Bump version: v2.21.1

Revert to using `cat`/`tar` to copy files/folders into the container.

.circleci/config.yml

@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 version: 2
 
 jobs:
-  osx-python3.6:
+  osx-python3.12:
     macos:
-      xcode: 12.5.1
+      xcode: 15.4.0
+    resource_class: macos.m1.medium.gen1
     environment:
       PYTHON: python3
     steps:
@@ -17,9 +18,9 @@ jobs:
           command: venv/bin/python ./bin/run_tests.py
           no_output_timeout: 30m
 
-  linux-python3.6:
+  linux-python3.12:
     docker:
-      - image: circleci/python:3.6
+      - image: cimg/python:3.12
     environment:
       PYTHON: python3
       # Temporarily restrict the tests that are run on CircleCI to prevent
@@ -37,9 +38,30 @@ jobs:
           command: venv/bin/python ./bin/run_tests.py
           no_output_timeout: 30m
 
+  linux-aarch64:
+    machine:
+       image: default
+    resource_class: arm.medium
+    environment:
+      PYTHON: python3
+      # Temporarily restrict the tests that are run on CircleCI to prevent
+      # test timeouts.
+      PYTEST_ADDOPTS: -k "unit_test or main_tests or test_0_basic or test_docker_images"
+    steps:
+      - checkout
+
+      - run:
+          name: Prepare the environment.
+          command: bash .circleci/prepare.sh
+      - run:
+          name: Test.
+          command: venv/bin/python ./bin/run_tests.py
+          no_output_timeout: 30m
+
 workflows:
   version: 2
   all-tests:
     jobs:
-      - osx-python3.6
-      - linux-python3.6
+      - osx-python3.12
+      - linux-python3.12
+      - linux-aarch64

.circleci/prepare.sh

@@ -2,9 +2,15 @@
 set -o errexit
 set -o xtrace
 
+if [ "$(uname -s)" == "Darwin" ]; then
+  sudo softwareupdate --install-rosetta --agree-to-license
+else
+  docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
+fi
+
 $PYTHON --version
-$PYTHON -m pip --version
-$PYTHON -m virtualenv -p "$PYTHON" venv
+$PYTHON -m venv venv
+venv/bin/python -m pip install -U pip
 venv/bin/python -m pip install -e ".[dev]"
 venv/bin/python -m pip freeze
 venv/bin/python --version

.cirrus.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+only_if: changesInclude('.cirrus.yml') || ($CIRRUS_BRANCH == "main" && !changesIncludeOnly('docs/*', '.pre-commit-config.yaml')) || $CIRRUS_BRANCH =~ 'cirrus.*'
+
+run_tests: &RUN_TESTS
+  install_cibuildwheel_script:
+    - python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
+  run_cibuildwheel_tests_script:
+    - python ./bin/run_tests.py
+
+
+linux_x86_task:
+  timeout_in: 120m
+  compute_engine_instance:
+    image_project: cirrus-images
+    image: family/docker-builder
+    platform: linux
+    cpu: 8
+    memory: 8G
+
+  install_pre_requirements_script:
+    - docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
+    - apt install -y python3-venv python-is-python3
+  <<: *RUN_TESTS
+
+linux_aarch64_task:
+  compute_engine_instance:
+    image_project: cirrus-images
+    image: family/docker-builder-arm64
+    architecture: arm64
+    platform: linux
+    cpu: 4
+    memory: 4G
+
+  install_pre_requirements_script:
+    - docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
+    - apt install -y python3-venv python-is-python3
+  <<: *RUN_TESTS
+
+windows_x86_task:
+  # The task takes ~55 minutes while the timeout happens
+  # after 60 minutes by default, let's allow some wiggle room.
+  timeout_in: 120m
+  windows_container:
+    image: cirrusci/windowsservercore:visualstudio2022
+    cpu: 8
+    memory: 8G
+
+  install_pre_requirements_script:
+    - choco install -y --no-progress python3 --version 3.10.6
+    - refreshenv
+    - echo PATH=%PATH% >> "%CIRRUS_ENV%"
+  <<: *RUN_TESTS
+
+macos_arm64_task:
+  macos_instance:
+    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-sonoma-xcode
+
+  env:
+    PATH: /opt/homebrew/opt/python@3.10/libexec/bin:$PATH
+  install_pre_requirements_script:
+    - brew install python@3.10
+  <<: *RUN_TESTS
+
+macos_arm64_cp38_task:
+  macos_instance:
+    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-sonoma-xcode
+
+  env:
+    PATH: /opt/homebrew/opt/python@3.10/libexec/bin:$PATH
+    PYTEST_ADDOPTS: --run-cp38-universal2 -k 'test_cp38_arm64_testing_universal2_installer or test_arch_auto'
+  install_pre_requirements_script:
+    - brew install python@3.10
+    - curl -fsSLO https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.10/python-3.8.10-macos11.pkg
+    - sudo installer -pkg python-3.8.10-macos11.pkg -target /
+    - rm python-3.8.10-macos11.pkg
+    - sh "/Applications/Python 3.8/Install Certificates.command"
+  <<: *RUN_TESTS

.gitattributes

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+* text=auto
+
+*.py diff=python
+*.md diff=markdown
+
+*.svg -diff

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ updates:
     directory: "/"
     schedule:
       interval: "weekly"
-    ignore:
-      - dependency-name: "actions/*"
-        update-types: ["version-update:semver-minor", "version-update:semver-patch"]
+    groups:
+      actions:
+        patterns:
+          - "*"

.github/matchers/pylint.json

@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "problemMatcher": [
-    {
-      "severity": "warning",
-      "pattern": [
-        {
-          "regexp": "^([^:]+):(\\d+):(\\d+): ([A-DF-Z]\\d+): \\033\\[[\\d;]+m([^\\033]+).*$",
-          "file": 1,
-          "line": 2,
-          "column": 3,
-          "code": 4,
-          "message": 5
-        }
-      ],
-      "owner": "pylint-warning"
-    },
-    {
-      "severity": "error",
-      "pattern": [
-        {
-          "regexp": "^([^:]+):(\\d+):(\\d+): (E\\d+): \\033\\[[\\d;]+m([^\\033]+).*$",
-          "file": 1,
-          "line": 2,
-          "column": 3,
-          "code": 4,
-          "message": 5
-        }
-      ],
-      "owner": "pylint-error"
-    }
-  ]
-}

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -11,13 +11,14 @@ jobs:
   dist:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
     - name: Build SDist and wheel
       run: pipx run build
 
-    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
       with:
+        name: cibw-sdist
         path: dist/*
 
     - name: Check metadata
@@ -27,14 +28,23 @@ jobs:
     needs: [dist]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     if: github.event_name == 'release' && github.event.action == 'published'
+    environment:
+      name: pypi
+      url: https://pypi.org/p/cibuildwheel
+    permissions:
+      id-token: write
+      attestations: write
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
+    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
       with:
-        name: artifact
+        pattern: cibw-*
         path: dist
+        merge-multiple: true
 
-    - uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@v1.5.0
+    - name: Generate artifact attestation for sdist and wheel
+      uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@1c608d11d69870c2092266b3f9a6f3abbf17002c # v1.4.3
       with:
-        user: __token__
-        password: ${{ secrets.pypi_password }}
+        subject-path: "dist/cibuildwheel-*"
+
+    - uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@release/v1

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ on:
   pull_request:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'docs/**'
+      - .pre-commit-config.yaml
   workflow_dispatch:
     # allow manual runs on branches without a PR
 
@@ -19,75 +20,183 @@ jobs:
     name: Linters (mypy, flake8, etc.)
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v3
-    - uses: pre-commit/action@v3.0.0
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      id: python
+      with:
+        python-version: "3.x"
+    - uses: pre-commit/action@v3.0.1
     - name: Check manifest
-      run: pipx run nox -s check_manifest
+      run: pipx run --python "${{ steps.python.outputs.python-path }}" nox -s check_manifest
     - name: PyLint checks
-      run: |
-        echo "::add-matcher::$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/.github/matchers/pylint.json"
-        pipx run nox -s pylint
+      run: pipx run --python "${{ steps.python.outputs.python-path }}" nox -s pylint -- --output-format=github
 
   test:
-    name: Test cibuildwheel on ${{ matrix.os }}
+    name: Test on ${{ matrix.os }} (${{ matrix.python_version }})
     needs: lint
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-11]
-        python_version: ['3.10']
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-13, macos-14]
+        python_version: ['3.12']
+        include:
+        - os: ubuntu-latest
+          python_version: '3.8'
     timeout-minutes: 180
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v3
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
       name: Install Python ${{ matrix.python_version }}
       with:
         python-version: ${{ matrix.python_version }}
 
+    - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v3
+
+    # free some space to prevent reaching GHA disk space limits
+    - name: Clean docker images
+      if: runner.os == 'Linux'
+      run: |
+        docker system prune -a -f
+        df -h
+
+    # for oci_container unit tests
+    - name: Set up QEMU
+      if: runner.os == 'Linux'
+      uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
+
     - name: Install dependencies
       run: |
-        python -m pip install ".[test]"
+        uv pip install --system ".[test]"
 
-    - name: Sample build
-      if: "contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'CI: Sample build')"
-      run: |
-        python bin/sample_build.py
-
-    - name: Get some sample wheels
+    - name: Generate a sample project
       run: |
         python -m test.test_projects test.test_0_basic.basic_project sample_proj
-        cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse sample_proj
+
+    - name: Run a sample build (GitHub Action)
+      uses: ./
+      with:
+        package-dir: sample_proj
+        output-dir: wheelhouse
       env:
         CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS: x86_64 universal2 arm64
+        CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND: 'build[uv]'
+        CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT: 1
+        CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS: 1
 
-    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+    - name: Run a sample build (GitHub Action, only)
+      uses: ./
       with:
-        name: sample_wheels
-        path: wheelhouse
+        package-dir: sample_proj
+        output-dir: wheelhouse_only
+        only: cp312-${{ runner.os == 'Linux' && 'manylinux_x86_64' || (runner.os == 'Windows' && 'win_amd64' || 'macosx_x86_64') }}
+
+    - name: Create custom configuration file
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        cat > sample_proj/cibw.toml <<EOF
+        [tool.cibuildwheel]
+        # Only build on CPython 3.12 on native arch
+        archs = ["native"]
+        build = "cp312-*"
+        # Skip musllinux
+        skip = "*-musllinux*"
+        EOF
+
+    - name: Run a sample build (GitHub Action, config-file)
+      uses: ./
+      with:
+        package-dir: sample_proj
+        output-dir: wheelhouse_config_file
+        config-file: sample_proj/cibw.toml
+
+    - name: Check Action artifacts
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        test $(find wheelhouse -name '*.whl' | wc -l) -ge 1
+        test $(find wheelhouse_only -name '*.whl' | wc -l) -eq 1
+        test $(find wheelhouse_config_file -name '*.whl' | wc -l) -eq 1
+
+    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+      with:
+        name: cibw-wheels-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ strategy.job-index }}
+        path: wheelhouse/*.whl
 
     - name: Test cibuildwheel
       run: |
-        python ./bin/run_tests.py
+        python ./bin/run_tests.py --run-podman
 
-  test-emulated:
-    name: Test emulated cibuildwheel using qemu
+  emulated-archs:
+    name: Get qemu emulated architectures
     needs: lint
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    outputs:
+      archs: ${{ steps.archs.outputs.archs }}
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      with:
+        python-version: "3.x"
+    - name: Install dependencies
+      run: python -m pip install ".[test]"
+    - name: Get qemu emulated architectures
+      id: archs
+      run: |
+        OUTPUT=$(python -c "from json import dumps; from test.utils import EMULATED_ARCHS; print(dumps(EMULATED_ARCHS))")
+        echo "${OUTPUT}"
+        echo "archs=${OUTPUT}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+
+  test-emulated:
+    name: Test Linux ${{ matrix.arch }} using qemu
+    needs: emulated-archs
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 180
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        arch: ${{ fromJSON(needs.emulated-archs.outputs.archs) }}
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      with:
+        python-version: "3.x"
+    - name: Install dependencies
+      run: python -m pip install ".[test,uv]"
+
+    - name: Set up QEMU
+      uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
+
+    - name: Run the emulation tests
+      run: pytest --run-emulation ${{ matrix.arch }} test/test_emulation.py
+
+  test-pyodide:
+    name: Test cibuildwheel building pyodide wheels
+    needs: lint
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
     timeout-minutes: 180
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v3
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      name: Install Python 3.12
+      with:
+        python-version: '3.12'
+
     - name: Install dependencies
       run: |
         python -m pip install ".[test]"
 
-    - name: Set up QEMU
-      id: qemu
-      uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
-      with:
-        platforms: all
-
-    - name: Run the emulation tests
+    - name: Generate a sample project
       run: |
-        pytest --run-emulation test/test_emulation.py
+        python -m test.test_projects test.test_0_basic.basic_project sample_proj
+
+    - name: Run a sample build (GitHub Action)
+      uses: ./
+      with:
+        package-dir: sample_proj
+        output-dir: wheelhouse
+      env:
+        CIBW_PLATFORM: pyodide
+
+    - name: Run tests with 'CIBW_PLATFORM' set to 'pyodide'
+      run: |
+        python ./bin/run_tests.py
+      env:
+        CIBW_PLATFORM: pyodide

.github/workflows/update-dependencies.yml

@@ -1,6 +1,15 @@
 name: Update dependencies
 
 on:
+  pull_request:
+    paths:
+      - '.github/workflows/update-dependencies.yml'
+      - 'bin/update_pythons.py'
+      - 'bin/update_docker.py'
+      - 'bin/update_virtualenv.py'
+      - 'bin/projects.py'
+      - 'docs/data/projects.yml'
+      - 'noxfile.py'
   workflow_dispatch:
   schedule:
     - cron: '0 6 * * 1'  # "At 06:00 on Monday."
@@ -11,11 +20,11 @@ jobs:
     if: github.repository_owner == 'pypa' || github.event_name != 'schedule'
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v3
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+    - uses: wntrblm/nox@2024.04.15
       with:
-        python-version: "3.11-dev"
-    - uses: excitedleigh/setup-nox@v2.1.0
+        python-versions: "3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13"
 
     - name: "Run update: dependencies"
       run: nox --force-color -s update_constraints
@@ -26,7 +35,7 @@ jobs:
 
     # we use this step to grab a Github App auth token, so that PRs generated by this workflow
     # run the GHA tests.
-    - uses: tibdex/github-app-token@v1
+    - uses: tibdex/github-app-token@v2
       id: generate-token
       if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' && github.repository == 'pypa/cibuildwheel'
       with:
@@ -35,7 +44,7 @@ jobs:
 
     - name: Create Pull Request
       if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' && github.repository == 'pypa/cibuildwheel'
-      uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v4
+      uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v7
       with:
         commit-message: Update dependencies
         title: '[Bot] Update dependencies'

.github/workflows/update-major-minor-tag.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+name: Update the vX.Y tag
+
+on:
+  release:
+    types: [released]
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      TAG_NAME:
+        description: 'Tag name that the major.minor tag will point to'
+        required: true
+
+env:
+  TAG_NAME: ${{ github.event.inputs.TAG_NAME || github.event.release.tag_name }}
+
+jobs:
+  update_tag:
+    name: Update the major.minor tag to include the ${{ github.event.inputs.TAG_NAME || github.event.release.tag_name }} changes
+    environment:
+      name: releaseNewActionVersion
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: write
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Update the ${{ env.TAG_NAME }} tag
+        id: update-major-minor-tag
+        uses: joerick/update-vX.Y-tag-action@v1.0
+        with:
+          source-tag: ${{ env.TAG_NAME }}

.gitlab-ci.yml

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 linux:
-  image: python:3.8
+  image: python:3.12
   services:
     - name: docker:dind
       entrypoint: ["env", "-u", "DOCKER_HOST"]
@@ -15,5 +15,28 @@ linux:
     PYTEST_ADDOPTS: -k "unit_test or test_0_basic" --suppress-no-test-exit-code
   script:
     - curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh
+    - docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
     - python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
     - python ./bin/run_tests.py
+
+windows:
+  image: mcr.microsoft.com/windows/servercore:1809
+  variables:
+    PYTEST_ADDOPTS: -k "unit_test or test_0_basic" --suppress-no-test-exit-code
+  before_script:
+    - choco install python -y --version 3.12.4
+  script:
+    - py -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
+    - py bin\run_tests.py
+  tags:
+    - saas-windows-medium-amd64
+
+macos:
+  image: macos-14-xcode-15
+  variables:
+    PYTEST_ADDOPTS: -k "unit_test or test_0_basic" --suppress-no-test-exit-code
+  script:
+    - python3 -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
+    - python3 ./bin/run_tests.py
+  tags:
+    - saas-macos-medium-m1

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 repos:
 
 - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
-  rev: v4.2.0
+  rev: v4.6.0
   hooks:
   - id: check-case-conflict
   - id: check-merge-conflict
@@ -13,97 +13,43 @@ repos:
   - id: mixed-line-ending
   - id: trailing-whitespace
 
-- repo: https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade
-  rev: v2.32.1
+- repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
+  rev: v0.6.5
   hooks:
-  - id: pyupgrade
-    name: PyUpgrade 3.6+
-    args: ["--py36-plus"]
-    exclude: ^bin/
-  - id: pyupgrade
-    name: PyUpgrade 3.7+ on bin
-    exclude: ^(cibuildwheel|unit_test|test)/
-    args: ["--py37-plus"]
-
-# Autoremoves unused imports
-- repo: https://github.com/hadialqattan/pycln
-  rev: v1.3.3
-  hooks:
-  - id: pycln
-    args: [--all]
-    stages: [manual]
-
-- repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/isort
-  rev: 5.10.1
-  hooks:
-  - id: isort
-
-- repo: https://github.com/psf/black
-  rev: 22.3.0
-  hooks:
-  - id: black
-
-- repo: https://github.com/asottile/setup-cfg-fmt
-  rev: v1.20.1
-  hooks:
-  - id: setup-cfg-fmt
+  - id: ruff
+    args: ["--fix", "--show-fixes"]
+  - id: ruff-format
 
 - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy
-  rev: v0.960
+  rev: v1.11.2
   hooks:
   - id: mypy
-    name: mypy 3.6 on cibuildwheel/
-    exclude: ^(bin|cibuildwheel/resources|docs)/.*py$
-    args: ["--python-version=3.6"]
+    name: mypy 3.8 on cibuildwheel/
+    exclude: ^cibuildwheel/resources/.*py|bin/generate_schema.py$
+    args: ["--python-version=3.8"]
     additional_dependencies: &mypy-dependencies
+      - bracex
       - nox
-      - packaging>=21.0
+      - packaging
       - pygithub
       - rich
       - tomli
+      - tomli_w
       - types-certifi
       - types-click
-      - types-dataclasses
       - types-jinja2
       - types-pyyaml
       - types-requests
-      - bracex
-      - dataclasses
+      - uv
+      - validate-pyproject
   - id: mypy
-    name: mypy 3.7+ on bin/
-    files: ^((bin|docs)/.*py)$
-    args: ["--python-version=3.7"]
+    name: mypy 3.12
+    exclude: ^cibuildwheel/resources/.*py$
+    args: ["--python-version=3.12"]
     additional_dependencies: *mypy-dependencies
-  - id: mypy
-    name: mypy 3.10
-    args: ["--python-version=3.10"]
-    additional_dependencies: *mypy-dependencies
-
-- repo: https://github.com/asottile/yesqa
-  rev: v1.3.0
-  hooks:
-  - id: yesqa
-    additional_dependencies: &flake8-dependencies
-    - flake8-bugbear
-
-- repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/flake8
-  rev: 4.0.1
-  hooks:
-  - id: flake8
-    exclude: cibuildwheel/resources/
-    additional_dependencies: *flake8-dependencies
-
-- repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pygrep-hooks
-  rev: v1.9.0
-  hooks:
-  - id: python-check-blanket-noqa
-    stages: [manual]
-  - id: python-no-log-warn
-  - id: python-no-eval
-  - id: python-use-type-annotations
 
 - repo: https://github.com/shellcheck-py/shellcheck-py
-  rev: v0.8.0.4
+  rev: v0.10.0.1
   hooks:
   - id: shellcheck
 
@@ -115,6 +61,7 @@ repos:
     entry: PyBind|Numpy|Cmake|Github|PyTest
     types:
     - markdown
+    exclude: ^docs/working-examples\.md$  # Autogenerated
   - id: update-readme-changelog
     name: Update README changelog
     language: python
@@ -122,7 +69,25 @@ repos:
     files: ^docs/changelog.md$
 
 - repo: https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell
-  rev: v2.1.0
+  rev: v2.3.0
   hooks:
   - id: codespell
-    args: ["-L", "sur"]
+    args: ["-L", "sur,assertin", "-w"]
+    exclude: ^docs/working-examples\.md$  # Autogenerated
+
+
+- repo: https://github.com/python-jsonschema/check-jsonschema
+  rev: 0.29.2
+  hooks:
+    - id: check-dependabot
+    - id: check-github-actions
+    - id: check-github-workflows
+    - id: check-gitlab-ci
+    - id: check-readthedocs
+    - id: check-travis
+    - id: check-jsonschema
+      name: Check projects
+      args: [--schemafile, docs/data/projects.schema.json]
+      files: '^docs/data/projects.yml$'
+    - id: check-metaschema
+      files: '^docs/data/projects.schema.json$'

.readthedocs.yml

@@ -2,13 +2,14 @@
 # See https://docs.readthedocs.io/en/stable/config-file/v2.html for details
 version: 2
 
-mkdocs:
-  configuration: mkdocs.yml
-
-python:
-  version: 3.8
-  install:
-    - method: pip
-      path: .
-      extra_requirements:
-        - docs
+build:
+  os: ubuntu-22.04
+  tools:
+    python: "3.12"
+  commands:
+    - asdf plugin add uv
+    - asdf install uv latest
+    - asdf global uv latest
+    - uv venv
+    - uv pip install -e.[docs]
+    - NO_COLOR=1 .venv/bin/mkdocs build --strict --site-dir $READTHEDOCS_OUTPUT/html

.travis.yml

@@ -8,21 +8,29 @@ branches:
 
 jobs:
   include:
-    - name: Linux | x86_64 + i686 | Python 3.6
-      python: 3.6
+    - name: Linux | x86_64 + i686 | Python 3.9
+      python: 3.9
       services: docker
       env: PYTHON=python
 
-    - name: Linux | arm64 | Python 3.6
-      python: 3.6
+    - name: Linux | arm64 | Python 3.9
+      python: 3.9
       services: docker
       arch: arm64-graviton2
       group: edge
       virt: vm
       env: PYTHON=python
+      # docker is outdated in the arm64-graviton2 vm focal image (19.x)
+      # we need to upgrade to get >= 24.0
+      addons:
+        apt:
+          sources:
+            - sourceline: 'deb https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu $(lsb_release -cs) stable'
+          packages:
+            - docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io
 
-    - name: Linux | ppc64le | Python 3.6
-      python: 3.6
+    - name: Linux | ppc64le | Python 3.9
+      python: 3.9
       services: docker
       arch: ppc64le
       allow_failure: True
@@ -32,25 +40,25 @@ jobs:
         # c.f. https://travis-ci.community/t/running-out-of-disk-space-quota-when-using-docker-on-ppc64le/11634
         - PYTEST_ADDOPTS='-k "not test_manylinuxXXXX_only"'
 
-    - name: Windows | x86_64 | Python 3.6
+    - name: Windows | x86_64 | Python 3.9
       os: windows
       language: shell
       before_install:
-        - choco upgrade python3 -y --version 3.6.8 --limit-output
-        # Update root certificates to fix SSL error; see http://www.chawn.com/RootCerts.htm
-        - powershell "md C:\temp\certs; CertUtil -generateSSTFromWU C:\temp\certs\RootStore.sst; Get-ChildItem -Path C:\\temp\certs\Rootstore.sst | Import-Certificate -CertStoreLocation Cert:\\LocalMachine\\Root\\ | out-null"
+        - choco upgrade python3 -y --version 3.9.13 --limit-output --params "/InstallDir:C:\\Python39"
       env:
-        - PYTHON=C:\\Python36\\python
+        - PYTHON=C:\\Python39\\python
 
-    - name: Linux | s390x | Python 3.6
-      python: 3.6
+    - name: Linux | s390x | Python 3.9
+      python: 3.9
       services: docker
       arch: s390x
+      allow_failure: True
       env: PYTHON=python
 
 install:
+- if [ "${TRAVIS_OS_NAME}" == "linux" ]; then docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all; fi
 - $PYTHON -m pip install -U pip
-- $PYTHON -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
+- $PYTHON -m pip install -e ".[test]" pytest-custom-exit-code
 
 script: |
   # travis_wait disable the output while waiting
@@ -58,5 +66,7 @@ script: |
   (while true; do echo "travis_keep_alive"; sleep 300; done) &
   SPINNER_PID=$!
   disown
-  $PYTHON ./bin/run_tests.py
+  result=0
+  $PYTHON ./bin/run_tests.py --num-processes 2 || result=1
   kill -9 ${SPINNER_PID}
+  test ${result} -eq 0

CI.md

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-This is a summary of the Python versions and platforms covered by the different CI platforms:
+This is a summary of the host Python versions and platforms covered by the different CI platforms:
 
-|          | 3.6                          | 3.7                         | 3.8              |
-|----------|------------------------------|-----------------------------|------------------|
-| Linux    | Travis CI / CircleCI         | AppVeyor¹ / GitHub Actions  | Azure Pipelines  |
-| macOS    | CircleCI                     | AppVeyor¹ / GitHub Actions  | Azure Pipelines  |
-| Windows  | Travis CI / Azure Pipelines  | AppVeyor¹ / GitHub Actions  | Azure Pipelines  |
+|         | 3.8                              | 3.9       | 3.10      | 3.11    | 3.12                                             |
+|---------|----------------------------------|-----------|-----------|---------|--------------------------------------------------|
+| Linux   | Azure Pipelines / GitHub Actions | Travis CI | Cirrus CI |         | AppVeyor¹ / CircleCI¹ / GitHub Actions / GitLab¹ |
+| macOS   | Azure Pipelines                  |           | Cirrus CI | GitLab¹ | AppVeyor¹ /CircleCI¹ / GitHub Actions            |
+| Windows | Azure Pipelines                  | Travis CI | Cirrus CI |         | AppVeyor¹ / GitHub Actions / GitLab¹             |
 
-> ¹ AppVeyor only runs the "basic" test to reduce load.
+> ¹ Runs a reduced set of tests to reduce CI load
 
-Non-x86 architectures are covered on Travis CI using Python 3.6.
+Non-x86 architectures are covered on Travis CI using Python 3.9.

LICENSE

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 This project is licensed under the 'BSD 2-clause license'.
 
-Copyright (c) 2017-2019, Joe Rickerby and contributors. All rights reserved.
+Copyright (c) 2017-2023, Joe Rickerby and contributors. All rights reserved.
 
 Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

MANIFEST.in

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-recursive-include cibuildwheel *.cfg
-recursive-include cibuildwheel *.in
-recursive-include cibuildwheel *.py
-recursive-include cibuildwheel *.toml
-recursive-include cibuildwheel *.txt
-recursive-include cibuildwheel *.typed

README.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ cibuildwheel
 ============
 
 [![PyPI](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/cibuildwheel.svg)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/cibuildwheel)
-[![Documentation Status](https://readthedocs.org/projects/cibuildwheel/badge/?version=stable)](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/?badge=stable)
+[![Documentation Status](https://readthedocs.org/projects/cibuildwheel/badge/?version=stable)](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/?badge=stable)
 [![Actions Status](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/workflows/Test/badge.svg)](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/actions)
 [![Travis Status](https://img.shields.io/travis/com/pypa/cibuildwheel/main?logo=travis)](https://travis-ci.com/pypa/cibuildwheel)
 [![Appveyor status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/gt3vwl88yt0y3hur/branch/main?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/joerick/cibuildwheel/branch/main)
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ cibuildwheel
 [![Azure Status](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_apis/build/status/pypa.cibuildwheel?branchName=main)](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_build/latest?definitionId=4&branchName=main)
 
 
-[Documentation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.org)
+[Documentation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io)
 
 <!--intro-start-->
 
@@ -22,45 +22,50 @@ Python wheels are great. Building them across **Mac, Linux, Windows**, on **mult
 What does it do?
 ----------------
 
-|   | macOS Intel | macOS Apple Silicon | Windows 64bit | Windows 32bit | Windows Arm64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux x86_64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux i686 | manylinux<br/>musllinux aarch64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux ppc64le | manylinux<br/>musllinux s390x |
-|---------------|----|-----|-----|-----|-----|----|-----|----|-----|-----|
-| CPython 3.6   | ✅ | N/A | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
-| CPython 3.7   | ✅ | N/A | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
-| CPython 3.8   | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
-| CPython 3.9   | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅³ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
-| CPython 3.10  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
-| CPython 3.11⁴ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
-| PyPy 3.7 v7.3 | ✅ | N/A | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A |
-| PyPy 3.8 v7.3 | ✅ | N/A | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A |
-| PyPy 3.9 v7.3 | ✅ | N/A | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A |
+|                | macOS Intel | macOS Apple Silicon | Windows 64bit | Windows 32bit | Windows Arm64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux x86_64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux i686 | manylinux<br/>musllinux aarch64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux ppc64le | manylinux<br/>musllinux s390x | Pyodide |
+|----------------|----|-----|-----|-----|-----|----|-----|----|-----|-----|-----|
+| CPython 3.6    | ✅ | N/A | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A |
+| CPython 3.7    | ✅ | N/A | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A |
+| CPython 3.8    | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A |
+| CPython 3.9    | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A |
+| CPython 3.10   | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A |
+| CPython 3.11   | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A |
+| CPython 3.12   | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁴ |
+| CPython 3.13³  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.7 v7.3  | ✅ | N/A | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.8 v7.3  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.9 v7.3  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.10 v7.3 | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
 
 <sup>¹ PyPy is only supported for manylinux wheels.</sup><br>
 <sup>² Windows arm64 support is experimental.</sup><br>
-<sup>³ Alpine 3.14 and very briefly 3.15's default python3 [was not able to load](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/934) musllinux wheels. This has been fixed; please upgrade the python package if using Alpine from before the fix.</sup><br>
-<sup>⁴ CPython 3.11 is available using the [CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#prerelease-pythons) option.</sup><br>
+<sup>³ CPython 3.13 is built by default using Python RCs, starting with cibuildwheel 2.20. Free-threaded mode will still require opt-in using [`CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#free-threaded-support).</sup><br>
+<sup>⁴ Experimental, not yet supported on PyPI, but can be used directly in web deployment. Use `--platform pyodide` to build.</sup><br>
 
 - Builds manylinux, musllinux, macOS 10.9+, and Windows wheels for CPython and PyPy
-- Works on GitHub Actions, Azure Pipelines, Travis CI, AppVeyor, CircleCI, and GitLab CI
+- Works on GitHub Actions, Azure Pipelines, Travis CI, AppVeyor, CircleCI, GitLab CI, and Cirrus CI
 - Bundles shared library dependencies on Linux and macOS through [auditwheel](https://github.com/pypa/auditwheel) and [delocate](https://github.com/matthew-brett/delocate)
 - Runs your library's tests against the wheel-installed version of your library
 
-See the [cibuildwheel 1 documentation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/1.x/) if you need to build unsupported versions of Python, such as Python 2.
+See the [cibuildwheel 1 documentation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/1.x/) if you need to build unsupported versions of Python, such as Python 2.
 
 Usage
 -----
 
 `cibuildwheel` runs inside a CI service. Supported platforms depend on which service you're using:
 
-|                 | Linux | macOS | Windows | Linux ARM |
-|-----------------|-------|-------|---------|--------------|
-| GitHub Actions  | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅¹          |
-| Azure Pipelines | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      |              |
-| Travis CI       | ✅    |       | ✅      | ✅           |
-| AppVeyor        | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      |              |
-| CircleCI        | ✅    | ✅    |         |              |
-| Gitlab CI       | ✅    |       |         |              |
+|                 | Linux | macOS | Windows | Linux ARM | macOS ARM | Windows ARM |
+|-----------------|-------|-------|---------|-----------|-----------|-------------|
+| GitHub Actions  | ✅    | ✅    | ✅       | ✅¹       | ✅        | ✅²         |
+| Azure Pipelines | ✅    | ✅    | ✅       |           | ✅        | ✅²         |
+| Travis CI       | ✅    |       | ✅      | ✅        |           |             |
+| AppVeyor        | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      |           | ✅        | ✅²         |
+| CircleCI        | ✅    | ✅    |         | ✅        | ✅        |             |
+| Gitlab CI       | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅¹       | ✅        |             |
+| Cirrus CI       | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅        | ✅        |             |
 
-<sup>¹ [Requires emulation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#emulation), distributed separately. Other services may also support Linux ARM through emulation or third-party build hosts, but these are not tested in our CI.</sup><br>
+<sup>¹ [Requires emulation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/faq/#emulation), distributed separately. Other services may also support Linux ARM through emulation or third-party build hosts, but these are not tested in our CI.</sup><br>
+<sup>² [Uses cross-compilation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/faq/#windows-arm64). It is not possible to test `arm64` on this CI platform.</sup>
 
 <!--intro-end-->
 
@@ -80,16 +85,16 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-20.04, windows-2019, macOS-10.15]
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-13, macos-14]
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
       # Used to host cibuildwheel
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
 
       - name: Install cibuildwheel
-        run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.6.1
+        run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.21.1
 
       - name: Build wheels
         run: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
@@ -97,12 +102,13 @@ jobs:
         # env:
         #   CIBW_SOME_OPTION: value
 
