven't been released on PyPI yet, you may want
+to use the [`environment`](options.md#environment) option to set `PIP_EXTRA_INDEX_URL`
+to one of the following URLs:
+
+* https://chaquo.com/pypi-13.1
+* https://pypi.anaconda.org/scientific-python-nightly-wheels/simple
+
+
 ## iOS {: #ios}
 
 ### System requirements
@@ -192,7 +265,7 @@ iOS is effectively 2 platforms - physical devices, and simulators. While the API
 
 * `arm64_iphoneos` (for physical iOS devices);
 * `arm64_iphonesimulator` (for iOS simulators running on Apple Silicon macOS machines); and
-* `x64_64_iphonesimulator` (for iOS simulators running on Intel macOS machines).
+* `x86_64_iphonesimulator` (for iOS simulators running on Intel macOS machines).
 
 By default, cibuildwheel will build all wheels for the CPU architecture of the build machine. You can build all wheels for all architectures by specifying `--archs all`.
 
@@ -241,6 +314,6 @@ If your project requires additional tools to build (such as `cmake`, `ninja`, or
 
 If tests have been configured, the test suite will be executed on the simulator matching the architecture of the build machine - that is, if you're building on an ARM64 macOS machine, the ARM64 wheel will be tested on an ARM64 simulator. It is not possible to use cibuildwheel to test wheels on other simulators, or on physical devices.
 
-The iOS test environment can't support running shell scripts, so the [`test-command`](options.md#test-command) value must be specified as if it were a command line being passed to `python -m ...`. In addition, the project must use [`test-sources`](options.md#test-sources) to specify the minimum subset of files that should be copied to the test environment. This is because the test must be run "on device", and the simulator device will not have access to the local project directory.
+The iOS test environment can't support running shell scripts, so the [`test-command`](options.md#test-command) value must be specified as if it were a command line being passed to `python -m ...`.
 
 The test process uses the same testbed used by CPython itself to run the CPython test suite. It is an Xcode project that has been configured to have a single Xcode "XCUnit" test - the result of which reports the success or failure of running `python -m <test-command>`.

docs/setup.md

@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ cibuildwheel
 !!!tip
     You can pass the `--platform linux` option to cibuildwheel to build Linux wheels, even if you're not on Linux. On most machines, the easiest builds to try are the Linux builds. You don't need any software installed except a Docker daemon, such as [Docker Desktop](https://www.docker.com/get-started/). Each platform that cibuildwheel supports has its own system requirements and platform-specific behaviors. See the [platforms page](platforms.md) for details.
 
+    When building locally for macOS or iOS, regardless of the Python you use to invoke cibuildwheel, you'll need [official Python.org](https://www.python.org/downloads/) installations on your machine. `cibuildwheel` won't perform the build using unofficial Python installations such as from `brew` or `uv`.
+
 You should see the builds taking place. You can experiment with [options](options.md) using pyproject.toml or environment variables.
 
 !!! tab "pyproject.toml"

docs/theme_overrides/js/theme.js

@@ -126,6 +126,23 @@ function ThemeNav () {
             });
             link.prepend(expand);
         });
+
+        // EDIT by joerick
+        //
+        // workaround a bug with the site in safari. safari navigates to the
+        // anchor before the above code has run, specifically wrap with
+        // .wy-table-responsive activates css rules that change the size of
+        // tables, making anchor points move around.
+        console.log('Document ready, checking for anchor in URL');
+        if (window.location.hash) {
+            const anchorEl = document.querySelector(window.location.hash);
+            anchorEl.getBoundingClientRect(); // Force layout to ensure scrollIntoView works correctly
+            if (anchorEl) {
+                console.log('Anchor element:', anchorEl);
+                anchorEl.scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'instant', block: 'start' });
+            }
+        }
+        // end edit by joerick
     };
 
