Bump version: v3.4.1

Free-Threading Python 3.13 was experimental.
Now that Python 3.14 has been released with explicit support, we can schedule removal of Python 3.13 free-threading.

.circleci/prepare.sh

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ fi
 
 $PYTHON --version
 $PYTHON -m venv venv
-venv/bin/python -m pip install -U pip dependency-groups
-venv/bin/python -m dependency_groups test | xargs venv/bin/python -m pip install -e.
+venv/bin/python -m pip install -U pip
+venv/bin/python -m pip install -e. --group test
 venv/bin/python -m pip freeze
 venv/bin/python --version

.cirrus.yml

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-only_if: changesInclude('.cirrus.yml') || ($CIRRUS_BRANCH == "main" && !changesIncludeOnly('docs/*', '.pre-commit-config.yaml')) || $CIRRUS_BRANCH =~ 'cirrus.*'
+only_if: changesInclude('.cirrus.yml') || ($CIRRUS_BRANCH == "main" && !changesIncludeOnly('.github/*', 'bin/*', 'docs/*', '.circleci/*', '.travis.yml', '.pre-commit-config.yaml', '.readthedocs.yml', 'azure-pipelines.yml', 'README.md', 'mkdocs.yml', 'noxfile.py')) || $CIRRUS_BRANCH =~ 'cirrus.*'
 
 run_tests: &RUN_TESTS
   install_cibuildwheel_script:
-    - python -m pip install dependency-groups
-    - python -m dependency_groups test | xargs python -m pip install -e.
+    - python -m pip install -U pip
+    - python -m pip install -e. --group test
   run_cibuildwheel_tests_script:
     - python ./bin/run_tests.py
 
@@ -46,8 +46,8 @@ linux_aarch64_task:
   <<: *RUN_TESTS
 
 windows_x86_task:
-  # The task takes ~55 minutes while the timeout happens
-  # after 60 minutes by default, let's allow some wiggle room.
+  # The task takes ~55 minutes while the timeout happens after 60 minutes by default,
+  # let's allow some wiggle room.
   timeout_in: 120m
   windows_container:
     image: cirrusci/windowsservercore:visualstudio2022
@@ -55,9 +55,12 @@ windows_x86_task:
     memory: 8G
 
   install_pre_requirements_script:
+    - certutil -generateSSTFromWU roots.sst
+    - certutil -addstore -f root roots.sst
+    - del roots.sst
     - choco install -y --no-progress python3 --version 3.12.4
     - refreshenv
-    - echo PATH=%PATH% >> "%CIRRUS_ENV%"
+    - powershell -Command "$cleanPath = $env:PATH -replace ';+$', ''; Add-Content -Path $env:CIRRUS_ENV -Value ('PATH=' + $cleanPath)"
   <<: *RUN_TESTS
 
 macos_arm64_task:

.github/CODEOWNERS

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Specification files for platform maintainers
+cibuildwheel/platforms/ios.py         @freakboy3742
+cibuildwheel/platforms/pyodide.py     @hoodmane @ryanking13 @agriyakhetarpal
+cibuildwheel/platforms/android.py     @mhsmith
+
+# Constraints files
+cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-pyodide*.txt @hoodmane @ryanking13 @agriyakhetarpal

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -9,3 +9,5 @@ updates:
       actions:
         patterns:
           - "*"
+    cooldown:
+      default-days: 7

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -7,13 +7,17 @@ on:
     types:
     - published
 
+permissions: {}
+
 jobs:
   dist:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
 
-    - uses: hynek/build-and-inspect-python-package@v2
+    - uses: hynek/build-and-inspect-python-package@efb823f52190ad02594531168b7a2d5790e66516 # v2.14.0
 
   publish:
     needs: [dist]
@@ -27,16 +31,16 @@ jobs:
       attestations: write
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+    - uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
       with:
         name: Packages
         path: dist
 
     - name: Generate artifact attestation for sdist and wheel
-      uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@db473fddc028af60658334401dc6fa3ffd8669fd # v2.3.0
+      uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@a2bbfa25375fe432b6a289bc6b6cd05ecd0c4c32 # v4.1.0
       with:
         subject-path: "dist/cibuildwheel-*"
 
-    - uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@release/v1
+    - uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@ed0c53931b1dc9bd32cbe73a98c7f6766f8a527e # v1.13.0
       with:
         attestations: true

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -12,74 +12,152 @@ on:
       - reopened
       - labeled
     paths-ignore:
-      - 'docs/**'
+      - .ci*
+      - bin/*
+      - docs/**
+      - examples/azure-pipelines-*
+      - examples/ci*
+      - examples/travis-ci-*
       - .pre-commit-config.yaml
+      - .readthedocs.yml
+      - .travis.yml
+      - README.md
+      - azure-pipelines.yml
+      - mkdocs.yml
+      - noxfile.py
   workflow_dispatch:
     # allow manual runs on branches without a PR
 
+permissions: {}
+
 concurrency:
   group: test-${{ github.ref }}
   cancel-in-progress: true
 
 jobs:
   lint:
-    name: Linters (mypy, flake8, etc.)
+    name: Linters (mypy, ruff, etc.)
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+    - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
       id: python
       with:
         python-version: "3.x"
-    - uses: pre-commit/action@v3.0.1
+    - uses: j178/prek-action@79f765515bd648eb4d6bb1b17277b7cb22cb6468 # v2.0.0
     - name: PyLint checks
-      run: pipx run --python "${{ steps.python.outputs.python-path }}" nox -s pylint -- --output-format=github
+      run: pipx run --python "${STEPS_PYTHON_OUTPUTS_PYTHON_PATH}" nox -s pylint -- --output-format=github
+      env:
+        STEPS_PYTHON_OUTPUTS_PYTHON_PATH: ${{ steps.python.outputs.python-path }}
+
+  sample:
+    name: Generate a sample project
+    needs: lint
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
+      name: Install Python
+      with:
+        python-version: "3.x"
+    - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@37802adc94f370d6bfd71619e3f0bf239e1f3b78 # v7.6.0
+    - name: Install dependencies
+      run: uv sync --no-dev --group test
+    - name: Generate a sample project
+      run: uv run --no-sync -m test.test_projects test.test_0_basic.basic_project sample_proj
+    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@bbbca2ddaa5d8feaa63e36b76fdaad77386f024f # v7.0.0
+      with:
+        name: sample_proj
+        path: sample_proj
 
   test:
-    name: Test on ${{ matrix.os }} (${{ matrix.python_version }})
-    needs: lint
+    name: Test on ${{ matrix.os }} (${{ matrix.python_version }}) ${{ matrix.test_select }}
+    needs: sample
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-13, macos-15]
-        python_version: ['3.13']
         include:
+        # Min Python
         - os: ubuntu-latest
           python_version: '3.11'
+        # Max Python
         - os: ubuntu-latest
           python_version: '3.14'
+        - os: ubuntu-latest
+          python_version: '3.13'
+          test_select: android
+        - os: ubuntu-24.04-arm
+          python_version: '3.13'
+        - os: windows-latest
+          python_version: '3.13'
+        - os: windows-11-arm
+          python_version: '3.13'
+        - os: macos-15-intel
+          python_version: '3.13'
+        - os: macos-15
+          python_version: '3.13'
+        - os: macos-15-intel
+          python_version: '3.13'
+          test_select: ios
+        - os: macos-15
+          python_version: '3.13'
+          test_select: ios
+          # Exercise iOS on a non-default simulator.
+          test_runtime: 'args: --simulator "iPhone 16e,OS=18.5"'
+        - os: macos-15-intel
+          python_version: '3.13'
+          test_select: android
+          # Exercise Android on a non-default simulator
+          test_runtime: 'args: --managed minVersion'
+        - os: macos-15
+          python_version: '3.13'
+          test_select: android
     timeout-minutes: 180
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+    - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
       name: Install Python ${{ matrix.python_version }}
       with:
         python-version: ${{ matrix.python_version }}
         allow-prereleases: true
 
-    - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v6
+    - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@37802adc94f370d6bfd71619e3f0bf239e1f3b78 # v7.6.0
 
-    # free some space to prevent reaching GHA disk space limits
-    - name: Clean docker images
-      if: runner.os == 'Linux'
+    - name: Free up disk space
+      if: runner.os == 'Linux' && matrix.test_select != 'android'
       run: |
-        docker system prune -a -f
-        df -h
+        sudo rm -rf $ANDROID_HOME/ndk /opt/hostedtoolcache/CodeQL \
+          /usr/local/lib/node_modules /usr/local/share/chromium \
+          /usr/local/share/powershell
+        df -m
 
     # for oci_container unit tests
     - name: Set up QEMU
       if: runner.os == 'Linux'
-      uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
+      uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@ce360397dd3f832beb865e1373c09c0e9f86d70a # v4.0.0
+
+    - name: Set up Xcode
+      if: ${{ startsWith(matrix.os, 'macos-15') }}
+      run: |
+        # GitHub recommends explicitly selecting the desired Xcode version
+        sudo xcode-select --switch /Applications/Xcode_16.4.app
 
     - name: Install dependencies
-      run: |
-        uv sync --no-dev --group test
+      run: uv sync --no-dev --group test
+
+    - uses: joerick/pr-labels-action@0543b277721e852d821c6738d449f2f4dea03d5f # v1.0.9
 
-    - uses: joerick/pr-labels-action@v1.0.9
     - name: Set CIBW_ENABLE
       shell: bash
       run: |
-        if [[ "${{ github.ref_name }}" == "main" ]]; then
+        if [[ "$GITHUB_REF_NAME" == "main" ]]; then
           CIBW_ENABLE=all
         else
           # get the default CIBW_ENABLE value from the test module
@@ -95,9 +173,11 @@ jobs:
         fi
         echo "CIBW_ENABLE=${CIBW_ENABLE}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
 
-    - name: Generate a sample project
-      run: |
-        uv run --no-sync -m test.test_projects test.test_0_basic.basic_project sample_proj
+    - name: Download a sample project
+      uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
+      with:
+        name: sample_proj
+        path: sample_proj
 
     - name: Run a sample build (GitHub Action)
       uses: ./
@@ -106,29 +186,35 @@ jobs:
         output-dir: wheelhouse
       env:
         CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS: x86_64 universal2 arm64
-        CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND: 'build[uv]'
+        CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND: ${{ matrix.test_select && 'build' || 'build[uv]' }}
+        CIBW_PLATFORM: ${{ matrix.test_select }}
+        CIBW_TEST_RUNTIME: ${{ matrix.test_runtime }}
 
     - name: Run a sample build (GitHub Action, only)
       uses: ./
+      if: matrix.test_select == ''
       with:
         package-dir: sample_proj
         output-dir: wheelhouse_only
-        only: cp312-${{ runner.os == 'Linux' && (runner.arch == 'ARM64' && 'manylinux_aarch64' || 'manylinux_x86_64') || (runner.os == 'Windows' && 'win_amd64' || 'macosx_x86_64') }}
+        only: cp313-${{ runner.os == 'Linux' && (runner.arch == 'ARM64' && 'manylinux_aarch64' || 'manylinux_x86_64') || (runner.os == 'Windows' && 'win_amd64' || 'macosx_x86_64') }}
 
     - name: Create custom configuration file
       shell: bash
       run: |
         cat > sample_proj/cibw.toml <<EOF
         [tool.cibuildwheel]
-        # Only build on CPython 3.12 on native arch
+        # Only build on CPython 3.13 on native arch
         archs = ["native"]
-        build = "cp312-*"
+        build = "cp313-*"
         # Skip musllinux
         skip = "*-musllinux*"
         EOF
 
     - name: Run a sample build (GitHub Action, config-file)
       uses: ./
+      env:
+        CIBW_PLATFORM: ${{ matrix.test_select }}
+        CIBW_TEST_RUNTIME: ${{ matrix.test_runtime }}
       with:
         package-dir: sample_proj
         output-dir: wheelhouse_config_file
@@ -138,17 +224,23 @@ jobs:
       shell: bash
       run: |
         test $(find wheelhouse -name '*.whl' | wc -l) -ge 1
-        test $(find wheelhouse_only -name '*.whl' | wc -l) -eq 1
         test $(find wheelhouse_config_file -name '*.whl' | wc -l) -eq 1
 
-    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+    - name: Check Action artifacts (native build only)
+      if: matrix.test_select == ''
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        test $(find wheelhouse_only -name '*.whl' | wc -l) -eq 1
+
+    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@bbbca2ddaa5d8feaa63e36b76fdaad77386f024f # v7.0.0
       with:
         name: cibw-wheels-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ strategy.job-index }}
         path: wheelhouse/*.whl
 
     - name: Test cibuildwheel
-      run: |
-        uv run --no-sync bin/run_tests.py ${{ (runner.os == 'Linux' && runner.arch == 'X64') && '--run-podman' || '' }}
+      env:
+        CIBW_TEST_RUNTIME: ${{ matrix.test_runtime }}
+      run: uv run --no-sync bin/run_tests.py --test-select=${{ matrix.test_select || 'native' }} ${{ (runner.os == 'Linux' && runner.arch == 'X64') && '--run-podman' || '' }}
 
   emulated-archs:
     name: Get qemu emulated architectures
@@ -157,11 +249,13 @@ jobs:
     outputs:
       archs: ${{ steps.archs.outputs.archs }}
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+    - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
       with:
         python-version: "3.x"
-    - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v6
+    - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@37802adc94f370d6bfd71619e3f0bf239e1f3b78 # v7.6.0
     - name: Install dependencies
       run: uv sync --no-dev --group test
     - name: Get qemu emulated architectures
@@ -180,39 +274,47 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         arch: ${{ fromJSON(needs.emulated-archs.outputs.archs) }}
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+    - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
       with:
         python-version: "3.x"
-    - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v6
+    - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@37802adc94f370d6bfd71619e3f0bf239e1f3b78 # v7.6.0
     - name: Install dependencies
       run: uv sync --no-dev --group test
 
     - name: Set up QEMU
-      uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
+      uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@ce360397dd3f832beb865e1373c09c0e9f86d70a # v4.0.0
 
     - name: Run the emulation tests
-      run: uv run --no-sync pytest --run-emulation ${{ matrix.arch }} test/test_emulation.py
+      env:
+        MATRIX_ARCH: ${{ matrix.arch }}
+      run: uv run --no-sync pytest --run-emulation "$MATRIX_ARCH" test/test_emulation.py
 
   test-pyodide:
     name: Test pyodide
-    needs: lint
+    needs: sample
     runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
     timeout-minutes: 180
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+    - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
       name: Install Python 3.12
       with:
         python-version: '3.12'
-    - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v6
+    - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@37802adc94f370d6bfd71619e3f0bf239e1f3b78 # v7.6.0
 
     - name: Install dependencies
       run: uv sync --no-dev --group test
 
-    - name: Generate a sample project
-      run: |
-        uv run --no-sync -m test.test_projects test.test_0_basic.basic_project sample_proj
+    - name: Download a sample project
+      uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
+      with:
+        name: sample_proj
+        path: sample_proj
 
     - name: Run a sample build (GitHub Action)
       uses: ./
@@ -222,21 +324,46 @@ jobs:
       env:
         CIBW_PLATFORM: pyodide
 
-    - name: Run a sample build (GitHub Action) for an overridden Pyodide version
+    - name: Run tests with 'CIBW_PLATFORM' set to 'pyodide'
+      run: uv run --no-sync ./bin/run_tests.py
+      env:
+        CIBW_PLATFORM: pyodide
+
+  test-uv-extras:
+    name: Test uv extra on ${{ matrix.os }} ${{ matrix.test_select }}
+    needs: sample
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+        - os: ubuntu-latest
+          test_select: android
+        - os: windows-latest
+        - os: windows-11-arm
+        - os: macos-15-intel
+        - os: macos-15
+        - os: macos-15-intel
+          test_select: android
+        - os: macos-15
+          test_select: android
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
+    - name: Download a sample project
+      uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
+      with:
+        name: sample_proj
+        path: sample_proj
+    - name: Run a sample build (GitHub Action)
       uses: ./
       with:
+        extras: uv
         package-dir: sample_proj
         output-dir: wheelhouse
-        # In case this breaks at any point in time, switch to using the latest version
-        # available or any other version that is not the same as the default one set
-        # in cibuildwheel/resources/build-platforms.toml.
       env:
-        CIBW_PLATFORM: pyodide
-        CIBW_BUILD: "cp312*"
-        CIBW_PYODIDE_VERSION: "0.27.6"
-
-    - name: Run tests with 'CIBW_PLATFORM' set to 'pyodide'
-      run: |
-        uv run --no-sync ./bin/run_tests.py
-      env:
-        CIBW_PLATFORM: pyodide
+        CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS: x86_64 universal2 arm64
+        CIBW_BUILD: cp314-*
+        CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND: 'build[uv]'
+        CIBW_PLATFORM: ${{ matrix.test_select }}

.github/workflows/update-dependencies.yml

@@ -14,25 +14,32 @@ on:
   schedule:
     - cron: '0 6 * * 1'  # "At 06:00 on Monday."
 
+permissions: {}
+
 jobs:
   update-dependencies:
     name: Update dependencies
     if: github.repository_owner == 'pypa' || github.event_name != 'schedule'
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: write
+    environment: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' && github.repository == 'pypa/cibuildwheel' && 'update-dependencies-workflow' || '' }}
     steps:
 
     # we use this step to grab a Github App auth token, so that PRs generated by this workflow
     # run the GHA tests.
-    - uses: actions/create-github-app-token@v2
+    - uses: actions/create-github-app-token@f8d387b68d61c58ab83c6c016672934102569859 # v3.0.0
       id: generate-token
       if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' && github.repository == 'pypa/cibuildwheel'
       with:
         app-id: ${{ secrets.CIBUILDWHEEL_BOT_APP_ID }}
         private-key: ${{ secrets.CIBUILDWHEEL_BOT_APP_PRIVATE_KEY }}
 
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
 
-    - uses: wntrblm/nox@2025.05.01
+    - uses: wntrblm/nox@5a277b752f6094150e25237d47c34168e2b7526e # 2026.02.09
 
     - name: "Run update: dependencies"
       run: nox --force-color -s update_constraints
@@ -43,7 +50,7 @@ jobs:
 
     - name: Create Pull Request
       if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' && github.repository == 'pypa/cibuildwheel'
-      uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v7
+      uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@c0f553fe549906ede9cf27b5156039d195d2ece0 # v8.1.0
       with:
         commit-message: Update dependencies
         title: '[Bot] Update dependencies'

.github/workflows/update-major-minor-tag.yml

@@ -21,10 +21,12 @@ jobs:
     permissions:
       contents: write
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
 
       - name: Update the ${{ env.TAG_NAME }} tag
         id: update-major-minor-tag
-        uses: joerick/update-vX.Y-tag-action@v1.0
+        uses: joerick/update-vX.Y-tag-action@c4cefb60c33b82e4aa73a469e4acf30ee48d5812 # v1.0.2
         with:
           source-tag: ${{ env.TAG_NAME }}

.github/workflows/zizmor.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+name: zizmor - GitHub Actions Security Analysis
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: ["main"]
+  pull_request:
+    branches: ["**"]
+
+permissions: {}
+
+jobs:
+  zizmor:
+    name: Run zizmor 🌈
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      security-events: write
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - name: Run zizmor 🌈
+        uses: zizmorcore/zizmor-action@71321a20a9ded102f6e9ce5718a2fcec2c4f70d8 # v0.5.2

.gitignore

@@ -112,3 +112,10 @@ site/
 
 # PyCharm
 .idea/
+
+# Lockfiles
+*.lock
+*.pylock
+
+# OS files
+.DS_Store

.gitlab-ci.yml

@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ linux:
   script:
     - curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh
     - docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
-    - python -m pip install dependency-groups
-    - python -m dependency_groups test | xargs python -m pip install -e. pytest-custom-exit-code
+    - python -m pip install -U pip
+    - python -m pip install -e. pytest-custom-exit-code --group test
     - python ./bin/run_tests.py
 
 windows:
@@ -29,14 +29,14 @@ windows:
   variables:
     PYTEST_ADDOPTS: -k "unit_test or test_0_basic" --suppress-no-test-exit-code
   before_script:
-    - choco install python -y --version 3.12.4
+    - choco install python -y --allow-downgrade --version 3.12.4
   rules:
     - if: '$CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == "main"'
       variables:
         CIBW_ENABLE: "all"
   script:
-    - py -m pip install dependency-groups
-    - py -m pip install -e. pytest-custom-exit-code $(py -m dependency_groups test)
+    - py -m pip install -U pip
+    - py -m pip install -e. pytest-custom-exit-code --group test
     - py bin\run_tests.py
   tags:
     - saas-windows-medium-amd64
@@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ macos:
       variables:
         CIBW_ENABLE: "all"
   script:
-    - python3 -m pip install dependency-groups
-    - python3 -m dependency_groups test | xargs python3 -m pip install -e. pytest-custom-exit-code
+    - python3 -m pip install -U pip
+    - python3 -m pip install -e. pytest-custom-exit-code --group test
     - python3 ./bin/run_tests.py
   tags:
     - saas-macos-medium-m1

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
-repos:
+ci:
+  autoupdate_schedule: monthly
 
+repos:
 - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
-  rev: v5.0.0
+  rev: 3e8a8703264a2f4a69428a0aa4dcb512790b2c8c  # frozen: v6.0.0
   hooks:
   - id: check-case-conflict
   - id: check-merge-conflict
@@ -14,28 +16,31 @@ repos:
   - id: trailing-whitespace
 
 - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-  rev: v0.11.11
+  rev: 4924b0e01e032fea073ad04a1c5cfa7e4add0afb  # frozen: v0.15.6
   hooks:
-  - id: ruff
-    args: ["--fix", "--show-fixes"]
+  - id: ruff-check
+    args: ["--fix"]
   - id: ruff-format
 
 - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy
-  rev: v1.15.0
+  rev: a66e98df7b4aeeb3724184b332785976d062b92e  # frozen: v1.19.1
   hooks:
   - id: mypy
     name: mypy 3.11 on cibuildwheel/
     args: ["--python-version=3.11"]
+    exclude: ^cibuildwheel/resources/_cross_venv.py$  # Requires Python 3.13 or later
     additional_dependencies: &mypy-dependencies
       - bracex
+      - build
       - dependency-groups>=1.2
+      - humanize
       - nox>=2025.2.9
       - orjson
       - packaging
+      - pyelftools
       - pygithub
       - pytest
       - rich
-      - tomli
       - tomli_w
       - types-certifi
       - types-click
@@ -46,13 +51,12 @@ repos:
       - uv
       - validate-pyproject
   - id: mypy
-    name: mypy 3.13
-    exclude: ^cibuildwheel/resources/.*py$
-    args: ["--python-version=3.13"]
+    name: mypy 3.14
+    args: ["--python-version=3.14"]
     additional_dependencies: *mypy-dependencies
 
 - repo: https://github.com/shellcheck-py/shellcheck-py
-  rev: v0.10.0.1
+  rev: 745eface02aef23e168a8afb6b5737818efbea95  # frozen: v0.11.0.1
   hooks:
   - id: shellcheck
 
@@ -62,17 +66,18 @@ repos:
     name: Disallow improper capitalization
     language: pygrep
     entry: PyBind|Numpy|Cmake|Github|PyTest
-    types:
-    - markdown
+    types: [markdown]
     exclude: ^docs/working-examples\.md$  # Autogenerated
-  - id: update-readme-changelog
-    name: Update README changelog
+  - id: cog
+    name: Cog the README
     language: python
-    entry: bin/update_readme_changelog.py
-    files: ^docs/changelog.md$
+    pass_filenames: false
+    entry: cog -c -P -r -I ./bin README.md
+    files: '^(README\.md|docs/changelog\.md|docs/options\.md|bin/readme.*)$'
+    additional_dependencies: [cogapp>=3.5]
 
 - repo: https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell
-  rev: v2.4.1
+  rev: 2ccb47ff45ad361a21071a7eedda4c37e6ae8c5a  # frozen: v2.4.2
   hooks:
   - id: codespell
     args: ["-w"]
@@ -80,7 +85,7 @@ repos:
 
 
 - repo: https://github.com/python-jsonschema/check-jsonschema
-  rev: 0.33.0
+  rev: 9f48a48aa91a6040d749ad68ec70907d907a5a7f  # frozen: 0.37.0
   hooks:
     - id: check-dependabot
     - id: check-github-actions

.readthedocs.yml

@@ -3,11 +3,9 @@
 version: 2
 
 build:
-  os: ubuntu-22.04
-  tools:
-    python: "3.12"
+  os: ubuntu-24.04
   commands:
     - asdf plugin add uv
     - asdf install uv latest
     - asdf global uv latest
-    - NO_COLOR=1 uv run --no-dev --group docs mkdocs build --strict --site-dir $READTHEDOCS_OUTPUT/html
+    - NO_COLOR=1 uv run --python 3.14 --managed-python --no-dev --group docs mkdocs build --strict --site-dir $READTHEDOCS_OUTPUT/html

.travis.yml

@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
-os: linux
-dist: jammy
-language: python
-
-branches:
-  only:
-  - main
-
-# only build the main branch or PR that explicitely want to test with Travis CI
-if: (type = "push") OR (commit_message =~ /travis-ci/)
-
-jobs:
-  include:
-    - name: Linux | x86_64 + i686 | Python 3.12
-      python: 3.12
-      services: docker
-      env:
-        - PYTHON=python
-        # a build using CIBW_ENABLE=all does not fit into Travis' time limit,
-        # so only the defaults are tested
-
-    - name: Linux | arm64 | Python 3.12
-      python: 3.12
-      services: docker
-      arch: arm64
-      env:
-        - PYTHON=python
-        - CIBW_ENABLE=all
-
-    - name: Linux | ppc64le | Python 3.12
-      python: 3.12
-      services: docker
-      arch: ppc64le
-      allow_failure: True
-      env:
-        - PYTHON=python
-        # skip test_manylinuxXXXX_only, it uses too much disk space
-        # c.f. https://travis-ci.community/t/running-out-of-disk-space-quota-when-using-docker-on-ppc64le/11634
-        - PYTEST_ADDOPTS='-k "not test_manylinuxXXXX_only"'
-        - CIBW_ENABLE=all
-
-    - name: Windows | x86_64 | Python 3.12
-      os: windows
-      language: shell
-      before_install:
-        # http://woshub.com/updating-trusted-root-certificates-in-windows-10
-        - certutil -generateSSTFromWU roots.sst
-        - powershell -Command 'Get-ChildItem -Path roots.sst | Import-Certificate -CertStoreLocation Cert:\LocalMachine\Root'
-        - rm -f roots.sst
-        - choco upgrade python3 -y --version 3.12.8 --limit-output --params "/InstallDir:C:\\Python312"
-      env:
-        - PYTHON=C:\\Python312\\python
-        # a build using CIBW_ENABLE=all does not fit into Travis' time limit,
-        # so only the defaults are tested
-
-    - name: Linux | s390x | Python 3.12
-      python: 3.12
-      services: docker
-      arch: s390x
-      allow_failure: True
-      env:
-        - PYTHON=python
-        - CIBW_ENABLE=all
-
-install:
-- if [ "${TRAVIS_OS_NAME}" == "linux" ]; then docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all; fi
-- $PYTHON -m pip install -U pip dependency-groups
-- $PYTHON -m dependency_groups test | xargs $PYTHON -m pip install -e.
-
-script: |
-  # travis_wait disable the output while waiting
-  # use the same kind of tricks as in multibuild
-  (while true; do echo "travis_keep_alive"; sleep 300; done) &
-  SPINNER_PID=$!
-  disown
-  result=0
-  $PYTHON ./bin/run_tests.py --num-processes 2 || result=1
-  kill -9 ${SPINNER_PID}
-  test ${result} -eq 0

CI.md

@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 This is a summary of the host Python versions and platforms covered by the different CI platforms:
 
-|         | 3.11                             | 3.12                                        | 3.13           |
-|---------|----------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|----------------|
-| Linux   | Azure Pipelines / GitHub Actions | CircleCI¹ / Cirrus CI / GitLab¹ / Travis CI | GitHub Actions |
-| macOS   | Azure Pipelines                  | CircleCI¹ / Cirrus CI / GitLab¹             | GitHub Actions |
-| Windows | Azure Pipelines                  | Cirrus CI / GitLab¹ / Travis CI             | GitHub Actions |
+|         | 3.11                             | 3.12                            | 3.13           | 3.14           |
+|---------|----------------------------------|---------------------------------|----------------|----------------|
+| Linux   | Azure Pipelines / GitHub Actions | CircleCI¹ / Cirrus CI / GitLab¹ | GitHub Actions | GitHub Actions |
+| macOS   | Azure Pipelines                  | CircleCI¹ / Cirrus CI / GitLab¹ | GitHub Actions |                |
+| Windows | Azure Pipelines                  | Cirrus CI / GitLab¹             | GitHub Actions |                |
 
 > ¹ Runs a reduced set of tests to reduce CI load
-
-Non-x86 architectures are covered on Travis CI using Python 3.12.

LICENSE

@@ -1,24 +1,9 @@
-This project is licensed under the 'BSD 2-clause license'.
+Copyright 2017, Joe Rickerby and contributors. All rights reserved.
 
-Copyright (c) 2017-2025, Joe Rickerby and contributors. All rights reserved.
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
 
-Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 
-1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
-list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 
-2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
-this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
-and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
-
-THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
-AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
-DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
-SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
-CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
-OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
-OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS “AS IS” AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

README.md

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ cibuildwheel
 [![PyPI](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/cibuildwheel.svg)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/cibuildwheel)
 [![Documentation Status](https://readthedocs.org/projects/cibuildwheel/badge/?version=stable)](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/?badge=stable)
 [![Actions Status](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/workflows/Test/badge.svg)](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/actions)
-[![Travis Status](https://img.shields.io/travis/com/pypa/cibuildwheel/main?logo=travis)](https://travis-ci.com/github/pypa/cibuildwheel)
 [![CircleCI Status](https://img.shields.io/circleci/build/gh/pypa/cibuildwheel/main?logo=circleci)](https://circleci.com/gh/pypa/cibuildwheel)
 [![Azure Status](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_apis/build/status/pypa.cibuildwheel?branchName=main)](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_build/latest?definitionId=4&branchName=main)
 
@@ -15,7 +14,7 @@ cibuildwheel
 
 Python wheels are great. Building them across **Mac, Linux, Windows**, on **multiple versions of Python**, is not.
 
-`cibuildwheel` is here to help. `cibuildwheel` runs on your CI server - currently it supports GitHub Actions, Azure Pipelines, Travis CI, CircleCI, and GitLab CI - and it builds and tests your wheels across all of your platforms.
+`cibuildwheel` is here to help. `cibuildwheel` runs on your CI server - currently it supports GitHub Actions, Azure Pipelines, CircleCI, and GitLab CI - and it builds and tests your wheels across all of your platforms.
 
 
 What does it do?
@@ -23,29 +22,30 @@ What does it do?
 
 While cibuildwheel itself requires a recent Python version to run (we support the last three releases), it can target the following versions to build wheels:
 
-|                    | macOS Intel | macOS Apple Silicon | Windows 64bit | Windows 32bit | Windows Arm64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux x86_64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux i686 | manylinux<br/>musllinux aarch64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux ppc64le | manylinux<br/>musllinux s390x | manylinux<br/>musllinux armv7l | iOS | Pyodide |
-|--------------------|----|-----|-----|-----|-----|----|-----|----|-----|-----|---|-----|-----|
-| CPython 3.8        | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A |
-| CPython 3.9        | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A |
-| CPython 3.10       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A |
-| CPython 3.11       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A |
-| CPython 3.12       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵  | N/A | ✅⁴ |
-| CPython 3.13³      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵  | ✅ | N/A |
-| CPython 3.14³      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵  | ✅ | N/A |
-| PyPy 3.8 v7.3      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
-| PyPy 3.9 v7.3      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
-| PyPy 3.10 v7.3     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
-| PyPy 3.11 v7.3     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
-| GraalPy 3.11 v24.2 | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | N/A  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+|                    | macOS Intel | macOS Apple Silicon | Windows 64bit | Windows 32bit | Windows Arm64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux x86_64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux i686 | manylinux<br/>musllinux aarch64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux ppc64le | manylinux<br/>musllinux s390x | manylinux<br/>musllinux armv7l | Android | iOS | Pyodide |
+|--------------------|----|-----|----|-----|-----|----|-----|----|-----|-----|---|-----|-----|-----|
+| CPython 3.8        | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| CPython 3.9        | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| CPython 3.10       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| CPython 3.11       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| CPython 3.12       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | ✅⁴ |
+| CPython 3.13³      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁴ |
+| CPython 3.14       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.8 v7.3      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.9 v7.3      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.10 v7.3     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.11 v7.3     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| GraalPy 3.11 v24.2 | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | N/A  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| GraalPy 3.12 v25.0 | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | N/A  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
 
 <sup>¹ PyPy & GraalPy are only supported for manylinux wheels.</sup><br>
 <sup>² Windows arm64 support is experimental.</sup><br>
-<sup>³ Free-threaded mode requires opt-in using [`CIBW_ENABLE`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable).</sup><br>
+<sup>³ Free-threaded mode requires opt-in on 3.13 using [`enable`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable).</sup><br>
 <sup>⁴ Experimental, not yet supported on PyPI, but can be used directly in web deployment. Use `--platform pyodide` to build.</sup><br>
 <sup>⁵ manylinux armv7l support is experimental. As there are no RHEL based image for this architecture, it's using an Ubuntu based image instead.</sup><br>
 
-- Builds manylinux, musllinux, macOS 10.9+ (10.13+ for Python 3.12+), and Windows wheels for CPython, PyPy, and GraalPy
-- Works on GitHub Actions, Azure Pipelines, Travis CI, CircleCI, GitLab CI, and Cirrus CI
+- Builds manylinux, musllinux, macOS, and Windows wheels for CPython, PyPy, and GraalPy
+- Works on GitHub Actions, Azure Pipelines, CircleCI, GitLab CI, and Cirrus CI
 - Bundles shared library dependencies on Linux and macOS through [auditwheel](https://github.com/pypa/auditwheel) and [delocate](https://github.com/matthew-brett/delocate)
 - Runs your library's tests against the wheel-installed version of your library
 
@@ -56,18 +56,18 @@ Usage
 
 `cibuildwheel` runs inside a CI service. Supported platforms depend on which service you're using:
 
-|                 | Linux | macOS | Windows | Linux ARM | macOS ARM | Windows ARM | iOS |
-|-----------------|-------|-------|---------|-----------|-----------|-------------|-----|
-| GitHub Actions  | ✅    | ✅    | ✅       | ✅        | ✅        | ✅          | ✅³  |
-| Azure Pipelines | ✅    | ✅    | ✅       |           | ✅        | ✅²         | ✅³  |
-| Travis CI       | ✅    |       | ✅      | ✅        |           |             |     |
-| CircleCI        | ✅    | ✅    |         | ✅        | ✅        |             | ✅³  |
-| Gitlab CI       | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅¹       | ✅        |             | ✅³  |
-| Cirrus CI       | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅        | ✅        |             | ✅³  |
+|                 | Linux | macOS | Windows | Linux ARM | macOS ARM | Windows ARM | Android | iOS |
+|-----------------|-------|-------|---------|-----------|-----------|-------------|---------|-----|
+| GitHub Actions  | ✅    | ✅    | ✅       | ✅        | ✅        | ✅²         | ✅⁴      | ✅³  |
+| Azure Pipelines | ✅    | ✅    | ✅       |           | ✅        | ✅²         | ✅⁴      | ✅³  |
+| CircleCI        | ✅    | ✅    |         | ✅        | ✅        |             | ✅⁴      | ✅³  |
+| Gitlab CI       | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅¹       | ✅        |             | ✅⁴      | ✅³  |
+| Cirrus CI       | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅        | ✅        |             | ✅⁴      |      |
 
 <sup>¹ [Requires emulation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/faq/#emulation), distributed separately. Other services may also support Linux ARM through emulation or third-party build hosts, but these are not tested in our CI.</sup><br>
 <sup>² [Uses cross-compilation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/faq/#windows-arm64). It is not possible to test `arm64` on this CI platform.</sup><br>
-<sup>³ Requires a macOS runner; runs tests on the simulator for the runner's architecture.</sup>
+<sup>³ Requires a macOS runner; runs tests on the simulator for the runner's architecture. </sup><br>
+<sup>⁴ Building for Android requires the runner to be Linux x86_64, macOS ARM64 or macOS x86_64. Testing has [additional requirements](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/platforms/#android).</sup><br>
 
 <!--intro-end-->
 
@@ -88,16 +88,18 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, macos-13, macos-latest]
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-15-intel, macos-latest]
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
 
       # Used to host cibuildwheel
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
 
       - name: Install cibuildwheel
-        run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.0.0b3
+        run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.4.1
 
       - name: Build wheels
         run: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
@@ -106,7 +108,7 @@ jobs:
         #   CIBW_SOME_OPTION: value
         #   ...
 
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6
         with:
           name: cibw-wheels-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ strategy.job-index }}
           path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl
@@ -124,35 +126,53 @@ The following diagram summarises the steps that cibuildwheel takes on each platf
 
 <sup>Explore an interactive version of this diagram [in the docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/#how-it-works).</sup>
 
-Options
--------
+> [!WARNING]
+> Building and testing wheels executes arbitrary code from your project and its dependencies. Although cibuildwheel uses OCI containers and Pyodide for some builds, these provide no security guarantees - the code you're building and testing has full access to the environment that's invoking cibuildwheel.
+>
+> If you cannot trust all the code that's pulled in, maintain good security hygiene: keep the job that builds distributions separate from the job that uploads them to PyPI, handle secrets and credentials with care and rotate them regularly, and follow the principle of least privilege when granting permissions. Do not store sensitive data on CI runners.
+
+
+<!--[[[cog from readme_options_table import get_table; print(get_table()) ]]]-->
+
+<!-- This table is auto-generated from docs/options.md by bin/readme_options_table.py -->
 
 |   | Option | Description |
-|---|--------|-------------|
-| **Build selection** | [`CIBW_PLATFORM`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#platform)  | Override the auto-detected target platform |
-|   | [`CIBW_BUILD`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-skip)  <br> [`CIBW_SKIP`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-skip)  | Choose the Python versions to build |
-|   | [`CIBW_ARCHS`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#archs)  | Change the architectures built on your machine by default. |
-|   | [`CIBW_PROJECT_REQUIRES_PYTHON`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#requires-python)  | Manually set the Python compatibility of your project |
-|   | [`CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#prerelease-pythons)  | Enable building with pre-release versions of Python if available |
-| **Build customization** | [`CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-frontend)  | Set the tool to use to build, either "pip" (default for now) or "build" |
-|   | [`CIBW_ENVIRONMENT`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#environment)  | Set environment variables needed during the build |
-|   | [`CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_PASS_LINUX`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#environment-pass)  | Set environment variables on the host to pass-through to the container during the build. |
-|   | [`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#before-all)  | Execute a shell command on the build system before any wheels are built. |
-|   | [`CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#before-build)  | Execute a shell command preparing each wheel's build |
-|   | [`CIBW_XBUILD_TOOLS`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#xbuild-tools)  | Binaries on the path that should be included in an isolated cross-build environment. |
-|   | [`CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#repair-wheel-command)  | Execute a shell command to repair each built wheel |
-|   | [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_*_IMAGE`<br/>`CIBW_MUSLLINUX_*_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image)  | Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux Docker images |
-|   | [`CIBW_CONTAINER_ENGINE`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#container-engine)  | Specify which container engine to use when building Linux wheels |
-|   | [`CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#dependency-versions)  | Specify how cibuildwheel controls the versions of the tools it uses |
-| **Testing** | [`CIBW_TEST_COMMAND`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-command)  | Execute a shell command to test each built wheel |
-|   | [`CIBW_BEFORE_TEST`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#before-test)  | Execute a shell command before testing each wheel |
-|   | [`CIBW_TEST_SOURCES`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-sources)  | Files and folders from the source tree that are copied into an isolated tree before running the tests |
-|   | [`CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-requires)  | Install Python dependencies before running the tests |
-|   | [`CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-extras)  | Install your wheel for testing using extras_require |
-|   | [`CIBW_TEST_SKIP`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-skip)  | Skip running tests on some builds |
-| **Other** | [`CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-verbosity)  | Increase/decrease the output of pip wheel |
+|---|---|---|
+| **Build selection** | [`platform`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#platform) | Override the auto-detected target platform |
+|  | [`build`<br>`skip`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-skip) | Choose the Python versions to build |
+|  | [`archs`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#archs) | Change the architectures built on your machine by default. |
+|  | [`project-requires-python`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#requires-python) | Manually set the Python compatibility of your project |
+|  | [`enable`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) | Enable building with extra categories of selectors present. |
+|  | [`allow-empty`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#allow-empty) | Suppress the error code if no wheels match the specified build identifiers |
+| **Build customization** | [`build-frontend`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-frontend) | Set the tool to use to build, either "build" (default), "build\[uv\]", or "pip" |
+|  | [`config-settings`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#config-settings) | Specify config-settings for the build backend. |
+|  | [`environment`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#environment) | Set environment variables |
+|  | [`environment-pass`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#environment-pass) | Set environment variables on the host to pass-through to the container. |
+|  | [`before-all`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#before-all) | Execute a shell command on the build system before any wheels are built. |
+|  | [`before-build`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#before-build) | Execute a shell command preparing each wheel's build |
+|  | [`xbuild-tools`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#xbuild-tools) | Binaries on the path that should be included in an isolated cross-build environment. |
+|  | [`repair-wheel-command`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#repair-wheel-command) | Execute a shell command to repair each built wheel |
+|  | [`manylinux-*-image`<br>`musllinux-*-image`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image) | Specify manylinux / musllinux container images |
+|  | [`container-engine`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#container-engine) | Specify the container engine to use when building Linux wheels |
+|  | [`dependency-versions`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#dependency-versions) | Control the versions of the tools cibuildwheel uses |
+|  | [`pyodide-version`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#pyodide-version) | Specify the Pyodide version to use for `pyodide` platform builds |
+| **Testing** | [`test-command`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-command) | The command to test each built wheel |
+|  | [`before-test`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#before-test) | Execute a shell command before testing each wheel |
+|  | [`test-sources`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-sources) | Paths that are copied into the working directory of the tests |
+|  | [`test-requires`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-requires) | Install Python dependencies before running the tests |
+|  | [`test-extras`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-extras) | Install your wheel for testing using `extras_require` |
+|  | [`test-groups`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-groups) | Specify test dependencies from your project's `dependency-groups` |
+|  | [`test-skip`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-skip) | Skip running tests on some builds |
+|  | [`test-environment`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-environment) | Set environment variables for the test environment |
+|  | [`test-runtime`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-runtime) | Controls how the tests will be executed. |
+| **Debugging** | [`debug-keep-container`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#debug-keep-container) | Keep the container after running for debugging. |
+|  | [`debug-traceback`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#debug-traceback) | Print full traceback when errors occur. |
+|  | [`build-verbosity`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-verbosity) | Increase/decrease the output of the build |
 
-These options can be specified in a pyproject.toml file, as well; see [configuration](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#configuration).
+
+<!--[[[end]]] (sum: dbfwOkj/k/) -->
+
+These options can be specified in a pyproject.toml file, or as environment variables, see [configuration docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/configuration/).
 
 Working examples
 ----------------
@@ -166,23 +186,23 @@ Here are some repos that use cibuildwheel.
 | Name                              | CI | OS | Notes |
 |-----------------------------------|----|----|:------|
 | [scikit-learn][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The machine learning library. A complex but clean config using many of cibuildwheel's features to build a large project with Cython and C++ extensions.  |
+| [duckdb][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | DuckDB is an analytical in-process SQL database management system |
 | [pytorch-fairseq][]               | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence Toolkit written in Python. |
 | [NumPy][]                         | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. |
-| [duckdb][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | DuckDB is an analytical in-process SQL database management system |
-| [Tornado][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library. Uses stable ABI for a small C extension. |
 | [NCNN][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | ncnn is a high-performance neural network inference framework optimized for the mobile platform |
 | [Matplotlib][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The venerable Matplotlib, a Python library with C++ portions |
+| [Tornado][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library. Uses stable ABI for a small C extension. |
 | [MyPy][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | The compiled version of MyPy using MyPyC. |
 | [Prophet][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Tool for producing high quality forecasts for time series data that has multiple seasonality with linear or non-linear growth. |
 | [Kivy][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Open source UI framework written in Python, running on Windows, Linux, macOS, Android and iOS |
 
 [scikit-learn]: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn
+[duckdb]: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb
 [pytorch-fairseq]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/fairseq
 [NumPy]: https://github.com/numpy/numpy
-[duckdb]: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb
-[Tornado]: https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado
 [NCNN]: https://github.com/Tencent/ncnn
 [Matplotlib]: https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib
+[Tornado]: https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado
 [MyPy]: https://github.com/mypyc/mypy_mypyc-wheels
 [Prophet]: https://github.com/facebook/prophet
 [Kivy]: https://github.com/kivy/kivy
@@ -213,63 +233,58 @@ This is similar to static linking, so it might have some license implications. C
 Changelog
 =========
 
-<!-- START bin/update_readme_changelog.py -->
+<!-- [[[cog from readme_changelog import mini_changelog; print(mini_changelog()) ]]] -->
 
-<!-- this section was generated by bin/update_readme_changelog.py -- do not edit manually -->
+### v3.4.1
 
-### v3.0.0
+_2 April 2026_
 
-Not yet released, but available for testing.
+- ⚠️ Building for the experimental CPython 3.13 free-threading variant is now deprecated. That functionality will be removed in the next minor release. The [`enable`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) option `cpython-freethreading` is therefore also deprecated. Builds specifying `enable = "all"` no longer select `cpython-freethreading`. CPython 3.14 free-threading support remains available without the `enable` flag. (#2787)
+- 🐛 iOS builds will no longer skip `repair-wheel-command` if it's defined in config (#2761)
+- 🐛 Fix bug causing `uv` to fail when environments define PYTHON_VERSION or UV_PYTHON, conflicting with our venvs (#2795)
+- ✨ cibuildwheel prints the selected build identifiers at the start of the build. (#2785)
+- 🔐 The GitHub Action now references other actions with a full SHA (#2744)
 
-Note - when using a beta version, be sure to check the [latest docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/), rather than the stable version, which is still on v2.X.
+### v3.4.0
 
-If you've used previous versions of the beta:
-- ⚠️ Previous betas of v3.0 changed the working directory for tests. This has been rolled back to the v2.x behaviour, so you might need to change configs if you adapted to the beta 1 or 2 behaviour. See [issue #2406](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/2406) for more information.
-- ⚠️ GraalPy shipped with the identifier `gp242-*` in previous betas, this has been changed to `gp311_242-*` to be consistent with other interpreters, and to fix a bug with GraalPy and project requires-python detection. If you were using GraalPy, you might need to update your config to use the new identifier.
+_5 March 2026_
 
-#### v3.0.0b3
+- 🌟 You can now build wheels using `uv` as a build frontend. This should improve performance, especially if your project has lots of build dependencies. To use, set [`build-frontend`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-frontend) to `uv`. (#2322)
+- ⚠️ We no longer support running on Travis CI. It may continue working but we don't run tests there anymore so we can't be sure. (#2682)
+- ✨ Improvements to building rust wheels on Android (#2650)
+- 🐛 Fix bug with the GitHub Action on Windows, where PATH was getting unnecessarily changed, causing issues with meson builds. (#2723)
+- ✨ Add support for quiet setting on `build` and `uv` from the cibuildwheel `build-verbosity` setting. (#2737)
+- 📚 Docs updates, including guidance on using Meson on Windows (#2718)
 
-_28 May 2025_
+### v3.3.1
 
-- 🛠 Reverts the test working dir (when test-sources isn't set) to a temporary dir, rather than the project. (#2420)
-- 📚 Docs now primarily use the pyproject.toml name of options, rather than the environment variable name. (#2389)
+_5 January 2026_
 
-#### v3.0.0b2
+- 🛠 Update dependencies and container pins, including updating to CPython 3.14.2. (#2708)
 
-_25 May 2025_
+### v3.3.0
 
-- ✨ Adds the [`CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/options/#test-environment) option, which allows you to set environment variables for the test command. cibuildwheel now sets `PYTHONSAFEPATH=1` in test environments by default, to avoid picking up package imports from the local directory - we want to test the installed wheel, not the source tree! You can change that, or any other environment variable in the test environment using this option. (#2388)
-- ✨ Improves support for Pyodide builds and adds the [`CIBW_PYODIDE_VERSION`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/options/#pyodide-version) option, which allows you to specify the version of Pyodide to use for builds. (#2002)
+_12 November 2025_
 
-#### v3.0.0b1
+- 🐛 Fix an incompatibility with Docker v29 (#2660)
+- ✨ Adds `test-runtime` option, to customise how tests on simulated/emulated environments are run (#2636)
+- ✨ Adds support for new `manylinux_2_35` images on 32-bit ARM `armv7l`, offering better C++20 compatibility (#2656)
+- ✨ `build[uv]` is now supported on Android (#2587)
+- ✨ You can now install extras (such as `uv`) with a simple option on the GitHub Action (#2630)
+- ✨ `{project}` and `{package}` placeholders are now supported in `repair-wheel-command` (#2589)
+- 🛠 The versions set with `dependency-versions` no longer constrain packages specified by your `build-system.requires`. Previously, on platforms other than Linux, the constraints in this option would remain in the environment during the build. This has been tidied up make behaviour more consistent between platforms, and to prevent version conflicts. (#2583)
+- 🛠 Improve the handling of `test-command` on Android, enabling more options to be passed (#2590)
+- 📚 Docs improvements (#2618)
 
-_19 May 2025_
+### v3.2.1
 
-- 🌟 Adds the ability to [build wheels for iOS](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/platforms/#ios)! Set the [`platform` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/options/#platform) to `ios` on a Mac with the iOS toolchain to try it out!
-- 🌟 Adds support for the GraalPy interpreter! Enable for your project using the [`enable` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/options/#enable). (#1538)
-- ✨ Adds CPython 3.14 support, under the [`enable` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/options/#enable) `cpython-prerelease`. This version of cibuildwheel uses 3.14.0b1.
+_12 October 2025_
 
-    _While CPython is in beta, the ABI can change, so your wheels might not be compatible with the final release. For this reason, we don't recommend distributing wheels until RC1, at which point 3.14 will be available in cibuildwheel without the flag._ (#2390)
-- ✨ Adds the [test-sources option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/options/#test-sources), and changes the working directory for tests.
+- 🛠 Update to CPython 3.14.0 final (#2614)
+- 🐛 Fix the default MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET on Python 3.14 (#2613)
+- 📚 Docs improvements (#2617)
 
-    - If this option is set, cibuildwheel will copy the files and folders specified in `test-sources` into a temporary directory, and run the tests from there. This is required for iOS builds, but also useful for other platforms, as it allows you to test the installed wheel without any chance of accidentally importing from the source tree.
-    - ~If this option is not set, cibuildwheel will run the tests in the source tree. This is a change from the previous behavior, where cibuildwheel would run the tests from a temporary directory. We're still investigating what's best here, so if you encounter any issues with this, please let us know in [issue #2406](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/2406).~
-    - If this option is not set, behaviour matches v2.x - cibuildwheel will run the tests from a temporary directory, and you can use the `{project}` placeholder in the `test-command` to refer to the project directory.
-
-- ✨ Added `dependency-versions` inline syntax (#2123)
-- 🛠 EOL manylinux options can no longer be specified by their shortname. Full OCI URL can still be used for these images, if you wish (#2316)
-- 🛠 Build environments no longer have setuptools and wheel preinstalled. (#2329)
-- ⚠️ PyPy wheels no longer built by default, due to a change to our options system. To continue building PyPy wheels, you'll now need to set the [`enable` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/options/#enable) to `pypy` or `pypy-eol`.
-- ⚠️ Dropped official support for Appveyor. If it was working for you before, it will probably continue to do so, but we can't be sure, because our CI doesn't run there anymore. (#2386)
-- 📚 A reorganisation of the docs, and numerous updates (#2280)
-
-### v2.23.3
-
-_26 April 2025_
-
-- 🛠 Dependency updates, including Python 3.13.3 (#2371)
-
-<!-- END bin/update_readme_changelog.py -->
+<!-- [[[end]]] (sum: NOLMd9iLDC) -->
 
 ---
 
@@ -289,12 +304,23 @@ Everyone interacting with the cibuildwheel project via codebase, issue tracker,
 Maintainers
 -----------
 
+Core:
+
 - Joe Rickerby [@joerick](https://github.com/joerick)
 - Yannick Jadoul [@YannickJadoul](https://github.com/YannickJadoul)
 - Matthieu Darbois [@mayeut](https://github.com/mayeut)
 - Henry Schreiner [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii)
 - Grzegorz Bokota [@Czaki](https://github.com/Czaki)
 