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
+          name: cibw-wheels-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ strategy.job-index }}
           path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl
 ```
 
-For more information, including PyPI deployment, and the use of other CI services or the dedicated GitHub Action, check out the [documentation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.org) and the [examples](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/tree/main/examples).
+For more information, including PyPI deployment, and the use of other CI services or the dedicated GitHub Action, check out the [documentation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io) and the [examples](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/tree/main/examples).
 
 How it works
 ------------
@@ -111,34 +117,35 @@ The following diagram summarises the steps that cibuildwheel takes on each platf
 
 ![](docs/data/how-it-works.png)
 
-<sup>Explore an interactive version of this diagram [in the docs](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/#how-it-works).</sup>
+<sup>Explore an interactive version of this diagram [in the docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/#how-it-works).</sup>
 
 Options
 -------
 
 |   | Option | Description |
 |---|--------|-------------|
-| **Build selection** | [`CIBW_PLATFORM`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#platform)  | Override the auto-detected target platform |
-|   | [`CIBW_BUILD`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#build-skip)  <br> [`CIBW_SKIP`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#build-skip)  | Choose the Python versions to build |
-|   | [`CIBW_ARCHS`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#archs)  | Change the architectures built on your machine by default. |
-|   | [`CIBW_PROJECT_REQUIRES_PYTHON`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#requires-python)  | Manually set the Python compatibility of your project |
-|   | [`CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#prerelease-pythons)  | Enable building with pre-release versions of Python if available |
-| **Build customization** | [`CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#build-frontend)  | Set the tool to use to build, either "pip" (default for now) or "build" |
-|   | [`CIBW_ENVIRONMENT`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#environment)  | Set environment variables needed during the build |
-|   | [`CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_PASS_LINUX`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#environment-pass)  | Set environment variables on the host to pass-through to the container during the build. |
-|   | [`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#before-all)  | Execute a shell command on the build system before any wheels are built. |
-|   | [`CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#before-build)  | Execute a shell command preparing each wheel's build |
-|   | [`CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#repair-wheel-command)  | Execute a shell command to repair each built wheel |
-|   | [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_*_IMAGE`<br/>`CIBW_MUSLLINUX_*_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image)  | Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux Docker images |
-|   | [`CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#dependency-versions)  | Specify how cibuildwheel controls the versions of the tools it uses |
-| **Testing** | [`CIBW_TEST_COMMAND`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#test-command)  | Execute a shell command to test each built wheel |
-|   | [`CIBW_BEFORE_TEST`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#before-test)  | Execute a shell command before testing each wheel |
-|   | [`CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#test-requires)  | Install Python dependencies before running the tests |
-|   | [`CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#test-extras)  | Install your wheel for testing using extras_require |
-|   | [`CIBW_TEST_SKIP`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#test-skip)  | Skip running tests on some builds |
-| **Other** | [`CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#build-verbosity)  | Increase/decrease the output of pip wheel |
+| **Build selection** | [`CIBW_PLATFORM`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#platform)  | Override the auto-detected target platform |
+|   | [`CIBW_BUILD`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-skip)  <br> [`CIBW_SKIP`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-skip)  | Choose the Python versions to build |
+|   | [`CIBW_ARCHS`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#archs)  | Change the architectures built on your machine by default. |
+|   | [`CIBW_PROJECT_REQUIRES_PYTHON`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#requires-python)  | Manually set the Python compatibility of your project |
+|   | [`CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#prerelease-pythons)  | Enable building with pre-release versions of Python if available |
+| **Build customization** | [`CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-frontend)  | Set the tool to use to build, either "pip" (default for now) or "build" |
+|   | [`CIBW_ENVIRONMENT`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#environment)  | Set environment variables needed during the build |
+|   | [`CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_PASS_LINUX`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#environment-pass)  | Set environment variables on the host to pass-through to the container during the build. |
+|   | [`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#before-all)  | Execute a shell command on the build system before any wheels are built. |
+|   | [`CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#before-build)  | Execute a shell command preparing each wheel's build |
+|   | [`CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#repair-wheel-command)  | Execute a shell command to repair each built wheel |
+|   | [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_*_IMAGE`<br/>`CIBW_MUSLLINUX_*_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image)  | Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux Docker images |
+|   | [`CIBW_CONTAINER_ENGINE`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#container-engine)  | Specify which container engine to use when building Linux wheels |
+|   | [`CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#dependency-versions)  | Specify how cibuildwheel controls the versions of the tools it uses |
+| **Testing** | [`CIBW_TEST_COMMAND`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-command)  | Execute a shell command to test each built wheel |
+|   | [`CIBW_BEFORE_TEST`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#before-test)  | Execute a shell command before testing each wheel |
+|   | [`CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-requires)  | Install Python dependencies before running the tests |
+|   | [`CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-extras)  | Install your wheel for testing using extras_require |
+|   | [`CIBW_TEST_SKIP`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-skip)  | Skip running tests on some builds |
+| **Other** | [`CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-verbosity)  | Increase/decrease the output of pip wheel |
 
-These options can be specified in a pyproject.toml file, as well; see [configuration](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#configuration).
+These options can be specified in a pyproject.toml file, as well; see [configuration](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#configuration).
 
 Working examples
 ----------------
@@ -152,26 +159,26 @@ Here are some repos that use cibuildwheel.
 | Name                              | CI | OS | Notes |
 |-----------------------------------|----|----|:------|
 | [scikit-learn][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The machine learning library. A complex but clean config using many of cibuildwheel's features to build a large project with Cython and C++ extensions.  |
-| [NumPy][]                         | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. |
-| [Tornado][]                       | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library, originally developed at FriendFeed. |
 | [pytorch-fairseq][]               | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence Toolkit written in Python. |
-| [Matplotlib][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The venerable Matplotlib, a Python library with C++ portions |
+| [NumPy][]                         | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. |
+| [duckdb][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | DuckDB is an analytical in-process SQL database management system |
+| [Tornado][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library. Uses stable ABI for a small C extension. |
 | [NCNN][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | ncnn is a high-performance neural network inference framework optimized for the mobile platform |
-| [Kivy][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Open source UI framework written in Python, running on Windows, Linux, macOS, Android and iOS |
+| [Matplotlib][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The venerable Matplotlib, a Python library with C++ portions |
 | [Prophet][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Tool for producing high quality forecasts for time series data that has multiple seasonality with linear or non-linear growth. |
 | [MyPy][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | The compiled version of MyPy using MyPyC. |
-| [pydantic][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Data parsing and validation using Python type hints |
+| [Kivy][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Open source UI framework written in Python, running on Windows, Linux, macOS, Android and iOS |
 
 [scikit-learn]: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn
+[pytorch-fairseq]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/fairseq
 [NumPy]: https://github.com/numpy/numpy
+[duckdb]: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb
 [Tornado]: https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado
-[pytorch-fairseq]: https://github.com/pytorch/fairseq
-[Matplotlib]: https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib
 [NCNN]: https://github.com/Tencent/ncnn
-[Kivy]: https://github.com/kivy/kivy
+[Matplotlib]: https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib
 [Prophet]: https://github.com/facebook/prophet
 [MyPy]: https://github.com/mypyc/mypy_mypyc-wheels
-[pydantic]: https://github.com/samuelcolvin/pydantic
+[Kivy]: https://github.com/kivy/kivy
 
 [appveyor icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/appveyor.svg
 [github icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/github.svg
@@ -179,13 +186,14 @@ Here are some repos that use cibuildwheel.
 [circleci icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/circleci.svg
 [gitlab icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/gitlab.svg
 [travisci icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/travisci.svg
+[cirrusci icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/cirrusci.svg
 [windows icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/windows.svg
 [apple icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/apple.svg
 [linux icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/linux.svg
 
 <!-- END bin/projects.py -->
 
-> ℹ️ That's just a handful, there are many more! Check out the [Working Examples](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/working-examples) page in the docs.
+> ℹ️ That's just a handful, there are many more! Check out the [Working Examples](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/working-examples) page in the docs.
 
 Legal note
 ----------
@@ -203,48 +211,62 @@ Changelog
 
 <!-- this section was generated by bin/update_readme_changelog.py -- do not edit manually -->
 
-### v2.6.1
+### v2.21.1
 
-_7 June 2022_
+_16 September 2024_
 
-- 🛠 Update the prerelease CPython 3.11 to 3.11.0b3
+- 🐛 Fix a bug in the Linux build, where files copied to the container would have invalid ownership permissions (#2007)
+- 🐛 Fix a bug on Windows where cibuildwheel would call upon `uv` to install dependencies for versions of CPython that it does not support (#2005)
+- 🐛 Fix a bug where `uv 0.4.10` would not use the right Python when testing on Linux. (#2008)
+- 🛠 Bump our documentation pins, fixes an issue with a missing package (#2011)
 
-### v2.6.0
+### v2.21.0
 
-_25 May 2022_
+_13 September 2024_
 
-- 🌟 Added the ability to test building wheels on CPython 3.11! Because CPython 3.11 is in beta, these wheels should not be distributed, because they might not be compatible with the final release, but it's available to build for testing purposes. Use the flag [`--prerelease-pythons` or `CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#prerelease-pythons) to test. This version of cibuildwheel includes CPython 3.11.0b1. (#1109)
-- 📚 Added an interactive diagram showing how cibuildwheel works to the [docs](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/#how-it-works) (#1100)
+- ⚠️ Update CPython 3.12 to 3.12.6, which changes the macOS minimum deployment target on CPython 3.12 from macOS 10.9 to macOS 10.13 (#1998)
+- 🛠 Changes the behaviour when inheriting `config-settings` in TOML overrides - rather than extending each key, which is rarely useful, individual keys will override previously set values. (#1803)
+- 🛠 Update CPython 3.13 to 3.13.0rc2 (#1998)
+- ✨ Adds support for multiarch OCI images (#1961)
+- 🐛 Fixes some bugs building Linux wheels on macOS. (#1961)
+- ⚠️ Changes the minimum version of Docker/Podman to Docker API version 1.43, Podman API version 3. The only mainstream runner this should affect is Travis Graviton2 runners - if so you can [upgrade your version of Docker](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/1961#issuecomment-2304060019). (#1961)
 
-### v2.5.0
 
-_29 April 2022_
+### v2.20.0
 
-- ✨ Added support for building ABI3 wheels. cibuildwheel will now recognise when an ABI3 wheel was produced, and skip subsequent build steps where the previously built wheel is compatible. Tests still will run on all selected versions of Python, using the ABI3 wheel. Check [this entry](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#abi3) in the docs for more info. (#1091)
-- ✨ You can now build wheels directly from sdist archives, in addition to source directories. Just call cibuildwheel with an sdist argument on the command line, like `cibuildwheel mypackage-1.0.0.tar.gz`. For more details, check the [`--help` output](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#command-line) (#1096)
-- 🐛 Fix a bug where cibuildwheel would crash when no builds are selected and `--allow-empty` is passed (#1086)
-- 🐛 Workaround a permissions issue on Linux relating to newer versions of git and setuptools_scm (#1095)
-- 📚 Minor docs improvements
+_4 August 2024_
 
-### v2.4.0
+- 🌟 CPython 3.13 wheels are now built by default - without the `CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS` flag. It's time to build and upload these wheels to PyPI! This release includes CPython 3.13.0rc1, which is guaranteed to be ABI compatible with the final release. Free-threading is still behind a flag/config option. (#1950)
+- ✨ Provide a `CIBW_ALLOW_EMPTY` environment variable as an alternative to the command line flag. (#1937)
+- 🐛 Don't use uv on PyPy3.8 on Windows, it stopped working starting in 0.2.25. Note that PyPy 3.8 is EoL. (#1868)
+- 🛠 Set the `VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH` variable based on target arch. (#1876)
+- 🛠 Undo cleaner output on pytest 8-8.2 now that 8.3 is out. (#1943)
+- 📚 Update examples to use Python 3.12 on host  (cibuildwheel will require Python 3.11+ on the host machine starting in October 2024) (#1919)
 
-_2 April 2022_
 
-- ✨ cibuildwheel now supports running locally on Windows and macOS (as well as Linux). On macOS, you'll have to install the versions of Pythons that you want to use from Python.org, and cibuildwheel will use them. On Windows, cibuildwheel will install it's own versions of Python. Check out [the documentation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/setup/#local) for instructions. (#974)
-- ✨ Added support for building PyPy 3.9 wheels. (#1031)
-- ✨ Listing at the end of the build now displays the size of each wheel (#975)
-- 🐛 Workaround a connection timeout bug on Travis CI ppc64le runners (#906)
-- 🐛 Fix an encoding error when reading setup.py in the wrong encoding (#977)
-- 🛠 Setuptools updated to 61.3.0, including experimental support for reading config from pyproject.toml(PEP 621). This could change the behaviour of your build if you have a pyproject.toml with a `[project]` table, because that takes precedence over setup.py and setup.cfg. Check out the [setuptools docs](https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/pyproject_config.html) and the [project metadata specification](https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/specifications/declaring-project-metadata/) for more info.
-- 🛠 Many other dependency updates.
-- 📚 Minor docs improvements
+### v2.19.2
 
-### v2.3.1
+_2 July 2024_
 
-_14 December 2021_
+- 🐛 Update manylinux2014 pins to versions that support past-EoL CentOS 7 mirrors. (#1917)
+- 🐛 Support `--no-isolation` with `build[uv]` build-frontend. (#1889)
+- 🛠 Provide attestations for releases at <https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/attestations>. (#1916)
+- 🛠 Provide CPython 3.13.0b3. (#1913)
+- 🛠 Remove some workarounds now that pip 21.1 is available. (#1891, #1892)
+- 📚 Remove nosetest from our docs. (#1821)
+- 📚 Document the macOS ARM workaround for 3.8 on GHA. (#1871)
+- 📚 GitLab CI + macOS is now a supported platform with an example. (#1911)
 
-- 🐛 Setting pip options like `PIP_USE_DEPRECATED` in `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT` no longer adversely affects cibuildwheel's ability to set up a Python environment (#956)
-- 📚 Docs fixes and improvements
+
+### v2.19.1
+
+_13 June 2024_
+
+- 🐛 Don't require setup-python on GHA for Pyodide (#1868)
+- 🐛 Specify full python path for uv (fixes issue in 0.2.10 & 0.2.11) (#1881)
+- 🛠 Update for pip 24.1b2 on CPython 3.13. (#1879)
+- 🛠 Fix a warning in our schema generation script. (#1866)
+- 🛠 Cleaner output on pytest 8-8.2. (#1865)
 
 <!-- END bin/update_readme_changelog.py -->
 
@@ -252,14 +274,14 @@ _14 December 2021_
 
 That's the last few versions.
 
-ℹ️ **Want more changelog? Head over to [the changelog page in the docs](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/changelog/).**
+ℹ️ **Want more changelog? Head over to [the changelog page in the docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/changelog/).**
 
 ---
 
 Contributing
 ============
 
-For more info on how to contribute to cibuildwheel, see the [docs](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/).
+For more info on how to contribute to cibuildwheel, see the [docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/contributing/).
 
 Everyone interacting with the cibuildwheel project via codebase, issue tracker, chat rooms, or otherwise is expected to follow the [PSF Code of Conduct](https://github.com/pypa/.github/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md).
 
@@ -270,6 +292,7 @@ Maintainers
 - Yannick Jadoul [@YannickJadoul](https://github.com/YannickJadoul)
 - Matthieu Darbois [@mayeut](https://github.com/mayeut)
 - Henry Schreiner [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii)
+- Grzegorz Bokota [@Czaki](https://github.com/Czaki)
 
 Credits
 -------
@@ -293,4 +316,4 @@ See also
 
 Another very similar tool to consider is [matthew-brett/multibuild](http://github.com/matthew-brett/multibuild). `multibuild` is a shell script toolbox for building a wheel on various platforms. It is used as a basis to build some of the big data science tools, like SciPy.
 
-If you are building Rust wheels, you can get by without some of the tricks required to make GLIBC work via manylinux; this is especially relevant for cross-compiling, which is easy with Rust. See [maturin-action](https://github.com/messense/maturin-action) for a tool that is optimized for building Rust wheels and cross-compiling.
+If you are building Rust wheels, you can get by without some of the tricks required to make GLIBC work via manylinux; this is especially relevant for cross-compiling, which is easy with Rust. See [maturin-action](https://github.com/PyO3/maturin-action) for a tool that is optimized for building Rust wheels and cross-compiling.

action.yml

@@ -13,6 +13,10 @@ inputs:
     description: 'File containing the config, defaults to {package}/pyproject.toml'
     required: false
     default: ''
+  only:
+    description: 'Build a specific wheel only. No need for arch/platform if this is set'
+    required: false
+    default: ''
 branding:
   icon: package
   color: yellow
@@ -20,14 +24,69 @@ branding:
 runs:
   using: composite
   steps:
+    # Set up the version of Python that supports pyodide
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      id: python
+      with:
+        python-version: "3.12"
+        update-environment: false
+
+    - id: cibw
+      run: |
+        # Install cibuildwheel
+        "${{ steps.python.outputs.python-path }}" -u << "EOF"
+        import os
+        import shutil
+        import sys
+        import venv
+
+        from pathlib import Path
+        from subprocess import run
+
+
+        class EnvBuilder(venv.EnvBuilder):
+            def __init__(self):
+                super().__init__()
+
+            def setup_scripts(self, context):
+                pass
+
+            def post_setup(self, context):
+                super().post_setup(context)
+                self.bin_path = Path(context.env_exe).parent
+                run([sys.executable, "-m", "pip", "--python", context.env_exe, "install", r"${{ github.action_path }}"], check=True)
+
+
+        print("::group::Install cibuildwheel")
+        venv_path = Path(r"${{ runner.temp }}") / "cibw"
+        if venv_path.exists():
+            shutil.rmtree(venv_path)
+        builder = EnvBuilder()
+        builder.create(venv_path)
+        cibw_path = [path for path in builder.bin_path.glob("cibuildwheel*") if path.stem == "cibuildwheel"][0]
+        with open(os.environ["GITHUB_OUTPUT"], "at") as f:
+            f.write(f"cibw-path={cibw_path}\n")
+        print("::endgroup::")
+        EOF
+      shell: bash
 
     # Redirecting stderr to stdout to fix interleaving issue in Actions.
     - run: >
-        pipx run
-        --spec '${{ github.action_path }}'
-        cibuildwheel
-        ${{ inputs.package-dir }}
-        --output-dir ${{ inputs.output-dir }}
-        --config-file "${{ inputs.config-file }}"
+        "${{ steps.cibw.outputs.cibw-path }}"
+        "${{ inputs.package-dir }}"
+        ${{ inputs.output-dir != ''  && format('--output-dir "{0}"', inputs.output-dir) || ''}}
+        ${{ inputs.config-file != '' && format('--config-file "{0}"', inputs.config-file) || ''}}
+        ${{ inputs.only != ''        && format('--only "{0}"', inputs.only) || ''}}
         2>&1
       shell: bash
+      if: runner.os != 'Windows'
+
+    # Windows needs powershell to interact nicely with Meson
+    - run: >
+        & "${{ steps.cibw.outputs.cibw-path }}"
+        "${{ inputs.package-dir }}"
+        ${{ inputs.output-dir != ''  && format('--output-dir "{0}"', inputs.output-dir) || ''}}
+        ${{ inputs.config-file != '' && format('--config-file "{0}"', inputs.config-file) || ''}}
+        ${{ inputs.only != ''        && format('--only "{0}"', inputs.only) || ''}}
+      shell: pwsh
+      if: runner.os == 'Windows'

appveyor.yml

@@ -1,26 +1,29 @@
 environment:
   matrix:
-    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Ubuntu
-      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python37-x64-ubuntu"
-    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2015
-      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python37-x64-vs2015"
-    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: macos-mojave
-      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python37-x64-macos-mojave"
+    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Ubuntu2204
+      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python312-x64-ubuntu"
+    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2022
+      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python312-x64-vs2022"
+    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: macos-sonoma
+      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python312-x64-macos"
 
-stack: python 3.7
+stack: python 3.12
 
 build: off
 
 init:
-- cmd: set PATH=C:\Python37;C:\Python37\Scripts;%PATH%
 - ps: |
       $BRANCH = if ($env:APPVEYOR_PULL_REQUEST_HEAD_REPO_BRANCH) { $env:APPVEYOR_PULL_REQUEST_HEAD_REPO_BRANCH } else { $env:APPVEYOR_REPO_BRANCH }
       if (-not ($BRANCH -eq 'main' -or $BRANCH.ToLower().StartsWith('appveyor-'))) {
-        $env:PYTEST_ADDOPTS='-k "unit_test or test_0_basic" --suppress-no-test-exit-code'
+        $env:PYTEST_ADDOPTS = '-k "unit_test or test_0_basic" --suppress-no-test-exit-code'
+      }
+      if ($IsLinux) {
+        docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
       }
-      python -m pip install -U pip
 
-install: python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
+install:
+  - python -m pip install -U pip
+  - python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
 
 # the '-u' flag is required so the output is in the correct order.
 # See https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/24 for more info.

azure-pipelines.yml

@@ -1,35 +1,31 @@
+pr:
+  paths:
+    exclude:
+      - docs/*
+      - .pre-commit-config.yaml
+
 jobs:
 - job: linux_38
   timeoutInMinutes: 120
-  pool: {vmImage: 'Ubuntu-18.04'}
+  pool: {vmImage: 'Ubuntu-20.04'}
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
       inputs:
         versionSpec: '3.8'
     - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-azurepipelines
+        docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
+        python -m pip install -e ".[dev]"
         python ./bin/run_tests.py
 
 - job: macos_38
-  pool: {vmImage: 'macOS-10.15'}
+  pool: {vmImage: 'macOS-12'}
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
       inputs:
         versionSpec: '3.8'
     - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-azurepipelines
-        python ./bin/run_tests.py
-
-- job: windows_36
-  pool: {vmImage: 'windows-2019'}
-  timeoutInMinutes: 180
-  steps:
-    - task: UsePythonVersion@0
-      inputs:
-        versionSpec: '3.6'
-    - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-azurepipelines
-        python ./bin/run_tests.py
+        python -m pip install -e ".[dev]"
+        python ./bin/run_tests.py --num-processes 2
 
 - job: windows_38
   pool: {vmImage: 'windows-2019'}
@@ -39,5 +35,5 @@ jobs:
       inputs:
         versionSpec: '3.8'
     - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-azurepipelines
+        python -m pip install -e ".[dev]"
         python ./bin/run_tests.py

bin/bump_version.py

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
+# /// script
+# dependencies = ["click", "packaging", "tomli; python_version<'3.11'"]
+# ///
+
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
@@ -13,10 +17,14 @@ from pathlib import Path
 import click
 from packaging.version import InvalidVersion, Version
 
-import cibuildwheel
+if sys.version_info < (3, 11):
+    import tomli as tomllib
+else:
+    import tomllib
 
 config = [
     # file path, version find/replace format
+    ("pyproject.toml", 'version = "{}"'),
     ("README.md", "cibuildwheel=={}"),
     ("cibuildwheel/__init__.py", '__version__ = "{}"'),
     ("docs/faq.md", "cibuildwheel=={}"),
@@ -24,7 +32,6 @@ config = [
     ("docs/setup.md", "cibuildwheel=={}"),
     ("examples/*", "cibuildwheel=={}"),
     ("examples/*", "cibuildwheel@v{}"),
-    ("setup.cfg", "version = {}"),
 ]
 
 RED = "\u001b[31m"
@@ -34,7 +41,8 @@ OFF = "\u001b[0m"
 
 @click.command()
 def bump_version() -> None:
-    current_version = cibuildwheel.__version__
+    with open("pyproject.toml", "rb") as f:
+        current_version = tomllib.load(f)["project"]["version"]
 
     try:
         commit_date_str = subprocess.run(
@@ -60,7 +68,7 @@ def bump_version() -> None:
         print(e)
         print("Failed to get previous version tag information.")
 
-    git_changes_result = subprocess.run(["git diff-index --quiet HEAD --"], shell=True)
+    git_changes_result = subprocess.run(["git diff-index --quiet HEAD --"], shell=True, check=False)
     repo_has_uncommitted_changes = git_changes_result.returncode != 0
 
     if repo_has_uncommitted_changes:
@@ -68,7 +76,7 @@ def bump_version() -> None:
         sys.exit(1)
 
     # fmt: off
-    print(              'Current version:', current_version)  # noqa: E201 whitespace
+    print(              'Current version:', current_version)
     new_version = input('    New version: ').strip()
     # fmt: on
 
@@ -142,7 +150,8 @@ def bump_version() -> None:
             "pre-commit",
             "run",
             "--files=docs/changelog.md",
-        ]
+        ],
+        check=False,
     )
 
     # run pre-commit to check that no errors occurred on the second run
@@ -180,11 +189,11 @@ def bump_version() -> None:
     print()
 
     print("Push the new version to GitHub with:")
-    print("    git push && git push --tags")
+    print(f"    git push && git push origin v{new_version}")
     print()
 
     release_url = "https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/releases/new?" + urllib.parse.urlencode(
-        {"tag": new_version}
+        {"tag": f"v{new_version}"}
     )
     print("Then create a release at the URL:")
     print(f"    {release_url}")

bin/dev_run_test

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-CIBW_PLATFORM=linux pytest "$@"

bin/generate_schema.py

@@ -0,0 +1,309 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# /// script
+# dependencies = ["pyyaml"]
+# ///
+
+import argparse
+import copy
+import json
+from typing import Any
+
+import yaml
+
+parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+parser.add_argument("--schemastore", action="store_true", help="Generate schema_store version")
+args = parser.parse_args()
+
+starter = """
+$schema: http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema
+$id: https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/cibuildwheel/resources/cibuildwheel.schema.json
+$defs:
+  inherit:
+    enum:
+      - none
+      - prepend
+      - append
+    default: none
+    description: How to inherit the parent's value.
+additionalProperties: false
+description: cibuildwheel's settings.
+type: object
+properties:
+  archs:
+    description: Change the architectures built on your machine by default.
+    type: string_array
+  before-all:
+    description: Execute a shell command on the build system before any wheels are built.
+    type: string_array
+  before-build:
+    description: Execute a shell command preparing each wheel's build.
+    type: string_array
+  before-test:
+    description: Execute a shell command before testing each wheel.
+    type: string_array
+  build:
+    default: ['*']
+    description: Choose the Python versions to build.
+    type: string_array
+  build-frontend:
+    default: default
+    description: Set the tool to use to build, either "pip" (default for now), "build", or "build[uv]"
+    oneOf:
+      - enum: [pip, build, "build[uv]", default]
+      - type: string
+        pattern: '^pip; ?args:'
+      - type: string
+        pattern: '^build; ?args:'
+      - type: string
+        pattern: '^build\\[uv\\]; ?args:'
+      - type: object
+        additionalProperties: false
+        required: [name]
+        properties:
+          name:
+            enum: [pip, build, "build[uv]"]
+          args:
+            type: array
+            items:
+              type: string
+  build-verbosity:
+    type: integer
+    minimum: -3
+    maximum: 3
+    default: 0
+    description: Increase/decrease the output of pip wheel.
+  config-settings:
+    description: Specify config-settings for the build backend.
+    type: string_table_array
+  container-engine:
+    oneOf:
+      - enum: [docker, podman]
+      - type: string
+        pattern: '^docker; ?(create_args|disable_host_mount):'
+      - type: string
+        pattern: '^podman; ?(create_args|disable_host_mount):'
+      - type: object
+        additionalProperties: false
+        required: [name]
+        properties:
+          name:
+            enum: [docker, podman]
+          create-args:
+            type: array
+            items:
+              type: string
+          disable-host-mount:
+            type: boolean
+  dependency-versions:
+    default: pinned
+    description: Specify how cibuildwheel controls the versions of the tools it uses
+    type: string
+  environment:
+    description: Set environment variables needed during the build.
+    type: string_table
+  environment-pass:
+    description: Set environment variables on the host to pass-through to the container
+      during the build.
+    type: string_array
+  free-threaded-support:
+    type: boolean
+    default: false
+    description: The project supports free-threaded builds of Python (PEP703)
+  manylinux-aarch64-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  manylinux-i686-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  manylinux-ppc64le-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  manylinux-pypy_aarch64-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  manylinux-pypy_i686-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  manylinux-pypy_x86_64-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  manylinux-s390x-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  manylinux-x86_64-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  musllinux-aarch64-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  musllinux-i686-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  musllinux-ppc64le-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  musllinux-s390x-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  musllinux-x86_64-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  repair-wheel-command:
+    type: string_array
+    description: Execute a shell command to repair each built wheel.
+  skip:
+    description: Choose the Python versions to skip.
+    type: string_array
+  test-command:
+    description: Execute a shell command to test each built wheel.
+    type: string_array
+  test-extras:
+    description: Install your wheel for testing using `extras_require`
+    type: string_array
+  test-requires:
+    description: Install Python dependencies before running the tests
+    type: string_array
+  test-skip:
+    description: Skip running tests on some builds.
+    type: string_array
+"""
+
+schema = yaml.safe_load(starter)
+
+string_array = yaml.safe_load(
+    """
+- type: string
+- type: array
+  items:
+    type: string
+"""
+)
+
+string_table_array = yaml.safe_load(
+    """
+- type: string
+- type: object
+  additionalProperties: false
+  patternProperties:
+    .+:
+      oneOf:
+        - type: string
+        - type: array
+          items:
+            type: string
+"""
+)
+
+string_table = yaml.safe_load(
+    """
+- type: string
+- type: object
+  additionalProperties: false
+  patternProperties:
+    .+:
+      type: string
+"""
+)
+
+for value in schema["properties"].values():
+    match value:
+        case {"type": "string_array"}:
+            del value["type"]
+            value["oneOf"] = string_array
+        case {"type": "string_table"}:
+            del value["type"]
+            value["oneOf"] = string_table
+        case {"type": "string_table_array"}:
+            del value["type"]
+            value["oneOf"] = string_table_array
+
+overrides = yaml.safe_load(
+    """
+type: array
+description: An overrides array
+items:
+  type: object
+  required: ["select"]
+  minProperties: 2
+  additionalProperties: false
+  properties:
+    select: {}
+    inherit:
+      type: object
+      additionalProperties: false
+      properties:
+        before-all: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
+        before-build: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
+        before-test: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
+        config-settings: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
+        container-engine: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
+        environment: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
+        environment-pass: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
+        repair-wheel-command: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
+        test-command: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
+        test-extras: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
+        test-requires: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
+"""
+)
+
+for key, value in schema["properties"].items():
+    value["title"] = f'CIBW_{key.replace("-", "_").upper()}'
+
+non_global_options = {k: {"$ref": f"#/properties/{k}"} for k in schema["properties"]}
+del non_global_options["build"]
+del non_global_options["skip"]
+del non_global_options["test-skip"]
+del non_global_options["free-threaded-support"]
+
+overrides["items"]["properties"]["select"]["oneOf"] = string_array
+overrides["items"]["properties"] |= non_global_options.copy()
+
+del overrides["items"]["properties"]["archs"]
+
+not_linux = non_global_options.copy()
+
+del not_linux["environment-pass"]
+del not_linux["container-engine"]
+for key in list(not_linux):
+    if "linux-" in key:
+        del not_linux[key]
+
+
+def as_object(d: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    return {
+        "type": "object",
+        "additionalProperties": False,
+        "properties": copy.deepcopy(d),
+    }
+
+
+oses = {
+    "linux": as_object(non_global_options),
+    "windows": as_object(not_linux),
+    "macos": as_object(not_linux),
+    "pyodide": as_object(not_linux),
+}
+
+oses["linux"]["properties"]["repair-wheel-command"] = {
+    **schema["properties"]["repair-wheel-command"],
+    "default": "auditwheel repair -w {dest_dir} {wheel}",
+}
+oses["macos"]["properties"]["repair-wheel-command"] = {
+    **schema["properties"]["repair-wheel-command"],
+    "default": "delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} -v {wheel}",
+}
+
+del oses["linux"]["properties"]["dependency-versions"]
+
+schema["properties"]["overrides"] = overrides
+schema["properties"] |= oses
+
+if args.schemastore:
+    schema["$id"] = "https://json.schemastore.org/partial-cibuildwheel.json"
+    schema["$schema"] = "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#"
+    schema["description"] = (
+        "cibuildwheel's toml file, generated with ./bin/generate_schema.py --schemastore from cibuildwheel."
+    )
+
+print(json.dumps(schema, indent=2))

bin/inspect_all_known_projects.py

@@ -1,13 +1,25 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+"""
+Check known projects for usage of requires-python.
+
+Usage:
+