     nav.reset = function () {

docs/working-examples.md

@@ -31,15 +31,15 @@ title: Working examples
 | [pyinstrument][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python profiler with a C extension. No external dependencies. |
 | [scikit-image][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Image processing library. Uses cibuildwheel to build and test a project that uses Cython with platform-native code.  |
 | [PyOxidizer][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A modern Python application packaging and distribution tool |
-| [twisted-iocpsupport][]           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] | A submodule of Twisted that hooks into native C APIs using Cython. |
 | [cvxpy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A Python-embedded modeling language for convex optimization problems. |
+| [twisted-iocpsupport][]           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] | A submodule of Twisted that hooks into native C APIs using Cython. |
 | [pedalboard][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] | A Python library for working with audio data and audio plugins by wrapping the [JUCE](https://github.com/juce-framework/JUCE/) C++ framework. Uses cibuildwheel to deploy on as many operating systems and Python versions as possible with only one dependency (any NumPy).  |
 | [websockets][]                    | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Library for building WebSocket servers and clients. Mostly written in Python, with a small C 'speedups' extension module.  |
 | [River][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | 🌊 Online machine learning in Python |
 | [aiortc][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | WebRTC and ORTC implementation for Python using asyncio. |
 | [OpenSpiel][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | OpenSpiel is a collection of environments and algorithms for research in general reinforcement learning and search/planning in games. |
-| [UltraJSON][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Ultra fast JSON decoder and encoder written in C with Python bindings |
 | [Dependency Injector][]           | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Dependency injection framework for Python, uses Windows TravisCI |
+| [UltraJSON][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Ultra fast JSON decoder and encoder written in C with Python bindings |
 | [pyzmq][]                         | ![github icon][] ![circleci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for zeromq, the networking library. Uses Cython on CPython and CFFI on PyPy. ARM wheels for linux are built natively on CircleCI.  |
 | [CTranslate2][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes libraries from the [Intel oneAPI toolkit](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/tools/oneapi/base-toolkit.html) and CUDA kernels compiled for multiple GPU architectures. |
 | [Implicit][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes GPU support for linux wheels |
@@ -71,22 +71,22 @@ title: Working examples
 | [mosec][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] | A machine learning model serving framework powered by Rust |
 | [Picologging][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A high-performance logging library for Python. |
 | [pybind11 cmake_example][]        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Example pybind11 module built with a CMake-based build system |
-| [Rtree][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Rtree: spatial index for Python GIS |
 | [markupsafe][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Safely add untrusted strings to HTML/XML markup. |
+| [Rtree][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Rtree: spatial index for Python GIS |
 | [KDEpy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Kernel Density Estimation in Python |
 | [dd-trace-py][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Uses custom alternate arch emulation on GitHub |
 | [tgcalls][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python `pybind11` binding to Telegram's WebRTC library with third party dependencies like `OpenSSL`, `MozJPEG`, `FFmpeg`, etc. |
-| [pybind11 python_example][]       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Example pybind11 module built with a Python-based build system |
 | [python-rapidjson][]              | ![travisci icon][] ![gitlab icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python wrapper around rapidjson |
+| [pybind11 python_example][]       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Example pybind11 module built with a Python-based build system |
 | [sourmash][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Quickly search, compare, and analyze genomic and metagenomic data sets. |
 | [abess][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A fast best-subset selection library. It uses cibuildwheel to build a large project with C++ extensions. |
 | [python-snappy][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python bindings for the snappy google library |
-| [jq.py][]                         | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for jq |
 | [cyvcf2][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | cython + htslib == fast VCF and BCF processing |
+| [jq.py][]                         | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for jq |
 | [matrixprofile][]                 | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python 3 library making time series data mining tasks, utilizing matrix profile algorithms, accessible to everyone. |
 | [Tokenizer][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast and customizable text tokenization library with BPE and SentencePiece support |
-| [iminuit][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Jupyter-friendly Python interface for C++ MINUIT2 |
 | [Confluent client for Kafka][]    | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | setup in `tools/wheels/build-wheels.bat` |
+| [iminuit][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Jupyter-friendly Python interface for C++ MINUIT2 |
 | [pillow-heif][]                   | ![github icon][] ![cirrusci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Bindings to libheif library with third party dependencies. Fully automated CI for tests and publishing including Apple Silicon builds. |
 | [keyvi][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] | FST based key value index highly optimized for size and lookup performance, utilizes ccache action for improved runtime |
 | [PyGLM][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Fast OpenGL Mathematics (GLM) for Python |
@@ -94,8 +94,8 @@ title: Working examples
 | [iDynTree][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] | Uses manylinux_2_24 |
 | [streaming-form-data][]           | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Streaming parser for multipart/form-data written in Cython |
 | [power-grid-model][]              | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python/C++ library for distribution power system analysis |
-| [bx-python][]                     | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A library that includes Cython extensions. |
 | [pybase64][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast Base64 encoding/decoding in Python |
+| [bx-python][]                     | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A library that includes Cython extensions. |
 | [boost-histogram][]               | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Supports full range of wheels, including PyPy and alternate archs. |
 | [Imagecodecs (fork)][]            | ![azurepipelines icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Over 20 external dependencies in compiled libraries, custom docker image, `libomp`, `openblas` and `install_name_tool` for macOS. |
 | [Python-WebRTC][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | a Python extension that provides bindings to WebRTC M92 |
@@ -111,8 +111,8 @@ title: Working examples
 | [pyjet][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The interface between FastJet and NumPy |
 | [ril][]                           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A python binding to Rust Imaging library using maturin and Pyo3, utilizes Github Action cache to improve speed. Builds abi3 wheels. |
 | [SiPM][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | High performance library for SiPM detectors simulation using C++17, OpenMP and AVX2 intrinsics. |
-| [aalink][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Async Python interface for Ableton Link. |
 | [GSD][]                           | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Cython and NumPy project with 64-bit wheels. |
+| [aalink][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Async Python interface for Ableton Link. |
 | [CorrectionLib][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Structured JSON powered correction library for HEP, designed for the CMS experiment at CERN. |
 | [xmlstarlet][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python 3.6+ CFFI bindings with true MSVC build. |
 | [werpy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] | An ultra-fast python package using optimized dynamic programming to compute the Word Error Rate (WER). |
@@ -141,15 +141,15 @@ title: Working examples
 [pyinstrument]: https://github.com/joerick/pyinstrument
 [scikit-image]: https://github.com/scikit-image/scikit-image
 [PyOxidizer]: https://github.com/indygreg/PyOxidizer
-[twisted-iocpsupport]: https://github.com/twisted/twisted-iocpsupport
 [cvxpy]: https://github.com/cvxpy/cvxpy
+[twisted-iocpsupport]: https://github.com/twisted/twisted-iocpsupport
 [pedalboard]: https://github.com/spotify/pedalboard
 [websockets]: https://github.com/python-websockets/websockets
 [River]: https://github.com/online-ml/river
 [aiortc]: https://github.com/aiortc/aiortc
 [OpenSpiel]: https://github.com/google-deepmind/open_spiel
-[UltraJSON]: https://github.com/ultrajson/ultrajson
 [Dependency Injector]: https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector
+[UltraJSON]: https://github.com/ultrajson/ultrajson
 [pyzmq]: https://github.com/zeromq/pyzmq
 [CTranslate2]: https://github.com/OpenNMT/CTranslate2
 [Implicit]: https://github.com/benfred/implicit
@@ -181,22 +181,22 @@ title: Working examples
 [mosec]: https://github.com/mosecorg/mosec
 [Picologging]: https://github.com/microsoft/picologging
 [pybind11 cmake_example]: https://github.com/pybind/cmake_example
-[Rtree]: https://github.com/Toblerity/rtree
 [markupsafe]: https://github.com/pallets/markupsafe
+[Rtree]: https://github.com/Toblerity/rtree
 [KDEpy]: https://github.com/tommyod/KDEpy
 [dd-trace-py]: https://github.com/DataDog/dd-trace-py
 [tgcalls]: https://github.com/MarshalX/tgcalls
-[pybind11 python_example]: https://github.com/pybind/python_example
 [python-rapidjson]: https://github.com/python-rapidjson/python-rapidjson
+[pybind11 python_example]: https://github.com/pybind/python_example
 [sourmash]: https://github.com/sourmash-bio/sourmash
 [abess]: https://github.com/abess-team/abess
 [python-snappy]: https://github.com/intake/python-snappy
-[jq.py]: https://github.com/mwilliamson/jq.py
 [cyvcf2]: https://github.com/brentp/cyvcf2
+[jq.py]: https://github.com/mwilliamson/jq.py
 [matrixprofile]: https://github.com/matrix-profile-foundation/matrixprofile
 [Tokenizer]: https://github.com/OpenNMT/Tokenizer
-[iminuit]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/iminuit
 [Confluent client for Kafka]: https://github.com/confluentinc/confluent-kafka-python
+[iminuit]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/iminuit
 [pillow-heif]: https://github.com/bigcat88/pillow_heif
 [keyvi]: https://github.com/KeyviDev/keyvi
 [PyGLM]: https://github.com/Zuzu-Typ/PyGLM
@@ -204,8 +204,8 @@ title: Working examples
 [iDynTree]: https://github.com/robotology/idyntree
 [streaming-form-data]: https://github.com/siddhantgoel/streaming-form-data
 [power-grid-model]: https://github.com/PowerGridModel/power-grid-model
-[bx-python]: https://github.com/bxlab/bx-python
 [pybase64]: https://github.com/mayeut/pybase64
+[bx-python]: https://github.com/bxlab/bx-python
 [boost-histogram]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/boost-histogram
 [Imagecodecs (fork)]: https://github.com/czaki/imagecodecs_build
 [Python-WebRTC]: https://github.com/MarshalX/python-webrtc
@@ -221,8 +221,8 @@ title: Working examples
 [pyjet]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/pyjet
 [ril]: https://github.com/Cryptex-github/ril-py
 [SiPM]: https://github.com/EdoPro98/SimSiPM
-[aalink]: https://github.com/artfwo/aalink
 [GSD]: https://github.com/glotzerlab/gsd
+[aalink]: https://github.com/artfwo/aalink
 [CorrectionLib]: https://github.com/cms-nanoAOD/correctionlib
 [xmlstarlet]: https://github.com/dimitern/xmlstarlet
 [werpy]: https://github.com/analyticsinmotion/werpy

examples/azure-pipelines-minimal.yml

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 jobs:
 - job: linux
-  pool: {vmImage: 'Ubuntu-20.04'}
+  pool: {vmImage: 'ubuntu-latest'}
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
     - bash: |
         set -o errexit
         python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        pip3 install cibuildwheel==3.0.0b5
+        pip3 install cibuildwheel==3.1.2
       displayName: Install dependencies
     - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
       displayName: Build wheels
@@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ jobs:
       inputs: {pathtoPublish: 'wheelhouse'}
 
 - job: macos
-  pool: {vmImage: 'macOS-13'}
+  pool: {vmImage: 'macOS-latest'}
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
     - bash: |
         set -o errexit
         python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.0.0b5
+        python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.2
       displayName: Install dependencies
     - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
       displayName: Build wheels
@@ -28,13 +28,13 @@ jobs:
       inputs: {pathtoPublish: wheelhouse}
 