+Platform maintainers:
+
+- Russell Keith-Magee [@freakboy3742](https://github.com/freakboy3742) (iOS)
+- Agriya Khetarpal [@agriyakhetarpal](https://github.com/agriyakhetarpal) (Pyodide)
+- Hood Chatham [@hoodmane](https://github.com/hoodmane) (Pyodide)
+- Gyeongjae Choi [@ryanking13](https://github.com/ryanking13) (Pyodide)
+- Tim Felgentreff [@timfel](https://github.com/timfel) (GraalPy)
+- Malcolm Smith [@mhsmith](https://github.com/mhsmith) (Android)
+
 Credits
 -------
 

action.yml

@@ -17,6 +17,10 @@ inputs:
     description: 'Build a specific wheel only. No need for arch/platform if this is set'
     required: false
     default: ''
+  extras:
+    description: 'Comma-separated list of extras to install'
+    required: false
+    default: ''
 branding:
   icon: package
   color: yellow
@@ -24,17 +28,18 @@ branding:
 runs:
   using: composite
   steps:
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
       id: python
       with:
-        python-version: "3.11 - 3.13"
+        python-version: "3.11 - 3.14"
         update-environment: false
 
     - id: cibw
       run: |
-        # Install cibuildwheel
-        "${{ steps.python.outputs.python-path }}" -u << "EOF"
+        # Install cibuildwheel and build the command line
+        "$PYTHON" -u << "EOF"
         import os
+        import shlex
         import shutil
         import sys
         import venv
@@ -42,6 +47,8 @@ runs:
         from pathlib import Path
         from subprocess import run
 
+        EXTRAS = set(e.strip() for e in os.environ.get("INPUT_EXTRAS", "").split(",") if e.strip())
+
 
         class EnvBuilder(venv.EnvBuilder):
             def __init__(self):
@@ -53,39 +60,88 @@ runs:
             def post_setup(self, context):
                 super().post_setup(context)
                 self.bin_path = Path(context.env_exe).parent
-                run([sys.executable, "-m", "pip", "--python", context.env_exe, "install", r"${{ github.action_path }}"], check=True)
+                install_spec = os.environ["GITHUB_ACTION_PATH"]
+                if EXTRAS:
+                    install_spec += f"[{','.join(sorted(EXTRAS))}]"
+                run([sys.executable, "-m", "pip", "--python", context.env_exe, "install", install_spec], check=True)
 
 
         print("::group::Install cibuildwheel")
-        venv_path = Path(r"${{ runner.temp }}") / "cibw"
+        venv_path = Path(os.environ["RUNNER_TEMP"]) / "cibw"
         if venv_path.exists():
             shutil.rmtree(venv_path)
+
         builder = EnvBuilder()
         builder.create(venv_path)
-        cibw_path = [path for path in builder.bin_path.glob("cibuildwheel*") if path.stem == "cibuildwheel"][0]
+        exposed_binaries = {"cibuildwheel"}
+
+        if "uv" in EXTRAS:
+            exposed_binaries.add("uv")
+        clean_bin_path = builder.bin_path.parent / f"{builder.bin_path.name}.clean"
+        clean_bin_path.mkdir()
+
+        for path in list(builder.bin_path.iterdir()):
+            if path.stem in exposed_binaries:
+                try:
+                    os.symlink(path, clean_bin_path / path.name)
+                except OSError:
+                    shutil.copy2(path, clean_bin_path / path.name)
+
+        cibw_bin = [p for p in builder.bin_path.glob("cibuildwheel*") if p.stem == "cibuildwheel"][0]
+
+        # Build the command line
+        cmd_args = [str(cibw_bin), os.environ["INPUT_PACKAGE_DIR"]]
+
+        if output_dir := os.environ.get("INPUT_OUTPUT_DIR"):
+            cmd_args += ["--output-dir", output_dir]
+
+        if config_file := os.environ.get("INPUT_CONFIG_FILE"):
+            cmd_args += ["--config-file", config_file]
+
+        if only := os.environ.get("INPUT_ONLY"):
+            cmd_args += ["--only", only]
+
+        cmd_bash = shlex.join(cmd_args)
+
+        def pwsh_quote(text):
+            # Wrap in single quotes and double-up any existing single quotes
+            return "'" + str(text).replace("'", "''") + "'"
+
+        # Prepend '& ' so PowerShell executes the quoted binary path
+        cmd_pwsh = "& " + " ".join(pwsh_quote(arg) for arg in cmd_args)
+
         with open(os.environ["GITHUB_OUTPUT"], "at") as f:
-            f.write(f"cibw-path={cibw_path}\n")
+            f.write(f"prepend-path={clean_bin_path}\n")
+            f.write(f"cmd-bash={cmd_bash}\n")
+            f.write(f"cmd-pwsh={cmd_pwsh}\n")
+
         print("::endgroup::")
         EOF
       shell: bash
+      env:
+        PYTHON: ${{ steps.python.outputs.python-path }}
+        INPUT_PACKAGE_DIR: ${{ inputs.package-dir }}
+        INPUT_OUTPUT_DIR: ${{ inputs.output-dir }}
+        INPUT_CONFIG_FILE: ${{ inputs.config-file }}
+        INPUT_ONLY: ${{ inputs.only }}
+        INPUT_EXTRAS: ${{ inputs.extras }}
 
     # Redirecting stderr to stdout to fix interleaving issue in Actions.
-    - run: >
-        "${{ steps.cibw.outputs.cibw-path }}"
-        "${{ inputs.package-dir }}"
-        ${{ inputs.output-dir != ''  && format('--output-dir "{0}"', inputs.output-dir) || ''}}
-        ${{ inputs.config-file != '' && format('--config-file "{0}"', inputs.config-file) || ''}}
-        ${{ inputs.only != ''        && format('--only "{0}"', inputs.only) || ''}}
-        2>&1
+    - run: |
+        export PATH="$CIBW_PREPEND_PATH:$PATH"
+        eval "$CIBW_CMD_BASH" 2>&1
       shell: bash
       if: runner.os != 'Windows'
+      env:
+        CIBW_PREPEND_PATH: ${{ steps.cibw.outputs.prepend-path }}
+        CIBW_CMD_BASH: ${{ steps.cibw.outputs.cmd-bash }}
 
     # Windows needs powershell to interact nicely with Meson
-    - run: >
-        & "${{ steps.cibw.outputs.cibw-path }}"
-        "${{ inputs.package-dir }}"
-        ${{ inputs.output-dir != ''  && format('--output-dir "{0}"', inputs.output-dir) || ''}}
-        ${{ inputs.config-file != '' && format('--config-file "{0}"', inputs.config-file) || ''}}
-        ${{ inputs.only != ''        && format('--only "{0}"', inputs.only) || ''}}
+    - run: |
+        $env:PATH = "$env:CIBW_PREPEND_PATH;$env:PATH"
+        Invoke-Expression $env:CIBW_CMD_PWSH
       shell: pwsh
       if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+      env:
+        CIBW_PREPEND_PATH: ${{ steps.cibw.outputs.prepend-path }}
+        CIBW_CMD_PWSH: ${{ steps.cibw.outputs.cmd-pwsh }}

azure-pipelines.yml

@@ -1,61 +1,76 @@
 pr:
   paths:
     exclude:
-      - docs/*
+      - .github/**
+      - bin/*
+      - docs/**
+      - examples/github-*
+      - examples/ci*
+      - examples/travis-ci-*
+      - .ci*
       - .pre-commit-config.yaml
+      - .readthedocs.yml
+      - .travis.yml
+      - README.md
+      - mkdocs.yml
+      - noxfile.py
 
 jobs:
-- job: linux_311
+- job: tests
+  strategy:
+    matrix:
+      linux_311:
+        imageName: "ubuntu-latest"
+        pythonVersion: "3.11"
+        testSelect: "native"
+      android_311:
+        imageName: "ubuntu-latest"
+        pythonVersion: "3.11"
+        testSelect: "android"
+      macos_311:
+        imageName: "macos-latest"
+        pythonVersion: "3.11"
+        testSelect: "native"
+      ios_311:
+        imageName: "macos-14"  # See https://github.com/actions/runner-images/issues/12777
+        pythonVersion: "3.11"
+        testSelect: "ios"
+      android_macos_311:
+        imageName: "macos-latest"
+        pythonVersion: "3.11"
+        testSelect: "android"
+      windows_311:
+        imageName: "windows-latest"
+        pythonVersion: "3.11"
+        testSelect: "native"
   timeoutInMinutes: 180
-  pool: {vmImage: 'Ubuntu-22.04'}
-  steps:
-    - task: UsePythonVersion@0
-      inputs:
-        versionSpec: '3.11'
-    - bash: |
-        docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
-        python -m pip install dependency-groups
-        python -m dependency_groups test | xargs python -m pip install -e.
-        if [ "$(Build.SourceBranch)" = "refs/heads/main" ]; then
-          echo "INFO: Exporting CIBW_ENABLE=all for main branch test run."
-          export CIBW_ENABLE=all
-        else
-          echo "INFO: CIBW_ENABLE not set for this branch ($(Build.SourceBranch))."
-        fi
-        python ./bin/run_tests.py
+  pool:
+    vmImage: $(imageName)
 
-- job: macos_311
-  pool: {vmImage: 'macOS-13'}
-  timeoutInMinutes: 120
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
       inputs:
-        versionSpec: '3.11'
-    - bash: |
-        python -m pip install dependency-groups
-        python -m dependency_groups test | xargs python -m pip install -e.
-        if [ "$(Build.SourceBranch)" = "refs/heads/main" ]; then
-          echo "INFO: Exporting CIBW_ENABLE=all for main branch test run."
-          export CIBW_ENABLE=all
-        else
-          echo "INFO: CIBW_ENABLE not set for this branch ($(Build.SourceBranch))."
-        fi
-        python ./bin/run_tests.py
+        versionSpec: $(pythonVersion)
 
-- job: windows_311
-  pool: {vmImage: 'windows-2019'}
-  timeoutInMinutes: 180
-  steps:
-    - task: UsePythonVersion@0
+    - task: JavaToolInstaller@0
+      condition: and(eq(variables['testSelect'], 'android'), eq(variables['Agent.OS'], 'Linux'))
       inputs:
-        versionSpec: '3.11'
+        versionSpec: '17'
+        jdkArchitectureOption: 'x64'
+        jdkSourceOption: 'PreInstalled'
+
+    - bash: docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
+      condition: and(eq(variables['imageName'], 'ubuntu-latest'), eq(variables['testSelect'], 'native'))
+      displayName: 'Install binfmt on Linux'
+
+    - bash: python -m pip install -U pip && python -m pip install -e. --group test
+      displayName: 'Update pip and install cibuildwheel --group test'
+
+    - bash: echo "##vso[task.setvariable variable=CIBW_ENABLE;]all"
+      condition: eq(variables['Build.SourceBranch'], 'refs/heads/main')
+      displayName: Set CIBW_ENABLE to all (main branch)
+
     - bash: |
-        python -m pip install dependency-groups
-        python -m dependency_groups test | xargs python -m pip install -e.
-        if [ "$(Build.SourceBranch)" = "refs/heads/main" ]; then
-          echo "INFO: Exporting CIBW_ENABLE=all for main branch test run."
-          export CIBW_ENABLE=all
-        else
-          echo "INFO: CIBW_ENABLE not set for this branch ($(Build.SourceBranch))."
-        fi
-        python ./bin/run_tests.py
+        echo "CIBW_ENABLE = $CIBW_ENABLE"
+        python ./bin/run_tests.py --test-select $(testSelect)
+      displayName: 'Run tests'

bin/bump_version.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
 # /// script
-# dependencies = ["click", "packaging", "tomli; python_version<'3.11'"]
+# dependencies = ["click", "packaging", "prek"]
 # ///
 
 
@@ -68,8 +68,8 @@ def bump_version() -> None:
         sys.exit(1)
 
     # fmt: off
-    print(              'Current version:', current_version)
-    new_version = input('    New version: ').strip()
+    print(              "Current version:", current_version)
+    new_version = input("    New version: ").strip()
     # fmt: on
 
     try:
@@ -129,8 +129,8 @@ def bump_version() -> None:
         contents = contents.replace(find, replace)
         path.write_text(contents, encoding="utf8")
 
-    print("Files updated. If you want to update the changelog as part of this")
-    print("commit, do that now.")
+    print("Files updated. If you want to update docs/changelog.md as part of")
+    print("this commit, do that now.")
     print()
 
     while input('Type "done" to continue: ').strip().lower() != "done":
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ def bump_version() -> None:
     # run pre-commit to update the README changelog
     subprocess.run(
         [
-            "pre-commit",
+            "prek",
             "run",
             "--files=docs/changelog.md",
         ],
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ def bump_version() -> None:
     # run pre-commit to check that no errors occurred on the second run
     subprocess.run(
         [
-            "pre-commit",
+            "prek",
             "run",
             "--files=docs/changelog.md",
         ],

bin/generate_schema.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
+#!/usr/bin/env -S uv run -q
 
 # /// script
 # dependencies = ["pyyaml"]
@@ -6,22 +6,17 @@
 
 import argparse
 import copy
-import functools
 import json
-import sys
 from typing import Any
 
 import yaml
 
-make_parser = functools.partial(argparse.ArgumentParser, allow_abbrev=False)
-if sys.version_info >= (3, 14):
-    make_parser = functools.partial(make_parser, color=True, suggest_on_error=True)
-parser = make_parser()
+parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(allow_abbrev=False)
 parser.add_argument("--schemastore", action="store_true", help="Generate schema_store version")
 args = parser.parse_args()
 
 starter = """
-$schema: http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema
+$schema: http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#
 $id: https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/cibuildwheel/resources/cibuildwheel.schema.json
 $defs:
   inherit:
@@ -35,9 +30,10 @@ $defs:
     enum:
       - cpython-freethreading
       - cpython-prerelease
+      - graalpy
+      - pyodide-prerelease
       - pypy
       - pypy-eol
-      - cpython-experimental-riscv64
   description: A Python version or flavor to enable.
 additionalProperties: false
 description: cibuildwheel's settings.
@@ -61,21 +57,23 @@ properties:
     type: string_array
   build-frontend:
     default: default
-    description: Set the tool to use to build, either "pip" (default for now), "build", or "build[uv]"
+    description: Set the tool to use to build, either "build" (default), "build[uv]", "uv", or "pip"
     oneOf:
-      - enum: [pip, build, "build[uv]", default]
+      - enum: [pip, build, "build[uv]", uv, default]
       - type: string
         pattern: '^pip; ?args:'
       - type: string
         pattern: '^build; ?args:'
       - type: string
         pattern: '^build\\[uv\\]; ?args:'
+      - type: string
+        pattern: '^uv; ?args:'
       - type: object
         additionalProperties: false
         required: [name]
         properties:
           name:
-            enum: [pip, build, "build[uv]"]
+            enum: [pip, build, "build[uv]", uv]
           args:
             type: array
             items:
@@ -227,6 +225,24 @@ properties:
   test-environment:
     description: Set environment variables for the test environment
     type: string_table
+  test-runtime:
+    description: Additional configuration for the test runner
+    oneOf:
+      - type: string
+        pattern: '^$'
+      - type: object
+        additionalProperties: false
+      - type: string
+        pattern: 'args:'
+      - type: object
+        additionalProperties: false
+        required: [args]
+        properties:
+          args:
+            type: array
+            items:
+              type: string
+
 """
 
 schema = yaml.safe_load(starter)
@@ -307,6 +323,7 @@ items:
         test-sources: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
         test-requires: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
         test-environment: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
+        test-runtime: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
 """
 )
 
@@ -346,6 +363,7 @@ oses = {
     "windows": as_object(not_linux),
     "macos": as_object(not_linux),
     "pyodide": as_object(not_linux),
+    "android": as_object(not_linux),
     "ios": as_object(not_linux),
 }
 
@@ -365,9 +383,8 @@ schema["properties"] |= oses
 
 if args.schemastore:
     schema["$id"] = "https://json.schemastore.org/partial-cibuildwheel.json"
-    schema["$schema"] = "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#"
     schema["description"] = (
-        "cibuildwheel's toml file, generated with ./bin/generate_schema.py --schemastore from cibuildwheel."
+        "cibuildwheel's settings. Generated with ./bin/generate_schema.py --schemastore from cibuildwheel."
     )
 
 print(json.dumps(schema, indent=2))

bin/projects.py

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ import textwrap
 import urllib.request
 import xml.dom.minidom
 from collections.abc import Iterable, Mapping, Sequence
-from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import UTC, datetime
 from io import StringIO
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any, Self, TextIO
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class Project:
                     self.notes = notes
         else:
             self.num_stars = 0
-            self.pushed_at = datetime.utcnow()
+            self.pushed_at = datetime.now(UTC)
 
         name_len = len(self.name) + 4
         self.__class__.NAME = max(self.__class__.NAME, name_len)
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ class Project:
         return f"[{self.name}]: {self.url}"
 
     def info(self) -> str:
-        days = (datetime.utcnow() - self.pushed_at).days
+        days = (datetime.now(UTC) - self.pushed_at).days
         return f"<!-- {self.name}: {self.num_stars}, last pushed {days} days ago -->"
 
 
@@ -135,6 +135,7 @@ def fetch_icon(icon_name: str) -> None:
 
     document = xml.dom.minidom.parseString(original_svg_data)
     svgElement = document.documentElement
+    assert svgElement is not None
     assert svgElement.nodeName == "svg"
     svgElement.setAttribute("width", "16px")
     svgElement.setAttribute("fill", "#606060")

bin/readme_changelog.py

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+import re
+from pathlib import Path
+
+PROJECT_ROOT = Path(__file__).parent / ".."
+CHANGELOG_FILE = PROJECT_ROOT / "docs" / "changelog.md"
+
+# https://regexr.com/622ds
+FIRST_5_CHANGELOG_ENTRIES_REGEX = re.compile(r"""(^###.*?(?=###)){5}""", re.DOTALL | re.MULTILINE)
+
+
+def mini_changelog() -> str:
+    changelog_text = CHANGELOG_FILE.read_text()
+
+    mini_changelog_match = FIRST_5_CHANGELOG_ENTRIES_REGEX.search(changelog_text)
+    assert mini_changelog_match, "Failed to find the first few changelog entries"
+
+    return f"\n{mini_changelog_match.group(0).strip()}\n"
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    print(mini_changelog())

bin/readme_options_table.py

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+import dataclasses
+import re
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Final
+
+DIR: Final[Path] = Path(__file__).parent.parent.resolve()
+OPTIONS_MD: Final[Path] = DIR / "docs" / "options.md"
+
+SECTION_HEADER_REGEX = re.compile(r"^## (?P<name>.*?)$", re.MULTILINE)
+
+# https://regexr.com/8f1ff
+OPTION_HEADER_REGEX = re.compile(
+    r"^### (?P<name>.*?){.*#(?P<id>\S+).*}\n+> ?(?P<desc>.*)$", re.MULTILINE
+)
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(kw_only=True)
+class Option:
+    name: str
+    id: str
+    desc: str
+    section: str
+
+
+def get_table() -> str:
+    options_md = OPTIONS_MD.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+
+    sections = SECTION_HEADER_REGEX.split(options_md)[1:]
+
+    options = []
+
+    for section_name, section_content in zip(sections[0::2], sections[1::2], strict=True):
+        for match in OPTION_HEADER_REGEX.finditer(section_content):
+            option = Option(
+                name=match.group("name").strip(),
+                id=match.group("id").strip(),
+                desc=match.group("desc").strip(),
+                section=section_name.strip(),
+            )
+            options.append(option)
+
+    table_md = "\n<!-- This table is auto-generated from docs/options.md by bin/readme_options_table.py -->\n\n"
+    table_md += "|   | Option | Description |\n"
+    table_md += "|---|---|---|\n"
+    last_section: str | None = None
+
+    for option in options:
+        cells: list[str] = []
+
+        cells.append(f"**{option.section}**" if option.section != last_section else "")
+        last_section = option.section
+
+        url = f"https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#{option.id}"
+        name = option.name.replace(", ", "<br>")  # Replace commas with line breaks
+        cells.append(f"[{name}]({url})")
+
+        cells.append(option.desc)
+
+        table_md += "| " + " | ".join(cells) + " |\n"
+    table_md += "\n"
+
+    return table_md
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    print(get_table())

bin/run_example_ci_configs.py

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 
 import os
+import re
 import shutil
 import subprocess
 import sys
@@ -13,7 +14,9 @@ from urllib.parse import quote
 
 import click
 
-DIR = Path(__file__).parent.resolve()
+DIR = Path(__file__).parent.parent.resolve()
+
+BuildBackend = typing.Literal["setuptools", "meson"]
 
 
 def shell(cmd: str, *, check: bool, **kwargs: object) -> subprocess.CompletedProcess[str]:
@@ -26,11 +29,17 @@ def git_repo_has_changes() -> bool:
     return unstaged_changes or staged_changes
 
 
-def generate_basic_project(path: Path) -> None:
+def generate_project(path: Path, build_backend: BuildBackend) -> None:
     sys.path.insert(0, "")
-    from test.test_projects.c import new_c_project
+    match build_backend:
+        case "meson":
+            from test.test_projects.meson import new_meson_project as new_project  # noqa: PLC0415
+        case "setuptools":
+            from test.test_projects.setuptools import new_c_project as new_project  # noqa: PLC0415
+        case _:
+            typing.assert_never(build_backend)
 
-    project = new_c_project()
+    project = new_project()
     project.generate(path)
 
 
@@ -38,6 +47,45 @@ class CIService(typing.NamedTuple):
     name: str
     dst_config_path: str
     badge_md: str
+    config_file_transform: typing.Callable[[str, str], str] = lambda x, _: x  # identity by default
+
+
+def github_config_file_transform(content: str, git_ref: str) -> str:
+    # one of the the github configs only builds on main, so we need to remove that restriction
+    # so our example build will run on the test branch.
+    #
+    # replace:
+    # """
+    # push:
+    #   branches:
+    #     - main
+    # """
+    # with:
+    # """
+    # push:
+    # """"
+    content = re.sub(
+        r"push:\n\s+branches:\n\s+- main",
+        "push:",
+        content,
+    )
+
+    # use the version of cibuildwheel from the current commit, not the latest
+    # release
+    # replace:
+    # """
+    # uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.3.1
+    # """
+    # with:
+    # """
+    # uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@<latest commit hash>
+    # """
+    content = re.sub(
+        r"uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v.*",
+        f"uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@{git_ref}",
+        content,
+    )
+    return content
 
 
 services = [
@@ -54,7 +102,8 @@ services = [
     CIService(
         name="github",
         dst_config_path=".github/workflows/example.yml",
-        badge_md="[![Build](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/workflows/Build/badge.svg?branch={branch})](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/actions)",
+        badge_md="[![Build](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/actions/workflows/example.yml/badge.svg?branch={branch})](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/actions?query=branch%3A{branch})",
+        config_file_transform=github_config_file_transform,
     ),
     CIService(
         name="travis-ci",
@@ -85,18 +134,23 @@ def ci_service_for_config_file(config_file: Path) -> CIService:
 
 @click.command()
 @click.argument("config_files", nargs=-1, type=click.Path())
-def run_example_ci_configs(config_files=None):
+@click.option("--build-backend", type=click.Choice(["setuptools", "meson"]), default="setuptools")
+def run_example_ci_configs(
+    config_files: list[str], build_backend: BuildBackend = "setuptools"
+) -> None:
     """
     Test the example configs. If no files are specified, will test
     examples/*-minimal.yml
     """
 
     if len(config_files) == 0:
-        config_files = Path("examples").glob("*-minimal.yml")
+        config_file_paths = list(Path("examples").glob("*-minimal.yml"))
+    else:
+        config_file_paths = [Path(f) for f in config_files]
 
     # check each CI service has at most 1 config file
     configs_by_service = set()
-    for config_file in config_files:
+    for config_file in config_file_paths:
         service = ci_service_for_config_file(config_file)
         if service.name in configs_by_service:
             msg = "You cannot specify more than one config per CI service"
@@ -110,6 +164,9 @@ def run_example_ci_configs(config_files=None):
     previous_branch = shell(
         "git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD", check=True, capture_output=True, encoding="utf8"
     ).stdout.strip()
+    git_ref = shell(
+        "git rev-parse HEAD", check=True, capture_output=True, encoding="utf8"
+    ).stdout.strip()
 
     timestamp = time.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H-%M-%S", time.gmtime())
     branch_name = f"example-config-test---{previous_branch}-{timestamp}"
@@ -118,19 +175,22 @@ def run_example_ci_configs(config_files=None):
         shell(f"git checkout --orphan {branch_name}", check=True)
 
         example_project = Path("example_root")
-        generate_basic_project(example_project)
+        generate_project(example_project, build_backend=build_backend)
 
-        for config_file in config_files:
+        for config_file in config_file_paths:
             service = ci_service_for_config_file(config_file)
             dst_config_file = example_project / service.dst_config_path
 
             dst_config_file.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-            shutil.copyfile(config_file, dst_config_file)
+
+            contents = config_file.read_text(encoding="utf8")
+            contents = service.config_file_transform(contents, git_ref)
+            dst_config_file.write_text(contents, encoding="utf8")
 
         subprocess.run(["git", "add", example_project], check=True)
         message = textwrap.dedent(
             f"""\
-            Test example minimal configs
+            Test example CI configs
 
             Testing files: {[str(f) for f in config_files]}
             Generated from branch: {previous_branch}
@@ -148,14 +208,14 @@ def run_example_ci_configs(config_files=None):
         print("> ")
         print("> | Service | Config | Status |")
         print("> |---|---|---|")
-        for config_file in config_files:
+        for config_file in config_file_paths:
             service = ci_service_for_config_file(config_file)
             badge = service.badge_md.format(
                 branch=branch_name, branch_escaped=quote(branch_name, safe="")
             )
             print(f"> | {service.name} | `{config_file}` | {badge} |")
         print("> ")
-        print("> Generated by `bin/run_example_ci_config.py`")
+        print(f"> Generated by `{' '.join(sys.argv)}`")
         print()
         print("---")
     finally:

bin/run_tests.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 
 import argparse
-import functools
 import os
 import subprocess
 import sys
@@ -14,10 +13,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     else:
         default_cpu_count = os.process_cpu_count() or 2
 
-    make_parser = functools.partial(argparse.ArgumentParser, allow_abbrev=False)
-    if sys.version_info >= (3, 14):
-        make_parser = functools.partial(make_parser, color=True, suggest_on_error=True)
-    parser = make_parser()
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(allow_abbrev=False)
     parser.add_argument(
         "--run-podman", action="store_true", default=False, help="run podman tests (linux only)"
     )
@@ -27,26 +23,66 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         default=default_cpu_count,
         help="number of processes to use for testing",
     )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--test-select",
+        choices={"all", "native", "android", "ios", "pyodide"},
+        default="all",
+        help="Either 'native' or 'android'/'ios'/'pyodide'",
+    )
     args = parser.parse_args()
 
     # move cwd to the project root
     os.chdir(Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1])
 
+    # doc tests
+    doc_test_args = [sys.executable, "-m", "pytest", "cibuildwheel"]
+
+    print(
+        "\n\n================================== DOC TESTS ==================================",
+        flush=True,
+    )
+    result = subprocess.run(doc_test_args, check=False)
+    if result.returncode not in (0, 5):
+        # Allow case where no doctests are collected (returncode 5) because
+        # circleci sets an explicit "-k" filter that disables doctests. There
+        # isn't a pattern that will only select doctests. This can be removed
+        # and have check=True if the circleci PYTEST_ADDOPTS is removed.
+        raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(
+            result.returncode, result.args, output=result.stdout, stderr=result.stderr
+        )
+
     # unit tests
+    print(
+        "\n\n================================== UNIT TESTS ==================================",
+        flush=True,
+    )
     unit_test_args = [sys.executable, "-m", "pytest", "unit_test"]
 
-    if sys.platform.startswith("linux") and os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "linux") == "linux":
+    if (
+        sys.platform.startswith("linux")
+        and os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "linux") == "linux"
+        and args.test_select in ["all", "native"]
+    ):
         # run the docker unit tests only on Linux
         unit_test_args += ["--run-docker"]
 
         if args.run_podman:
             unit_test_args += ["--run-podman"]
 
+    subprocess.run(unit_test_args, check=True)
+
     print(
-        "\n\n================================== UNIT TESTS ==================================",
+        "\n\n=========================== SERIAL INTEGRATION TESTS ===========================",
         flush=True,
     )
-    subprocess.run(unit_test_args, check=True)
+
+    match args.test_select:
+        case "all":
+            marks = []
+        case "native":
+            marks = ["not pyodide", "not android", "not ios"]
+        case mark:
+            marks = [f"{mark}"]
 
     # Run the serial integration tests without multiple processes
     serial_integration_test_args = [
@@ -54,7 +90,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         "-m",
         "pytest",
         "-m",
-        "serial",
+        f"{' and '.join(['serial', *marks])}",
         "-x",
         "--durations",
         "0",
@@ -62,19 +98,19 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         "test",
         "-vv",
     ]
-    print(
-        "\n\n=========================== SERIAL INTEGRATION TESTS ===========================",
-        flush=True,
-    )
+
     subprocess.run(serial_integration_test_args, check=True)
 
-    # Non-serial integration tests
+    print(
+        "\n\n========================= NON-SERIAL INTEGRATION TESTS =========================",
+        flush=True,
+    )
     integration_test_args = [
         sys.executable,
         "-m",
         "pytest",
         "-m",
-        "not serial",
+        f"{' and '.join(['not serial', *marks])}",
         f"--numprocesses={args.num_processes}",
         "-x",
         "--durations",
@@ -87,8 +123,4 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     if sys.platform.startswith("linux") and args.run_podman:
         integration_test_args += ["--run-podman"]
 
-    print(
-        "\n\n========================= NON-SERIAL INTEGRATION TESTS =========================",
-        flush=True,
-    )
     subprocess.run(integration_test_args, check=True)

bin/sample_build.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 
 import argparse
-import functools
 import os
 import subprocess
 import sys
@@ -13,10 +12,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     # move cwd to the project root
     os.chdir(Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1])
 
-    make_parser = functools.partial(argparse.ArgumentParser, allow_abbrev=False)
-    if sys.version_info >= (3, 14):
-        make_parser = functools.partial(make_parser, color=True, suggest_on_error=True)
-    parser = make_parser(description="Runs a sample build")
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Runs a sample build", allow_abbrev=False)
     parser.add_argument("project_python_path", nargs="?", default="test.test_0_basic.basic_project")
 
     options = parser.parse_args()

bin/update_docker.py

@@ -43,16 +43,42 @@ images = [
     ),
     # manylinux_2_28 images
     PyPAImage(
-        "manylinux_2_28", ["x86_64", "aarch64", "ppc64le", "s390x", "pypy_x86_64", "pypy_aarch64"]
+        "manylinux_2_28",
+        [
+            "x86_64",
+            "i686",
+            "aarch64",
+            "ppc64le",
+            "s390x",
+            "pypy_x86_64",
+            "pypy_i686",
+            "pypy_aarch64",
+        ],
     ),
     # manylinux_2_31 images
     PyPAImage("manylinux_2_31", ["armv7l"]),
     # manylinux_2_34 images
     PyPAImage(
-        "manylinux_2_34", ["x86_64", "aarch64", "ppc64le", "s390x", "pypy_x86_64", "pypy_aarch64"]
+        "manylinux_2_34",
+        [
+            "x86_64",
+            "i686",
+            "aarch64",
+            "ppc64le",
+            "s390x",
+            "pypy_x86_64",
+            "pypy_i686",
+            "pypy_aarch64",
+        ],
     ),
+    # manylinux_2_35 images
+    PyPAImage("manylinux_2_35", ["armv7l"]),
+    # manylinux_2_39 images
+    PyPAImage("manylinux_2_39", ["riscv64"]),
     # musllinux_1_2 images
-    PyPAImage("musllinux_1_2", ["x86_64", "i686", "aarch64", "ppc64le", "s390x", "armv7l"]),
+    PyPAImage(
+        "musllinux_1_2", ["x86_64", "i686", "aarch64", "ppc64le", "s390x", "armv7l", "riscv64"]
+    ),
 ]
 
 config = configparser.ConfigParser()
@@ -116,8 +142,5 @@ for image in images:
             suffix = f"_{platform.removeprefix('pypy_')}"
         config[platform][image.manylinux_version] = f"{image.image_name}{suffix}:{tag_name}"
 
-if not config.has_section("riscv64"):
-    config["riscv64"] = {}
-
 with open(RESOURCES / "pinned_docker_images.cfg", "w") as f:
     config.write(f)

bin/update_python_build_standalone.py

@@ -25,25 +25,25 @@ def main() -> None:
         f"repos/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/tags/{latest_tag}"
     )["assets"]
 
-    assets: list[PythonBuildStandaloneAsset] = []
+    assets = [
+        PythonBuildStandaloneAsset(name=ga["name"], url=ga["browser_download_url"])
+        for ga in github_assets
+        if ga["name"].endswith("install_only.tar.gz")
+    ]
 
-    for github_asset in github_assets:
-        name = github_asset["name"]
-        if not name.endswith("install_only.tar.gz"):
-            continue
-        url = github_asset["browser_download_url"]
-        assets.append({"name": name, "url": url})
+    # Try to keep output order stable
+    assets = sorted(assets, key=lambda x: x["name"])
 
     # Write the assets to the JSON file. One day, we might need to support
     # multiple releases, but for now, we only support the latest one
-    json_file_contents: PythonBuildStandaloneReleaseData = {
-        "releases": [
+    json_file_contents = PythonBuildStandaloneReleaseData(
+        releases=[
             {
                 "tag": latest_tag,
                 "assets": assets,
             }
         ]
-    }
+    )
 
     with PYTHON_BUILD_STANDALONE_RELEASES.open("w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
         json.dump(json_file_contents, f, indent=2)

bin/update_pythons.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
 
-import copy
 import difflib
 import logging
 import operator
@@ -10,6 +9,7 @@ import tomllib
 from collections.abc import Mapping, MutableMapping
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any, Final, Literal, TypedDict
+from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
 
 import click
 import requests
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ from rich.logging import RichHandler
 from rich.syntax import Syntax
 
 from cibuildwheel.extra import dump_python_configurations, get_pyodide_xbuildenv_info
+from cibuildwheel.platforms.android import android_triplet
 
 log = logging.getLogger("cibw")
 
@@ -32,41 +33,20 @@ RESOURCES_DIR: Final[Path] = DIR / "cibuildwheel/resources"
 ArchStr = Literal["32", "64", "ARM64"]
 
 
-class ConfigWinCP(TypedDict):
+class Config(TypedDict):
     identifier: str
     version: str
-    arch: str
 
 
-class ConfigWinPP(TypedDict):
-    identifier: str
-    version: str
-    arch: str
+class ConfigUrl(Config):
     url: str
 
 
-class ConfigWinGP(TypedDict):
-    identifier: str
-    version: str
-    url: str
-
-
-class ConfigApple(TypedDict):
-    identifier: str
-    version: str
-    url: str
-
-
-class ConfigPyodide(TypedDict):
-    identifier: str
-    version: str
+class ConfigPyodide(Config):
     default_pyodide_version: str
     node_version: str
 
 
-AnyConfig = ConfigWinCP | ConfigWinPP | ConfigWinGP | ConfigApple | ConfigPyodide
-
-
 # The following set of "Versions" classes allow the initial call to the APIs to
 # be cached and reused in the `update_version_*` methods.
 
@@ -98,7 +78,7 @@ class WindowsVersions:
 
         self.version_dict = {Version(v): v for v in cp_info["versions"]}
 
-    def update_version_windows(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigWinCP | None:
+    def update_version_windows(self, spec: Specifier) -> Config | None:
         # Specifier.filter selects all non pre-releases that match the spec,
         # unless there are only pre-releases, then it selects pre-releases
         # instead (like pip)
@@ -113,10 +93,9 @@ class WindowsVersions:
         flags = "t" if self.free_threaded else ""
         version = versions[0]
         identifier = f"cp{version.major}{version.minor}{flags}-{self.arch}"
-        return ConfigWinCP(
+        return Config(
             identifier=identifier,
             version=self.version_dict[version],
-            arch=self.arch_str,
         )
 
 
@@ -138,7 +117,7 @@ class GraalPyVersions:
 
         self.releases = [r for r in releases if "graalpy_version" in r and "python_version" in r]
 
-    def update_version(self, identifier: str, spec: Specifier) -> AnyConfig:
+    def update_version(self, identifier: str, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigUrl | None:
         if "x86_64" in identifier or "amd64" in identifier:
             arch = "x86_64"
         elif "arm64" in identifier or "aarch64" in identifier:
@@ -147,12 +126,14 @@ class GraalPyVersions:
             msg = f"{identifier} not supported yet on GraalPy"
             raise RuntimeError(msg)
 
-        gpspec_str = identifier.split("-")[0].split("_")[1]
-        gpspec = Specifier("==24.2.*") if gpspec_str == "242" else Specifier(f"=={gpspec_str}.*")
+        gpspec_str = identifier.split("-", maxsplit=1)[0].split("_")[1]
+        if "." not in gpspec_str and len(gpspec_str) == 3:
+            gpspec_str = gpspec_str[:2] + "." + gpspec_str[-1]
+        gpspec = Specifier(f"=={gpspec_str}.*")
 
-        releases = [r for r in self.releases if spec.contains(r["python_version"])]
-        releases = [r for r in self.releases if gpspec.contains(r["graalpy_version"])]
-        releases = sorted(releases, key=lambda r: r["graalpy_version"])
+        releases_tmp = (r for r in self.releases if spec.contains(r["python_version"]))
+        releases_tmp = (r for r in releases_tmp if gpspec.contains(r["graalpy_version"]))
+        releases = sorted(releases_tmp, key=lambda r: r["graalpy_version"])
 
         if not releases:
             msg = f"GraalPy {arch} not found for {spec}!"
@@ -164,11 +145,9 @@ class GraalPyVersions:
 
         if "macosx" in identifier:
             arch = "x86_64" if "x86_64" in identifier else "arm64"
-            config = ConfigApple
             platform = "macos"
         elif "win" in identifier:
             arch = "aarch64" if "arm64" in identifier else "x86_64"
-            config = ConfigWinGP
             platform = "windows"
         else:
             msg = "GraalPy provides downloads for macOS and Windows and is included for manylinux"
@@ -176,18 +155,20 @@ class GraalPyVersions:
 
         arch = "amd64" if arch == "x86_64" else "aarch64"
         ext = "zip" if "win" in identifier else "tar.gz"
-        (url,) = (
+        urls = [
             rf["browser_download_url"]
             for rf in release["assets"]
             if rf["name"].endswith(f"{platform}-{arch}.{ext}")
             and rf["name"].startswith(f"graalpy-{gpversion.major}")
-        )
-
-        return config(
-            identifier=identifier,
-            version=f"{version.major}.{version.minor}",
-            url=url,
-        )
+        ]
+        if urls:
+            (url,) = urls
+            return ConfigUrl(
+                identifier=identifier,
+                version=f"{version.major}.{version.minor}",
+                url=url,
+            )
+        return None
 
 
 class PyPyVersions:
@@ -215,7 +196,7 @@ class PyPyVersions:
         ]
         return urls[0] if urls else ""
 
-    def update_version_windows(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigWinCP:
+    def update_version_windows(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigUrl:
         releases = [r for r in self.releases if spec.contains(r["python_version"])]
         releases = sorted(releases, key=operator.itemgetter("pypy_version"))
         releases = [r for r in releases if self.get_arch_file(r)]
@@ -231,14 +212,13 @@ class PyPyVersions:
         identifier = f"pp{version.major}{version.minor}-{version_arch}"
         url = self.get_arch_file(release)
 
-        return ConfigWinPP(
+        return ConfigUrl(
             identifier=identifier,
             version=f"{version.major}.{version.minor}",
-            arch=self.arch,
             url=url,
         )
 
-    def update_version_macos(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigApple:
+    def update_version_macos(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigUrl:
         if self.arch not in {"64", "ARM64"}:
             msg = f"'{self.arch}' arch not supported yet on macOS"
             raise RuntimeError(msg)
@@ -262,7 +242,7 @@ class PyPyVersions:
             if "" in rf["platform"] == "darwin" and rf["arch"] == arch
         )
 
-        return ConfigApple(
+        return ConfigUrl(
             identifier=identifier,
             version=f"{version.major}.{version.minor}",
             url=url,
@@ -286,32 +266,25 @@ class CPythonVersions:
 
             # Removing the prefix
             version = Version(release["name"].removeprefix("Python "))
+            self.versions_dict[version] = release["resource_uri"]
 
-            uri = int(release["resource_uri"].rstrip("/").split("/")[-1])
-            self.versions_dict[version] = uri
+        files_response = requests.get("https://www.python.org/api/v2/downloads/release_file/")
+        files_response.raise_for_status()
+        self.files_info = files_response.json()
 
-    def update_version_macos(
-        self, identifier: str, version: Version, spec: Specifier
-    ) -> ConfigApple | None:
+    def update_version(self, identifier: str, spec: Specifier, file_ident: str) -> ConfigUrl | None:
         # see note above on Specifier.filter
         unsorted_versions = spec.filter(self.versions_dict)
         sorted_versions = sorted(unsorted_versions, reverse=True)
 
-        macver = "x10.9" if version <= Version("3.8.9999") else "11"
-        file_ident = f"macos{macver}.pkg"
-
         for new_version in sorted_versions:
             # Find the first patch version that contains the requested file
             uri = self.versions_dict[new_version]
-            response = requests.get(
-                f"https://www.python.org/api/v2/downloads/release_file/?release={uri}"
-            )
-            response.raise_for_status()
-            file_info = response.json()
+            files = [rf for rf in self.files_info if rf["release"] == uri]
 
-            urls = [rf["url"] for rf in file_info if file_ident in rf["url"]]
+            urls = [rf["url"] for rf in files if file_ident in rf["url"]]
             if urls:
-                return ConfigApple(
+                return ConfigUrl(
                     identifier=identifier,
                     version=f"{new_version.major}.{new_version.minor}",
                     url=urls[0],
@@ -319,6 +292,45 @@ class CPythonVersions:
 
         return None
 
+    def update_version_macos(
+        self, identifier: str, version: Version, spec: Specifier
+    ) -> ConfigUrl | None:
+        macver = "x10.9" if version <= Version("3.8.9999") else "11"
+        return self.update_version(identifier, spec, f"macos{macver}.pkg")
+
+    def update_version_android(self, identifier: str, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigUrl | None:
+        return self.update_version(identifier, spec, android_triplet(identifier))
+
+
+class MavenVersions:
+    MAVEN_URL = "https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/chaquo/python/python"
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        response = requests.get(f"{self.MAVEN_URL}/maven-metadata.xml")
+        response.raise_for_status()
+        root = ET.fromstring(response.text)
+
+        self.versions: list[Version] = []
+        for version_elem in root.findall("./versioning/versions/version"):
+            version_str = version_elem.text
+            assert isinstance(version_str, str), version_str
+            self.versions.append(Version(version_str))
+
+    def update_version_android(self, identifier: str, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigUrl | None:
+        sorted_versions = sorted(spec.filter(self.versions), reverse=True)
+
+        # Return a config using the highest version for the given specifier.
+        if sorted_versions:
+            max_version = sorted_versions[0]
+            triplet = android_triplet(identifier)
+            return ConfigUrl(
+                identifier=identifier,
+                version=f"{max_version.major}.{max_version.minor}",
+                url=f"{self.MAVEN_URL}/{max_version}/python-{max_version}-{triplet}.tar.gz",
+            )
+        else:
+            return None
+
 
 class CPythonIOSVersions:
     def __init__(self) -> None:
@@ -349,11 +361,11 @@ class CPythonIOSVersions:
                 if filename.endswith("-iOS-support"):
                     self.versions_dict[version][int(build[1:])] = asset["browser_download_url"]
 
-    def update_version_ios(self, identifier: str, version: Version) -> ConfigApple | None:
+    def update_version_ios(self, identifier: str, version: Version) -> ConfigUrl | None:
         # Return a config using the highest build number for the given version.
         urls = [url for _, url in sorted(self.versions_dict.get(version, {}).items())]
         if urls:
-            return ConfigApple(
+            return ConfigUrl(
                 identifier=identifier,
                 version=str(version),
                 url=urls[-1],
@@ -409,10 +421,11 @@ class AllVersions:
         self.windows_t_arm64 = WindowsVersions("ARM64", True)
         self.windows_pypy_64 = PyPyVersions("64")
 
-        self.macos_cpython = CPythonVersions()
+        self.cpython = CPythonVersions()
         self.macos_pypy = PyPyVersions("64")
         self.macos_pypy_arm64 = PyPyVersions("ARM64")
 
+        self.maven = MavenVersions()
         self.ios_cpython = CPythonIOSVersions()
 
         self.graalpy = GraalPyVersions()
@@ -424,19 +437,20 @@ class AllVersions:
         version = Version(config["version"])
         spec = Specifier(f"=={version.major}.{version.minor}.*")
         log.info("Reading in %r -> %s @ %s", str(identifier), spec, version)
-        orig_config = copy.copy(config)
-        config_update: AnyConfig | None = None
+        config_update: Config | None = None
 
         # We need to use ** in update due to MyPy (probably a bug)
         if "macosx" in identifier:
             if identifier.startswith("cp"):
-                config_update = self.macos_cpython.update_version_macos(identifier, version, spec)
+                config_update = self.cpython.update_version_macos(identifier, version, spec)
             elif identifier.startswith("pp"):
                 if "macosx_x86_64" in identifier:
                     config_update = self.macos_pypy.update_version_macos(spec)
                 elif "macosx_arm64" in identifier:
                     config_update = self.macos_pypy_arm64.update_version_macos(spec)
             elif identifier.startswith("gp"):
+                if "macosx_x86_64" in identifier:
+                    return
                 config_update = self.graalpy.update_version(identifier, spec)
         elif "t-win32" in identifier and identifier.startswith("cp"):
             config_update = self.windows_t_32.update_version_windows(spec)
@@ -455,6 +469,11 @@ class AllVersions:
             config_update = self.windows_t_arm64.update_version_windows(spec)
         elif "win_arm64" in identifier and identifier.startswith("cp"):
             config_update = self.windows_arm64.update_version_windows(spec)
+        elif "android" in identifier:
+            # Python 3.13 is released by Chaquopy on Maven Central.
+            # Python 3.14 and newer have official releases on python.org.
+            versions = self.maven if identifier.startswith("cp313") else self.cpython
+            config_update = versions.update_version_android(identifier, spec)
         elif "ios" in identifier:
             config_update = self.ios_cpython.update_version_ios(identifier, version)
         elif "pyodide" in identifier:
@@ -463,10 +482,10 @@ class AllVersions:
             )
 
         assert config_update is not None, f"{identifier} not found!"
-        config.update(**config_update)
-
-        if config != orig_config:
-            log.info("  Updated %s to %s", orig_config, config)
+        if config_update != config:
+            log.info("  Updated %s to %s", config, config_update)
+            config.clear()
+            config.update(**config_update)
 
 
 @click.command()
@@ -490,17 +509,9 @@ def update_pythons(force: bool, level: str) -> None:
     with toml_file_path.open("rb") as f:
         configs = tomllib.load(f)
 
-    for config in configs["windows"]["python_configurations"]:
-        all_versions.update_config(config)
-
-    for config in configs["macos"]["python_configurations"]:
-        all_versions.update_config(config)
-
-    for config in configs["ios"]["python_configurations"]:
-        all_versions.update_config(config)
-
-    for config in configs["pyodide"]["python_configurations"]:
-        all_versions.update_config(config)
+    for platform in ["windows", "macos", "android", "ios", "pyodide"]:
+        for config in configs[platform]["python_configurations"]:
+            all_versions.update_config(config)
 
     result_toml = dump_python_configurations(configs)
 

bin/update_readme_changelog.py

@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-
-
-import re
-import sys
-from pathlib import Path
-
-PROJECT_ROOT = Path(__file__).parent / ".."
-CHANGELOG_FILE = PROJECT_ROOT / "docs" / "changelog.md"
-README_FILE = PROJECT_ROOT / "README.md"
-
-# https://regexr.com/622ds
-FIRST_5_CHANGELOG_ENTRIES_REGEX = re.compile(r"""(^###.*?(?=###)){5}""", re.DOTALL | re.MULTILINE)
-
-# https://regexr.com/622e5
-README_CHANGELOG_SECTION = re.compile(
-    r"""(?<=<!-- START bin\/update_readme_changelog.py -->\n).*(?=<!-- END bin\/update_readme_changelog.py -->)""",
-    re.DOTALL,
-)
-
-
-def main() -> None:
-    changelog_text = CHANGELOG_FILE.read_text()
-    readme_text = README_FILE.read_text()
-
-    mini_changelog_match = FIRST_5_CHANGELOG_ENTRIES_REGEX.search(changelog_text)
-    assert mini_changelog_match, "Failed to find the first few changelog entries"
-
-    mini_changelog = "\n".join(
-        [
-            "",
-            "<!-- this section was generated by bin/update_readme_changelog.py -- do not edit manually -->",
-            "",
-            mini_changelog_match.group(0).strip(),
-            "",
-            "",
-        ]
-    )
-
-    if not re.search(README_CHANGELOG_SECTION, readme_text):
-        sys.exit("Changelog section not found in README")
-
-    readme_text = re.sub(README_CHANGELOG_SECTION, mini_changelog, readme_text)
-    README_FILE.write_text(readme_text)
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    main()

bin/update_virtualenv.py

@@ -4,17 +4,18 @@
 import dataclasses
 import difflib
 import logging
-import subprocess
 import tomllib
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Final
 
 import click
 import rich
-from packaging.version import InvalidVersion, Version
+from packaging.version import Version
 from rich.logging import RichHandler
 from rich.syntax import Syntax
 
+from cibuildwheel.extra import github_api_request
+
 log = logging.getLogger("cibw")
 
 # Looking up the dir instead of using utils.resources_dir
@@ -30,32 +31,26 @@ GET_VIRTUALENV_URL_TEMPLATE: Final[str] = (
 
 @dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, order=True)
 class VersionTuple:
+    name: str
+    download_url: str
     version: Version
-    version_string: str
 
 
-def git_ls_remote_versions(url: str) -> list[VersionTuple]:
-    versions: list[VersionTuple] = []
-    tags = subprocess.run(
-        ["git", "ls-remote", "--tags", url], check=True, text=True, capture_output=True
-    ).stdout.splitlines()
-    for tag in tags:
-        _, ref = tag.split()
-        assert ref.startswith("refs/tags/")
-        version_string = ref[10:]
-        try:
-            version = Version(version_string)
-            if version.is_devrelease:
-                log.info("Ignoring development release %r", str(version))
-                continue
-            if version.is_prerelease:
-                log.info("Ignoring pre-release %r", str(version))
-                continue
-            versions.append(VersionTuple(version, version_string))
-        except InvalidVersion:
-            log.warning("Ignoring ref %r", ref)
-    versions.sort(reverse=True)
-    return versions
+def get_latest_virtualenv_release() -> VersionTuple:
+    response = github_api_request("repos/pypa/get-virtualenv/releases/latest")
+    tag_name = response["tag_name"]
+
+    asset = next(
+        (asset for asset in response["assets"] if asset["name"] == "virtualenv.pyz"),
+        None,
+    )
+    if not asset:
+        msg = "No asset named 'virtualenv.pyz' found in the latest release of get-virtualenv."
+        raise RuntimeError(msg)
+
+    return VersionTuple(
+        version=Version(tag_name), name=tag_name, download_url=asset["browser_download_url"]
+    )
 
 
 @click.command()
@@ -78,14 +73,20 @@ def update_virtualenv(force: bool, level: str) -> None:
     with toml_file_path.open("rb") as f:
         configurations = tomllib.load(f)
     default = configurations.pop("default")
-    version = str(default["version"])
-    versions = git_ls_remote_versions(GET_VIRTUALENV_GITHUB)
-    if versions[0].version > Version(version):
-        version = versions[0].version_string
+    local_version = str(default["version"])
+
+    latest_release = get_latest_virtualenv_release()
+
+    if latest_release.version > Version(local_version):
+        version = latest_release.name
+        url = latest_release.download_url
+    else:
+        version = local_version
+        url = default["url"]
 
     configurations["default"] = {
         "version": version,
-        "url": GET_VIRTUALENV_URL_TEMPLATE.format(version=version),
+        "url": url,
     }
     result_toml = "".join(
         f'{key} = {{ version = "{value["version"]}", url = "{value["url"]}" }}\n'

cibuildwheel/__init__.py

@@ -1 +1 @@
-__version__ = "3.0.0b3"
+__version__ = "3.4.1"

cibuildwheel/__main__.py

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import shutil
 import sys
 import tarfile
 import textwrap
-import time
 import traceback
 import typing
 from collections.abc import Generator, Iterable, Sequence
@@ -16,17 +15,17 @@ from tempfile import mkdtemp
 from typing import Any, Literal, TextIO
 
 import cibuildwheel
-import cibuildwheel.util
 from cibuildwheel import errors
 from cibuildwheel.architecture import Architecture, allowed_architectures_check
 from cibuildwheel.ci import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider, fix_ansi_codes_for_github_actions
 from cibuildwheel.logger import log
 from cibuildwheel.options import CommandLineArguments, Options, compute_options
-from cibuildwheel.platforms import ALL_PLATFORM_MODULES, get_build_identifiers
+from cibuildwheel.platforms import ALL_PLATFORM_MODULES, get_build_identifiers, native_platform
 from cibuildwheel.selector import BuildSelector, EnableGroup, selector_matches
 from cibuildwheel.typing import PLATFORMS, PlatformName
-from cibuildwheel.util.file import CIBW_CACHE_PATH
+from cibuildwheel.util.file import CIBW_CACHE_PATH, ensure_cache_sentinel
 from cibuildwheel.util.helpers import strtobool
+from cibuildwheel.util.resources import read_all_configs
 