+    ./bin/inspect_all_known_projects.py --online=$GITHUB_TOKEN
+
+This will cache the results to all_known_setup.yaml; you can reprint
+the results without the `--online` setting.
+"""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import ast
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Iterator
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Iterator
 
 import click
 import yaml
-from ghapi.core import GhApi, HTTP404NotFoundError
+from github import Github, GithubException
 from rich import print
 
 from cibuildwheel.projectfiles import Analyzer
@@ -47,39 +59,44 @@ def check_repo(name: str, contents: str) -> str:
 
 
 class MaybeRemote:
-    def __init__(self, cached_file: Path | str, *, online: bool) -> None:
-        self.online = online
-        if self.online:
-            self.contents: dict[str, dict[str, str | None]] = {
+    github: Github | None
+    contents: dict[str, dict[str, str | None]]
+
+    def __init__(self, cached_file: Path | str, *, online: str | None) -> None:
+        if online is not None:
+            self.github = Github(online)
+            self.contents = {
                 "setup.py": {},
                 "setup.cfg": {},
                 "pyproject.toml": {},
             }
         else:
+            self.github = None
             with open(cached_file) as f:
                 self.contents = yaml.safe_load(f)
 
     def get(self, repo: str, filename: str) -> str | None:
-        if self.online:
+        if self.github:
             try:
-                self.contents[filename][repo] = (
-                    GhApi(*repo.split("/")).get_content(filename).decode()
-                )
-            except HTTP404NotFoundError:
+                gh_file = self.github.get_repo(repo).get_contents(filename)
+            except GithubException:
                 self.contents[filename][repo] = None
+            else:
+                assert not isinstance(gh_file, list)
+                self.contents[filename][repo] = gh_file.decoded_content.decode(encoding="utf-8")
+
             return self.contents[filename][repo]
         elif repo in self.contents[filename]:
             return self.contents[filename][repo]
         else:
-            raise RuntimeError(
-                f"Trying to access {repo}:{filename} and not in cache, rebuild cache"
-            )
+            msg = f"Trying to access {repo}:{filename} and not in cache, rebuild cache"
+            raise RuntimeError(msg)
 
     def save(self, filename: Path | str) -> None:
         with open(filename, "w") as f:
             yaml.safe_dump(self.contents, f, default_flow_style=False)
 
-    def on_each(self, repos: list[str]) -> Iterator[tuple[str, str, str | None]]:
+    def on_each(self, repos: Iterable[str]) -> Iterator[tuple[str, str, str | None]]:
         for repo in repos:
             print(f"[bold]{repo}:")
             for filename in sorted(self.contents, reverse=True):
@@ -87,8 +104,8 @@ class MaybeRemote:
 
 
 @click.command()
-@click.option("--online", is_flag=True, help="Remember to set GITHUB_TOKEN")
-def main(online: bool) -> None:
+@click.option("--online", help="Set to $GITHUB_TOKEN")
+def main(online: str | None) -> None:
     with open(DIR / "../docs/data/projects.yml") as f:
         known = yaml.safe_load(f)
 

bin/make_dependency_update_pr.py

@@ -12,13 +12,13 @@ from subprocess import run
 import click
 
 
-def shell(cmd, **kwargs):
-    return run([cmd], shell=True, **kwargs)
+def shell(cmd, *, check: bool, **kwargs):
+    return run([cmd], shell=True, check=check, **kwargs)
 
 
 def git_repo_has_changes():
-    unstaged_changes = shell("git diff-index --quiet HEAD --").returncode != 0
-    staged_changes = shell("git diff-index --quiet --cached HEAD --").returncode != 0
+    unstaged_changes = shell("git diff-index --quiet HEAD --", check=False).returncode != 0
+    staged_changes = shell("git diff-index --quiet --cached HEAD --", check=False).returncode != 0
     return unstaged_changes or staged_changes
 
 
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ def main():
         print("Done.")
     finally:
         # remove any local changes
-        shell("git checkout -- .")
+        shell("git checkout -- .", check=True)
         shell(f"git checkout {previous_branch}", check=True)
         shell(f"git branch -D --force {branch_name}", check=True)
 

bin/projects.py

@@ -1,5 +1,13 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
+# /// script
+# dependencies = [
+#   "click",
+#   "pyyaml",
+#   "pygithub",
+# ]
+# ///
+
 """
 Convert a yaml project list into a nice table.
 
@@ -16,6 +24,7 @@ import functools
 import textwrap
 import urllib.request
 import xml.dom.minidom
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Mapping, Sequence
 from datetime import datetime
 from io import StringIO
 from pathlib import Path
@@ -32,6 +41,7 @@ ICONS = (
     "circleci",
     "gitlab",
     "travisci",
+    "cirrusci",
     "windows",
     "apple",
     "linux",
@@ -41,7 +51,7 @@ ICONS = (
 class Project:
     NAME: int = 0
 
-    def __init__(self, config: dict[str, Any], github: Github | None = None):
+    def __init__(self, config: Mapping[str, Any], github: Github | None = None):
         try:
             self.name: str = config["name"]
             self.gh: str = config["gh"]
@@ -148,7 +158,7 @@ def path_for_icon(icon_name: str, relative_to: Path | None = None) -> Path:
 
 
 def get_projects(
-    config: list[dict[str, Any]],
+    config: Iterable[Mapping[str, Any]],
     *,
     online: bool = True,
     auth: str | None = None,
@@ -162,7 +172,7 @@ def get_projects(
     return sorted((Project(item, github) for item in config), reverse=online)
 
 
-def render_projects(projects: list[Project], *, dest_path: Path, include_info: bool = True):
+def render_projects(projects: Sequence[Project], *, dest_path: Path, include_info: bool = True):
     io = StringIO()
     print = functools.partial(builtins.print, file=io)
 
@@ -190,7 +200,7 @@ def render_projects(projects: list[Project], *, dest_path: Path, include_info: b
 def insert_projects_table(
     file: Path,
     *,
-    projects: list[Project],
+    projects: Sequence[Project],
     input_filename: str,
     include_info: bool = True,
 ):
@@ -242,7 +252,7 @@ def projects(
             README_FILE, projects=projects[:10], input_filename=input.name, include_info=False
         )
         insert_projects_table(
-            DOCS_PAGE, projects=projects, input_filename=input.name, include_info=True
+            DOCS_PAGE, projects=projects, input_filename=input.name, include_info=False
         )
 
 

bin/run_example_ci_configs.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import shutil
 import sys
 import textwrap
 import time
-from collections import namedtuple
+import typing
 from glob import glob
 from pathlib import Path
 from subprocess import run
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ from urllib.parse import quote
 import click
 
 
-def shell(cmd, **kwargs):
-    return run([cmd], shell=True, **kwargs)
+def shell(cmd, *, check: bool, **kwargs):
+    return run([cmd], shell=True, check=check, **kwargs)
 
 
 def git_repo_has_changes():
-    unstaged_changes = shell("git diff-index --quiet HEAD --").returncode != 0
-    staged_changes = shell("git diff-index --quiet --cached HEAD --").returncode != 0
+    unstaged_changes = shell("git diff-index --quiet HEAD --", check=False).returncode != 0
+    staged_changes = shell("git diff-index --quiet --cached HEAD --", check=False).returncode != 0
     return unstaged_changes or staged_changes
 
 
@@ -34,17 +34,22 @@ def generate_basic_project(path):
     project.generate(path)
 
 
-CIService = namedtuple("CIService", "name dst_config_path badge_md")
+class CIService(typing.NamedTuple):
+    name: str
+    dst_config_path: str
+    badge_md: str
+
+
 services = [
     CIService(
         name="appveyor",
         dst_config_path="appveyor.yml",
-        badge_md="[![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/wbsgxshp05tt1tif/branch/{branch}?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/pypa/cibuildwheel/branch/{branch})",
+        badge_md="[![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/gt3vwl88yt0y3hur/branch/{branch}?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/joerick/cibuildwheel/branch/{branch})",
     ),
     CIService(
         name="azure-pipelines",
         dst_config_path="azure-pipelines.yml",
-        badge_md="[![Build Status](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_apis/build/status/joerick.cibuildwheel?branchName={branch})](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_build/latest?definitionId=2&branchName={branch})",
+        badge_md="[![Build Status](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_apis/build/status/pypa.cibuildwheel?branchName={branch})](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_build/latest?definitionId=2&branchName={branch})",
     ),
     CIService(
         name="circleci",
@@ -59,24 +64,29 @@ services = [
     CIService(
         name="travis-ci",
         dst_config_path=".travis.yml",
-        badge_md="[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/pypa/cibuildwheel.svg?branch={branch})](https://travis-ci.org/pypa/cibuildwheel)",
+        badge_md="[![Build Status](https://app.travis-ci.com/pypa/cibuildwheel.svg?branch={branch})](https://app.travis-ci.com/pypa/cibuildwheel)",
     ),
     CIService(
         name="gitlab",
         dst_config_path=".gitlab-ci.yml",
-        badge_md="[![Gitlab](https://gitlab.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/badges/{branch}/pipeline.svg)](https://gitlab.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/-/commits/{branch})",
+        badge_md="[![Gitlab](https://gitlab.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/badges/{branch}/pipeline.svg)](https://gitlab.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/-/commits/{branch})",
+    ),
+    CIService(
+        name="cirrus-ci",
+        dst_config_path=".cirrus.yml",
+        badge_md="[![Cirrus CI](https://api.cirrus-ci.com/github/pypa/cibuildwheel.svg?branch={branch})](https://cirrus-ci.com/github/pypa/cibuildwheel/{branch})",
     ),
 ]
 
 
 def ci_service_for_config_file(config_file):
-    service_name = Path(config_file).name.rsplit("-", 1)[0]
+    filename = Path(config_file).name
 
-    for service in services:
-        if service.name == service_name:
-            return service
-
-    raise ValueError(f"unknown ci service for config file {config_file}")
+    try:
+        return next(s for s in services if filename.startswith(s.name))
+    except StopIteration:
+        msg = f"unknown ci service for config file {config_file}"
+        raise ValueError(msg) from None
 
 
 @click.command()
@@ -95,7 +105,8 @@ def run_example_ci_configs(config_files=None):
     for config_file in config_files:
         service = ci_service_for_config_file(config_file)
         if service.name in configs_by_service:
-            raise Exception("You cannot specify more than one config per CI service")
+            msg = "You cannot specify more than one config per CI service"
+            raise Exception(msg)
         configs_by_service[service.name] = config_file
 
     if git_repo_has_changes():
@@ -157,7 +168,7 @@ def run_example_ci_configs(config_files=None):
     finally:
         # remove any local changes
         shutil.rmtree(example_project, ignore_errors=True)
-        shell("git checkout -- .")
+        shell("git checkout -- .", check=True)
         shell(f"git checkout {previous_branch}", check=True)
         shell(f"git branch -D --force {branch_name}", check=True)
 

bin/run_tests.py

@@ -1,33 +1,56 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import argparse
 import os
 import subprocess
 import sys
 from pathlib import Path
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
+    default_cpu_count = os.cpu_count() or 2
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--run-podman", action="store_true", default=False, help="run podman tests (linux only)"
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--num-processes",
+        action="store",
+        default=default_cpu_count,
+        help="number of processes to use for testing",
+    )
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
     # move cwd to the project root
     os.chdir(Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1])
 
-    # run the unit tests
+    # unit tests
     unit_test_args = [sys.executable, "-m", "pytest", "unit_test"]
-    # run the docker unit tests only on Linux
-    if sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
+
+    if sys.platform.startswith("linux") and os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "linux") == "linux":
+        # run the docker unit tests only on Linux
         unit_test_args += ["--run-docker"]
+
+        if args.run_podman:
+            unit_test_args += ["--run-podman"]
+
     subprocess.run(unit_test_args, check=True)
 
-    # run the integration tests
-    subprocess.run(
-        [
-            sys.executable,
-            "-m",
-            "pytest",
-            "--numprocesses=2",
-            "-x",
-            "--durations",
-            "0",
-            "--timeout=2400",
-            "test",
-        ],
-        check=True,
-    )
+    # integration tests
+    integration_test_args = [
+        sys.executable,
+        "-m",
+        "pytest",
+        f"--numprocesses={args.num_processes}",
+        "-x",
+        "--durations",
+        "0",
+        "--timeout=2400",
+        "test",
+    ]
+
+    if sys.platform.startswith("linux") and args.run_podman:
+        integration_test_args += ["--run-podman"]
+
+    subprocess.run(integration_test_args, check=True)

bin/sample_build.py

@@ -24,4 +24,8 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         check=True,
     )
 
-    sys.exit(subprocess.run([sys.executable, "-m", "cibuildwheel"], cwd=project_dir).returncode)
+    sys.exit(
+        subprocess.run(
+            [sys.executable, "-m", "cibuildwheel"], cwd=project_dir, check=False
+        ).returncode
+    )

bin/update_dependencies.py

@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-# This file supports 3.6+
-
-import os
-import shutil
-import subprocess
-import sys
-from pathlib import Path
-
-DIR = Path(__file__).parent.resolve()
-RESOURCES = DIR.parent / "cibuildwheel/resources"
-
-python_version = "".join(str(v) for v in sys.version_info[:2])
-
-env = os.environ.copy()
-
-# CUSTOM_COMPILE_COMMAND is a pip-compile option that tells users how to
-# regenerate the constraints files
-env["CUSTOM_COMPILE_COMMAND"] = "bin/update_dependencies.py"
-
-os.chdir(DIR.parent)
-
-subprocess.run(
-    [
-        "pip-compile",
-        "--allow-unsafe",
-        "--upgrade",
-        "cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in",
-        f"--output-file=cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python{python_version}.txt",
-    ],
-    check=True,
-    env=env,
-)
-
-# default constraints.txt
-if python_version == "39":
-    shutil.copyfile(
-        RESOURCES / f"constraints-python{python_version}.txt",
-        RESOURCES / "constraints.txt",
-    )

bin/update_docker.py

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import configparser
+from dataclasses import dataclass
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import NamedTuple
 
 import requests
 
@@ -11,7 +11,8 @@ DIR = Path(__file__).parent.resolve()
 RESOURCES = DIR.parent / "cibuildwheel/resources"
 
 
-class Image(NamedTuple):
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class Image:
     manylinux_version: str
     platform: str
     image_name: str
@@ -45,12 +46,25 @@ images = [
     Image("manylinux_2_24", "pypy_x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64", None),
     Image("manylinux_2_24", "pypy_i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_i686", None),
     Image("manylinux_2_24", "pypy_aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_aarch64", None),
+    # manylinux_2_28 images
+    Image("manylinux_2_28", "x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64", None),
+    Image("manylinux_2_28", "aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64", None),
+    Image("manylinux_2_28", "ppc64le", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_ppc64le", None),
+    Image("manylinux_2_28", "s390x", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_s390x", None),
+    Image("manylinux_2_28", "pypy_x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64", None),
+    Image("manylinux_2_28", "pypy_aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64", None),
     # musllinux_1_1 images
     Image("musllinux_1_1", "x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_x86_64", None),
     Image("musllinux_1_1", "i686", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_i686", None),
     Image("musllinux_1_1", "aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_aarch64", None),
     Image("musllinux_1_1", "ppc64le", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_ppc64le", None),
     Image("musllinux_1_1", "s390x", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_s390x", None),
+    # musllinux_1_2 images
+    Image("musllinux_1_2", "x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64", None),
+    Image("musllinux_1_2", "i686", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686", None),
+    Image("musllinux_1_2", "aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_aarch64", None),
+    Image("musllinux_1_2", "ppc64le", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_ppc64le", None),
+    Image("musllinux_1_2", "s390x", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_s390x", None),
 ]
 
 config = configparser.ConfigParser()

bin/update_how_it_works_image.py

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import subprocess
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+
+try:
+    from html2image import Html2Image  # type: ignore[import-not-found]
+except ImportError:
+    sys.exit(
+        """
+        html2image not found. Ensure you have Chrome (on Mac/Windows) or
+        Chromium (on Linux) installed, and then do:
+            pip install html2image
+        """
+    )
+
+
+def main():
+    subprocess.run(["mkdocs", "build"], check=True)
+
+    hti = Html2Image(custom_flags=["--force-device-scale-factor=2"])
+
+    html_str = Path("docs/diagram.md").read_text()
+    css_tags = f"""
+        <style>{Path("site/css/theme.css").read_text()}</style>
+        <style>{Path("site/css/theme_extra.css").read_text()}</style>
+        <style>{Path("site/extra.css").read_text()}</style>
+        <style>
+            body {{
+                background: white;
+            }}
+        </style>
+    """
+    html_str = css_tags + html_str
+
+    [screenshot, *_] = hti.screenshot(
+        html_str=html_str,
+        size=(830, 405),
+    )
+
+    dest_path = Path("docs/data/how-it-works.png")
+    if dest_path.exists():
+        dest_path.unlink()
+
+    Path(screenshot).rename(dest_path)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

bin/update_nodejs.py

@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import difflib
+import logging
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Final
+
+import click
+import packaging.specifiers
+import requests
+import rich
+from packaging.version import InvalidVersion, Version
+from rich.logging import RichHandler
+from rich.syntax import Syntax
+
+from cibuildwheel._compat import tomllib
+
+log = logging.getLogger("cibw")
+
+# Looking up the dir instead of using utils.resources_dir
+# since we want to write to it.
+DIR: Final[Path] = Path(__file__).parent.parent.resolve()
+RESOURCES_DIR: Final[Path] = DIR / "cibuildwheel/resources"
+
+NODEJS_DIST: Final[str] = "https://nodejs.org/dist/"
+NODEJS_INDEX: Final[str] = f"{NODEJS_DIST}index.json"
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, order=True)
+class VersionTuple:
+    version: Version
+    version_string: str
+
+
+def parse_nodejs_index() -> list[VersionTuple]:
+    versions: list[VersionTuple] = []
+    response = requests.get(NODEJS_INDEX)
+    response.raise_for_status()
+    versions_info = response.json()
+    for version_info in versions_info:
+        version_string = version_info.get("version", "???")
+        if not version_info.get("lts", False):
+            log.debug("Ignoring non LTS release %r", version_string)
+            continue
+        if "linux-x64" not in version_info.get("files", []):
+            log.warning(
+                "Ignoring release %r which does not include a linux-x64 binary", version_string
+            )
+            continue
+        try:
+            version = Version(version_string)
+            if version.is_devrelease:
+                log.info("Ignoring development release %r", str(version))
+                continue
+            if version.is_prerelease:
+                log.info("Ignoring pre-release %r", str(version))
+                continue
+            versions.append(VersionTuple(version, version_string))
+        except InvalidVersion:
+            log.warning("Ignoring release %r", version_string)
+    versions.sort(reverse=True)
+    return versions
+
+
+@click.command()
+@click.option("--force", is_flag=True)
+@click.option(
+    "--level", default="INFO", type=click.Choice(["WARNING", "INFO", "DEBUG"], case_sensitive=False)
+)
+def update_nodejs(force: bool, level: str) -> None:
+    logging.basicConfig(
+        level="INFO",
+        format="%(message)s",
+        datefmt="[%X]",
+        handlers=[RichHandler(rich_tracebacks=True, markup=True)],
+    )
+    log.setLevel(level)
+
+    toml_file_path = RESOURCES_DIR / "nodejs.toml"
+
+    original_toml = toml_file_path.read_text()
+    with toml_file_path.open("rb") as f:
+        nodejs_data = tomllib.load(f)
+
+    nodejs_data.pop("url")
+
+    major_versions = [VersionTuple(Version(key), key) for key in nodejs_data]
+    major_versions.sort(reverse=True)
+
+    versions = parse_nodejs_index()
+
+    # update existing versions, 1 per LTS
+    for major_version in major_versions:
+        current = Version(nodejs_data[major_version.version_string])
+        specifier = packaging.specifiers.SpecifierSet(
+            specifiers=f"=={major_version.version.major}.*"
+        )
+        for version in versions:
+            if specifier.contains(version.version) and version.version > current:
+                nodejs_data[major_version.version_string] = version.version_string
+                break
+
+    # check for a new major LTS to insert
+    if versions and versions[0].version.major > major_versions[0].version.major:
+        major_versions.insert(
+            0,
+            VersionTuple(Version(str(versions[0].version.major)), f"v{versions[0].version.major}"),
+        )
+        nodejs_data[major_versions[0].version_string] = versions[0].version_string
+
+    versions_toml = "\n".join(
+        f'{major_version.version_string} = "{nodejs_data[major_version.version_string]}"'
+        for major_version in major_versions
+    )
+    result_toml = f'url = "{NODEJS_DIST}"\n{versions_toml}\n'
+
+    rich.print()  # spacer
+
+    if original_toml == result_toml:
+        rich.print("[green]Check complete, nodejs version unchanged.")
+        return
+
+    rich.print("nodejs version updated.")
+    rich.print("Changes:")
+    rich.print()
+
+    toml_relpath = toml_file_path.relative_to(DIR).as_posix()
+    diff_lines = difflib.unified_diff(
+        original_toml.splitlines(keepends=True),
+        result_toml.splitlines(keepends=True),
+        fromfile=toml_relpath,
+        tofile=toml_relpath,
+    )
+    rich.print(Syntax("".join(diff_lines), "diff", theme="ansi_light"))
+    rich.print()
+
+    if force:
+        toml_file_path.write_text(result_toml)
+        rich.print("[green]TOML file updated.")
+    else:
+        rich.print("[yellow]File left unchanged. Use --force flag to update.")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    update_nodejs()

bin/update_pythons.py

@@ -5,26 +5,20 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import copy
 import difflib
 import logging
-import sys
+from collections.abc import Mapping, MutableMapping
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Union
+from typing import Any, Final, Literal, TypedDict, Union
 
 import click
 import requests
 import rich
-
-if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
-    import tomllib
-else:
-    import tomli as tomllib
-
 from packaging.specifiers import Specifier
 from packaging.version import Version
 from rich.logging import RichHandler
 from rich.syntax import Syntax
 
+from cibuildwheel._compat import tomllib
 from cibuildwheel.extra import dump_python_configurations
-from cibuildwheel.typing import Final, Literal, TypedDict
 
 log = logging.getLogger("cibw")
 
@@ -64,8 +58,7 @@ AnyConfig = Union[ConfigWinCP, ConfigWinPP, ConfigMacOS]
 
 
 class WindowsVersions:
-    def __init__(self, arch_str: ArchStr) -> None:
-
+    def __init__(self, arch_str: ArchStr, free_threaded: bool) -> None:
         response = requests.get("https://api.nuget.org/v3/index.json")
         response.raise_for_status()
         api_info = response.json()
@@ -79,7 +72,11 @@ class WindowsVersions:
 
         self.arch_str = arch_str
         self.arch = ARCH_DICT[arch_str]
+        self.free_threaded = free_threaded
+
         package = PACKAGE_DICT[arch_str]
+        if free_threaded:
+            package = f"{package}-freethreaded"
 
         response = requests.get(f"{endpoint}{package}/index.json")
         response.raise_for_status()
@@ -88,20 +85,20 @@ class WindowsVersions:
         self.version_dict = {Version(v): v for v in cp_info["versions"]}
 
     def update_version_windows(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigWinCP | None:
-
         # Specifier.filter selects all non pre-releases that match the spec,
         # unless there are only pre-releases, then it selects pre-releases
         # instead (like pip)
         unsorted_versions = spec.filter(self.version_dict)
         versions = sorted(unsorted_versions, reverse=True)
 
-        log.debug(f"Windows {self.arch} {spec} has {', '.join(str(v) for v in versions)}")
+        log.debug("Windows %s %s has %s", self.arch, spec, ", ".join(str(v) for v in versions))
 
         if not versions:
             return None
 
+        flags = "t" if self.free_threaded else ""
         version = versions[0]
-        identifier = f"cp{version.major}{version.minor}-{self.arch}"
+        identifier = f"cp{version.major}{version.minor}{flags}-{self.arch}"
         return ConfigWinCP(
             identifier=identifier,
             version=self.version_dict[version],
@@ -111,7 +108,6 @@ class WindowsVersions:
 
 class PyPyVersions:
     def __init__(self, arch_str: ArchStr):
-
         response = requests.get("https://downloads.python.org/pypy/versions.json")
         response.raise_for_status()
 
@@ -127,7 +123,7 @@ class PyPyVersions:
         ]
         self.arch = arch_str
 
-    def get_arch_file(self, release: dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+    def get_arch_file(self, release: Mapping[str, Any]) -> str:
         urls: list[str] = [
             rf["download_url"]
             for rf in release["files"]
@@ -137,11 +133,12 @@ class PyPyVersions:
 
     def update_version_windows(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigWinCP:
         releases = [r for r in self.releases if spec.contains(r["python_version"])]
-        releases = sorted(releases, key=lambda r: r["pypy_version"])  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+        releases = sorted(releases, key=lambda r: r["pypy_version"])
         releases = [r for r in releases if self.get_arch_file(r)]
 
         if not releases:
-            raise RuntimeError(f"PyPy Win {self.arch} not found for {spec}! {self.releases}")
+            msg = f"PyPy Win {self.arch} not found for {spec}! {self.releases}"
+            raise RuntimeError(msg)
 
         version_arch = "win32" if self.arch == "32" else "win_amd64"
 
@@ -158,23 +155,27 @@ class PyPyVersions:
         )
 
     def update_version_macos(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigMacOS:
-        if self.arch != "64":
-            raise RuntimeError("Other archs not supported yet on macOS")
+        if self.arch not in {"64", "ARM64"}:
+            msg = f"'{self.arch}' arch not supported yet on macOS"
+            raise RuntimeError(msg)
 
         releases = [r for r in self.releases if spec.contains(r["python_version"])]
-        releases = sorted(releases, key=lambda r: r["pypy_version"])  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+        releases = sorted(releases, key=lambda r: r["pypy_version"])
 
         if not releases:
-            raise RuntimeError(f"PyPy macOS {self.arch} not found for {spec}!")
+            msg = f"PyPy macOS {self.arch} not found for {spec}!"
+            raise RuntimeError(msg)
 
         release = releases[-1]
         version = release["python_version"]
-        identifier = f"pp{version.major}{version.minor}-macosx_x86_64"
+        arch = "x86_64" if self.arch == "64" else self.arch.lower()
+        identifier = f"pp{version.major}{version.minor}-macosx_{arch}"
 
+        arch = "x64" if self.arch == "64" else self.arch.lower()
         (url,) = (
             rf["download_url"]
             for rf in release["files"]
-            if "" in rf["platform"] == "darwin" and rf["arch"] == "x64"
+            if "" in rf["platform"] == "darwin" and rf["arch"] == arch
         )
 
         return ConfigMacOS(
@@ -186,7 +187,6 @@ class PyPyVersions:
 
 class CPythonVersions:
     def __init__(self) -> None:
-
         response = requests.get(
             "https://www.python.org/api/v2/downloads/release/?is_published=true"
         )
@@ -205,15 +205,12 @@ class CPythonVersions:
     def update_version_macos(
         self, identifier: str, version: Version, spec: Specifier
     ) -> ConfigMacOS | None:
-
         # see note above on Specifier.filter
         unsorted_versions = spec.filter(self.versions_dict)
         sorted_versions = sorted(unsorted_versions, reverse=True)
 
-        if version <= Version("3.8.9999"):
-            file_ident = "macosx10.9.pkg"
-        else:
-            file_ident = "macos11.pkg"
+        macver = "x10.9" if version <= Version("3.8.9999") else "11"
+        file_ident = f"macos{macver}.pkg"
 
         for new_version in sorted_versions:
             # Find the first patch version that contains the requested file
@@ -241,45 +238,56 @@ class CPythonVersions:
 
 class AllVersions:
     def __init__(self) -> None:
-        self.windows_32 = WindowsVersions("32")
-        self.windows_64 = WindowsVersions("64")
-        self.windows_arm64 = WindowsVersions("ARM64")
+        self.windows_32 = WindowsVersions("32", False)
+        self.windows_t_32 = WindowsVersions("32", True)
+        self.windows_64 = WindowsVersions("64", False)
+        self.windows_t_64 = WindowsVersions("64", True)
+        self.windows_arm64 = WindowsVersions("ARM64", False)
+        self.windows_t_arm64 = WindowsVersions("ARM64", True)
         self.windows_pypy_64 = PyPyVersions("64")
 
         self.macos_cpython = CPythonVersions()
         self.macos_pypy = PyPyVersions("64")
+        self.macos_pypy_arm64 = PyPyVersions("ARM64")
 
-    def update_config(self, config: dict[str, str]) -> None:
+    def update_config(self, config: MutableMapping[str, str]) -> None:
         identifier = config["identifier"]
         version = Version(config["version"])
         spec = Specifier(f"=={version.major}.{version.minor}.*")
-        log.info(f"Reading in '{identifier}' -> {spec} @ {version}")
+        log.info("Reading in %r -> %s @ %s", str(identifier), spec, version)
         orig_config = copy.copy(config)
         config_update: AnyConfig | None = None
 
         # We need to use ** in update due to MyPy (probably a bug)
-        if "macos" in identifier:
+        if "macosx" in identifier:
             if identifier.startswith("cp"):
                 config_update = self.macos_cpython.update_version_macos(identifier, version, spec)
             elif identifier.startswith("pp"):
-                config_update = self.macos_pypy.update_version_macos(spec)
-        elif "win32" in identifier:
-            if identifier.startswith("cp"):
-                config_update = self.windows_32.update_version_windows(spec)
+                if "macosx_x86_64" in identifier:
+                    config_update = self.macos_pypy.update_version_macos(spec)
+                elif "macosx_arm64" in identifier:
+                    config_update = self.macos_pypy_arm64.update_version_macos(spec)
+        elif "t-win32" in identifier and identifier.startswith("cp"):
+            config_update = self.windows_t_32.update_version_windows(spec)
+        elif "win32" in identifier and identifier.startswith("cp"):
+            config_update = self.windows_32.update_version_windows(spec)
+        elif "t-win_amd64" in identifier and identifier.startswith("cp"):
+            config_update = self.windows_t_64.update_version_windows(spec)
         elif "win_amd64" in identifier:
             if identifier.startswith("cp"):
                 config_update = self.windows_64.update_version_windows(spec)
             elif identifier.startswith("pp"):
                 config_update = self.windows_pypy_64.update_version_windows(spec)
-        elif "win_arm64" in identifier:
-            if identifier.startswith("cp"):
-                config_update = self.windows_arm64.update_version_windows(spec)
+        elif "t-win_arm64" in identifier and identifier.startswith("cp"):
+            config_update = self.windows_t_arm64.update_version_windows(spec)
+        elif "win_arm64" in identifier and identifier.startswith("cp"):
+            config_update = self.windows_arm64.update_version_windows(spec)
 
         assert config_update is not None, f"{identifier} not found!"
         config.update(**config_update)
 
         if config != orig_config:
-            log.info(f"  Updated {orig_config} to {config}")
+            log.info("  Updated %s to %s", orig_config, config)
 
 
 @click.command()
@@ -288,7 +296,6 @@ class AllVersions:
     "--level", default="INFO", type=click.Choice(["WARNING", "INFO", "DEBUG"], case_sensitive=False)
 )
 def update_pythons(force: bool, level: str) -> None:
-
     logging.basicConfig(
         level="INFO",
         format="%(message)s",

bin/update_readme_changelog.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import re
 import sys
 from pathlib import Path

bin/update_virtualenv.py

@@ -5,23 +5,17 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import difflib
 import logging
 import subprocess
-import sys
+from dataclasses import dataclass
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import NamedTuple
+from typing import Final
 
 import click
 import rich
-
-if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
-    import tomllib
-else:
-    import tomli as tomllib
-
 from packaging.version import InvalidVersion, Version
 from rich.logging import RichHandler
 from rich.syntax import Syntax
 
-from cibuildwheel.typing import Final
+from cibuildwheel._compat import tomllib
 
 log = logging.getLogger("cibw")
 
@@ -31,12 +25,13 @@ DIR: Final[Path] = Path(__file__).parent.parent.resolve()
 RESOURCES_DIR: Final[Path] = DIR / "cibuildwheel/resources"
 
 GET_VIRTUALENV_GITHUB: Final[str] = "https://github.com/pypa/get-virtualenv"
-GET_VIRTUALENV_URL_TEMPLATE: Final[
-    str
-] = f"{GET_VIRTUALENV_GITHUB}/blob/{{version}}/public/virtualenv.pyz?raw=true"
+GET_VIRTUALENV_URL_TEMPLATE: Final[str] = (
+    f"{GET_VIRTUALENV_GITHUB}/blob/{{version}}/public/virtualenv.pyz?raw=true"
+)
 
 
-class VersionTuple(NamedTuple):
+@dataclass(frozen=True, order=True)
+class VersionTuple:
     version: Version
     version_string: str
 
@@ -53,14 +48,14 @@ def git_ls_remote_versions(url) -> list[VersionTuple]:
         try:
             version = Version(version_string)
             if version.is_devrelease:
-                log.info(f"Ignoring development release '{version}'")
+                log.info("Ignoring development release %r", str(version))
                 continue
             if version.is_prerelease:
-                log.info(f"Ignoring pre-release '{version}'")
+                log.info("Ignoring pre-release %r", str(version))
                 continue
             versions.append(VersionTuple(version, version_string))
         except InvalidVersion:
-            log.warning(f"Ignoring ref '{ref}'")
+            log.warning("Ignoring ref %r", ref)
     versions.sort(reverse=True)
     return versions
 
@@ -71,7 +66,6 @@ def git_ls_remote_versions(url) -> list[VersionTuple]:
     "--level", default="INFO", type=click.Choice(["WARNING", "INFO", "DEBUG"], case_sensitive=False)
 )
 def update_virtualenv(force: bool, level: str) -> None:
-
     logging.basicConfig(
         level="INFO",
         format="%(message)s",
@@ -84,15 +78,20 @@ def update_virtualenv(force: bool, level: str) -> None:
 
     original_toml = toml_file_path.read_text()
     with toml_file_path.open("rb") as f:
-        loaded_file = tomllib.load(f)
-    version = str(loaded_file["version"])
+        configurations = tomllib.load(f)
+    default = configurations.pop("default")
+    version = str(default["version"])
     versions = git_ls_remote_versions(GET_VIRTUALENV_GITHUB)
     if versions[0].version > Version(version):
         version = versions[0].version_string
 
-    result_toml = (
-        f'version = "{version}"\n'
-        f'url = "{GET_VIRTUALENV_URL_TEMPLATE.format(version=version)}"\n'
+    configurations["default"] = {
+        "version": version,
+        "url": GET_VIRTUALENV_URL_TEMPLATE.format(version=version),
+    }
+    result_toml = "".join(
+        f'{key} = {{ version = "{value["version"]}", url = "{value["url"]}" }}\n'
+        for key, value in configurations.items()
     )
 
     rich.print()  # spacer

cibuildwheel/__init__.py

@@ -1 +1,3 @@
-__version__ = "2.6.1"
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+__version__ = "2.21.1"

cibuildwheel/__main__.py

@@ -1,33 +1,71 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
+import dataclasses
 import os
 import shutil
 import sys
 import tarfile
-import tempfile
 import textwrap
+import traceback
+import typing
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Sequence, Set
 from pathlib import Path
 from tempfile import mkdtemp
-from typing import List, Set, Union
+from typing import Protocol
 
 import cibuildwheel
 import cibuildwheel.linux
 import cibuildwheel.macos
+import cibuildwheel.pyodide
 import cibuildwheel.util
 import cibuildwheel.windows
+from cibuildwheel import errors
+from cibuildwheel._compat.typing import assert_never
 from cibuildwheel.architecture import Architecture, allowed_architectures_check
 from cibuildwheel.logger import log
 from cibuildwheel.options import CommandLineArguments, Options, compute_options
-from cibuildwheel.typing import PLATFORMS, PlatformName, assert_never
+from cibuildwheel.typing import PLATFORMS, GenericPythonConfiguration, PlatformName
 from cibuildwheel.util import (
     CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
     BuildSelector,
+    CIProvider,
     Unbuffered,
     chdir,
     detect_ci_provider,
+    fix_ansi_codes_for_github_actions,
+    strtobool,
 )
 
 
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class GlobalOptions:
+    print_traceback_on_error: bool = True  # decides what happens when errors are hit.
+
+
 def main() -> None:
+    global_options = GlobalOptions()
+    try:
+        main_inner(global_options)
+    except errors.FatalError as e:
+        message = e.args[0]
+        if log.step_active:
+            log.step_end_with_error(message)
+        else:
+            print(f"cibuildwheel: {message}", file=sys.stderr)
+
+        if global_options.print_traceback_on_error:
+            traceback.print_exc(file=sys.stderr)
+
+        sys.exit(e.return_code)
+
+
+def main_inner(global_options: GlobalOptions) -> None:
+    """
+    `main_inner` is the same as `main`, but it raises FatalError exceptions
+    rather than exiting directly.
+    """
+
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
         description="Build wheels for all the platforms.",
         epilog="""
@@ -39,14 +77,13 @@ def main() -> None:
 
     parser.add_argument(
         "--platform",
-        choices=["auto", "linux", "macos", "windows"],
-        default=os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "auto"),
+        choices=["auto", "linux", "macos", "windows", "pyodide"],
+        default=None,
         help="""
             Platform to build for. Use this option to override the
-            auto-detected platform or to run cibuildwheel on your development
-            machine. Specifying "macos" or "windows" only works on that
-            operating system, but "linux" works on all three, as long as
-            Docker is installed. Default: auto.
+            auto-detected platform. Specifying "macos" or "windows" only works
+            on that operating system, but "linux" works on all three, as long
+            as Docker/Podman is installed. Default: auto.
         """,
     )
 
@@ -64,6 +101,16 @@ def main() -> None:
         """,
     )
 
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--only",
+        default=None,
+        help="""
+            Force a single wheel build when given an identifier. Overrides
+            CIBW_BUILD/CIBW_SKIP. --platform and --arch cannot be specified
+            if this is given.
+        """,
+    )
+
     parser.add_argument(
         "--output-dir",
         type=Path,
@@ -91,7 +138,7 @@ def main() -> None:
             Path to the package that you want wheels for. Default: the working
             directory. Can be a directory inside the working directory, or an
             sdist. When set to a directory, the working directory is still
-            considered the 'project' and is copied into the Docker container
+            considered the 'project' and is copied into the build container
             on Linux.  When set to a tar.gz sdist file, --config-file
             and --output-dir are relative to the current directory, and other
             paths are relative to the expanded SDist directory.
@@ -116,7 +163,16 @@ def main() -> None:
         help="Enable pre-release Python versions if available.",
     )
 
-    args = parser.parse_args(namespace=CommandLineArguments())
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--debug-traceback",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=strtobool(os.environ.get("CIBW_DEBUG_TRACEBACK", "0")),
+        help="Print a full traceback for all errors",
+    )
+
+    args = CommandLineArguments(**vars(parser.parse_args()))
+
+    global_options.print_traceback_on_error = args.debug_traceback
 
     args.package_dir = args.package_dir.resolve()
 
@@ -129,8 +185,8 @@ def main() -> None:
         return
 
     # Tarfile builds require extraction and changing the directory
-    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="cibw-sdist-") as temp_dir_str:
-        temp_dir = Path(temp_dir_str)
+    temp_dir = Path(mkdtemp(prefix="cibw-sdist-")).resolve(strict=True)
+    try:
         with tarfile.open(args.package_dir) as tar:
             tar.extractall(path=temp_dir)
 
@@ -138,66 +194,116 @@ def main() -> None:
         try:
             (project_dir,) = temp_dir.iterdir()
         except ValueError:
-            raise SystemExit("invalid sdist: didn't contain a single dir") from None
+            msg = "invalid sdist: didn't contain a single dir"
+            raise SystemExit(msg) from None
 
         # This is now the new package dir
         args.package_dir = project_dir.resolve()
 
-        with chdir(temp_dir):
+        with chdir(project_dir):
             build_in_directory(args)
+    finally:
+        # avoid https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/86962 by performing
+        # cleanup manually
+        shutil.rmtree(temp_dir, ignore_errors=sys.platform.startswith("win"))
+        if temp_dir.exists():
+            log.warning(f"Can't delete temporary folder '{temp_dir}'")
+
+
+def _compute_platform_only(only: str) -> PlatformName:
+    if "linux_" in only:
+        return "linux"
+    if "macosx_" in only:
+        return "macos"
+    if "win_" in only or "win32" in only:
+        return "windows"
+    if "pyodide_" in only:
+        return "pyodide"
+    msg = f"Invalid --only='{only}', must be a build selector with a known platform"
+    raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
+
+
+def _compute_platform_auto() -> PlatformName:
+    if sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
+        return "linux"
+    elif sys.platform == "darwin":
+        return "macos"
+    elif sys.platform == "win32":
+        return "windows"
+    else:
+        msg = (
+            'cibuildwheel: Unable to detect platform from "sys.platform". cibuildwheel doesn\'t '
+            "support building wheels for this platform. You might be able to build for a different "
+            "platform using the --platform argument. Check --help output for more information."
+        )
+        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
+
+
+def _compute_platform(args: CommandLineArguments) -> PlatformName:
+    platform_option_value = args.platform or os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "") or "auto"
+
+    if args.only and args.platform is not None:
+        msg = "--platform cannot be specified with --only, it is computed from --only"
+        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
+    if args.only and args.archs is not None:
+        msg = "--arch cannot be specified with --only, it is computed from --only"
+        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
+
+    if platform_option_value not in PLATFORMS | {"auto"}:
+        msg = f"Unsupported platform: {platform_option_value}"
+        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
+
+    if args.only:
+        return _compute_platform_only(args.only)
+    elif platform_option_value != "auto":
+        return typing.cast(PlatformName, platform_option_value)
+
+    return _compute_platform_auto()
+
+
+class PlatformModule(Protocol):
+    # note that as per PEP544, the self argument is ignored when the protocol
+    # is applied to a module
+    def get_python_configurations(
+        self, build_selector: BuildSelector, architectures: Set[Architecture]
+    ) -> Sequence[GenericPythonConfiguration]: ...
+
+    def build(self, options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None: ...
+
+
+# pylint: disable-next=inconsistent-return-statements
+def get_platform_module(platform: PlatformName) -> PlatformModule:
+    if platform == "linux":
+        return cibuildwheel.linux
+    if platform == "windows":
+        return cibuildwheel.windows
+    if platform == "macos":
+        return cibuildwheel.macos
+    if platform == "pyodide":
+        return cibuildwheel.pyodide
+    assert_never(platform)
 
 
 def build_in_directory(args: CommandLineArguments) -> None:
-    platform: PlatformName
-
-    if args.platform != "auto":
-        platform = args.platform
-    else:
-        ci_provider = detect_ci_provider()
-        if ci_provider is None:
-            print(
-                textwrap.dedent(
-                    """
-                    cibuildwheel: Unable to detect platform. cibuildwheel should run on your CI server;
-                    Travis CI, AppVeyor, Azure Pipelines, GitHub Actions, CircleCI, and Gitlab are
-                    supported. You can run on your development machine or other CI providers using the
-                    --platform argument. Check --help output for more information.
-                    """
-                ),
-                file=sys.stderr,
-            )
-            sys.exit(2)
-        if sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
-            platform = "linux"
-        elif sys.platform == "darwin":
-            platform = "macos"
-        elif sys.platform == "win32":
-            platform = "windows"
-        else:
-            print(
-                'cibuildwheel: Unable to detect platform from "sys.platform" in a CI environment. You can run '
-                "cibuildwheel using the --platform argument. Check --help output for more information.",
-                file=sys.stderr,
-            )
-            sys.exit(2)
-
-    if platform not in PLATFORMS:
-        print(f"cibuildwheel: Unsupported platform: {platform}", file=sys.stderr)
+    platform: PlatformName = _compute_platform(args)
+    if platform == "pyodide" and sys.platform == "win32":
+        msg = "cibuildwheel: Building for pyodide is not supported on Windows"
+        print(msg, file=sys.stderr)
         sys.exit(2)
 
-    options = compute_options(platform=platform, command_line_arguments=args)
+    options = compute_options(platform=platform, command_line_arguments=args, env=os.environ)
 
     package_dir = options.globals.package_dir
     package_files = {"setup.py", "setup.cfg", "pyproject.toml"}
 
     if not any(package_dir.joinpath(name).exists() for name in package_files):
         names = ", ".join(sorted(package_files, reverse=True))
-        msg = f"cibuildwheel: Could not find any of {{{names}}} at root of package"
-        print(msg, file=sys.stderr)
-        sys.exit(2)
+        msg = f"Could not find any of {{{names}}} at root of package"
+        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
 
+    platform_module = get_platform_module(platform)
     identifiers = get_build_identifiers(
-        platform=platform,
+        platform_module=platform_module,
         build_selector=options.globals.build_selector,
         architectures=options.globals.architectures,
     )
@@ -208,11 +314,12 @@ def build_in_directory(args: CommandLineArguments) -> None:
         sys.exit(0)
 
     # Add CIBUILDWHEEL environment variable
-    # This needs to be passed on to the docker container in linux.py
     os.environ["CIBUILDWHEEL"] = "1"
 
-    # Python is buffering by default when running on the CI platforms, giving problems interleaving subprocess call output with unflushed calls to 'print'
-    sys.stdout = Unbuffered(sys.stdout)  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    # Python is buffering by default when running on the CI platforms, giving
+    # problems interleaving subprocess call output with unflushed calls to
+    # 'print'
+    sys.stdout = Unbuffered(sys.stdout)
 
     # create the cache dir before it gets printed & builds performed
     CIBW_CACHE_PATH.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
@@ -223,16 +330,14 @@ def build_in_directory(args: CommandLineArguments) -> None:
         options.check_for_invalid_configuration(identifiers)
         allowed_architectures_check(platform, options.globals.architectures)
     except ValueError as err:
-        print("cibuildwheel:", *err.args, file=sys.stderr)
-        sys.exit(4)
+        raise errors.DeprecationError(*err.args) from err
 
     if not identifiers:
-        print(
-            f"cibuildwheel: No build identifiers selected: {options.globals.build_selector}",
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
-        if not args.allow_empty:
-            sys.exit(3)
+        message = f"No build identifiers selected: {options.globals.build_selector}"
+        if options.globals.allow_empty:
+            print(f"cibuildwheel: {message}", file=sys.stderr)
+        else:
+            raise errors.NothingToDoError(message)
 
     output_dir = options.globals.output_dir
 
@@ -244,21 +349,16 @@ def build_in_directory(args: CommandLineArguments) -> None:
         with cibuildwheel.util.print_new_wheels(
             "\n{n} wheels produced in {m:.0f} minutes:", output_dir
         ):
-            if platform == "linux":
-                cibuildwheel.linux.build(options, tmp_path)
-            elif platform == "windows":
-                cibuildwheel.windows.build(options, tmp_path)
-            elif platform == "macos":
-                cibuildwheel.macos.build(options, tmp_path)
-            else:
-                assert_never(platform)
+            platform_module.build(options, tmp_path)
     finally:
+        # avoid https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/86962 by performing
+        # cleanup manually
         shutil.rmtree(tmp_path, ignore_errors=sys.platform.startswith("win"))
         if tmp_path.exists():
-            log.warning(f"Can't delete temporary folder '{str(tmp_path)}'")
+            log.warning(f"Can't delete temporary folder '{tmp_path}'")
 
 
-def print_preamble(platform: str, options: Options, identifiers: List[str]) -> None:
+def print_preamble(platform: str, options: Options, identifiers: Sequence[str]) -> None:
     print(
         textwrap.dedent(
             """
@@ -273,9 +373,13 @@ def print_preamble(platform: str, options: Options, identifiers: List[str]) -> N
     print(f"cibuildwheel version {cibuildwheel.__version__}\n")
 
     print("Build options:")
-    print(f"  platform: {platform!r}")
-    print(textwrap.indent(options.summary(identifiers), "  "))
+    print(f"  platform: {platform}")
+    options_summary = textwrap.indent(options.summary(identifiers), "  ")
+    if detect_ci_provider() == CIProvider.github_actions:
+        options_summary = fix_ansi_codes_for_github_actions(options_summary)
+    print(options_summary)
 
+    print()
     print(f"Cache folder: {CIBW_CACHE_PATH}")
 
     warnings = detect_warnings(options=options, identifiers=identifiers)
@@ -288,33 +392,15 @@ def print_preamble(platform: str, options: Options, identifiers: List[str]) -> N
 
 
 def get_build_identifiers(
-    platform: PlatformName, build_selector: BuildSelector, architectures: Set[Architecture]
-) -> List[str]:
-    python_configurations: Union[
-        List[cibuildwheel.linux.PythonConfiguration],
-        List[cibuildwheel.windows.PythonConfiguration],
-        List[cibuildwheel.macos.PythonConfiguration],
-    ]
-
-    if platform == "linux":
-        python_configurations = cibuildwheel.linux.get_python_configurations(
-            build_selector, architectures
-        )
-    elif platform == "windows":
-        python_configurations = cibuildwheel.windows.get_python_configurations(
-            build_selector, architectures
-        )
-    elif platform == "macos":
-        python_configurations = cibuildwheel.macos.get_python_configurations(
-            build_selector, architectures
-        )
-    else:
-        assert_never(platform)
-
+    platform_module: PlatformModule,
+    build_selector: BuildSelector,
+    architectures: Set[Architecture],
+) -> list[str]:
+    python_configurations = platform_module.get_python_configurations(build_selector, architectures)
     return [config.identifier for config in python_configurations]
 
 
-def detect_warnings(*, options: Options, identifiers: List[str]) -> List[str]:
+def detect_warnings(*, options: Options, identifiers: Iterable[str]) -> list[str]:
     warnings = []
 
     # warn about deprecated {python} and {pip}

cibuildwheel/_compat/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+from __future__ import annotations

cibuildwheel/_compat/tomllib.py

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+    from tomllib import load, loads
+else:
+    from tomli import load, loads
+
+__all__ = ["load", "loads"]

cibuildwheel/_compat/typing.py

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 11):
+    from typing_extensions import NotRequired, Self, assert_never
+else:
+    from typing import NotRequired, Self, assert_never
+
+__all__ = (
+    "assert_never",
+    "NotRequired",
+    "Self",
+)

cibuildwheel/architecture.py

@@ -1,12 +1,28 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import functools
 import platform as platform_module
 import re
+import sys
+from collections.abc import Set
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import Set
+from typing import Final, Literal
 
-from .typing import Final, Literal, PlatformName, assert_never
+from ._compat.typing import assert_never
+from .typing import PlatformName
 
-PRETTY_NAMES: Final = {"linux": "Linux", "macos": "macOS", "windows": "Windows"}
+PRETTY_NAMES: Final[dict[PlatformName, str]] = {
+    "linux": "Linux",
+    "macos": "macOS",
+    "windows": "Windows",
+    "pyodide": "Pyodide",
+}
+
+ARCH_SYNONYMS: Final[list[dict[PlatformName, str | None]]] = [
+    {"linux": "x86_64", "macos": "x86_64", "windows": "AMD64"},
+    {"linux": "i686", "macos": None, "windows": "x86"},
+    {"linux": "aarch64", "macos": "arm64", "windows": "ARM64"},
+]
 
 
 @functools.total_ordering
@@ -31,18 +47,26 @@ class Architecture(Enum):
     AMD64 = "AMD64"
     ARM64 = "ARM64"
 
+    # WebAssembly
+    wasm32 = "wasm32"
+
     # Allow this to be sorted
-    def __lt__(self, other: "Architecture") -> bool:
+    def __lt__(self, other: Architecture) -> bool:
         return self.value < other.value
 
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self.name
+
     @staticmethod
-    def parse_config(config: str, platform: PlatformName) -> "Set[Architecture]":
+    def parse_config(config: str, platform: PlatformName) -> set[Architecture]:
         result = set()
         for arch_str in re.split(r"[\s,]+", config):
             if arch_str == "auto":
                 result |= Architecture.auto_archs(platform=platform)
             elif arch_str == "native":
-                result.add(Architecture(platform_module.machine()))
+                native_arch = Architecture.native_arch(platform=platform)
+                if native_arch:
+                    result.add(native_arch)
             elif arch_str == "all":
                 result |= Architecture.all_archs(platform=platform)
             elif arch_str == "auto64":
@@ -54,25 +78,53 @@ class Architecture(Enum):
         return result
 
     @staticmethod
-    def auto_archs(platform: PlatformName) -> "Set[Architecture]":
-        native_architecture = Architecture(platform_module.machine())
-        result = {native_architecture}
+    def native_arch(platform: PlatformName) -> Architecture | None:
+        if platform == "pyodide":
+            return Architecture.wasm32
 
-        if platform == "linux" and native_architecture == Architecture.x86_64:
-            # x86_64 machines can run i686 docker containers
+        # Cross-platform support. Used for --print-build-identifiers or docker builds.
+        host_platform: PlatformName = (
+            "windows"
+            if sys.platform.startswith("win")
+            else ("macos" if sys.platform.startswith("darwin") else "linux")
+        )
+
+        native_machine = platform_module.machine()
+        native_architecture = Architecture(native_machine)
+
+        # we might need to rename the native arch to the machine we're running
+        # on, as the same arch can have different names on different platforms
+        if host_platform != platform:
+            for arch_synonym in ARCH_SYNONYMS:
+                if native_machine == arch_synonym.get(host_platform):
+                    synonym = arch_synonym[platform]
+
+                    if synonym is None:
+                        # can't build anything on this platform
+                        return None
+
+                    native_architecture = Architecture(synonym)
+
+        return native_architecture
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def auto_archs(platform: PlatformName) -> set[Architecture]:
+        native_arch = Architecture.native_arch(platform)
+        if native_arch is None:
+            return set()  # can't build anything on this platform
+        result = {native_arch}
+
+        if platform == "linux" and Architecture.x86_64 in result:
+            # x86_64 machines can run i686 containers
             result.add(Architecture.i686)
 
-        if platform == "windows" and native_architecture == Architecture.AMD64:
+        if platform == "windows" and Architecture.AMD64 in result:
             result.add(Architecture.x86)
 
-        if platform == "macos" and native_architecture == Architecture.arm64:
-            # arm64 can build and test both archs of a universal2 wheel.
-            result.add(Architecture.universal2)
-
         return result
 
     @staticmethod
-    def all_archs(platform: PlatformName) -> "Set[Architecture]":
+    def all_archs(platform: PlatformName) -> set[Architecture]:
         all_archs_map = {
             "linux": {
                 Architecture.x86_64,
@@ -83,11 +135,13 @@ class Architecture(Enum):
             },
             "macos": {Architecture.x86_64, Architecture.arm64, Architecture.universal2},
             "windows": {Architecture.x86, Architecture.AMD64, Architecture.ARM64},
+            "pyodide": {Architecture.wasm32},
         }
         return all_archs_map[platform]
 
     @staticmethod
-    def bitness_archs(platform: PlatformName, bitness: Literal["64", "32"]) -> "Set[Architecture]":
+    # pylint: disable-next=inconsistent-return-statements
+    def bitness_archs(platform: PlatformName, bitness: Literal["64", "32"]) -> set[Architecture]:
         archs_32 = {Architecture.i686, Architecture.x86}
         auto_archs = Architecture.auto_archs(platform)
 
@@ -103,7 +157,6 @@ def allowed_architectures_check(
     platform: PlatformName,
     architectures: Set[Architecture],
 ) -> None:
-
     allowed_architectures = Architecture.all_archs(platform)
 
     msg = f"{PRETTY_NAMES[platform]} only supports {sorted(allowed_architectures)} at the moment."

cibuildwheel/bashlex_eval.py

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import subprocess
-from typing import Callable, Dict, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Sequence
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Mapping, Sequence
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Callable, Dict, List  # noqa: TID251
 
 import bashlex
 
@@ -7,20 +11,19 @@ import bashlex
 EnvironmentExecutor = Callable[[List[str], Dict[str, str]], str]
 
 
-def local_environment_executor(command: List[str], env: Dict[str, str]) -> str:
-    return subprocess.run(
-        command, env=env, universal_newlines=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, check=True
-    ).stdout
+def local_environment_executor(command: Sequence[str], env: Mapping[str, str]) -> str:
+    return subprocess.run(command, env=env, text=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, check=True).stdout
 
 
-class NodeExecutionContext(NamedTuple):
-    environment: Dict[str, str]
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class NodeExecutionContext:
+    environment: dict[str, str]
     input: str
     executor: EnvironmentExecutor
 
 
 def evaluate(
-    value: str, environment: Dict[str, str], executor: Optional[EnvironmentExecutor] = None
+    value: str, environment: Mapping[str, str], executor: EnvironmentExecutor | None = None
 ) -> str:
     if not value:
         # empty string evaluates to empty string
@@ -30,14 +33,17 @@ def evaluate(
     command_node = bashlex.parsesingle(value)
 
     if len(command_node.parts) != 1:
-        raise ValueError(f'"{value}" has too many parts')
+        msg = f"{value!r} has too many parts"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
 
     value_word_node = command_node.parts[0]
 
     return evaluate_node(
         value_word_node,
         context=NodeExecutionContext(
-            environment=environment, input=value, executor=executor or local_environment_executor
+            environment=dict(environment),
+            input=value,
+            executor=executor or local_environment_executor,
         ),
     )
 
@@ -52,7 +58,8 @@ def evaluate_node(node: bashlex.ast.node, context: NodeExecutionContext) -> str:
     elif node.kind == "parameter":
         return evaluate_parameter_node(node, context=context)
     else:
-        raise ValueError(f'Unsupported bash construct: "{node.kind}"')
+        msg = f"Unsupported bash construct: {node.kind!r}"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
 
 
 def evaluate_word_node(node: bashlex.ast.node, context: NodeExecutionContext) -> str:
@@ -63,10 +70,8 @@ def evaluate_word_node(node: bashlex.ast.node, context: NodeExecutionContext) ->
         part_value = evaluate_node(part, context=context)
 
         if part_string not in value:
-            raise RuntimeError(
-                f'bash parse failed. part "{part_string}" not found in "{value}". '
-                f'Word was "{node.word}". Full input was "{context.input}"'
-            )
+            msg = f"bash parse failed. part {part_string!r} not found in {value!r}. Word was {node.word!r}. Full input was {context.input!r}"
+            raise RuntimeError(msg)
 
         value = value.replace(part_string, part_value, 1)
 
@@ -93,15 +98,17 @@ def evaluate_nodes_as_compound_command(
             result += evaluate_command_node(node, context=context)
         elif node.kind == "operator":
             if node.op != ";":
-                raise ValueError(f'Unsupported bash operator: "{node.op}"')
+                msg = f"Unsupported bash operator: {node.op!r}"
+                raise ValueError(msg)
         else:
-            raise ValueError(f'Unsupported bash node in compound command: "{node.kind}"')
+            msg = f"Unsupported bash node in compound command: {node.kind!r}"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
 
     return result
 
 
 def evaluate_nodes_as_simple_command(
-    nodes: List[bashlex.ast.node], context: NodeExecutionContext
+    nodes: Iterable[bashlex.ast.node], context: NodeExecutionContext
 ) -> str:
     command = [evaluate_node(part, context=context) for part in nodes]
     return context.executor(command, context.environment)

cibuildwheel/docker_container.py

@@ -1,259 +0,0 @@
-import io
-import json
-import os
-import platform
-import shlex
-import subprocess
-import sys
-import uuid
-from pathlib import Path, PurePath
-from types import TracebackType
-from typing import IO, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Type, cast
-
-from cibuildwheel.util import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider
-
-from .typing import PathOrStr, PopenBytes
-
-
-class DockerContainer:
-    """
-    An object that represents a running Docker container.
-
-    Intended for use as a context manager e.g.
-    `with DockerContainer(docker_image = 'ubuntu') as docker:`
-
-    A bash shell is running in the remote container. When `call()` is invoked,
-    the command is relayed to the remote shell, and the results are streamed
-    back to cibuildwheel.
-    """
-
-    UTILITY_PYTHON = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38/bin/python"
-
-    process: PopenBytes
-    bash_stdin: IO[bytes]
-    bash_stdout: IO[bytes]
-
-    def __init__(
-        self, *, docker_image: str, simulate_32_bit: bool = False, cwd: Optional[PathOrStr] = None
-    ):
-        if not docker_image:
-            raise ValueError("Must have a non-empty docker image to run.")
-
-        self.docker_image = docker_image
-        self.simulate_32_bit = simulate_32_bit
-        self.cwd = cwd
-        self.name: Optional[str] = None
-
-    def __enter__(self) -> "DockerContainer":
-        self.name = f"cibuildwheel-{uuid.uuid4()}"
-        cwd_args = ["-w", str(self.cwd)] if self.cwd else []
-
-        # work-around for Travis-CI PPC64le Docker runs since 2021:
-        # this avoids network splits
-        # https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/904
-        # https://github.com/conda-forge/conda-smithy/pull/1520
-        network_args = []
-        if detect_ci_provider() == CIProvider.travis_ci and platform.machine() == "ppc64le":
-            network_args = ["--network=host"]
-
-        shell_args = ["linux32", "/bin/bash"] if self.simulate_32_bit else ["/bin/bash"]
-        subprocess.run(
-            [
-                "docker",
-                "create",
-                "--env=CIBUILDWHEEL",
-                f"--name={self.name}",
-                "--interactive",
-                "--volume=/:/host",  # ignored on CircleCI
-                *network_args,
-                *cwd_args,
-                self.docker_image,
-                *shell_args,
-            ],
-            check=True,
-        )
-        self.process = subprocess.Popen(
-            [
-                "docker",
-                "start",
-                "--attach",
-                "--interactive",
-                self.name,
-            ],
-            stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
-            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-        )
-
-        assert self.process.stdin and self.process.stdout
-        self.bash_stdin = self.process.stdin
-        self.bash_stdout = self.process.stdout
-
-        # run a noop command to block until the container is responding
-        self.call(["/bin/true"])
-
-        return self
-
-    def __exit__(
-        self,
-        exc_type: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
-        exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
-        exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType],
-    ) -> None:
-
-        self.bash_stdin.write(b"exit 0\n")
-        self.bash_stdin.flush()
-        self.process.wait(timeout=30)
-        self.bash_stdin.close()
-        self.bash_stdout.close()
-
-        assert isinstance(self.name, str)
-
-        subprocess.run(
-            ["docker", "rm", "--force", "-v", self.name], stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL, check=False
-        )
-        self.name = None
-
-    def copy_into(self, from_path: Path, to_path: PurePath) -> None:
-        # `docker cp` causes 'no space left on device' error when
-        # a container is running and the host filesystem is
-        # mounted. https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/38995
-        # Use `docker exec` instead.
-
-        if from_path.is_dir():
-            self.call(["mkdir", "-p", to_path])
-            subprocess.run(
-                f"tar cf - . | docker exec -i {self.name} tar --no-same-owner -xC {shell_quote(to_path)} -f -",
-                shell=True,
-                check=True,
-                cwd=from_path,
-            )
-        else:
-            subprocess.run(
-                f'cat {shell_quote(from_path)} | docker exec -i {self.name} sh -c "cat > {shell_quote(to_path)}"',
-                shell=True,
-                check=True,
-            )
-
-    def copy_out(self, from_path: PurePath, to_path: Path) -> None:
-        # note: we assume from_path is a dir
-        to_path.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-
-        subprocess.run(
-            f"docker exec -i {self.name} tar -cC {shell_quote(from_path)} -f - . | tar -xf -",
-            shell=True,
-            check=True,
-            cwd=to_path,
-        )
-
-    def glob(self, path: PurePath, pattern: str) -> List[PurePath]:
-        glob_pattern = os.path.join(str(path), pattern)
-
-        path_strings = json.loads(
-            self.call(
-                [
-                    self.UTILITY_PYTHON,
-                    "-c",
-                    f"import sys, json, glob; json.dump(glob.glob({glob_pattern!r}), sys.stdout)",
-                ],
-                capture_output=True,
-            )
-        )
-
-        return [PurePath(p) for p in path_strings]
-
-    def call(
-        self,
-        args: Sequence[PathOrStr],
-        env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
-        capture_output: bool = False,
-        cwd: Optional[PathOrStr] = None,
-    ) -> str:
-
-        chdir = f"cd {cwd}" if cwd else ""
-        env_assignments = (
-            " ".join(f"{shlex.quote(k)}={shlex.quote(v)}" for k, v in env.items())
-            if env is not None
-            else ""
-        )
-        command = " ".join(shlex.quote(str(a)) for a in args)
-        end_of_message = str(uuid.uuid4())
-
-        # log the command we're executing
-        print(f"    + {command}")
-
-        # Write a command to the remote shell. First we change the
-        # cwd, if that's required. Then, we use the `env` utility to run
-        # `command` inside the specified environment. We use `env` because it
-        # can cope with spaces and strange characters in the name or value.
-        # Finally, the remote shell is told to write a footer - this will show
-        # up in the output so we know when to stop reading, and will include
-        # the return code of `command`.
-        self.bash_stdin.write(
-            bytes(
-                f"""(
-            {chdir}
-            env {env_assignments} {command}
-            printf "%04d%s\n" $? {end_of_message}
-        )
-        """,
-                encoding="utf8",
-                errors="surrogateescape",
-            )
-        )
-        self.bash_stdin.flush()
-
-        if capture_output:
-            output_io: IO[bytes] = io.BytesIO()
-        else:
-            output_io = sys.stdout.buffer
-
-        while True:
-            line = self.bash_stdout.readline()
-
-            if line.endswith(bytes(end_of_message, encoding="utf8") + b"\n"):
-                # fmt: off
-                footer_offset = (
-                    len(line)
-                    - 1  # newline character
-                    - len(end_of_message)  # delimiter
-                    - 4  # 4 return code decimals
-                )
-                # fmt: on
-                return_code_str = line[footer_offset : footer_offset + 4]
-                return_code = int(return_code_str)
-                # add the last line to output, without the footer
-                output_io.write(line[0:footer_offset])
-                break
-            else:
-                output_io.write(line)
-
-        if isinstance(output_io, io.BytesIO):
-            output = str(output_io.getvalue(), encoding="utf8", errors="surrogateescape")
-        else:
-            output = ""
-
-        if return_code != 0:
-            raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(return_code, args, output)
-
-        return output
-
-    def get_environment(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
-        env = json.loads(
-            self.call(
-                [
-                    self.UTILITY_PYTHON,
-                    "-c",
-                    "import sys, json, os; json.dump(os.environ.copy(), sys.stdout)",
-                ],
-                capture_output=True,
-            )
-        )
-        return cast(Dict[str, str], env)
-
-    def environment_executor(self, command: List[str], environment: Dict[str, str]) -> str:
-        # used as an EnvironmentExecutor to evaluate commands and capture output
-        return self.call(command, env=environment, capture_output=True)
-
-
-def shell_quote(path: PurePath) -> str:
-    return shlex.quote(str(path))

cibuildwheel/environment.py

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import dataclasses
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Mapping, Optional, Sequence
+from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
+from typing import Any, Protocol
 
 import bashlex
-
-from cibuildwheel.typing import Protocol
+import bashlex.errors
 
 from . import bashlex_eval
 
@@ -12,7 +14,7 @@ class EnvironmentParseError(Exception):
     pass
 
 
-def split_env_items(env_string: str) -> List[str]:
+def split_env_items(env_string: str) -> list[str]:
     """Splits space-separated variable assignments into a list of individual assignments.
 
     >>> split_env_items('VAR=abc')
@@ -31,7 +33,11 @@ def split_env_items(env_string: str) -> List[str]:
     if not env_string:
         return []
 
-    command_node = bashlex.parsesingle(env_string)
+    try:
+        command_node = bashlex.parsesingle(env_string)
+    except bashlex.errors.ParsingError as e:
+        raise EnvironmentParseError(env_string) from e
+
     result = []
 
     for word_node in command_node.parts:
@@ -47,8 +53,8 @@ class EnvironmentAssignment(Protocol):
     def evaluated_value(
         self,
         *,
-        environment: Dict[str, str],
-        executor: Optional[bashlex_eval.EnvironmentExecutor] = None,
+        environment: Mapping[str, str],
+        executor: bashlex_eval.EnvironmentExecutor | None = None,
     ) -> str:
         """Returns the value of this assignment, as evaluated in the environment"""
 
@@ -63,7 +69,7 @@ class EnvironmentAssignmentRaw:
         self.value = value
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return f"{self.name}: {self.value}"
+        return f"{self.name}={self.value}"
 
     def evaluated_value(self, **_: Any) -> str:
         return self.value
@@ -84,8 +90,8 @@ class EnvironmentAssignmentBash:
 
     def evaluated_value(
         self,
-        environment: Dict[str, str],
-        executor: Optional[bashlex_eval.EnvironmentExecutor] = None,
+        environment: Mapping[str, str],
+        executor: bashlex_eval.EnvironmentExecutor | None = None,
     ) -> str:
         return bashlex_eval.evaluate(self.value, environment=environment, executor=executor)
 
@@ -100,7 +106,7 @@ class EnvironmentAssignmentBash:
 
 @dataclasses.dataclass
 class ParsedEnvironment:
-    assignments: List[EnvironmentAssignment]
+    assignments: list[EnvironmentAssignment]
 
     def __init__(self, assignments: Sequence[EnvironmentAssignment]) -> None:
         self.assignments = list(assignments)
@@ -108,9 +114,9 @@ class ParsedEnvironment:
     def as_dictionary(
         self,
         prev_environment: Mapping[str, str],
-        executor: Optional[bashlex_eval.EnvironmentExecutor] = None,
-    ) -> Dict[str, str]:
-        environment = dict(**prev_environment)
+        executor: bashlex_eval.EnvironmentExecutor | None = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, str]:
+        environment = {**prev_environment}
 
         for assignment in self.assignments:
             value = assignment.evaluated_value(environment=environment, executor=executor)
@@ -118,12 +124,19 @@ class ParsedEnvironment:
 
         return environment
 
-    def add(self, name: str, value: str) -> None:
-        self.assignments.append(EnvironmentAssignmentRaw(name=name, value=value))
+    def add(self, name: str, value: str, prepend: bool = False) -> None:
+        assignment = EnvironmentAssignmentRaw(name=name, value=value)
+        if prepend:
+            self.assignments.insert(0, assignment)
+        else:
+            self.assignments.append(assignment)
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({[repr(a) for a in self.assignments]!r})"
 
+    def options_summary(self) -> Any:
+        return self.assignments
+
 
 def parse_environment(env_string: str) -> ParsedEnvironment:
     env_items = split_env_items(env_string)

cibuildwheel/errors.py

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+"""
+Errors that can cause the build to fail. Each subclass of FatalError has
+a different return code, by defining them all here, we can ensure that they're
+semantically clear and unique.
+"""
+
+import textwrap
+
+
+class FatalError(BaseException):
+    """
+    Raising an error of this type will cause the message to be printed to