 - job: windows
-  pool: {vmImage: 'windows-2019'}
+  pool: {vmImage: 'windows-latest'}
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
     - bash: |
         set -o errexit
         python -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        pip install cibuildwheel==3.0.0b5
+        pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.2
       displayName: Install dependencies
     - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
       displayName: Build wheels

examples/circleci-minimal.yml

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ jobs:
       - run:
           name: Build the Linux wheels.
           command: |
-            python3 -m pip install --user cibuildwheel==3.0.0b5
+            python3 -m pip install --user cibuildwheel==3.1.2
             cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       - store_artifacts:
           path: wheelhouse/
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ jobs:
       - run:
           name: Build the Linux aarch64 wheels.
           command: |
-            python3 -m pip install --user cibuildwheel==3.0.0b5
+            python3 -m pip install --user cibuildwheel==3.1.2
             python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       - store_artifacts:
           path: wheelhouse/
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ jobs:
           name: Build the OS X wheels.
           command: |
             sudo softwareupdate --install-rosetta --agree-to-license  # for python<=3.8 or x86_64/universal2 tests
-            pip3 install cibuildwheel==3.0.0b5
+            pip3 install cibuildwheel==3.1.2
             cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       - store_artifacts:
           path: wheelhouse/

examples/cirrus-ci-intel-mac.yml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 build_and_store_wheels: &BUILD_AND_STORE_WHEELS
   install_cibuildwheel_script:
-    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.0.0b5
+    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.2
   run_cibuildwheel_script:
     - cibuildwheel
   wheels_artifacts:

examples/cirrus-ci-minimal.yml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 build_and_store_wheels: &BUILD_AND_STORE_WHEELS
   install_cibuildwheel_script:
-    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.0.0b5
+    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.2
   run_cibuildwheel_script:
     - cibuildwheel
   wheels_artifacts:
@@ -52,9 +52,13 @@ windows_x86_task:
     memory: 4G
 
   install_pre_requirements_script:
+    - certutil -generateSSTFromWU roots.sst
+    - certutil -addstore -f root roots.sst
+    - del roots.sst
     - choco install -y --no-progress python3 --version 3.12.4
     - refreshenv
-    - echo PATH=%PATH% >> "%CIRRUS_ENV%"
+    - powershell -Command "$cleanPath = $env:PATH -replace ';+$', ''; Add-Content -Path $env:CIRRUS_ENV -Value ('PATH=' + $cleanPath)"
+
   <<: *BUILD_AND_STORE_WHEELS
 
 macos_arm64_task:

examples/github-deploy.yml

@@ -16,23 +16,27 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.runs-on }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        os: [ linux-intel, linux-arm, windows, macOS-intel, macOS-arm, iOS, pyodide ]
         include:
-          - archs: auto
-            platform: auto
           - os: linux-intel
             runs-on: ubuntu-latest
           - os: linux-arm
             runs-on: ubuntu-24.04-arm
-          - os: windows
+          - os: windows-intel
             runs-on: windows-latest
+          - os: windows-arm
+            runs-on: windows-11-arm
           - os: macos-intel
             # macos-13 was the last x86_64 runner
             runs-on: macos-13
           - os: macos-arm
             # macos-14+ (including latest) are ARM64 runners
             runs-on: macos-latest
-            archs: auto,universal2
+          - os: android-intel
+            runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+            platform: android
+          - os: android-arm
+            runs-on: macos-latest
+            platform: android
           - os: ios
             runs-on: macos-latest
             platform: ios
@@ -43,11 +47,23 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
+      # GitHub Actions can't currently run the Android emulator on macOS.
+      - name: Skip Android tests on macOS
+        if: matrix.os == 'android-arm'
+        run: echo "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND=" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+
+      # https://github.blog/changelog/2024-04-02-github-actions-hardware-accelerated-android-virtualization-now-available/
+      - name: Enable KVM for Android emulator
+        if: matrix.os == 'android-intel'
+        run: |
+          echo 'KERNEL=="kvm", GROUP="kvm", MODE="0666", OPTIONS+="static_node=kvm"' | sudo tee /etc/udev/rules.d/99-kvm4all.rules
+          sudo udevadm control --reload-rules
+          sudo udevadm trigger --name-match=kvm
+
       - name: Build wheels
-        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.0.0b5
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.1.2
         env:
-          CIBW_PLATFORM: ${{ matrix.platform }}
+          CIBW_PLATFORM: ${{ matrix.platform || 'auto' }}
-          CIBW_ARCHS: ${{ matrix.archs }}
         # Can also be configured directly, using `with:`
         # with:
         #   package-dir: .

examples/github-minimal.yml

@@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         # macos-13 is an intel runner, macos-14 is apple silicon
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, macos-13, macos-14]
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-13, macos-14]
 
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
       - name: Build wheels
-        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.0.0b5
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.1.2
         # env:
         #   CIBW_SOME_OPTION: value
         #   ...

examples/github-pipx.yml

@@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         # macos-13 is an intel runner, macos-14 is apple silicon
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-13, macos-14]
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-13, macos-14]
 
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
       - name: Build wheels
-        run: pipx run cibuildwheel==3.0.0b5
+        run: pipx run cibuildwheel==3.1.2
 
       - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:

examples/github-with-qemu.yml

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         # macos-13 is an intel runner, macos-14 is apple silicon
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, macos-13, macos-14]
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-13, macos-14]
 
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ jobs:
           platforms: all
 
       - name: Build wheels
-        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.0.0b5
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.1.2
         env:
           # configure cibuildwheel on Linux to build native archs ('auto'),
           # and to split the remaining architectures between the x86_64 and

examples/gitlab-minimal.yml

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ linux:
     DOCKER_TLS_CERTDIR: ""
   script:
     - curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh
-    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.0.0b5
+    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.2
     - cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
   artifacts:
     paths:
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ windows:
   before_script:
     - choco install python -y --allow-downgrade --version 3.12.4
     - choco install git.install -y
-    - py -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.0.0b5
+    - py -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.2
   script:
     - py -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse --platform windows
   artifacts:
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ windows:
 macos:
   image: macos-14-xcode-15
   before_script:
-    - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.0.0b5
+    - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.2
   script:
     - python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
   artifacts:

examples/gitlab-with-qemu.yml

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ linux:
     - curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh
     # Warning: This is extremely slow, be careful with how many wheels you build
     - docker run --rm --privileged multiarch/qemu-user-static --reset -p yes
-    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.0.0b5
+    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.2
     # Assuming your CI runner's default architecture is x86_64...
     - cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse --platform linux --archs aarch64
   artifacts:

examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
         - ln -s /c/Python312/python.exe /c/Python312/python3.exe
 
 install:
-  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.0.0b5
+  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.2
 
 script:
   # build the wheels, put them into './dist'

examples/travis-ci-minimal.yml

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ jobs:
         - ln -s /c/Python312/python.exe /c/Python312/python3.exe
 
 install:
-  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.0.0b5
+  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.2
 
 script:
   # build the wheels, put them into './wheelhouse'

examples/travis-ci-test-and-deploy.yml

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ jobs:
     - stage: deploy
       name: Build and deploy Linux wheels
       services: docker
-      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.0.0b5 twine
+      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.2 twine
       script: python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       after_success: python3 -m twine upload --skip-existing wheelhouse/*.whl
     # Deploy on windows
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ jobs:
       name: Build and deploy Windows wheels
       os: windows
       language: shell
-      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.0.0b5 twine
+      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.2 twine
       script: python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       after_success: python3 -m twine upload --skip-existing wheelhouse/*.whl
 

mkdocs.yml

@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ nav:
     - faq.md
     - cpp_standards.md
   - Reference:
-    - platforms.md
-    - configuration.md
     - options.md
+    - configuration.md
+    - platforms.md
     - working-examples.md
   - About:
     - contributing.md

pyproject.toml

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ build-backend = "hatchling.build"
 
 [project]
 name = "cibuildwheel"
-version = "3.0.0b5"
+version = "3.1.2"
 description = "Build Python wheels on CI with minimal configuration."
 readme = "README.md"
 license = "BSD-2-Clause"
@@ -39,11 +39,15 @@ classifiers = [
 dependencies = [
     "bashlex!=0.13",
     "bracex",
+    "build>=1.0.0",
     "certifi",
     "dependency-groups>=1.2",
     "filelock",
+    "humanize",
     "packaging>=20.9",
-    "platformdirs"
+    "platformdirs",
+    "pyelftools>=0.29",
+    "wheel>=0.33.6",
 ]
 