 
 @dataclasses.dataclass
@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@ class Unbuffered:
         self.stream.writelines(data)
         self.stream.flush()
 
-    def __getattr__(self, attr: str) -> Any:
+    def __getattr__(self, attr: str) -> Any:  # noqa: ANN401
         return getattr(self.stream, attr)
 
 
@@ -79,29 +78,32 @@ def main_inner(global_options: GlobalOptions) -> None:
     `main_inner` is the same as `main`, but it raises FatalError exceptions
     rather than exiting directly.
     """
-
-    make_parser = functools.partial(argparse.ArgumentParser, allow_abbrev=False)
+    # Default in 3.15+, only needed on 3.14
     if sys.version_info >= (3, 14):
-        make_parser = functools.partial(make_parser, color=True, suggest_on_error=True)
-    parser = make_parser(
+        arg_parser = functools.partial(argparse.ArgumentParser, suggest_on_error=True)
+    else:
+        arg_parser = argparse.ArgumentParser
+
+    parser = arg_parser(
         description="Build wheels for all the platforms.",
         epilog="""
             Most options are supplied via environment variables or in
             --config-file (pyproject.toml usually). See
             https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel#options for info.
         """,
+        allow_abbrev=False,
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
         "--platform",
-        choices=["auto", "linux", "macos", "windows", "pyodide", "ios"],
+        choices=["auto", "linux", "macos", "windows", "pyodide", "android", "ios"],
         default=None,
         help="""
             Platform to build for. Use this option to override the auto-detected
             platform. Specifying "macos" or "windows" only works on that
             operating system. "linux" works on any desktop OS, as long as
-            Docker/Podman is installed. "pyodide" only works on linux and macOS.
-            "ios" only work on macOS. Default: auto.
+            Docker/Podman is installed. "pyodide" and "android" only work on
+            Linux and macOS. "ios" only works on macOS. Default: auto.
         """,
     )
 
@@ -133,6 +135,8 @@ def main_inner(global_options: GlobalOptions) -> None:
     parser.add_argument(
         "--only",
         default=None,
+        choices=[v["identifier"] for vv in read_all_configs().values() for v in vv],
+        metavar="IDENTIFIER",
         help="""
             Force a single wheel build when given an identifier. Overrides
             CIBW_BUILD/CIBW_SKIP. --platform and --arch cannot be specified
@@ -180,6 +184,12 @@ def main_inner(global_options: GlobalOptions) -> None:
         help="Print the build identifiers matched by the current invocation and exit.",
     )
 
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--clean-cache",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Clear the cibuildwheel cache and exit.",
+    )
+
     parser.add_argument(
         "--allow-empty",
         action="store_true",
@@ -197,6 +207,48 @@ def main_inner(global_options: GlobalOptions) -> None:
 
     global_options.print_traceback_on_error = args.debug_traceback
 
+    if args.clean_cache:
+        if not CIBW_CACHE_PATH.exists():
+            print(f"Cache directory does not exist: {CIBW_CACHE_PATH}")
+            sys.exit(0)
+
+        sentinel_file = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / "CACHEDIR.TAG"
+        if not sentinel_file.exists():
+            print(
+                f"Error: {CIBW_CACHE_PATH} does not appear to be a cibuildwheel cache directory.",
+                "Only directories with a CACHEDIR.TAG sentinel file can be cleaned.",
+                sep="\n",
+                file=sys.stderr,
+            )
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        # Verify signature to ensure it's a proper cache dir
+        # See https://bford.info/cachedir/ for more
+        try:
+            sentinel_content = sentinel_file.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+        except OSError as e:
+            print(f"Error reading cache directory tag: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        if not sentinel_content.startswith("Signature: 8a477f597d28d172789f06886806bc55"):
+            print(
+                f"Error: {sentinel_file} does not contain a valid cache directory signature.",
+                "For safety, only properly signed cache directories can be cleaned.",
+                sep="\n",
+                file=sys.stderr,
+            )
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        print(f"Clearing cache directory: {CIBW_CACHE_PATH}")
+        try:
+            shutil.rmtree(CIBW_CACHE_PATH)
+            print("Cache cleared successfully.")
+        except OSError as e:
+            print(f"Error clearing cache: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        sys.exit(0)
+
     args.package_dir = args.package_dir.resolve()
 
     # This are always relative to the base directory, even in SDist builds
@@ -242,28 +294,14 @@ def _compute_platform_only(only: str) -> PlatformName:
         return "windows"
     if "pyodide_" in only:
         return "pyodide"
+    if "android_" in only:
+        return "android"
     if "ios_" in only:
         return "ios"
     msg = f"Invalid --only='{only}', must be a build selector with a known platform"
     raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
 
 
-def _compute_platform_auto() -> PlatformName:
-    if sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
-        return "linux"
-    elif sys.platform == "darwin":
-        return "macos"
-    elif sys.platform == "win32":
-        return "windows"
-    else:
-        msg = (
-            'Unable to detect platform from "sys.platform". cibuildwheel doesn\'t '
-            "support building wheels for this platform. You might be able to build for a different "
-            "platform using the --platform argument. Check --help output for more information."
-        )
-        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
-
-
 def _compute_platform(args: CommandLineArguments) -> PlatformName:
     platform_option_value = args.platform or os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "") or "auto"
 
@@ -281,45 +319,9 @@ def _compute_platform(args: CommandLineArguments) -> PlatformName:
     if args.only:
         return _compute_platform_only(args.only)
     elif platform_option_value != "auto":
-        return typing.cast(PlatformName, platform_option_value)
+        return typing.cast("PlatformName", platform_option_value)
 
-    return _compute_platform_auto()
-
-
-@contextlib.contextmanager
-def print_new_wheels(msg: str, output_dir: Path) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
-    """
-    Prints the new items in a directory upon exiting. The message to display
-    can include {n} for number of wheels, {s} for total number of seconds,
-    and/or {m} for total number of minutes. Does not print anything if this
-    exits via exception.
-    """
-
-    start_time = time.time()
-    existing_contents = set(output_dir.iterdir())
-    yield
-    final_contents = set(output_dir.iterdir())
-
-    new_contents = [
-        FileReport(wheel.name, f"{(wheel.stat().st_size + 1023) // 1024:,d}")
-        for wheel in final_contents - existing_contents
-    ]
-
-    if not new_contents:
-        return
-
-    max_name_len = max(len(f.name) for f in new_contents)
-    max_size_len = max(len(f.size) for f in new_contents)
-    n = len(new_contents)
-    s = time.time() - start_time
-    m = s / 60
-    print(
-        msg.format(n=n, s=s, m=m),
-        *sorted(
-            f"  {f.name:<{max_name_len}s}   {f.size:>{max_size_len}s} kB" for f in new_contents
-        ),
-        sep="\n",
-    )
+    return native_platform()
 
 
 def build_in_directory(args: CommandLineArguments) -> None:
@@ -360,6 +362,7 @@ def build_in_directory(args: CommandLineArguments) -> None:
 
     # create the cache dir before it gets printed & builds performed
     CIBW_CACHE_PATH.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    ensure_cache_sentinel(CIBW_CACHE_PATH)
 
     print_preamble(platform=platform, options=options, identifiers=identifiers)
 
@@ -382,7 +385,7 @@ def build_in_directory(args: CommandLineArguments) -> None:
 
     tmp_path = Path(mkdtemp(prefix="cibw-run-")).resolve(strict=True)
     try:
-        with print_new_wheels("\n{n} wheels produced in {m:.0f} minutes:", output_dir):
+        with log.print_summary(options=options):
             platform_module.build(options, tmp_path)
     finally:
         # avoid https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/86962 by performing
@@ -417,41 +420,61 @@ def print_preamble(platform: str, options: Options, identifiers: Sequence[str])
     print(f"Cache folder: {CIBW_CACHE_PATH}")
     print()
 
-    warnings = detect_warnings(options=options, identifiers=identifiers)
+    warnings = detect_warnings(options=options)
     for warning in warnings:
         log.warning(warning)
 
+    error_list = list(detect_errors(options=options, identifiers=identifiers))
+    if error_list:
+        for error in error_list:
+            log.error(error)
+        msg = "\n".join(error_list)
+        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
+
+    n = len(identifiers)
+    print(f"{n} build{'s' if n != 1 else ''} selected:")
+    print(", ".join(identifiers))
+    print()
     print("Here we go!\n")
 
 
-def detect_warnings(*, options: Options, identifiers: Iterable[str]) -> list[str]:
-    warnings = []
+def detect_errors(*, options: Options, identifiers: Iterable[str]) -> Generator[str, None, None]:
+    # Check for deprecated CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT environment variable
+    if "CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT" in os.environ:
+        yield "CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT environment variable is no longer supported."
 
-    python_version_deprecation = ((3, 11), 3)
-    if sys.version_info[:2] < python_version_deprecation[0]:
-        python_version = ".".join(map(str, python_version_deprecation[0]))
-        msg = (
-            f"cibuildwheel {python_version_deprecation[1]} will require Python {python_version}+, "
-            "please upgrade the Python version used to run cibuildwheel. "
-            "This does not affect the versions you can target when building wheels. See: https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/#what-does-it-do"
-        )
-        warnings.append(msg)
-
-    # warn about deprecated {python} and {pip}
+    # Deprecated {python} and {pip}
     for option_name in ["test_command", "before_build"]:
         option_values = [getattr(options.build_options(i), option_name) for i in identifiers]
 
         if any(o and ("{python}" in o or "{pip}" in o) for o in option_values):
             # Reminder: in an f-string, double braces means literal single brace
-            msg = (
+            yield (
                 f"{option_name}: '{{python}}' and '{{pip}}' are no longer supported "
                 "and have been removed in cibuildwheel 3. Simply use 'python' or 'pip' instead."
             )
-            raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
+
+
+def detect_warnings(*, options: Options) -> Generator[str, None, None]:
+    python_version_deprecation = ((3, 11), 3)
+    if sys.version_info[:2] < python_version_deprecation[0]:
+        python_version = ".".join(map(str, python_version_deprecation[0]))
+        yield (
+            f"cibuildwheel {python_version_deprecation[1]} will require Python {python_version}+, "
+            "please upgrade the Python version used to run cibuildwheel. "
+            "This does not affect the versions you can target when building wheels. See: https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/#what-does-it-do"
+        )
 
     build_selector = options.globals.build_selector
     test_selector = options.globals.test_selector
 
+    if EnableGroup.CPythonFreeThreading in build_selector.enable:
+        yield (
+            "'cpython-freethreading' enable is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. "
+            "It should be removed from tool.cibuildwheel.enable in pyproject.toml "
+            "or CIBW_ENABLE environment variable."
+        )
+
     all_valid_identifiers = [
         config.identifier
         for module in ALL_PLATFORM_MODULES.values()
@@ -465,27 +488,25 @@ def detect_warnings(*, options: Options, identifiers: Iterable[str]) -> list[str
         identifier for identifier in all_valid_identifiers if enabled_selector(identifier)
     ]
 
-    warnings += check_for_invalid_selectors(
+    yield from check_for_invalid_selectors(
         selector_name="build",
         selector_value=build_selector.build_config,
         all_valid_identifiers=all_valid_identifiers,
         all_enabled_identifiers=all_enabled_identifiers,
     )
-    warnings += check_for_invalid_selectors(
+    yield from check_for_invalid_selectors(
         selector_name="skip",
         selector_value=build_selector.skip_config,
         all_valid_identifiers=all_valid_identifiers,
         all_enabled_identifiers=all_enabled_identifiers,
     )
-    warnings += check_for_invalid_selectors(
+    yield from check_for_invalid_selectors(
         selector_name="test_skip",
         selector_value=test_selector.skip_config,
         all_valid_identifiers=all_valid_identifiers,
         all_enabled_identifiers=all_enabled_identifiers,
     )
 
-    return warnings
-
 
 def check_for_invalid_selectors(
     *,
@@ -497,17 +518,31 @@ def check_for_invalid_selectors(
     warnings = []
 
     for selector in selector_value.split():
-        if not any(selector_matches(selector, i) for i in all_enabled_identifiers):
+        selector_ = selector
+        if selector_name == "test_skip":
+            # macosx_universal2 uses an additional identifier for tests which ends with ":{arch}"
+            values = selector.split(":")
+            universal2_identifiers = filter(
+                lambda x: x.endswith("-macosx_universal2"), all_valid_identifiers
+            )
+            if len(values) == 2 and any(
+                selector_matches(selector_, f"{i}:{arch}")
+                for i in universal2_identifiers
+                for arch in ["arm64", "x86_64"]
+            ):
+                # just ignore the arch part in the rest of the check
+                selector_ = values[0]
+        if not any(selector_matches(selector_, i) for i in all_enabled_identifiers):
             msg = f"Invalid {selector_name} selector: {selector!r}. "
             error_type: type = errors.ConfigurationError
 
-            if any(selector_matches(selector, i) for i in all_valid_identifiers):
+            if any(selector_matches(selector_, i) for i in all_valid_identifiers):
                 msg += "This selector matches a group that wasn't enabled. Enable it using the `enable` option or remove this selector. "
 
-            if "p2" in selector or "p35" in selector:
+            if "p2" in selector_ or "p35" in selector_:
                 msg += f"cibuildwheel 3.x no longer supports Python < 3.8. Please use the 1.x series or update `{selector_name}`. "
                 error_type = errors.DeprecationError
-            if "p36" in selector or "p37" in selector:
+            if "p36" in selector_ or "p37" in selector_:
                 msg += f"cibuildwheel 3.x no longer supports Python < 3.8. Please use the 2.x series or update `{selector_name}`. "
                 error_type = errors.DeprecationError
 

cibuildwheel/architecture.py

@@ -6,27 +6,35 @@ import sys
 import typing
 from collections.abc import Set
 from enum import StrEnum, auto
-from typing import Final, Literal
+from typing import Final, Literal, Self
 
 from cibuildwheel import errors
-
-from .typing import PlatformName
+from cibuildwheel.typing import PlatformName
 
 PRETTY_NAMES: Final[dict[PlatformName, str]] = {
     "linux": "Linux",
     "macos": "macOS",
     "windows": "Windows",
     "pyodide": "Pyodide",
+    "android": "Android",
     "ios": "iOS",
 }
 
 ARCH_SYNONYMS: Final[list[dict[PlatformName, str | None]]] = [
-    {"linux": "x86_64", "macos": "x86_64", "windows": "AMD64"},
+    {"linux": "x86_64", "macos": "x86_64", "windows": "AMD64", "android": "x86_64"},
     {"linux": "i686", "macos": None, "windows": "x86"},
-    {"linux": "aarch64", "macos": "arm64", "windows": "ARM64"},
+    {"linux": "aarch64", "macos": "arm64", "windows": "ARM64", "android": "arm64_v8a"},
 ]
 
 
+def arch_synonym(arch: str, from_platform: PlatformName, to_platform: PlatformName) -> str | None:
+    for arch_synonym_ in ARCH_SYNONYMS:
+        if arch == arch_synonym_.get(from_platform):
+            return arch_synonym_.get(to_platform, arch)
+
+    return arch
+
+
 def _check_aarch32_el0() -> bool:
     """Check if running armv7l natively on aarch64 is supported"""
     if not sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
@@ -42,7 +50,7 @@ def _check_aarch32_el0() -> bool:
 
 @typing.final
 class Architecture(StrEnum):
-    # mac/linux archs
+    # mac/linux/android archs
     x86_64 = auto()
 
     # linux archs
@@ -65,40 +73,43 @@ class Architecture(StrEnum):
     # WebAssembly
     wasm32 = auto()
 
+    # android archs
+    arm64_v8a = auto()
+
     # iOS "multiarch" architectures that include both
     # the CPU architecture and the ABI.
     arm64_iphoneos = auto()
     arm64_iphonesimulator = auto()
     x86_64_iphonesimulator = auto()
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def parse_config(config: str, platform: PlatformName) -> "set[Architecture]":
+    @classmethod
+    def parse_config(cls, config: str, platform: PlatformName) -> set[Self]:
         result = set()
         for arch_str in re.split(r"[\s,]+", config):
-            if arch_str == "auto":
-                result |= Architecture.auto_archs(platform=platform)
-            elif arch_str == "native":
-                native_arch = Architecture.native_arch(platform=platform)
-                if native_arch:
-                    result.add(native_arch)
-            elif arch_str == "all":
-                result |= Architecture.all_archs(platform=platform)
-            elif arch_str == "auto64":
-                result |= Architecture.bitness_archs(platform=platform, bitness="64")
-            elif arch_str == "auto32":
-                result |= Architecture.bitness_archs(platform=platform, bitness="32")
-            else:
-                try:
-                    result.add(Architecture(arch_str))
-                except ValueError as e:
-                    msg = f"Invalid architecture '{arch_str}'"
-                    raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg) from e
+            match arch_str:
+                case "auto":
+                    result |= cls.auto_archs(platform=platform)
+                case "native":
+                    if native_arch := cls.native_arch(platform=platform):
+                        result.add(native_arch)
+                case "all":
+                    result |= cls.all_archs(platform=platform)
+                case "auto64":
+                    result |= cls.bitness_archs(platform=platform, bitness="64")
+                case "auto32":
+                    result |= cls.bitness_archs(platform=platform, bitness="32")
+                case _:
+                    try:
+                        result.add(cls(arch_str))
+                    except ValueError as e:
+                        msg = f"Invalid architecture '{arch_str}'"
+                        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg) from e
         return result
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def native_arch(platform: PlatformName) -> "Architecture | None":
+    @classmethod
+    def native_arch(cls, platform: PlatformName) -> Self | None:
         native_machine = platform_module.machine()
-        native_architecture = Architecture(native_machine)
+        native_architecture = cls(native_machine)
 
         # Cross-platform support. Used for --print-build-identifiers or docker builds.
         host_platform: PlatformName = (
@@ -108,89 +119,101 @@ class Architecture(StrEnum):
         )
 
         if platform == "pyodide":
-            return Architecture.wasm32
+            return cls.wasm32
         elif platform == "ios":
             # Can only build for iOS on macOS. The "native" architecture is the
             # simulator for the macOS native platform.
             if host_platform == "macos":
-                if native_architecture == Architecture.x86_64:
-                    return Architecture.x86_64_iphonesimulator
+                if native_architecture == cls.x86_64:
+                    return cls.x86_64_iphonesimulator
                 else:
-                    return Architecture.arm64_iphonesimulator
+                    return cls.arm64_iphonesimulator
             else:
                 return None
 
         # we might need to rename the native arch to the machine we're running
         # on, as the same arch can have different names on different platforms
         if host_platform != platform:
-            for arch_synonym in ARCH_SYNONYMS:
-                if native_machine == arch_synonym.get(host_platform):
-                    synonym = arch_synonym[platform]
+            synonym = arch_synonym(native_machine, host_platform, platform)
+            if synonym is None:
+                # can't build anything on this platform
+                return None
 
-                    if synonym is None:
-                        # can't build anything on this platform
-                        return None
-
-                    native_architecture = Architecture(synonym)
+            native_architecture = cls(synonym)
 
         return native_architecture
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def auto_archs(platform: PlatformName) -> "set[Architecture]":
-        native_arch = Architecture.native_arch(platform)
+    @classmethod
+    def auto_archs(cls, platform: PlatformName) -> set[Self]:
+        native_arch = cls.native_arch(platform)
         if native_arch is None:
             return set()  # can't build anything on this platform
         result = {native_arch}
 
-        if platform == "linux":
-            if Architecture.x86_64 in result:
-                # x86_64 machines can run i686 containers
-                result.add(Architecture.i686)
-            elif Architecture.aarch64 in result and _check_aarch32_el0():
-                result.add(Architecture.armv7l)
-
-        elif platform == "windows" and Architecture.AMD64 in result:
-            result.add(Architecture.x86)
-
-        elif platform == "ios" and native_arch == Architecture.arm64_iphonesimulator:
-            # Also build the device wheel if we're on ARM64.
-            result.add(Architecture.arm64_iphoneos)
+        match platform:
+            case "windows" if cls.AMD64 in result:
+                result.add(cls.x86)
+            case "ios" if native_arch == cls.arm64_iphonesimulator:
+                # Also build the device wheel if we're on ARM64.
+                result.add(cls.arm64_iphoneos)
 
         return result
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def all_archs(platform: PlatformName) -> "set[Architecture]":
+    @classmethod
+    def all_archs(cls, platform: PlatformName) -> set[Self]:
         all_archs_map = {
             "linux": {
-                Architecture.x86_64,
-                Architecture.i686,
-                Architecture.aarch64,
-                Architecture.ppc64le,
-                Architecture.s390x,
-                Architecture.armv7l,
-                Architecture.riscv64,
+                cls.x86_64,
+                cls.i686,
+                cls.aarch64,
+                cls.ppc64le,
+                cls.s390x,
+                cls.armv7l,
+                cls.riscv64,
             },
-            "macos": {Architecture.x86_64, Architecture.arm64, Architecture.universal2},
-            "windows": {Architecture.x86, Architecture.AMD64, Architecture.ARM64},
-            "pyodide": {Architecture.wasm32},
+            "macos": {cls.x86_64, cls.arm64, cls.universal2},
+            "windows": {cls.x86, cls.AMD64, cls.ARM64},
+            "pyodide": {cls.wasm32},
+            "android": {cls.x86_64, cls.arm64_v8a},
             "ios": {
-                Architecture.x86_64_iphonesimulator,
-                Architecture.arm64_iphonesimulator,
-                Architecture.arm64_iphoneos,
+                cls.x86_64_iphonesimulator,
+                cls.arm64_iphonesimulator,
+                cls.arm64_iphoneos,
             },
         }
         return all_archs_map[platform]
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def bitness_archs(platform: PlatformName, bitness: Literal["64", "32"]) -> "set[Architecture]":
-        archs_32 = {Architecture.i686, Architecture.x86, Architecture.armv7l}
-        auto_archs = Architecture.auto_archs(platform)
+    @classmethod
+    def bitness_archs(cls, platform: PlatformName, bitness: Literal["64", "32"]) -> set[Self]:
+        # This map maps 64-bit architectures to their 32-bit equivalents.
+        archs_map = {
+            cls.x86_64: cls.i686,
+            cls.AMD64: cls.x86,
+            cls.aarch64: cls.armv7l,
+        }
+        native_arch = cls.native_arch(platform)
 
-        if bitness == "64":
-            return auto_archs - archs_32
-        if bitness == "32":
-            return auto_archs & archs_32
-        typing.assert_never(bitness)
+        if native_arch is None:
+            return set()  # can't build anything on this platform
+
+        if native_arch == cls.wasm32:
+            return {native_arch} if bitness == "32" else set()
+
+        match bitness:
+            case "64":
+                return {native_arch} if native_arch not in archs_map.values() else set()
+            case "32":
+                if native_arch in archs_map.values():
+                    return {native_arch}
+                elif native_arch in archs_map and platform in {"linux", "windows"}:
+                    if native_arch == cls.aarch64 and not _check_aarch32_el0():
+                        # If we're on aarch64, skip if we cannot build armv7l wheels.
+                        return set()
+                    return {archs_map[native_arch]}
+                else:
+                    return set()
+            case _:
+                typing.assert_never(bitness)
 
 
 def allowed_architectures_check(

cibuildwheel/ci.py

@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@ import os
 import re
 from enum import Enum
 
-from .util.helpers import strtobool
+from cibuildwheel.util.helpers import strtobool
+
+ANSI_CODE_REGEX = re.compile(r"(\033\[[0-9;]*m)")
 
 
 class CIProvider(Enum):
@@ -46,7 +48,7 @@ def fix_ansi_codes_for_github_actions(text: str) -> str:
     Github Actions forgets the current ANSI style on every new line. This
     function repeats the current ANSI style on every new line.
     """
-    ansi_code_regex = re.compile(r"(\033\[[0-9;]*m)")
+
     ansi_codes: list[str] = []
     output = ""
 
@@ -55,7 +57,7 @@ def fix_ansi_codes_for_github_actions(text: str) -> str:
         output += "".join(ansi_codes) + line
 
         # split the line at each ANSI code
-        parts = ansi_code_regex.split(line)
+        parts = ANSI_CODE_REGEX.split(line)
         # if there are any ANSI codes, save them
         if len(parts) > 1:
             # iterate over the ANSI codes in this line
@@ -67,3 +69,11 @@ def fix_ansi_codes_for_github_actions(text: str) -> str:
                     ansi_codes.append(code)
 
     return output
+
+
+def filter_ansi_codes(text: str, /) -> str:
+    """
+    Remove ANSI codes from text.
+    """
+
+    return ANSI_CODE_REGEX.sub("", text)

cibuildwheel/environment.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ from typing import Any, Protocol
 import bashlex
 import bashlex.errors
 
-from . import bashlex_eval
+from cibuildwheel import bashlex_eval
 
 
 class EnvironmentParseError(Exception):
@@ -73,12 +73,16 @@ class EnvironmentAssignmentRaw:
         return self.value
 
 
+@dataclasses.dataclass
 class EnvironmentAssignmentBash:
     """
     An environment variable, in bash syntax. The value can use bash constructs
     like "$OTHER_VAR" and "$(command arg1 arg2)".
     """
 
+    name: str
+    value: str
+
     def __init__(self, assignment: str):
         name, equals, value = assignment.partition("=")
         if not equals:
@@ -96,11 +100,6 @@ class EnvironmentAssignmentBash:
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return f"{self.name}={self.value}"
 
-    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
-        if isinstance(other, EnvironmentAssignmentBash):
-            return self.name == other.name and self.value == other.value
-        return False
-
 
 @dataclasses.dataclass(kw_only=True)
 class ParsedEnvironment:
@@ -132,7 +131,7 @@ class ParsedEnvironment:
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({[repr(a) for a in self.assignments]!r})"
 
-    def options_summary(self) -> Any:
+    def options_summary(self) -> list[EnvironmentAssignment]:
         return self.assignments
 
 

cibuildwheel/errors.py

@@ -85,3 +85,21 @@ class RepairStepProducedNoWheelError(FatalError):
         )
         super().__init__(message)
         self.return_code = 8
+
+
+class RepairStepProducedMultipleWheelsError(FatalError):
+    def __init__(self, wheels: list[str]) -> None:
+        message = textwrap.dedent(
+            f"""
+            Build failed because the repair step completed successfully but
+            produced multiple wheels: {wheels}
+
+            Your `repair-wheel-command` is expected to place one repaired
+            wheel in the {{dest_dir}} directory. See the documentation for
+            example configurations:
+
+            https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#repair-wheel-command
+            """
+        )
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.return_code = 8

cibuildwheel/extra.py

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ def dump_python_configurations(
 
 def _json_request(request: urllib.request.Request, timeout: int = 30) -> dict[str, Any]:
     with urllib.request.urlopen(request, timeout=timeout) as response:
-        return typing.cast(dict[str, Any], json.load(response))
+        return typing.cast("dict[str, Any]", json.load(response))
 
 
 def github_api_request(path: str, *, max_retries: int = 3) -> dict[str, Any]:
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ def github_api_request(path: str, *, max_retries: int = 3) -> dict[str, Any]:
             # pylint: disable=E1101
             if (
                 isinstance(e, urllib.error.HTTPError)
-                and (e.code == 403 or e.code == 429)
+                and (e.code in {403, 429})
                 and e.headers.get("x-ratelimit-remaining") == "0"
             ):
                 reset_time = int(e.headers.get("x-ratelimit-reset", 0))
@@ -98,4 +98,4 @@ def get_pyodide_xbuildenv_info() -> PyodideXBuildEnvInfo:
         "https://pyodide.github.io/pyodide/api/pyodide-cross-build-environments.json"
     )
     with urllib.request.urlopen(xbuildenv_info_url) as response:
-        return typing.cast(PyodideXBuildEnvInfo, json.loads(response.read().decode("utf-8")))
+        return typing.cast("PyodideXBuildEnvInfo", json.loads(response.read().decode("utf-8")))

cibuildwheel/frontend.py

@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@ import typing
 from collections.abc import Sequence
 from typing import Literal, Self, get_args
 
-from .logger import log
-from .util.helpers import parse_key_value_string
+from cibuildwheel.logger import log
+from cibuildwheel.util.helpers import parse_key_value_string
 
-BuildFrontendName = Literal["pip", "build", "build[uv]"]
+BuildFrontendName = Literal["pip", "build", "build[uv]", "uv"]
 
 
 @dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class BuildFrontendConfig:
             msg = f"Unrecognised build frontend {name!r}, must be one of {names}"
             raise ValueError(msg)
 
-        name = typing.cast(BuildFrontendName, name)
+        name = typing.cast("BuildFrontendName", name)
 
         args = config_dict.get("args") or []
         return cls(name=name, args=args)
@@ -36,13 +36,13 @@ class BuildFrontendConfig:
             return {"name": self.name, "args": repr(self.args)}
 
 
-def _get_verbosity_flags(level: int, frontend: BuildFrontendName) -> list[str]:
+def _get_verbosity_flags(level: int, frontend: BuildFrontendName, *, py38: bool) -> list[str]:
     if level < 0:
-        if frontend == "pip":
-            return ["-" + -level * "q"]
-
-        msg = f"build_verbosity {level} is not supported for {frontend} frontend. Ignoring."
-        log.warning(msg)
+        if frontend.startswith("build") and py38:
+            msg = f"build_verbosity {level} is not supported for {frontend} frontend. Ignoring."
+            log.warning(msg)
+            return []
+        return ["-" + -level * "q"]
 
     if level > 0:
         if frontend == "pip":
@@ -58,11 +58,27 @@ def _split_config_settings(config_settings: str) -> list[str]:
     return [f"-C{setting}" for setting in config_settings_list]
 
 
+# Based on build.__main__.main.
+def parse_config_settings(config_settings_str: str) -> dict[str, str | list[str]]:
+    config_settings: dict[str, str | list[str]] = {}
+    for arg in shlex.split(config_settings_str):
+        setting, _, value = arg.partition("=")
+        existing_value = config_settings.get(setting)
+        if existing_value is None:
+            config_settings[setting] = value
+        elif isinstance(existing_value, str):
+            config_settings[setting] = [existing_value, value]
+        else:
+            existing_value.append(value)
+
+    return config_settings
+
+
 def get_build_frontend_extra_flags(
-    build_frontend: BuildFrontendConfig, verbosity_level: int, config_settings: str
+    build_frontend: BuildFrontendConfig, verbosity_level: int, config_settings: str, *, py38: bool
 ) -> list[str]:
     return [
         *_split_config_settings(config_settings),
         *build_frontend.args,
-        *_get_verbosity_flags(verbosity_level, build_frontend.name),
+        *_get_verbosity_flags(verbosity_level, build_frontend.name, py38=py38),
     ]

cibuildwheel/logger.py

@@ -1,11 +1,24 @@
 import codecs
+import contextlib
+import dataclasses
+import functools
+import hashlib
+import io
 import os
 import re
 import sys
+import textwrap
 import time
-from typing import IO, AnyStr, Final
+from collections.abc import Generator
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import IO, TYPE_CHECKING, AnyStr, Final, Literal
 
-from .ci import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider
+import humanize
+
+from cibuildwheel.ci import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider, filter_ansi_codes
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from cibuildwheel.options import Options
 
 FoldPattern = tuple[str, str]
 DEFAULT_FOLD_PATTERN: Final[FoldPattern] = ("{name}", "")
@@ -37,6 +50,8 @@ PLATFORM_IDENTIFIER_DESCRIPTIONS: Final[dict[str, str]] = {
     "macosx_universal2": "macOS Universal 2 - x86_64 and arm64",
     "macosx_arm64": "macOS arm64 - Apple Silicon",
     "pyodide_wasm32": "Pyodide",
+    "android_arm64_v8a": "Android arm64_v8a",
+    "android_x86_64": "Android x86_64",
     "ios_arm64_iphoneos": "iOS Device (ARM64)",
     "ios_arm64_iphonesimulator": "iOS Simulator (ARM64)",
     "ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator": "iOS Simulator (x86_64)",
@@ -69,14 +84,42 @@ class Symbols:
         self.error = "✕" if unicode else "failed"
 
 
+@dataclasses.dataclass(kw_only=True, frozen=True)
+class BuildInfo:
+    identifier: str
+    filename: Path | None
+    duration: float
+
+    @functools.cached_property
+    def size(self) -> str | None:
+        if self.filename is None:
+            return None
+        return humanize.naturalsize(self.filename.stat().st_size)
+
+    @functools.cached_property
+    def sha256(self) -> str | None:
+        if self.filename is None:
+            return None
+        with self.filename.open("rb") as f:
+            digest = hashlib.file_digest(f, "sha256")
+        return digest.hexdigest()
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        duration = humanize.naturaldelta(self.duration)
+        if self.filename:
+            return f"{self.identifier}: {self.filename.name} {self.size} in {duration}, SHA256={self.sha256}"
+        return f"{self.identifier}: {duration} (test only)"
+
+
 class Logger:
-    fold_mode: str
+    fold_mode: Literal["azure", "github", "travis", "disabled"]
     colors_enabled: bool
     unicode_enabled: bool
     active_build_identifier: str | None = None
     build_start_time: float | None = None
     step_start_time: float | None = None
     active_fold_group_name: str | None = None
+    summary: list[BuildInfo]
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
         if sys.platform == "win32" and hasattr(sys.stdout, "reconfigure"):
@@ -88,25 +131,28 @@ class Logger:
 
         ci_provider = detect_ci_provider()
 
-        if ci_provider == CIProvider.azure_pipelines:
-            self.fold_mode = "azure"
-            self.colors_enabled = True
+        match ci_provider:
+            case CIProvider.azure_pipelines:
+                self.fold_mode = "azure"
+                self.colors_enabled = True
 
-        elif ci_provider == CIProvider.github_actions:
-            self.fold_mode = "github"
-            self.colors_enabled = True
+            case CIProvider.github_actions:
+                self.fold_mode = "github"
+                self.colors_enabled = True
 
-        elif ci_provider == CIProvider.travis_ci:
-            self.fold_mode = "travis"
-            self.colors_enabled = True
+            case CIProvider.travis_ci:
+                self.fold_mode = "travis"
+                self.colors_enabled = True
 
-        elif ci_provider == CIProvider.appveyor:
-            self.fold_mode = "disabled"
-            self.colors_enabled = True
+            case CIProvider.appveyor:
+                self.fold_mode = "disabled"
+                self.colors_enabled = True
 
-        else:
-            self.fold_mode = "disabled"
-            self.colors_enabled = file_supports_color(sys.stdout)
+            case _:
+                self.fold_mode = "disabled"
+                self.colors_enabled = file_supports_color(sys.stdout)
+
+        self.summary = []
 
     def build_start(self, identifier: str) -> None:
         self.step_end()
@@ -120,7 +166,7 @@ class Logger:
         self.build_start_time = time.time()
         self.active_build_identifier = identifier
 
-    def build_end(self) -> None:
+    def build_end(self, filename: Path | None) -> None:
         assert self.build_start_time is not None
         assert self.active_build_identifier is not None
         self.step_end()
@@ -128,11 +174,14 @@ class Logger:
         c = self.colors
         s = self.symbols
         duration = time.time() - self.build_start_time
+        duration_str = humanize.naturaldelta(duration, minimum_unit="milliseconds")
 
         print()
-        print(
-            f"{c.green}{s.done} {c.end}{self.active_build_identifier} finished in {duration:.2f}s"
+        print(f"{c.green}{s.done} {c.end}{self.active_build_identifier} finished in {duration_str}")
+        self.summary.append(
+            BuildInfo(identifier=self.active_build_identifier, filename=filename, duration=duration)
         )
+
         self.build_start_time = None
         self.active_build_identifier = None
 
@@ -147,6 +196,7 @@ class Logger:
             c = self.colors
             s = self.symbols
             duration = time.time() - self.step_start_time
+
             if success:
                 print(f"{c.green}{s.done} {c.end}{duration:.2f}s".rjust(78))
             else:
@@ -183,6 +233,26 @@ class Logger:
             c = self.colors
             print(f"cibuildwheel: {c.bright_red}error{c.end}: {error}\n", file=sys.stderr)
 
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def print_summary(self, *, options: "Options") -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+        start = time.time()
+        yield
+        duration = time.time() - start
+        if summary_path := os.environ.get("GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY"):
+            github_summary = self._github_step_summary(duration=duration, options=options)
+            Path(summary_path).write_text(filter_ansi_codes(github_summary), encoding="utf-8")
+
+        n_wheels = len([info for info in self.summary if info.filename])
+        s = "s" if n_wheels > 1 else ""
+        duration_str = humanize.naturaldelta(duration)
+        print()
+        self._start_fold_group(f"{n_wheels} wheel{s} produced in {duration_str}")
+        for build_info in self.summary:
+            print(" ", build_info)
+        self._end_fold_group()
+
+        self.summary = []
+
     @property
     def step_active(self) -> bool:
         return self.step_start_time is not None
@@ -222,6 +292,72 @@ class Logger:
         # lowercase, shorten
         return identifier.lower()[:20]
 
+    def _github_step_summary(self, duration: float, options: "Options") -> str:
+        """
+        Returns the GitHub step summary, in markdown format.
+        """
+        out = io.StringIO()
+        options_summary = options.summary(
+            identifiers=[bi.identifier for bi in self.summary], skip_unset=True
+        )
+        out.write(
+            textwrap.dedent("""\
+                ### 🎡 cibuildwheel
+
+                <details>
+                <summary>
+                Build options
+                </summary>
+
+                ```yaml
+                {options_summary}
+                ```
+
+                </details>
+
+            """).format(options_summary=options_summary)
+        )
+        n_wheels = len([b for b in self.summary if b.filename])
+        wheel_rows = "\n".join(
+            "<tr>"
+            f"<td nowrap>{'<samp>' + b.filename.name + '</samp>' if b.filename else '*Test only*'}</td>"
+            f"<td nowrap>{b.size or 'N/A'}</td>"
+            f"<td nowrap><samp>{b.identifier}</samp></td>"
+            f"<td nowrap>{humanize.naturaldelta(b.duration)}</td>"
+            f"<td nowrap><samp>{b.sha256 or 'N/A'}</samp></td>"
+            "</tr>"
+            for b in self.summary
+        )
+        out.write(
+            textwrap.dedent("""\
+                <table>
+                <thead>
+                <tr>
+                <th align="left">Wheel</th>
+                <th align="left">Size</th>
+                <th align="left">Build identifier</th>
+                <th align="left">Time</th>
+                <th align="left">SHA256</th>
+                </tr>
+                </thead>
+                <tbody>
+                {wheel_rows}
+                </tbody>
+                </table>
+                <div align="right"><sup>{n} wheel{s} created in {duration_str}</sup></div>
+            """).format(
+                wheel_rows=wheel_rows,
+                n=n_wheels,
+                duration_str=humanize.naturaldelta(duration),
+                s="s" if n_wheels > 1 else "",
+            )
+        )
+
+        out.write("\n")
+        out.write("---")
+        out.write("\n")
+        return out.getvalue()
+
     @property
     def colors(self) -> Colors:
         return Colors(enabled=self.colors_enabled)

cibuildwheel/oci_container.py

@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@ from pathlib import Path, PurePath, PurePosixPath
 from types import TracebackType
 from typing import IO, Literal, Self, assert_never
 
-from .ci import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider
-from .errors import OCIEngineTooOldError
-from .logger import log
-from .typing import PathOrStr
-from .util.cmd import call
-from .util.helpers import FlexibleVersion, parse_key_value_string, strtobool
+from cibuildwheel.ci import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider
+from cibuildwheel.errors import OCIEngineTooOldError
+from cibuildwheel.logger import log
+from cibuildwheel.typing import PathOrStr
+from cibuildwheel.util.cmd import call
+from cibuildwheel.util.helpers import FlexibleVersion, parse_key_value_string, strtobool
 
 ContainerEngineName = Literal["docker", "podman"]
 
@@ -36,6 +36,28 @@ class OCIPlatform(Enum):
     RISCV64 = "linux/riscv64"
     S390X = "linux/s390x"
 
+    @classmethod
+    def native(cls) -> Self:
+        """Return the current OCI platform, or raise ValueError if unknown."""
+        arch = platform.machine().lower()
+        mapping = {
+            "i386": cls.i386,
+            "i686": cls.i386,
+            "x86_64": cls.AMD64,
+            "amd64": cls.AMD64,
+            "armv7l": cls.ARMV7,
+            "aarch64": cls.ARM64,
+            "arm64": cls.ARM64,
+            "ppc64le": cls.PPC64LE,
+            "riscv64": cls.RISCV64,
+            "s390x": cls.S390X,
+        }
+        try:
+            return mapping[arch]
+        except KeyError as ex:
+            msg = f"Unsupported platform architecture: {arch}"
+            raise OSError(msg) from ex
+
 
 @dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
 class OCIContainerEngineConfig:
@@ -56,7 +78,7 @@ class OCIContainerEngineConfig:
             msg = f"unknown container engine {name}"
             raise ValueError(msg)
 
-        name = typing.cast(ContainerEngineName, name)
+        name = typing.cast("ContainerEngineName", name)
         # some flexibility in the option names to cope with TOML conventions
         create_args = config_dict.get("create_args") or config_dict.get("create-args") or []
         disable_host_mount_options = (
@@ -94,44 +116,50 @@ DEFAULT_ENGINE = OCIContainerEngineConfig("docker")
 def _check_engine_version(engine: OCIContainerEngineConfig) -> None:
     try:
         version_string = call(engine.name, "version", "-f", "{{json .}}", capture_stdout=True)
-        version_info = json.loads(version_string.strip())
-        if engine.name == "docker":
-            client_api_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["Client"]["ApiVersion"])
-            server_api_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["Server"]["ApiVersion"])
-            # --platform support was introduced in 1.32 as experimental, 1.41 removed the experimental flag
-            version = min(client_api_version, server_api_version)
-            minimum_version = FlexibleVersion("1.41")
-            minimum_version_str = "20.10.0"  # docker version
-            error_msg = textwrap.dedent(
-                f"""
-                Build failed because {engine.name} is too old.
+        # We are using lowercase keys for all dicts so we are not affected by casing of keys
+        version_info = json.loads(
+            version_string.strip(), object_pairs_hook=lambda inp: {k.lower(): v for k, v in inp}
+        )
+        match engine.name:
+            case "docker":
+                client_api_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["client"]["apiversion"])
+                server_api_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["server"]["apiversion"])
+                # --platform support was introduced in 1.32 as experimental, 1.41 removed the experimental flag
+                version = min(client_api_version, server_api_version)
+                minimum_version = FlexibleVersion("1.41")
+                minimum_version_str = "20.10.0"  # docker version
+                error_msg = textwrap.dedent(
+                    f"""
+                    Build failed because {engine.name} is too old.
 
-                cibuildwheel requires {engine.name}>={minimum_version_str} running API version {minimum_version}.
-                The API version found by cibuildwheel is {version}.
-                """
-            )
-        elif engine.name == "podman":
-            # podman uses the same version string for "Version" & "ApiVersion"
-            client_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["Client"]["Version"])
-            if "Server" in version_info:
-                server_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["Server"]["Version"])
-            else:
-                server_version = client_version
-            # --platform support was introduced in v3
-            version = min(client_version, server_version)
-            minimum_version = FlexibleVersion("3")
-            error_msg = textwrap.dedent(
-                f"""
-                Build failed because {engine.name} is too old.
+                    cibuildwheel requires {engine.name}>={minimum_version_str} running API version {minimum_version}.
+                    The API version found by cibuildwheel is {version}.
+                    """
+                )
+            case "podman":
+                # podman uses the same version string for "Version" & "ApiVersion"
+                client_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["client"]["version"])
+                if "server" in version_info:
+                    server_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["server"]["version"])
+                else:
+                    server_version = client_version
+                # --platform support was introduced in v3
+                version = min(client_version, server_version)
+                minimum_version = FlexibleVersion("3")
+                error_msg = textwrap.dedent(
+                    f"""
+                    Build failed because {engine.name} is too old.
+
+                    cibuildwheel requires {engine.name}>={minimum_version}.
+                    The version found by cibuildwheel is {version}.
+                    """
+                )
+            case _:
+                assert_never(engine.name)
 
-                cibuildwheel requires {engine.name}>={minimum_version}.
-                The version found by cibuildwheel is {version}.
-                """
-            )
-        else:
-            assert_never(engine.name)
         if version < minimum_version:
             raise OCIEngineTooOldError(error_msg) from None
+
     except (subprocess.CalledProcessError, KeyError, ValueError) as e:
         msg = f"Build failed because {engine.name} is too old or is not working properly."
         raise OCIEngineTooOldError(msg) from e
@@ -149,11 +177,19 @@ class OCIContainer:
     back to cibuildwheel.
 
     Example:
+        >>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(LINUX)
         >>> from cibuildwheel.oci_container import *  # NOQA
         >>> from cibuildwheel.options import _get_pinned_container_images
+        >>> import pytest
+        >>> try:
+        ...     oci_platform = OCIPlatform.native()
+        ... except OSError as ex:
+        ...     pytest.skip(str(ex))
+        >>> if oci_platform != OCIPlatform.AMD64:
+        ...     pytest.skip('only runs on amd64')
         >>> image = _get_pinned_container_images()['x86_64']['manylinux2014']
         >>> # Test the default container
-        >>> with OCIContainer(image=image) as self:
+        >>> with OCIContainer(image=image, oci_platform=oci_platform) as self:
         ...     self.call(["echo", "hello world"])
         ...     self.call(["cat", "/proc/1/cgroup"])
         ...     print(self.get_environment())
@@ -482,7 +518,7 @@ class OCIContainer:
                 capture_output=True,
             )
         )
-        return typing.cast(dict[str, str], env)
+        return typing.cast("dict[str, str]", env)
 
     def environment_executor(self, command: Sequence[str], environment: dict[str, str]) -> str:
         # used as an EnvironmentExecutor to evaluate commands and capture output

cibuildwheel/options.py

@@ -14,18 +14,18 @@ from typing import Any, Final, Literal, Self, assert_never
 
 from packaging.specifiers import SpecifierSet
 
-from . import errors
-from .architecture import Architecture
-from .environment import EnvironmentParseError, ParsedEnvironment, parse_environment
-from .frontend import BuildFrontendConfig
-from .logger import log
-from .oci_container import OCIContainerEngineConfig
-from .projectfiles import get_requires_python_str, resolve_dependency_groups
-from .selector import BuildSelector, EnableGroup, TestSelector, selector_matches
-from .typing import PLATFORMS, PlatformName
-from .util import resources
-from .util.helpers import format_safe, strtobool, unwrap
-from .util.packaging import DependencyConstraints
+from cibuildwheel import errors
+from cibuildwheel.architecture import Architecture
+from cibuildwheel.environment import EnvironmentParseError, ParsedEnvironment, parse_environment
+from cibuildwheel.frontend import BuildFrontendConfig
+from cibuildwheel.logger import log
+from cibuildwheel.oci_container import OCIContainerEngineConfig
+from cibuildwheel.projectfiles import get_requires_python_str, resolve_dependency_groups
+from cibuildwheel.selector import BuildSelector, EnableGroup, TestSelector, selector_matches
+from cibuildwheel.typing import PLATFORMS, PlatformName
+from cibuildwheel.util import resources
+from cibuildwheel.util.helpers import format_safe, parse_key_value_string, strtobool, unwrap
+from cibuildwheel.util.packaging import DependencyConstraints
 
 MANYLINUX_ARCHS: Final[tuple[str, ...]] = (
     "x86_64",
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ class CommandLineArguments:
     allow_empty: bool
     debug_traceback: bool
     enable: list[str]
+    clean_cache: bool
 
     @classmethod
     def defaults(cls) -> Self:
@@ -77,6 +78,7 @@ class CommandLineArguments:
             print_build_identifiers=False,
             debug_traceback=False,
             enable=[],
+            clean_cache=False,
         )
 
 
@@ -90,6 +92,20 @@ class GlobalOptions:
     allow_empty: bool
 
 
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestRuntimeConfig:
+    args: Sequence[str] = ()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_config_string(cls, config_string: str) -> Self:
+        config_dict = parse_key_value_string(config_string, [], ["args"])
+        args = config_dict.get("args") or []
+        return cls(args=args)
+
+    def options_summary(self) -> str | dict[str, str]:
+        return {"args": repr(self.args)}
+
+
 @dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, kw_only=True)
 class BuildOptions:
     globals: GlobalOptions
@@ -108,8 +124,9 @@ class BuildOptions:
     test_extras: str
     test_groups: list[str]
     test_environment: ParsedEnvironment
+    test_runtime: TestRuntimeConfig
     build_verbosity: int
-    build_frontend: BuildFrontendConfig | None
+    build_frontend: BuildFrontendConfig
     config_settings: str
     container_engine: OCIContainerEngineConfig
     pyodide_version: str | None
@@ -343,40 +360,46 @@ def _apply_inherit_rule(
         msg = f"Don't know how to merge {before!r} and {after!r} with {rule}"
         raise OptionsReaderError(msg)
 
-    if rule == InheritRule.APPEND:
-        return option_format.merge_values(before, after)
-    if rule == InheritRule.PREPEND:
-        return option_format.merge_values(after, before)
-
-    assert_never(rule)
+    match rule:
+        case InheritRule.APPEND:
+            return option_format.merge_values(before, after)
+        case InheritRule.PREPEND:
+            return option_format.merge_values(after, before)
+        case _:
+            assert_never(rule)
 
 
 def _stringify_setting(
     setting: SettingValue,
     option_format: OptionFormat | None,
 ) -> str:
-    if isinstance(setting, Mapping):
-        try:
-            if option_format is None:
-                raise OptionFormat.NotSupported
-            return option_format.format_table(setting)
-        except OptionFormat.NotSupported:
-            msg = f"Error converting {setting!r} to a string: this setting doesn't accept a table"
-            raise OptionsReaderError(msg) from None
-
-    if not isinstance(setting, str) and isinstance(setting, Sequence):
-        try:
-            if option_format is None:
-                raise OptionFormat.NotSupported
-            return option_format.format_list(setting)
-        except OptionFormat.NotSupported:
-            msg = f"Error converting {setting!r} to a string: this setting doesn't accept a list"
-            raise OptionsReaderError(msg) from None
-
-    if isinstance(setting, bool | int):
-        return str(setting)
-
-    return setting
+    match setting:
+        case {}:
+            assert isinstance(setting, Mapping)  # MyPy 1.15 doesn't narrow this for us
+            try:
+                if option_format is None:
+                    raise OptionFormat.NotSupported
+                return option_format.format_table(setting)
+            except OptionFormat.NotSupported:
+                msg = (
+                    f"Error converting {setting!r} to a string: this setting doesn't accept a table"
+                )
+                raise OptionsReaderError(msg) from None
+        case bool() | int():
+            return str(setting)
+        case [*_]:
+            try:
+                if option_format is None:
+                    raise OptionFormat.NotSupported
+                return option_format.format_list(setting)
+            except OptionFormat.NotSupported:
+                msg = (
+                    f"Error converting {setting!r} to a string: this setting doesn't accept a list"
+                )
+                raise OptionsReaderError(msg) from None
+        case _:
+            assert isinstance(setting, str)  # MyPy 1.15 doesn't narrow this for us
+            return setting
 
 
 class OptionsReader:
@@ -385,6 +408,7 @@ class OptionsReader:
     by the platform.
 