+    stderr and the process to be terminated. Within cibuildwheel, raising this
+    exception produces a better error message, and optional traceback.
+    """
+
+    return_code: int = 1
+
+
+class ConfigurationError(FatalError):
+    return_code = 2
+
+
+class NothingToDoError(FatalError):
+    return_code = 3
+
+
+class DeprecationError(FatalError):
+    return_code = 4
+
+
+class NonPlatformWheelError(FatalError):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        message = textwrap.dedent(
+            """
+            Build failed because a pure Python wheel was generated.
+
+            If you intend to build a pure-Python wheel, you don't need cibuildwheel - use
+            `pip wheel -w DEST_DIR .` instead.
+
+            If you expected a platform wheel, check your project configuration, or run
+            cibuildwheel with CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY=1 to view build logs.
+            """
+        )
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.return_code = 5
+
+
+class AlreadyBuiltWheelError(FatalError):
+    def __init__(self, wheel_name: str) -> None:
+        message = textwrap.dedent(
+            f"""
+            Build failed because a wheel named {wheel_name} was already generated in the current run.
+
+            If you expected another wheel to be generated, check your project configuration, or run
+            cibuildwheel with CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY=1 to view build logs.
+            """
+        )
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.return_code = 6
+
+
+class OCIEngineTooOldError(FatalError):
+    return_code = 7

cibuildwheel/extra.py

@@ -2,20 +2,22 @@
 These are utilities for the `/bin` scripts, not for the `cibuildwheel` program.
 """
 
-from io import StringIO
-from typing import Dict, List
+from __future__ import annotations
 
-from .typing import Protocol
+from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
+from io import StringIO
+from typing import Protocol
 
 __all__ = ("Printable", "dump_python_configurations")
 
 
 class Printable(Protocol):
-    def __str__(self) -> str:
-        ...
+    def __str__(self) -> str: ...
 
 
-def dump_python_configurations(inp: Dict[str, Dict[str, List[Dict[str, Printable]]]]) -> str:
+def dump_python_configurations(
+    inp: Mapping[str, Mapping[str, Sequence[Mapping[str, Printable]]]],
+) -> str:
     output = StringIO()
     for header, values in inp.items():
         output.write(f"[{header}]\n")

cibuildwheel/functools_cached_property_38.py

@@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
-from threading import RLock
-from typing import Any, Callable, Generic, Optional, Type, TypeVar, overload
-
-__all__ = ["cached_property"]
-
-_NOT_FOUND = object()
-
-_T = TypeVar("_T")
-
-
-class cached_property(Generic[_T]):
-    def __init__(self, func: Callable[[Any], _T]):
-        self.func = func
-        self.attrname: Optional[str] = None
-        self.__doc__ = func.__doc__
-        self.lock = RLock()
-
-    def __set_name__(self, owner: Type[Any], name: str) -> None:
-        if self.attrname is None:
-            self.attrname = name
-        elif name != self.attrname:
-            raise TypeError(
-                "Cannot assign the same cached_property to two different names "
-                f"({self.attrname!r} and {name!r})."
-            )
-
-    @overload
-    def __get__(self, instance: None, owner: Optional[Type[Any]] = ...) -> "cached_property[_T]":
-        ...
-
-    @overload
-    def __get__(self, instance: object, owner: Optional[Type[Any]] = ...) -> _T:
-        ...
-
-    def __get__(self, instance: Optional[object], owner: Optional[Type[Any]] = None) -> Any:
-        if instance is None:
-            return self
-        if self.attrname is None:
-            raise TypeError(
-                "Cannot use cached_property instance without calling __set_name__ on it."
-            )
-        try:
-            cache = instance.__dict__
-        except AttributeError:  # not all objects have __dict__ (e.g. class defines slots)
-            msg = (
-                f"No '__dict__' attribute on {type(instance).__name__!r} "
-                f"instance to cache {self.attrname!r} property."
-            )
-            raise TypeError(msg) from None
-        val = cache.get(self.attrname, _NOT_FOUND)
-        if val is _NOT_FOUND:
-            with self.lock:
-                # check if another thread filled cache while we awaited lock
-                val = cache.get(self.attrname, _NOT_FOUND)
-                if val is _NOT_FOUND:
-                    val = self.func(instance)
-                    try:
-                        cache[self.attrname] = val
-                    except TypeError:
-                        msg = (
-                            f"The '__dict__' attribute on {type(instance).__name__!r} instance "
-                            f"does not support item assignment for caching {self.attrname!r} property."
-                        )
-                        raise TypeError(msg) from None
-        return val

cibuildwheel/linux.py

@@ -1,45 +1,66 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import textwrap
-from pathlib import Path, PurePath
-from typing import Iterator, List, NamedTuple, Set, Tuple
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Iterator, Sequence, Set
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path, PurePath, PurePosixPath
+from typing import OrderedDict, Tuple
 
+from packaging.version import Version
+
+from . import errors
+from ._compat.typing import assert_never
 from .architecture import Architecture
-from .docker_container import DockerContainer
 from .logger import log
-from .options import Options
-from .typing import OrderedDict, PathOrStr, assert_never
+from .oci_container import OCIContainer, OCIContainerEngineConfig, OCIPlatform
+from .options import BuildOptions, Options
+from .typing import PathOrStr
 from .util import (
+    BuildFrontendConfig,
     BuildSelector,
-    NonPlatformWheelError,
-    find_compatible_abi3_wheel,
+    find_compatible_wheel,
     get_build_verbosity_extra_flags,
     prepare_command,
     read_python_configs,
+    split_config_settings,
+    test_fail_cwd_file,
+    unwrap,
 )
 
+ARCHITECTURE_OCI_PLATFORM_MAP = {
+    Architecture.x86_64: OCIPlatform.AMD64,
+    Architecture.i686: OCIPlatform.i386,
+    Architecture.aarch64: OCIPlatform.ARM64,
+    Architecture.ppc64le: OCIPlatform.PPC64LE,
+    Architecture.s390x: OCIPlatform.S390X,
+}
 
-class PythonConfiguration(NamedTuple):
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class PythonConfiguration:
     version: str
     identifier: str
     path_str: str
 
     @property
-    def path(self) -> PurePath:
-        return PurePath(self.path_str)
+    def path(self) -> PurePosixPath:
+        return PurePosixPath(self.path_str)
 
 
-class BuildStep(NamedTuple):
-    platform_configs: List[PythonConfiguration]
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class BuildStep:
+    platform_configs: list[PythonConfiguration]
     platform_tag: str
-    docker_image: str
+    container_engine: OCIContainerEngineConfig
+    container_image: str
 
 
 def get_python_configurations(
     build_selector: BuildSelector,
     architectures: Set[Architecture],
-) -> List[PythonConfiguration]:
-
+) -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
     full_python_configs = read_python_configs("linux")
 
     python_configurations = [PythonConfiguration(**item) for item in full_python_configs]
@@ -54,8 +75,9 @@ def get_python_configurations(
     ]
 
 
-def docker_image_for_python_configuration(config: PythonConfiguration, options: Options) -> str:
-    build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
+def container_image_for_python_configuration(
+    config: PythonConfiguration, build_options: BuildOptions
+) -> str:
     # e.g
     # identifier is 'cp310-manylinux_x86_64'
     # platform_tag is 'manylinux_x86_64'
@@ -74,44 +96,81 @@ def docker_image_for_python_configuration(config: PythonConfiguration, options:
 
 
 def get_build_steps(
-    options: Options, python_configurations: List[PythonConfiguration]
+    options: Options, python_configurations: list[PythonConfiguration]
 ) -> Iterator[BuildStep]:
     """
     Groups PythonConfigurations into BuildSteps. Each BuildStep represents a
-    separate Docker container.
+    separate container instance.
     """
-    steps = OrderedDict[Tuple[str, str, str], BuildStep]()
+    steps = OrderedDict[Tuple[str, str, str, OCIContainerEngineConfig], BuildStep]()
 
     for config in python_configurations:
         _, platform_tag = config.identifier.split("-", 1)
 
-        before_all = options.build_options(config.identifier).before_all
-        docker_image = docker_image_for_python_configuration(config, options)
+        build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
 
-        step_key = (platform_tag, docker_image, before_all)
+        before_all = build_options.before_all
+        container_image = container_image_for_python_configuration(config, build_options)
+        container_engine = build_options.container_engine
+
+        step_key = (platform_tag, container_image, before_all, container_engine)
 
         if step_key in steps:
             steps[step_key].platform_configs.append(config)
         else:
             steps[step_key] = BuildStep(
-                platform_configs=[config], platform_tag=platform_tag, docker_image=docker_image
+                platform_configs=[config],
+                platform_tag=platform_tag,
+                container_engine=container_engine,
+                container_image=container_image,
             )
 
     yield from steps.values()
 
 
-def build_on_docker(
+def check_all_python_exist(
+    *, platform_configs: Iterable[PythonConfiguration], container: OCIContainer
+) -> None:
+    exist = True
+    has_manylinux_interpreters = True
+    messages = []
+
+    try:
+        # use capture_output to keep quiet
+        container.call(["manylinux-interpreters", "--help"], capture_output=True)
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+        has_manylinux_interpreters = False
+
+    for config in platform_configs:
+        python_path = config.path / "bin" / "python"
+        try:
+            if has_manylinux_interpreters:
+                container.call(["manylinux-interpreters", "ensure", config.path.name])
+            container.call(["test", "-x", python_path])
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+            messages.append(
+                f"  '{python_path}' executable doesn't exist in image '{container.image}' to build '{config.identifier}'."
+            )
+            exist = False
+    if not exist:
+        message = "\n".join(messages)
+        raise errors.FatalError(message)
+
+
+def build_in_container(
     *,
     options: Options,
-    platform_configs: List[PythonConfiguration],
-    docker: DockerContainer,
+    platform_configs: Sequence[PythonConfiguration],
+    container: OCIContainer,
     container_project_path: PurePath,
     container_package_dir: PurePath,
 ) -> None:
-    container_output_dir = PurePath("/output")
+    container_output_dir = PurePosixPath("/output")
 
-    log.step("Copying project into Docker...")
-    docker.copy_into(Path.cwd(), container_project_path)
+    check_all_python_exist(platform_configs=platform_configs, container=container)
+
+    log.step("Copying project into container...")
+    container.copy_into(Path.cwd(), container_project_path)
 
     before_all_options_identifier = platform_configs[0].identifier
     before_all_options = options.build_options(before_all_options_identifier)
@@ -119,11 +178,12 @@ def build_on_docker(
     if before_all_options.before_all:
         log.step("Running before_all...")
 
-        env = docker.get_environment()
+        env = container.get_environment()
         env["PATH"] = f'/opt/python/cp38-cp38/bin:{env["PATH"]}'
         env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
+        env["PIP_ROOT_USER_ACTION"] = "ignore"
         env = before_all_options.environment.as_dictionary(
-            env, executor=docker.environment_executor
+            env, executor=container.environment_executor
         )
 
         before_all_prepared = prepare_command(
@@ -131,61 +191,65 @@ def build_on_docker(
             project=container_project_path,
             package=container_package_dir,
         )
-        docker.call(["sh", "-c", before_all_prepared], env=env)
+        container.call(["sh", "-c", before_all_prepared], env=env)
 
-    built_wheels: List[PurePath] = []
+    built_wheels: list[PurePosixPath] = []
 
     for config in platform_configs:
         log.build_start(config.identifier)
         build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
+        build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend or BuildFrontendConfig("pip")
+        use_uv = build_frontend.name == "build[uv]" and Version(config.version) >= Version("3.8")
+        pip = ["uv", "pip"] if use_uv else ["pip"]
 
-        dependency_constraint_flags: List[PathOrStr] = []
+        dependency_constraint_flags: list[PathOrStr] = []
+
+        log.step("Setting up build environment...")
 
         if build_options.dependency_constraints:
             constraints_file = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
                 config.version
             )
-            container_constraints_file = PurePath("/constraints.txt")
+            container_constraints_file = PurePosixPath("/constraints.txt")
 
-            docker.copy_into(constraints_file, container_constraints_file)
+            container.copy_into(constraints_file, container_constraints_file)
             dependency_constraint_flags = ["-c", container_constraints_file]
 
-        log.step("Setting up build environment...")
-
-        env = docker.get_environment()
+        env = container.get_environment()
+        env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
+        env["PIP_ROOT_USER_ACTION"] = "ignore"
 
         # put this config's python top of the list
         python_bin = config.path / "bin"
         env["PATH"] = f'{python_bin}:{env["PATH"]}'
 
-        env = build_options.environment.as_dictionary(env, executor=docker.environment_executor)
+        env = build_options.environment.as_dictionary(env, executor=container.environment_executor)
 
         # check config python is still on PATH
-        which_python = docker.call(["which", "python"], env=env, capture_output=True).strip()
-        if PurePath(which_python) != python_bin / "python":
-            print(
-                "cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it.",
-                file=sys.stderr,
-            )
-            sys.exit(1)
+        which_python = container.call(["which", "python"], env=env, capture_output=True).strip()
+        if PurePosixPath(which_python) != python_bin / "python":
+            msg = "python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it."
+            raise errors.FatalError(msg)
 
-        which_pip = docker.call(["which", "pip"], env=env, capture_output=True).strip()
-        if PurePath(which_pip) != python_bin / "pip":
-            print(
-                "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.",
-                file=sys.stderr,
-            )
-            sys.exit(1)
+        if use_uv:
+            which_uv = container.call(["which", "uv"], env=env, capture_output=True).strip()
+            if not which_uv:
+                msg = "uv not found on PATH. You must use a supported manylinux or musllinux environment with uv."
+                raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+        else:
+            which_pip = container.call(["which", "pip"], env=env, capture_output=True).strip()
+            if PurePosixPath(which_pip) != python_bin / "pip":
+                msg = "pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it."
+                raise errors.FatalError(msg)
 
-        abi3_wheel = find_compatible_abi3_wheel(built_wheels, config.identifier)
-        if abi3_wheel:
+        compatible_wheel = find_compatible_wheel(built_wheels, config.identifier)
+        if compatible_wheel:
             log.step_end()
             print(
-                f"\nFound previously built wheel {abi3_wheel.name}, that's compatible with {config.identifier}. Skipping build step..."
+                f"\nFound previously built wheel {compatible_wheel.name}, that's compatible with {config.identifier}. Skipping build step..."
             )
-            repaired_wheels = [abi3_wheel]
+            repaired_wheels = [compatible_wheel]
         else:
-
             if build_options.before_build:
                 log.step("Running before_build...")
                 before_build_prepared = prepare_command(
@@ -193,19 +257,21 @@ def build_on_docker(
                     project=container_project_path,
                     package=container_package_dir,
                 )
-                docker.call(["sh", "-c", before_build_prepared], env=env)
+                container.call(["sh", "-c", before_build_prepared], env=env)
 
             log.step("Building wheel...")
 
-            temp_dir = PurePath("/tmp/cibuildwheel")
+            temp_dir = PurePosixPath("/tmp/cibuildwheel")
             built_wheel_dir = temp_dir / "built_wheel"
-            docker.call(["rm", "-rf", built_wheel_dir])
-            docker.call(["mkdir", "-p", built_wheel_dir])
+            container.call(["rm", "-rf", built_wheel_dir])
+            container.call(["mkdir", "-p", built_wheel_dir])
 
-            verbosity_flags = get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(build_options.build_verbosity)
+            extra_flags = split_config_settings(build_options.config_settings, build_frontend.name)
+            extra_flags += build_frontend.args
 
-            if build_options.build_frontend == "pip":
-                docker.call(
+            if build_frontend.name == "pip":
+                extra_flags += get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(build_options.build_verbosity)
+                container.call(
                     [
                         "python",
                         "-m",
@@ -214,13 +280,17 @@ def build_on_docker(
                         container_package_dir,
                         f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
                         "--no-deps",
-                        *verbosity_flags,
+                        *extra_flags,
                     ],
                     env=env,
                 )
-            elif build_options.build_frontend == "build":
-                config_setting = " ".join(verbosity_flags)
-                docker.call(
+            elif build_frontend.name == "build" or build_frontend.name == "build[uv]":
+                if not 0 <= build_options.build_verbosity < 2:
+                    msg = f"build_verbosity {build_options.build_verbosity} is not supported for build frontend. Ignoring."
+                    log.warning(msg)
+                if use_uv and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags and "-n" not in extra_flags:
+                    extra_flags += ["--installer=uv"]
+                container.call(
                     [
                         "python",
                         "-m",
@@ -228,45 +298,65 @@ def build_on_docker(
                         container_package_dir,
                         "--wheel",
                         f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                        f"--config-setting={config_setting}",
+                        *extra_flags,
                     ],
                     env=env,
                 )
             else:
-                assert_never(build_options.build_frontend)
+                assert_never(build_frontend)
 
-            built_wheel = docker.glob(built_wheel_dir, "*.whl")[0]
+            built_wheel = container.glob(built_wheel_dir, "*.whl")[0]
 
             repaired_wheel_dir = temp_dir / "repaired_wheel"
-            docker.call(["rm", "-rf", repaired_wheel_dir])
-            docker.call(["mkdir", "-p", repaired_wheel_dir])
+            container.call(["rm", "-rf", repaired_wheel_dir])
+            container.call(["mkdir", "-p", repaired_wheel_dir])
 
             if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
-                raise NonPlatformWheelError()
+                raise errors.NonPlatformWheelError()
 
             if build_options.repair_command:
                 log.step("Repairing wheel...")
                 repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(
                     build_options.repair_command, wheel=built_wheel, dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir
                 )
-                docker.call(["sh", "-c", repair_command_prepared], env=env)
+                container.call(["sh", "-c", repair_command_prepared], env=env)
             else:
-                docker.call(["mv", built_wheel, repaired_wheel_dir])
+                container.call(["mv", built_wheel, repaired_wheel_dir])
 
-            repaired_wheels = docker.glob(repaired_wheel_dir, "*.whl")
+            repaired_wheels = container.glob(repaired_wheel_dir, "*.whl")
+
+            for repaired_wheel in repaired_wheels:
+                if repaired_wheel.name in {wheel.name for wheel in built_wheels}:
+                    raise errors.AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)
 
         if build_options.test_command and build_options.test_selector(config.identifier):
             log.step("Testing wheel...")
 
             # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
             # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
-            docker.call(["pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env)
-            venv_dir = PurePath(docker.call(["mktemp", "-d"], capture_output=True).strip()) / "venv"
+            if not use_uv:
+                container.call(
+                    ["pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env
+                )
 
-            docker.call(["python", "-m", "virtualenv", "--no-download", venv_dir], env=env)
+            testing_temp_dir = PurePosixPath(
+                container.call(["mktemp", "-d"], capture_output=True).strip()
+            )
+            venv_dir = testing_temp_dir / "venv"
+
+            if use_uv:
+                container.call(["uv", "venv", venv_dir, "--python", python_bin / "python"], env=env)
+            else:
+                # Use embedded dependencies from virtualenv to ensure determinism
+                venv_args = ["--no-periodic-update", "--pip=embed"]
+                # In Python<3.12, setuptools & wheel are installed as well
+                if Version(config.version) < Version("3.12"):
+                    venv_args.extend(("--setuptools=embed", "--wheel=embed"))
+                container.call(["python", "-m", "virtualenv", *venv_args, venv_dir], env=env)
 
             virtualenv_env = env.copy()
             virtualenv_env["PATH"] = f"{venv_dir / 'bin'}:{virtualenv_env['PATH']}"
+            virtualenv_env["VIRTUAL_ENV"] = str(venv_dir)
 
             if build_options.before_test:
                 before_test_prepared = prepare_command(
@@ -274,7 +364,7 @@ def build_on_docker(
                     project=container_project_path,
                     package=container_package_dir,
                 )
-                docker.call(["sh", "-c", before_test_prepared], env=virtualenv_env)
+                container.call(["sh", "-c", before_test_prepared], env=virtualenv_env)
 
             # Install the wheel we just built
             # Note: If auditwheel produced two wheels, it's because the earlier produced wheel
@@ -283,30 +373,35 @@ def build_on_docker(
             # different external shared libraries. so it doesn't matter which one we run the tests on.
             # Let's just pick the first one.
             wheel_to_test = repaired_wheels[0]
-            docker.call(
-                ["pip", "install", str(wheel_to_test) + build_options.test_extras],
+            container.call(
+                [*pip, "install", str(wheel_to_test) + build_options.test_extras],
                 env=virtualenv_env,
             )
 
             # Install any requirements to run the tests
             if build_options.test_requires:
-                docker.call(["pip", "install", *build_options.test_requires], env=virtualenv_env)
+                container.call([*pip, "install", *build_options.test_requires], env=virtualenv_env)
 
             # Run the tests from a different directory
             test_command_prepared = prepare_command(
                 build_options.test_command,
                 project=container_project_path,
                 package=container_package_dir,
+                wheel=wheel_to_test,
             )
-            docker.call(["sh", "-c", test_command_prepared], cwd="/root", env=virtualenv_env)
+            test_cwd = testing_temp_dir / "test_cwd"
+            container.call(["mkdir", "-p", test_cwd])
+            container.copy_into(test_fail_cwd_file, test_cwd / "test_fail.py")
+
+            container.call(["sh", "-c", test_command_prepared], cwd=test_cwd, env=virtualenv_env)
 
             # clean up test environment
-            docker.call(["rm", "-rf", venv_dir])
+            container.call(["rm", "-rf", testing_temp_dir])
 
         # move repaired wheels to output
-        if abi3_wheel is None:
-            docker.call(["mkdir", "-p", container_output_dir])
-            docker.call(["mv", *repaired_wheels, container_output_dir])
+        if compatible_wheel is None:
+            container.call(["mkdir", "-p", container_output_dir])
+            container.call(["mv", *repaired_wheels, container_output_dir])
             built_wheels.extend(
                 container_output_dir / repaired_wheel.name for repaired_wheel in repaired_wheels
             )
@@ -315,23 +410,11 @@ def build_on_docker(
 
     log.step("Copying wheels back to host...")
     # copy the output back into the host
-    docker.copy_out(container_output_dir, options.globals.output_dir)
+    container.copy_out(container_output_dir, options.globals.output_dir)
     log.step_end()
 
 
-def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
-    try:
-        # check docker is installed
-        subprocess.run(["docker", "--version"], check=True, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
-    except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
-        print(
-            "cibuildwheel: Docker not found. Docker is required to run Linux builds. "
-            "If you're building on Travis CI, add `services: [docker]` to your .travis.yml."
-            "If you're building on Circle CI in Linux, add a `setup_remote_docker` step to your .circleci/config.yml",
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
-        sys.exit(2)
-
+def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:  # noqa: ARG001
     python_configurations = get_python_configurations(
         options.globals.build_selector, options.globals.architectures
     )
@@ -339,41 +422,61 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:  # pylint: disable=unused-a
     cwd = Path.cwd()
     abs_package_dir = options.globals.package_dir.resolve()
     if cwd != abs_package_dir and cwd not in abs_package_dir.parents:
-        raise Exception("package_dir must be inside the working directory")
+        msg = "package_dir must be inside the working directory"
+        raise Exception(msg)
 
-    container_project_path = PurePath("/project")
+    container_project_path = PurePosixPath("/project")
     container_package_dir = container_project_path / abs_package_dir.relative_to(cwd)
 
     for build_step in get_build_steps(options, python_configurations):
         try:
-            ids_to_build = [x.identifier for x in build_step.platform_configs]
-            log.step(
-                f"Starting Docker image {build_step.docker_image} for {', '.join(ids_to_build)}..."
+            # check the container engine is installed
+            subprocess.run(
+                [build_step.container_engine.name, "--version"],
+                check=True,
+                stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL,
             )
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
+            msg = unwrap(
+                f"""
+                cibuildwheel: {build_step.container_engine.name} not found. An
+                OCI exe like Docker or Podman is required to run Linux builds.
+                If you're building on Travis CI, add `services: [docker]` to
+                your .travis.yml. If you're building on Circle CI in Linux,
+                add a `setup_remote_docker` step to your .circleci/config.yml.
+                If you're building on Cirrus CI, use `docker_builder` task.
+                """
+            )
+            raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg) from error
 
-            with DockerContainer(
-                docker_image=build_step.docker_image,
-                simulate_32_bit=build_step.platform_tag.endswith("i686"),
+        try:
+            ids_to_build = [x.identifier for x in build_step.platform_configs]
+            log.step(f"Starting container image {build_step.container_image}...")
+
+            print(f"info: This container will host the build for {', '.join(ids_to_build)}...")
+            architecture = Architecture(build_step.platform_tag.split("_", 1)[1])
+
+            with OCIContainer(
+                image=build_step.container_image,
+                oci_platform=ARCHITECTURE_OCI_PLATFORM_MAP[architecture],
                 cwd=container_project_path,
-            ) as docker:
-
-                build_on_docker(
+                engine=build_step.container_engine,
+            ) as container:
+                build_in_container(
                     options=options,
                     platform_configs=build_step.platform_configs,
-                    docker=docker,
+                    container=container,
                     container_project_path=container_project_path,
                     container_package_dir=container_package_dir,
                 )
 
         except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
-            log.step_end_with_error(
-                f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout}"
-            )
             troubleshoot(options, error)
-            sys.exit(1)
+            msg = f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout or ''}"
+            raise errors.FatalError(msg) from error
 
 
-def _matches_prepared_command(error_cmd: List[str], command_template: str) -> bool:
+def _matches_prepared_command(error_cmd: Sequence[str], command_template: str) -> bool:
     if len(error_cmd) < 3 or error_cmd[0:2] != ["sh", "-c"]:
         return False
     command_prefix = command_template.split("{", maxsplit=1)[0].strip()
@@ -381,7 +484,6 @@ def _matches_prepared_command(error_cmd: List[str], command_template: str) -> bo
 
 
 def troubleshoot(options: Options, error: Exception) -> None:
-
     if isinstance(error, subprocess.CalledProcessError) and (
         error.cmd[0:4] == ["python", "-m", "pip", "wheel"]
         or error.cmd[0:3] == ["python", "-m", "build"]
@@ -390,7 +492,6 @@ def troubleshoot(options: Options, error: Exception) -> None:
         )  # TODO allow matching of overrides too?
     ):
         # the wheel build step or the repair step failed
-        print("Checking for common errors...")
         so_files = list(options.globals.package_dir.glob("**/*.so"))
 
         if so_files:
@@ -418,4 +519,4 @@ def troubleshoot(options: Options, error: Exception) -> None:
 
             print("  Files detected:")
             print("\n".join(f"    {f}" for f in so_files))
-            print("")
+            print()

cibuildwheel/logger.py

@@ -1,21 +1,23 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import codecs
 import os
 import re
 import sys
 import time
-from typing import IO, AnyStr, Optional, Union
+from typing import IO, AnyStr, Final, Tuple
 
-from cibuildwheel.typing import Final
-from cibuildwheel.util import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider
+from .util import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider
 
-DEFAULT_FOLD_PATTERN: Final = ("{name}", "")
-FOLD_PATTERNS: Final = {
+FoldPattern = Tuple[str, str]
+DEFAULT_FOLD_PATTERN: Final[FoldPattern] = ("{name}", "")
+FOLD_PATTERNS: Final[dict[str, FoldPattern]] = {
     "azure": ("##[group]{name}", "##[endgroup]"),
     "travis": ("travis_fold:start:{identifier}\n{name}", "travis_fold:end:{identifier}"),
     "github": ("::group::{name}", "::endgroup::{name}"),
 }
 
-PLATFORM_IDENTIFIER_DESCRIPTIONS: Final = {
+PLATFORM_IDENTIFIER_DESCRIPTIONS: Final[dict[str, str]] = {
     "manylinux_x86_64": "manylinux x86_64",
     "manylinux_i686": "manylinux i686",
     "manylinux_aarch64": "manylinux aarch64",
@@ -32,6 +34,7 @@ PLATFORM_IDENTIFIER_DESCRIPTIONS: Final = {
     "macosx_x86_64": "macOS x86_64",
     "macosx_universal2": "macOS Universal 2 - x86_64 and arm64",
     "macosx_arm64": "macOS arm64 - Apple Silicon",
+    "pyodide_wasm32": "Pyodide",
 }
 
 
@@ -39,10 +42,10 @@ class Logger:
     fold_mode: str
     colors_enabled: bool
     unicode_enabled: bool
-    active_build_identifier: Optional[str] = None
-    build_start_time: Optional[float] = None
-    step_start_time: Optional[float] = None
-    active_fold_group_name: Optional[str] = None
+    active_build_identifier: str | None = None
+    build_start_time: float | None = None
+    step_start_time: float | None = None
+    active_fold_group_name: str | None = None
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
         if sys.platform == "win32" and hasattr(sys.stdout, "reconfigure"):
@@ -120,10 +123,21 @@ class Logger:
 
             self.step_start_time = None
 
-    def step_end_with_error(self, error: Union[BaseException, str]) -> None:
+    def step_end_with_error(self, error: BaseException | str) -> None:
         self.step_end(success=False)
         self.error(error)
 
+    def quiet(self, message: str) -> None:
+        c = self.colors
+        print(f"{c.gray}{message}{c.end}", file=sys.stderr)
+
+    def notice(self, message: str) -> None:
+        if self.fold_mode == "github":
+            print(f"::notice::{message}\n", file=sys.stderr)
+        else:
+            c = self.colors
+            print(f"{c.bold}Note{c.end}: {message}\n", file=sys.stderr)
+
     def warning(self, message: str) -> None:
         if self.fold_mode == "github":
             print(f"::warning::{message}\n", file=sys.stderr)
@@ -131,13 +145,17 @@ class Logger:
             c = self.colors
             print(f"{c.yellow}Warning{c.end}: {message}\n", file=sys.stderr)
 
-    def error(self, error: Union[BaseException, str]) -> None:
+    def error(self, error: BaseException | str) -> None:
         if self.fold_mode == "github":
             print(f"::error::{error}\n", file=sys.stderr)
         else:
             c = self.colors
             print(f"{c.bright_red}Error{c.end}: {error}\n", file=sys.stderr)
 
+    @property
+    def step_active(self) -> bool:
+        return self.step_start_time is not None
+
     def _start_fold_group(self, name: str) -> None:
         self._end_fold_group()
         self.active_fold_group_name = name
@@ -174,11 +192,11 @@ class Logger:
         return identifier.lower()[:20]
 
     @property
-    def colors(self) -> "Colors":
+    def colors(self) -> Colors:
         return Colors(enabled=self.colors_enabled)
 
     @property
-    def symbols(self) -> "Symbols":
+    def symbols(self) -> Symbols:
         return Symbols(unicode=self.unicode_enabled)
 
 
@@ -195,14 +213,16 @@ def build_description_from_identifier(identifier: str) -> str:
     elif python_interpreter == "pp":
         build_description += "PyPy"
     else:
-        raise Exception("unknown python")
+        msg = f"unknown python {python_interpreter!r}"
+        raise Exception(msg)
 
     build_description += f" {python_version[0]}.{python_version[1:]} "
 
     try:
         build_description += PLATFORM_IDENTIFIER_DESCRIPTIONS[platform_identifier]
     except KeyError as e:
-        raise Exception("unknown platform") from e
+        msg = f"unknown platform {platform_identifier!r}"
+        raise Exception(msg) from e
 
     return build_description
 
@@ -217,6 +237,7 @@ class Colors:
         self.bright_red = "\033[91m" if enabled else ""
         self.bright_green = "\033[92m" if enabled else ""
         self.white = "\033[37m\033[97m" if enabled else ""
+        self.gray = "\033[38;5;244m" if enabled else ""
 
         self.bg_grey = "\033[48;5;235m" if enabled else ""
 

cibuildwheel/macos.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import functools
 import os
 import platform
@@ -5,37 +7,50 @@ import re
 import shutil
 import subprocess
 import sys
+import typing
+from collections.abc import Sequence, Set
+from dataclasses import dataclass
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Dict, List, NamedTuple, Sequence, Set, Tuple, cast
+from typing import Literal, Tuple
 
 from filelock import FileLock
+from packaging.version import Version
 
+from . import errors
+from ._compat.typing import assert_never
 from .architecture import Architecture
 from .environment import ParsedEnvironment
 from .logger import log
 from .options import Options
-from .typing import Literal, PathOrStr, assert_never
+from .typing import PathOrStr
 from .util import (
     CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
-    BuildFrontend,
+    BuildFrontendConfig,
+    BuildFrontendName,
     BuildSelector,
-    NonPlatformWheelError,
     call,
+    combine_constraints,
     detect_ci_provider,
     download,
-    find_compatible_abi3_wheel,
+    find_compatible_wheel,
+    find_uv,
+    free_thread_enable_313,
     get_build_verbosity_extra_flags,
     get_pip_version,
     install_certifi_script,
+    move_file,
     prepare_command,
     read_python_configs,
     shell,
+    split_config_settings,
+    test_fail_cwd_file,
     unwrap,
     virtualenv,
 )
 
 
-def get_macos_version() -> Tuple[int, int]:
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+def get_macos_version() -> tuple[int, int]:
     """
     Returns the macOS major/minor version, as a tuple, e.g. (10, 15) or (11, 0)
 
@@ -46,15 +61,36 @@ def get_macos_version() -> Tuple[int, int]:
     """
     version_str, _, _ = platform.mac_ver()
     version = tuple(map(int, version_str.split(".")[:2]))
-    return cast(Tuple[int, int], version)
+    if (10, 15) < version < (11, 0):
+        # When built against an older macOS SDK, Python will report macOS 10.16
+        # instead of the real version.
+        version_str = call(
+            sys.executable,
+            "-sS",
+            "-c",
+            "import platform; print(platform.mac_ver()[0])",
+            env={"SYSTEM_VERSION_COMPAT": "0"},
+            capture_stdout=True,
+        )
+        version = tuple(map(int, version_str.split(".")[:2]))
+    return typing.cast(Tuple[int, int], version)
 
 
-def get_macos_sdks() -> List[str]:
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+def get_test_macosx_deployment_target() -> str:
+    version = get_macos_version()
+    if version >= (11, 0):
+        return f"{version[0]}.0"
+    return f"{version[0]}.{version[1]}"
+
+
+def get_macos_sdks() -> list[str]:
     output = call("xcodebuild", "-showsdks", capture_stdout=True)
     return [m.group(1) for m in re.finditer(r"-sdk (macosx\S+)", output)]
 
 
-class PythonConfiguration(NamedTuple):