 [project.optional-dependencies]
@@ -105,6 +109,9 @@ filterwarnings = ["error"]
 log_cli_level = "INFO"
 markers = [
     "serial: tests that must *not* be run in parallel (deselect with '-m \"not serial\"')",
+    "ios: tests that run on iOS",
+    "android: tests that run on Android",
+    "pyodide: tests that run on Pyodide",
 ]
 
 [tool.mypy]
@@ -144,6 +151,7 @@ py-version = "3.11"
 jobs = "0"
 fail-on = ["E", "F"]
 fail-under = "9.8"
+max-positional-arguments = "7"
 reports.output-format = "colorized"
 messages_control.enable = [
   "useless-suppression",
@@ -172,6 +180,7 @@ messages_control.disable = [
   "unsubscriptable-object",
   "wrong-import-position",
   "unused-argument",  # Handled by Ruff
+  "import-outside-toplevel",  # Handled by Ruff
   "broad-exception-raised",  # Could be improved eventually
   "consider-using-in",  # MyPy can't narrow "in"
 ]

test/test_android.py

@@ -0,0 +1,384 @@
+import os
+import platform
+import re
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from shutil import rmtree
+from subprocess import CalledProcessError
+from textwrap import dedent
+from zipfile import ZipFile
+
+import pytest
+
+from .test_projects import new_c_project
+from .utils import cibuildwheel_run, expected_wheels
+
+pytestmark = pytest.mark.android
+
+
+CIBW_PLATFORM = os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "android")
+if CIBW_PLATFORM != "android":
+    pytest.skip(f"{CIBW_PLATFORM=}", allow_module_level=True)
+
+if (platform.system(), platform.machine()) not in [
+    ("Linux", "x86_64"),
+    ("Darwin", "arm64"),
+    ("Darwin", "x86_64"),
+]:
+    pytest.skip(
+        f"cibuildwheel does not support building Android wheels on "
+        f"{platform.system()} {platform.machine()}",
+        allow_module_level=True,
+    )
+
+# Detect CI services which have the Android SDK pre-installed.
+ci_supports_build = (
+    ("CIRRUS_CI" in os.environ and platform.system() == "Darwin")
+    or "GITHUB_ACTIONS" in os.environ
+    or "TF_BUILD" in os.environ  # Azure Pipelines
+)
+
+if "ANDROID_HOME" not in os.environ:
+    msg = "ANDROID_HOME environment variable is not set"
+    if ci_supports_build:
+        pytest.fail(msg)
+    else:
+        pytest.skip(msg, allow_module_level=True)
+
+# Many CI services don't support running the Android emulator: see platforms.md.
+ci_supports_emulator = "GITHUB_ACTIONS" in os.environ and platform.system() == "Linux"
+
+
+def needs_emulator(test):
+    # All copies of the testbed app run on the same emulator with the same
+    # application ID, so these tests must be run serially.
+    test = pytest.mark.serial(test)
+
+    if ci_supports_build and not ci_supports_emulator:
+        test = pytest.mark.skip("This CI platform doesn't support the emulator")(test)
+    return test
+
+
+@dataclass
+class Architecture:
+    linux_machine: str
+    macos_machine: str
+    android_abi: str
+
+
+archs = [
+    Architecture("aarch64", "arm64", "arm64_v8a"),
+    Architecture("x86_64", "x86_64", "x86_64"),
+]
+native_arch = next(
+    arch for arch in archs if platform.machine() in [arch.linux_machine, arch.macos_machine]
+)
+
+
+cp313_env = {
+    "CIBW_PLATFORM": "android",
+    "CIBW_BUILD": "cp313-*",
+}
+
+
+def test_android_home(tmp_path, capfd):
+    new_c_project().generate(tmp_path)
+    env = os.environ.copy()
+    del env["ANDROID_HOME"]
+
+    with pytest.raises(CalledProcessError):
+        cibuildwheel_run(tmp_path, env={**env, **cp313_env})
+    assert "ANDROID_HOME environment variable is not set" in capfd.readouterr().err
+
+
+def test_frontend_good(tmp_path):
+    new_c_project().generate(tmp_path)
+    wheels = cibuildwheel_run(
+        tmp_path,
+        add_env={**cp313_env, "CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND": "build"},
+    )
+    assert wheels == [f"spam-0.1.0-cp313-cp313-android_21_{native_arch.android_abi}.whl"]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("frontend", ["build[uv]", "pip"])
+def test_frontend_bad(frontend, tmp_path, capfd):
+    new_c_project().generate(tmp_path)
+    with pytest.raises(CalledProcessError):
+        cibuildwheel_run(
+            tmp_path,
+            add_env={**cp313_env, "CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND": frontend},
+        )
+    assert "Android requires the build frontend to be 'build'" in capfd.readouterr().err
+
+
+def test_expected_wheels(tmp_path):
+    new_c_project().generate(tmp_path)
+    wheels = cibuildwheel_run(tmp_path, add_env={"CIBW_PLATFORM": "android"})
+    assert wheels == expected_wheels(
+        "spam", "0.1.0", platform="android", machine_arch=native_arch.android_abi
+    )
+
+
+@needs_emulator
+def test_archs(tmp_path, capfd):
+    new_c_project().generate(tmp_path)
+
+    # Build all architectures while checking the handling of the `before` commands.
+    command_pattern = 'echo "Hello from {0}, package={{package}}, python=$(which python)"'
+    output_pattern = (
+        f"Hello from {{0}}, package={tmp_path}, python=/.+/cp313-android_{{1}}/venv/bin/python"
+    )
+
+    wheels = cibuildwheel_run(
+        tmp_path,
+        add_env={
+            **cp313_env,
+            "CIBW_ARCHS": "all",
+            "CIBW_BEFORE_ALL": "echo 'Hello from before_all'",
+            "CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD": command_pattern.format("before_build"),
+            "CIBW_BEFORE_TEST": command_pattern.format("before_test"),
+            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": (
+                "python -c 'import platform; print(f\"Hello from {platform.machine()}\")'"
+            ),
+        },
+    )
+    assert wheels == [f"spam-0.1.0-cp313-cp313-android_21_{arch.android_abi}.whl" for arch in archs]
+
+    stdout, stderr = capfd.readouterr()
+    lines = (line for line in stdout.splitlines() if line.startswith("Hello from"))
+    assert next(lines) == "Hello from before_all"
+
+    # All architectures should be built, but only the native architecture should run tests.
+    for arch in archs:
+        abi = arch.android_abi
+        assert re.fullmatch(output_pattern.format("before_build", abi), next(lines))
+        if arch == native_arch:
+            assert re.fullmatch(output_pattern.format("before_test", abi), next(lines))
+            assert next(lines) == f"Hello from {arch.linux_machine}"
+        else:
+            assert (
+                f"Skipping tests for {arch.android_abi}, as the build machine "
+                f"only supports {native_arch.android_abi}"
+            ) in stderr
+
+    try:
+        line = next(lines)
+    except StopIteration:
+        pass
+    else:
+        pytest.fail(f"Unexpected line: {line!r}")
+
+
+def test_build_requires(tmp_path, capfd):
+    # Build-time requirements should be installed for the build platform, not for Android. Prove
+    # this by installing some non-pure-Python requirements and using them in setup.py.
+    #
+    # setup_requires is installed via ProjectBuilder.get_requires_for_build.
+    project = new_c_project(
+        setup_py_setup_args_add="setup_requires=['cmake==3.31.4']",
+        setup_py_add=dedent(
+            """\
+            if "egg_info" not in sys.argv:
+                import subprocess
+                subprocess.run(["cmake", "--version"], check=True)
+
+                from bitarray import bitarray
+                print(f"{bitarray('10110').count()=}")
+            """
+        ),
+    )
+
+    # [build_system] requires is installed via ProjectBuilder.build_system_requires.
+    project.files["pyproject.toml"] = dedent(
+        """\
+        [build-system]
+        requires = ["setuptools", "wheel", "bitarray==3.3.2"]
+        """
+    )
+
+    project.generate(tmp_path)
+    cibuildwheel_run(tmp_path, add_env={**cp313_env})
+
+    # Test for a specific version to minimize the chance that we ran a system cmake.
+    stdout = capfd.readouterr().out
+    assert "cmake version 3.31.4" in stdout