     Example:
+      >>> # xdoctest: +SKIP
       >>> options_reader = OptionsReader(config_file, platform='macos')
       >>> options_reader.get('cool-color')
 
@@ -651,7 +675,9 @@ class Options:
         )
         requires_python = None if requires_python_str is None else SpecifierSet(requires_python_str)
 
-        archs_config_str = args.archs or self.reader.get("archs", option_format=ListFormat(sep=" "))
+        archs_config_str = args.archs or self.reader.get(
+            "archs", option_format=ListFormat(sep=" "), ignore_empty=True
+        )
         architectures = Architecture.parse_config(archs_config_str, platform=self.platform)
 
         # Process `--only`
@@ -659,7 +685,9 @@ class Options:
             build_config = args.only
             skip_config = ""
             architectures = Architecture.all_archs(self.platform)
-            enable = set(EnableGroup)
+            enable |= EnableGroup.all_groups()
+            if args.only.startswith("cp313t-"):
+                enable.add(EnableGroup.CPythonFreeThreading)
 
         build_selector = BuildSelector(
             build_config=build_config,
@@ -750,6 +778,20 @@ class Options:
                 msg = f"Malformed environment option {test_environment_config!r}"
                 raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg) from e
 
+            test_runtime_str = self.reader.get(
+                "test-runtime",
+                env_plat=False,
+                option_format=ShlexTableFormat(sep="; ", pair_sep=":", allow_merge=False),
+            )
+            if not test_runtime_str:
+                test_runtime = TestRuntimeConfig()
+            else:
+                try:
+                    test_runtime = TestRuntimeConfig.from_config_string(test_runtime_str)
+                except ValueError as e:
+                    msg = f"Failed to parse test runtime config. {e}"
+                    raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg) from e
+
             test_requires = self.reader.get(
                 "test-requires", option_format=ListFormat(sep=" ")
             ).split()
@@ -766,9 +808,8 @@ class Options:
                 env_plat=False,
                 option_format=ShlexTableFormat(sep="; ", pair_sep=":", allow_merge=False),
             )
-            build_frontend: BuildFrontendConfig | None
             if not build_frontend_str or build_frontend_str == "default":
-                build_frontend = None
+                build_frontend = BuildFrontendConfig("build")
             else:
                 try:
                     build_frontend = BuildFrontendConfig.from_config_string(build_frontend_str)
@@ -858,6 +899,7 @@ class Options:
                 test_command=test_command,
                 test_sources=test_sources,
                 test_environment=test_environment,
+                test_runtime=test_runtime,
                 test_requires=[*test_requires, *test_requirements_from_groups],
                 test_extras=test_extras,
                 test_groups=test_groups,
@@ -901,14 +943,18 @@ class Options:
             defaults=True,
         )
 
-    def summary(self, identifiers: Iterable[str]) -> str:
+    def summary(self, identifiers: Iterable[str], skip_unset: bool = False) -> str:
         lines = []
         global_option_names = sorted(f.name for f in dataclasses.fields(self.globals))
 
         for option_name in global_option_names:
             option_value = getattr(self.globals, option_name)
             default_value = getattr(self.defaults.globals, option_name)
-            lines.append(self.option_summary(option_name, option_value, default_value))
+            line = self.option_summary(
+                option_name, option_value, default_value, skip_unset=skip_unset
+            )
+            if line is not None:
+                lines.append(line)
 
         build_options = self.build_options(identifier=None)
         build_options_defaults = self.defaults.build_options(identifier=None)
@@ -928,19 +974,26 @@ class Options:
                 i: getattr(build_options_for_identifier[i], option_name) for i in identifiers
             }
 
-            lines.append(
-                self.option_summary(option_name, option_value, default_value, overrides=overrides)
+            line = self.option_summary(
+                option_name,
+                option_value,
+                default_value,
+                overrides=overrides,
+                skip_unset=skip_unset,
             )
+            if line is not None:
+                lines.append(line)
 
         return "\n".join(lines)
 
     def option_summary(
         self,
         option_name: str,
-        option_value: Any,
-        default_value: Any,
+        option_value: Any,  # noqa: ANN401
+        default_value: Any,  # noqa: ANN401
         overrides: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
-    ) -> str:
+        skip_unset: bool = False,
+    ) -> str | None:
         """
         Return a summary of the option value, including any overrides, with
         ANSI 'dim' color if it's the default.
@@ -954,6 +1007,10 @@ class Options:
         overrides_value_strs = {k: v for k, v in overrides_value_strs.items() if v != value_str}
 
         has_been_set = (value_str != default_value_str) or overrides_value_strs
+
+        if skip_unset and not has_been_set:
+            return None
+
         c = log.colors
 
         result = c.gray if not has_been_set else ""
@@ -985,7 +1042,7 @@ class Options:
             return value
 
     @staticmethod
-    def option_summary_value(option_value: Any) -> str:
+    def option_summary_value(option_value: Any) -> str:  # noqa: ANN401
         if hasattr(option_value, "options_summary"):
             option_value = option_value.options_summary()
 

cibuildwheel/platforms/__init__.py

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
+import sys
 from collections.abc import Sequence
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Final, Protocol
 
+from cibuildwheel import errors
 from cibuildwheel.architecture import Architecture
 from cibuildwheel.options import Options
-from cibuildwheel.platforms import ios, linux, macos, pyodide, windows
+from cibuildwheel.platforms import android, ios, linux, macos, pyodide, windows
 from cibuildwheel.selector import BuildSelector
 from cibuildwheel.typing import GenericPythonConfiguration, PlatformName
 
@@ -28,10 +28,27 @@ ALL_PLATFORM_MODULES: Final[dict[PlatformName, PlatformModule]] = {
     "windows": windows,
     "macos": macos,
     "pyodide": pyodide,
+    "android": android,
     "ios": ios,
 }
 
 
+def native_platform() -> PlatformName:
+    if sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
+        return "linux"
+    elif sys.platform == "darwin":
+        return "macos"
+    elif sys.platform == "win32":
+        return "windows"
+    else:
+        msg = (
+            'Unable to detect platform from "sys.platform". cibuildwheel doesn\'t '
+            "support building wheels for this platform. You might be able to build for a different "
+            "platform using the --platform argument. Check --help output for more information."
+        )
+        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
+
+
 def get_build_identifiers(
     platform_module: PlatformModule,
     build_selector: BuildSelector,

cibuildwheel/platforms/android.py

@@ -0,0 +1,757 @@
+import csv
+import hashlib
+import os
+import platform
+import re
+import shlex
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sysconfig
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Iterator, MutableMapping
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from os.path import relpath
+from pathlib import Path
+from pprint import pprint
+from runpy import run_path
+from textwrap import dedent
+from typing import Any
+
+from build import ProjectBuilder
+from build.env import IsolatedEnv
+from elftools.common.exceptions import ELFError
+from elftools.elf.elffile import ELFFile
+from filelock import FileLock
+
+from cibuildwheel import errors, platforms  # pylint: disable=cyclic-import
+from cibuildwheel.architecture import Architecture, arch_synonym
+from cibuildwheel.frontend import get_build_frontend_extra_flags, parse_config_settings
+from cibuildwheel.logger import log
+from cibuildwheel.options import BuildOptions, Options
+from cibuildwheel.selector import BuildSelector
+from cibuildwheel.util import resources
+from cibuildwheel.util.cmd import call, shell
+from cibuildwheel.util.file import CIBW_CACHE_PATH, copy_test_sources, download, move_file
+from cibuildwheel.util.helpers import prepare_command
+from cibuildwheel.util.packaging import find_compatible_wheel
+from cibuildwheel.util.python_build_standalone import create_python_build_standalone_environment
+from cibuildwheel.venv import constraint_flags, find_uv, virtualenv
+
+ANDROID_TRIPLET = {
+    "arm64_v8a": "aarch64-linux-android",
+    "x86_64": "x86_64-linux-android",
+}
+
+
+def parse_identifier(identifier: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
+    match = re.fullmatch(r"cp(\d)(\d+)-android_(.+)", identifier)
+    if not match:
+        msg = f"invalid Android identifier: '{identifier}'"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    major, minor, arch = match.groups()
+    return (f"{major}.{minor}", arch)
+
+
+def android_triplet(identifier: str) -> str:
+    return ANDROID_TRIPLET[parse_identifier(identifier)[1]]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class PythonConfiguration:
+    version: str
+    identifier: str
+    url: str
+
+    @property
+    def arch(self) -> str:
+        return parse_identifier(self.identifier)[1]
+
+
+def all_python_configurations() -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
+    return [PythonConfiguration(**item) for item in resources.read_python_configs("android")]
+
+
+def get_python_configurations(
+    build_selector: BuildSelector, architectures: set[Architecture]
+) -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
+    return [
+        c
+        for c in all_python_configurations()
+        if c.arch in architectures and build_selector(c.identifier)
+    ]
+
+
+def shell_prepared(command: str, *, build_options: BuildOptions, env: dict[str, str]) -> None:
+    shell(
+        prepare_command(command, project=".", package=build_options.package_dir),
+        env=env,
+    )
+
+
+def before_all(options: Options, python_configurations: list[PythonConfiguration]) -> None:
+    before_all_options = options.build_options(python_configurations[0].identifier)
+    if before_all_options.before_all:
+        log.step("Running before_all...")
+        shell_prepared(
+            before_all_options.before_all,
+            build_options=before_all_options,
+            env=before_all_options.environment.as_dictionary(os.environ),
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class BuildState:
+    config: PythonConfiguration
+    options: BuildOptions
+    build_path: Path
+    python_dir: Path
+    build_env: dict[str, str]
+    android_env: dict[str, str]
+
+
+def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    if "ANDROID_HOME" not in os.environ:
+        msg = (
+            "ANDROID_HOME environment variable is not set. For instructions, see "
+            "https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/platforms/#android"
+        )
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+    configs = get_python_configurations(
+        options.globals.build_selector, options.globals.architectures
+    )
+    if not configs:
+        return
+
+    try:
+        before_all(options, configs)
+
+        built_wheels: list[Path] = []
+        for config in configs:
+            log.build_start(config.identifier)
+            build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
+            build_path = tmp_path / config.identifier
+            build_path.mkdir()
+            python_dir = setup_target_python(config, build_path)
+            build_env, android_env = setup_env(config, build_options, build_path, python_dir)
+            state = BuildState(
+                config, build_options, build_path, python_dir, build_env, android_env
+            )
+
+            compatible_wheel = find_compatible_wheel(built_wheels, config.identifier)
+            if compatible_wheel:
+                print(
+                    f"\nFound previously built wheel {compatible_wheel.name} that is "
+                    f"compatible with {config.identifier}. Skipping build step..."
+                )
+                repaired_wheel = compatible_wheel
+            else:
+                before_build(state)
+                built_wheel = build_wheel(state)
+                repaired_wheel = repair_wheel(state, built_wheel)
+
+            test_wheel(state, repaired_wheel, build_frontend=build_options.build_frontend.name)
+
+            output_wheel: Path | None = None
+            if compatible_wheel is None:
+                output_wheel = move_file(
+                    repaired_wheel, build_options.output_dir / repaired_wheel.name
+                )
+                built_wheels.append(output_wheel)
+
+            shutil.rmtree(build_path)
+            log.build_end(output_wheel)
+
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
+        msg = f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout or ''}"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg) from error
+
+
+def setup_target_python(config: PythonConfiguration, build_path: Path) -> Path:
+    log.step("Installing target Python...")
+    python_tgz = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / config.url.rpartition("/")[-1]
+    with FileLock(f"{python_tgz}.lock"):
+        if not python_tgz.exists():
+            download(config.url, python_tgz)
+
+    python_dir = build_path / "python"
+    python_dir.mkdir()
+    shutil.unpack_archive(python_tgz, python_dir)
+    return python_dir
+
+
+def setup_env(
+    config: PythonConfiguration, build_options: BuildOptions, build_path: Path, python_dir: Path
+) -> tuple[dict[str, str], dict[str, str]]:
+    """
+    Returns two environment dicts, both pointing at the same virtual environment:
+
+    * build_env, which uses the environment normally.
+    * android_env, which uses the environment while simulating running on Android.
+    """
+    log.step("Setting up build environment...")
+    build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend.name
+    use_uv = build_frontend in {"build[uv]", "uv"}
+    uv_path = find_uv()
+    if use_uv and uv_path is None:
+        msg = "uv not found"
+        raise AssertionError(msg)
+    pip = ["pip"] if not use_uv else [str(uv_path), "pip"]
+
+    # Create virtual environment
+    python_exe = create_python_build_standalone_environment(
+        config.version, build_path, CIBW_CACHE_PATH
+    )
+    venv_dir = build_path / "venv"
+    dependency_constraint = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
+        version=config.version, tmp_dir=build_path
+    )
+    build_env = virtualenv(
+        config.version, python_exe, venv_dir, dependency_constraint, use_uv=use_uv
+    )
+    create_cmake_toolchain(config, build_path, python_dir, build_env)
+
+    # Apply custom environment variables, and check environment is still valid
+    build_env = build_options.environment.as_dictionary(build_env)
+    build_env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
+    for command in ["python"] if use_uv else ["python", "pip"]:
+        command_path = call("which", command, env=build_env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
+        if command_path != f"{venv_dir}/bin/{command}":
+            msg = (
+                f"{command} available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you "
+                f"have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry "
+                f"or insert {command} above it."
+            )
+            raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+        call(command, "--version", env=build_env)
+
+    # Construct an altered environment which simulates running on Android.
+    android_env = setup_android_env(config, python_dir, venv_dir, build_env)
+
+    # Install build tools
+    if build_frontend not in {"build", "build[uv]", "uv"}:
+        msg = "Android requires the build frontend to be 'build' or 'uv'"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    call(*pip, "install", "build", *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint), env=build_env)
+
+    # Build-time requirements must be queried within android_env, because
+    # `get_requires_for_build` can run arbitrary code in setup.py scripts, which may be
+    # affected by the target platform. However, the requirements must be installed
+    # within build_env, because they're going to run on the build machine.
+    #
+    # The `build` CLI doesn't support this combination, so we use its API to query the
+    # requirements, and then install them ourselves with pip. We'll later run `build` in
+    # the same environment, passing the `--no-isolation` option.
+    class AndroidEnv(IsolatedEnv):
+        @property
+        def python_executable(self) -> str:
+            return f"{venv_dir}/bin/python"
+
+        def make_extra_environ(self) -> dict[str, str]:
+            return android_env
+
+    pb = ProjectBuilder.from_isolated_env(AndroidEnv(), build_options.package_dir)
+    if pb.build_system_requires:
+        call(*pip, "install", *pb.build_system_requires, env=build_env)
+
+    requires_for_build = pb.get_requires_for_build(
+        "wheel", parse_config_settings(build_options.config_settings)
+    )
+    if requires_for_build:
+        call(*pip, "install", *requires_for_build, env=build_env)
+
+    return build_env, android_env
+
+
+def create_cmake_toolchain(
+    config: PythonConfiguration, build_path: Path, python_dir: Path, build_env: dict[str, str]
+) -> None:
+    toolchain_path = build_path / "toolchain.cmake"
+    build_env["CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE"] = str(toolchain_path)
+    with open(toolchain_path, "w", encoding="UTF-8") as toolchain_file:
+        print(
+            dedent(
+                f"""\
+                # To support as many build systems as possible, we use environment
+                # variables as the single source of truth for compiler flags and paths,
+                # so they don't need to be specified here.
+
+                set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME Android)
+                set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR {android_triplet(config.identifier).split("-")[0]})
+
+                # Inhibit all of CMake's own NDK handling code.
+                set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_VERSION 1)
+
+                # Tell CMake where to look for headers and libraries.
+                set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH "{python_dir}/prefix")
+                set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PROGRAM NEVER)
+                set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_LIBRARY ONLY)
+                set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_INCLUDE ONLY)
+                set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PACKAGE BOTH)
+
+                # Allow CMake to run Python in the simulated Android environment when
+                # policy CMP0190 is active.
+                set(CMAKE_CROSSCOMPILING_EMULATOR /bin/sh -c [["$0" "$@"]])
+                """
+            ),
+            file=toolchain_file,
+        )
+
+
+def localize_sysconfigdata(
+    python_dir: Path, build_env: dict[str, str], sysconfigdata_path: Path
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    sysconfigdata: dict[str, Any] = run_path(str(sysconfigdata_path))["build_time_vars"]
+    with sysconfigdata_path.open("w", encoding="UTF-8") as f:
+        f.write("# Generated by cibuildwheel\n")
+        f.write("build_time_vars = ")
+        sysconfigdata = localized_vars(build_env, sysconfigdata, python_dir / "prefix")
+        pprint(sysconfigdata, stream=f, compact=True)
+        return sysconfigdata
+
+
+def localized_vars(
+    build_env: dict[str, str], orig_vars: dict[str, Any], prefix: Path
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    orig_prefix = orig_vars["prefix"]
+    localized_vars_ = {}
+    for key, value in orig_vars.items():
+        # The host's sysconfigdata will include references to build-time paths.
+        # Update these to refer to the current prefix.
+        final = value
+        if isinstance(final, str):
+            final = final.replace(orig_prefix, str(prefix))
+
+        if key == "ANDROID_API_LEVEL":
+            if api_level := build_env.get(key):
+                final = int(api_level)
+
+        # Build systems vary in whether FLAGS variables are read from sysconfig, and if so,
+        # whether they're replaced by environment variables or combined with them. Even
+        # setuptools has changed its behavior here
+        # (https://github.com/pypa/setuptools/issues/4836).
+        #
+        # Ensure consistency by clearing the sysconfig variables and letting the environment
+        # variables take effect alone. This will also work for any non-Python build systems
+        # which the build script may call.
+        elif key in ["CFLAGS", "CXXFLAGS", "LDFLAGS"]:
+            final = ""
+
+        # These variables contain an embedded copy of LDFLAGS.
+        elif key in ["LDSHARED", "LDCXXSHARED"]:
+            final = final.removesuffix(" " + orig_vars["LDFLAGS"])
+
+        localized_vars_[key] = final
+
+    return localized_vars_
+
+
+def setup_android_env(
+    config: PythonConfiguration, python_dir: Path, venv_dir: Path, build_env: dict[str, str]
+) -> dict[str, str]:
+    site_packages = next(venv_dir.glob("lib/python*/site-packages"))
+    for suffix in ["pth", "py"]:
+        shutil.copy(resources.PATH / f"_cross_venv.{suffix}", site_packages)
+
+    sysconfigdata_path = Path(
+        shutil.copy(
+            next(python_dir.glob("prefix/lib/python*/_sysconfigdata_*.py")),
+            site_packages,
+        )
+    )
+    sysconfigdata = localize_sysconfigdata(python_dir, build_env, sysconfigdata_path)
+
+    # Activate the code in _cross_venv.py.
+    android_env = build_env.copy()
+    android_env["CIBW_HOST_TRIPLET"] = android_triplet(config.identifier)
+
+    # Get the environment variables needed to build for Android (CC, CFLAGS, etc). These are
+    # generated by https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Android/android-env.sh.
+    env_output = call(python_dir / "android.py", "env", env=build_env, capture_stdout=True)
+
+    # shlex.split should produce a sequence alternating between:
+    #   * the word "export"
+    #   * a key=value string, without quotes
+    for i, token in enumerate(shlex.split(env_output)):
+        if i % 2 == 0:
+            assert token == "export", token
+        else:
+            key, sep, value = token.partition("=")
+            assert sep == "=", token
+            android_env[key] = value
+
+    # localized_vars cleared the CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS in the sysconfigdata, but most
+    # packages take their optimization flags from these variables. Pass these flags via
+    # environment variables instead.
+    #
+    # We don't enable debug information, because it significantly increases binary size,
+    # and most Android app developers don't have the NDK installed, so they would have no
+    # way to strip it.
+    opt = " ".join(word for word in sysconfigdata["OPT"].split() if not word.startswith("-g"))
+    for key in ["CFLAGS", "CXXFLAGS"]:
+        android_env[key] += " " + opt
+
+    # Cargo target linker needs to be specified after CC is set
+    setup_rust(config, python_dir, android_env)
+
+    # Format the environment so it can be pasted into a shell when debugging.
+    for key, value in sorted(android_env.items()):
+        if os.environ.get(key) != value:
+            print(f"export {key}={shlex.quote(value)}")
+
+    return android_env
+
+
+def setup_rust(
+    config: PythonConfiguration,
+    python_dir: Path,
+    env: MutableMapping[str, str],
+) -> None:
+    cargo_target = android_triplet(config.identifier)
+
+    # CARGO_BUILD_TARGET is the variable used by Cargo and setuptools_rust
+    env["CARGO_BUILD_TARGET"] = cargo_target
+
+    # The linker needs to be specified after CC is set by android-env.sh
+    cargo_target_linker_env_name = f"CARGO_TARGET_{cargo_target.upper().replace('-', '_')}_LINKER"
+    # CC has already been set by calling android.py (it calls android-env.sh)
+    env[cargo_target_linker_env_name] = env["CC"]
+
+    # All Python extension modules must be explicitly linked against libpython3.x.so when building for Android.
+    # See: https://peps.python.org/pep-0738/#linkage
+    # For projects using PyO3, this requires setting PYO3_CROSS_LIB_DIR to the directory containing libpython3.x.so.
+    # See: https://pyo3.rs/v0.27.1/building-and-distribution.html#cross-compiling
+    env["PYO3_CROSS_LIB_DIR"] = str(python_dir / "prefix" / "lib")
+
+    venv_bin = Path(env["VIRTUAL_ENV"]) / "bin"
+    for tool in ["cargo", "rustup"]:
+        shim_path = venv_bin / tool
+        shutil.copy(resources.PATH / "_rust_shim.py", shim_path)
+        shim_path.chmod(0o755)
+
+
+def before_build(state: BuildState) -> None:
+    if state.options.before_build:
+        log.step("Running before_build...")
+        shell_prepared(
+            state.options.before_build,
+            build_options=state.options,
+            env=state.build_env,
+        )
+
+
+def build_wheel(state: BuildState) -> Path:
+    log.step("Building wheel...")
+    built_wheel_dir = state.build_path / "built_wheel"
+    match state.options.build_frontend.name:
+        case "build" | "build[uv]":
+            call(
+                "python",
+                "-m",
+                "build",
+                state.options.package_dir,
+                "--wheel",
+                "--no-isolation",
+                "--skip-dependency-check",
+                f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                *get_build_frontend_extra_flags(
+                    state.options.build_frontend,
+                    state.options.build_verbosity,
+                    state.options.config_settings,
+                    py38=False,
+                ),
+                env=state.android_env,
+            )
+        case "uv":
+            uv_path = find_uv()
+            assert uv_path is not None
+            call(
+                uv_path,
+                "build",
+                state.options.package_dir,
+                "--wheel",
+                "--no-build-isolation",
+                f"--out-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                *get_build_frontend_extra_flags(
+                    state.options.build_frontend,
+                    state.options.build_verbosity,
+                    state.options.config_settings,
+                    py38=False,
+                ),
+                env=state.android_env,
+            )
+        case x:
+            msg = f"Invalid build backend {x!r}"
+            raise AssertionError(msg)
+
+    built_wheels = list(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+    if len(built_wheels) != 1:
+        msg = f"{built_wheel_dir} contains {len(built_wheels)} wheels; expected 1"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    built_wheel = built_wheels[0]
+
+    if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
+        raise errors.NonPlatformWheelError()
+    return built_wheel
+
+
+def repair_wheel(state: BuildState, built_wheel: Path) -> Path:
+    log.step("Repairing wheel...")
+    repaired_wheel_dir = state.build_path / "repaired_wheel"
+    repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir()
+
+    if state.options.repair_command:
+        shell(
+            prepare_command(
+                state.options.repair_command,
+                wheel=built_wheel,
+                dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir,
+                package=state.options.package_dir,
+                project=".",
+            ),
+            env=state.build_env,
+        )
+    else:
+        repair_default(state.android_env, built_wheel, repaired_wheel_dir)
+
+    repaired_wheels = list(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+    if len(repaired_wheels) == 0:
+        raise errors.RepairStepProducedNoWheelError()
+    if len(repaired_wheels) != 1:
+        msg = f"{repaired_wheel_dir} contains {len(repaired_wheels)} wheels; expected 1"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    repaired_wheel = repaired_wheels[0]
+
+    if repaired_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
+        raise errors.NonPlatformWheelError()
+    return repaired_wheel
+
+
+def repair_default(
+    android_env: dict[str, str], built_wheel: Path, repaired_wheel_dir: Path
+) -> None:
+    """
+    Adds libc++ to the wheel if anything links against it. In the future this should be
+    moved to auditwheel and generalized to support more libraries.
+    """
+    if (match := re.search(r"^(.+?)-", built_wheel.name)) is None:
+        msg = f"Failed to parse wheel filename: {built_wheel.name}"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    wheel_name = match[1]
+
+    unpacked_dir = repaired_wheel_dir / "unpacked"
+    unpacked_dir.mkdir()
+    shutil.unpack_archive(built_wheel, unpacked_dir, format="zip")
+
+    # Some build systems are inconsistent about name normalization, so don't assume the
+    # dist-info name is identical to the wheel name.
+    record_paths = list(unpacked_dir.glob("*.dist-info/RECORD"))
+    if len(record_paths) != 1:
+        msg = f"{built_wheel.name} contains {len(record_paths)} dist-info/RECORD files; expected 1"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+    old_soname = "libc++_shared.so"
+    paths_to_patch = []
+    for path, elffile in elf_file_filter(
+        unpacked_dir / filename
+        for filename, *_ in csv.reader(record_paths[0].read_text().splitlines())
+    ):
+        if (dynamic := elffile.get_section_by_name(".dynamic")) and any(  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
+            tag.entry.d_tag == "DT_NEEDED" and tag.needed == old_soname
+            for tag in dynamic.iter_tags()
+        ):
+            paths_to_patch.append(path)
+
+    if not paths_to_patch:
+        shutil.copyfile(built_wheel, repaired_wheel_dir / built_wheel.name)
+    else:
+        # Android doesn't support DT_RPATH, but supports DT_RUNPATH since API level 24
+        # (https://github.com/aosp-mirror/platform_bionic/blob/master/android-changes-for-ndk-developers.md).
+        if int(sysconfig_print('get_config_vars()["ANDROID_API_LEVEL"]', android_env)) < 24:
+            msg = f"Adding {old_soname} requires ANDROID_API_LEVEL to be at least 24"
+            raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+        toolchain = Path(android_env["CC"]).parent.parent
+        src_path = toolchain / f"sysroot/usr/lib/{android_env['CIBW_HOST_TRIPLET']}/{old_soname}"
+
+        # Use the same library location as auditwheel would.
+        libs_dir = unpacked_dir / (wheel_name + ".libs")
+        libs_dir.mkdir()
+        new_soname = soname_with_hash(src_path)
+        dst_path = libs_dir / new_soname
+        shutil.copyfile(src_path, dst_path)
+        call(which("patchelf"), "--set-soname", new_soname, dst_path)
+
+        for path in paths_to_patch:
+            call(which("patchelf"), "--replace-needed", old_soname, new_soname, path)
+            call(
+                which("patchelf"),
+                "--set-rpath",
+                f"${{ORIGIN}}/{relpath(libs_dir, path.parent)}",
+                path,
+            )
+        call(which("wheel"), "pack", unpacked_dir, "-d", repaired_wheel_dir)
+
+
+# If cibuildwheel was called without activating its environment, its scripts directory
+# will not be on the PATH.
+def which(cmd: str) -> str:
+    scripts_dir = sysconfig.get_path("scripts")
+    result = shutil.which(cmd, path=scripts_dir + os.pathsep + os.environ["PATH"])
+    if result is None:
+        msg = f"Couldn't find {cmd!r} in {scripts_dir} or on the PATH"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    return result
+
+
+def elf_file_filter(paths: Iterable[Path]) -> Iterator[tuple[Path, ELFFile]]:
+    """Filter through an iterator of filenames and load up only ELF files"""
+    for path in paths:
+        if not path.name.endswith(".py"):
+            try:
+                with open(path, "rb") as f:
+                    candidate = ELFFile(f)  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
+                    yield path, candidate
+            except ELFError:
+                pass  # Not an ELF file
+
+
+def soname_with_hash(src_path: Path) -> str:
+    """Return the same library filename as auditwheel would"""
+    shorthash = hashlib.sha256(src_path.read_bytes()).hexdigest()[:8]
+    src_name = src_path.name
+    base, ext = src_name.split(".", 1)
+    if not base.endswith(f"-{shorthash}"):
+        return f"{base}-{shorthash}.{ext}"
+    else:
+        return src_name
+
+
+def test_wheel(state: BuildState, wheel: Path, *, build_frontend: str) -> None:
+    test_command = state.options.test_command
+    if not (test_command and state.options.test_selector(state.config.identifier)):
+        return
+
+    log.step("Testing wheel...")
+    use_uv = build_frontend == "build[uv]"
+    uv_path = find_uv()
+    if use_uv and uv_path is None:
+        msg = "uv not found"
+        raise AssertionError(msg)
+    pip = ["pip"] if not use_uv else [str(uv_path), "pip"]
+
+    native_arch = arch_synonym(platform.machine(), platforms.native_platform(), "android")
+    if state.config.arch != native_arch:
+        log.warning(
+            f"Skipping tests for {state.config.arch}, as the build machine only "
+            f"supports {native_arch}"
+        )
+        return
+
+    if state.options.before_test:
+        shell_prepared(
+            state.options.before_test,
+            build_options=state.options,
+            env=state.build_env,
+        )
+
+    platform_args = (
+        ["--python-platform", android_triplet(state.config.identifier)]
+        if use_uv
+        else [
+            "--platform",
+            sysconfig_print("get_platform()", state.android_env).replace("-", "_"),
+        ]
+    )
+
+    # Install the wheel and test-requires.
+    site_packages_dir = state.build_path / "site-packages"
+    site_packages_dir.mkdir()
+    call(
+        *pip,
+        "install",
+        "--only-binary=:all:",
+        *platform_args,
+        "--target",
+        site_packages_dir,
+        f"{wheel}{state.options.test_extras}",
+        *state.options.test_requires,
+        env=state.android_env,
+    )
+
+    # Copy test-sources.
+    cwd_dir = state.build_path / "cwd"
+    cwd_dir.mkdir()
+    if state.options.test_sources:
+        copy_test_sources(state.options.test_sources, Path.cwd(), cwd_dir)
+    else:
+        (cwd_dir / "test_fail.py").write_text(
+            resources.TEST_FAIL_CWD_FILE.read_text(),
+        )
+
+    # Android doesn't support placeholders in the test command.
+    if any(("{" + placeholder + "}") in test_command for placeholder in ("project", "package")):
+        msg = (
+            f"Test command {test_command!r} with a "
+            "'{project}' or '{package}' placeholder is not supported on Android, "
+            "because the source directory is not visible on the emulator."
+        )
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+    # Parse test-command.
+    test_args = shlex.split(test_command)
+    if test_args[0] in {"python", "python3"} and any(arg in test_args for arg in ("-c", "-m")):
+        # Forward the args to the CPython testbed script. We require '-c' or '-m'
+        # to be in the command, because without those flags, the testbed script
+        # will prepend '-m test', which will run Python's own test suite.
+        del test_args[0]
+    elif test_args[0] == "pytest":
+        # We transform some commands into the `python -m` form, but this is deprecated.
+        msg = (
+            f"Test command {test_command!r} is not supported on Android. "
+            "cibuildwheel will try to execute it as if it started with 'python -m'. "
+            "If this works, all you need to do is add that to your test command."
+        )
+        log.warning(msg)
+        test_args.insert(0, "-m")
+    else:
+        msg = (
+            f"Test command {test_command!r} is not supported on Android. "
+            f"Command must begin with 'python' or 'python3', and contain '-m' or '-c'."
+        )
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+    # By default, run on a testbed managed emulator running the newest supported
+    # Android version. However, if the user specifies a --managed or --connected
+    # test execution argument, that argument takes precedence.
+    test_runtime_args = state.options.test_runtime.args
+
+    if any(arg.startswith(("--managed", "--connected")) for arg in test_runtime_args):
+        emulator_args = []
+    else:
+        emulator_args = ["--managed", "maxVersion"]
+
+    # Run the test app.
+    call(
+        state.python_dir / "android.py",
+        "test",
+        "--site-packages",
+        site_packages_dir,
+        "--cwd",
+        cwd_dir,
+        *emulator_args,
+        *(["-v"] if state.options.build_verbosity > 0 else []),
+        *test_runtime_args,
+        "--",
+        *test_args,
+        env=state.build_env,
+    )
+
+
+def sysconfig_print(method_call: str, env: dict[str, str]) -> str:
+    return call(
+        "python",
+        "-c",
+        f'import sysconfig; print(sysconfig.{method_call}, end="")',
+        env=env,
+        capture_stdout=True,
+    )

cibuildwheel/platforms/ios.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
 import dataclasses
 import os
+import platform
 import shlex
 import shutil
 import subprocess
@@ -13,33 +12,20 @@ from typing import assert_never
 
 from filelock import FileLock
 
-from .. import errors
-from ..architecture import Architecture
-from ..environment import ParsedEnvironment
-from ..frontend import (
-    BuildFrontendConfig,
-    BuildFrontendName,
-    get_build_frontend_extra_flags,
-)
-from ..logger import log
-from ..options import Options
-from ..selector import BuildSelector
-from ..util import resources
-from ..util.cmd import call, shell
-from ..util.file import (
-    CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
-    copy_test_sources,
-    download,
-    move_file,
-)
-from ..util.helpers import prepare_command, unwrap_preserving_paragraphs
-from ..util.packaging import (
-    combine_constraints,
-    find_compatible_wheel,
-    get_pip_version,
-)
-from ..venv import constraint_flags, virtualenv
-from .macos import install_cpython as install_build_cpython
+from cibuildwheel import errors
+from cibuildwheel.architecture import Architecture
+from cibuildwheel.environment import ParsedEnvironment
+from cibuildwheel.frontend import BuildFrontendName, get_build_frontend_extra_flags
+from cibuildwheel.logger import log
+from cibuildwheel.options import Options
+from cibuildwheel.platforms.macos import install_cpython as install_build_cpython
+from cibuildwheel.selector import BuildSelector
+from cibuildwheel.util import resources
+from cibuildwheel.util.cmd import call, shell, split_command
+from cibuildwheel.util.file import CIBW_CACHE_PATH, copy_test_sources, download, move_file
+from cibuildwheel.util.helpers import prepare_command, unwrap_preserving_paragraphs
+from cibuildwheel.util.packaging import find_compatible_wheel
+from cibuildwheel.venv import constraint_flags, virtualenv
 
 
 @dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, kw_only=True)
@@ -283,7 +269,8 @@ def setup_python(
     build_frontend: BuildFrontendName,
     xbuild_tools: Sequence[str] | None,
 ) -> tuple[Path, dict[str, str]]:
-    if build_frontend == "build[uv]":
+    # Not using set because mypy can't narrow it
+    if build_frontend == "build[uv]" or build_frontend == "uv":  # noqa: PLR1714
         msg = "uv doesn't support iOS"
         raise errors.FatalError(msg)
 
@@ -387,20 +374,21 @@ def setup_python(
     env.setdefault("IPHONEOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET", "13.0")
 
     log.step("Installing build tools...")
-    if build_frontend == "pip":
-        # No additional build tools required
-        pass
-    elif build_frontend == "build":
-        call(
-            "pip",
-            "install",
-            "--upgrade",
-            "build[virtualenv]",
-            *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
-            env=env,
-        )
-    else:
-        assert_never(build_frontend)
+    match build_frontend:
+        case "pip":
+            # No additional build tools required
+            pass
+        case "build":
+            call(
+                "pip",
+                "install",
+                "--upgrade",
+                "build[virtualenv]",
+                *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
+                env=env,
+            )
+        case _:
+            assert_never(build_frontend)
 
     return target_install_path, env
 
@@ -437,9 +425,10 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
         for config in python_configurations:
             build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
-            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend or BuildFrontendConfig("build")
+            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend
             # uv doesn't support iOS
-            if build_frontend.name == "build[uv]":
+            # Not using set because mypy can't narrow it
+            if build_frontend.name == "build[uv]" or build_frontend.name == "uv":  # noqa: PLR1714
                 msg = "uv doesn't support iOS"
                 raise errors.FatalError(msg)
 
@@ -448,6 +437,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
             identifier_tmp_dir = tmp_path / config.identifier
             identifier_tmp_dir.mkdir()
             built_wheel_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "built_wheel"
+            repaired_wheel_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "repaired_wheel"
 
             constraints_path = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
                 version=config.version, tmp_dir=identifier_tmp_dir
@@ -461,7 +451,6 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                 build_frontend=build_frontend.name,
                 xbuild_tools=build_options.xbuild_tools,
             )
-            pip_version = get_pip_version(env)
 
             compatible_wheel = find_compatible_wheel(built_wheels, config.identifier)
             if compatible_wheel:
@@ -486,48 +475,72 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                 built_wheel_dir.mkdir()
 
                 extra_flags = get_build_frontend_extra_flags(
-                    build_frontend, build_options.build_verbosity, build_options.config_settings
+                    build_frontend,
+                    build_options.build_verbosity,
+                    build_options.config_settings,
+                    py38=False,
                 )
 
-                build_env = env.copy()
-                build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = pip_version
-                if constraints_path:
-                    combine_constraints(build_env, constraints_path, None)
+                match build_frontend.name:
+                    case "pip":
+                        # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to
+                        # fetch package from pypi.org. See
+                        # https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
+                        call(
+                            "python",
+                            "-m",
+                            "pip",
+                            "wheel",
+                            build_options.package_dir.resolve(),
+                            f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            "--no-deps",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                            env=env,
+                        )
+                    case "build":
+                        call(
+                            "python",
+                            "-m",
+                            "build",
+                            build_options.package_dir,
+                            "--wheel",
+                            f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                            env=env,
+                        )
+                    case _:
+                        assert_never(build_frontend)
 
-                if build_frontend.name == "pip":
-                    # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to
-                    # fetch package from pypi.org. See
-                    # https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
-                    call(
-                        "python",
-                        "-m",
-                        "pip",
-                        "wheel",
-                        build_options.package_dir.resolve(),
-                        f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                        "--no-deps",
-                        *extra_flags,
-                        env=build_env,
-                    )
-                elif build_frontend.name == "build":
-                    call(
-                        "python",
-                        "-m",
-                        "build",
-                        build_options.package_dir,
-                        "--wheel",
-                        f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                        *extra_flags,
-                        env=build_env,
-                    )
-                else:
-                    assert_never(build_frontend)
-
-                test_wheel = built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+                built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
 
                 if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
                     raise errors.NonPlatformWheelError()
 
+                repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir()
+                if build_options.repair_command:
+                    log.step("Repairing wheel...")
+
+                    repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(
+                        build_options.repair_command,
+                        wheel=built_wheel,
+                        dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir,
+                        package=build_options.package_dir,
+                        project=".",
+                    )
+                    shell(repair_command_prepared, env=env)
+                else:
+                    shutil.move(str(built_wheel), repaired_wheel_dir)
+
+                try:
+                    repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+                except StopIteration:
+                    raise errors.RepairStepProducedNoWheelError() from None
+
+                if repaired_wheel.name in {wheel.name for wheel in built_wheels}:
+                    raise errors.AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)
+
+                test_wheel = repaired_wheel
+
                 log.step_end()
 
             if build_options.test_command and build_options.test_selector(config.identifier):
@@ -536,9 +549,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                 elif config.arch != os.uname().machine:
                     log.step("Skipping tests on non-native simulator architecture")
                 else:
-                    test_env = build_options.test_environment.as_dictionary(
-                        prev_environment=build_env
-                    )
+                    test_env = build_options.test_environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=env)
 
                     if build_options.before_test:
                         before_test_prepared = prepare_command(
@@ -565,7 +576,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                     if build_options.test_sources:
                         copy_test_sources(
                             build_options.test_sources,
-                            build_options.package_dir,
+                            Path.cwd(),
                             testbed_app_path,
                         )
                     else:
@@ -618,76 +629,97 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                         )
                         raise errors.FatalError(msg)
 
-                    test_command_parts = shlex.split(build_options.test_command)
-                    if test_command_parts[0:2] != ["python", "-m"]:
-                        first_part = test_command_parts[0]
-                        if first_part == "pytest":
-                            # pytest works exactly the same as a module, so we
-                            # can just run it as a module.
-                            log.warning(
-                                unwrap_preserving_paragraphs(f"""
-                                    iOS tests configured with a test command which doesn't start
-                                    with 'python -m'. iOS tests must execute python modules - other
-                                    entrypoints are not supported.
-
-                                    cibuildwheel will try to execute it as if it started with
-                                    'python -m'. If this works, all you need to do is add that to
-                                    your test command.
-
-                                    Test command: {build_options.test_command!r}
-                                """)
-                            )
-                        else:
-                            msg = unwrap_preserving_paragraphs(
-                                f"""
-                                    iOS tests configured with a test command which doesn't start
-                                    with 'python -m'. iOS tests must execute python modules - other
-                                    entrypoints are not supported.
-
-                                    Test command: {build_options.test_command!r}
-                                """
-                            )
-                            raise errors.FatalError(msg)
-                    else:
-                        # the testbed run command actually doesn't want the
-                        # python -m prefix - it's implicit, so we remove it
-                        # here.
-                        test_command_parts = test_command_parts[2:]
-
+                    test_command_list = shlex.split(build_options.test_command)
                     try:
-                        call(
-                            "python",
-                            testbed_path,
-                            "run",
-                            *(["--verbose"] if build_options.build_verbosity > 0 else []),
-                            "--",
-                            *test_command_parts,
-                            env=test_env,
-                        )
-                        failed = False
+                        for test_command_parts in split_command(test_command_list):
+                            match test_command_parts:
+                                case ["python", "-m", *rest]:
+                                    final_command = rest
+                                case ["pytest", *rest]:
+                                    # pytest works exactly the same as a module, so we
+                                    # can just run it as a module.
+                                    msg = unwrap_preserving_paragraphs(f"""
+                                        iOS tests configured with a test command which doesn't start
+                                        with 'python -m'. iOS tests must execute python modules - other
+                                        entrypoints are not supported.
+
+                                        cibuildwheel will try to execute it as if it started with
+                                        'python -m'. If this works, all you need to do is add that to
+                                        your test command.
+
+                                        Test command: {build_options.test_command!r}
+                                    """)
+                                    log.warning(msg)
+                                    final_command = ["pytest", *rest]
+                                case _:
+                                    msg = unwrap_preserving_paragraphs(
+                                        f"""
+                                            iOS tests configured with a test command which doesn't start
+                                            with 'python -m'. iOS tests must execute python modules - other
+                                            entrypoints are not supported.
+
+                                            Test command: {build_options.test_command!r}
+                                        """
+                                    )
+                                    raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+                            test_runtime_args = build_options.test_runtime.args
+
+                            # 2025-10: The GitHub Actions macos-15 runner has a known issue where
+                            # the default simulator won't start due to a disk performance issue;
+                            # see https://github.com/actions/runner-images/issues/12777 for details.
+                            # In the meantime, if it looks like we're running on a GitHub Actions
+                            # macos-15 runner, use a simulator that is known to work, unless the
+                            # user explicitly specifies a simulator.
+                            os_version, _, arch = platform.mac_ver()
+                            if (
+                                "GITHUB_ACTIONS" in os.environ
+                                and os_version.startswith("15.")
+                                and arch == "arm64"
+                                and not any(
+                                    arg.startswith("--simulator") for arg in test_runtime_args
+                                )
+                            ):
+                                test_runtime_args = [
+                                    "--simulator",
+                                    "iPhone 16e,OS=18.5",
+                                    *test_runtime_args,
+                                ]
+
+                            call(
+                                "python",
+                                testbed_path,
+                                "run",
+                                *(["--verbose"] if build_options.build_verbosity > 0 else []),
+                                *test_runtime_args,
+                                "--",
+                                *final_command,
+                                env=test_env,
+                            )
                     except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
-                        failed = True
-
-                    log.step_end(success=not failed)
-
-                    if failed:
+                        # catches the first test command failure in the loop,
+                        # implementing short-circuiting
+                        log.step_end(success=False)
                         log.error(f"Test suite failed on {config.identifier}")
                         sys.exit(1)
 
+                    log.step_end()
+
             # We're all done here; move it to output (overwrite existing)
+            output_wheel: Path | None = None
             if compatible_wheel is None:
-                output_wheel = build_options.output_dir.joinpath(built_wheel.name)
-                moved_wheel = move_file(built_wheel, output_wheel)
+                output_wheel = build_options.output_dir.joinpath(repaired_wheel.name)
+                moved_wheel = move_file(repaired_wheel, output_wheel)
                 if moved_wheel != output_wheel.resolve():
                     log.warning(
-                        f"{built_wheel} was moved to {moved_wheel} instead of {output_wheel}"
+                        f"{repaired_wheel} was moved to {moved_wheel} instead of {output_wheel}"
                     )
                 built_wheels.append(output_wheel)
 
             # Clean up
             shutil.rmtree(identifier_tmp_dir)
 
-            log.build_end()
+            log.build_end(output_wheel)
     except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
         msg = f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout or ''}"
         raise errors.FatalError(msg) from error

cibuildwheel/platforms/linux.py

@@ -6,20 +6,22 @@ import textwrap
 from collections import OrderedDict
 from collections.abc import Iterable, Iterator, Sequence, Set
 from pathlib import Path, PurePath, PurePosixPath
-from typing import assert_never
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, assert_never
 
-from .. import errors
-from ..architecture import Architecture
-from ..frontend import BuildFrontendConfig, get_build_frontend_extra_flags
-from ..logger import log
-from ..oci_container import OCIContainer, OCIContainerEngineConfig, OCIPlatform
-from ..options import BuildOptions, Options
-from ..selector import BuildSelector
-from ..typing import PathOrStr
-from ..util import resources
-from ..util.file import copy_test_sources
-from ..util.helpers import prepare_command, unwrap
-from ..util.packaging import find_compatible_wheel
+from cibuildwheel import errors
+from cibuildwheel.architecture import Architecture
+from cibuildwheel.frontend import get_build_frontend_extra_flags
+from cibuildwheel.logger import log
+from cibuildwheel.oci_container import OCIContainer, OCIContainerEngineConfig, OCIPlatform
+from cibuildwheel.options import BuildOptions, Options
+from cibuildwheel.selector import BuildSelector
+from cibuildwheel.util import resources
+from cibuildwheel.util.file import copy_test_sources
+from cibuildwheel.util.helpers import prepare_command, unwrap
+from cibuildwheel.util.packaging import find_compatible_wheel
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from cibuildwheel.typing import PathOrStr
 
 ARCHITECTURE_OCI_PLATFORM_MAP = {
     Architecture.x86_64: OCIPlatform.AMD64,
@@ -204,8 +206,8 @@ def build_in_container(
         log.build_start(config.identifier)
         local_identifier_tmp_dir = local_tmp_dir / config.identifier
         build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
-        build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend or BuildFrontendConfig("build")
-        use_uv = build_frontend.name == "build[uv]"
+        build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend
+        use_uv = build_frontend.name in {"build[uv]", "uv"}
         pip = ["uv", "pip"] if use_uv else ["pip"]
 
         log.step("Setting up build environment...")
@@ -253,7 +255,7 @@ def build_in_container(
             print(
                 f"\nFound previously built wheel {compatible_wheel.name}, that's compatible with {config.identifier}. Skipping build step..."
             )
-            repaired_wheels = [compatible_wheel]
+            repaired_wheel = compatible_wheel
         else:
             if build_options.before_build:
                 log.step("Running before_build...")
@@ -272,40 +274,57 @@ def build_in_container(
             container.call(["mkdir", "-p", built_wheel_dir])
 
             extra_flags = get_build_frontend_extra_flags(
-                build_frontend, build_options.build_verbosity, build_options.config_settings
+                build_frontend,
+                build_options.build_verbosity,
+                build_options.config_settings,
+                py38=config.identifier[1:].startswith("p38"),
             )
 
-            if build_frontend.name == "pip":
-                container.call(
-                    [
-                        "python",
-                        "-m",
-                        "pip",
-                        "wheel",
-                        container_package_dir,
-                        f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                        "--no-deps",
-                        *extra_flags,
-                    ],
-                    env=env,
-                )
-            elif build_frontend.name == "build" or build_frontend.name == "build[uv]":
-                if use_uv and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags and "-n" not in extra_flags:
-                    extra_flags += ["--installer=uv"]
-                container.call(
-                    [
-                        "python",
-                        "-m",
-                        "build",
-                        container_package_dir,
-                        "--wheel",
-                        f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                        *extra_flags,
-                    ],
-                    env=env,
-                )
-            else:
-                assert_never(build_frontend)
+            match build_frontend.name:
+                case "pip":
+                    container.call(
+                        [
+                            "python",
+                            "-m",
+                            "pip",
+                            "wheel",
+                            container_package_dir,
+                            f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            "--no-deps",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                        ],
+                        env=env,
+                    )
+                case "build" | "build[uv]":
+                    if use_uv and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags and "-n" not in extra_flags:
+                        extra_flags += ["--installer=uv"]
+                    container.call(
+                        [
+                            "python",
+                            "-m",
+                            "build",
+                            container_package_dir,
+                            "--wheel",
+                            f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                        ],
+                        env=env,
+                    )
+                case "uv":
+                    container.call(
+                        [
+                            "uv",
+                            "build",
+                            f"--python={python_bin / 'python'}",
+                            container_package_dir,
+                            "--wheel",
+                            f"--out-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                        ],
+                        env=env,
+                    )
+                case _:
+                    assert_never(build_frontend)
 
             built_wheel = container.glob(built_wheel_dir, "*.whl")[0]
 
@@ -319,20 +338,26 @@ def build_in_container(
             if build_options.repair_command:
                 log.step("Repairing wheel...")
                 repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(
-                    build_options.repair_command, wheel=built_wheel, dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir
+                    build_options.repair_command,
+                    wheel=built_wheel,
+                    dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir,
+                    package=container_package_dir,
+                    project=container_project_path,
                 )
                 container.call(["sh", "-c", repair_command_prepared], env=env)
             else:
                 container.call(["mv", built_wheel, repaired_wheel_dir])
 
-            repaired_wheels = container.glob(repaired_wheel_dir, "*.whl")
+            match container.glob(repaired_wheel_dir, "*.whl"):
+                case []:
+                    raise errors.RepairStepProducedNoWheelError()
+                case [repaired_wheel]:
+                    pass
+                case too_many:
+                    raise errors.RepairStepProducedMultipleWheelsError([p.name for p in too_many])
 
-            if not repaired_wheels:
-                raise errors.RepairStepProducedNoWheelError()
-
-            for repaired_wheel in repaired_wheels:
-                if repaired_wheel.name in {wheel.name for wheel in built_wheels}:
-                    raise errors.AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)
+            if repaired_wheel.name in {wheel.name for wheel in built_wheels}:
+                raise errors.AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)
 
         if build_options.test_command and build_options.test_selector(config.identifier):
             log.step("Testing wheel...")
@@ -361,7 +386,6 @@ def build_in_container(
             virtualenv_env = env.copy()
             virtualenv_env["PATH"] = f"{venv_dir / 'bin'}:{virtualenv_env['PATH']}"
             virtualenv_env["VIRTUAL_ENV"] = str(venv_dir)
-            virtualenv_env["PYTHONSAFEPATH"] = "1"
             virtualenv_env = build_options.test_environment.as_dictionary(
                 prev_environment=virtualenv_env
             )
@@ -375,14 +399,8 @@ def build_in_container(
                 container.call(["sh", "-c", before_test_prepared], env=virtualenv_env)
 
             # Install the wheel we just built
-            # Note: If auditwheel produced two wheels, it's because the earlier produced wheel
-            # conforms to multiple manylinux standards. These multiple versions of the wheel are
-            # functionally the same, differing only in name, wheel metadata, and possibly include
-            # different external shared libraries. so it doesn't matter which one we run the tests on.
-            # Let's just pick the first one.
-            wheel_to_test = repaired_wheels[0]
             container.call(
-                [*pip, "install", str(wheel_to_test) + build_options.test_extras],
+                [*pip, "install", str(repaired_wheel) + build_options.test_extras],
                 env=virtualenv_env,
             )
 
@@ -395,7 +413,7 @@ def build_in_container(
                 build_options.test_command,
                 project=container_project_path,
                 package=container_package_dir,
-                wheel=wheel_to_test,
+                wheel=repaired_wheel,
             )
 
             test_cwd = testing_temp_dir / "test_cwd"
@@ -404,7 +422,7 @@ def build_in_container(
             if build_options.test_sources:
                 copy_test_sources(
                     build_options.test_sources,
-                    build_options.package_dir,
+                    Path.cwd(),
                     test_cwd,
                     copy_into=container.copy_into,
                 )
@@ -418,15 +436,15 @@ def build_in_container(
             # clean up test environment
             container.call(["rm", "-rf", testing_temp_dir])
 
-        # move repaired wheels to output
+        # move repaired wheel to output
+        output_wheel: Path | None = None
         if compatible_wheel is None:
             container.call(["mkdir", "-p", container_output_dir])
-            container.call(["mv", *repaired_wheels, container_output_dir])
-            built_wheels.extend(
-                container_output_dir / repaired_wheel.name for repaired_wheel in repaired_wheels
-            )
+            container.call(["mv", repaired_wheel, container_output_dir])
+            built_wheels.append(container_output_dir / repaired_wheel.name)
+            output_wheel = options.globals.output_dir / repaired_wheel.name
 
-        log.build_end()
+        log.build_end(output_wheel)
 
     log.step("Copying wheels back to host...")
     # copy the output back into the host
@@ -507,6 +525,7 @@ def _matches_prepared_command(error_cmd: Sequence[str], command_template: str) -
 def troubleshoot(options: Options, error: Exception) -> None:
     if isinstance(error, subprocess.CalledProcessError) and (
         error.cmd[0:4] == ["python", "-m", "pip", "wheel"]
+        or error.cmd[0:2] == ["uv", "build"]
         or error.cmd[0:3] == ["python", "-m", "build"]
         or _matches_prepared_command(
             error.cmd, options.build_options(None).repair_command

cibuildwheel/platforms/macos.py

@@ -15,25 +15,20 @@ from typing import Literal, assert_never
 from filelock import FileLock
 from packaging.version import Version
 