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class PythonConfiguration:
     version: str
     identifier: str
     url: str
@@ -62,8 +98,7 @@ class PythonConfiguration(NamedTuple):
 
 def get_python_configurations(
     build_selector: BuildSelector, architectures: Set[Architecture]
-) -> List[PythonConfiguration]:
-
+) -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
     full_python_configs = read_python_configs("macos")
 
     python_configurations = [PythonConfiguration(**item) for item in full_python_configs]
@@ -76,38 +111,71 @@ def get_python_configurations(
     ]
 
     # skip builds as required by BUILD/SKIP
-    return [c for c in python_configurations if build_selector(c.identifier)]
+    python_configurations = [c for c in python_configurations if build_selector(c.identifier)]
+
+    # filter-out some cross-compilation configs with PyPy:
+    # can't build arm64 on x86_64
+    # rosetta allows to build x86_64 on arm64
+    if platform.machine() == "x86_64":
+        python_configurations_before = set(python_configurations)
+        python_configurations = [
+            c
+            for c in python_configurations
+            if not (c.identifier.startswith("pp") and c.identifier.endswith("arm64"))
+        ]
+        removed_elements = python_configurations_before - set(python_configurations)
+        if removed_elements:
+            ids = ", ".join(c.identifier for c in removed_elements)
+            log.quiet(
+                unwrap(
+                    f"""
+                    Note: {ids}  {'was' if len(removed_elements) == 1 else 'were'}
+                    selected, but can't be built on x86_64 so will be skipped automatically.
+                    """
+                )
+            )
+
+    return python_configurations
 
 
-def install_cpython(tmp: Path, version: str, url: str) -> Path:
-    installation_path = Path(f"/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/{version}")
+def install_cpython(tmp: Path, version: str, url: str, free_threading: bool) -> Path:
+    ft = "T" if free_threading else ""
+    installation_path = Path(f"/Library/Frameworks/Python{ft}.framework/Versions/{version}")
     with FileLock(CIBW_CACHE_PATH / f"cpython{version}.lock"):
         installed_system_packages = call("pkgutil", "--pkgs", capture_stdout=True).splitlines()
         # if this version of python isn't installed, get it from python.org and install
-        python_package_identifier = f"org.python.Python.PythonFramework-{version}"
+        python_package_identifier = f"org.python.Python.Python{ft}Framework-{version}"
         if python_package_identifier not in installed_system_packages:
             if detect_ci_provider() is None:
                 # if running locally, we don't want to install CPython with sudo
                 # let the user know & provide a link to the installer
-                print(
+                msg = (
                     f"Error: CPython {version} is not installed.\n"
                     "cibuildwheel will not perform system-wide installs when running outside of CI.\n"
                     f"To build locally, install CPython {version} on this machine, or, disable this version of Python using CIBW_SKIP=cp{version.replace('.', '')}-macosx_*\n"
-                    f"\nDownload link: {url}",
-                    file=sys.stderr,
+                    f"\nDownload link: {url}"
                 )
-                raise SystemExit(1)
+                raise errors.FatalError(msg)
             pkg_path = tmp / "Python.pkg"
             # download the pkg
             download(url, pkg_path)
             # install
-            call("sudo", "installer", "-pkg", pkg_path, "-target", "/")
+            args = []
+            if version.startswith("3.13"):
+                # Python 3.13 is the first version to have a free-threading option
+                args += ["-applyChoiceChangesXML", str(free_thread_enable_313.resolve())]
+            call("sudo", "installer", "-pkg", pkg_path, *args, "-target", "/")
             pkg_path.unlink()
             env = os.environ.copy()
             env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
-            call(installation_path / "bin" / "python3", install_certifi_script, env=env)
 
-    return installation_path / "bin" / "python3"
+            if free_threading:
+                call(installation_path / f"bin/python{version}t", "-m", "ensurepip", env=env)
+                call(installation_path / f"bin/python{version}t", install_certifi_script, env=env)
+            else:
+                call(installation_path / "bin/python3", install_certifi_script, env=env)
+
+    return installation_path / "bin" / (f"python{version}t" if free_threading else "python3")
 
 
 def install_pypy(tmp: Path, url: str) -> Path:
@@ -125,27 +193,51 @@ def install_pypy(tmp: Path, url: str) -> Path:
     return installation_path / "bin" / "pypy3"
 
 
+def can_use_uv(python_configuration: PythonConfiguration) -> bool:
+    conditions = (Version(python_configuration.version) >= Version("3.8"),)
+    return all(conditions)
+
+
 def setup_python(
     tmp: Path,
     python_configuration: PythonConfiguration,
     dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr],
     environment: ParsedEnvironment,
-    build_frontend: BuildFrontend,
-) -> Dict[str, str]:
+    build_frontend: BuildFrontendName,
+) -> tuple[Path, dict[str, str]]:
+    if build_frontend == "build[uv]" and not can_use_uv(python_configuration):
+        build_frontend = "build"
+
+    uv_path = find_uv()
+    use_uv = build_frontend == "build[uv]"
+
     tmp.mkdir()
     implementation_id = python_configuration.identifier.split("-")[0]
     log.step(f"Installing Python {implementation_id}...")
     if implementation_id.startswith("cp"):
-        base_python = install_cpython(tmp, python_configuration.version, python_configuration.url)
+        free_threading = "t-macos" in python_configuration.identifier
+        base_python = install_cpython(
+            tmp, python_configuration.version, python_configuration.url, free_threading
+        )
+
     elif implementation_id.startswith("pp"):
         base_python = install_pypy(tmp, python_configuration.url)
     else:
-        raise ValueError("Unknown Python implementation")
-    assert base_python.exists()
+        msg = "Unknown Python implementation"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    assert (
+        base_python.exists()
+    ), f"{base_python.name} not found, has {list(base_python.parent.iterdir())}"
 
     log.step("Setting up build environment...")
     venv_path = tmp / "venv"
-    env = virtualenv(base_python, venv_path, dependency_constraint_flags)
+    env = virtualenv(
+        python_configuration.version,
+        base_python,
+        venv_path,
+        dependency_constraint_flags,
+        use_uv=use_uv,
+    )
     venv_bin_path = venv_path / "bin"
     assert venv_bin_path.exists()
     # Fix issue with site.py setting the wrong `sys.prefix`, `sys.exec_prefix`,
@@ -161,51 +253,70 @@ def setup_python(
 
     # upgrade pip to the version matching our constraints
     # if necessary, reinstall it to ensure that it's available on PATH as 'pip'
-    call(
-        "python",
-        "-m",
-        "pip",
-        "install",
-        "--upgrade",
-        "pip",
-        *dependency_constraint_flags,
-        env=env,
-        cwd=venv_path,
-    )
+    if build_frontend == "build[uv]":
+        assert uv_path is not None
+        pip = [str(uv_path), "pip"]
+    else:
+        pip = ["python", "-m", "pip"]
+
+    if not use_uv:
+        call(
+            *pip,
+            "install",
+            "--upgrade",
+            "pip",
+            *dependency_constraint_flags,
+            env=env,
+            cwd=venv_path,
+        )
 
     # Apply our environment after pip is ready
     env = environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=env)
 
     # check what pip version we're on
-    assert (venv_bin_path / "pip").exists()
-    call("which", "pip", env=env)
-    call("pip", "--version", env=env)
-    which_pip = call("which", "pip", env=env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
-    if which_pip != str(venv_bin_path / "pip"):
-        print(
-            "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.",
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
-        sys.exit(1)
+    if not use_uv:
+        assert (venv_bin_path / "pip").exists()
+        call("which", "pip", env=env)
+        call("pip", "--version", env=env)
+        which_pip = call("which", "pip", env=env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
+        if which_pip != str(venv_bin_path / "pip"):
+            msg = "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it."
+            raise errors.FatalError(msg)
 
     # check what Python version we're on
     call("which", "python", env=env)
     call("python", "--version", env=env)
     which_python = call("which", "python", env=env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
     if which_python != str(venv_bin_path / "python"):
-        print(
-            "cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it.",
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
-        sys.exit(1)
-
-    # Set MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET to 10.9, if the user didn't set it.
-    # PyPy defaults to 10.7, causing inconsistencies if it's left unset.
-    env.setdefault("MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET", "10.9")
+        msg = "cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it."
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
 
     config_is_arm64 = python_configuration.identifier.endswith("arm64")
     config_is_universal2 = python_configuration.identifier.endswith("universal2")
 
+    # Set MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET, if the user didn't set it.
+    # For arm64, the minimal deployment target is 11.0.
+    # On x86_64 (or universal2), use 10.9 as a default.
+    # CPython 3.12.6+ needs 10.13.
+    if config_is_arm64:
+        default_target = "11.0"
+    elif Version(python_configuration.version) >= Version("3.12"):
+        default_target = "10.13"
+    elif python_configuration.identifier.startswith("pp") and Version(
+        python_configuration.version
+    ) >= Version("3.9"):
+        default_target = "10.15"
+    else:
+        default_target = "10.9"
+    env.setdefault("MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET", default_target)
+
+    # This is a floor, it can't be set lower than the default_target.
+    if Version(env["MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET"]) < Version(default_target):
+        log.warning(
+            f"Bumping MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET ({env['MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET']}) to the minimum required ({default_target})."
+        )
+        env["MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET"] = default_target
+
     if python_configuration.version not in {"3.6", "3.7"}:
         if config_is_arm64:
             # macOS 11 is the first OS with arm64 support, so the wheels
@@ -249,8 +360,6 @@ def setup_python(
             "pip",
             "install",
             "--upgrade",
-            "setuptools",
-            "wheel",
             "delocate",
             *dependency_constraint_flags,
             env=env,
@@ -265,10 +374,22 @@ def setup_python(
             *dependency_constraint_flags,
             env=env,
         )
+    elif build_frontend == "build[uv]":
+        assert uv_path is not None
+        call(
+            uv_path,
+            "pip",
+            "install",
+            "--upgrade",
+            "delocate",
+            "build[virtualenv, uv]",
+            *dependency_constraint_flags,
+            env=env,
+        )
     else:
         assert_never(build_frontend)
 
-    return env
+    return base_python, env
 
 
 def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
@@ -276,7 +397,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         options.globals.build_selector, options.globals.architectures
     )
 
-    if len(python_configurations) == 0:
+    if not python_configurations:
         return
 
     try:
@@ -292,10 +413,17 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
             )
             shell(before_all_prepared, env=env)
 
-        built_wheels: List[Path] = []
+        built_wheels: list[Path] = []
 
         for config in python_configurations:
             build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
+            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend or BuildFrontendConfig("pip")
+            use_uv = build_frontend.name == "build[uv]" and can_use_uv(config)
+            uv_path = find_uv()
+            if use_uv and uv_path is None:
+                msg = "uv not found"
+                raise AssertionError(msg)
+            pip = ["pip"] if not use_uv else [str(uv_path), "pip"]
             log.build_start(config.identifier)
 
             identifier_tmp_dir = tmp_path / config.identifier
@@ -313,21 +441,23 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                     build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(config.version),
                 ]
 
-            env = setup_python(
+            base_python, env = setup_python(
                 identifier_tmp_dir / "build",
                 config,
                 dependency_constraint_flags,
                 build_options.environment,
-                build_options.build_frontend,
+                build_frontend.name,
             )
+            if not use_uv:
+                pip_version = get_pip_version(env)
 
-            abi3_wheel = find_compatible_abi3_wheel(built_wheels, config.identifier)
-            if abi3_wheel:
+            compatible_wheel = find_compatible_wheel(built_wheels, config.identifier)
+            if compatible_wheel:
                 log.step_end()
                 print(
-                    f"\nFound previously built wheel {abi3_wheel.name}, that's compatible with {config.identifier}. Skipping build step..."
+                    f"\nFound previously built wheel {compatible_wheel.name}, that's compatible with {config.identifier}. Skipping build step..."
                 )
-                repaired_wheel = abi3_wheel
+                repaired_wheel = compatible_wheel
             else:
                 if build_options.before_build:
                     log.step("Running before_build...")
@@ -339,9 +469,24 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                 log.step("Building wheel...")
                 built_wheel_dir.mkdir()
 
-                verbosity_flags = get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(build_options.build_verbosity)
+                extra_flags = split_config_settings(
+                    build_options.config_settings, build_frontend.name
+                )
+                extra_flags += build_frontend.args
 
-                if build_options.build_frontend == "pip":
+                build_env = env.copy()
+                if not use_uv:
+                    build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = pip_version
+                if build_options.dependency_constraints:
+                    constraint_path = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
+                        config.version
+                    )
+                    combine_constraints(
+                        build_env, constraint_path, identifier_tmp_dir if use_uv else None
+                    )
+
+                if build_frontend.name == "pip":
+                    extra_flags += get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(build_options.build_verbosity)
                     # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
                     # see https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
                     call(
@@ -352,20 +497,15 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                         build_options.package_dir.resolve(),
                         f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
                         "--no-deps",
-                        *verbosity_flags,
-                        env=env,
+                        *extra_flags,
+                        env=build_env,
                     )
-                elif build_options.build_frontend == "build":
-                    config_setting = " ".join(verbosity_flags)
-                    build_env = env.copy()
-                    if build_options.dependency_constraints:
-                        constraint_path = (
-                            build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
-                                config.version
-                            )
-                        )
-                        build_env["PIP_CONSTRAINT"] = constraint_path.as_uri()
-                    build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = get_pip_version(env)
+                elif build_frontend.name == "build" or build_frontend.name == "build[uv]":
+                    if not 0 <= build_options.build_verbosity < 2:
+                        msg = f"build_verbosity {build_options.build_verbosity} is not supported for build frontend. Ignoring."
+                        log.warning(msg)
+                    if use_uv and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags and "-n" not in extra_flags:
+                        extra_flags.append("--installer=uv")
                     call(
                         "python",
                         "-m",
@@ -373,18 +513,18 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                         build_options.package_dir,
                         "--wheel",
                         f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                        f"--config-setting={config_setting}",
+                        *extra_flags,
                         env=build_env,
                     )
                 else:
-                    assert_never(build_options.build_frontend)
+                    assert_never(build_frontend)
 
                 built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
 
                 repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir()
 
                 if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
-                    raise NonPlatformWheelError()
+                    raise errors.NonPlatformWheelError()
 
                 if build_options.repair_command:
                     log.step("Repairing wheel...")
@@ -408,11 +548,21 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
                 repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
 
+                if repaired_wheel.name in {wheel.name for wheel in built_wheels}:
+                    raise errors.AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)
+
                 log.step_end()
 
             if build_options.test_command and build_options.test_selector(config.identifier):
                 machine_arch = platform.machine()
-                testing_archs: List[Literal["x86_64", "arm64"]]
+                python_arch = call(
+                    "python",
+                    "-sSc",
+                    "import platform; print(platform.machine())",
+                    env=env,
+                    capture_stdout=True,
+                ).strip()
+                testing_archs: list[Literal["x86_64", "arm64"]]
 
                 if config_is_arm64:
                     testing_archs = ["arm64"]
@@ -433,10 +583,9 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                                 unwrap(
                                     """
                                     While arm64 wheels can be built on x86_64, they cannot be
-                                    tested. The ability to test the arm64 wheels will be added in a
-                                    future release of cibuildwheel, once Apple Silicon CI runners
-                                    are widely available. To silence this warning, set
-                                    `CIBW_TEST_SKIP: *-macosx_arm64`.
+                                    tested. Consider building arm64 wheels natively, if your CI
+                                    provider offers this. To silence this warning, set
+                                    `CIBW_TEST_SKIP: "*-macosx_arm64"`.
                                     """
                                 )
                             )
@@ -445,16 +594,35 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                                 unwrap(
                                     """
                                     While universal2 wheels can be built on x86_64, the arm64 part
-                                    of them cannot currently be tested. The ability to test the
-                                    arm64 part of a universal2 wheel will be added in a future
-                                    release of cibuildwheel, once Apple Silicon CI runners are
-                                    widely available. To silence this warning, set
-                                    `CIBW_TEST_SKIP: *-macosx_universal2:arm64`.
+                                    of the wheel cannot be tested on x86_64. Consider building
+                                    universal2 wheels on an arm64 runner, if your CI provider offers
+                                    this. Notably, an arm64 runner can also test the x86_64 part of
+                                    the wheel, through Rosetta emulation. To silence this warning,
+                                    set `CIBW_TEST_SKIP: "*-macosx_universal2:arm64"`.
                                     """
                                 )
                             )
                         else:
-                            raise RuntimeError("unreachable")
+                            msg = "unreachable"
+                            raise RuntimeError(msg)
+
+                        # skip this test
+                        continue
+
+                    is_cp38 = config.identifier.startswith("cp38-")
+                    if testing_arch == "arm64" and is_cp38 and python_arch != "arm64":
+                        log.warning(
+                            unwrap(
+                                """
+                                While cibuildwheel can build CPython 3.8 universal2/arm64 wheels, we
+                                cannot test the arm64 part of them, even when running on an Apple
+                                Silicon machine. This is because we use the x86_64 installer of
+                                CPython 3.8. See the discussion in
+                                https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/1169 for the details. To
+                                silence this warning, set `CIBW_TEST_SKIP: "cp38-macosx_*:arm64"`.
+                                """
+                            )
+                        )
 
                         # skip this test
                         continue
@@ -467,34 +635,47 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
                     # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
                     # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
-                    call("pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags, env=env)
+                    if not use_uv:
+                        call("pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags, env=env)
 
-                    venv_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "venv-test"
+                    venv_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / f"venv-test-{testing_arch}"
 
                     arch_prefix = []
+                    uv_arch_args = []
                     if testing_arch != machine_arch:
                         if machine_arch == "arm64" and testing_arch == "x86_64":
                             # rosetta2 will provide the emulation with just the arch prefix.
                             arch_prefix = ["arch", "-x86_64"]
+                            uv_arch_args = ["--python-platform", "x86_64-apple-darwin"]
                         else:
                             msg = f"don't know how to emulate {testing_arch} on {machine_arch}"
                             raise RuntimeError(msg)
 
                     # define a custom 'call' function that adds the arch prefix each time
                     call_with_arch = functools.partial(call, *arch_prefix)
-                    shell_with_arch = functools.partial(shell, *arch_prefix)
+                    shell_with_arch = functools.partial(call, *arch_prefix, "/bin/sh", "-c")
 
-                    # Use --no-download to ensure determinism by using seed libraries
-                    # built into virtualenv
-                    call_with_arch("python", "-m", "virtualenv", "--no-download", venv_dir, env=env)
+                    if use_uv:
+                        pip_install = functools.partial(call, *pip, "install", *uv_arch_args)
+                        call("uv", "venv", venv_dir, f"--python={base_python}", env=env)
+                    else:
+                        pip_install = functools.partial(call_with_arch, *pip, "install")
+                        # Use pip version from the initial env to ensure determinism
+                        venv_args = ["--no-periodic-update", f"--pip={pip_version}"]
+                        # In Python<3.12, setuptools & wheel are installed as well, use virtualenv embedded ones
+                        if Version(config.version) < Version("3.12"):
+                            venv_args.extend(("--setuptools=embed", "--wheel=embed"))
+                        call_with_arch("python", "-m", "virtualenv", *venv_args, venv_dir, env=env)
 
                     virtualenv_env = env.copy()
+                    virtualenv_env["MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET"] = get_test_macosx_deployment_target()
                     virtualenv_env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(
                         [
                             str(venv_dir / "bin"),
                             virtualenv_env["PATH"],
                         ]
                     )
+                    virtualenv_env["VIRTUAL_ENV"] = str(venv_dir)
 
                     # check that we are using the Python from the virtual environment
                     call_with_arch("which", "python", env=virtualenv_env)
@@ -508,42 +689,65 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                         shell_with_arch(before_test_prepared, env=virtualenv_env)
 
                     # install the wheel
-                    call_with_arch(
-                        "pip",
-                        "install",
+                    if is_cp38 and python_arch == "x86_64":
+                        virtualenv_env_install_wheel = virtualenv_env.copy()
+                        virtualenv_env_install_wheel["SYSTEM_VERSION_COMPAT"] = "0"
+                        log.notice(
+                            unwrap(
+                                """
+                                Setting SYSTEM_VERSION_COMPAT=0 to ensure CPython 3.8 can get
+                                correct macOS version and allow installation of wheels with
+                                MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET >= 11.0.
+                                See https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/1767 for the
+                                details.
+                                """
+                            )
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        virtualenv_env_install_wheel = virtualenv_env
+
+                    pip_install(
                         f"{repaired_wheel}{build_options.test_extras}",
-                        env=virtualenv_env,
+                        env=virtualenv_env_install_wheel,
                     )
 
                     # test the wheel
                     if build_options.test_requires:
-                        call_with_arch(
-                            "pip", "install", *build_options.test_requires, env=virtualenv_env
+                        pip_install(
+                            *build_options.test_requires,
+                            env=virtualenv_env_install_wheel,
                         )
 
-                    # run the tests from $HOME, with an absolute path in the command
+                    # run the tests from a temp dir, with an absolute path in the command
                     # (this ensures that Python runs the tests against the installed wheel
                     # and not the repo code)
                     test_command_prepared = prepare_command(
                         build_options.test_command,
                         project=Path(".").resolve(),
                         package=build_options.package_dir.resolve(),
-                    )
-                    shell_with_arch(
-                        test_command_prepared, cwd=os.environ["HOME"], env=virtualenv_env
+                        wheel=repaired_wheel,
                     )
 
+                    test_cwd = identifier_tmp_dir / "test_cwd"
+                    test_cwd.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
+                    (test_cwd / "test_fail.py").write_text(test_fail_cwd_file.read_text())
+
+                    shell_with_arch(test_command_prepared, cwd=test_cwd, env=virtualenv_env)
+
             # we're all done here; move it to output (overwrite existing)
-            if abi3_wheel is None:
-                shutil.move(str(repaired_wheel), build_options.output_dir)
-                built_wheels.append(build_options.output_dir / repaired_wheel.name)
+            if compatible_wheel is None:
+                output_wheel = build_options.output_dir.joinpath(repaired_wheel.name)
+                moved_wheel = move_file(repaired_wheel, output_wheel)
+                if moved_wheel != output_wheel.resolve():
+                    log.warning(
+                        "{repaired_wheel} was moved to {moved_wheel} instead of {output_wheel}"
+                    )
+                built_wheels.append(output_wheel)
 
             # clean up
             shutil.rmtree(identifier_tmp_dir)
 
             log.build_end()
     except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
-        log.step_end_with_error(
-            f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout}"
-        )
-        sys.exit(1)
+        msg = f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout or ''}"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg) from error

cibuildwheel/oci_container.py

@@ -0,0 +1,489 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import io
+import json
+import os
+import platform
+import shlex
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import typing
+import uuid
+from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from enum import Enum
+from pathlib import Path, PurePath, PurePosixPath
+from types import TracebackType
+from typing import IO, Dict, Literal
+
+from packaging.version import InvalidVersion, Version
+
+from ._compat.typing import Self, assert_never
+from .errors import OCIEngineTooOldError
+from .logger import log
+from .typing import PathOrStr, PopenBytes
+from .util import (
+    CIProvider,
+    call,
+    detect_ci_provider,
+    parse_key_value_string,
+    strtobool,
+)
+
+ContainerEngineName = Literal["docker", "podman"]
+
+
+# Order of the enum matters for tests. 386 shall appear before amd64.
+class OCIPlatform(Enum):
+    i386 = "linux/386"
+    AMD64 = "linux/amd64"
+    ARM64 = "linux/arm64"
+    PPC64LE = "linux/ppc64le"
+    S390X = "linux/s390x"
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class OCIContainerEngineConfig:
+    name: ContainerEngineName
+    create_args: tuple[str, ...] = field(default_factory=tuple)
+    disable_host_mount: bool = False
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_config_string(config_string: str) -> OCIContainerEngineConfig:
+        config_dict = parse_key_value_string(
+            config_string,
+            ["name"],
+            ["create_args", "create-args", "disable_host_mount", "disable-host-mount"],
+        )
+        name = " ".join(config_dict["name"])
+        if name not in {"docker", "podman"}:
+            msg = f"unknown container engine {name}"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        name = typing.cast(ContainerEngineName, name)
+        # some flexibility in the option names to cope with TOML conventions
+        create_args = config_dict.get("create_args") or config_dict.get("create-args") or []
+        disable_host_mount_options = (
+            config_dict.get("disable_host_mount") or config_dict.get("disable-host-mount") or []
+        )
+        disable_host_mount = (
+            strtobool(disable_host_mount_options[-1]) if disable_host_mount_options else False
+        )
+        if "--platform" in create_args or any(arg.startswith("--platform=") for arg in create_args):
+            msg = "Using '--platform' in 'container-engine::create_args' is deprecated. It will be ignored."
+            log.warning(msg)
+            if "--platform" in create_args:
+                index = create_args.index("--platform")
+                create_args.pop(index)
+                create_args.pop(index)
+            else:
+                create_args = [arg for arg in create_args if not arg.startswith("--platform=")]
+
+        return OCIContainerEngineConfig(
+            name=name, create_args=tuple(create_args), disable_host_mount=disable_host_mount
+        )
+
+    def options_summary(self) -> str | dict[str, str]:
+        if not self.create_args:
+            return self.name
+        else:
+            return {
+                "name": self.name,
+                "create_args": repr(self.create_args),
+                "disable_host_mount": str(self.disable_host_mount),
+            }
+
+
+DEFAULT_ENGINE = OCIContainerEngineConfig("docker")
+
+
+def _check_engine_version(engine: OCIContainerEngineConfig) -> None:
+    try:
+        version_string = call(engine.name, "version", "-f", "{{json .}}", capture_stdout=True)
+        version_info = json.loads(version_string.strip())
+        if engine.name == "docker":
+            # --platform support was introduced in 1.32 as experimental
+            # docker cp, as used by cibuildwheel, has been fixed in v24 => API 1.43, https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/38995
+            client_api_version = Version(version_info["Client"]["ApiVersion"])
+            engine_api_version = Version(version_info["Server"]["ApiVersion"])
+            version_supported = min(client_api_version, engine_api_version) >= Version("1.43")
+        elif engine.name == "podman":
+            client_api_version = Version(version_info["Client"]["APIVersion"])
+            if "Server" in version_info:
+                engine_api_version = Version(version_info["Server"]["APIVersion"])
+            else:
+                engine_api_version = client_api_version
+            # --platform support was introduced in v3
+            version_supported = min(client_api_version, engine_api_version) >= Version("3")
+        else:
+            assert_never(engine.name)
+        if not version_supported:
+            raise OCIEngineTooOldError() from None
+    except (subprocess.CalledProcessError, KeyError, InvalidVersion) as e:
+        raise OCIEngineTooOldError() from e
+
+
+class OCIContainer:
+    """
+    An object that represents a running OCI (e.g. Docker) container.
+
+    Intended for use as a context manager e.g.
+    `with OCIContainer(image = 'ubuntu') as docker:`
+
+    A bash shell is running in the remote container. When `call()` is invoked,
+    the command is relayed to the remote shell, and the results are streamed
+    back to cibuildwheel.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> from cibuildwheel.oci_container import *  # NOQA
+        >>> from cibuildwheel.options import _get_pinned_container_images
+        >>> image = _get_pinned_container_images()['x86_64']['manylinux2014']
+        >>> # Test the default container
+        >>> with OCIContainer(image=image) as self:
+        ...     self.call(["echo", "hello world"])
+        ...     self.call(["cat", "/proc/1/cgroup"])
+        ...     print(self.get_environment())
+        ...     print(self.debug_info())
+    """
+
+    UTILITY_PYTHON = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38/bin/python"
+
+    process: PopenBytes
+    bash_stdin: IO[bytes]
+    bash_stdout: IO[bytes]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        image: str,
+        oci_platform: OCIPlatform,
+        cwd: PathOrStr | None = None,
+        engine: OCIContainerEngineConfig = DEFAULT_ENGINE,
+    ):
+        if not image:
+            msg = "Must have a non-empty image to run."
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        self.image = image
+        self.oci_platform = oci_platform
+        self.cwd = cwd
+        self.name: str | None = None
+        self.engine = engine
+        self.host_tar_format = ""
+        if sys.platform.startswith("darwin"):
+            self.host_tar_format = "--format gnutar"
+
+    def _get_platform_args(self, *, oci_platform: OCIPlatform | None = None) -> tuple[str, str]:
+        if oci_platform is None:
+            oci_platform = self.oci_platform
+
+        # we need '--pull=always' otherwise some images with the wrong platform get re-used (e.g. 386 image for amd64)
+        # c.f. https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/48197#issuecomment-2282802313
+        pull = "always"
+        try:
+            image_platform = call(
+                self.engine.name,
+                "image",
+                "inspect",
+                self.image,
+                "--format",
+                "{{.Os}}/{{.Architecture}}",
+                capture_stdout=True,
+            ).strip()
+            if image_platform == oci_platform.value:
+                # in case the correct image is already present, don't pull
+                # this allows to run local only images
+                pull = "never"
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+            pass
+        return f"--platform={oci_platform.value}", f"--pull={pull}"
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> Self:
+        self.name = f"cibuildwheel-{uuid.uuid4()}"
+
+        _check_engine_version(self.engine)
+
+        # work-around for Travis-CI PPC64le Docker runs since 2021:
+        # this avoids network splits
+        # https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/904
+        # https://github.com/conda-forge/conda-smithy/pull/1520
+        network_args = []
+        if detect_ci_provider() == CIProvider.travis_ci and platform.machine() == "ppc64le":
+            network_args = ["--network=host"]
+
+        platform_args = self._get_platform_args()
+
+        simulate_32_bit = False
+        if self.oci_platform == OCIPlatform.i386:
+            # If the architecture running the image is already the right one
+            # or the image entrypoint takes care of enforcing this, then we don't need to
+            # simulate this
+            run_cmd = [self.engine.name, "run", "--rm"]
+            ctr_cmd = ["uname", "-m"]
+            try:
+                container_machine = call(
+                    *run_cmd, *platform_args, self.image, *ctr_cmd, capture_stdout=True
+                ).strip()