+    assert "bitarray('10110').count()=3" in stdout
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def spam_env(tmp_path):
+    project = new_c_project()
+    project.files["test_spam.py"] = dedent(
+        """\
+        import spam
+
+        def test_spam():
+            assert spam.filter("ham")
+            assert not spam.filter("spam")
+            print("Spam test passed")
+        """
+    )
+    project.generate(tmp_path)
+
+    return {
+        **cp313_env,
+        "CIBW_TEST_SOURCES": "test_spam.py",
+        "CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES": "pytest==8.3.5",
+    }
+
+
+@needs_emulator
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("command", "expected_output"),
+    [
+        ("python -c 'import test_spam; test_spam.test_spam()'", "Spam test passed"),
+        ("python -m pytest test_spam.py", "=== 1 passed in "),
+        ("pytest test_spam.py", "=== 1 passed in "),
+    ],
+)
+def test_test_command_good(command, expected_output, tmp_path, spam_env, capfd):
+    cibuildwheel_run(tmp_path, add_env={**spam_env, "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": command})
+    stdout, stderr = capfd.readouterr()
+    assert expected_output in stdout
+
+    if not command.startswith("python"):
+        assert (
+            f"Test command {command!r} is not supported on Android. cibuildwheel "
+            "will try to execute it as if it started with 'python -m'."
+        ) in stderr
+
+
+@needs_emulator
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("command", "expected_output"),
+    [
+        # Build-time failure: unrecognized command
+        (
+            "./test_spam.py",
+            "Test command './test_spam.py' is not supported on Android. "
+            "Supported commands are 'python -m' and 'python -c'.",
+        ),
+        # Build-time failure: unrecognized placeholder
+        (
+            "pytest {project}",
+            "Test command 'pytest {project}' with a '{project}' or '{package}' "
+            "placeholder is not supported on Android",
+        ),
+        (
+            "pytest {package}",
+            "Test command 'pytest {package}' with a '{project}' or '{package}' "
+            "placeholder is not supported on Android",
+        ),
+        # Runtime failure
+        ("pytest test_ham.py", "not found: test_ham.py"),
+    ],
+)
+def test_test_command_bad(command, expected_output, tmp_path, spam_env, capfd):
+    with pytest.raises(CalledProcessError):
+        cibuildwheel_run(tmp_path, add_env={**spam_env, "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": command})
+    assert expected_output in capfd.readouterr().err
+
+
+@needs_emulator
+def test_package_subdir(tmp_path, spam_env, capfd):
+    spam_paths = list(tmp_path.iterdir())
+    package_dir = tmp_path / "package"
+    package_dir.mkdir()
+    for path in spam_paths:
+        path.rename(package_dir / path.name)
+
+    test_filename = "package/" + spam_env["CIBW_TEST_SOURCES"]
+    cibuildwheel_run(
+        tmp_path,
+        package_dir,
+        add_env={
+            **spam_env,
+            "CIBW_TEST_SOURCES": test_filename,
+            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": f"python -m pytest {test_filename}",
+        },
+    )
+    assert "=== 1 passed in " in capfd.readouterr().out
+
+
+@needs_emulator
+def test_no_test_sources(tmp_path, capfd):
+    new_c_project().generate(tmp_path)
+    with pytest.raises(CalledProcessError):
+        cibuildwheel_run(
+            tmp_path,
+            add_env={**cp313_env, "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": "python -m unittest discover"},
+        )
+    assert (
+        "On this platform, you must copy your test files to the testbed app by "
+        "setting the `test-sources` option"
+    ) in capfd.readouterr().err
+
+
+@needs_emulator
+def test_api_level(tmp_path, capfd):
+    project = new_c_project()
+    project.files["pyproject.toml"] = dedent(
+        """\
+        [build-system]
+        requires = ["setuptools"]
+
+        [tool.cibuildwheel]
+        android.environment.ANDROID_API_LEVEL = "33"
+        android.environment.PIP_EXTRA_INDEX_URL = "https://chaquo.com/pypi-13.1"
+        """
+    )
+    project.generate(tmp_path)
+
+    wheels = cibuildwheel_run(
+        tmp_path,
+        add_env={
+            **cp313_env,
+            # Verify that Android dependencies can be installed from the Chaquopy repository, and
+            # that wheels tagged with an older version of Android (in this case 24) are still
+            # accepted.
+            "CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES": "bitarray==3.0.0",
+            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": (
+                "python -c 'from bitarray import bitarray; print(~bitarray(\"01100\"))'"
+            ),
+        },
+    )
+    assert wheels == [f"spam-0.1.0-cp313-cp313-android_33_{native_arch.android_abi}.whl"]
+    assert "bitarray('10011')" in capfd.readouterr().out
+
+
+@needs_emulator
+def test_libcxx(tmp_path, capfd):
+    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
+    output_dir = tmp_path / "output"
+
+    # A C++ package should include libc++, and the extension module should be able to
+    # find it using DT_RUNPATH.
+    new_c_project(setup_py_extension_args_add="language='c++'").generate(project_dir)
+    script = 'import spam; print(", ".join(f"{s}: {spam.filter(s)}" for s in ["ham", "spam"]))'
+    cp313_test_env = {**cp313_env, "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": f"python -c '{script}'"}
+
+    # Including external libraries requires API level 24.
+    with pytest.raises(CalledProcessError):
+        cibuildwheel_run(project_dir, add_env=cp313_test_env, output_dir=output_dir)
+    assert "libc++_shared.so requires ANDROID_API_LEVEL to be at least 24" in capfd.readouterr().err
+
+    wheels = cibuildwheel_run(
+        project_dir,
+        add_env={**cp313_test_env, "ANDROID_API_LEVEL": "24"},
+        output_dir=output_dir,
+    )
+    assert len(wheels) == 1
+    names = ZipFile(output_dir / wheels[0]).namelist()
+    libcxx_names = [
+        name for name in names if re.fullmatch(r"spam\.libs/libc\+\+_shared-[0-9a-f]{8}\.so", name)
+    ]
+    assert len(libcxx_names) == 1
+    assert "ham: 1, spam: 0" in capfd.readouterr().out
+
+    # A C package should not include libc++.
+    rmtree(project_dir)
+    rmtree(output_dir)
+    new_c_project().generate(project_dir)
+    wheels = cibuildwheel_run(project_dir, add_env=cp313_env, output_dir=output_dir)
+    assert len(wheels) == 1
+    for name in ZipFile(output_dir / wheels[0]).namelist():
+        assert ".libs" not in name

test/test_emulation.py

@@ -34,21 +34,14 @@ def test(tmp_path, request):
             "CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES": "pytest",
             "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": "pytest {project}/test",
             "CIBW_ARCHS": archs,
-            # TODO remove me once proper support is added
-            "CIBW_MANYLINUX_RISCV64_IMAGE": "ghcr.io/mayeut/manylinux_2_35:2025.05.11-1",
-            "CIBW_SKIP": "*-musllinux_riscv64",
         },
     )
 
     # also check that we got the right wheels
-    expected_wheels = list(
+    expected_wheels = itertools.chain.from_iterable(
-        itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+        utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0", machine_arch=arch, single_arch=True)
-            utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0", machine_arch=arch, single_arch=True)
+        for arch in archs.split(" ")
-            for arch in archs.split(" ")
-        )
     )
-    # TODO remove me once proper support is added
-    expected_wheels = [wheel for wheel in expected_wheels if "musllinux_1_2_riscv64" not in wheel]
     assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)
 