-from .. import errors
-from ..architecture import Architecture
-from ..ci import detect_ci_provider
-from ..environment import ParsedEnvironment
-from ..frontend import BuildFrontendConfig, BuildFrontendName, get_build_frontend_extra_flags
-from ..logger import log
-from ..options import Options
-from ..selector import BuildSelector
-from ..util import resources
-from ..util.cmd import call, shell
-from ..util.file import (
-    CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
-    copy_test_sources,
-    download,
-    move_file,
-)
-from ..util.helpers import prepare_command, unwrap
-from ..util.packaging import combine_constraints, find_compatible_wheel, get_pip_version
-from ..venv import constraint_flags, find_uv, virtualenv
+from cibuildwheel import errors
+from cibuildwheel.architecture import Architecture
+from cibuildwheel.ci import detect_ci_provider
+from cibuildwheel.environment import ParsedEnvironment
+from cibuildwheel.frontend import BuildFrontendName, get_build_frontend_extra_flags
+from cibuildwheel.logger import log
+from cibuildwheel.options import Options
+from cibuildwheel.selector import BuildSelector
+from cibuildwheel.util import resources
+from cibuildwheel.util.cmd import call, shell
+from cibuildwheel.util.file import CIBW_CACHE_PATH, copy_test_sources, download, move_file
+from cibuildwheel.util.helpers import prepare_command, unwrap
+from cibuildwheel.util.packaging import find_compatible_wheel, get_pip_version
+from cibuildwheel.venv import constraint_flags, find_uv, virtualenv
 
 
 @functools.cache
@@ -60,7 +55,7 @@ def get_macos_version() -> tuple[int, int]:
             capture_stdout=True,
         )
         version = tuple(map(int, version_str.split(".")[:2]))
-    return typing.cast(tuple[int, int], version)
+    return typing.cast("tuple[int, int]", version)
 
 
 @functools.cache
@@ -141,7 +136,8 @@ def install_cpython(_tmp: Path, version: str, url: str, free_threading: bool) ->
                 # let the user know & provide a link to the installer
                 msg = inspect.cleandoc(
                     f"""
-                        Error: CPython {version} is not installed.
+                        Framework CPython {version} not detected as installed in:
+                            {installation_path}
                         cibuildwheel will not perform system-wide installs when running outside of CI.
                         To build locally, install CPython {version} on this machine, or, disable this
                         version of Python using CIBW_SKIP=cp{version.replace(".", "")}-macosx_*
@@ -150,7 +146,7 @@ def install_cpython(_tmp: Path, version: str, url: str, free_threading: bool) ->
                     """
                 )
                 raise errors.FatalError(msg)
-            python_filename = url.split("/")[-1]
+            python_filename = url.rsplit("/", maxsplit=1)[-1]
             pkg_path = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / "cpython-installer" / python_filename
             if not pkg_path.exists():
                 download(url, pkg_path)
@@ -217,7 +213,7 @@ def setup_python(
     build_frontend: BuildFrontendName,
 ) -> tuple[Path, dict[str, str]]:
     uv_path = find_uv()
-    use_uv = build_frontend == "build[uv]"
+    use_uv = build_frontend in {"build[uv]", "uv"}
 
     tmp.mkdir()
     implementation_id = python_configuration.identifier.split("-")[0]
@@ -257,6 +253,10 @@ def setup_python(
     # https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/issues/620
     # Also see https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/9516
     env.pop("__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__", None)
+    # uv uses this over the current environment's python, so remove it to avoid confusion
+    env.pop("PYTHON_VERSION", None)
+    env.pop("PYTHON_ARCH", None)
+    env.pop("UV_PYTHON", None)
 
     # we version pip ourselves, so we don't care about pip version checking
     env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
@@ -289,8 +289,11 @@ def setup_python(
     # For arm64, the minimal deployment target is 11.0.
     # On x86_64 (or universal2), use 10.9 as a default.
     # CPython 3.12.6+ needs 10.13.
+    # CPython 3.14.0 needs 10.15.
     if config_is_arm64:
         default_target = "11.0"
+    elif Version(python_configuration.version) >= Version("3.14"):
+        default_target = "10.15"
     elif Version(python_configuration.version) >= Version("3.12"):
         default_target = "10.13"
     elif python_configuration.identifier.startswith("pp") and Version(
@@ -345,39 +348,55 @@ def setup_python(
             env.setdefault("SDKROOT", arm64_compatible_sdks[0])
 
     log.step("Installing build tools...")
-    if build_frontend == "pip":
-        call(
-            "pip",
-            "install",
-            "--upgrade",
-            "delocate",
-            *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
-            env=env,
-        )
-    elif build_frontend == "build":
-        call(
-            "pip",
-            "install",
-            "--upgrade",
-            "delocate",
-            "build[virtualenv]",
-            *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
-            env=env,
-        )
-    elif build_frontend == "build[uv]":
-        assert uv_path is not None
-        call(
-            uv_path,
-            "pip",
-            "install",
-            "--upgrade",
-            "delocate",
-            "build[virtualenv, uv]",
-            *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
-            env=env,
-        )
-    else:
-        assert_never(build_frontend)
+    match build_frontend:
+        case "pip":
+            call(
+                "pip",
+                "install",
+                "--upgrade",
+                "delocate",
+                *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
+                env=env,
+            )
+        case "build":
+            call(
+                "pip",
+                "install",
+                "--upgrade",
+                "delocate",
+                "build[virtualenv]",
+                *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
+                env=env,
+            )
+        case "build[uv]":
+            assert uv_path is not None
+            call(
+                uv_path,
+                "pip",
+                "install",
+                "--python",
+                which_python,
+                "--upgrade",
+                "delocate",
+                "build[virtualenv, uv]",
+                *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
+                env=env,
+            )
+        case "uv":
+            assert uv_path is not None
+            call(
+                uv_path,
+                "pip",
+                "install",
+                "--python",
+                which_python,
+                "--upgrade",
+                "delocate",
+                *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
+                env=env,
+            )
+        case _:
+            assert_never(build_frontend)
 
     return base_python, env
 
@@ -407,8 +426,8 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
         for config in python_configurations:
             build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
-            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend or BuildFrontendConfig("build")
-            use_uv = build_frontend.name == "build[uv]"
+            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend
+            use_uv = build_frontend.name in {"build[uv]", "uv"}
             uv_path = find_uv()
             if use_uv and uv_path is None:
                 msg = "uv not found"
@@ -456,46 +475,60 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                 built_wheel_dir.mkdir()
 
                 extra_flags = get_build_frontend_extra_flags(
-                    build_frontend, build_options.build_verbosity, build_options.config_settings
+                    build_frontend,
+                    build_options.build_verbosity,
+                    build_options.config_settings,
+                    py38=config.identifier[1:].startswith("p38"),
                 )
 
                 build_env = env.copy()
-                if pip_version is not None:
-                    build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = pip_version
-                if constraints_path:
-                    combine_constraints(
-                        build_env, constraints_path, identifier_tmp_dir if use_uv else None
-                    )
 
-                if build_frontend.name == "pip":
-                    # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
-                    # see https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
-                    call(
-                        "python",
-                        "-m",
-                        "pip",
-                        "wheel",
-                        build_options.package_dir.resolve(),
-                        f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                        "--no-deps",
-                        *extra_flags,
-                        env=build_env,
-                    )
-                elif build_frontend.name == "build" or build_frontend.name == "build[uv]":
-                    if use_uv and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags and "-n" not in extra_flags:
-                        extra_flags.append("--installer=uv")
-                    call(
-                        "python",
-                        "-m",
-                        "build",
-                        build_options.package_dir,
-                        "--wheel",
-                        f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                        *extra_flags,
-                        env=build_env,
-                    )
-                else:
-                    assert_never(build_frontend)
+                match build_frontend.name:
+                    case "pip":
+                        # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
+                        # see https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
+                        call(
+                            "python",
+                            "-m",
+                            "pip",
+                            "wheel",
+                            build_options.package_dir.resolve(),
+                            f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            "--no-deps",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                            env=build_env,
+                        )
+                    case "build" | "build[uv]":
+                        if (
+                            use_uv
+                            and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags
+                            and "-n" not in extra_flags
+                        ):
+                            extra_flags.append("--installer=uv")
+                        call(
+                            "python",
+                            "-m",
+                            "build",
+                            build_options.package_dir,
+                            "--wheel",
+                            f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                            env=build_env,
+                        )
+                    case "uv":
+                        assert uv_path is not None
+                        call(
+                            uv_path,
+                            "build",
+                            f"--python={base_python}",
+                            build_options.package_dir,
+                            "--wheel",
+                            f"--out-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                            env=build_env,
+                        )
+                    case _:
+                        assert_never(build_frontend)
 
                 built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
 
@@ -519,6 +552,8 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                         wheel=built_wheel,
                         dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir,
                         delocate_archs=delocate_archs,
+                        package=build_options.package_dir,
+                        project=".",
                     )
                     shell(repair_command_prepared, env=env)
                 else:
@@ -648,9 +683,6 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
                     virtualenv_env["MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET"] = get_test_macosx_deployment_target()
 
-                    # see https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/2358 for discussion
-                    virtualenv_env["PYTHONSAFEPATH"] = "1"
-
                     virtualenv_env = build_options.test_environment.as_dictionary(
                         prev_environment=virtualenv_env
                     )
@@ -715,7 +747,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                             test_cwd.mkdir()
                             copy_test_sources(
                                 build_options.test_sources,
-                                build_options.package_dir,
+                                Path.cwd(),
                                 test_cwd,
                             )
                     else:
@@ -729,6 +761,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                     shell_with_arch(test_command_prepared, cwd=test_cwd, env=virtualenv_env)
 
             # we're all done here; move it to output (overwrite existing)
+            output_wheel = None
             if compatible_wheel is None:
                 output_wheel = build_options.output_dir.joinpath(repaired_wheel.name)
                 moved_wheel = move_file(repaired_wheel, output_wheel)
@@ -741,7 +774,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
             # clean up
             shutil.rmtree(identifier_tmp_dir)
 
-            log.build_end()
+            log.build_end(output_wheel)
     except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
         msg = f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout or ''}"
         raise errors.FatalError(msg) from error

cibuildwheel/platforms/pyodide.py

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import functools
 import json
 import os
 import shutil
+import subprocess
 import sys
 import tomllib
 import typing
@@ -13,16 +14,16 @@ from typing import Final, TypedDict
 
 from filelock import FileLock
 
-from .. import errors
-from ..architecture import Architecture
-from ..environment import ParsedEnvironment
-from ..frontend import BuildFrontendConfig, get_build_frontend_extra_flags
-from ..logger import log
-from ..options import Options
-from ..selector import BuildSelector
-from ..util import resources
-from ..util.cmd import call, shell
-from ..util.file import (
+from cibuildwheel import errors
+from cibuildwheel.architecture import Architecture
+from cibuildwheel.environment import ParsedEnvironment
+from cibuildwheel.frontend import get_build_frontend_extra_flags
+from cibuildwheel.logger import log
+from cibuildwheel.options import Options
+from cibuildwheel.selector import BuildSelector
+from cibuildwheel.util import resources
+from cibuildwheel.util.cmd import call, shell
+from cibuildwheel.util.file import (
     CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
     copy_test_sources,
     download,
@@ -30,13 +31,13 @@ from ..util.file import (
     extract_zip,
     move_file,
 )
-from ..util.helpers import prepare_command, unwrap, unwrap_preserving_paragraphs
-from ..util.packaging import combine_constraints, find_compatible_wheel, get_pip_version
-from ..util.python_build_standalone import (
+from cibuildwheel.util.helpers import prepare_command, unwrap, unwrap_preserving_paragraphs
+from cibuildwheel.util.packaging import find_compatible_wheel, get_pip_version
+from cibuildwheel.util.python_build_standalone import (
     PythonBuildStandaloneError,
     create_python_build_standalone_environment,
 )
-from ..venv import constraint_flags, virtualenv
+from cibuildwheel.venv import constraint_flags, virtualenv
 
 IS_WIN: Final[bool] = sys.platform.startswith("win")
 
@@ -129,7 +130,7 @@ def get_all_xbuildenv_version_info(env: dict[str, str]) -> list[PyodideXBuildEnv
         msg = f"Invalid xbuildenvs info, got {xbuildenvs_info}"
         raise ValueError(msg)
 
-    return typing.cast(list[PyodideXBuildEnvInfo], xbuildenvs_info["environments"])
+    return typing.cast("list[PyodideXBuildEnvInfo]", xbuildenvs_info["environments"])
 
 
 def get_xbuildenv_version_info(
@@ -283,8 +284,6 @@ def setup_python(
         "pip",
         "install",
         "--upgrade",
-        "auditwheel-emscripten",
-        "build[virtualenv]",
         "pyodide-build",
         *constraint_flags(constraints_path),
         env=env,
@@ -352,7 +351,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
         for config in python_configurations:
             build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
-            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend or BuildFrontendConfig("build")
+            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend
 
             if build_frontend.name == "pip":
                 msg = "The pyodide platform doesn't support pip frontend"
@@ -416,20 +415,19 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                 log.step("Building wheel...")
 
                 extra_flags = get_build_frontend_extra_flags(
-                    build_frontend, build_options.build_verbosity, build_options.config_settings
+                    build_frontend,
+                    build_options.build_verbosity,
+                    build_options.config_settings,
+                    py38=False,
                 )
 
-                build_env = env.copy()
-                if constraints_path:
-                    combine_constraints(build_env, constraints_path, identifier_tmp_dir)
-                build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = pip_version
                 call(
                     "pyodide",
                     "build",
                     build_options.package_dir,
                     f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
                     *extra_flags,
-                    env=build_env,
+                    env=env,
                 )
                 built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
 
@@ -443,8 +441,11 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                         build_options.repair_command,
                         wheel=built_wheel,
                         dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir,
+                        package=build_options.package_dir,
+                        project=".",
                     )
                     shell(repair_command_prepared, env=env)
+                    log.step_end()
                 else:
                     shutil.move(str(built_wheel), repaired_wheel_dir)
 
@@ -484,8 +485,6 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                 )
                 virtualenv_env["VIRTUAL_ENV"] = str(venv_dir)
 
-                virtualenv_env["PYTHONSAFEPATH"] = "1"
-
                 virtualenv_env = build_options.test_environment.as_dictionary(
                     prev_environment=virtualenv_env
                 )
@@ -529,7 +528,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                 if build_options.test_sources:
                     copy_test_sources(
                         build_options.test_sources,
-                        build_options.package_dir,
+                        Path.cwd(),
                         test_cwd,
                     )
                 else:
@@ -540,6 +539,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                 shell(test_command_prepared, cwd=test_cwd, env=virtualenv_env)
 
             # we're all done here; move it to output (overwrite existing)
+            output_wheel: Path | None = None
             if compatible_wheel is None:
                 output_wheel = build_options.output_dir.joinpath(repaired_wheel.name)
                 moved_wheel = move_file(repaired_wheel, output_wheel)
@@ -548,6 +548,8 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                         f"{repaired_wheel} was moved to {moved_wheel} instead of {output_wheel}"
                     )
                 built_wheels.append(output_wheel)
+            log.build_end(output_wheel)
 
-    finally:
-        pass
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
+        msg = f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout or ''}"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg) from error

cibuildwheel/platforms/windows.py

@@ -5,26 +5,32 @@ import platform as platform_module
 import shutil
 import subprocess
 import textwrap
-from collections.abc import MutableMapping, Set
+from collections.abc import MutableMapping, Sequence, Set
 from functools import cache
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import assert_never
 
 from filelock import FileLock
 
-from .. import errors
-from ..architecture import Architecture
-from ..environment import ParsedEnvironment
-from ..frontend import BuildFrontendConfig, BuildFrontendName, get_build_frontend_extra_flags
-from ..logger import log
-from ..options import Options
-from ..selector import BuildSelector
-from ..util import resources
-from ..util.cmd import call, shell
-from ..util.file import CIBW_CACHE_PATH, copy_test_sources, download, extract_zip, move_file
-from ..util.helpers import prepare_command, unwrap
-from ..util.packaging import combine_constraints, find_compatible_wheel, get_pip_version
-from ..venv import constraint_flags, find_uv, virtualenv
+from cibuildwheel import errors
+from cibuildwheel.architecture import Architecture
+from cibuildwheel.environment import ParsedEnvironment
+from cibuildwheel.frontend import BuildFrontendName, get_build_frontend_extra_flags
+from cibuildwheel.logger import log
+from cibuildwheel.options import Options
+from cibuildwheel.selector import BuildSelector
+from cibuildwheel.util import resources
+from cibuildwheel.util.cmd import call, shell
+from cibuildwheel.util.file import (
+    CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
+    copy_test_sources,
+    download,
+    extract_zip,
+    move_file,
+)
+from cibuildwheel.util.helpers import prepare_command, unwrap
+from cibuildwheel.util.packaging import find_compatible_wheel, get_pip_version
+from cibuildwheel.venv import constraint_flags, find_uv, virtualenv
 
 
 def get_nuget_args(
@@ -54,10 +60,17 @@ def get_nuget_args(
 @dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, kw_only=True)
 class PythonConfiguration:
     version: str
-    arch: str
     identifier: str
     url: str | None = None
 
+    @property
+    def arch(self) -> str:
+        return {
+            "win32": "32",
+            "win_amd64": "64",
+            "win_arm64": "ARM64",
+        }[self.identifier.split("-")[-1]]
+
 
 def all_python_configurations() -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
     config_dicts = resources.read_python_configs("windows")
@@ -264,7 +277,7 @@ def setup_python(
     if build_frontend == "build[uv]" and not can_use_uv(python_configuration):
         build_frontend = "build"
 
-    use_uv = build_frontend == "build[uv]"
+    use_uv = build_frontend in {"build[uv]", "uv"}
     uv_path = find_uv()
 
     log.step("Setting up build environment...")
@@ -280,7 +293,9 @@ def setup_python(
     # set up environment variables for run_with_env
     env["PYTHON_VERSION"] = python_configuration.version
     env["PYTHON_ARCH"] = python_configuration.arch
-    env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
+    env.pop("UV_PYTHON", None)
+    if not use_uv:
+        env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
 
     # update env with results from CIBW_ENVIRONMENT
     env = environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=env)
@@ -305,68 +320,70 @@ def setup_python(
         call("pip", "--version", env=env)
 
     log.step("Installing build tools...")
-    if build_frontend == "build":
-        call(
-            "pip",
-            "install",
-            "--upgrade",
-            "build[virtualenv]",
-            *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
-            env=env,
-        )
-    elif build_frontend == "build[uv]":
-        assert uv_path is not None
-        call(
-            uv_path,
-            "pip",
-            "install",
-            "--upgrade",
-            "build[virtualenv]",
-            *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
-            env=env,
-        )
+    match build_frontend:
+        case "build":
+            call(
+                "pip",
+                "install",
+                "--upgrade",
+                "build[virtualenv]",
+                *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
+                env=env,
+            )
+        case "build[uv]":
+            assert uv_path is not None
+            call(
+                uv_path,
+                "pip",
+                "install",
+                "--python",
+                where_python,
+                "--upgrade",
+                "build[virtualenv]",
+                *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
+                env=env,
+            )
 
     if python_libs_base:
         # Set up the environment for various backends to enable cross-compilation
         setup_setuptools_cross_compile(tmp, python_configuration, python_libs_base, env)
         setup_rust_cross_compile(tmp, python_configuration, python_libs_base, env)
 
-    if implementation_id.startswith("gp"):
-        # GraalPy fails to discover compilers, setup the relevant environment
+    if implementation_id.startswith("gp311"):
+        # GraalPy 24 fails to discover compilers, setup the relevant environment
         # variables. Adapted from
         # https://github.com/microsoft/vswhere/wiki/Start-Developer-Command-Prompt
-        # Remove when https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/issues/492 is fixed.
-        vcpath = subprocess.check_output(
-            [
-                Path(os.environ["PROGRAMFILES(X86)"])
-                / "Microsoft Visual Studio"
-                / "Installer"
-                / "vswhere.exe",
-                "-products",
-                "*",
-                "-latest",
-                "-property",
-                "installationPath",
-            ],
-            text=True,
+        # Remove when GraalPy 24.x is dropped.
+        vcpath = call(
+            Path(os.environ["PROGRAMFILES(X86)"])
+            / "Microsoft Visual Studio"
+            / "Installer"
+            / "vswhere.exe",
+            "-products",
+            "*",
+            "-latest",
+            "-property",
+            "installationPath",
+            capture_stdout=True,
         ).strip()
         log.notice(f"Discovering Visual Studio for GraalPy at {vcpath}")
-        vcvars = subprocess.check_output(
-            [
-                f"{vcpath}\\Common7\\Tools\\vsdevcmd.bat",
-                "-no_logo",
-                "-arch=amd64",
-                "-host_arch=amd64",
-                "&&",
-                "python",
-                "-c",
-                "import os, json, sys; json.dump(dict(os.environ), sys.stdout);",
-            ],
-            shell=True,
-            text=True,
+        vcvars_file = tmp / "vcvars.json"
+        call(
+            f"{vcpath}\\Common7\\Tools\\vsdevcmd.bat",
+            "-no_logo",
+            "-arch=amd64",
+            "-host_arch=amd64",
+            "&&",
+            "python",
+            "-c",
+            # this command needs to be one line for Windows reasons
+            "import sys, json, pathlib, os; pathlib.Path(sys.argv[1]).write_text(json.dumps(dict(os.environ)))",
+            vcvars_file,
             env=env,
         )
-        env.update(json.loads(vcvars))
+        with open(vcvars_file, encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            vcvars = json.load(f)
+        env.update(vcvars)
 
     return base_python, env
 
@@ -379,6 +396,8 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     if not python_configurations:
         return
 
+    uv_path = find_uv()
+
     try:
         before_all_options_identifier = python_configurations[0].identifier
         before_all_options = options.build_options(before_all_options_identifier)
@@ -395,9 +414,8 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
         for config in python_configurations:
             build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
-            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend or BuildFrontendConfig("build")
-
-            use_uv = build_frontend.name == "build[uv]" and can_use_uv(config)
+            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend
+            use_uv = build_frontend.name in {"build[uv]", "uv"} and can_use_uv(config)
             log.build_start(config.identifier)
 
             identifier_tmp_dir = tmp_path / config.identifier
@@ -442,62 +460,75 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                 built_wheel_dir.mkdir()
 
                 extra_flags = get_build_frontend_extra_flags(
-                    build_frontend, build_options.build_verbosity, build_options.config_settings
+                    build_frontend,
+                    build_options.build_verbosity,
+                    build_options.config_settings,
+                    py38=config.identifier[1:].startswith("p38"),
                 )
 
                 if (
-                    config.identifier.startswith("gp")
+                    config.identifier.startswith("gp311")
                     and build_frontend.name == "build"
                     and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags
                     and "-n" not in extra_flags
                 ):
-                    # GraalPy fails to discover its standard library when a venv is created
+                    # GraalPy 24 fails to discover its standard library when a venv is created
                     # from a virtualenv seeded executable. See
                     # https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/issues/491 and remove this once
-                    # fixed upstream.
+                    # GraalPy 24 is dropped.
                     log.notice(
                         "Disabling build isolation to workaround GraalPy bug. If the build fails, consider using pip or build[uv] as build frontend."
                     )
                     shell("graalpy -m pip install setuptools wheel", env=env)
                     extra_flags = [*extra_flags, "-n"]
 
-                build_env = env.copy()
-                if pip_version is not None:
-                    build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = pip_version
+                match build_frontend.name:
+                    case "pip":
+                        # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
+                        # see https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
+                        call(
+                            "python",
+                            "-m",
+                            "pip",
+                            "wheel",
+                            options.globals.package_dir.resolve(),
+                            f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            "--no-deps",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                            env=env,
+                        )
+                    case "build" | "build[uv]":
+                        if (
+                            use_uv
+                            and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags
+                            and "-n" not in extra_flags
+                        ):
+                            extra_flags.append("--installer=uv")
 
-                if constraints_path:
-                    combine_constraints(build_env, constraints_path, identifier_tmp_dir)
-
-                if build_frontend.name == "pip":
-                    # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
-                    # see https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
-                    call(
-                        "python",
-                        "-m",
-                        "pip",
-                        "wheel",
-                        options.globals.package_dir.resolve(),
-                        f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                        "--no-deps",
-                        *extra_flags,
-                        env=build_env,
-                    )
-                elif build_frontend.name == "build" or build_frontend.name == "build[uv]":
-                    if use_uv and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags and "-n" not in extra_flags:
-                        extra_flags.append("--installer=uv")
-
-                    call(
-                        "python",
-                        "-m",
-                        "build",
-                        build_options.package_dir,
-                        "--wheel",
-                        f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                        *extra_flags,
-                        env=build_env,
-                    )
-                else:
-                    assert_never(build_frontend)
+                        call(
+                            "python",
+                            "-m",
+                            "build",
+                            build_options.package_dir,
+                            "--wheel",
+                            f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                            env=env,
+                        )
+                    case "uv":
+                        assert uv_path is not None
+                        call(
+                            uv_path,
+                            "build",
+                            f"--python={base_python}",
+                            build_options.package_dir,
+                            "--wheel",
+                            f"--out-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                            env=env,
+                        )
+                    case _:
+                        assert_never(build_frontend)
 
                 built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
 
@@ -513,6 +544,8 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                         build_options.repair_command,
                         wheel=built_wheel,
                         dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir,
+                        package=build_options.package_dir,
+                        project=".",
                     )
                     shell(repair_command_prepared, env=env)
                 else:
@@ -553,9 +586,6 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                     pip_version=pip_version,
                 )
 
-                # see https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/2358 for discussion
-                virtualenv_env["PYTHONSAFEPATH"] = "1"
-
                 virtualenv_env = build_options.test_environment.as_dictionary(
                     prev_environment=virtualenv_env
                 )
@@ -571,7 +601,12 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                     )
                     shell(before_test_prepared, env=virtualenv_env)
 
-                pip = ["uv", "pip"] if use_uv else ["pip"]
+                pip: Sequence[Path | str]
+                if use_uv:
+                    assert uv_path is not None
+                    pip = [uv_path, "pip"]
+                else:
+                    pip = ["pip"]
 
                 # install the wheel
                 call(
@@ -594,7 +629,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                 if build_options.test_sources:
                     copy_test_sources(
                         build_options.test_sources,
-                        build_options.package_dir,
+                        Path.cwd(),
                         test_cwd,
                     )
                 else:
@@ -611,6 +646,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                 shell(test_command_prepared, cwd=test_cwd, env=virtualenv_env)
 
             # we're all done here; move it to output (remove if already exists)
+            output_wheel = None
             if compatible_wheel is None:
                 output_wheel = build_options.output_dir.joinpath(repaired_wheel.name)
                 moved_wheel = move_file(repaired_wheel, output_wheel)
@@ -625,7 +661,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
             # don't want to abort a build because of that)
             shutil.rmtree(identifier_tmp_dir, ignore_errors=True)
 
-            log.build_end()
+            log.build_end(output_wheel)
     except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
         msg = f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout or ''}"
         raise errors.FatalError(msg) from error

cibuildwheel/projectfiles.py

@@ -14,32 +14,16 @@ def get_parent(node: ast.AST | None, depth: int = 1) -> ast.AST | None:
 
 
 def is_main(parent: ast.AST | None) -> bool:
-    if parent is None:
-        return False
-
-    # This would be much nicer with 3.10's pattern matching!
-    if not isinstance(parent, ast.If):
-        return False
-    if not isinstance(parent.test, ast.Compare):
-        return False
-
-    try:
-        (op,) = parent.test.ops
-        (comp,) = parent.test.comparators
-    except ValueError:
-        return False
-
-    if not isinstance(op, ast.Eq):
-        return False
-
-    values = {comp, parent.test.left}
-
-    mains = {x for x in values if isinstance(x, ast.Constant) and x.value == "__main__"}
-    if len(mains) != 1:
-        return False
-    consts = {x for x in values if isinstance(x, ast.Name) and x.id == "__name__"}
-
-    return len(consts) == 1
+    match parent:
+        case ast.If(test=ast.Compare(left=left, ops=[ast.Eq()], comparators=[comp])):
+            values = {left, comp}
+            mains = {x for x in values if isinstance(x, ast.Constant) and x.value == "__main__"}
+            if len(mains) != 1:
+                return False
+            consts = {x for x in values if isinstance(x, ast.Name) and x.id == "__name__"}
+            return len(consts) == 1
+        case _:
+            return False
 
 
 class Analyzer(ast.NodeVisitor):
@@ -65,12 +49,10 @@ class Analyzer(ast.NodeVisitor):
             parent is not None and get_parent(parent) is None and is_main(get_parent(node, 3))
         )
 
-        if (
-            node.arg == "python_requires"
-            and isinstance(node.value, ast.Constant)
-            and (unnested or name_main_unnested)
-        ):
-            self.requires_python = node.value.value
+        match node:
+            case ast.keyword(arg="python_requires", value=ast.Constant(value=str() as version)):
+                if unnested or name_main_unnested:
+                    self.requires_python = version
 
 
 def setup_py_python_requires(content: str) -> str | None:

cibuildwheel/resources/_cross_venv.pth

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+import _cross_venv; _cross_venv.initialize()

cibuildwheel/resources/_cross_venv.py

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+# This module is copied into the site-packages directory of an Android build environment, and
+# activated via a .pth file when we want the environment to simulate Android.
+
+import os
+import platform
+import re
+import sys
+import sysconfig
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
+
+
+def initialize() -> None:
+    if not (host_triplet := os.environ.get("CIBW_HOST_TRIPLET")):
+        return
+
+    # os ######################################################################
+    def cross_os_uname() -> os.uname_result:
+        return os.uname_result(
+            (
+                "Linux",
+                "localhost",
+                # The Linux kernel version and release are unlikely to be significant, but return
+                # realistic values anyway (from an API level 24 emulator).
+                "3.18.91+",
+                "#1 SMP PREEMPT Tue Jan 9 20:35:43 UTC 2018",
+                host_triplet.split("-")[0],
+            )
+        )
+
+    os.name = "posix"
+    os.uname = cross_os_uname
+
+    # platform ################################################################
+    #
+    # We can't determine the user-visible Android version number from the API level, so return a
+    # string which will work fine for display, but will fail to parse as a version number.
+    def cross_android_ver(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> platform.AndroidVer:
+        return platform.AndroidVer(
+            release=f"API level {cross_getandroidapilevel()}",
+            api_level=cross_getandroidapilevel(),
+            manufacturer="Google",
+            model="sdk_gphone64",
+            device="emu64",
+            is_emulator=True,
+        )
+
+    # platform.uname, platform.system etc. are all implemented in terms of platform.android_ver.
+    platform.android_ver = cross_android_ver
+
+    # sys #####################################################################
+    def cross_getandroidapilevel() -> int:
+        api_level = sysconfig.get_config_var("ANDROID_API_LEVEL")
+        assert isinstance(api_level, int)
+        return api_level
+
+    # Some packages may recognize sys.cross_compiling from the crossenv tool.
+    sys.cross_compiling = True  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    sys.getandroidapilevel = cross_getandroidapilevel  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    sys.implementation._multiarch = host_triplet  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    sys.platform = "android"
+
+    # Determine the abiflags from the sysconfigdata filename.
+    sysconfigdata_path = next(Path(__file__).parent.glob("_sysconfigdata_*.py"))
+    abiflags_match = re.match(r"_sysconfigdata_(.*?)_", sysconfigdata_path.name)
+    assert abiflags_match is not None
+    sys.abiflags = abiflags_match[1]
+
+    # sysconfig ###############################################################
+    #
+    # Load the sysconfigdata file, generating its name from sys.abiflags,
+    # sys.platform, and sys.implementation._multiarch.
+    sysconfig._init_config_vars()  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+    # We don't change the actual sys.base_prefix and base_exec_prefix, because that
+    # could have unpredictable effects. Instead, we change the sysconfig variables
+    # used by sysconfig.get_paths().
+    vars = sysconfig.get_config_vars()
+    try:
+        host_prefix = vars["host_prefix"]  # This variable was added in Python 3.14.
+    except KeyError:
+        host_prefix = vars["exec_prefix"]
+    vars["installed_base"] = vars["installed_platbase"] = host_prefix
+
+    # sysconfig.get_platform, which determines the wheel tag, is implemented in terms of
+    # sys.platform, sysconfig.get_config_var("ANDROID_API_LEVEL") (see localized_vars in
+    # android.py), and os.uname.

cibuildwheel/resources/_rust_shim.py

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+import os
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    # CIBW_HOST_TRIPLET is set in the android_env to the Android target triplet.
+    target = os.environ.get("CIBW_HOST_TRIPLET")
+
+    cmd_name = Path(sys.argv[0]).name
+
+    # Find the real command in PATH, excluding the current script's directory
+    path_env = os.environ.get("PATH", "")
+    script_dir = Path(__file__).resolve().parent
+
+    paths = path_env.split(os.pathsep)
+    # Filter out the script directory to avoid recursion
+    filtered_paths = [p for p in paths if Path(p).resolve() != script_dir]
+    filtered_path_env = os.pathsep.join(filtered_paths)
+
+    real_cmd = shutil.which(cmd_name, path=filtered_path_env)
+
+    if not real_cmd:
+        sys.stderr.write(f"cibuildwheel: Error: Could not find system {cmd_name}\n")
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    # If we have a target (i.e. we are in the android_env), try to install it.
+    if target:
+        # Check if rustup is available to install the target
+        rustup_path = shutil.which("rustup", path=filtered_path_env)
+
+        if rustup_path:
+            try:
+                # We call rustup to ensure the target is installed.
+                subprocess.run(
+                    [rustup_path, "target", "add", target],
+                    check=True,
+                    stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL,
+                    stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+                    text=True,
+                )
+            except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+                sys.stderr.write(
+                    f"cibuildwheel: Error: Failed to install Rust target {target}: {e.stderr}\n"
+                )
+                sys.exit(1)
+
+    # Execute the real command
+    os.execv(real_cmd, [real_cmd, *sys.argv[1:]])
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

cibuildwheel/resources/build-platforms.toml

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ python_configurations = [
   { identifier = "pp310-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/pp310-pypy310_pp73" },
   { identifier = "pp311-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/pp311-pypy311_pp73" },
   { identifier = "gp311_242-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/graalpy311-graalpy242_311_native" },
+  { identifier = "gp312_250-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/graalpy312-graalpy250_312_native" },
   { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
   { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
   { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
@@ -73,6 +74,7 @@ python_configurations = [
   { identifier = "pp310-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/pp310-pypy310_pp73" },
   { identifier = "pp311-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/pp311-pypy311_pp73" },
   { identifier = "gp311_242-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/graalpy311-graalpy242_311_native" },
+  { identifier = "gp312_250-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/graalpy312-graalpy250_312_native" },
   { identifier = "pp38-manylinux_i686", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/pp38-pypy38_pp73" },
   { identifier = "pp39-manylinux_i686", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/pp39-pypy39_pp73" },
   { identifier = "pp310-manylinux_i686", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/pp310-pypy310_pp73" },
@@ -132,7 +134,7 @@ python_configurations = [
   { identifier = "cp314-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314" },
   { identifier = "cp314t-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314t" },
   { identifier = "cp38-musllinux_riscv64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
-  { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_ricv64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_riscv64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
   { identifier = "cp310-musllinux_riscv64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
   { identifier = "cp311-musllinux_riscv64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
   { identifier = "cp312-musllinux_riscv64", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
@@ -159,73 +161,88 @@ python_configurations = [
   { identifier = "cp312-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.10/python-3.12.10-macos11.pkg" },
   { identifier = "cp312-macosx_arm64", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.10/python-3.12.10-macos11.pkg" },
   { identifier = "cp312-macosx_universal2", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.10/python-3.12.10-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.3/python-3.13.3-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.3/python-3.13.3-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.3/python-3.13.3-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.3/python-3.13.3-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.3/python-3.13.3-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.3/python-3.13.3-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0b1-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_arm64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0b1-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_universal2", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0b1-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0b1-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_arm64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0b1-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_universal2", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0b1-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.12/python-3.13.12-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.12/python-3.13.12-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.12/python-3.13.12-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.12/python-3.13.12-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.12/python-3.13.12-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.12/python-3.13.12-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.3/python-3.14.3-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_arm64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.3/python-3.14.3-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_universal2", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.3/python-3.14.3-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.3/python-3.14.3-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_arm64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.3/python-3.14.3-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_universal2", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.3/python-3.14.3-macos11.pkg" },
   { identifier = "pp38-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.8", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
   { identifier = "pp38-macosx_arm64", version = "3.8", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
   { identifier = "pp39-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.9", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.16-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
   { identifier = "pp39-macosx_arm64", version = "3.9", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.16-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
   { identifier = "pp310-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.10", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.19-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
   { identifier = "pp310-macosx_arm64", version = "3.10", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.19-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
-  { identifier = "pp311-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.11", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.11-v7.3.19-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
-  { identifier = "pp311-macosx_arm64", version = "3.11", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.11-v7.3.19-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
-  { identifier = "gp311_242-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.11", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-24.2.1/graalpy-24.2.1-macos-amd64.tar.gz" },
-  { identifier = "gp311_242-macosx_arm64", version = "3.11", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-24.2.1/graalpy-24.2.1-macos-aarch64.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "pp311-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.11", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.11-v7.3.21-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "pp311-macosx_arm64", version = "3.11", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.11-v7.3.21-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "gp311_242-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.11", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-24.2.2/graalpy-24.2.2-macos-amd64.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "gp311_242-macosx_arm64", version = "3.11", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-24.2.2/graalpy-24.2.2-macos-aarch64.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "gp312_250-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.12", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-25.0.1/graalpy-25.0.1-macos-amd64.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "gp312_250-macosx_arm64", version = "3.12", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-25.0.2/graalpy-25.0.2-macos-aarch64.tar.gz" },
 ]
 
 [windows]
 python_configurations = [
-  { identifier = "cp38-win32", version = "3.8.10", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp38-win_amd64", version = "3.8.10", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp39-win32", version = "3.9.13", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp39-win_amd64", version = "3.9.13", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp310-win32", version = "3.10.11", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp310-win_amd64", version = "3.10.11", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp311-win32", version = "3.11.9", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp311-win_amd64", version = "3.11.9", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp312-win32", version = "3.12.10", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp312-win_amd64", version = "3.12.10", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-win32", version = "3.13.3", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-win32", version = "3.13.3", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-win_amd64", version = "3.13.3", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-win_amd64", version = "3.13.3", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-win32", version = "3.14.0-b1", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp314t-win32", version = "3.14.0-b1", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-win_amd64", version = "3.14.0-b1", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp314t-win_amd64", version = "3.14.0-b1", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp39-win_arm64", version = "3.9.10", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp310-win_arm64", version = "3.10.11", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp311-win_arm64", version = "3.11.9", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp312-win_arm64", version = "3.12.10", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-win_arm64", version = "3.13.3", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-win_arm64", version = "3.13.3", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp314-win_arm64", version = "3.14.0-b1", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp314t-win_arm64", version = "3.14.0-b1", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "pp38-win_amd64", version = "3.8", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-win64.zip" },
-  { identifier = "pp39-win_amd64", version = "3.9", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.16-win64.zip" },
-  { identifier = "pp310-win_amd64", version = "3.10", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.19-win64.zip" },
-  { identifier = "pp311-win_amd64", version = "3.11", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.11-v7.3.19-win64.zip" },
-  { identifier = "gp311_242-win_amd64", version = "3.11", arch = "64", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-24.2.1/graalpy-24.2.1-windows-amd64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-win32", version = "3.8.10" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-win_amd64", version = "3.8.10" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-win32", version = "3.9.13" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-win_amd64", version = "3.9.13" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-win32", version = "3.10.11" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-win_amd64", version = "3.10.11" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-win32", version = "3.11.9" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-win_amd64", version = "3.11.9" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-win32", version = "3.12.10" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-win_amd64", version = "3.12.10" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-win32", version = "3.13.12" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-win32", version = "3.13.12" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-win_amd64", version = "3.13.12" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-win_amd64", version = "3.13.12" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-win32", version = "3.14.3" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-win32", version = "3.14.3" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-win_amd64", version = "3.14.3" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-win_amd64", version = "3.14.3" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-win_arm64", version = "3.9.10" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-win_arm64", version = "3.10.11" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-win_arm64", version = "3.11.9" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-win_arm64", version = "3.12.10" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-win_arm64", version = "3.13.12" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-win_arm64", version = "3.13.12" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-win_arm64", version = "3.14.3" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-win_arm64", version = "3.14.3" },
+  { identifier = "pp38-win_amd64", version = "3.8", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-win64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "pp39-win_amd64", version = "3.9", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.16-win64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "pp310-win_amd64", version = "3.10", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.19-win64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "pp311-win_amd64", version = "3.11", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.11-v7.3.21-win64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "gp311_242-win_amd64", version = "3.11", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-24.2.2/graalpy-24.2.2-windows-amd64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "gp312_250-win_amd64", version = "3.12", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-25.0.2/graalpy-25.0.2-windows-amd64.zip" },
 ]
 
 [pyodide]
 python_configurations = [
-  { identifier = "cp312-pyodide_wasm32", version = "3.12", default_pyodide_version = "0.27.6", node_version = "v22" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-pyodide_wasm32", version = "3.12", default_pyodide_version = "0.27.7", node_version = "v22" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-pyodide_wasm32", version = "3.13", default_pyodide_version = "0.29.3", node_version = "v22" },
+]
+
+[android]
+python_configurations = [
+  { identifier = "cp313-android_arm64_v8a", version = "3.13", url = "https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/chaquo/python/python/3.13.12/python-3.13.12-aarch64-linux-android.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-android_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/chaquo/python/python/3.13.12/python-3.13.12-x86_64-linux-android.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-android_arm64_v8a", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.3/python-3.14.3-aarch64-linux-android.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-android_x86_64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.3/python-3.14.3-x86_64-linux-android.tar.gz" },
 ]
 
 [ios]
 python_configurations = [
-  { identifier = "cp313-ios_arm64_iphoneos", version = "3.13", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.13-b6/Python-3.13-iOS-support.b6.tar.gz" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.13", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.13-b6/Python-3.13-iOS-support.b6.tar.gz" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.13", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.13-b6/Python-3.13-iOS-support.b6.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-ios_arm64_iphoneos", version = "3.13", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.13-b13/Python-3.13-iOS-support.b13.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.13", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.13-b13/Python-3.13-iOS-support.b13.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.13", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.13-b13/Python-3.13-iOS-support.b13.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-ios_arm64_iphoneos", version = "3.14", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.14-b9/Python-3.14-iOS-support.b9.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.14", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.14-b9/Python-3.14-iOS-support.b9.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.14", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.14-b9/Python-3.14-iOS-support.b9.tar.gz" },
 ]

cibuildwheel/resources/cibuildwheel.schema.json

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema",
+  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
   "$id": "https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/cibuildwheel/resources/cibuildwheel.schema.json",
   "$defs": {
     "inherit": {
@@ -15,9 +15,10 @@
       "enum": [
         "cpython-freethreading",
         "cpython-prerelease",
+        "graalpy",
+        "pyodide-prerelease",
         "pypy",
-        "pypy-eol",
-        "cpython-experimental-riscv64"
+        "pypy-eol"
       ]
     },
     "description": "A Python version or flavor to enable."
@@ -106,13 +107,14 @@
     },
     "build-frontend": {
       "default": "default",
-      "description": "Set the tool to use to build, either \"pip\" (default for now), \"build\", or \"build[uv]\"",
+      "description": "Set the tool to use to build, either \"build\" (default), \"build[uv]\", \"uv\", or \"pip\"",
       "oneOf": [
         {
           "enum": [
             "pip",
             "build",
             "build[uv]",
+            "uv",
             "default"
           ]
         },
@@ -128,6 +130,10 @@
           "type": "string",
           "pattern": "^build\\[uv\\]; ?args:"
         },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "pattern": "^uv; ?args:"
+        },
         {
           "type": "object",
           "additionalProperties": false,
@@ -139,7 +145,8 @@
               "enum": [
                 "pip",
                 "build",
-                "build[uv]"
+                "build[uv]",
+                "uv"
               ]
             },
             "args": {
@@ -567,6 +574,39 @@
       ],
       "title": "CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT"
     },
+    "test-runtime": {
+      "description": "Additional configuration for the test runner",
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "pattern": "^$"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "additionalProperties": false
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "pattern": "args:"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "required": [
+            "args"
+          ],
+          "properties": {
+            "args": {
+              "type": "array",
+              "items": {
+                "type": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "CIBW_TEST_RUNTIME"
+    },
     "overrides": {
       "type": "array",
       "description": "An overrides array",
@@ -636,6 +676,9 @@
               },
               "test-environment": {
                 "$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"
+              },
+              "test-runtime": {
+                "$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"
               }
             }
           },
@@ -746,6 +789,9 @@
           },
           "test-environment": {
             "$ref": "#/properties/test-environment"
+          },
+          "test-runtime": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/test-runtime"
           }
         }
       }
@@ -874,6 +920,9 @@
         },
         "test-environment": {
           "$ref": "#/properties/test-environment"
+        },
+        "test-runtime": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-runtime"
         }
       }
     },
@@ -934,6 +983,9 @@
         },
         "test-environment": {
           "$ref": "#/properties/test-environment"
+        },
+        "test-runtime": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-runtime"
         }
       }
     },
@@ -1007,6 +1059,9 @@
         },
         "test-environment": {
           "$ref": "#/properties/test-environment"
+        },
+        "test-runtime": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-runtime"
         }
       }
     },
@@ -1067,6 +1122,72 @@
         },
         "test-environment": {
           "$ref": "#/properties/test-environment"
+        },
+        "test-runtime": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-runtime"
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "android": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "archs": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/archs"
+        },
+        "before-all": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/before-all"
+        },
+        "before-build": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/before-build"
+        },
+        "before-test": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/before-test"
+        },
+        "build-frontend": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/build-frontend"
+        },
+        "build-verbosity": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/build-verbosity"
+        },
+        "config-settings": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/config-settings"
+        },
+        "dependency-versions": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/dependency-versions"
+        },
+        "environment": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/environment"
+        },
+        "xbuild-tools": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/xbuild-tools"
+        },
+        "pyodide-version": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/pyodide-version"
+        },
+        "repair-wheel-command": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/repair-wheel-command"
+        },
+        "test-command": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-command"
+        },
+        "test-extras": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-extras"
+        },
+        "test-sources": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-sources"
+        },
+        "test-groups": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-groups"
+        },
+        "test-requires": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-requires"
+        },
+        "test-environment": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-environment"
+        },
+        "test-runtime": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-runtime"
         }
       }
     },
@@ -1127,6 +1248,9 @@
         },
         "test-environment": {
           "$ref": "#/properties/test-environment"
+        },
+        "test-runtime": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-runtime"
         }
       }
     }

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-pyodide312.txt

@@ -2,116 +2,90 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 annotated-types==0.7.0
     # via pydantic
-anyio==4.9.0
-    # via httpx
-auditwheel-emscripten==0.1.0
+auditwheel-emscripten==0.2.3
     # via pyodide-build
 build==1.2.2.post1
     # via
     #   -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
     #   pyodide-build
-certifi==2025.4.26
-    # via
-    #   httpcore
-    #   httpx
-    #   requests
-charset-normalizer==3.4.2
+certifi==2026.2.25
+    # via requests
+charset-normalizer==3.4.6
     # via requests
 click==8.1.8
     # via
     #   -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
-    #   typer
-distlib==0.3.9
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   pyodide-cli
+distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
-    # via virtualenv
-h11==0.16.0
-    # via httpcore
-httpcore==1.0.9
-    # via httpx
-httpx==0.28.1
-    # via unearth
-idna==3.10
+filelock==3.25.2
     # via
-    #   anyio
-    #   httpx
-    #   requests
-leb128==1.0.8
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
+idna==3.11
+    # via requests
+leb128==1.0.9
     # via auditwheel-emscripten
-markdown-it-py==3.0.0
+markdown-it-py==4.0.0
     # via rich
 mdurl==0.1.2
     # via markdown-it-py
-packaging==25.0
+packaging==26.0
     # via
     #   auditwheel-emscripten
     #   build
     #   pyodide-build
-    #   unearth
-pip==25.1.1
+    #   wheel
+pip==26.0.1
     # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
-platformdirs==4.3.8
+platformdirs==4.9.4
     # via
     #   pyodide-build
+    #   python-discovery
     #   virtualenv
-pydantic==2.11.5
+pydantic==2.12.5
     # via
     #   pyodide-build
     #   pyodide-lock
-pydantic-core==2.33.2
+pydantic-core==2.41.5
     # via pydantic
-pygments==2.19.1
+pygments==2.19.2
     # via rich
-pyodide-build==0.30.4
+pyodide-build==0.33.0
     # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
-pyodide-cli==0.3.0
+pyodide-cli==0.5.0
     # via
     #   auditwheel-emscripten
     #   pyodide-build
-pyodide-lock==0.1.0a7
+pyodide-lock==0.1.2
     # via pyodide-build
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
     # via build
-requests==2.32.3
+python-discovery==1.2.0
+    # via virtualenv
+requests==2.32.5
     # via pyodide-build
-resolvelib==1.1.0
-    # via pyodide-build
-rich==14.0.0
+rich==14.3.3
     # via
     #   pyodide-build
     #   pyodide-cli
-    #   typer
-ruamel-yaml==0.18.11
+ruamel-yaml==0.19.1
     # via pyodide-build
-ruamel-yaml-clib==0.2.12
-    # via ruamel-yaml
-shellingham==1.5.4
-    # via typer
-sniffio==1.3.1
-    # via anyio
-typer==0.15.4
+typing-extensions==4.15.0
     # via
-    #   auditwheel-emscripten
-    #   pyodide-build
-    #   pyodide-cli
-typing-extensions==4.13.2
-    # via
-    #   anyio
     #   pydantic
     #   pydantic-core
-    #   typer
     #   typing-inspection
-typing-inspection==0.4.1
+typing-inspection==0.4.2
     # via pydantic
-unearth==0.17.5
-    # via pyodide-build
-urllib3==2.4.0
+urllib3==2.6.3
     # via requests
-virtualenv==20.31.2
+virtualenv==21.2.0
     # via
     #   build
     #   pyodide-build
-wheel==0.45.1
+wheel==0.46.3
     # via
     #   auditwheel-emscripten
     #   pyodide-build

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-pyodide313.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+# This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
+#    nox -s update_constraints
+annotated-types==0.7.0
+    # via pydantic
+auditwheel-emscripten==0.2.3
+    # via pyodide-build
+build==1.2.2.post1
+    # via
+    #   -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
+    #   pyodide-build
+certifi==2026.2.25
+    # via requests
+charset-normalizer==3.4.6
+    # via requests
+click==8.1.8
+    # via
+    #   -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   pyodide-cli
+distlib==0.4.0
+    # via virtualenv
+filelock==3.25.2
+    # via
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
+idna==3.11
+    # via requests
+leb128==1.0.9
+    # via auditwheel-emscripten
+markdown-it-py==4.0.0
+    # via rich
+mdurl==0.1.2
+    # via markdown-it-py
+packaging==26.0
+    # via
+    #   auditwheel-emscripten
+    #   build
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   wheel
+pip==26.0.1
+    # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
+platformdirs==4.9.4
+    # via
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
+pydantic==2.12.5
+    # via
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   pyodide-lock
+pydantic-core==2.41.5
+    # via pydantic
+pygments==2.19.2
+    # via rich
+pyodide-build==0.33.0
+    # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
+pyodide-cli==0.5.0
+    # via
+    #   auditwheel-emscripten
+    #   pyodide-build
+pyodide-lock==0.1.2
+    # via pyodide-build
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
+    # via build
+python-discovery==1.2.0
+    # via virtualenv
+requests==2.32.5
+    # via pyodide-build
+rich==14.3.3
+    # via
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   pyodide-cli
+ruamel-yaml==0.19.1
+    # via pyodide-build
+typing-extensions==4.15.0
+    # via
+    #   pydantic
+    #   pydantic-core
+    #   typing-inspection
+typing-inspection==0.4.2
+    # via pydantic
+urllib3==2.6.3
+    # via requests
+virtualenv==21.2.0
+    # via
+    #   build
+    #   pyodide-build
+wheel==0.46.3
+    # via
+    #   auditwheel-emscripten
+    #   pyodide-build

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python310.txt

@@ -1,34 +1,42 @@
 # This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
 #    nox -s update_constraints
-altgraph==0.17.4
+altgraph==0.17.5
     # via macholib
-build==1.2.2.post1
+build==1.4.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.9
+distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
-    # via virtualenv
-importlib-metadata==8.7.0
+filelock==3.25.2
+    # via
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
+importlib-metadata==9.0.0
     # via build
-macholib==1.16.3
+macholib==1.16.4
     # via delocate
-packaging==25.0
+packaging==26.0
     # via
     #   build
     #   delocate
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==26.0.1
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.3.8
-    # via virtualenv
+platformdirs==4.9.4
+    # via
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
     # via build
-tomli==2.2.1
+python-discovery==1.2.0
+    # via virtualenv
+tomli==2.4.0
     # via build
-typing-extensions==4.13.2
-    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.31.2
+typing-extensions==4.15.0
+    # via
+    #   delocate
+    #   virtualenv
+virtualenv==21.2.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-zipp==3.21.0
+zipp==3.23.0
     # via importlib-metadata