 

test/test_ios.py

@@ -12,6 +12,12 @@ from cibuildwheel.ci import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider
 
 from . import test_projects, utils
 
+pytestmark = pytest.mark.ios
+
+CIBW_PLATFORM = os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "ios")
+if CIBW_PLATFORM != "ios":
+    pytest.skip(f"{CIBW_PLATFORM=}", allow_module_level=True)
+
 basic_project_files = {
     "tests/test_platform.py": f"""
 import platform
@@ -83,7 +89,6 @@ def test_ios_platforms(tmp_path, build_config, monkeypatch, capfd):
         project_dir,
         add_env={
             "CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD": "does-exist",
-            "CIBW_BUILD": "cp313-*",
             "CIBW_XBUILD_TOOLS": "does-exist",
             "CIBW_TEST_SOURCES": "tests",
             "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": "python -m this && python -m unittest discover tests test_platform.py",
@@ -94,7 +99,7 @@ def test_ios_platforms(tmp_path, build_config, monkeypatch, capfd):
 
     # The expected wheels were produced.
     expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels(
-        "spam", "0.1.0", platform="ios", python_abi_tags=["cp313-cp313"]
+        "spam", "0.1.0", platform="ios", python_abi_tags=["cp313-cp313", "cp314-cp314"]
     )
     assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)
 
@@ -121,7 +126,6 @@ def test_no_test_sources(tmp_path, capfd):
             project_dir,
             add_env={
                 "CIBW_PLATFORM": "ios",
-                "CIBW_BUILD": "cp313-*",
                 "CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES": "pytest",
                 "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": "python -m pytest",
                 "CIBW_XBUILD_TOOLS": "",
@@ -153,7 +157,6 @@ def test_ios_testing_with_placeholder(tmp_path, capfd):
             project_dir,
             add_env={
                 "CIBW_PLATFORM": "ios",
-                "CIBW_BUILD": "cp313-*",
                 "CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES": "pytest",
                 "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": "pytest {project}/tests",
                 "CIBW_XBUILD_TOOLS": "",
@@ -180,7 +183,6 @@ def test_ios_test_command_short_circuit(tmp_path, capfd):
             project_dir,
             add_env={
                 "CIBW_PLATFORM": "ios",
-                "CIBW_BUILD": "cp313-*",
                 "CIBW_XBUILD_TOOLS": "",
                 "CIBW_TEST_SOURCES": "tests",
                 "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": "python -m not_a_module && python -m this",
@@ -209,7 +211,6 @@ def test_missing_xbuild_tool(tmp_path, capfd):
             project_dir,
             add_env={
                 "CIBW_PLATFORM": "ios",
-                "CIBW_BUILD": "cp313-*",
                 "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": "python -m tests",
                 "CIBW_XBUILD_TOOLS": "does-not-exist",
             },

test/test_manylinuxXXXX_only.py

@@ -64,8 +64,6 @@ project_with_manylinux_symbols = test_projects.new_c_project(
 def test(manylinux_image, tmp_path):
     if utils.get_platform() != "linux":
         pytest.skip("the container image test is only relevant to the linux build")
-    elif manylinux_image in {"manylinux_2_28", "manylinux_2_34"} and platform.machine() == "i686":
-        pytest.skip(f"{manylinux_image} doesn't exist for i686 architecture")
 
     project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
     project_with_manylinux_symbols.generate(project_dir)
@@ -85,9 +83,6 @@ def test(manylinux_image, tmp_path):
         "CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_AARCH64_IMAGE": manylinux_image,
         "CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_I686_IMAGE": manylinux_image,
     }
-    if manylinux_image in {"manylinux_2_28", "manylinux_2_34"} and platform.machine() == "x86_64":
-        # We don't have a manylinux_2_28+ image for i686
-        add_env["CIBW_ARCHS"] = "x86_64"
     if platform.machine() == "aarch64":
         # We just have a manylinux_2_31 image for armv7l
         add_env["CIBW_ARCHS"] = "aarch64"
@@ -104,10 +99,6 @@ def test(manylinux_image, tmp_path):
         musllinux_versions=[],
     )
 
-    if manylinux_image in {"manylinux_2_28", "manylinux_2_34"} and platform.machine() == "x86_64":
-        # We don't have a manylinux_2_28+ image for i686
-        expected_wheels = [w for w in expected_wheels if "i686" not in w]
-
     if platform.machine() == "aarch64":
         # We just have a manylinux_2_31 image for armv7l
         expected_wheels = [w for w in expected_wheels if "armv7l" not in w]

test/test_projects/c.py

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ spam_filter(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
         return NULL;
 
     // Spam should not be allowed through the filter.
-    sts = strcmp(content, "spam");
+    sts = strcmp(content, "spam") != 0;
 
     {{ spam_c_function_add | indent(4) }}
 

test/test_pyodide.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import contextlib
+import os
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import textwrap
@@ -9,6 +10,12 @@ from cibuildwheel.util.file import CIBW_CACHE_PATH
 
 from . import test_projects, utils
 
+pytestmark = pytest.mark.pyodide
+
+CIBW_PLATFORM = os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "pyodide")
+if CIBW_PLATFORM != "pyodide":
+    pytest.skip(f"{CIBW_PLATFORM=}", allow_module_level=True)
+
 basic_project = test_projects.new_c_project()
 basic_project.files["check_node.py"] = r"""
 import sys

test/test_ssl.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import socket
 import textwrap
 
 from . import test_projects, utils
@@ -24,6 +25,9 @@ def test(tmp_path):
     project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
     project_with_ssl_tests.generate(project_dir)
 
+    # warm up connection
+    socket.getaddrinfo("tls-v1-2.badssl.com", 443)
+
     actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir)
 
     expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0")

test/test_testing.py

@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ def test_bare_pytest_invocation(
     tmp_path: Path, capfd: pytest.CaptureFixture[str], test_runner: str
 ) -> None:
     """
-    Check that if a user runs pytest in the the test cwd without setting
+    Check that if a user runs pytest in the test cwd without setting
     test-sources, it raises a helpful error
     """
     project_dir = tmp_path / "project"

test/utils.py

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ def get_platform() -> str:
         raise Exception(msg)
 
 
-DEFAULT_CIBW_ENABLE = "cpython-freethreading cpython-prerelease cpython-experimental-riscv64"
+DEFAULT_CIBW_ENABLE = "cpython-freethreading cpython-prerelease"
 
 
 def get_enable_groups() -> frozenset[EnableGroup]:
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ def cibuildwheel_run(
             cwd=project_path,
             check=True,
         )
-        wheels = [p.name for p in (output_dir or Path(tmp_output_dir)).iterdir()]
+        wheels = sorted(p.name for p in (output_dir or Path(tmp_output_dir)).iterdir())
     return wheels
 