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python311.txt

@@ -1,28 +1,34 @@
 # This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
 #    nox -s update_constraints
-altgraph==0.17.4
+altgraph==0.17.5
     # via macholib
-build==1.2.2.post1
+build==1.4.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.9
+distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
-    # via virtualenv
-macholib==1.16.3
+filelock==3.25.2
+    # via
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
+macholib==1.16.4
     # via delocate
-packaging==25.0
+packaging==26.0
     # via
     #   build
     #   delocate
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==26.0.1
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.3.8
-    # via virtualenv
+platformdirs==4.9.4
+    # via
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
     # via build
-typing-extensions==4.13.2
+python-discovery==1.2.0
+    # via virtualenv
+typing-extensions==4.15.0
     # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.31.2
+virtualenv==21.2.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python312.txt

@@ -1,28 +1,34 @@
 # This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
 #    nox -s update_constraints
-altgraph==0.17.4
+altgraph==0.17.5
     # via macholib
-build==1.2.2.post1
+build==1.4.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.9
+distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
-    # via virtualenv
-macholib==1.16.3
+filelock==3.25.2
+    # via
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
+macholib==1.16.4
     # via delocate
-packaging==25.0
+packaging==26.0
     # via
     #   build
     #   delocate
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==26.0.1
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.3.8
-    # via virtualenv
+platformdirs==4.9.4
+    # via
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
     # via build
-typing-extensions==4.13.2
+python-discovery==1.2.0
+    # via virtualenv
+typing-extensions==4.15.0
     # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.31.2
+virtualenv==21.2.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python313.txt

@@ -1,28 +1,34 @@
 # This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
 #    nox -s update_constraints
-altgraph==0.17.4
+altgraph==0.17.5
     # via macholib
-build==1.2.2.post1
+build==1.4.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.9
+distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
-    # via virtualenv
-macholib==1.16.3
+filelock==3.25.2
+    # via
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
+macholib==1.16.4
     # via delocate
-packaging==25.0
+packaging==26.0
     # via
     #   build
     #   delocate
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==26.0.1
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.3.8
-    # via virtualenv
+platformdirs==4.9.4
+    # via
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
     # via build
-typing-extensions==4.13.2
+python-discovery==1.2.0
+    # via virtualenv
+typing-extensions==4.15.0
     # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.31.2
+virtualenv==21.2.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python314.txt

@@ -1,28 +1,34 @@
 # This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
 #    nox -s update_constraints
-altgraph==0.17.4
+altgraph==0.17.5
     # via macholib
-build==1.2.2.post1
+build==1.4.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.9
+distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
-    # via virtualenv
-macholib==1.16.3
+filelock==3.25.2
+    # via
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
+macholib==1.16.4
     # via delocate
-packaging==25.0
+packaging==26.0
     # via
     #   build
     #   delocate
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==26.0.1
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.3.8
-    # via virtualenv
+platformdirs==4.9.4
+    # via
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
     # via build
-typing-extensions==4.13.2
+python-discovery==1.2.0
+    # via virtualenv
+typing-extensions==4.15.0
     # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.31.2
+virtualenv==21.2.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python38.txt

@@ -1,34 +1,42 @@
 # This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
 #    nox -s update_constraints
-altgraph==0.17.4
+altgraph==0.17.5
     # via macholib
 build==1.2.2.post1
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.12.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.9
+distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
 filelock==3.16.1
-    # via virtualenv
+    # via
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
 importlib-metadata==8.5.0
     # via build
-macholib==1.16.3
+macholib==1.16.4
     # via delocate
-packaging==25.0
+packaging==26.0
     # via
     #   build
     #   delocate
 pip==25.0.1
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 platformdirs==4.3.6
-    # via virtualenv
+    # via
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
     # via build
-tomli==2.2.1
+python-discovery==1.2.0
+    # via virtualenv
+tomli==2.4.0
     # via build
 typing-extensions==4.13.2
-    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.31.2
+    # via
+    #   delocate
+    #   virtualenv
+virtualenv==21.2.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 zipp==3.20.2
     # via importlib-metadata

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python39.txt

@@ -1,34 +1,42 @@
 # This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
 #    nox -s update_constraints
-altgraph==0.17.4
+altgraph==0.17.5
     # via macholib
-build==1.2.2.post1
+build==1.4.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.9
+distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
-    # via virtualenv
-importlib-metadata==8.7.0
+filelock==3.19.1
+    # via
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
+importlib-metadata==8.7.1
     # via build
-macholib==1.16.3
+macholib==1.16.4
     # via delocate
-packaging==25.0
+packaging==26.0
     # via
     #   build
     #   delocate
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==26.0.1
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.3.8
-    # via virtualenv
+platformdirs==4.4.0
+    # via
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
     # via build
-tomli==2.2.1
+python-discovery==1.2.0
+    # via virtualenv
+tomli==2.4.0
     # via build
-typing-extensions==4.13.2
-    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.31.2
+typing-extensions==4.15.0
+    # via
+    #   delocate
+    #   virtualenv
+virtualenv==21.2.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-zipp==3.21.0
+zipp==3.23.0
     # via importlib-metadata

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.txt

@@ -1,28 +1,34 @@
 # This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
 #    nox -s update_constraints
-altgraph==0.17.4
+altgraph==0.17.5
     # via macholib
-build==1.2.2.post1
+build==1.4.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.13.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.9
+distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.18.0
-    # via virtualenv
-macholib==1.16.3
+filelock==3.25.2
+    # via
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
+macholib==1.16.4
     # via delocate
-packaging==25.0
+packaging==26.0
     # via
     #   build
     #   delocate
-pip==25.1.1
+pip==26.0.1
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.3.8
-    # via virtualenv
+platformdirs==4.9.4
+    # via
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
 pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
     # via build
-typing-extensions==4.13.2
+python-discovery==1.2.0
+    # via virtualenv
+typing-extensions==4.15.0
     # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.31.2
+virtualenv==21.2.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/defaults.toml

@@ -25,20 +25,21 @@ test-requires = []
 test-extras = []
 test-groups = []
 test-environment = {}
+test-runtime = {}
 
 container-engine = "docker"
 
 pyodide-version = ""
 
 manylinux-x86_64-image = "manylinux_2_28"
-manylinux-i686-image = "manylinux2014"
+manylinux-i686-image = "manylinux_2_28"
 manylinux-aarch64-image = "manylinux_2_28"
 manylinux-ppc64le-image = "manylinux_2_28"
 manylinux-s390x-image = "manylinux_2_28"
 manylinux-armv7l-image = "manylinux_2_31"
-manylinux-riscv64-image = "ghcr.io/pypa/cibuildwheel/no_default_image:please_use_override"
+manylinux-riscv64-image = "manylinux_2_39"
 manylinux-pypy_x86_64-image = "manylinux_2_28"
-manylinux-pypy_i686-image = "manylinux2014"
+manylinux-pypy_i686-image = "manylinux_2_28"
 manylinux-pypy_aarch64-image = "manylinux_2_28"
 
 musllinux-x86_64-image = "musllinux_1_2"
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ musllinux-aarch64-image = "musllinux_1_2"
 musllinux-ppc64le-image = "musllinux_1_2"
 musllinux-s390x-image = "musllinux_1_2"
 musllinux-armv7l-image = "musllinux_1_2"
-musllinux-riscv64-image = "ghcr.io/pypa/cibuildwheel/no_default_image:please_use_override"
+musllinux-riscv64-image = "musllinux_1_2"
 
 
 [tool.cibuildwheel.linux]
@@ -58,6 +59,8 @@ repair-wheel-command = "delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest
 
 [tool.cibuildwheel.windows]
 
+[tool.cibuildwheel.android]
+
 [tool.cibuildwheel.ios]
 
 [tool.cibuildwheel.pyodide]

cibuildwheel/resources/install_certifi.py

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ def main() -> None:
         [sys.executable, "-E", "-s", "-m", "pip", "install", "--upgrade", "certifi"]
     )
 
-    import certifi
+    import certifi  # noqa: PLC0415
 
     # change working directory to the default SSL directory
     os.chdir(openssl_dir)

cibuildwheel/resources/nodejs.toml

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 url = "https://nodejs.org/dist/"
-v22 = "v22.16.0"
-v20 = "v20.19.2"
+v24 = "v24.14.0"
+v22 = "v22.22.1"
+v20 = "v20.20.1"

cibuildwheel/resources/pinned_docker_images.cfg

@@ -1,47 +1,54 @@
 [x86_64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2025.05.24-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2025.05.24-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_x86_64:2025.05.24-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64:2025.05.24-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2026.03.20-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2026.03.20-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_x86_64:2026.03.20-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64:2026.03.20-1
 
 [i686]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2025.05.24-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686:2025.05.24-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2026.03.20-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686:2026.03.20-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_i686:2026.03.20-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686:2026.03.20-1
 
 [aarch64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2025.05.24-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2025.05.24-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_aarch64:2025.05.24-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_aarch64:2025.05.24-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2026.03.20-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2026.03.20-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_aarch64:2026.03.20-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_aarch64:2026.03.20-1
 
 [ppc64le]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le:2025.05.24-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_ppc64le:2025.05.24-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_ppc64le:2025.05.24-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_ppc64le:2025.05.24-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le:2026.03.20-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_ppc64le:2026.03.20-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_ppc64le:2026.03.20-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_ppc64le:2026.03.20-1
 
 [s390x]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x:2025.05.24-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_s390x:2025.05.24-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_s390x:2025.05.24-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_s390x:2025.05.24-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x:2026.03.20-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_s390x:2026.03.20-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_s390x:2026.03.20-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_s390x:2026.03.20-1
 
 [pypy_x86_64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2025.05.24-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2025.05.24-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_x86_64:2025.05.24-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2026.03.20-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2026.03.20-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_x86_64:2026.03.20-1
 
 [pypy_i686]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2025.05.24-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2026.03.20-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686:2026.03.20-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_i686:2026.03.20-1
 
 [pypy_aarch64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2025.05.24-1
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2025.05.24-1
-manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_aarch64:2025.05.24-1
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2026.03.20-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2026.03.20-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_aarch64:2026.03.20-1
 
 [armv7l]
-manylinux_2_31 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_31_armv7l:2025.05.24-1
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_armv7l:2025.05.24-1
+manylinux_2_31 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_31_armv7l:2026.03.20-1
+manylinux_2_35 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_35_armv7l:2026.03.20-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_armv7l:2026.03.20-1
 
 [riscv64]
+manylinux_2_39 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_39_riscv64:2026.03.20-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_riscv64:2026.03.20-1
 

cibuildwheel/resources/python-build-standalone-releases.json

@@ -1,439 +1,723 @@
 {
   "releases": [
     {
-      "tag": "20250517",
+      "tag": "20260320",
       "assets": [
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.10.17+20250517-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250517/cpython-3.10.17%2B20250517-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.20+20260320-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.10.20%2B20260320-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.10.17+20250517-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250517/cpython-3.10.17%2B20250517-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.20+20260320-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.10.20%2B20260320-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.10.17+20250517-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250517/cpython-3.10.17%2B20250517-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.20+20260320-aarch64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.10.20%2B20260320-aarch64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.10.17+20250517-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250517/cpython-3.10.17%2B20250517-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.20+20260320-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.10.20%2B20260320-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.10.17+20250517-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250517/cpython-3.10.17%2B20250517-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.20+20260320-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.10.20%2B20260320-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.10.17+20250517-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250517/cpython-3.10.17%2B20250517-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.20+20260320-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.10.20%2B20260320-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.10.17+20250517-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250517/cpython-3.10.17%2B20250517-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.20+20260320-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.10.20%2B20260320-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.10.17+20250517-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250517/cpython-3.10.17%2B20250517-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.20+20260320-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.10.20%2B20260320-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.10.17+20250517-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250517/cpython-3.10.17%2B20250517-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.20+20260320-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.10.20%2B20260320-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.10.17+20250517-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250517/cpython-3.10.17%2B20250517-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.20+20260320-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.10.20%2B20260320-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
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         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.10.17+20250517-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250517/cpython-3.10.17%2B20250517-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.20+20260320-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.10.20%2B20260320-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
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-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250517/cpython-3.10.17%2B20250517-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.20+20260320-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.10.20%2B20260320-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
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         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.10.17+20250517-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250517/cpython-3.10.17%2B20250517-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.20+20260320-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.10.20%2B20260320-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
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         {
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-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250517/cpython-3.10.17%2B20250517-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.20+20260320-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.10.20%2B20260320-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
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-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250517/cpython-3.10.17%2B20250517-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.20+20260320-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.10.20%2B20260320-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
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         {
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-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250517/cpython-3.10.17%2B20250517-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.20+20260320-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.10.20%2B20260320-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
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-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250517/cpython-3.10.17%2B20250517-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.20+20260320-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.10.20%2B20260320-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
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-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250517/cpython-3.10.17%2B20250517-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.20+20260320-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.10.20%2B20260320-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
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-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250517/cpython-3.11.12%2B20250517-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.20+20260320-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.10.20%2B20260320-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
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         {
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+          "name": "cpython-3.11.15+20260320-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.11.15%2B20260320-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.11.12+20250517-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250517/cpython-3.11.12%2B20250517-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.11.15+20260320-aarch64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.11.15%2B20260320-aarch64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
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-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250517/cpython-3.11.12%2B20250517-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.11.15+20260320-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.11.15%2B20260320-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.11.12+20250517-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250517/cpython-3.11.12%2B20250517-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.11.15+20260320-aarch64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.11.15%2B20260320-aarch64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
         },
         {
-          "name": "cpython-3.11.12+20250517-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250517/cpython-3.11.12%2B20250517-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.11.15+20260320-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.11.15%2B20260320-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz"
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         {
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-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250517/cpython-3.11.12%2B20250517-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.11.15+20260320-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.11.15%2B20260320-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz"
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         {
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-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250517/cpython-3.11.12%2B20250517-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.11.15+20260320-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.11.15%2B20260320-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
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-          "name": "cpython-3.11.12+20250517-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250517/cpython-3.11.12%2B20250517-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.11.15+20260320-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.11.15%2B20260320-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
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-          "name": "cpython-3.11.12+20250517-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250517/cpython-3.11.12%2B20250517-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.11.15+20260320-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.11.15%2B20260320-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
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+          "name": "cpython-3.11.15+20260320-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.11.15%2B20260320-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
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-          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250517/cpython-3.11.12%2B20250517-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+          "name": "cpython-3.11.15+20260320-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.11.15%2B20260320-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
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+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64-apple-darwin-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64-apple-darwin-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
         }
       ]
     }

cibuildwheel/resources/testing_temp_dir_file.py

@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ from typing import NoReturn
 
 class TestStringMethods(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_fail(self) -> NoReturn:
-        if sys.platform == "ios":
+        if sys.platform in ["android", "ios"]:
             msg = (
                 "You tried to run tests from the testbed app's working "
                 "directory, without specifying `test-sources`. "
-                "On iOS, you must copy your test files to the testbed app by "
+                "On this platform, you must copy your test files to the testbed app by "
                 "setting the `test-sources` option in your cibuildwheel "
                 "configuration."
             )

cibuildwheel/resources/virtualenv.toml

@@ -1 +1 @@
-default = { version = "20.31.2", url = "https://github.com/pypa/get-virtualenv/blob/20.31.2/public/virtualenv.pyz?raw=true" }
+default = { version = "21.2.0", url = "https://github.com/pypa/get-virtualenv/releases/download/21.2.0/virtualenv.pyz" }

cibuildwheel/schema.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import json
 from typing import Any
 
-from .util import resources
+from cibuildwheel.util import resources
 
 
 def get_schema(tool_name: str = "cibuildwheel") -> dict[str, Any]:

cibuildwheel/selector.py

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import dataclasses
 import itertools
 from enum import StrEnum
 from fnmatch import fnmatch
-from typing import Any
+from typing import Self
 
 import bracex
 from packaging.specifiers import SpecifierSet
@@ -31,17 +31,18 @@ class EnableGroup(StrEnum):
 
     CPythonFreeThreading = "cpython-freethreading"
     CPythonPrerelease = "cpython-prerelease"
+    GraalPy = "graalpy"
     PyPy = "pypy"
     PyPyEoL = "pypy-eol"
-    CPythonExperimentalRiscV64 = "cpython-experimental-riscv64"
-    GraalPy = "graalpy"
+    PyodidePrerelease = "pyodide-prerelease"
 
     @classmethod
-    def all_groups(cls) -> frozenset["EnableGroup"]:
-        return frozenset(cls)
+    def all_groups(cls) -> frozenset[Self]:
+        # see https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/20434 for the reason to type: ignore[arg-type]
+        return frozenset(set(cls) - {cls.CPythonFreeThreading})  # type: ignore[arg-type]
 
     @classmethod
-    def parse_option_value(cls, value: str) -> frozenset["EnableGroup"]:
+    def parse_option_value(cls, value: str) -> frozenset[Self]:
         """
         Parses a string of space-separated values into a set of EnableGroup
         members. The string may contain group names or "all".
@@ -75,7 +76,7 @@ class BuildSelector:
     def __call__(self, build_id: str) -> bool:
         # Filter build selectors by python_requires if set
         if self.requires_python is not None:
-            py_ver_str = build_id.split("-")[0].split("_")[0]
+            py_ver_str = build_id.split("-", maxsplit=1)[0].split("_", maxsplit=1)[0]
             py_ver_str = py_ver_str.removesuffix("t")
             major = int(py_ver_str[2])
             minor = int(py_ver_str[3:])
@@ -84,27 +85,36 @@ class BuildSelector:
                 return False
 
         # filter out groups that are not enabled
-        if EnableGroup.CPythonFreeThreading not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "cp3??t-*"):
+        if EnableGroup.CPythonFreeThreading not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "cp313t-*"):
             return False
-        if EnableGroup.CPythonPrerelease not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "cp314*"):
+        if EnableGroup.CPythonPrerelease not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "cp315*"):
             return False
-        if EnableGroup.PyPy not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "pp31*"):
+        is_pypy_eol = fnmatch(build_id, "pp3?-*") or fnmatch(build_id, "pp310-*")
+        is_pypy = fnmatch(build_id, "pp*") and not is_pypy_eol
+        if EnableGroup.PyPy not in self.enable and is_pypy:
             return False
-        if EnableGroup.PyPyEoL not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "pp3?-*"):
-            return False
-        if EnableGroup.CPythonExperimentalRiscV64 not in self.enable and fnmatch(
-            build_id, "*_riscv64"
-        ):
+        if EnableGroup.PyPyEoL not in self.enable and is_pypy_eol:
             return False
         if EnableGroup.GraalPy not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "gp*"):
             return False
+        # TODO: Re-enable this when we have Pyodide prereleases again (e.g., 0.29.0a1+)
+        # Python 3.13 support became stable in Pyodide 0.28.0, so it no longer needs a prerelease
+        # flag.
+        # Also update Pyodide tests in unit_test/build_selector_test.py accordingly.
+        # When re-enabling, update the pattern to match the experimental Python version in case
+        # it is bumped to Python 3.14 (likely cp314-pyodide_* but could remain as 3.13 as well).
+        # This depends on the CPython version being used in the Pyodide runtime at the time.
+        # if EnableGroup.PyodidePrerelease not in self.enable and fnmatch(
+        #     build_id, "cp313-pyodide_*"
+        # ):
+        #     return False
 
         should_build = selector_matches(self.build_config, build_id)
         should_skip = selector_matches(self.skip_config, build_id)
 
         return should_build and not should_skip
 
-    def options_summary(self) -> Any:
+    def options_summary(self) -> dict[str, str | list[str]]:
         return {
             "build_config": self.build_config,
             "skip_config": self.skip_config,
@@ -125,5 +135,5 @@ class TestSelector:
         should_skip = selector_matches(self.skip_config, build_id)
         return not should_skip
 
-    def options_summary(self) -> Any:
+    def options_summary(self) -> dict[str, str]:
         return {"skip_config": self.skip_config}

cibuildwheel/typing.py

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ __all__ = (
 PathOrStr = str | os.PathLike[str]
 
 
-PlatformName = Literal["linux", "macos", "windows", "pyodide", "ios"]
+PlatformName = Literal["linux", "macos", "windows", "pyodide", "android", "ios"]
 PLATFORMS: Final[frozenset[PlatformName]] = frozenset(typing.get_args(PlatformName))
 
 

cibuildwheel/util/cmd.py

@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ import shutil
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import typing
-from collections.abc import Mapping
+from collections.abc import Iterator, Mapping
 from typing import Final, Literal
 
-from ..errors import FatalError
-from ..typing import PathOrStr
+from cibuildwheel.errors import FatalError
+from cibuildwheel.typing import PathOrStr
 
 _IS_WIN: Final[bool] = sys.platform.startswith("win")
 
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ def call(
     if not capture_stdout:
         return None
     sys.stderr.write(result.stderr)
-    return typing.cast(str, result.stdout)
+    return typing.cast("str", result.stdout)
 
 
 def shell(
@@ -81,3 +81,18 @@ def shell(
     command = " ".join(commands)
     print(f"+ {command}")
     subprocess.run(command, env=env, cwd=cwd, shell=True, check=True)
+
+
+def split_command(lst: list[str]) -> Iterator[list[str]]:
+    """
+    Split a shell-style command, as returned by shlex.split, into a sequence
+    of commands, separated by '&&'.
+    """
+    items = list[str]()
+    for item in lst:
+        if item == "&&":
+            yield items
+            items = []
+        else:
+            items.append(item)
+    yield items

cibuildwheel/util/file.py

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ from zipfile import ZipFile
 import certifi
 from platformdirs import user_cache_path
 
-from ..errors import FatalError
+from cibuildwheel.errors import FatalError
 
 DEFAULT_CIBW_CACHE_PATH: Final[Path] = user_cache_path(appname="cibuildwheel", appauthor="pypa")
 CIBW_CACHE_PATH: Final[Path] = Path(
@@ -20,6 +20,26 @@ CIBW_CACHE_PATH: Final[Path] = Path(
 ).resolve()
 
 
+def ensure_cache_sentinel(cache_path: Path) -> None:
+    """Create a sentinel file to mark a cibuildwheel cache directory.
+
+    We help prevent accidental deletion of non-cache directories with this.
+
+    Args:
+        cache_path: The cache directory path where the sentinel should be created
+    """
+    if cache_path.exists():
+        sentinel_file = cache_path / "CACHEDIR.TAG"
+        if not sentinel_file.exists():
+            sentinel_file.write_text(
+                "Signature: 8a477f597d28d172789f06886806bc55\n"
+                "# This file is a cache directory tag created by cibuildwheel.\n"
+                "# For information about cache directory tags, see:\n"
+                "# https://www.brynosaurus.com/cachedir/",
+                encoding="utf-8",
+            )
+
+
 def download(url: str, dest: Path) -> None:
     print(f"+ Download {url} to {dest}")
     dest_dir = dest.parent
@@ -111,21 +131,21 @@ def copy_into_local(src: Path, dst: PurePath) -> None:
 
 def copy_test_sources(
     test_sources: list[str],
-    package_dir: Path,
+    project_dir: Path,
     test_dir: PurePath,
     copy_into: Callable[[Path, PurePath], None] = copy_into_local,
 ) -> None:
     """Copy the list of test sources from the package to the test directory.
 
-    :param test_sources: A list of test paths, relative to the package_dir.
-    :param package_dir: The root of the package directory.
+    :param test_sources: A list of test paths, relative to the project_dir.
+    :param project_dir: The root of the project.
     :param test_dir: The folder where test sources should be placed.
-    :param copy_info: The copy function to use. By default, does a local
+    :param copy_into: The copy function to use. By default, does a local
         filesystem copy; but an OCIContainer.copy_info method (or equivalent)
         can be provided.
     """
     for test_path in test_sources:
-        source = package_dir.resolve() / test_path
+        source = project_dir.resolve() / test_path
 
         if not source.exists():
             msg = f"Test source {test_path} does not exist."

cibuildwheel/util/helpers.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import dataclasses
 import itertools
 import os
 import re
@@ -5,9 +6,8 @@ import shlex
 import textwrap
 from collections import defaultdict
 from collections.abc import Sequence
-from functools import total_ordering
 
-from ..typing import PathOrStr
+from cibuildwheel.typing import PathOrStr
 
 
 def format_safe(template: str, **kwargs: str | os.PathLike[str]) -> str:
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ def format_safe(template: str, **kwargs: str | os.PathLike[str]) -> str:
     >>> format_safe('{a} {b[4]:3f}', a='123')
     '123 {b[4]:3f}'
 
-    To avoid variable expansion, precede with a single backslash e.g.
-    >>> format_safe('\\{a} {b}', a='123')
+    To avoid variable expansion, precede with a single hash e.g.
+    >>> format_safe('#{a} {b}', a='123')
     '{a} {b}'
     """
 
@@ -140,19 +140,17 @@ def parse_key_value_string(
     return dict(result)
 
 
-@total_ordering
+@dataclasses.dataclass(order=True)
 class FlexibleVersion:
-    version_str: str
-    version_parts: tuple[int, ...]
-    suffix: str
-
-    def __init__(self, version_str: str) -> None:
-        self.version_str = version_str
+    version_parts: tuple[int, ...] = dataclasses.field(init=False, repr=False)
+    suffix: str = dataclasses.field(init=False, repr=False)
+    version_str: str = dataclasses.field(compare=False)
 
+    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
         # Split into numeric parts and the optional suffix
-        match = re.match(r"^[v]?(\d+(\.\d+)*)(.*)$", version_str)
+        match = re.match(r"^[v]?(\d+(\.\d+)*)(.*)$", self.version_str)
         if not match:
-            msg = f"Invalid version string: {version_str}"
+            msg = f"Invalid version string: {self.version_str}"
             raise ValueError(msg)
 
         version_part, _, suffix = match.groups()
@@ -172,18 +170,5 @@ class FlexibleVersion:
             parts = parts[:-1]
         return parts
 
-    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
-        if not isinstance(other, FlexibleVersion):
-            raise NotImplementedError()
-        return (self.version_parts, self.suffix) == (other.version_parts, other.suffix)
-
-    def __lt__(self, other: object) -> bool:
-        if not isinstance(other, FlexibleVersion):
-            raise NotImplementedError()
-        return (self.version_parts, self.suffix) < (other.version_parts, other.suffix)
-
-    def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return f"FlexibleVersion('{self.version_str}')"
-
     def __str__(self) -> str:
         return self.version_str

cibuildwheel/util/packaging.py

@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 import shlex
-from collections.abc import Mapping, MutableMapping, Sequence
+from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from pathlib import Path, PurePath
-from typing import Any, Literal, Self, TypeVar
+from typing import Literal, Self, TypeVar
 
 from packaging.utils import parse_wheel_filename
 
-from . import resources
-from .cmd import call
-from .helpers import parse_key_value_string, unwrap
+from cibuildwheel.util import resources
+from cibuildwheel.util.cmd import call
+from cibuildwheel.util.helpers import parse_key_value_string, unwrap
 
 
 @dataclass(kw_only=True)
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class DependencyConstraints:
 
         return None
 
-    def options_summary(self) -> Any:
+    def options_summary(self) -> str | dict[str, str]:
         if self == DependencyConstraints.pinned():
             return "pinned"
         elif self.packages:
@@ -158,9 +158,9 @@ def find_compatible_wheel(wheels: Sequence[T], identifier: str) -> T | None:
                 # If a minor version number is given, it has to be lower than the current one.
                 continue
 
-            if platform.startswith(("manylinux", "musllinux", "macosx", "ios")):
-                # Linux, macOS, and iOS require the beginning and ending match
-                # (macos/manylinux/iOS version number doesn't need to match)
+            if platform.startswith(("manylinux", "musllinux", "macosx", "android", "ios")):
+                # On these platforms the wheel tag includes a platform version number, which we
+                # should ignore.
                 os_, arch = platform.split("_", 1)
                 if not tag.platform.startswith(os_):
                     continue
@@ -169,39 +169,11 @@ def find_compatible_wheel(wheels: Sequence[T], identifier: str) -> T | None:
             elif platform.startswith("pyodide"):
                 # each Pyodide version has its own platform tag
                 continue
-            else:
-                # Windows should exactly match
-                if tag.platform != platform:
-                    continue
+            # Windows should exactly match
+            elif tag.platform != platform:
+                continue
 
             # If all the filters above pass, then the wheel is a previously built compatible wheel.
             return wheel
 
     return None
-
-
-def combine_constraints(
-    env: MutableMapping[str, str], /, constraints_path: Path, tmp_dir: Path | None
-) -> None:
-    """
-    This will workaround a bug in pip<=21.1.1 or uv<=0.2.0 if a tmp_dir is given.
-    If set to None, this will use the modern URI method.
-    """
-
-    if tmp_dir:
-        if " " in str(constraints_path):
-            assert " " not in str(tmp_dir)
-            tmp_file = tmp_dir / "constraints.txt"
-            tmp_file.write_bytes(constraints_path.read_bytes())
-            constraints_path = tmp_file
-        our_constraints = str(constraints_path)
-    else:
-        our_constraints = (
-            constraints_path.as_uri() if " " in str(constraints_path) else str(constraints_path)
-        )
-
-    user_constraints = env.get("PIP_CONSTRAINT")
-
-    env["UV_CONSTRAINT"] = env["PIP_CONSTRAINT"] = " ".join(
-        c for c in [our_constraints, user_constraints] if c
-    )

cibuildwheel/util/python_build_standalone.py

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class PythonBuildStandaloneReleaseData(typing.TypedDict):
 @functools.cache
 def get_python_build_standalone_release_data() -> PythonBuildStandaloneReleaseData:
     with open(PYTHON_BUILD_STANDALONE_RELEASES, "rb") as f:
-        return typing.cast(PythonBuildStandaloneReleaseData, json.load(f))
+        return typing.cast("PythonBuildStandaloneReleaseData", json.load(f))
 
 
 class PythonBuildStandaloneError(Exception):

cibuildwheel/util/resources.py

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import tomllib
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Final
 
-from ..typing import PlatformName
+from cibuildwheel.typing import PlatformName
 
 PATH: Final[Path] = Path(__file__).parent.parent / "resources"
 INSTALL_CERTIFI_SCRIPT: Final[Path] = PATH / "install_certifi.py"
@@ -22,8 +22,11 @@ TEST_FAIL_CWD_FILE: Final[Path] = PATH / "testing_temp_dir_file.py"
 
 # this value is cached because it's used a lot in unit tests
 @functools.cache
-def read_python_configs(config: PlatformName) -> list[dict[str, str]]:
+def read_all_configs() -> dict[str, list[dict[str, str]]]:
     with BUILD_PLATFORMS.open("rb") as f:
         loaded_file = tomllib.load(f)
-    results: list[dict[str, str]] = list(loaded_file[config]["python_configurations"])
-    return results
+    return {k: list[dict[str, str]](v["python_configurations"]) for k, v in loaded_file.items()}
+
+
+def read_python_configs(config: PlatformName) -> list[dict[str, str]]:
+    return read_all_configs()[config]

cibuildwheel/venv.py

@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ from filelock import FileLock
 from packaging.requirements import InvalidRequirement, Requirement
 from packaging.version import Version
 
-from .util import resources
-from .util.cmd import call
-from .util.file import CIBW_CACHE_PATH, download
+from cibuildwheel.util import resources
+from cibuildwheel.util.cmd import call
+from cibuildwheel.util.file import CIBW_CACHE_PATH, download
 
 _IS_WIN: Final[bool] = sys.platform.startswith("win")
 
@@ -108,7 +108,9 @@ def virtualenv(
     assert python.exists()
 
     if use_uv:
-        call("uv", "venv", venv_path, "--python", python)
+        uv_path = find_uv()
+        assert uv_path is not None
+        call(uv_path, "venv", venv_path, "--python", python)
     else:
         virtualenv_app, virtualenv_version = _ensure_virtualenv(version)
         if pip_version is None:
@@ -143,6 +145,8 @@ def virtualenv(
     venv_env["VIRTUAL_ENV"] = str(venv_path)
     if not use_uv and pip_version == "embed":
         call(
+            "python",
+            "-m",
             "pip",
             "install",
             "--upgrade",
@@ -157,8 +161,7 @@ def virtualenv(
 def find_uv() -> Path | None:
     # Prefer uv in our environment
     with contextlib.suppress(ImportError, FileNotFoundError):
-        # pylint: disable-next=import-outside-toplevel
-        from uv import find_uv_bin
+        from uv import find_uv_bin  # noqa: PLC0415
 
         return Path(find_uv_bin())
 

docs/changelog.md

@@ -4,51 +4,184 @@ title: Changelog
 
 # Changelog
 
+### v3.4.1
+
+_2 April 2026_
+
+- ⚠️ Building for the experimental CPython 3.13 free-threading variant is now deprecated. That functionality will be removed in the next minor release. The [`enable`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) option `cpython-freethreading` is therefore also deprecated. Builds specifying `enable = "all"` no longer select `cpython-freethreading`. CPython 3.14 free-threading support remains available without the `enable` flag. (#2787)
+- 🐛 iOS builds will no longer skip `repair-wheel-command` if it's defined in config (#2761)
+- 🐛 Fix bug causing `uv` to fail when environments define PYTHON_VERSION or UV_PYTHON, conflicting with our venvs (#2795)
+- ✨ cibuildwheel prints the selected build identifiers at the start of the build. (#2785)
+- 🔐 The GitHub Action now references other actions with a full SHA (#2744)
+
+### v3.4.0
+
+_5 March 2026_
+
+- 🌟 You can now build wheels using `uv` as a build frontend. This should improve performance, especially if your project has lots of build dependencies. To use, set [`build-frontend`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-frontend) to `uv`. (#2322)
+- ⚠️ We no longer support running on Travis CI. It may continue working but we don't run tests there anymore so we can't be sure. (#2682)
+- ✨ Improvements to building rust wheels on Android (#2650)
+- 🐛 Fix bug with the GitHub Action on Windows, where PATH was getting unnecessarily changed, causing issues with meson builds. (#2723)
+- ✨ Add support for quiet setting on `build` and `uv` from the cibuildwheel `build-verbosity` setting. (#2737)
+- 📚 Docs updates, including guidance on using Meson on Windows (#2718)
+
+### v3.3.1
+
+_5 January 2026_
+
+- 🛠 Update dependencies and container pins, including updating to CPython 3.14.2. (#2708)
+
+### v3.3.0
+
+_12 November 2025_
+
+- 🐛 Fix an incompatibility with Docker v29 (#2660)
+- ✨ Adds `test-runtime` option, to customise how tests on simulated/emulated environments are run (#2636)
+- ✨ Adds support for new `manylinux_2_35` images on 32-bit ARM `armv7l`, offering better C++20 compatibility (#2656)
+- ✨ `build[uv]` is now supported on Android (#2587)
+- ✨ You can now install extras (such as `uv`) with a simple option on the GitHub Action (#2630)
+- ✨ `{project}` and `{package}` placeholders are now supported in `repair-wheel-command` (#2589)
+- 🛠 The versions set with `dependency-versions` no longer constrain packages specified by your `build-system.requires`. Previously, on platforms other than Linux, the constraints in this option would remain in the environment during the build. This has been tidied up make behaviour more consistent between platforms, and to prevent version conflicts. (#2583)
+- 🛠 Improve the handling of `test-command` on Android, enabling more options to be passed (#2590)
+- 📚 Docs improvements (#2618)
+
+### v3.2.1
+
+_12 October 2025_
+
+- 🛠 Update to CPython 3.14.0 final (#2614)
+- 🐛 Fix the default MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET on Python 3.14 (#2613)
+- 📚 Docs improvements (#2617)
+
+### v3.2.0
+
+_22 September 2025_
+
+- ✨ Adds GraalPy v25 (Python 3.12) support (#2597)
+- 🛠 Update to CPython 3.14.0rc3 (#2602)
+- 🛠 Adds CPython 3.14.0 prerelease support for Android, and a number of improvements to Android builds (#2568, #2591)
+- 🛠 Improvements to testing on Android, passing environment markers when installing the venv, and providing more debug output when build-verbosity is set (#2575)
+- ⚠️ PyPy 3.10 was moved to `pypy-eol` in the `enable` option, as it is now end-of-life. (#2521)
+- 📚 Docs improvements (#2574, #2601, #2598)
+
+### v3.1.4
+
+_19 August 2025_
+
+- ✨ Add a `--clean-cache` command to clean up our cache (#2489)
+- 🛠 Update Python to 3.14rc2 and other patch version bumps (#2542, #2556)
+- 🛠 Update Pyodide to 0.28.2 (#2562, #2558)
+- 🐛 Fix resolution with `pyodide-build` when `dependency-versions` is set (#2548)
+- 🐛 Set `CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PACKAGE` to `BOTH` on Android (#2547)
+- 🐛 Add `patchelf` dependency for platforms that can build Android wheels (#2552)
+- 🐛 Ignore empty values for `CIBW_ARCHS` like most other environment variables (#2541)
+- 💼 The `color` and `suggest_on_error` argparse options are now default in 3.14rc1+ (#2554)
+- 💼 Use the virtualenv release URL instead of blob URL (should be more robust) (#2555)
+- 🧪 For iOS, lowering to macos-14 is needed for now due to issues with GitHub's runner images (#2557)
+- 🧪 Split out platforms iOS and Android in our tests (#2519)
+- 🧪 Fix and enable doctests (#2546)
+- 📚 Improve our docs on free-threading (#2549)
+
+
+### v3.1.3
+
+_1 August 2025_
+
+- 🐛 Fix bug where "latest" dependencies couldn't update to pip 25.2 on Windows (#2537)
+- 🧪 Use pytest-rerunfailures to improve some of our iOS/Android tests (#2527, #2539)
+- 🧪 Remove some GraalPy Windows workarounds in our tests (#2501)
+
+
+### v3.1.2
+
+_29 July 2025_
+
+- ⚠️  Add an error if `CIBW_FREE_THREADING_SUPPORT` is set; you are likely missing 3.13t wheels, please use the `enable`/`CIBW_ENABLE` (#2520)
+- 🛠 `riscv64` now enabled if you target that architecture, it's now supported on PyPI (#2509)
+- 🛠 Add warning when using `cpython-experimental-riscv64` (no longer needed) (#2526, #2528)
+- 🛠 iOS versions bumped, fixing issues with 3.14 (now RC 1) (#2530)
+- 🐛 Fix bug in Android running wheel from our GitHub Action (#2517)
+- 🐛 Fix warning when using `test-skip` of `"*-macosx_universal2:arm64"` (#2522)
+- 🐛 Fix incorrect number of wheels reported in logs, again (#2517)
+- 📚 We welcome our Android platform maintainer (#2516)
+
+
+### v3.1.1
+
+_24 July 2025_
+
+- 🐛 Fix a bug showing an incorrect wheel count at the end of execution, and misrepresenting test-only runs in the GitHub Action summary (#2512)
+- 📚 Docs fix (#2510)
+
+### v3.1.0
+
+_23 July 2025_
+
+
+- 🌟 CPython 3.14 wheels are now built by default - without the `"cpython-prerelease"` `enable` set. It's time to build and upload these wheels to PyPI! This release includes CPython 3.14.0rc1, which is guaranteed to be ABI compatible with the final release. (#2507) Free-threading is no longer experimental in 3.14, so you have to skip it explicitly with `'cp31?t-*'` if you don't support it yet. (#2503)
+- 🌟 Adds the ability to [build wheels for Android](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/platforms/#android)! Set the [`platform` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#platform) to `android` on Linux or macOS to try it out! (#2349)
+- 🌟 Adds Pyodide 0.28, which builds 3.13 wheels (#2487)
+- ✨ Support for 32-bit `manylinux_2_28` (now a consistent default) and `manylinux_2_34` added (#2500)
+- 🛠 Improved summary, will also use markdown summary output on GHA (#2469)
+- 🛠 The riscv64 images now have a working default (as they are now part of pypy/manylinux), but are still experimental (and behind an `enable`) since you can't push them to PyPI yet (#2506)
+- 🛠 Fixed a typo in the 3.9 MUSL riscv64 identifier (`cp39-musllinux_ricv64` -> `cp39-musllinux_riscv64`) (#2490)
+- 🛠 Mistyping `--only` now shows the correct possibilities, and even suggests near matches on Python 3.14+ (#2499)
+- 🛠 Only support one output from the repair step on linux like other platforms; auditwheel fixed this over four years ago! (#2478)
+- 💼 We now use pattern matching extensively (#2434)
+- 📚 We now have platform maintainers for our special platforms and interpreters! (#2481)
+
+
+
+### v3.0.1
+
+_5 July 2025_
+
+- 🛠 Updates CPython 3.14 prerelease to 3.14.0b3 (#2471)
+- ✨ Adds a CPython 3.14 prerelease iOS build (only when prerelease builds are [enabled](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable)) (#2475)
+
 ### v3.0.0
 
-Not yet released, but available for testing.
+_11 June 2025_
 
-Note - when using a beta version, be sure to check the [latest docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/), rather than the stable version, which is still on v2.X.
+See @henryiii's [release post](https://iscinumpy.dev/post/cibuildwheel-3-0-0/) for more info on new features!
 
-If you've used previous versions of the beta:
-- ⚠️ Previous betas of v3.0 changed the working directory for tests. This has been rolled back to the v2.x behaviour, so you might need to change configs if you adapted to the beta 1 or 2 behaviour. See [issue #2406](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/2406) for more information.
-- ⚠️ GraalPy shipped with the identifier `gp242-*` in previous betas, this has been changed to `gp311_242-*` to be consistent with other interpreters, and to fix a bug with GraalPy and project requires-python detection. If you were using GraalPy, you might need to update your config to use the new identifier.
-
-#### v3.0.0b3
-
-_28 May 2025_
-
-- 🛠 Reverts the test working dir (when test-sources isn't set) to a temporary dir, rather than the project. (#2420)
-- 📚 Docs now primarily use the pyproject.toml name of options, rather than the environment variable name. (#2389)
-
-#### v3.0.0b2
-
-_25 May 2025_
-
-- ✨ Adds the [`CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/options/#test-environment) option, which allows you to set environment variables for the test command. cibuildwheel now sets `PYTHONSAFEPATH=1` in test environments by default, to avoid picking up package imports from the local directory - we want to test the installed wheel, not the source tree! You can change that, or any other environment variable in the test environment using this option. (#2388)
-- ✨ Improves support for Pyodide builds and adds the [`CIBW_PYODIDE_VERSION`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/options/#pyodide-version) option, which allows you to specify the version of Pyodide to use for builds. (#2002)
-
-#### v3.0.0b1
-
-_19 May 2025_
-
-- 🌟 Adds the ability to [build wheels for iOS](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/platforms/#ios)! Set the [`platform` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/options/#platform) to `ios` on a Mac with the iOS toolchain to try it out!
-- 🌟 Adds support for the GraalPy interpreter! Enable for your project using the [`enable` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/options/#enable). (#1538)
-- ✨ Adds CPython 3.14 support, under the [`enable` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/options/#enable) `cpython-prerelease`. This version of cibuildwheel uses 3.14.0b1.
+- 🌟 Adds the ability to [build wheels for iOS](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/platforms/#ios)! Set the [`platform` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#platform) to `ios` on a Mac with the iOS toolchain to try it out! (#2286, #2363, #2432)
+- 🌟 Adds support for the GraalPy interpreter! Enable for your project using the [`enable` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable). (#1538, #2411, #2414)
+- ✨ Adds CPython 3.14 support, under the [`enable` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) `cpython-prerelease`. This version of cibuildwheel uses 3.14.0b2. (#2390)
 
     _While CPython is in beta, the ABI can change, so your wheels might not be compatible with the final release. For this reason, we don't recommend distributing wheels until RC1, at which point 3.14 will be available in cibuildwheel without the flag._ (#2390)
-- ✨ Adds the [test-sources option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/options/#test-sources), and changes the working directory for tests.
 
-    - If this option is set, cibuildwheel will copy the files and folders specified in `test-sources` into a temporary directory, and run the tests from there. This is required for iOS builds, but also useful for other platforms, as it allows you to test the installed wheel without any chance of accidentally importing from the source tree.
-    - ~If this option is not set, cibuildwheel will run the tests in the source tree. This is a change from the previous behavior, where cibuildwheel would run the tests from a temporary directory. We're still investigating what's best here, so if you encounter any issues with this, please let us know in [issue #2406](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/2406).~
-    - If this option is not set, behaviour matches v2.x - cibuildwheel will run the tests from a temporary directory, and you can use the `{project}` placeholder in the `test-command` to refer to the project directory.
+- ✨ Adds the [test-sources option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-sources), which copies files and folders into the temporary working directory we run tests from. (#2062, #2284, #2420, #2437)
 
-- ✨ Added `dependency-versions` inline syntax (#2123)
-- 🛠 EOL manylinux options can no longer be specified by their shortname. Full OCI URL can still be used for these images, if you wish (#2316)
+    This is particularly important for iOS builds, which do not support placeholders in the `test-command`, but can also be useful for other platforms.
+
+- ✨ Adds [`dependency-versions`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#dependency-versions) inline syntax (#2122)
+- ✨ Improves support for Pyodide builds and adds the experimental [`pyodide-version`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#pyodide-version) option, which allows you to specify the version of Pyodide to use for builds. (#2002)
+- ✨ Add `pyodide-prerelease` [enable](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) option, with an early build of 0.28 (Python 3.13). (#2431)
+- ✨ Adds the [`test-environment`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-environment) option, which allows you to set environment variables for the test command. (#2388)
+- ✨ Adds the [`xbuild-tools`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#xbuild-tools) option, which allows you to specify tools safe for cross-compilation. Currently only used on iOS; will be useful for Android in the future. (#2317)
+- 🛠 The default [manylinux image](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image) has changed from `manylinux2014` to `manylinux_2_28`. (#2330)
+- 🛠 EOL images `manylinux1`, `manylinux2010`, `manylinux_2_24` and `musllinux_1_1` can no longer be specified by their shortname. The full OCI name can still be used for these images, if you wish. (#2316)
+- 🛠 Invokes `build` rather than `pip wheel` to build wheels by default. You can control this via the [`build-frontend`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-frontend) option. You might notice that you can see your build log output now! (#2321)
+- 🛠 Build verbosity settings have been reworked to have consistent meanings between build backends when non-zero. (#2339)
+- 🛠 Removed the `CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS` and `CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT` options - these have been folded into the [`enable`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) option instead. (#2095)
 - 🛠 Build environments no longer have setuptools and wheel preinstalled. (#2329)
-- ⚠️ PyPy wheels no longer built by default, due to a change to our options system. To continue building PyPy wheels, you'll now need to set the [`enable` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/options/#enable) to `pypy` or `pypy-eol`.
+- 🛠 Use the standard Schema line for the integrated JSONSchema. (#2433)
+- ⚠️ Dropped support for building Python 3.6 and 3.7 wheels. If you need to build wheels for these versions, use cibuildwheel v2.23.3 or earlier. (#2282)
+- ⚠️ The minimum Python version required to run cibuildwheel is now Python 3.11. You can still build wheels for Python 3.8 and newer. (#1912)
+- ⚠️ 32-bit Linux wheels no longer built by default - the [arch](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#archs) was removed from `"auto"`. It now requires explicit `"auto32"`. Note that modern manylinux images (like the new default, `manylinux_2_28`) do not have 32-bit versions. (#2458)
+- ⚠️ PyPy wheels no longer built by default, due to a change to our options system. To continue building PyPy wheels, you'll now need to set the [`enable` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) to `pypy` or `pypy-eol`. (#2095)
 - ⚠️ Dropped official support for Appveyor. If it was working for you before, it will probably continue to do so, but we can't be sure, because our CI doesn't run there anymore. (#2386)
-- 📚 A reorganisation of the docs, and numerous updates (#2280)
+- 📚 A reorganisation of the docs, and numerous updates. (#2280)
+- 📚 Use Python 3.14 color output in docs CLI output. (#2407)
+- 📚 Docs now primarily use the pyproject.toml name of options, rather than the environment variable name. (#2389)
+- 📚 README table now matches docs and auto-updates. (#2427, #2428)
+
+### v2.23.4
+
+_16 March 2026_
+
+- 🐛 Fix HTTP 429 errors while downloading virtualenv from GitHub blob URLs – uses a https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ URL instead. (#2775)
 
 ### v2.23.3
 
@@ -62,7 +195,6 @@ _24 March 2025_
 
 - 🐛 Workaround an issue with pyodide builds when running cibuildwheel with a Python that was installed via UV (#2328 via #2331)
 - 🛠 Dependency updates, including a manylinux update that fixes an ['undefined symbol' error](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux/issues/1760) in gcc-toolset (#2334)
--
 
 ### v2.23.1
 
@@ -525,7 +657,7 @@ _14 December 2021_
 _26 November 2021_
 
 - 📈 cibuildwheel now defaults to manylinux2014 image for linux builds, rather than manylinux2010. If you want to stick with manylinux2010, it's simple to set this using [the image options](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image). (#926)
-- ✨ You can now pass environment variables from the host machine into the Docker container during a Linux build. Check out [the docs for `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_PASS_LINUX `](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/options/#environment-pass) for the details. (#914)
+- ✨ You can now pass environment variables from the host machine into the Docker container during a Linux build. Check out [the docs for `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_PASS_LINUX `](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#environment-pass) for the details. (#914)
 - ✨ Added support for building PyPy 3.8 wheels. (#881)
 - ✨ Added support for building Windows arm64 CPython wheels on a Windows arm64 runner. We can't test this in CI yet, so for now, this is experimental. (#920)
 - 📚 Improved the deployment documentation (#911)
@@ -556,7 +688,7 @@ _22 October 2021_
 
 - 🌟 TOML option overrides! This provides much greater flexibility in configuration via pyproject.toml. (#854)
 
-  You can now set build options for any subset of your builds using a match pattern. So, for example, you can customise CPython 3.8 builds with an override on `cp38-*` or musllinux builds by selecting `*musllinux*`. Check out [the docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/options/#overrides) for more info on the specifics.
+  You can now set build options for any subset of your builds using a match pattern. So, for example, you can customise CPython 3.8 builds with an override on `cp38-*` or musllinux builds by selecting `*musllinux*`. Check out [the docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#overrides) for more info on the specifics.
 
 - 🛠 Added support for building PyPy wheels on macOS 11 CI runners. (#875)
 

docs/ci-services.md

@@ -23,7 +23,9 @@ To build Linux, macOS, and Windows wheels using GitHub Actions, create a `.githu
 
     Use `env:` to pass [build options](options.md) and `with:` to set
     `package-dir: .`, `output-dir: wheelhouse` and `config-file: ''`
-    locations (those values are the defaults).
+    locations (those values are the defaults). You can also pass a
+    comma-separated list of extras to install additional packages.
+    For example, `extras: "uv"` to install UV into the virtual environment.
 
 !!! tab "pipx"
     The GitHub Actions runners have pipx installed, so you can easily build in
@@ -53,7 +55,7 @@ Commit this file, and push to GitHub - either to your default branch, or to a PR
 
 For more info on this file, check out the [docs](https://help.github.com/en/actions/reference/workflow-syntax-for-github-actions).
 
-[`examples/github-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/examples/github-deploy.yml) extends this minimal example to include iOS and Pyodide builds, and a demonstration of how to automatically upload the built wheels to PyPI.
+[`examples/github-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/examples/github-deploy.yml) extends this minimal example to include Android, iOS and Pyodide builds, and a demonstration of how to automatically upload the built wheels to PyPI.
 
 
 ### Azure Pipelines [linux/mac/windows] {: #azure-pipelines}
@@ -70,22 +72,6 @@ Commit this file, enable building of your repo on Azure Pipelines, and push.
 
 Wheels will be stored for you and available through the Pipelines interface. For more info on this file, check out the [docs](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/devops/pipelines/yaml-schema).
 
-### Travis CI [linux/windows] {: #travis-ci}
-
-To build Linux and Windows wheels on Travis CI, create a `.travis.yml` file in your repo.
-
-> .travis.yml
-
-```yaml
-{% include "../examples/travis-ci-minimal.yml" %}
-```
-
-Commit this file, enable building of your repo on Travis CI, and push.
-
-Then setup a deployment method by following the [Travis CI deployment docs](https://docs.travis-ci.com/user/deployment/), or see [Delivering to PyPI](deliver-to-pypi.md). For more info on `.travis.yml`, check out the [docs](https://docs.travis-ci.com/).
-
-[`examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml) extends this minimal example with a demonstration of how to automatically upload the built wheels to PyPI.
-
 ### CircleCI [linux/mac] {: #circleci}
 
 To build Linux and Mac wheels on CircleCI, create a `.circleci/config.yml` file in your repo,

docs/configuration.md

@@ -30,17 +30,6 @@ cibuildwheel to run tests, add the following YAML to your CI config file:
       CIBW_TEST_COMMAND: "pytest {project}/tests"
     ```
 
-!!! tab "Travis CI"
-
-    > .travis.yml ([docs](https://docs.travis-ci.com/user/environment-variables/))
-
-    ```yaml
-    env:
-      global:
-        - CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES=pytest
-        - CIBW_TEST_COMMAND="pytest {project}/tests"
-    ```
-
 !!! tab "CircleCI"
 
     > .circleci/config.yml ([docs](https://circleci.com/docs/2.0/configuration-reference/#environment))
@@ -79,7 +68,7 @@ cibuildwheel to run tests, add the following YAML to your CI config file:
 You can configure cibuildwheel with a config file, such as `pyproject.toml`.
 Options have the same names as the environment variable overrides, but are
 placed in `[tool.cibuildwheel]` and are lower case, with dashes, following
-common [TOML][https://toml.io] practice. Anything placed in subsections `linux`, `windows`,
+common [TOML](https://toml.io) practice. Anything placed in subsections `linux`, `windows`,
 `macos`, or `pyodide` will only affect those platforms. Lists can be used
 instead of strings for items that are naturally a list. Multiline strings also
 work just like in the environment variables. Environment variables will take
@@ -112,7 +101,8 @@ The complete set of defaults for the current version of cibuildwheel are shown b
 
 One feature specific to the configuration files is the ability to override
 settings based on selectors. To use, add a ``tool.cibuildwheel.overrides``
-array, and specify a ``select`` string. Then any options you set will only
+array, and specify a ``select`` string, referencing the [build identifier](options.md#build-skip) (not wheel name!).
+Then any options you set will only
 apply to items that match that selector. These are applied in order, with later
 matches overriding earlier ones if multiple selectors match. Environment
 variables always override static configuration.
@@ -120,9 +110,11 @@ variables always override static configuration.
 A few of the options below have special handling in overrides. A different
 `before-all` will trigger a new container to launch on Linux, and cannot be
 overridden on macOS or Windows.  Overriding the image on linux will also
-trigger new containers, one per image. Some commands are not supported;
-`output-dir`, build/skip/test_skip selectors, and architectures cannot be
-overridden.
+trigger new containers, one per image.
+
+!!! note "Some commands are not supported"
+
+    The ``output-dir``, ``build``, ``skip``, ``test_skip`` selectors, and architectures cannot be overridden.
 
 You can specify a table of overrides in `inherit={}`, any list or table in this
 list will inherit from previous overrides or the main configuration. The valid

docs/contributing.md

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Everyone contributing to the cibuildwheel project is expected to follow the [PSF
 
 - `cibuildwheel` should wrap the complexity of wheel building.
 - The user interface to `cibuildwheel` is the build script (e.g. `.travis.yml`). Feature additions should not increase the complexity of this script.
-- Options should be environment variables (these lend themselves better to YML config files). They should be prefixed with `CIBW_`.
+- Options should be environment variables (these lend themselves better to YAML config files). They should be prefixed with `CIBW_`.
 - Options should be generalised to all platforms. If platform-specific options are required, they should be namespaced e.g. `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_MACOS`
 
 Other notes:

docs/data/projects.yml

@@ -172,13 +172,13 @@
 
 - name: pyzmq
   gh: zeromq/pyzmq
-  ci: [github, circleci]
+  ci: [github]
   os: [windows, apple, linux]
   ci_config: .github/workflows/wheels.yml
   notes: |
     Python bindings for zeromq, the networking library.
     Uses Cython on CPython and CFFI on PyPy.
-    ARM wheels for linux are built natively on CircleCI.
+    ARM wheels for linux are built natively on GitHub Actions.
 
 - name: python-rapidjson
   gh: python-rapidjson/python-rapidjson
@@ -664,3 +664,10 @@
   os: [apple, linux, windows]
   pypi: streaming-form-data
   notes: Streaming parser for multipart/form-data written in Cython
+
+- name: falcon
+  gh: falconry/falcon
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+  pypi: falcon
+  notes: Falcon is a no-magic ASGI/WSGI API and microservices framework; it uses cibuildwheel for (optional) Cython extensions.

docs/deliver-to-pypi.md

@@ -29,10 +29,11 @@ GitHub actions has pipx in all the runners as a supported package manager, as we
     name: Make SDist
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       with:
         fetch-depth: 0  # Optional, use if you use setuptools_scm
         submodules: true  # Optional, use if you have submodules
+        persist-credentials: false # Highly recommended as a good security practice to not store credentials in disk, unless you need this for your specific use case
 
     - name: Build SDist
       run: pipx run build --sdist
@@ -54,7 +55,7 @@ Then, you need to publish the artifacts that the previous jobs have built. This
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     if: github.event_name == 'release' && github.event.action == 'published'
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v5
       with:
         pattern: cibw-*
         path: dist
@@ -71,12 +72,6 @@ for an example configuration that automatically uploads wheels to PyPI. Also see
 [scikit-hep.org/developer/gha_wheels](https://scikit-hep.org/developer/gha_wheels)
 for a complete guide.
 
-### TravisCI
-
-See
-[`examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml)
-for an example configuration.
-
 ## Manual method
 
 On your development machine, install [pipx](https://pipx.pypa.io/) and do the following:

docs/extra.css

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
   left: -3.236em;
   max-width: calc(100cqw);
   width: fit-content;
-  min-width: calc(100% + 3.236em + 3.236em);
+  min-width: min(calc(100% + 3.236em + 3.236em), 100cqw);
 }
 .rst-content .section .wy-table-responsive .docutils {
   padding-left: 3.236em;

docs/faq.md

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ The CPython Limited API is a subset of the Python C Extension API that's declare
 
 To create a package that builds ABI3 wheels, you'll need to configure your build backend to compile libraries correctly create wheels with the right tags. [Check this repo](https://github.com/joerick/python-abi3-package-sample) for an example of how to do this with setuptools.
 
-You could also consider running [abi3audit](https://github.com/trailofbits/abi3audit) against the produced wheels in order to check for abi3 violations or inconsistencies. You can run it alongside the default in your [CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND](options.md#repair-wheel-command).
+You could also consider running [abi3audit](https://github.com/trailofbits/abi3audit) against the produced wheels in order to check for abi3 violations or inconsistencies. You can run it alongside the default in your [repair-wheel-command](options.md#repair-wheel-command).
 
 ### Packages with optional C extensions {: #optional-extensions}
 
@@ -49,6 +49,71 @@ myextension = Extension(
 )
 ```
 
+### Building with NumPy
+
+If using NumPy, there are a couple of things that can help.
+
+First, if you require the `numpy` package at build-time (some binding tools, like `pybind11` and `nanobind`, do not), then the backward compatibility for your `build-backend.build-requires` is a little complicated for Python <3.9:
+
+* NumPy <1.25: You must build with the oldest version of NumPy you want to support at runtime.
+* NumPy 1.25 and 1.26: Anything you build will be compatible with 1.19+ by default, and you can set the minimum target to, for example, 1.22 with `#define NPY_TARGET_VERSION NPY_1_22_API_VERSION`.
+* NumPy 2.x: You must build with NumPy 2 to support NumPy 2; otherwise the same as 1.25+.
+
+So the rule is:
+
+* Python <3.8: Use the oldest supported NumPy (via helper `oldest-supported-numpy` if you want)
+* Python 3.9+: Use latest supported NumPy (2+).
+
+Second, there might be platforms you want to ship for that NumPy (or some other scientific Python libraries) are not shipping yet for. This is often true for beta candidates of new Python releases, for example. To work with this, you can use the Scientific Python Nightly wheels. Here's an example, depending on what frontend you use:
+
+!!! tab "pip based"
+    For frontends like `build` (the default) and `pip`:
+
+    ```toml
+    [tool.cibuildwheel]
+    environment.PIP_ONLY_BINARY = "numpy"
+    environment.PIP_PREFER_BINARY = "1"
+
+    [[tool.cibuildwheel.overrides]]
+    select = ["cp314*"]
+    inherit.environment = "append"
+    environment.PIP_EXTRA_INDEX_URL = "https://pypi.anaconda.org/scientific-python-nightly-wheels/simple/"
+    environment.PIP_PRERELEASE = "allow"
+    ```
+
+!!! tab "uv based"
+    For frontends like `build[uv]`:
+
+    ```toml
+    [tool.cibuildwheel]
+    environment.UV_ONLY_BINARY = "numpy"
+    environment.UV_PREFER_BINARY = "1"
+
+    [[tool.cibuildwheel.overrides]]
+    select = ["cp314*"]
+    inherit.environment = "append"
+    environment.UV_INDEX = "https://pypi.anaconda.org/scientific-python-nightly-wheels/simple/"
+    environment.UV_INDEX_STRATEGY = "unsafe-best-match"
+    environment.UV_PRERELEASE = "allow"
+    ```
+
+(Note the `*_ONLY_BINARY` variable also supports `":all:"`, and you don't need both that and `*_PREFER_BINARY`, you can use either one, depending on if you want a missing wheel to be a failure or an attempt to build in CI.)
+
+### Building with Meson-Python on Windows
+
+Meson generally works well with cibuildwheel, but there are a few things to be aware of:
+
+-   On GitHub Actions, the compiler that's chosen by default on Windows is often the MinGW compiler, rather than the MSVC toolchain that Python was compiled with.
+
+    The simplest fix for this is to configure cibuildwheel to pass the `--vsenv` flag to meson, like this:
+
+    ```toml
+    [tool.cibuildwheel.windows]
+    config-settings = { "setup-args" = "--vsenv" }
+    ```
+
+-   If you need to build 32-bit Windows wheels, you need to activate a 32-bit compiler toolchain before starting cibuildwheel. Many users use [ilammy/msvc-dev-cmd](https://github.com/ilammy/msvc-dev-cmd) for this purpose.
+
 ### Automatic updates using Dependabot {: #automatic-updates}
 
 Selecting a moving target (like the latest release) is generally a bad idea in CI. If something breaks, you can't tell whether it was your code or an upstream update that caused the breakage, and in a worst-case scenario, it could occur during a release.
@@ -60,11 +125,14 @@ There are two suggested methods for keeping cibuildwheel up to date that instead
 If you use GitHub Actions for builds, you can use cibuildwheel as an action:
 
 ```yaml
-uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.0.0b3
+uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.4.1
 ```
 
 This is a composite step that just runs cibuildwheel using pipx. You can set command-line options as `with:` parameters, and use `env:` as normal.
 
+!!! note "Minor version tags"
+    Unlike some GitHub Actions, cibuildwheel does **not** provide a floating `@v3` major-version tag, since our minor version change can add/remove wheels. You can, however, pin to a minor version such as `@v3.4` to automatically receive patch releases within that minor version. Dependabot (shown below) is the recommended way to stay up to date.
+
 Then, your `.github/dependabot.yml` file could look like this:
 
 ```yaml
@@ -82,7 +150,7 @@ The second option, and the only one that supports other CI systems, is using a `
 
 ```bash
 # requirements-cibw.txt
-cibuildwheel==3.0.0b3
+cibuildwheel==3.4.1
 ```
 
 Then your install step would have `python -m pip install -r requirements-cibw.txt` in it. Your `.github/dependabot.yml` file could look like this:
@@ -108,7 +176,7 @@ package 'sdist' will also benefit.
 
 #### Missing build dependencies {: #cibw-options-alternatives-deps}
 
-If your build needs Python dependencies, rather than using `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD`, it's best to add these to the
+If your build needs Python dependencies, rather than using `before-build`, it's best to add these to the
 [`build-system.requires`](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0518/#build-system-table)
 section of your pyproject.toml. For example, if your project requires Cython
 to build, your pyproject.toml might include a section like this:
@@ -129,7 +197,7 @@ You might need to run some other commands before building, like running a
 script that performs codegen or downloading some data that's not stored in
 your source tree.
 
-Rather than using `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL` or `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD`, you could incorporate
+Rather than using `before-all` or `before-build`, you could incorporate
 these steps into your package's build process. For example, if you're using
 setuptools, you can add steps to your package's `setup.py` using a structure
 like this:
@@ -177,16 +245,16 @@ Sometimes a build will fail due to a missing dependency.
 
 **If the build is missing a Python package**, you should [add it to pyproject.toml](#cibw-options-alternatives-deps).
 
-**If you need a build tool** (e.g. cmake, automake, ninja), you can install it through a package manager like apt/yum, brew or choco, using the [`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`](options.md#before-all) option.
+**If you need a build tool** (e.g. cmake, automake, ninja), you can install it through a package manager like apt/yum, brew or choco, using the [`before-all`](options.md#before-all) option.
 
-**If your build is linking into a native library dependency**, you can build/install that in [`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`](options.md#before-all). However, on Linux, Mac (and Windows if you're using [delvewheel]), the library that you install will be bundled into the wheel in the [repair step]. So take care to ensure that
+**If your build is linking into a native library dependency**, you can build/install that in [`before-all`](options.md#before-all). However, on Linux, Mac (and Windows if you're using [delvewheel]), the library that you install will be bundled into the wheel in the [repair step]. So take care to ensure that
 
 - the bundled library doesn't accidentally increase the minimum system requirements (such as the minimum macOS version)
 - the bundled library matches the architecture of the wheel you're building when cross-compiling
 
 This is particularly an issue on macOS, where de facto package manager Homebrew will install libraries that are compiled for the specific version of macOS that the build machine is running, rendering the wheels useless for any previous version. And brew will not install the right arch for cross compilation of Apple Silicon wheels.
 
-For these reasons, it's strongly recommended to not use brew for native library dependencies. Instead, we recommend compiling the library yourself. If you compile in the [`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`](options.md#before-all) step, cibuildwheel will have already set the appropriate `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` env var, so the library will target the correct version of macOS.
+For these reasons, it's strongly recommended to not use brew for native library dependencies. Instead, we recommend compiling the library yourself. If you compile in the [`before-all`](options.md#before-all) step, cibuildwheel will have already set the appropriate `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` env var, so the library will target the correct version of macOS.
 
 !!! tip
     For build steps, Homebrew is still a great resource - you can [look up the build formula](https://formulae.brew.sh/) and use that as a starting point.
@@ -247,15 +315,15 @@ Solutions to this vary, but the simplest is to use pipx:
 # most runners have pipx preinstalled, but in case you don't
 python3 -m pip install pipx
 