 
@@ -175,6 +175,7 @@ def expected_wheels(
     include_universal2: bool = False,
     single_python: bool = False,
     single_arch: bool = False,
+    full_auto: bool = False,
 ) -> list[str]:
     """
     Returns the expected wheels from a run of cibuildwheel.
@@ -194,7 +195,7 @@ def expected_wheels(
 
     architectures = [machine_arch]
     if not single_arch:
-        if platform == "linux":
+        if platform == "linux" and full_auto:
             if machine_arch == "x86_64":
                 architectures.append("i686")
             elif (
@@ -251,19 +252,17 @@ def _expected_wheels(
     if manylinux_versions is None:
         manylinux_versions = {
             "armv7l": ["manylinux2014", "manylinux_2_17", "manylinux_2_31"],
-            "i686": ["manylinux1", "manylinux2014", "manylinux_2_17", "manylinux_2_5"],
+            "i686": ["manylinux1", "manylinux_2_28", "manylinux_2_5"],
             "x86_64": ["manylinux1", "manylinux_2_28", "manylinux_2_5"],
-            "riscv64": ["manylinux_2_31", "manylinux_2_35"],
+            "riscv64": ["manylinux_2_31", "manylinux_2_39"],
         }.get(machine_arch, ["manylinux2014", "manylinux_2_17", "manylinux_2_28"])
 
     if musllinux_versions is None:
         musllinux_versions = ["musllinux_1_2"]
 
     if platform == "pyodide" and python_abi_tags is None:
-        python_abi_tags = ["cp312-cp312"]
+        python_abi_tags = ["cp312-cp312", "cp313-cp313"]
-        if EnableGroup.PyodidePrerelease in enable_groups:
+    elif platform in {"android", "ios"} and python_abi_tags is None:
-            python_abi_tags.append("cp313-cp313")
-    elif platform == "ios" and python_abi_tags is None:
         python_abi_tags = ["cp313-cp313"]
     elif python_abi_tags is None:
         python_abi_tags = [
@@ -273,6 +272,8 @@ def _expected_wheels(
             "cp311-cp311",
             "cp312-cp312",
             "cp313-cp313",
+            "cp314-cp314",
+            "cp314-cp314t",
         ]
 
         enable_groups = get_enable_groups()
@@ -280,9 +281,7 @@ def _expected_wheels(
             python_abi_tags.append("cp313-cp313t")
 
         if EnableGroup.CPythonPrerelease in enable_groups:
-            python_abi_tags.append("cp314-cp314")
+            ...  # Add cp315 here when available
-            if EnableGroup.CPythonFreeThreading in enable_groups:
-                python_abi_tags.append("cp314-cp314t")
 
         if EnableGroup.PyPyEoL in enable_groups:
             python_abi_tags += [
@@ -369,6 +368,13 @@ def _expected_wheels(
             if include_universal2:
                 platform_tags.append(f"macosx_{min_macosx.replace('.', '_')}_universal2")
 
+        elif platform == "android":
+            api_level = {
+                "cp313-cp313": 21,
+                "cp314-cp314": 24,
+            }[python_abi_tag]
+            platform_tags = [f"android_{api_level}_{machine_arch}"]
+
         elif platform == "ios":
             if machine_arch == "x86_64":
                 platform_tags = [

unit_test/architecture_test.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import sys
 import pytest
 
 import cibuildwheel.architecture
-from cibuildwheel.architecture import Architecture
+from cibuildwheel.architecture import Architecture, arch_synonym
 
 
 @pytest.fixture(
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ def test_arch_auto(platform_machine):
     arch_set = Architecture.auto_archs("linux")
     expected = {
         "32": {Architecture.i686},
-        "64": {Architecture.x86_64, Architecture.i686},
+        "64": {Architecture.x86_64},
-        "arm": {Architecture.aarch64, Architecture.armv7l},
+        "arm": {Architecture.aarch64},
     }
     assert arch_set == expected[machine_name]
 
@@ -94,5 +94,41 @@ def test_arch_auto_no_aarch32(monkeypatch):
     arch_set = Architecture.parse_config("auto64", "linux")
     assert arch_set == {Architecture.aarch64}
 
+    monkeypatch.setattr(cibuildwheel.architecture, "_check_aarch32_el0", lambda: True)
     arch_set = Architecture.parse_config("auto32", "linux")
-    assert len(arch_set) == 0
+    assert arch_set == {Architecture.armv7l}
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(cibuildwheel.architecture, "_check_aarch32_el0", lambda: False)
+    arch_set = Architecture.parse_config("auto32", "linux")
+    assert arch_set == set()
+
+
+def test_arch_native_on_ios(monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.setattr(sys, "platform", "darwin")
+    monkeypatch.setattr(platform_module, "machine", lambda: "arm64")
+    arch_set = Architecture.parse_config("native", platform="ios")
+    assert arch_set == {Architecture.arm64_iphonesimulator}
+
+
+def test_arch_auto_on_ios(monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.setattr(sys, "platform", "darwin")
+    monkeypatch.setattr(platform_module, "machine", lambda: "arm64")
+    arch_set = Architecture.parse_config("auto", platform="ios")
+    assert arch_set == {Architecture.arm64_iphonesimulator, Architecture.arm64_iphoneos}
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("arch", "from_platform", "to_platform", "expected"),
+    [
+        ("x86_64", "linux", "macos", "x86_64"),
+        ("x86_64", "macos", "linux", "x86_64"),
+        ("x86_64", "linux", "windows", "AMD64"),
+        ("AMD64", "windows", "linux", "x86_64"),
+        ("x86_64", "linux", "nonexistent", "x86_64"),
+        ("x86_64", "nonexistent", "linux", "x86_64"),
+        ("nonexistent", "linux", "windows", "nonexistent"),
+        ("x86", "windows", "macos", None),
+    ],
+)
+def test_arch_synonym(arch, from_platform, to_platform, expected):
+    assert arch_synonym(arch, from_platform, to_platform) == expected

unit_test/build_selector_test.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 from packaging.specifiers import SpecifierSet
 
+import cibuildwheel.selector
 from cibuildwheel.selector import BuildSelector, EnableGroup
 
 
@@ -14,6 +15,7 @@ def test_build():
     assert build_selector("cp311-manylinux_x86_64")
     assert build_selector("cp312-manylinux_x86_64")
     assert build_selector("cp313-manylinux_x86_64")
+    assert build_selector("cp314-manylinux_x86_64")
     assert build_selector("pp310-manylinux_x86_64")
     assert build_selector("pp311-manylinux_x86_64")
     assert build_selector("cp36-manylinux_i686")
@@ -35,6 +37,7 @@ def test_build():
     assert build_selector("cp311-win_amd64")
     assert build_selector("cp312-win_amd64")
     assert build_selector("cp313-win_amd64")
+    assert build_selector("cp314-win_amd64")
     assert not build_selector("pp310-win_amd64")
     assert not build_selector("pp311-win_amd64")
 
@@ -106,7 +109,7 @@ def test_build_filter_pyodide():
         enable=frozenset(),
     )
     assert build_selector("cp312-pyodide_wasm32")
-    assert not build_selector("cp313-pyodide_wasm32")
+    assert build_selector("cp313-pyodide_wasm32")
 
 
 def test_skip():
@@ -214,20 +217,9 @@ def test_build_free_threaded_python():
     assert build_selector("cp313t-manylinux_x86_64")
 
 
-def test_build_riscv64_enable():
-    build_selector = BuildSelector(build_config="*", skip_config="")
-    assert not build_selector("cp313-manylinux_riscv64")
-    build_selector = BuildSelector(
-        build_config="*", skip_config="", enable=frozenset([EnableGroup.CPythonExperimentalRiscV64])
-    )
-    assert build_selector("cp313-manylinux_riscv64")
-
-
 def test_testing_selector():
-    # local import to avoid pytest trying to collect this as a test class!
+    # This is not a global import to keep pytest from collecting it as a test
-    from cibuildwheel.selector import TestSelector
+    test_selector = cibuildwheel.selector.TestSelector(skip_config="cp36-*")
-
-    test_selector = TestSelector(skip_config="cp36-*")
 
     assert not test_selector("cp36-win_amd64")
     assert test_selector("cp37-manylinux_x86_64")

unit_test/linux_build_steps_test.py

@@ -90,6 +90,8 @@ def test_linux_container_split(tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch)
         "cp311-manylinux_x86_64",
         "cp312-manylinux_x86_64",
         "cp313-manylinux_x86_64",
+        "cp314-manylinux_x86_64",
+        "cp314t-manylinux_x86_64",
     ]
-    assert before_alls(build_steps[3]) == [""] * 3
+    assert before_alls(build_steps[3]) == [""] * 5
-    assert container_engines(build_steps[3]) == [default_container_engine] * 3
+    assert container_engines(build_steps[3]) == [default_container_engine] * 5

unit_test/main_tests/conftest.py

@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ from pathlib import Path
 
 import pytest
 
-from cibuildwheel import __main__, architecture
+from cibuildwheel import architecture
+from cibuildwheel.logger import Logger
 from cibuildwheel.platforms import linux, macos, pyodide, windows
 from cibuildwheel.util import file
 