-pipx run cibuildwheel==3.0.0b3 --output-dir wheelhouse
+pipx run cibuildwheel==3.4.1 --output-dir wheelhouse
 pipx run twine upload wheelhouse/*.whl
 ```
 
 ### macOS: Passing DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH to delocate
 
-macOS has built-in [System Integrity protections](https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Security/Conceptual/System_Integrity_Protection_Guide/RuntimeProtections/RuntimeProtections.html) which limits the use of `DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH` and `LD_LIBRARY_PATH` so that it does not automatically pass to children processes. This means if you set `DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH` before running cibuildwheel, or even set it in `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT`, it will be stripped out of the environment before delocate is called.
+macOS has built-in [System Integrity protections](https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Security/Conceptual/System_Integrity_Protection_Guide/RuntimeProtections/RuntimeProtections.html) which limits the use of `DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH` and `LD_LIBRARY_PATH` so that it does not automatically pass to children processes. This means if you set `DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH` before running cibuildwheel, or even set it in `environment`, it will be stripped out of the environment before delocate is called.
 
-To work around this, use a different environment variable such as `REPAIR_LIBRARY_PATH` to store the library path, and set `DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH` in [`CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_MACOS`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#repair-wheel-command), like this:
+To work around this, use a different environment variable such as `REPAIR_LIBRARY_PATH` to store the library path, and set `DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH` in [`macos.repair-wheel-command`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#repair-wheel-command), like this:
 
 !!! tab examples "Environment variables"
 
@@ -307,7 +375,7 @@ Then cibuildwheel will detect that it's installed and use it instead. However, y
 ### macOS: Library dependencies do not satisfy target MacOS
 
 Since delocate 0.11.0 there is added verification that the library binary dependencies match the target macOS version. This is to prevent the situation where a wheel platform tag is lower than the actual minimum macOS version required by the library. To resolve this error you need to build the library to the same macOS version as the target wheel (for example using `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` environment variable).
-Alternatively, you could set `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` in `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT` to correctly label the wheel as incompatible with older macOS versions.
+Alternatively, you could set `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` in `environment` to correctly label the wheel as incompatible with older macOS versions.
 
 This error may happen when you install a library using a package manager like Homebrew, which compiles the library for the macOS version of the build machine. This is not suitable for wheels, as the library will only work on the same macOS version as the build machine. You should compile the library yourself, or use a precompiled binary that matches the target macOS version.
 

docs/index.md

@@ -22,3 +22,8 @@ This diagram summarises the steps that cibuildwheel takes on each platform to bu
 %}
 
 This isn't exhaustive, for a full list of the things cibuildwheel can do, check the [options](options.md) page.
+
+!!! warning "A note on security"
+      Building and testing wheels executes arbitrary code from your project and its dependencies. Although cibuildwheel uses OCI containers and Pyodide for some builds, these provide no security guarantees - the code you're building and testing has full access to the environment that's invoking cibuildwheel.
+
+      If you cannot trust all the code that's pulled in, maintain good security hygiene: keep the job that builds distributions separate from the job that uploads them to PyPI, handle secrets and credentials with care and rotate them regularly, and follow the principle of least privilege when granting permissions. Do not store sensitive data on CI runners.

docs/main.py

@@ -1,16 +1,30 @@
 import os
+import re
 import subprocess
 import sysconfig
 from typing import Any
 
+import rich.console
+import rich.text
 
-def define_env(env: Any) -> None:
+
+def define_env(env: Any) -> None:  # noqa: ANN401
     "Hook function for mkdocs-macros"
 
-    @env.macro  # type: ignore[misc]
+    @env.macro  # type: ignore[untyped-decorator]
     def subprocess_run(*args: str) -> str:
         "Run a subprocess and return the stdout"
         env = os.environ.copy()
         scripts = sysconfig.get_path("scripts")
+        env.pop("NO_COLOR", None)
         env["PATH"] = f"{scripts}{os.pathsep}{env.get('PATH', '')}"
-        return subprocess.run(args, check=True, capture_output=True, text=True, env=env).stdout
+        env["PYTHON_COLORS"] = "1"
+        output = subprocess.run(args, check=True, capture_output=True, text=True, env=env).stdout
+        rich_text = rich.text.Text.from_ansi(output)
+        console = rich.console.Console(record=True, force_terminal=True)
+        console.print(rich_text)
+        page = console.export_html(inline_styles=True)
+        result = re.search(r"<body.*?>(.*?)</body>", page, re.DOTALL | re.IGNORECASE)
+        assert result
+        txt = result.group(1).strip()
+        return txt.replace("code ", 'code class="nohighlight" ')

docs/options.md

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 
 > Override the auto-detected target platform
 
-Options: `auto` `linux` `macos` `windows` `ios` `pyodide`
+Options: `auto` `linux` `macos` `windows` `android` `ios` `pyodide`
 
 Default: `auto`
 
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ Default: `auto`
 
 - For `linux`, you need [Docker or Podman](#container-engine) running, on Linux, macOS, or Windows.
 - For `macos` and `windows`, you need to be running on the respective system, with a working compiler toolchain installed - Xcode Command Line tools for macOS, and MSVC for Windows.
+- For `android` you need to be running on Linux or macOS, with an Android SDK installed. See [here](platforms.md#android) for more details.
 - For `ios` you need to be running on macOS, with Xcode and the iOS simulator installed.
 - For `pyodide`, you need a Linux or macOS machine.
 
@@ -51,30 +52,30 @@ When both options are specified, both conditions are applied and only builds wit
 When setting the options, you can use shell-style globbing syntax, as per [fnmatch](https://docs.python.org/3/library/fnmatch.html) with the addition of curly bracket syntax `{option1,option2}`, provided by [bracex](https://pypi.org/project/bracex/). All the build identifiers supported by cibuildwheel are shown below:
 
 <div class="build-id-table-marker"></div>
-|               | macOS                                                                  | Windows                                             | Linux Intel                                                                                         | Linux Other                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | iOS                                                                                               | pyodide (WASM)       |
-|---------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------|
-| Python 3.8    | cp38-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp38-macosx_universal2<br/>cp38-macosx_arm64    | cp38-win_amd64<br/>cp38-win32                       | cp38-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp38-manylinux_i686<br/>cp38-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp38-musllinux_i686     | cp38-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp38-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp38-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp38-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp38-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp38-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp38-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp38-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp38-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp38-musllinux_riscv64           |                                                                                                   |                      |
-| Python 3.9    | cp39-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp39-macosx_universal2<br/>cp39-macosx_arm64    | cp39-win_amd64<br/>cp39-win32<br/>cp39-win_arm64    | cp39-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp39-manylinux_i686<br/>cp39-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp39-musllinux_i686     | cp39-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp39-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp39-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp39-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp39-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp39-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp39-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp39-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp39-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp39-musllinux_riscv64           |                                                                                                   |                      |
-| Python 3.10   | cp310-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp310-macosx_universal2<br/>cp310-macosx_arm64 | cp310-win_amd64<br/>cp310-win32<br/>cp310-win_arm64 | cp310-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp310-manylinux_i686<br/>cp310-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp310-musllinux_i686 | cp310-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp310-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp310-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp310-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp310-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp310-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp310-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp310-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp310-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp310-musllinux_riscv64 |                                                                                                   |                      |
-| Python 3.11   | cp311-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp311-macosx_universal2<br/>cp311-macosx_arm64 | cp311-win_amd64<br/>cp311-win32<br/>cp311-win_arm64 | cp311-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp311-manylinux_i686<br/>cp311-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp311-musllinux_i686 | cp311-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp311-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp311-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp311-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp311-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp311-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp311-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp311-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp311-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp311-musllinux_riscv64 |                                                                                                   |                      |
-| Python 3.12   | cp312-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp312-macosx_universal2<br/>cp312-macosx_arm64 | cp312-win_amd64<br/>cp312-win32<br/>cp312-win_arm64 | cp312-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp312-manylinux_i686<br/>cp312-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp312-musllinux_i686 | cp312-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp312-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp312-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp312-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp312-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp312-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp312-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp312-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp312-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp312-musllinux_riscv64 |                                                                                                   | cp312-pyodide_wasm32 |
-| Python 3.13   | cp313-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp313-macosx_universal2<br/>cp313-macosx_arm64 | cp313-win_amd64<br/>cp313-win32<br/>cp313-win_arm64 | cp313-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp313-manylinux_i686<br/>cp313-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp313-musllinux_i686 | cp313-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp313-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp313-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp313-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp313-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp313-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp313-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp313-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp313-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp313-musllinux_riscv64 | cp313-ios_arm64_iphoneos<br/>cp313-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator<br/>cp313-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator |                      |
-| Python 3.14   | cp314-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp314-macosx_universal2<br/>cp314-macosx_arm64 | cp314-win_amd64<br/>cp314-win32<br/>cp314-win_arm64 | cp314-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp314-manylinux_i686<br/>cp314-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp314-musllinux_i686 | cp314-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp314-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp314-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp314-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp314-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp314-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp314-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp314-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp314-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp314-musllinux_riscv64 |                                                                                                   |                      |
-| PyPy3.8 v7.3  | pp38-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp38-macosx_arm64                               | pp38-win_amd64                                      | pp38-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp38-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp38-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |                                                                                                   |                      |
-| PyPy3.9 v7.3  | pp39-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp39-macosx_arm64                               | pp39-win_amd64                                      | pp39-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp39-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp39-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |                                                                                                   |                      |
-| PyPy3.10 v7.3 | pp310-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp310-macosx_arm64                             | pp310-win_amd64                                     | pp310-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp310-manylinux_i686                                                     | pp310-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |                                                                                                   |                      |
-| PyPy3.11 v7.3 | pp311-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp311-macosx_arm64                             | pp311-win_amd64                                     | pp311-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp311-manylinux_i686                                                     | pp311-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |                                                                                                   |                      |
+|               | macOS                                                                  | Windows                                             | Linux Intel                                                                                         | Linux Other                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | Android                                          | iOS                                                                                               | pyodide (WASM)       |
+|---------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------|
+| Python 3.8    | cp38-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp38-macosx_universal2<br/>cp38-macosx_arm64    | cp38-win_amd64<br/>cp38-win32                       | cp38-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp38-manylinux_i686<br/>cp38-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp38-musllinux_i686     | cp38-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp38-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp38-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp38-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp38-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp38-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp38-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp38-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp38-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp38-musllinux_riscv64           |                                                  |                                                                                                   |                      |
+| Python 3.9    | cp39-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp39-macosx_universal2<br/>cp39-macosx_arm64    | cp39-win_amd64<br/>cp39-win32<br/>cp39-win_arm64    | cp39-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp39-manylinux_i686<br/>cp39-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp39-musllinux_i686     | cp39-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp39-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp39-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp39-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp39-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp39-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp39-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp39-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp39-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp39-musllinux_riscv64           |                                                  |                                                                                                   |                      |
+| Python 3.10   | cp310-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp310-macosx_universal2<br/>cp310-macosx_arm64 | cp310-win_amd64<br/>cp310-win32<br/>cp310-win_arm64 | cp310-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp310-manylinux_i686<br/>cp310-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp310-musllinux_i686 | cp310-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp310-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp310-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp310-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp310-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp310-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp310-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp310-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp310-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp310-musllinux_riscv64 |                                                  |                                                                                                   |                      |
+| Python 3.11   | cp311-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp311-macosx_universal2<br/>cp311-macosx_arm64 | cp311-win_amd64<br/>cp311-win32<br/>cp311-win_arm64 | cp311-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp311-manylinux_i686<br/>cp311-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp311-musllinux_i686 | cp311-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp311-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp311-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp311-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp311-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp311-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp311-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp311-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp311-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp311-musllinux_riscv64 |                                                  |                                                                                                   |                      |
+| Python 3.12   | cp312-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp312-macosx_universal2<br/>cp312-macosx_arm64 | cp312-win_amd64<br/>cp312-win32<br/>cp312-win_arm64 | cp312-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp312-manylinux_i686<br/>cp312-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp312-musllinux_i686 | cp312-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp312-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp312-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp312-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp312-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp312-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp312-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp312-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp312-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp312-musllinux_riscv64 |                                                  |                                                                                                   | cp312-pyodide_wasm32 |
+| Python 3.13   | cp313-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp313-macosx_universal2<br/>cp313-macosx_arm64<br><br>cp313t-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp313t-macosx_universal2<br/>cp313t-macosx_arm64 | cp313-win_amd64<br/>cp313-win32<br/>cp313-win_arm64<br><br>cp313t-win_amd64<br/>cp313t-win32<br/>cp313t-win_arm64 | cp313-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp313-manylinux_i686<br/>cp313-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp313-musllinux_i686<br><br>cp313t-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp313t-manylinux_i686<br/>cp313t-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp313t-musllinux_i686 | cp313-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp313-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp313-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp313-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp313-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp313-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp313-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp313-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp313-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp313-musllinux_riscv64<br><br>cp313t-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp313t-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp313t-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp313t-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp313t-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp313t-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp313t-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp313t-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp313t-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp313t-musllinux_riscv64 | cp313-android_arm64_v8a<br/>cp313-android_x86_64 | cp313-ios_arm64_iphoneos<br/>cp313-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator<br/>cp313-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator | cp313-pyodide_wasm32 |
+| Python 3.14   | cp314-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp314-macosx_universal2<br/>cp314-macosx_arm64<br><br>cp314t-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp314t-macosx_universal2<br/>cp314t-macosx_arm64 | cp314-win_amd64<br/>cp314-win32<br/>cp314-win_arm64<br><br>cp314t-win_amd64<br/>cp314t-win32<br/>cp314t-win_arm64 | cp314-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp314-manylinux_i686<br/>cp314-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp314-musllinux_i686<br><br>cp314t-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp314t-manylinux_i686<br/>cp314t-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp314t-musllinux_i686 | cp314-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp314-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp314-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp314-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp314-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp314-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp314-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp314-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp314-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp314-musllinux_riscv64<br><br>cp314t-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp314t-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp314t-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp314t-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp314t-manylinux_riscv64<br/>cp314t-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp314t-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp314t-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp314t-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp314t-musllinux_riscv64 | cp314-android_arm64_v8a<br/>cp314-android_x86_64 | cp314-ios_arm64_iphoneos<br/>cp314-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator<br/>cp314-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator |                      |
+| PyPy3.8 v7.3  | pp38-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp38-macosx_arm64                               | pp38-win_amd64                                      | pp38-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp38-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp38-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |                                                  |                                                                                                   |                      |
+| PyPy3.9 v7.3  | pp39-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp39-macosx_arm64                               | pp39-win_amd64                                      | pp39-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp39-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp39-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |                                                  |                                                                                                   |                      |
+| PyPy3.10 v7.3 | pp310-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp310-macosx_arm64                             | pp310-win_amd64                                     | pp310-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp310-manylinux_i686                                                     | pp310-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |                                                  |                                                                                                   |                      |
+| PyPy3.11 v7.3 | pp311-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp311-macosx_arm64                             | pp311-win_amd64                                     | pp311-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp311-manylinux_i686                                                     | pp311-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |                                                  |                                                                                                   |                      |
 | GraalPy 3.11 v24.2 | gp311_242-macosx_x86_64<br/>gp311_242-macosx_arm64                             | gp311_242-win_amd64                                     | gp311_242-manylinux_x86_64                                                                              | gp311_242-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |                                                                                                   |                      |
+| GraalPy 3.12 v25.0 | gp312_250-macosx_x86_64<br/>gp312_250-macosx_arm64                             | gp312_250-win_amd64                                     | gp312_250-manylinux_x86_64                                                                              | gp312_250-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |                                                                                                   |                      |
 
 The list of supported and currently selected build identifiers can also be retrieved by passing the `--print-build-identifiers` flag to cibuildwheel.
 The format is `python_tag-platform_tag`, with tags similar to those in [PEP 425](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0425/#details).
 
 Windows arm64 platform support is experimental.
-Linux riscv64 platform support is experimental and requires an explicit opt-in through [`enable`](#enable).
 
 See the [cibuildwheel 2 documentation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/2.x/) for past end-of-life versions of Python.
 
-#### Examples
+#### Examples {: #build-skip-examples }
 
 !!! tab examples "pyproject.toml"
 
@@ -106,6 +107,12 @@ See the [cibuildwheel 2 documentation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/2.x/) for
 
     # Disable building PyPy wheels on all platforms
     skip = "pp*"
+
+    # Disable free-threading builds on all platforms
+    skip = "cp3??t-*"
+
+    # Disable free-threading builds on Windows
+    skip = "cp3??t-win*"
     ```
 
 !!! tab examples "Environment variables"
@@ -137,12 +144,16 @@ See the [cibuildwheel 2 documentation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/2.x/) for
 
     # Disable building PyPy wheels on all platforms
     CIBW_SKIP: pp*
+
+    # Disable free-threading builds on all platforms
+    CIBW_SKIP: "cp3??t-*"
+
+    # Disable free-threading builds on Windows
+    CIBW_SKIP: "cp3??t-win*"
     ```
 
     Separate multiple selectors with a space.
 
-
-
     It is generally recommended to set `CIBW_BUILD` as an environment variable, though `skip`
     tends to be useful in a config file; you can statically declare that you don't
     support a specific build, for example.
@@ -190,36 +201,53 @@ Options:
 - macOS: `x86_64` `arm64` `universal2`
 - Windows: `AMD64` `x86` `ARM64`
 - Pyodide: `wasm32`
+- Android: `arm64_v8a` `x86_64`
 - iOS: `arm64_iphoneos` `arm64_iphonesimulator` `x86_64_iphonesimulator`
-- `auto`: The default archs for your machine - see the table below.
-    - `auto64`: Just the 64-bit auto archs
-    - `auto32`: Just the 32-bit auto archs
-- `native`: the native arch of the build machine - Matches [`platform.machine()`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/platform.html#platform.machine).
+- `auto`: The recommended archs for your machine - see the table below.
+- `auto64`: The 64-bit arch(s) supported by your machine (includes device and simulator for iOS)
+- `auto32`: The 32-bit arch supported by your machine
+- `native`: the native arch of the build machine - matches [`platform.machine()`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/platform.html#platform.machine).
 - `all` : expands to all the architectures supported on this OS. You may want
   to use [`build`](#build-skip) with this option to target specific
   architectures via build selectors.
 
-Linux riscv64 platform support is experimental and requires an explicit opt-in through [`enable`](#enable).
-
 Default: `auto`
 
 | Runner | `native` | `auto` | `auto64` | `auto32` |
 |---|---|---|---|---|
-| Linux / Intel | `x86_64` | `x86_64` `i686` | `x86_64` | `i686` |
-| Windows / Intel | `AMD64` | `AMD64` `x86` | `AMD64` | `x86` |
+| Linux / Intel 64-bit | `x86_64` | `x86_64` | `x86_64` | `i686` |
+| Linux / Intel 32-bit | `i686` | `i686` |  | `i686` |
+| Linux / Arm 64-bit | `aarch64` | `aarch64` | `aarch64` | `armv7l`¹ |
+| Linux / Arm 32-bit | `armv7l` | `armv7l` | | `armv7l` |
+| Windows / Intel 64-bit | `AMD64` | `AMD64` `x86` | `AMD64` | `x86` |
+| Windows / Intel 32-bit | `x86` | `x86` | | `x86` |
 | Windows / ARM64 | `ARM64` | `ARM64` | `ARM64` | |
 | macOS / Intel | `x86_64` | `x86_64` | `x86_64` |  |
 | macOS / Apple Silicon | `arm64` | `arm64` | `arm64` |  |
 | iOS on macOS / Intel | `x86_64_iphonesimulator` | `x86_64_iphonesimulator` | `x86_64_iphonesimulator` |  |
 | iOS on macOS / Apple Silicon | `arm64_iphonesimulator` | `arm64_iphoneos` `arm64_iphonesimulator` | `arm64_iphoneos` `arm64_iphonesimulator` |
 
+¹: This will only be included if the runner supports it.
+
 If not listed above, `auto` is the same as `native`.
 
+!!! warning
+    The `auto` option only includes 32-bit architectures if they are
+    commonly built. `cibuildwheel` 3.0 removed 32-bit Linux builds from `auto`,
+    and a future release may remove 32-bit Windows builds from `auto` as well.
+    If you know you need them, please include `auto32`. Note that modern
+    manylinux image do not support 32-bit builds. If you want to avoid 32-bit
+    Windows builds today, feel free to use `auto64`.
+
+!!! note
+    Pyodide currently ignores the architecture setting, as it always builds for
+    `wasm32`.
+
 [setup-qemu-action]: https://github.com/docker/setup-qemu-action
 [binfmt]: https://hub.docker.com/r/tonistiigi/binfmt
 
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
- `CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS` | `CIBW_ARCHS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_ARCHS_LINUX` | `CIBW_ARCHS_IOS`
+`CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS` | `CIBW_ARCHS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_ARCHS_LINUX` | `CIBW_ARCHS_ANDROID` | `CIBW_ARCHS_IOS`
 
 This option can also be set using the [command-line option](#command-line)
 `--archs`. This option cannot be set in an `overrides` section in `pyproject.toml`.
@@ -238,6 +266,10 @@ This option can also be set using the [command-line option](#command-line)
     # On an Linux Intel runner with qemu installed, build Intel and ARM wheels
     [tool.cibuildwheel.linux]
     archs = ["auto", "aarch64"]
+
+    # Build all 32-bit and 64-bit wheels natively buildable on the image
+    [tool.cibuildwheel]
+    archs = ["auto64", "auto32"]
     ```
 
 !!! tab examples "Environment variables"
@@ -250,12 +282,13 @@ This option can also be set using the [command-line option](#command-line)
 
     # On an Linux Intel runner with qemu installed, build Intel and ARM wheels
     CIBW_ARCHS_LINUX: "auto aarch64"
+
+    # Build all 32-bit and 64-bit wheels natively buildable on the image
+    CIBW_ARCHS: "auto64 auto32"
     ```
 
     Separate multiple archs with a space.
 
-
-
     It is generally recommended to use the environment variable or
     command-line option for Linux, as selecting archs often depends
     on your specific runner having qemu installed.
@@ -322,30 +355,35 @@ values are:
 
 - `cpython-prerelease`: Enables beta versions of Pythons if any are available
   (May-July, approximately).
-- `cpython-freethreading`: [PEP 703](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0703)
-  introduced variants of CPython that can be built without the Global
-  Interpreter Lock (GIL).  Those variants are also known as free-threaded /
-  no-gil. This will enable building these wheels while they are experimental.
-  The build identifiers for those variants have a `t` suffix in their
-  `python_tag` (e.g. `cp313t-manylinux_x86_64`).
+- `cpython-freethreading`: Enable experimental free-threaded builds for CPython 3.13.
+  Free-threading wheels for 3.14+ are available without this flag, as it's [no
+  longer considered experimental](https://peps.python.org/pep-0779/).
 - `pypy`: Enable PyPy.
 - `pypy-eol`: Enable PyPy versions that have passed end of life (if still available).
-- `cpython-experimental-riscv64`: Enable experimental riscv64 builds. Those builds
-  are disabled by default as they can't be uploaded to PyPI and a PEP will most likely
-  be required before this can happen.
 - `graalpy`: Enable GraalPy.
+- `pyodide-prerelease`: Pyodide versions that haven't released yet, if one is
+  available. Safe if you are shipping a site with an early build, not for
+  general distribution.
 - `all`: Enable all of the above.
 
 !!! caution
     `cpython-prerelease` is provided for testing purposes only. It is not
     recommended to distribute wheels built with beta releases, such as
-    uploading to PyPI.  Please _do not_ upload these wheels to PyPI, as they are
-    not guaranteed to work with the final Python release.  Once Python is ABI
-    stable and enters the release candidate phase, that version of Python will
-    become available without this flag.
+    uploading to PyPI.  Please _do not_ upload these wheels to PyPI (except for
+    pre-releases), as they are not guaranteed to work with the final Python
+    release.  Once Python is ABI stable and enters the release candidate phase,
+    that version of Python will become available without this flag.
 
 !!! note
-    Free threading is experimental: [What’s New In Python 3.13](https://docs.python.org/3.13/whatsnew/3.13.html#free-threaded-cpython)
+    [PEP 703](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0703) introduced variants of
+    CPython that can be built without the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL). Those
+    variants are also known as free-threaded / no-gil. The build identifiers for
+    those variants have a `t` suffix in their `python_tag` (e.g.
+    `cp313t-manylinux_x86_64`).
+
+    Free threading was [experimental in 3.13](https://docs.python.org/3.13/whatsnew/3.13.html#free-threaded-cpython), so it required an explicit enable flag. But, as noted above, free-threading doesn't require an enable flag for 3.14+.
+
+    For more info on building for free-threading, see the [Python Free-Threading Guide](https://py-free-threading.github.io/).
 
 Default: empty.
 
@@ -369,13 +407,9 @@ without disabling your other enables.
 
     ```toml
     [tool.cibuildwheel]
-    # Enable free-threaded support
+    # Enable free-threaded support for CPython 3.13
     enable = ["cpython-freethreading"]
 
-    # Skip building free-threaded compatible wheels on Windows
-    enable = ["cpython-freethreading"]
-    skip = "*t-win*"
-
     # Include all PyPy versions
     enable = ["pypy", "pypy-eol"]
     ```
@@ -387,18 +421,14 @@ without disabling your other enables.
     # Include latest Python beta
     CIBW_ENABLE: cpython-prerelease
 
-    # Include free-threaded support
+    # Include free-threaded support for CPython 3.13
     CIBW_ENABLE: cpython-freethreading
 
     # Include both
     CIBW_ENABLE: cpython-prerelease cpython-freethreading
 
-    # Skip building free-threaded compatible wheels on Windows
-    CIBW_ENABLE: cpython-freethreading
-    CIBW_SKIP: *t-win*
-
     # Include all PyPy versions
-    CIBW_ENABLE = pypy pypy-eol
+    CIBW_ENABLE: pypy pypy-eol
     ```
 
 
@@ -435,6 +465,7 @@ Options:
 - `build[;args: ...]`
 - `build[uv][;args: ...]`
 - `pip[;args: ...]`
+- `uv[;args: ...]`
 
 Default: `build`
 
@@ -444,12 +475,19 @@ You can use "build\[uv\]", which will use an external [uv][] everywhere
 possible, both through `--installer=uv` passed to build, as well as when making
 all build and test environments. This will generally speed up cibuildwheel.
 Make sure you have an external uv on Windows and macOS, either by
-pre-installing it, or installing cibuildwheel with the uv extra,
-`cibuildwheel[uv]`. You cannot use uv currently on Windows for ARM, for
-musllinux on s390x, or for iOS, as binaries are not provided by uv. Legacy dependencies like
-setuptools on Python < 3.12 and pip are not installed if using uv.
+pre-installing it, or installing cibuildwheel with the `uv` extra, which is
+possible by manually passing `cibuildwheel[uv]` to installers or by using the
+`extras` option in the [cibuildwheel action](ci-services.md#github-actions).
+uv currently does not support iOS or musllinux on s390x, ppc64le and riscv64.
+You can also use the `uv` backend directly; though currently multiple output
+files (from workspaces) are not supported.
 
-Pyodide ignores this setting, as only "build" is supported.
+!!! note
+    There is currently a compatibility issue between GraalPy and uv. If you
+    are building GraalPy wheels, use `build` or `pip` as the build frontend
+    instead of `build[uv]` or `uv`.
+
+On Android and Pyodide, the "pip" frontend is not supported.
 
 You can specify extra arguments to pass to the build frontend using the
 optional `args` option.
@@ -481,6 +519,9 @@ optional `args` option.
 
     # Use uv and build with an argument
     build-frontend = { name = "build[uv]", args = ["--no-isolation"] }
+
+    # Use uv directly
+    build-frontend = "uv"
     ```
 
 !!! tab examples "Environment variables"
@@ -497,6 +538,9 @@ optional `args` option.
 
     # Use uv and build with an argument
     CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND: "build[uv]; args: --no-isolation"
+
+    # Use uv directly
+    CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND: "uv"
     ```
 
 
@@ -513,7 +557,7 @@ a table of items, including arrays.
     single values.
 
 Platform-specific environment variables also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_MACOS` | `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_LINUX` | `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_IOS` | `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_PYODIDE`
+`CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_MACOS` | `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_LINUX` | `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_ANDROID` | `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_IOS` | `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_PYODIDE`
 
 
 #### Examples
@@ -542,11 +586,12 @@ A list of environment variables to set during the build and test phases. Bash sy
 You must use this variable to pass variables to Linux builds, since they execute in a container. It also works for the other platforms.
 
 You can use `$PATH` syntax to insert other variables, or the `$(pwd)` syntax to insert the output of other shell commands.
+Variables are evaluated in the order they appear. Any variable referenced before it is set will evaluate to an empty string.
 
 To specify more than one environment variable, separate the assignments by spaces.
 
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_MACOS` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_LINUX` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_IOS` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_PYODIDE`
+`CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_MACOS` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_LINUX` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_ANDROID` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_IOS` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_PYODIDE`
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -589,6 +634,8 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
 
     In configuration files, you can use a [TOML][] table instead of a raw string as shown above.
 
+[TOML]: https://toml.io/en/
+
 !!! tab examples "Environment variables"
 
     ```yaml
@@ -678,7 +725,7 @@ On linux, overriding it triggers a new container launch. It cannot be overridden
 on macOS and Windows.
 
 Platform-specific environment variables also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_LINUX` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_IOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_PYODIDE`
+`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_LINUX` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_ANDROID` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_IOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_PYODIDE`
 
 !!! note
 
@@ -727,9 +774,9 @@ Platform-specific environment variables also available:<br/>
     here.](https://yaml-multiline.info).
 
 
-Note that `manylinux_2_31` builds occur inside a Debian derivative docker
+Note that `manylinux_2_31`/`manylinux_2_35` builds occur inside a Debian derivative docker
 container, where `manylinux2014` builds occur inside a CentOS one. So for
-`manylinux_2_31` the `before-all` command must use `apt-get -y`
+`manylinux_2_31`/`manylinux_2_35` the `before-all` command must use `apt-get -y`
 instead.
 
 ### `before-build` {: #before-build env-var toml}
@@ -744,7 +791,7 @@ The active Python binary can be accessed using `python`, and pip with `pip`; cib
 The command is run in a shell, so you can write things like `cmd1 && cmd2`.
 
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
- `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_LINUX` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_IOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_PYODIDE`
+ `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_LINUX` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_ANDROID` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_IOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_PYODIDE`
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -862,9 +909,13 @@ Default:
 
 - on Linux: `'auditwheel repair -w {dest_dir} {wheel}'`
 - on macOS: `'delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} -v {wheel}'`
-- on Windows: `''`
-- on iOS: `''`
-- on Pyodide: `''`
+- on Android: There is no default command, but cibuildwheel will add `libc++` to the
+  wheel if anything links against it. Setting a command will replace this behavior.
+- on Pyodide: You can use `pyodide auditwheel repair --libdir /path/to/libraries --output-dir {dest_dir} {wheel}` command to repair the wheel.
+  Unlike other platforms, this command is not set by default as you need to explicitly
+  specify the library directory. You might not want to use the libraries in the system
+  directory, as they are not built for WASM and will not work.
+- on other platforms: `''`
 
 A shell command to repair a built wheel by copying external library dependencies into the wheel tree and relinking them.
 The command is run on each built wheel (except for pure Python ones) before testing it.
@@ -875,10 +926,12 @@ The following placeholders must be used inside the command and will be replaced
 - `{dest_dir}` for the absolute path of the directory where to create the repaired wheel
 - `{delocate_archs}` (macOS only) comma-separated list of architectures in the wheel.
 
+You can use the `{package}` or `{project}` placeholders in your `repair-wheel-command` to refer to the package being built or the project root, respectively.
+
 The command is run in a shell, so you can run multiple commands like `cmd1 && cmd2`.
 
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_MACOS` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_LINUX` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_IOS` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_PYODIDE`
+`CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_MACOS` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_LINUX` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_ANDROID` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_IOS` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_PYODIDE`
 
 !!! tip
     cibuildwheel doesn't yet ship a default repair command for Windows.
@@ -889,12 +942,6 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
 
     [Delvewheel]: https://github.com/adang1345/delvewheel
 
-!!! tip
-    When using `--platform pyodide`, `pyodide build` is used to do the build,
-    which already uses `auditwheel-emscripten` to repair the wheel, so the default
-    repair command is empty. If there is a way to do this in two steps in the future,
-    this could change.
-
 #### Examples
 
 !!! tab examples "pyproject.toml"
@@ -983,29 +1030,30 @@ The available options are:
 | Option                         | Default                                                         |
 |--------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------|
 | `manylinux_x86_64-image`       | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64)  |
-| `manylinux-i686-image`         | [`manylinux2014`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686)      |
+| `manylinux-i686-image`         | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686)    |
 | `manylinux-pypy_x86_64-image`  | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64)  |
 | `manylinux-aarch64-image`      | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64) |
 | `manylinux-ppc64le-image`      | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_ppc64le) |
 | `manylinux-s390x-image`        | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_s390x)   |
 | `manylinux-armv7l-image`       | [`manylinux_2_31`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_31_armv7l)  |
-| `manylinux-riscv64-image`      | No default                                                      |
+| `manylinux-riscv64-image`      | [`manylinux_2_39`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_39_riscv64) |
 | `manylinux-pypy_aarch64-image` | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64) |
-| `manylinux-pypy_i686-image`    | [`manylinux2014`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686)      |
+| `manylinux-pypy_i686-image`    | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686)    |
 | `musllinux_x86_64-image`       | [`musllinux_1_2`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64)    |
 | `musllinux-i686-image`         | [`musllinux_1_2`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686)      |
 | `musllinux-aarch64-image`      | [`musllinux_1_2`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_aarch64)   |
 | `musllinux-ppc64le-image`      | [`musllinux_1_2`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_ppc64le)   |
 | `musllinux-s390x-image`        | [`musllinux_1_2`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_s390x)     |
 | `musllinux-armv7l-image`       | [`musllinux_1_2`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_armv7l)    |
-| `musllinux-riscv64-image`      | No default                                                      |
+| `musllinux-riscv64-image`      | [`musllinux_1_2`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_riscv64)   |
 
 Set the Docker image to be used for building [manylinux / musllinux](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux) wheels.
 
-For `manylinux-*-image`, except `manylinux-armv7l-image`, the value of this option can either be set to `manylinux2014`, `manylinux_2_28` or `manylinux_2_34` to use a pinned version of the [official manylinux images](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux). Alternatively, set these options to any other valid Docker image name.
-`manylinux_2_28` and `manylinux_2_34` are not supported for `i686` architecture.
+For `manylinux-*-image`, except `manylinux-armv7l-image` and `manylinux-riscv64-image`, the value of this option can either be set to `manylinux2014`, `manylinux_2_28` or `manylinux_2_34` to use a pinned version of the [official manylinux images](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux). Alternatively, set these options to any other valid Docker image name.
 
-For `manylinux-armv7l-image`, the value of this option can either be set to `manylinux_2_31` or a custom image. Support is experimental for now. The `manylinux_2_31` value is only available for `armv7`.
+For `manylinux-armv7l-image`, the value of this option can either be set to `manylinux_2_31`, `manylinux_2_35` or a custom image. Support is experimental for now. The `manylinux_2_31` and `manylinux_2_35` values are only available for `armv7`.
+
+For `manylinux-riscv64-image`, the value of this option can either be set to `manylinux_2_39` or a custom image. Support is experimental for now. The `manylinux_2_39` value is only available for `riscv64`.
 
 For `musllinux-*-image`, the value of this option can either be set to `musllinux_1_2` or a custom image.
 
@@ -1179,7 +1227,7 @@ specifiers inline with the `packages: SPECIFIER...` syntax.
     `./constraints.txt` if that's not found.
 
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_MACOS` | `CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_IOS` | `CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_PYODIDE`
+`CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_MACOS` | `CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_ANDROID` | `CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_IOS` | `CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_PYODIDE`
 
 !!! note
     This option does not affect the tools used on the Linux build - those versions
@@ -1207,7 +1255,7 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
 
     [tool.cibuildwheel.pyodide]
     # Choose a specific pyodide-build version
-    dependency-versions = { packages = ["pyodide-build==0.29.1"] }
+    dependency-versions = { packages = ["pyodide-build==0.31.2"] }
     ```
 
 !!! tab examples "Environment variables"
@@ -1226,7 +1274,7 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
     CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS: "packages: auditwheel==6.2.0"
 
     # Choose a specific pyodide-build version
-    CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_PYODIDE: "packages: pyodide-build==0.29.1"
+    CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_PYODIDE: "packages: pyodide-build==0.31.2"
 
     # Use shell-style quoting around spaces package specifiers
     CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS: "packages: 'pip >=16.0.0, !=17'"
@@ -1250,28 +1298,34 @@ The available Pyodide versions are determined by the version of `pyodide-build`
 !!! tip
     You can set the version of `pyodide-build` using the [`dependency-versions`](#dependency-versions) option.
 
+!!! warning
+    This option is considered experimental, and might be converted to a more general mechanism in a future minor cibuildwheel release.
+
+!!! warning
+    Make sure to scope it to one specific pyodide identifier with overrides if using the `pyodide-prerelease` enable.
+
 #### Examples
 
 !!! tab examples "pyproject.toml"
 
     ```toml
     [tool.cibuildwheel.pyodide]
-    # Build Pyodide wheels using Pyodide version 0.27.6
-    pyodide-version = "0.27.6"
+    # Build Pyodide wheels using Pyodide version 0.28.0
+    pyodide-version = "0.28.0"
 
     [tool.cibuildwheel.pyodide]
-    # Build Pyodide wheels using a specific alpha release
-    pyodide-version = "0.28.0a2"
+    # Build Pyodide wheels using a specific, previously released alpha release of 0.28.0
+    pyodide-version = "0.28.0a3"
     ```
 
 !!! tab examples "Environment variables"
 
     ```yaml
-    # Build Pyodide wheels using Pyodide version 0.27.6
-    CIBW_PYODIDE_VERSION: 0.27.6
+    # Build Pyodide wheels using Pyodide version 0.28.0
+    CIBW_PYODIDE_VERSION: 0.28.0
 
-    # Build Pyodide wheels using a specific alpha release
-    CIBW_PYODIDE_VERSION: 0.28.0a2
+    # Build Pyodide wheels using a specific, previously released alpha release of 0.28.0
+    CIBW_PYODIDE_VERSION: 0.28.0a3
     ```
 
 
@@ -1280,12 +1334,12 @@ The available Pyodide versions are determined by the version of `pyodide-build`
 ### `test-command` {: #test-command env-var toml}
 > The command to test each built wheel
 
-Shell command to run tests after the build. The wheel will be installed
+Command to run tests after the build. The wheel will be installed
 automatically and available for import from the tests. If this variable is not
 set, your wheel will not be installed after building.
 
-To ensure the wheel is imported by your tests (instead of your source copy),
-**Tests are executed from a temporary directory**, outside of your source
+To ensure your tests import the wheel (instead of your source tree),
+**tests are executed from a temporary working directory**, outside of your source
 tree. To access your test code, you have a couple of options:
 
 - You can use the [`test-sources`](#test-sources) setting to copy specific
@@ -1302,14 +1356,21 @@ tree. To access your test code, you have a couple of options:
     - `{project}` is an absolute path to the project root - the working
       directory where cibuildwheel was called.
 
-On all platforms other than iOS, the command is run in a shell, so you can write things like `cmd1 && cmd2`.
+    These placeholders are not available on Android and iOS, because those
+    platforms run tests in a virtual machine that does not have access to
+    the build machine's filesystem.
 
-On iOS, the value of the `test-command` setting must follow the format `python
--m MODULE [ARGS...]` - where MODULE is a Python module name, followed by
-arguments that will be assigned to `sys.argv`. Other commands cannot be used.
+On all platforms other than Android and iOS, the command is run in a shell, so you can write things like `cmd1 && cmd2`.
+
+On Android and iOS, the command is parsed by `shlex.split`, and must be a Python
+command:
+
+* On Android, the command must must begin with `python` or `python3`, and contain `-m`
+  or `-c`.
+* On iOS, the command must begin with `python -m`.
 
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_IOS` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_PYODIDE`
+`CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_ANDROID` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_IOS` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_PYODIDE`
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -1367,7 +1428,7 @@ The active Python binary can be accessed using `python`, and pip with `pip`; cib
 The command is run in a shell, so you can write things like `cmd1 && cmd2`.
 
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
- `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_LINUX` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_IOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_PYODIDE`
+ `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_LINUX` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_ANDROID` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_IOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_PYODIDE`
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -1422,20 +1483,15 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
 
 
 ### `test-sources` {: #test-sources env-var toml}
-> Files and folders from the source tree that are copied into an isolated tree before running the tests
+> Paths that are copied into the working directory of the tests
 
 A space-separated list of files and folders, relative to the root of the
 project, required for running the tests. If specified, these files and folders
-will be copied into a temporary folder, and that temporary folder will be used
-as the working directory for running the test suite.
-
-The use of `test-sources` is *required* for iOS builds. This is because the
-simulator does not have access to the project directory, as it is not stored on
-the simulator device. On iOS, the files will be copied into the test application,
-rather than a temporary folder.
+will be copied into the temporary folder which is used as the working directory
+for running the test suite. For more details, see [`test-command`](#test-command).
 
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_TEST_SOURCES_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_SOURCES_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_SOURCES_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_SOURCES_IOS` | `CIBW_TEST_SOURCES_PYODIDE`
+`CIBW_TEST_SOURCES_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_SOURCES_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_SOURCES_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_SOURCES_ANDROID` | `CIBW_TEST_SOURCES_IOS` | `CIBW_TEST_SOURCES_PYODIDE`
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -1463,7 +1519,7 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
 Space-separated list of dependencies required for running the tests.
 
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_IOS` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_PYODIDE`
+`CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_ANDROID` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_IOS` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_PYODIDE`
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -1504,7 +1560,7 @@ tests. This can be used to avoid having to redefine test dependencies in
 `setup.cfg` or `setup.py`.
 
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_IOS` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_PYODIDE`
+`CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_ANDROID` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_IOS` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_PYODIDE`
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -1539,7 +1595,7 @@ tests. This can be used to avoid having to redefine test dependencies in
 `test-requires` if they are already defined in `pyproject.toml`.
 
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_TEST_GROUPS_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_GROUPS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_GROUPS_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_GROUPS_PYODIDE`
+`CIBW_TEST_GROUPS_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_GROUPS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_GROUPS_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_GROUPS_ANDROID` | `CIBW_TEST_GROUPS_IOS` | `CIBW_TEST_GROUPS_PYODIDE`
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -1604,14 +1660,8 @@ A space-separated list of environment variables to set in the test environment.
 
 The syntax is the same as for [`environment`](#environment).
 
-cibuildwheel sets the variable
-[`PYTHONSAFEPATH`](https://docs.python.org/3/using/cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONSAFEPATH)
-to avoid picking up in-tree dependencies when running the tests - we want to
-test the installed wheel, not the in-tree version. However, this can be
-overridden by setting `PYTHONSAFEPATH` to an empty string.
-
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT_IOS` | `CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT_PYODIDE`
+`CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT_ANDROID` |`CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT_IOS` | `CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT_PYODIDE`
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -1622,8 +1672,8 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
     # Set the environment variable MY_ENV_VAR to "my_value" in the test environment
     test-environment = { MY_ENV_VAR="my_value" }
 
-    # Unset PYTHONSAFEPATH in the test environment
-    test-environment = { PYTHONSAFEPATH="" }
+    # Set PYTHONSAFEPATH in the test environment
+    test-environment = { PYTHONSAFEPATH="1" }
     ```
 
 !!! tab examples "Environment variables"
@@ -1632,8 +1682,43 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
     # Set the environment variable MY_ENV_VAR to "my_value" in the test environment
     CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT: MY_ENV_VAR=my_value
 
-    # Unset PYTHONSAFEPATH in the test environment
-    CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT: PYTHONSAFEPATH=
+    # Set PYTHONSAFEPATH in the test environment
+    CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT: PYTHONSAFEPATH=1
+    ```
+
+### `test-runtime` {: #test-runtime toml env-var }
+
+> Controls how the tests will be executed.
+
+On desktop environments, the tests are executed on the same machine/container as the wheel was built. However on Android and iOS, the tests are run inside a virtual machine – a simulator or emulator – representing the target.
+
+For these embedded platforms, a testbed project is used to run the tests. The `test-runtime` setting can define an `args` key that defines additional arguments that will be used when starting the testbed project.
+
+Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
+`CIBW_TEST_RUNTIME_ANDROID` |`CIBW_TEST_RUNTIME_IOS`
+
+#### Examples
+
+!!! tab examples "pyproject.toml"
+
+    ```toml
+    [tool.cibuildwheel.ios]
+    # Run the tests on an iPhone 16e simulator running iOS 18.5.
+    test-runtime = { args = ["--simulator='iPhone 16e,OS=18.5'"] }
+
+    [tool.cibuildwheel.android]
+    # Run the Android tests on the minimum supported Android version.
+    test-runtime = { args = ["--managed", "minVersion"] }
+    ```
+
+!!! tab examples "Environment variables"
+
+    ```yaml
+    # Run the tests on an iPhone 16e simulator running iOS 18.5.
+    CIBW_TEST_RUNTIME_IOS: "args: --simulator='iPhone 16e,OS=18.5'"
+
+    # Run the Android tests on the minimum supported Android version.
+    CIBW_TEST_RUNTIME_ANDROID: "args: --managed minVersion"
     ```
 
 
@@ -1680,21 +1765,26 @@ will not produce more logging about the build itself. Other levels only affect
 the build frontend output, which is usually things like resolving and
 downloading dependencies. The settings are:
 
-|             | build | pip    | desc                             |
-|-------------|-------|--------|----------------------------------|
-| -2          | N/A   | `-qq`  | even more quiet, where supported |
-| -1          | N/A   | `-q`   | quiet mode, where supported      |
-| 0 (default) |       |        | default for build tool           |
-| 1           |       | `-v`   | print backend output             |
-| 2           | `-v`  | `-vv`  | print log messages e.g. resolving info |
-| 3           | `-vv` | `-vvv` | print even more debug info       |
+|             | build | pip    | uv    | desc                             |
+|-------------|-------|--------|-------|----------------------------------|
+| -2          | `-qq`[^1] | `-qq`  | `-qq` | even more quiet, where supported |
+| -1          | `-q`[^1]  | `-q`   | `-q`  | quiet mode, where supported      |
+| 0 (default) |       |        |       | default for build tool           |
+| 1           |       | `-v`   |       | print backend output             |
+| 2           | `-v`  | `-vv`  | `-v`  | print log messages e.g. resolving info |
+| 3           | `-vv` | `-vvv` | `-vv` | print even more debug info       |
+
+[^1]: Not supported on Python 3.8, will be ignored with a warning.
 
 Settings that are not supported for a specific frontend will log a warning.
 The default build frontend is `build`, which does show build backend output by
 default.
 
+On Android and iOS, a positive verbosity level will also show more detailed logs from
+the test harness.
+
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_MACOS` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_LINUX` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_IOS` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_PYODIDE`
+`CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_MACOS` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_LINUX` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_ANDROID` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_IOS` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_PYODIDE`
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -1720,9 +1810,7 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
 
 ### Options
 
-```text
 « subprocess_run("cibuildwheel", "--help") »
-```
 
 ### Return codes
 
@@ -1796,6 +1884,7 @@ Some options support placeholders, like `{project}`, `{package}` or `{wheel}`, t
     padding-left: 10px;
     padding-right: 10px;
     line-height: normal;
+    overflow: visible;
   }
   .rst-content h3 .badges code.cmd-line:before, .rst-content h3 .badges code.toml:before, .rst-content h3 .badges code.env-var:before {
     content: ' ';
@@ -1889,40 +1978,6 @@ Some options support placeholders, like `{project}`, `{package}` or `{wheel}`, t
       }
     }
 
-    // write the markdown table for the README
-
-    var markdown = ''
-
-    markdown += '|   | Option | Description |\n'
-    markdown += '|---|--------|-------------|\n'
-
-    var prevHeader = null
-
-    for (var i = 0; i < headers.length; i += 1) {
-      var header = headers[i];
-      var headerOptions = options[header];
-      for (var j = 0; j < headerOptions.length; j += 1) {
-        var option = headerOptions[j];
-
-        if (j == 0) {
-          markdown += '| **'+header+'** '
-        } else {
-          markdown += '|   '
-        }
-
-        var optionNames = option.name.trim().split(', ')
-        var url = 'https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#'+option.id;
-        var namesMarkdown = $.map(optionNames, function(n) {
-          return '[`'+n+'`]('+url+') '
-        }).join(' <br> ')
-
-        markdown += '| '+namesMarkdown+' '
-        markdown += '| '+option.description.trim()+' '
-        markdown += '|\n'
-      }
-    }
-    console.log('readme options markdown\n', markdown)
-
     // add the option tags to each heading
     $('.rst-content h3')
       .each(function (i, el) {

docs/platforms.md

@@ -23,13 +23,13 @@ The only side effect to your system will be docker images being pulled.
 
 Linux wheels are built in [`manylinux`/`musllinux` containers](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux) to provide binary compatible wheels on Linux, according to [PEP 600](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0600/) / [PEP 656](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0656/). Because of this, when building with `cibuildwheel` on Linux, a few things should be taken into account:
 
--   Programs and libraries are not installed on the CI runner host, but rather should be installed inside the container - using `yum` for `manylinux2014`, `apt-get` for `manylinux_2_31`, `dnf` for `manylinux_2_28` and `apk` for `musllinux_1_1` or `musllinux_1_2`, or manually. The same goes for environment variables that are potentially needed to customize the wheel building.
+-   Programs and libraries are not installed on the CI runner host, but rather should be installed inside the container - using `yum` for `manylinux2014`, `apt-get` for `manylinux_2_31` or `manylinux_2_35`, `dnf` for `manylinux_2_28` and `apk` for `musllinux_1_1` or `musllinux_1_2`, or manually. The same goes for environment variables that are potentially needed to customize the wheel building.
 
-    `cibuildwheel` supports this by providing the [`CIBW_ENVIRONMENT`](options.md#environment) and [`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`](options.md#before-all) options to setup the build environment inside the running container.
+    `cibuildwheel` supports this by providing the [`environment`](options.md#environment) and [`before-all`](options.md#before-all) options to setup the build environment inside the running container.
 
 -   The project directory is copied into the container as `/project`, the output directory for the wheels to be copied out is `/output`. In general, this is handled transparently by `cibuildwheel`. For a more finegrained level of control however, the root of the host file system is mounted as `/host`, allowing for example to access shared files, caches, etc. on the host file system.  Note that `/host` is not available on CircleCI and GitLab CI due to their Docker policies.
 
--   Alternative Docker images can be specified with the `CIBW_MANYLINUX_*_IMAGE`/`CIBW_MUSLLINUX_*_IMAGE` options to allow for a custom, preconfigured build environment for the Linux builds. See [options](options.md#linux-image) for more details.
+-   Alternative Docker images can be specified with the `manylinux-*-image`/`musllinux-*-image` options to allow for a custom, preconfigured build environment for the Linux builds. See [options](options.md#linux-image) for more details.
 
 ## macOS {: #macos}
 
@@ -63,7 +63,8 @@ macOS builds will honor the `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` environment variable to c
 | Arch  | Python version range | Minimum target |
 |-------|----------------------|----------------|
 | Intel | CPython 3.8-3.11     | 10.9           |
-| Intel | CPython 3.12+        | 10.13          |
+| Intel | CPython 3.12-3.13    | 10.13          |
+| Intel | CPython 3.14+        | 10.15          |
 | AS    | CPython or PyPy      | 11             |
 | Intel | PyPy 3.8             | 10.13          |
 | Intel | PyPy 3.9+            | 10.15          |
@@ -80,7 +81,7 @@ If you set the value lower, cibuildwheel will cap it to the lowest supported val
 
 `cibuildwheel` supports both native builds and cross-compiling between `arm64` (Apple Silicon) and `x86_64` (Intel) architectures, including the cross-compatible `universal2` format. By default, macOS builds will build a single architecture wheel, using the build machine's architecture.
 
-If you need to support both x86_64 and Apple Silicon, you can use the `CIBW_ARCHS` environment variable to specify the architectures you want to build, or the value `universal2` to build a multi-architecture wheel. cibuildwheel _will_ test x86_64 wheels (or the x86_64 slice of a `universal2` wheel) when running on Apple Silicon hardware using Rosetta 2 emulation, but it is *not* possible to test Apple Silicon wheels on x86_64 hardware.
+If you need to support both `x86_64` and Apple Silicon, you can use the [`macos.archs`](options.md#archs) setting to specify the architectures you want to build, or the value `universal2` to build a multi-architecture wheel. cibuildwheel _will_ test `x86_64` wheels (or the `x86_64` slice of a `universal2` wheel) when running on Apple Silicon hardware using Rosetta 2 emulation, but it is *not* possible to test Apple Silicon wheels on `x86_64` hardware.
 
 #### Overview of Mac architectures
 
@@ -121,7 +122,7 @@ See [GitHub issue 1333](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/1333) for mo
 
 It's easiest to build `x86_64` wheels on `x86_64` runners, and `arm64` wheels on `arm64` runners.
 
-On GitHub Actions, `macos-14` runners are `arm64`, and `macos-13` runners are `x86_64`. So all you need to do is ensure both are in your build matrix.
+On GitHub Actions, `macos-14` runners are `arm64`, and `macos-15-intel` runners are `x86_64`. So all you need to do is ensure both are in your build matrix.
 
 #### Cross-compiling
 
@@ -129,8 +130,8 @@ If your CI provider doesn't offer arm64 runners yet, or you want to create `univ
 
 Regarding testing,
 
-- On an arm64 runner, it is possible to test x86_64 wheels and both parts of a universal2 wheel using Rosetta 2 emulation.
-- On an x86_64 runner, arm64 code can be compiled but it can't be tested. `cibuildwheel` will raise a warning to notify you of this - these warnings can be silenced by skipping testing on these platforms: `CIBW_TEST_SKIP: "*_arm64 *_universal2:arm64"`.
+- On an arm64 runner, it is possible to test `x86_64` wheels and both parts of a `universal2` wheel using Rosetta 2 emulation.
+- On an `x86_64` runner, arm64 code can be compiled but it can't be tested. `cibuildwheel` will raise a warning to notify you of this - these warnings can be silenced by skipping testing on these platforms: `test-skip = ["*_arm64", "*_universal2:arm64"]`.
 
 !!! note
     If your project uses **Poetry** as a build backend, cross-compiling on macOS [does not currently work](https://github.com/python-poetry/poetry/issues/7107). In some cases arm64 wheels can be built but their tags will be incorrect, with the platform tag showing `x86_64` instead of `arm64`.
@@ -150,11 +151,11 @@ In order to speed-up builds, cibuildwheel will cache the tools it needs to be re
 
 ### Windows ARM64 builds {: #windows-arm64}
 
-`cibuildwheel` supports cross-compiling `ARM64` wheels on all Windows runners, but a native ARM64 runner is required for testing. On non-native runners, tests for ARM64 wheels will be automatically skipped with a warning. Add `"*-win_arm64"` to your `CIBW_TEST_SKIP` setting to suppress the warning.
+`cibuildwheel` supports cross-compiling `ARM64` wheels on all Windows runners, but a native `ARM64` runner is required for testing. On non-native runners, tests for `ARM64` wheels will be automatically skipped with a warning. Add `"*-win_arm64"` to your `test-skip` setting to suppress the warning.
 
 Cross-compilation on Windows relies on a supported build backend. Supported backends use an environment variable to specify their target platform (the one they are compiling native modules for, as opposed to the one they are running on), which is set in [cibuildwheel's windows.py](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/cibuildwheel/platforms/windows.py) before building. Currently, `setuptools>=65.4.1` and `setuptools_rust` are the only supported backends.
 
-By default, `ARM64` is not enabled when running on non-ARM64 runners. Use [`CIBW_ARCHS`](options.md#archs) to select it.
+By default, `ARM64` is not enabled when running on non-`ARM64` runners. Use [`CIBW_ARCHS`](options.md#archs) to select it.
 
 ## Pyodide/WebAssembly {: #pyodide}
 
@@ -170,15 +171,104 @@ You must target pyodide with `--platform pyodide` (or use `--only` on the identi
 
 ### Choosing a Pyodide version {: #pyodide-choosing-a-version}
 
-It is also possible to target a specific Pyodide version by setting the `CIBW_PYODIDE_VERSION` option to the desired version. Users are responsible for setting an appropriate Pyodide version according to the `pyodide-build` version. A list is available in Pyodide's [cross-build environments metadata file](https://github.com/pyodide/pyodide/blob/main/pyodide-cross-build-environments.json), which can be viewed more easily by installing `pyodide-build` from PyPI and using `pyodide xbuildenv search --all` to see a compatibility table.
+It is also possible to target a specific Pyodide version by setting the [`pyodide-version`](options.md#pyodide-version) option to the desired version. Users are responsible for setting an appropriate Pyodide version according to the `pyodide-build` version. A list is available in Pyodide's [cross-build environments metadata file](https://github.com/pyodide/pyodide/blob/main/pyodide-cross-build-environments.json), which can be viewed more easily by installing `pyodide-build` from PyPI and using `pyodide xbuildenv search --all` to see a compatibility table.
+
+If there are pre-releases available for a newer Pyodide version, the `pyodide-prerelease` [`enable`](options.md#enable) can be used to include pre-release versions.
 
 ### Running tests
 
 Currently, it's recommended to run tests using a `python -m` entrypoint, rather than a command line entrypoint, or a shell script. This is because custom entrypoints have some issues in the Pyodide virtual environment. For example, `pytest` may not work as a command line entrypoint, but will work as a `python -m pytest` entrypoint.
 
+### Repairing wheels
+
+Unlike other platforms, cibuildwheel does not set a default [`repair-wheel-command`](options.md#repair-wheel-command) for Pyodide. If your package links shared libraries, you need to explicitly configure the repair command using [`pyodide auditwheel`](https://github.com/pyodide/auditwheel-emscripten):
+
+```toml
+[tool.cibuildwheel.pyodide]
+repair-wheel-command = "pyodide auditwheel repair --libdir /path/to/libraries --output-dir {dest_dir} {wheel}"
+```
+
+The `--libdir` option specifies the directory containing cross-compiled shared libraries for WASM. You should not use the system library directories (e.g. `/usr/lib`), as those libraries are not built for WebAssembly.
+
+
+## Android {: android}
+
+### Prerequisites
+
+cibuildwheel can build Android wheels on any POSIX platform supported by the Android
+development tools, which currently means Linux `x86_64`, macOS `ARM64` or macOS `x86_64`. Any
+of these platforms can be used to build wheels for any Android architecture supported by
+Python. However, *testing* wheels has additional requirements: see the section below.
+
+If you already have an Android SDK, export the `ANDROID_HOME` environment variable to
+point at its location. Otherwise, here's how to install it:
+
+* Download the "Command line tools" from <https://developer.android.com/studio>.
+* Create a directory `android-sdk/cmdline-tools`, and unzip the command line
+  tools package into it.
+* Rename `android-sdk/cmdline-tools/cmdline-tools` to
+  `android-sdk/cmdline-tools/latest`.
+* `export ANDROID_HOME=/path/to/android-sdk`
+
+cibuildwheel will automatically use the SDK's `sdkmanager` to install any packages it
+needs.
+
+It also requires the following commands to be on the `PATH`:
+
+* `curl`
+* `java` (or set the `JAVA_HOME` environment variable)
+
+### Android version compatibility
+
+Android builds will honor the `ANDROID_API_LEVEL` environment variable to set the
+minimum supported [API level](https://developer.android.com/tools/releases/platforms)
+for generated wheels. This will default to the minimum API level of the selected Python
+version.
+
+If the [`repair-wheel-command`](options.md#repair-wheel-command) adds any libraries to
+the wheel, then `ANDROID_API_LEVEL` must be at least 24. This is already the default
+when building for Python 3.14 and later, but you may need to set it when building for
+Python 3.13.
+
+### Build frontend support
+
+Android builds do not support the `pip` frontend. The `build`, `build[uv]`, and
+`uv` frontends work.
+
+### Tests
+
+Tests are executed on a Gradle-managed emulator matching the architecture of the build
+machine – for example, if you're building on an ARM64 machine, then you can test an
+ARM64 wheel. Wheels of other architectures can still be built, but testing will
+automatically be skipped.
+
+Any arguments specified using [`test-runtime`](options.md#test-runtime) will be passed as arguments to the Python script that starts the [testbed project](https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Android/README.md#testing). cibuildwheel will automatically start the testbed project with `--site-packages` and `--cwd` arguments matching your test environment, as well as enabling verbose output with `-v` if [`build-verbosity`](options.md#build-verbosity) is enabled. The most common additional arguments to use will be `--managed minVersion` or `--managed maxVersion`, specifying the use of a managed Android emulator with the minimum or maximum supported Android version; or `--connected <serial>`, specifying the use of an existing booted Android emulator or device. By default, the testbed project will run with `--managed maxVersion`.
+
+Running an emulator requires the build machine to either be bare-metal or support
+nested virtualization. CI platforms known to meet this requirement are:
+
+* GitHub Actions Linux `x86_64`
+
+On Linux, the emulator needs access to the KVM virtualization interface. This may
+require adding your user to a group, or changing your udev rules. On GitHub
+Actions, cibuildwheel will do this automatically using the commands shown
+[here](https://github.blog/changelog/2024-04-02-github-actions-hardware-accelerated-android-virtualization-now-available/).
+
+The Android test environment can't support running shell scripts, so the
+[`test-command`](options.md#test-command) must be a Python command – see its
+documentation for details.
+
+If your package has dependencies which haven't been released on PyPI yet, you may want
+to use the [`environment`](options.md#environment) option to set `PIP_EXTRA_INDEX_URL`
+to one of the following URLs:
+
+* https://chaquo.com/pypi-13.1
+* https://pypi.anaconda.org/scientific-python-nightly-wheels/simple
+
+
 ## iOS {: #ios}
 
-### System requirements
+### System requirements {: #ios-system-requirements}
 
 You must be building on a macOS machine, with Xcode installed. The Xcode installation must have an iOS SDK available, with all license agreements agreed to by the user. To check if an iOS SDK is available, open the Xcode settings panel, and check the Platforms tab. This will also ensure that license agreements have been acknowledged.
 
@@ -190,13 +280,13 @@ iOS is effectively 2 platforms - physical devices, and simulators. While the API
 
 * `arm64_iphoneos` (for physical iOS devices);
 * `arm64_iphonesimulator` (for iOS simulators running on Apple Silicon macOS machines); and
-* `x64_64_iphonesimulator` (for iOS simulators running on Intel macOS machines).
+* `x86_64_iphonesimulator` (for iOS simulators running on Intel macOS machines).
 
-By default, cibuildwheel will build wheels for all three of these targets.
+By default, cibuildwheel will build all wheels for the CPU architecture of the build machine. You can build all wheels for all architectures by specifying `--archs all`.
 
 If you need to specify different compilation flags or other properties on a per-ABI or per-CPU basis, you can use [configuration overrides](configuration.md#overrides) with a `select` clause that targets the specific ABI or architecture. For example, consider the following example:
 
-```
+```toml
 [tool.cibuildwheel.ios]
 test-sources = ["tests"]
 test-requires = ["pytest"]
@@ -227,18 +317,20 @@ iOS builds are *cross platform builds*, as it not possible to run compilers and
 
 ### Build frontend support
 
-iOS builds support both the `pip` and `build` build frontends. In principle, support for `uv` with the `build[uv]` frontend should be possible, but `uv` [doesn't currently have support for cross-platform builds](https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/issues/7957), and [doesn't have support for iOS (or Android) tags](https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/issues/8029).
+iOS builds support both the `pip` and `build` build frontends. In principle, support for `uv` and `build[uv]` frontends should be possible, but `uv` [doesn't support iOS fully yet](https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/issues/16724).
 
 ### Build environment
 
 The environment used to run builds does not inherit the full user environment - in particular, `PATH` is deliberately re-written. This is because UNIX C tooling doesn't do a great job differentiating between "macOS ARM64" and "iOS ARM64" binaries. If (for example) Homebrew is on the path when compilation commands are invoked, it's easy for a macOS version of a library to be linked into the iOS binary, rendering it unusable on iOS. To prevent this, iOS builds always force `PATH` to a "known minimal" path, that includes only the bare system utilities, and the iOS compiler toolchain.
 
-If your project requires additional tools to build (such as `cmake`, `ninja`, or `rustc`), those tools must be explicitly declared as cross-build tools using [`CIBW_XBUILD_TOOLS`](options.md#xbuild-tools). *Any* tool used by the build process must be included in the `CIBW_XBUILD_TOOLS` list, not just tools that cibuildwheel will invoke directly. For example, if your build script invokes `cmake`, and the `cmake` script invokes `magick` to perform some image transformations, both `cmake` and `magick` must be included in your cross-build tools list.
+If your project requires additional tools to build (such as `cmake`, `ninja`, or `rustc`), those tools must be explicitly declared as cross-build tools using [`xbuild-tools`](options.md#xbuild-tools). *Any* tool used by the build process must be included in the `xbuild-tools` list, not just tools that cibuildwheel will invoke directly. For example, if your build script invokes `cmake`, and the `cmake` script invokes `magick` to perform some image transformations, both `cmake` and `magick` must be included in your cross-build tools list.
 
 ### Tests
 
 If tests have been configured, the test suite will be executed on the simulator matching the architecture of the build machine - that is, if you're building on an ARM64 macOS machine, the ARM64 wheel will be tested on an ARM64 simulator. It is not possible to use cibuildwheel to test wheels on other simulators, or on physical devices.
 
-The iOS test environment can't support running shell scripts, so the [`CIBW_TEST_COMMAND`](options.md#test-command) value must be specified as if it were a command line being passed to `python -m ...`. In addition, the project must use [`CIBW_TEST_SOURCES`](options.md#test-sources) to specify the minimum subset of files that should be copied to the test environment. This is because the test must be run "on device", and the simulator device will not have access to the local project directory.
+The iOS test environment can't support running shell scripts, so the [`test-command`](options.md#test-command) value must be specified as if it were a command line being passed to `python -m ...`.
 
-The test process uses the same testbed used by CPython itself to run the CPython test suite. It is an Xcode project that has been configured to have a single Xcode "XCUnit" test - the result of which reports the success or failure of running `python -m <CIBW_TEST_COMMAND>`.
+The test process uses the [same testbed used by CPython itself](https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/main/Apple/iOS#testing-python-on-ios) to run the CPython test suite. It is an Xcode project that has been configured to have a single Xcode "XCUnit" test - the result of which reports the success or failure of running `python -m <test-command>`.
+
+Any arguments specified using [`test-runtime`](options.md#test-runtime) will be passed as arguments to the Python script that starts the testbed project. The testbed project will be started with `-v` enabling verbose output if [`build-verbosity`](options.md#build-verbosity) is enabled; the most common additional argument to use will be `--simulator`, which allows the specification of a specific device or iOS version for the test simulator. By default, the testbed project will attempt to find an "SE class" simulator (i.e., an iPhone SE, iPhone 16e, or similar), running the newest iOS version available.

docs/setup.md

@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ cibuildwheel
 !!!tip
     You can pass the `--platform linux` option to cibuildwheel to build Linux wheels, even if you're not on Linux. On most machines, the easiest builds to try are the Linux builds. You don't need any software installed except a Docker daemon, such as [Docker Desktop](https://www.docker.com/get-started/). Each platform that cibuildwheel supports has its own system requirements and platform-specific behaviors. See the [platforms page](platforms.md) for details.
 
+    When building locally for macOS or iOS, regardless of the Python you use to invoke cibuildwheel, you'll need [official Python.org](https://www.python.org/downloads/) installations on your machine. `cibuildwheel` won't perform the build using unofficial Python installations such as from `brew` or `uv`.
+
 You should see the builds taking place. You can experiment with [options](options.md) using pyproject.toml or environment variables.
 
 !!! tab "pyproject.toml"

docs/theme_overrides/js/theme.js

@@ -126,6 +126,23 @@ function ThemeNav () {
             });
             link.prepend(expand);
         });
+
+        // EDIT by joerick
+        //
+        // workaround a bug with the site in safari. safari navigates to the
+        // anchor before the above code has run, specifically wrap with
+        // .wy-table-responsive activates css rules that change the size of
+        // tables, making anchor points move around.
+        console.log('Document ready, checking for anchor in URL');
+        if (window.location.hash) {
+            const anchorEl = document.querySelector(window.location.hash);
+            anchorEl.getBoundingClientRect(); // Force layout to ensure scrollIntoView works correctly
+            if (anchorEl) {
+                console.log('Anchor element:', anchorEl);
+                anchorEl.scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'instant', block: 'start' });
+            }
+        }
+        // end edit by joerick
     };
 
     nav.reset = function () {

docs/working-examples.md

@@ -9,12 +9,12 @@ title: Working examples
 | Name                              | CI | OS | Notes |
 |-----------------------------------|----|----|:------|
 | [scikit-learn][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The machine learning library. A complex but clean config using many of cibuildwheel's features to build a large project with Cython and C++ extensions.  |
+| [duckdb][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | DuckDB is an analytical in-process SQL database management system |
 | [pytorch-fairseq][]               | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence Toolkit written in Python. |
 | [NumPy][]                         | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. |
-| [duckdb][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | DuckDB is an analytical in-process SQL database management system |
-| [Tornado][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library. Uses stable ABI for a small C extension. |
 | [NCNN][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | ncnn is a high-performance neural network inference framework optimized for the mobile platform |
 | [Matplotlib][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The venerable Matplotlib, a Python library with C++ portions |
+| [Tornado][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library. Uses stable ABI for a small C extension. |
 | [MyPy][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | The compiled version of MyPy using MyPyC. |
 | [Prophet][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Tool for producing high quality forecasts for time series data that has multiple seasonality with linear or non-linear growth. |
 | [Kivy][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Open source UI framework written in Python, running on Windows, Linux, macOS, Android and iOS |
@@ -23,81 +23,82 @@ title: Working examples
 | [uvloop][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Ultra fast asyncio event loop. |
 | [psutil][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Cross-platform lib for process and system monitoring in Python |
 | [Google Benchmark][]              | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A microbenchmark support library |
-| [vaex][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Out-of-Core hybrid Apache Arrow/NumPy DataFrame for Python, ML, visualization and exploration of big tabular data at a billion rows per second 🚀 |
-| [Apache Beam][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Apache Beam is a unified programming model for Batch and Streaming data processing. |
+| [falcon][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Falcon is a no-magic ASGI/WSGI API and microservices framework; it uses cibuildwheel for (optional) Cython extensions. |
 | [PyGame][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | 🐍🎮 pygame (the library) is a Free and Open Source python programming language library for making multimedia applications like games built on top of the excellent SDL library. C, Python, Native, OpenGL. |
+| [Apache Beam][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Apache Beam is a unified programming model for Batch and Streaming data processing. |
+| [vaex][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Out-of-Core hybrid Apache Arrow/NumPy DataFrame for Python, ML, visualization and exploration of big tabular data at a billion rows per second 🚀 |
 | [asyncpg][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A fast PostgreSQL Database Client Library for Python/asyncio. |
 | [cmake][]                         | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Multitagged binary builds for all supported platforms, using cibw 2 config configuration. |
 | [pyinstrument][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python profiler with a C extension. No external dependencies. |
 | [scikit-image][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Image processing library. Uses cibuildwheel to build and test a project that uses Cython with platform-native code.  |
-| [PyOxidizer][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A modern Python application packaging and distribution tool |
-| [twisted-iocpsupport][]           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] | A submodule of Twisted that hooks into native C APIs using Cython. |
 | [cvxpy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A Python-embedded modeling language for convex optimization problems. |
+| [PyOxidizer][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A modern Python application packaging and distribution tool |
 | [pedalboard][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] | A Python library for working with audio data and audio plugins by wrapping the [JUCE](https://github.com/juce-framework/JUCE/) C++ framework. Uses cibuildwheel to deploy on as many operating systems and Python versions as possible with only one dependency (any NumPy).  |
-| [websockets][]                    | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Library for building WebSocket servers and clients. Mostly written in Python, with a small C 'speedups' extension module.  |
+| [twisted-iocpsupport][]           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] | A submodule of Twisted that hooks into native C APIs using Cython. |
 | [River][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | 🌊 Online machine learning in Python |
-| [aiortc][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | WebRTC and ORTC implementation for Python using asyncio. |
+| [websockets][]                    | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Library for building WebSocket servers and clients. Mostly written in Python, with a small C 'speedups' extension module.  |
 | [OpenSpiel][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | OpenSpiel is a collection of environments and algorithms for research in general reinforcement learning and search/planning in games. |
-| [UltraJSON][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Ultra fast JSON decoder and encoder written in C with Python bindings |
+| [aiortc][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | WebRTC and ORTC implementation for Python using asyncio. |
 | [Dependency Injector][]           | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Dependency injection framework for Python, uses Windows TravisCI |
-| [pyzmq][]                         | ![github icon][] ![circleci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for zeromq, the networking library. Uses Cython on CPython and CFFI on PyPy. ARM wheels for linux are built natively on CircleCI.  |
+| [UltraJSON][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Ultra fast JSON decoder and encoder written in C with Python bindings |
 | [CTranslate2][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes libraries from the [Intel oneAPI toolkit](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/tools/oneapi/base-toolkit.html) and CUDA kernels compiled for multiple GPU architectures. |
+| [pyzmq][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for zeromq, the networking library. Uses Cython on CPython and CFFI on PyPy. ARM wheels for linux are built natively on GitHub Actions.  |
 | [Implicit][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes GPU support for linux wheels |
 | [tinyobjloader][]                 | ![azurepipelines icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tiny but powerful single file wavefront obj loader |
 | [vispy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Main repository for Vispy |
 | [coverage.py][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The coverage tool for Python |
-| [PyCryptodome][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A self-contained cryptographic library for Python |
 | [Line Profiler][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Line-by-line profiling for Python |
+| [PyCryptodome][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A self-contained cryptographic library for Python |
 | [PyAV][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Pythonic bindings for FFmpeg's libraries. |
 | [PyYAML][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] | Canonical source repository for PyYAML |
 | [pikepdf][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python library for reading and writing PDF, powered by QPDF |
 | [numexpr][]                       | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast numerical array expression evaluator for Python, NumPy, Pandas, PyTables and more |
+| [Psycopg 3][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A modern implementation of a PostgreSQL adapter for Python |
 | [Wrapt][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python module for decorators, wrappers and monkey patching. |
 | [h5py][]                          | ![azurepipelines icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | HDF5 for Python -- The h5py package is a Pythonic interface to the HDF5 binary data format. |
 | [envd][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A machine learning development environment build tool |
-| [Psycopg 3][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A modern implementation of a PostgreSQL adapter for Python |
 | [OpenColorIO][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A color management framework for visual effects and animation. |
 | [ruptures][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Extensive Cython + NumPy [pyproject.toml](https://github.com/deepcharles/ruptures/blob/master/pyproject.toml) example. |
 | [aioquic][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | QUIC and HTTP/3 implementation in Python |
-| [SimpleJSON][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | simplejson is a simple, fast, extensible JSON encoder/decoder for Python  |
 | [OpenTimelineIO][]                | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Open Source API and interchange format for editorial timeline information. |
+| [SimpleJSON][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | simplejson is a simple, fast, extensible JSON encoder/decoder for Python  |
 | [PyTables][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python package to manage extremely large amounts of data |
 | [google neuroglancer][]           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | WebGL-based viewer for volumetric data |
 | [Parselmouth][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python interface to the Praat software package, using pybind11, C++17 and CMake, with the core Praat static library built only once and shared between wheels. |
-| [DeepForest][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | An Efficient, Scalable and Optimized Python Framework for Deep Forest (2021.2.1) |
-| [AutoPy][]                        | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes a Windows Travis build. |
 | [H3-py][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python bindings for H3, a hierarchical hexagonal geospatial indexing system |
+| [AutoPy][]                        | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes a Windows Travis build. |
+| [DeepForest][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | An Efficient, Scalable and Optimized Python Framework for Deep Forest (2021.2.1) |
 | [time-machine][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Time mocking library using only the CPython C API. |
 | [mosec][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] | A machine learning model serving framework powered by Rust |
 | [Picologging][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A high-performance logging library for Python. |
-| [pybind11 cmake_example][]        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Example pybind11 module built with a CMake-based build system |
 | [markupsafe][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Safely add untrusted strings to HTML/XML markup. |
 | [Rtree][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Rtree: spatial index for Python GIS |
+| [pybind11 cmake_example][]        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Example pybind11 module built with a CMake-based build system |
 | [KDEpy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Kernel Density Estimation in Python |
 | [dd-trace-py][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Uses custom alternate arch emulation on GitHub |
 | [tgcalls][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python `pybind11` binding to Telegram's WebRTC library with third party dependencies like `OpenSSL`, `MozJPEG`, `FFmpeg`, etc. |
-| [pybind11 python_example][]       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Example pybind11 module built with a Python-based build system |
-| [python-rapidjson][]              | ![travisci icon][] ![gitlab icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python wrapper around rapidjson |
 | [sourmash][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Quickly search, compare, and analyze genomic and metagenomic data sets. |
+| [python-rapidjson][]              | ![travisci icon][] ![gitlab icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python wrapper around rapidjson |
+| [pybind11 python_example][]       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Example pybind11 module built with a Python-based build system |
 | [abess][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A fast best-subset selection library. It uses cibuildwheel to build a large project with C++ extensions. |
 | [python-snappy][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python bindings for the snappy google library |
+| [Confluent client for Kafka][]    | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | setup in `tools/wheels/build-wheels.bat` |
 | [jq.py][]                         | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for jq |
 | [cyvcf2][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | cython + htslib == fast VCF and BCF processing |
 | [matrixprofile][]                 | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python 3 library making time series data mining tasks, utilizing matrix profile algorithms, accessible to everyone. |
 | [Tokenizer][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast and customizable text tokenization library with BPE and SentencePiece support |
 | [iminuit][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Jupyter-friendly Python interface for C++ MINUIT2 |
-| [Confluent client for Kafka][]    | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | setup in `tools/wheels/build-wheels.bat` |
 | [pillow-heif][]                   | ![github icon][] ![cirrusci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Bindings to libheif library with third party dependencies. Fully automated CI for tests and publishing including Apple Silicon builds. |
 | [keyvi][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] | FST based key value index highly optimized for size and lookup performance, utilizes ccache action for improved runtime |
 | [PyGLM][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Fast OpenGL Mathematics (GLM) for Python |
-| [TgCrypto][]                      | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes a Windows Travis build. |
 | [iDynTree][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] | Uses manylinux_2_24 |
-| [streaming-form-data][]           | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Streaming parser for multipart/form-data written in Cython |
 | [power-grid-model][]              | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python/C++ library for distribution power system analysis |
-| [bx-python][]                     | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A library that includes Cython extensions. |
+| [TgCrypto][]                      | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes a Windows Travis build. |
+| [streaming-form-data][]           | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Streaming parser for multipart/form-data written in Cython |
 | [pybase64][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast Base64 encoding/decoding in Python |
-| [boost-histogram][]               | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Supports full range of wheels, including PyPy and alternate archs. |
 | [Imagecodecs (fork)][]            | ![azurepipelines icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Over 20 external dependencies in compiled libraries, custom docker image, `libomp`, `openblas` and `install_name_tool` for macOS. |
+| [bx-python][]                     | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A library that includes Cython extensions. |
+| [boost-histogram][]               | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Supports full range of wheels, including PyPy and alternate archs. |
 | [Python-WebRTC][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | a Python extension that provides bindings to WebRTC M92 |
 | [pybind11 scikit_build_example][] | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | An example combining scikit-build and pybind11 |
 | [fathon][]                        | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | python package for DFA (Detrended Fluctuation Analysis) and related algorithms |
@@ -107,24 +108,24 @@ title: Working examples
 | [ninja][]                         | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Multitagged binary builds for all supported platforms, using cibw 2 config configuration. |
 | [etebase-py][]                    | ![travisci icon][] | ![linux icon][] | Python bindings to a Rust library using `setuptools-rust`, and `sccache` for improved speed. |
 | [cf-units][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Units of measure as required by the Climate and Forecast (CF) Metadata Conventions |
+| [SiPM][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | High performance library for SiPM detectors simulation using C++17, OpenMP and AVX2 intrinsics. |
 | [numpythia][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The interface between PYTHIA and NumPy |
+| [aalink][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Async Python interface for Ableton Link. |
 | [pyjet][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The interface between FastJet and NumPy |
 | [ril][]                           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A python binding to Rust Imaging library using maturin and Pyo3, utilizes Github Action cache to improve speed. Builds abi3 wheels. |
-| [SiPM][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | High performance library for SiPM detectors simulation using C++17, OpenMP and AVX2 intrinsics. |
-| [aalink][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Async Python interface for Ableton Link. |
 | [GSD][]                           | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Cython and NumPy project with 64-bit wheels. |
+| [werpy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] | An ultra-fast python package using optimized dynamic programming to compute the Word Error Rate (WER). |
 | [CorrectionLib][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Structured JSON powered correction library for HEP, designed for the CMS experiment at CERN. |
 | [xmlstarlet][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python 3.6+ CFFI bindings with true MSVC build. |
-| [werpy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] | An ultra-fast python package using optimized dynamic programming to compute the Word Error Rate (WER). |
 | [pybind11 cross build example][]  | ![github icon][] ![gitlab icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Same as pybind11 cmake_example but used to demo Linux ARM + Windows + macOS builds on GitLab |
 
 [scikit-learn]: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn
+[duckdb]: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb
 [pytorch-fairseq]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/fairseq
 [NumPy]: https://github.com/numpy/numpy
-[duckdb]: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb
-[Tornado]: https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado
 [NCNN]: https://github.com/Tencent/ncnn
 [Matplotlib]: https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib
+[Tornado]: https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado
 [MyPy]: https://github.com/mypyc/mypy_mypyc-wheels
 [Prophet]: https://github.com/facebook/prophet
 [Kivy]: https://github.com/kivy/kivy
@@ -133,81 +134,82 @@ title: Working examples
 [uvloop]: https://github.com/MagicStack/uvloop
 [psutil]: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil
 [Google Benchmark]: https://github.com/google/benchmark
-[vaex]: https://github.com/vaexio/vaex
-[Apache Beam]: https://github.com/apache/beam
+[falcon]: https://github.com/falconry/falcon
 [PyGame]: https://github.com/pygame/pygame
+[Apache Beam]: https://github.com/apache/beam
+[vaex]: https://github.com/vaexio/vaex
 [asyncpg]: https://github.com/MagicStack/asyncpg
 [cmake]: https://github.com/scikit-build/cmake-python-distributions
 [pyinstrument]: https://github.com/joerick/pyinstrument
 [scikit-image]: https://github.com/scikit-image/scikit-image
-[PyOxidizer]: https://github.com/indygreg/PyOxidizer
-[twisted-iocpsupport]: https://github.com/twisted/twisted-iocpsupport
 [cvxpy]: https://github.com/cvxpy/cvxpy
+[PyOxidizer]: https://github.com/indygreg/PyOxidizer
 [pedalboard]: https://github.com/spotify/pedalboard
-[websockets]: https://github.com/python-websockets/websockets
+[twisted-iocpsupport]: https://github.com/twisted/twisted-iocpsupport
 [River]: https://github.com/online-ml/river
-[aiortc]: https://github.com/aiortc/aiortc
+[websockets]: https://github.com/python-websockets/websockets
 [OpenSpiel]: https://github.com/google-deepmind/open_spiel
-[UltraJSON]: https://github.com/ultrajson/ultrajson
+[aiortc]: https://github.com/aiortc/aiortc
 [Dependency Injector]: https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector
-[pyzmq]: https://github.com/zeromq/pyzmq
+[UltraJSON]: https://github.com/ultrajson/ultrajson
 [CTranslate2]: https://github.com/OpenNMT/CTranslate2
+[pyzmq]: https://github.com/zeromq/pyzmq
 [Implicit]: https://github.com/benfred/implicit
 [tinyobjloader]: https://github.com/tinyobjloader/tinyobjloader
 [vispy]: https://github.com/vispy/vispy
 [coverage.py]: https://github.com/nedbat/coveragepy
-[PyCryptodome]: https://github.com/Legrandin/pycryptodome
 [Line Profiler]: https://github.com/pyutils/line_profiler
+[PyCryptodome]: https://github.com/Legrandin/pycryptodome
 [PyAV]: https://github.com/PyAV-Org/PyAV
 [PyYAML]: https://github.com/yaml/pyyaml
 [pikepdf]: https://github.com/pikepdf/pikepdf
 [numexpr]: https://github.com/pydata/numexpr
+[Psycopg 3]: https://github.com/psycopg/psycopg
 [Wrapt]: https://github.com/GrahamDumpleton/wrapt
 [h5py]: https://github.com/h5py/h5py
 [envd]: https://github.com/tensorchord/envd
-[Psycopg 3]: https://github.com/psycopg/psycopg
 [OpenColorIO]: https://github.com/AcademySoftwareFoundation/OpenColorIO
 [ruptures]: https://github.com/deepcharles/ruptures
 [aioquic]: https://github.com/aiortc/aioquic
-[SimpleJSON]: https://github.com/simplejson/simplejson
 [OpenTimelineIO]: https://github.com/AcademySoftwareFoundation/OpenTimelineIO
+[SimpleJSON]: https://github.com/simplejson/simplejson
 [PyTables]: https://github.com/PyTables/PyTables
 [google neuroglancer]: https://github.com/google/neuroglancer
 [Parselmouth]: https://github.com/YannickJadoul/Parselmouth
-[DeepForest]: https://github.com/LAMDA-NJU/Deep-Forest
-[AutoPy]: https://github.com/autopilot-rs/autopy
 [H3-py]: https://github.com/uber/h3-py
+[AutoPy]: https://github.com/autopilot-rs/autopy
+[DeepForest]: https://github.com/LAMDA-NJU/Deep-Forest
 [time-machine]: https://github.com/adamchainz/time-machine
 [mosec]: https://github.com/mosecorg/mosec
 [Picologging]: https://github.com/microsoft/picologging
-[pybind11 cmake_example]: https://github.com/pybind/cmake_example
 [markupsafe]: https://github.com/pallets/markupsafe
 [Rtree]: https://github.com/Toblerity/rtree
+[pybind11 cmake_example]: https://github.com/pybind/cmake_example
 [KDEpy]: https://github.com/tommyod/KDEpy
 [dd-trace-py]: https://github.com/DataDog/dd-trace-py
 [tgcalls]: https://github.com/MarshalX/tgcalls
-[pybind11 python_example]: https://github.com/pybind/python_example
-[python-rapidjson]: https://github.com/python-rapidjson/python-rapidjson
 [sourmash]: https://github.com/sourmash-bio/sourmash
+[python-rapidjson]: https://github.com/python-rapidjson/python-rapidjson
+[pybind11 python_example]: https://github.com/pybind/python_example
 [abess]: https://github.com/abess-team/abess
 [python-snappy]: https://github.com/intake/python-snappy
+[Confluent client for Kafka]: https://github.com/confluentinc/confluent-kafka-python
 [jq.py]: https://github.com/mwilliamson/jq.py
 [cyvcf2]: https://github.com/brentp/cyvcf2
 [matrixprofile]: https://github.com/matrix-profile-foundation/matrixprofile
 [Tokenizer]: https://github.com/OpenNMT/Tokenizer
 [iminuit]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/iminuit
-[Confluent client for Kafka]: https://github.com/confluentinc/confluent-kafka-python
 [pillow-heif]: https://github.com/bigcat88/pillow_heif
 [keyvi]: https://github.com/KeyviDev/keyvi
 [PyGLM]: https://github.com/Zuzu-Typ/PyGLM
-[TgCrypto]: https://github.com/pyrogram/tgcrypto
 [iDynTree]: https://github.com/robotology/idyntree
-[streaming-form-data]: https://github.com/siddhantgoel/streaming-form-data
 [power-grid-model]: https://github.com/PowerGridModel/power-grid-model
-[bx-python]: https://github.com/bxlab/bx-python
+[TgCrypto]: https://github.com/pyrogram/tgcrypto
+[streaming-form-data]: https://github.com/siddhantgoel/streaming-form-data
 [pybase64]: https://github.com/mayeut/pybase64
-[boost-histogram]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/boost-histogram
 [Imagecodecs (fork)]: https://github.com/czaki/imagecodecs_build
+[bx-python]: https://github.com/bxlab/bx-python
+[boost-histogram]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/boost-histogram
 [Python-WebRTC]: https://github.com/MarshalX/python-webrtc
 [pybind11 scikit_build_example]: https://github.com/pybind/scikit_build_example
 [fathon]: https://github.com/stfbnc/fathon
@@ -217,15 +219,15 @@ title: Working examples
 [ninja]: https://github.com/scikit-build/ninja-python-distributions
 [etebase-py]: https://github.com/etesync/etebase-py
 [cf-units]: https://github.com/SciTools/cf-units
+[SiPM]: https://github.com/EdoPro98/SimSiPM
 [numpythia]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/numpythia
+[aalink]: https://github.com/artfwo/aalink
 [pyjet]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/pyjet
 [ril]: https://github.com/Cryptex-github/ril-py
-[SiPM]: https://github.com/EdoPro98/SimSiPM
-[aalink]: https://github.com/artfwo/aalink
 [GSD]: https://github.com/glotzerlab/gsd
+[werpy]: https://github.com/analyticsinmotion/werpy
 [CorrectionLib]: https://github.com/cms-nanoAOD/correctionlib
 [xmlstarlet]: https://github.com/dimitern/xmlstarlet
-[werpy]: https://github.com/analyticsinmotion/werpy
 [pybind11 cross build example]: https://github.com/wbarnha/pybind_cmake_example_crossbuild
 
 [github icon]: data/readme_icons/github.svg

examples/azure-pipelines-minimal.yml

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 jobs:
 - job: linux
-  pool: {vmImage: 'Ubuntu-20.04'}
+  pool: {vmImage: 'ubuntu-latest'}
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
     - bash: |
         set -o errexit
         python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        pip3 install cibuildwheel==3.0.0b3
+        pip3 install cibuildwheel==3.4.1
       displayName: Install dependencies
     - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
       displayName: Build wheels
@@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ jobs:
       inputs: {pathtoPublish: 'wheelhouse'}
 
 - job: macos
-  pool: {vmImage: 'macOS-13'}
+  pool: {vmImage: 'macOS-latest'}
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
     - bash: |
         set -o errexit
         python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.0.0b3
+        python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.4.1
       displayName: Install dependencies
     - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
       displayName: Build wheels
@@ -28,13 +28,13 @@ jobs:
       inputs: {pathtoPublish: wheelhouse}
 
 - job: windows
-  pool: {vmImage: 'windows-2019'}
+  pool: {vmImage: 'windows-latest'}
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
     - bash: |
         set -o errexit
         python -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        pip install cibuildwheel==3.0.0b3
+        pip install cibuildwheel==3.4.1
       displayName: Install dependencies
     - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
       displayName: Build wheels

examples/circleci-minimal.yml

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ jobs:
       - run:
           name: Build the Linux wheels.
           command: |
-            python3 -m pip install --user cibuildwheel==3.0.0b3
+            python3 -m pip install --user cibuildwheel==3.4.1
             cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       - store_artifacts:
           path: wheelhouse/
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ jobs:
       - run:
           name: Build the Linux aarch64 wheels.
           command: |
-            python3 -m pip install --user cibuildwheel==3.0.0b3
+            python3 -m pip install --user cibuildwheel==3.4.1
             python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       - store_artifacts:
           path: wheelhouse/
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ jobs:
           name: Build the OS X wheels.
           command: |
             sudo softwareupdate --install-rosetta --agree-to-license  # for python<=3.8 or x86_64/universal2 tests
-            pip3 install cibuildwheel==3.0.0b3
+            pip3 install cibuildwheel==3.4.1
             cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       - store_artifacts:
           path: wheelhouse/