@@ -58,7 +59,7 @@ def disable_print_wheels(monkeypatch):
     def empty_cm(*args, **kwargs):
         yield
 
-    monkeypatch.setattr(__main__, "print_new_wheels", empty_cm)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(Logger, "print_summary", empty_cm)
 
 
 @pytest.fixture

unit_test/main_tests/main_options_test.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import os
 import sys
 import tomllib
 from fnmatch import fnmatch
@@ -7,7 +8,7 @@ import pytest
 
 from cibuildwheel.__main__ import main
 from cibuildwheel.environment import ParsedEnvironment
-from cibuildwheel.frontend import _split_config_settings
+from cibuildwheel.frontend import _split_config_settings, parse_config_settings
 from cibuildwheel.options import BuildOptions, _get_pinned_container_images
 from cibuildwheel.selector import BuildSelector, EnableGroup
 from cibuildwheel.util import resources
@@ -16,6 +17,18 @@ from cibuildwheel.util.packaging import DependencyConstraints
 # CIBW_PLATFORM is tested in main_platform_test.py
 
 
+def test_old_free_threaded(monkeypatch, capsys):
+    monkeypatch.setenv("CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT", "ON")
+
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit):
+        main()
+
+    assert (
+        "CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT environment variable is no longer supported."
+        in capsys.readouterr().err
+    )
+
+
 @pytest.mark.usefixtures("platform")
 def test_output_dir(intercepted_build_args, monkeypatch):
     OUTPUT_DIR = Path("some_output_dir")
@@ -93,6 +106,32 @@ def test_invalid_skip_selector(monkeypatch, capsys, option_name, option_env_var)
     assert f"Invalid {option_name} selector" in err
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "selector", ["*-macosx_universal2:arm64", "*-macosx_universal2:x86_64", "*-macosx_arm64"]
+)
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures("platform", "intercepted_build_args")
+def test_valid_test_skip_selector(monkeypatch, capsys, selector):
+    monkeypatch.setenv("CIBW_TEST_SKIP", selector)
+
+    main()
+
+    _, err = capsys.readouterr()
+    print(err)
+    assert "Invalid test_skip selector" not in err
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("selector", ["*-macosx_universal2:invalid", "*-macosx_arm64:arm64"])
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures("platform", "intercepted_build_args")
+def test_invalid_test_skip_selector(monkeypatch, capsys, selector):
+    monkeypatch.setenv("CIBW_TEST_SKIP", selector)
+
+    main()
+
+    _, err = capsys.readouterr()
+    print(err)
+    assert "Invalid test_skip selector" in err
+
+
 @pytest.mark.usefixtures("platform", "intercepted_build_args")
 def test_empty_selector(monkeypatch):
     monkeypatch.setenv("CIBW_SKIP", "*")
@@ -103,6 +142,70 @@ def test_empty_selector(monkeypatch):
     assert e.value.code == 3
 
 
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures("platform", "intercepted_build_args")
+def test_riscv64_warning1(monkeypatch, capsys):
+    monkeypatch.setenv("CIBW_ENABLE", "cpython-experimental-riscv64")
+
+    main()
+
+    _, err = capsys.readouterr()
+    print(err)
+    assert "'cpython-experimental-riscv64' enable is deprecated" in err
+
+
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures("platform", "intercepted_build_args")
+def test_riscv64_warning2(monkeypatch, capsys, tmp_path):
+    local_path = tmp_path / "tmp_project"
+    os.mkdir(local_path)  # noqa:PTH102 Path.mkdir has been monkeypatched already
+    local_path.joinpath("setup.py").touch()
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        sys, "argv", ["cibuildwheel", "--only", "cp313-manylinux_riscv64", str(local_path)]
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setenv("CIBW_ENABLE", "cpython-experimental-riscv64")
+
+    main()
+
+    _, err = capsys.readouterr()
+    print(err)
+    assert "'cpython-experimental-riscv64' enable is deprecated" in err
+
+
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures("platform", "intercepted_build_args")
+def test_riscv64_no_warning(monkeypatch, capsys, tmp_path):
+    local_path = tmp_path / "tmp_project"
+    os.mkdir(local_path)  # noqa:PTH102 Path.mkdir has been monkeypatched already
+    local_path.joinpath("setup.py").touch()
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        sys, "argv", ["cibuildwheel", "--only", "cp313-manylinux_riscv64", str(local_path)]
+    )
+
+    main()
+
+    _, err = capsys.readouterr()
+    print(err)
+    assert "'cpython-experimental-riscv64' enable is deprecated" not in err
+
+
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures("platform", "intercepted_build_args")
+def test_riscv64_no_warning2(monkeypatch, capsys, tmp_path):
+    local_path = tmp_path / "tmp_project"
+    os.mkdir(local_path)  # noqa:PTH102 Path.mkdir has been monkeypatched already
+    local_path.joinpath("setup.py").touch()
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        sys, "argv", ["cibuildwheel", "--only", "cp313-manylinux_riscv64", str(local_path)]
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setenv("CIBW_ENABLE", "all")
+
+    main()
+
+    _, err = capsys.readouterr()
+    print(err)
+    assert "'cpython-experimental-riscv64' enable is deprecated" not in err
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     ("architecture", "image", "full_image"),
     [
@@ -111,8 +214,9 @@ def test_empty_selector(monkeypatch):
         ("x86_64", "manylinux_2_28", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:*"),
         ("x86_64", "manylinux_2_34", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_x86_64:*"),
         ("x86_64", "custom_image", "custom_image"),
-        ("i686", None, "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:*"),
+        ("i686", None, "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686:*"),
         ("i686", "manylinux2014", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:*"),
+        ("i686", "manylinux_2_28", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686:*"),
         ("i686", "custom_image", "custom_image"),
         ("pypy_x86_64", None, "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:*"),
         ("pypy_x86_64", "manylinux2014", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:*"),
@@ -288,7 +392,9 @@ def test_build_verbosity(
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("platform_specific", [False, True])
 def test_config_settings(platform_specific, platform, intercepted_build_args, monkeypatch):
-    config_settings = 'setting=value setting=value2 other="something else"'
+    config_settings = (
+        'setting=value setting=value2 triplet=1 triplet=2 triplet=3 other="something else"'
+    )
     if platform_specific:
         monkeypatch.setenv("CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_" + platform.upper(), config_settings)
         monkeypatch.setenv("CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS", "a=b")
@@ -303,8 +409,16 @@ def test_config_settings(platform_specific, platform, intercepted_build_args, mo
     assert _split_config_settings(config_settings) == [
         "-Csetting=value",
         "-Csetting=value2",
+        "-Ctriplet=1",
+        "-Ctriplet=2",
+        "-Ctriplet=3",
         "-Cother=something else",
     ]
+    assert parse_config_settings(config_settings) == {
+        "setting": ["value", "value2"],
+        "triplet": ["1", "2", "3"],
+        "other": "something else",
+    }
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
@@ -493,7 +607,8 @@ def test_defaults(platform, intercepted_build_args):
     if isinstance(repair_wheel_default, list):
         repair_wheel_default = " && ".join(repair_wheel_default)
     assert build_options.repair_command == repair_wheel_default
-    assert build_options.build_frontend is None
+    assert build_options.build_frontend.name == "build"
+    assert build_options.build_frontend.args == ()
 
     if platform == "linux":
         assert build_options.manylinux_images