+            except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+                # The image might have been built with amd64 architecture
+                # Let's try that
+                platform_args = self._get_platform_args(oci_platform=OCIPlatform.AMD64)
+                container_machine = call(
+                    *run_cmd, *platform_args, self.image, *ctr_cmd, capture_stdout=True
+                ).strip()
+            simulate_32_bit = container_machine != "i686"
+
+        shell_args = ["linux32", "/bin/bash"] if simulate_32_bit else ["/bin/bash"]
+
+        subprocess.run(
+            [
+                self.engine.name,
+                "create",
+                "--env=CIBUILDWHEEL",
+                "--env=SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH",
+                f"--name={self.name}",
+                "--interactive",
+                *(["--volume=/:/host"] if not self.engine.disable_host_mount else []),
+                *network_args,
+                *platform_args,
+                *self.engine.create_args,
+                self.image,
+                *shell_args,
+            ],
+            check=True,
+        )
+
+        self.process = subprocess.Popen(
+            [
+                self.engine.name,
+                "start",
+                "--attach",
+                "--interactive",
+                self.name,
+            ],
+            stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+        )
+
+        assert self.process.stdin
+        assert self.process.stdout
+        self.bash_stdin = self.process.stdin
+        self.bash_stdout = self.process.stdout
+
+        # run a noop command to block until the container is responding
+        self.call(["/bin/true"], cwd="/")
+
+        if self.cwd:
+            # Although `docker create -w` does create the working dir if it
+            # does not exist, podman does not. There does not seem to be a way
+            # to setup a workdir for a container running in podman.
+            self.call(["mkdir", "-p", os.fspath(self.cwd)], cwd="/")
+
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.bash_stdin.write(b"exit 0\n")
+        self.bash_stdin.flush()
+        self.process.wait(timeout=30)
+        self.bash_stdin.close()
+        self.bash_stdout.close()
+
+        if self.engine.name == "podman":
+            # This works around what seems to be a race condition in the podman
+            # backend. The full reason is not understood. See PR #966 for a
+            # discussion on possible causes and attempts to remove this line.
+            # For now, this seems to work "well enough".
+            self.process.wait()
+
+        assert isinstance(self.name, str)
+
+        keep_container = strtobool(os.environ.get("CIBW_DEBUG_KEEP_CONTAINER", ""))
+        if not keep_container:
+            subprocess.run(
+                [self.engine.name, "rm", "--force", "-v", self.name],
+                stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL,
+                check=False,
+            )
+            self.name = None
+
+    def copy_into(self, from_path: Path, to_path: PurePath) -> None:
+        if from_path.is_dir():
+            self.call(["mkdir", "-p", to_path])
+            subprocess.run(
+                f"tar -c {self.host_tar_format} -f - . | {self.engine.name} exec -i {self.name} tar --no-same-owner -xC {shell_quote(to_path)} -f -",
+                shell=True,
+                check=True,
+                cwd=from_path,
+            )
+        else:
+            exec_process: subprocess.Popen[bytes]
+            with subprocess.Popen(
+                [
+                    self.engine.name,
+                    "exec",
+                    "-i",
+                    str(self.name),
+                    "sh",
+                    "-c",
+                    f"cat > {shell_quote(to_path)}",
+                ],
+                stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+            ) as exec_process:
+                assert exec_process.stdin
+                with open(from_path, "rb") as from_file:
+                    # Bug in mypy, https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/15031
+                    shutil.copyfileobj(from_file, exec_process.stdin)  # type: ignore[misc]
+
+                exec_process.stdin.close()
+                exec_process.wait()
+
+                if exec_process.returncode:
+                    raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(
+                        exec_process.returncode, exec_process.args, None, None
+                    )
+
+    def copy_out(self, from_path: PurePath, to_path: Path) -> None:
+        # note: we assume from_path is a dir
+        to_path.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        call(self.engine.name, "cp", f"{self.name}:{from_path}/.", to_path)
+
+    def glob(self, path: PurePosixPath, pattern: str) -> list[PurePosixPath]:
+        glob_pattern = path.joinpath(pattern)
+
+        path_strings = json.loads(
+            self.call(
+                [
+                    self.UTILITY_PYTHON,
+                    "-c",
+                    f"import sys, json, glob; json.dump(glob.glob({str(glob_pattern)!r}), sys.stdout)",
+                ],
+                capture_output=True,
+            )
+        )
+
+        return [PurePosixPath(p) for p in path_strings]
+
+    def call(
+        self,
+        args: Sequence[PathOrStr],
+        env: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        capture_output: bool = False,
+        cwd: PathOrStr | None = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        if cwd is None:
+            # Podman does not start the a container in a specific working dir
+            # so we always need to specify it when making calls.
+            cwd = self.cwd
+
+        chdir = f"cd {cwd}" if cwd else ""
+        env_assignments = (
+            " ".join(f"{shlex.quote(k)}={shlex.quote(v)}" for k, v in env.items())
+            if env is not None
+            else ""
+        )
+        command = " ".join(shlex.quote(str(a)) for a in args)
+        end_of_message = str(uuid.uuid4())
+
+        # log the command we're executing
+        print(f"    + {command}")
+
+        # Write a command to the remote shell. First we change the
+        # cwd, if that's required. Then, we use the `env` utility to run
+        # `command` inside the specified environment. We use `env` because it
+        # can cope with spaces and strange characters in the name or value.
+        # Finally, the remote shell is told to write a footer - this will show
+        # up in the output so we know when to stop reading, and will include
+        # the return code of `command`.
+        self.bash_stdin.write(
+            bytes(
+                f"""(
+            {chdir}
+            env {env_assignments} {command}
+            printf "%04d%s\n" $? {end_of_message}
+        )
+        """,
+                encoding="utf8",
+                errors="surrogateescape",
+            )
+        )
+        self.bash_stdin.flush()
+
+        if capture_output:
+            output_io: IO[bytes] = io.BytesIO()
+        else:
+            output_io = sys.stdout.buffer
+
+        while True:
+            line = self.bash_stdout.readline()
+
+            if line.endswith(bytes(end_of_message, encoding="utf8") + b"\n"):
+                # fmt: off
+                footer_offset = (
+                    len(line)
+                    - 1  # newline character
+                    - len(end_of_message)  # delimiter
+                    - 4  # 4 return code decimals
+                )
+                # fmt: on
+                return_code_str = line[footer_offset : footer_offset + 4]
+                return_code = int(return_code_str)
+                # add the last line to output, without the footer
+                output_io.write(line[0:footer_offset])
+                output_io.flush()
+                break
+            else:
+                output_io.write(line)
+                output_io.flush()
+
+        if isinstance(output_io, io.BytesIO):
+            output = str(output_io.getvalue(), encoding="utf8", errors="surrogateescape")
+        else:
+            output = ""
+
+        if return_code != 0:
+            raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(return_code, args, output)
+
+        return output
+
+    def get_environment(self) -> dict[str, str]:
+        env = json.loads(
+            self.call(
+                [
+                    self.UTILITY_PYTHON,
+                    "-c",
+                    "import sys, json, os; json.dump(os.environ.copy(), sys.stdout)",
+                ],
+                capture_output=True,
+            )
+        )
+        return typing.cast(Dict[str, str], env)
+
+    def environment_executor(self, command: Sequence[str], environment: dict[str, str]) -> str:
+        # used as an EnvironmentExecutor to evaluate commands and capture output
+        return self.call(command, env=environment, capture_output=True)
+
+    def debug_info(self) -> str:
+        if self.engine.name == "podman":
+            command = f"{self.engine.name} info --debug"
+        else:
+            command = f"{self.engine.name} info"
+        completed = subprocess.run(
+            command,
+            shell=True,
+            check=True,
+            cwd=self.cwd,
+            stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+        )
+        output = str(completed.stdout, encoding="utf8", errors="surrogateescape")
+        return output
+
+
+def shell_quote(path: PurePath) -> str:
+    return shlex.quote(os.fspath(path))

cibuildwheel/projectfiles.py

@@ -1,30 +1,51 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import ast
-import sys
-from configparser import ConfigParser
+import configparser
+import contextlib
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Optional
 
-if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
-    import tomllib
-else:
-    import tomli as tomllib
+from ._compat import tomllib
 
-if sys.version_info < (3, 8):
-    Constant = ast.Str
 
-    def get_constant(x: ast.Str) -> str:
-        return x.s
+def get_parent(node: ast.AST | None, depth: int = 1) -> ast.AST | None:
+    for _ in range(depth):
+        node = getattr(node, "parent", None)
+    return node
 
-else:
-    Constant = ast.Constant
 
-    def get_constant(x: ast.Constant) -> Any:
-        return x.value
+def is_main(parent: ast.AST | None) -> bool:
+    if parent is None:
+        return False
+
+    # This would be much nicer with 3.10's pattern matching!
+    if not isinstance(parent, ast.If):
+        return False
+    if not isinstance(parent.test, ast.Compare):
+        return False
+
+    try:
+        (op,) = parent.test.ops
+        (comp,) = parent.test.comparators
+    except ValueError:
+        return False
+
+    if not isinstance(op, ast.Eq):
+        return False
+
+    values = {comp, parent.test.left}
+
+    mains = {x for x in values if isinstance(x, ast.Constant) and x.value == "__main__"}
+    if len(mains) != 1:
+        return False
+    consts = {x for x in values if isinstance(x, ast.Name) and x.id == "__name__"}
+
+    return len(consts) == 1
 
 
 class Analyzer(ast.NodeVisitor):
     def __init__(self) -> None:
-        self.requires_python: Optional[str] = None
+        self.requires_python: str | None = None
 
     def visit(self, node: ast.AST) -> None:
         for inner_node in ast.walk(node):
@@ -33,17 +54,27 @@ class Analyzer(ast.NodeVisitor):
         super().visit(node)
 
     def visit_keyword(self, node: ast.keyword) -> None:
+        # Must not be nested except for if __name__ == "__main__"
+
         self.generic_visit(node)
-        if node.arg == "python_requires":
-            # Must not be nested in an if or other structure
-            # This will be Module -> Expr -> Call -> keyword
-            if not hasattr(node.parent.parent.parent, "parent") and isinstance(  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
-                node.value, Constant
-            ):
-                self.requires_python = get_constant(node.value)
+        # This will be Module -> Expr -> Call -> keyword
+        parent = get_parent(node, 4)
+        unnested = parent is None
+
+        # This will be Module -> If -> Expr -> Call -> keyword
+        name_main_unnested = (
+            parent is not None and get_parent(parent) is None and is_main(get_parent(node, 3))
+        )
+
+        if (
+            node.arg == "python_requires"
+            and isinstance(node.value, ast.Constant)
+            and (unnested or name_main_unnested)
+        ):
+            self.requires_python = node.value.value
 
 
-def setup_py_python_requires(content: str) -> Optional[str]:
+def setup_py_python_requires(content: str) -> str | None:
     try:
         tree = ast.parse(content)
         analyzer = Analyzer()
@@ -53,29 +84,25 @@ def setup_py_python_requires(content: str) -> Optional[str]:
         return None
 
 
-def get_requires_python_str(package_dir: Path) -> Optional[str]:
+def get_requires_python_str(package_dir: Path) -> str | None:
     """Return the python requires string from the most canonical source available, or None"""
 
     # Read in from pyproject.toml:project.requires-python
-    try:
+    with contextlib.suppress(FileNotFoundError):
         with (package_dir / "pyproject.toml").open("rb") as f1:
             info = tomllib.load(f1)
-        return str(info["project"]["requires-python"])
-    except (FileNotFoundError, KeyError, IndexError, TypeError):
-        pass
+        with contextlib.suppress(KeyError, IndexError, TypeError):
+            return str(info["project"]["requires-python"])
 
     # Read in from setup.cfg:options.python_requires
-    try:
-        config = ConfigParser()
+    config = configparser.ConfigParser()
+    with contextlib.suppress(FileNotFoundError):
         config.read(package_dir / "setup.cfg")
-        return str(config["options"]["python_requires"])
-    except (FileNotFoundError, KeyError, IndexError, TypeError):
-        pass
+        with contextlib.suppress(KeyError, IndexError, TypeError):
+            return str(config["options"]["python_requires"])
 
-    try:
-        with (package_dir / "setup.py").open(encoding="utf8") as f2:
-            return setup_py_python_requires(f2.read())
-    except FileNotFoundError:
-        pass
+    setup_py = package_dir / "setup.py"
+    with contextlib.suppress(FileNotFoundError), setup_py.open(encoding="utf8") as f2:
+        return setup_py_python_requires(f2.read())
 
     return None

cibuildwheel/pyodide.py

@@ -0,0 +1,399 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import shutil
+import sys
+from collections.abc import Sequence, Set
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from filelock import FileLock
+
+from . import errors
+from .architecture import Architecture
+from .environment import ParsedEnvironment
+from .logger import log
+from .options import Options
+from .typing import PathOrStr
+from .util import (
+    CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
+    BuildFrontendConfig,
+    BuildSelector,
+    call,
+    combine_constraints,
+    download,
+    ensure_node,
+    extract_zip,
+    find_compatible_wheel,
+    get_pip_version,
+    move_file,
+    prepare_command,
+    read_python_configs,
+    shell,
+    split_config_settings,
+    test_fail_cwd_file,
+    virtualenv,
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class PythonConfiguration:
+    version: str
+    identifier: str
+    pyodide_version: str
+    emscripten_version: str
+    node_version: str
+
+
+def install_emscripten(tmp: Path, version: str) -> Path:
+    # We don't need to match the emsdk version to the version we install, but
+    # we do for stability
+    url = f"https://github.com/emscripten-core/emsdk/archive/refs/tags/{version}.zip"
+    installation_path = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / f"emsdk-{version}"
+    emsdk_path = installation_path / f"emsdk-{version}/emsdk"
+    emcc_path = installation_path / f"emsdk-{version}/upstream/emscripten/emcc"
+    with FileLock(f"{installation_path}.lock"):
+        if installation_path.exists():
+            return emcc_path
+        emsdk_zip = tmp / "emsdk.zip"
+        download(url, emsdk_zip)
+        installation_path.mkdir()
+        extract_zip(emsdk_zip, installation_path)
+        call(emsdk_path, "install", version)
+        call(emsdk_path, "activate", version)
+
+    return emcc_path
+
+
+def install_xbuildenv(env: dict[str, str], pyodide_version: str) -> str:
+    pyodide_root = (
+        CIBW_CACHE_PATH
+        / f".pyodide-xbuildenv-{pyodide_version}/{pyodide_version}/xbuildenv/pyodide-root"
+    )
+    with FileLock(CIBW_CACHE_PATH / "xbuildenv.lock"):
+        if pyodide_root.exists():
+            return str(pyodide_root)
+
+        # We don't want to mutate env but we need to delete any existing
+        # PYODIDE_ROOT so copy it first.
+        env = dict(env)
+        env.pop("PYODIDE_ROOT", None)
+        call(
+            "pyodide",
+            "xbuildenv",
+            "install",
+            pyodide_version,
+            env=env,
+            cwd=CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
+        )
+    return str(pyodide_root)
+
+
+def get_base_python(identifier: str) -> Path:
+    implementation_id = identifier.split("-")[0]
+    majorminor = implementation_id[len("cp") :]
+    version_info = (int(majorminor[0]), int(majorminor[1:]))
+    if version_info == sys.version_info[:2]:
+        return Path(sys.executable)
+
+    major_minor = ".".join(str(v) for v in version_info)
+    python_name = f"python{major_minor}"
+    which_python = shutil.which(python_name)
+    if which_python is None:
+        msg = f"CPython {major_minor} is not installed."
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    return Path(which_python)
+
+
+def setup_python(
+    tmp: Path,
+    python_configuration: PythonConfiguration,
+    dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr],
+    environment: ParsedEnvironment,
+) -> dict[str, str]:
+    base_python = get_base_python(python_configuration.identifier)
+
+    log.step("Setting up build environment...")
+    venv_path = tmp / "venv"
+    env = virtualenv(python_configuration.version, base_python, venv_path, [], use_uv=False)
+    venv_bin_path = venv_path / "bin"
+    assert venv_bin_path.exists()
+    env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
+
+    # upgrade pip to the version matching our constraints
+    # if necessary, reinstall it to ensure that it's available on PATH as 'pip'
+    call(
+        "python",
+        "-m",
+        "pip",
+        "install",
+        "--upgrade",
+        "pip",
+        *dependency_constraint_flags,
+        env=env,
+        cwd=venv_path,
+    )
+
+    env = environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=env)
+
+    # check what pip version we're on
+    assert (venv_bin_path / "pip").exists()
+    call("which", "pip", env=env)
+    call("pip", "--version", env=env)
+    which_pip = call("which", "pip", env=env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
+    if which_pip != str(venv_bin_path / "pip"):
+        msg = "pip available on PATH doesn't match our venv instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it."
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+    # check what Python version we're on
+    call("which", "python", env=env)
+    call("python", "--version", env=env)
+    which_python = call("which", "python", env=env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
+    if which_python != str(venv_bin_path / "python"):
+        msg = "python available on PATH doesn't match our venv instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it."
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+    log.step("Installing build tools...")
+    call(
+        "pip",
+        "install",
+        "--upgrade",
+        "auditwheel-emscripten",
+        "build[virtualenv]",
+        "pyodide-build",
+        *dependency_constraint_flags,
+        env=env,
+    )
+
+    log.step("Installing emscripten...")
+    emcc_path = install_emscripten(tmp, python_configuration.emscripten_version)
+
+    env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join([str(emcc_path.parent), env["PATH"]])
+
+    log.step("Installing Pyodide xbuildenv...")
+    env["PYODIDE_ROOT"] = install_xbuildenv(env, python_configuration.pyodide_version)
+
+    return env
+
+
+def get_python_configurations(
+    build_selector: BuildSelector,
+    architectures: Set[Architecture],  # noqa: ARG001
+) -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
+    full_python_configs = read_python_configs("pyodide")
+
+    python_configurations = [PythonConfiguration(**item) for item in full_python_configs]
+    python_configurations = [c for c in python_configurations if build_selector(c.identifier)]
+    return python_configurations
+
+
+def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    python_configurations = get_python_configurations(
+        options.globals.build_selector, options.globals.architectures
+    )
+
+    if not python_configurations:
+        return
+
+    try:
+        before_all_options_identifier = python_configurations[0].identifier
+        before_all_options = options.build_options(before_all_options_identifier)
+
+        if before_all_options.before_all:
+            log.step("Running before_all...")
+            env = before_all_options.environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=os.environ)
+            before_all_prepared = prepare_command(
+                before_all_options.before_all, project=".", package=before_all_options.package_dir
+            )
+            shell(before_all_prepared, env=env)
+
+        built_wheels: list[Path] = []
+
+        for config in python_configurations:
+            build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
+            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend or BuildFrontendConfig("build")
+
+            if build_frontend.name == "pip":
+                msg = "The pyodide platform doesn't support pip frontend"
+                raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+            log.build_start(config.identifier)
+
+            identifier_tmp_dir = tmp_path / config.identifier
+            built_wheel_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "built_wheel"
+            repaired_wheel_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "repaired_wheel"
+            identifier_tmp_dir.mkdir()
+            built_wheel_dir.mkdir()
+            repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir()
+
+            dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr] = []
+            if build_options.dependency_constraints:
+                constraints_path = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
+                    config.version, variant="pyodide"
+                )
+                dependency_constraint_flags = ["-c", constraints_path]
+
+            env = setup_python(
+                identifier_tmp_dir / "build",
+                config,
+                dependency_constraint_flags,
+                build_options.environment,
+            )
+            pip_version = get_pip_version(env)
+            # The Pyodide command line runner mounts all directories in the host
+            # filesystem into the Pyodide file system, except for the custom
+            # file systems /dev, /lib, /proc, and /tmp. Mounting the mount
+            # points for alternate file systems causes some mysterious failure
+            # of the process (it just quits without any clear error).
+            #
+            # Because of this, by default Pyodide can't see anything under /tmp.
+            # This environment variable tells it also to mount our temp
+            # directory.
+            oldmounts = ""
+            extra_mounts = [str(identifier_tmp_dir)]
+            if str(Path(".").resolve()).startswith("/tmp"):
+                extra_mounts.append(str(Path(".").resolve()))
+
+            if "_PYODIDE_EXTRA_MOUNTS" in env:
+                oldmounts = env["_PYODIDE_EXTRA_MOUNTS"] + ":"
+            env["_PYODIDE_EXTRA_MOUNTS"] = oldmounts + ":".join(extra_mounts)
+
+            compatible_wheel = find_compatible_wheel(built_wheels, config.identifier)
+            if compatible_wheel:
+                log.step_end()
+                print(
+                    f"\nFound previously built wheel {compatible_wheel.name}, that's compatible with {config.identifier}. Skipping build step..."
+                )
+                built_wheel = compatible_wheel
+            else:
+                if build_options.before_build:
+                    log.step("Running before_build...")
+                    before_build_prepared = prepare_command(
+                        build_options.before_build, project=".", package=build_options.package_dir
+                    )
+                    shell(before_build_prepared, env=env)
+
+                log.step("Building wheel...")
+
+                extra_flags = split_config_settings(build_options.config_settings, "build")
+                extra_flags += build_frontend.args
+
+                if not 0 <= build_options.build_verbosity < 2:
+                    msg = f"build_verbosity {build_options.build_verbosity} is not supported for build frontend. Ignoring."
+                    log.warning(msg)
+
+                build_env = env.copy()
+                if build_options.dependency_constraints:
+                    combine_constraints(build_env, constraints_path, identifier_tmp_dir)
+                build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = pip_version
+                call(
+                    "pyodide",
+                    "build",
+                    build_options.package_dir,
+                    f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                    *extra_flags,
+                    env=build_env,
+                )
+                built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+
+                if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
+                    raise errors.NonPlatformWheelError()
+
+                if build_options.repair_command:
+                    log.step("Repairing wheel...")
+
+                    repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(
+                        build_options.repair_command,
+                        wheel=built_wheel,
+                        dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir,
+                    )
+                    shell(repair_command_prepared, env=env)
+                else:
+                    shutil.move(str(built_wheel), repaired_wheel_dir)
+
+                repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+
+                if repaired_wheel.name in {wheel.name for wheel in built_wheels}:
+                    raise errors.AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)
+
+            if build_options.test_command and build_options.test_selector(config.identifier):
+                log.step("Testing wheel...")
+
+                venv_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "venv-test"
+                # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
+                # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
+
+                virtualenv_env = env.copy()
+                virtualenv_env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(
+                    [
+                        str(ensure_node(config.node_version)),
+                        virtualenv_env["PATH"],
+                    ]
+                )
+
+                # pyodide venv uses virtualenv under the hood
+                # use the pip embedded with virtualenv & disable network updates
+                virtualenv_create_env = virtualenv_env.copy()
+                virtualenv_create_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = pip_version
+                virtualenv_create_env["VIRTUALENV_NO_PERIODIC_UPDATE"] = "1"
+
+                call("pyodide", "venv", venv_dir, env=virtualenv_create_env)
+
+                virtualenv_env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(
+                    [
+                        str(venv_dir / "bin"),
+                        virtualenv_env["PATH"],
+                    ]
+                )
+                virtualenv_env["VIRTUAL_ENV"] = str(venv_dir)
+
+                # check that we are using the Python from the virtual environment
+                call("which", "python", env=virtualenv_env)
+
+                if build_options.before_test:
+                    before_test_prepared = prepare_command(
+                        build_options.before_test,
+                        project=".",
+                        package=build_options.package_dir,
+                    )
+                    shell(before_test_prepared, env=virtualenv_env)
+
+                # install the wheel
+                call(
+                    "pip",
+                    "install",
+                    f"{repaired_wheel}{build_options.test_extras}",
+                    env=virtualenv_env,
+                )
+
+                # test the wheel
+                if build_options.test_requires:
+                    call("pip", "install", *build_options.test_requires, env=virtualenv_env)
+
+                # run the tests from a temp dir, with an absolute path in the command
+                # (this ensures that Python runs the tests against the installed wheel
+                # and not the repo code)
+                test_command_prepared = prepare_command(
+                    build_options.test_command,
+                    project=Path(".").resolve(),
+                    package=build_options.package_dir.resolve(),
+                )
+
+                test_cwd = identifier_tmp_dir / "test_cwd"
+                test_cwd.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
+                (test_cwd / "test_fail.py").write_text(test_fail_cwd_file.read_text())
+
+                shell(test_command_prepared, cwd=test_cwd, env=virtualenv_env)
+
+            # we're all done here; move it to output (overwrite existing)
+            if compatible_wheel is None:
+                output_wheel = build_options.output_dir.joinpath(repaired_wheel.name)
+                moved_wheel = move_file(repaired_wheel, output_wheel)
+                if moved_wheel != output_wheel.resolve():
+                    log.warning(
+                        "{repaired_wheel} was moved to {moved_wheel} instead of {output_wheel}"
+                    )
+                built_wheels.append(output_wheel)
+
+    finally:
+        pass

cibuildwheel/resources/build-platforms.toml

@@ -6,69 +6,102 @@ python_configurations = [
   { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
   { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
   { identifier = "cp311-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
   { identifier = "cp36-manylinux_i686", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
   { identifier = "cp37-manylinux_i686", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
   { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_i686", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
   { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_i686", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
   { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_i686", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
   { identifier = "cp311-manylinux_i686", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-manylinux_i686", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-manylinux_i686", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-manylinux_i686", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
   { identifier = "pp37-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/pp37-pypy37_pp73" },
   { identifier = "pp38-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/pp38-pypy38_pp73" },
   { identifier = "pp39-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/pp39-pypy39_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "pp310-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/pp310-pypy310_pp73" },
   { identifier = "cp36-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
   { identifier = "cp37-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
   { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
   { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
   { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
   { identifier = "cp311-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
   { identifier = "cp36-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
   { identifier = "cp37-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
   { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
   { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
   { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
   { identifier = "cp311-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
   { identifier = "cp36-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
   { identifier = "cp37-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
   { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
   { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
   { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
   { identifier = "cp311-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
   { identifier = "pp37-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/pp37-pypy37_pp73" },
   { identifier = "pp38-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/pp38-pypy38_pp73" },
   { identifier = "pp39-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/pp39-pypy39_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "pp310-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/pp310-pypy310_pp73" },
   { identifier = "pp37-manylinux_i686", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/pp37-pypy37_pp73" },
   { identifier = "pp38-manylinux_i686", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/pp38-pypy38_pp73" },
   { identifier = "pp39-manylinux_i686", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/pp39-pypy39_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "pp310-manylinux_i686", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/pp310-pypy310_pp73" },
   { identifier = "cp36-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
   { identifier = "cp37-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
   { identifier = "cp38-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
   { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
   { identifier = "cp310-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
   { identifier = "cp311-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
   { identifier = "cp36-musllinux_i686", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
   { identifier = "cp37-musllinux_i686", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
   { identifier = "cp38-musllinux_i686", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
   { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_i686", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
   { identifier = "cp310-musllinux_i686", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
   { identifier = "cp311-musllinux_i686", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-musllinux_i686", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-musllinux_i686", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-musllinux_i686", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
   { identifier = "cp36-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
   { identifier = "cp37-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
   { identifier = "cp38-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
   { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
   { identifier = "cp310-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
   { identifier = "cp311-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
   { identifier = "cp36-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
   { identifier = "cp37-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
   { identifier = "cp38-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
   { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
   { identifier = "cp310-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
   { identifier = "cp311-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
   { identifier = "cp36-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
   { identifier = "cp37-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
   { identifier = "cp38-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
   { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
   { identifier = "cp310-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
   { identifier = "cp311-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
 ]
 
 [macos]
@@ -81,15 +114,28 @@ python_configurations = [
   { identifier = "cp39-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.9", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.9.13/python-3.9.13-macos11.pkg" },
   { identifier = "cp39-macosx_arm64", version = "3.9", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.9.13/python-3.9.13-macos11.pkg" },
   { identifier = "cp39-macosx_universal2", version = "3.9", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.9.13/python-3.9.13-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp310-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.10", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.10.4/python-3.10.4-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp310-macosx_arm64", version = "3.10", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.10.4/python-3.10.4-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp310-macosx_universal2", version = "3.10", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.10.4/python-3.10.4-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp311-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.11", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.11.0/python-3.11.0b3-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp311-macosx_arm64", version = "3.11", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.11.0/python-3.11.0b3-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp311-macosx_universal2", version = "3.11", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.11.0/python-3.11.0b3-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.10", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.10.11/python-3.10.11-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-macosx_arm64", version = "3.10", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.10.11/python-3.10.11-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-macosx_universal2", version = "3.10", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.10.11/python-3.10.11-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.11", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.11.9/python-3.11.9-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-macosx_arm64", version = "3.11", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.11.9/python-3.11.9-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-macosx_universal2", version = "3.11", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.11.9/python-3.11.9-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.6/python-3.12.6-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-macosx_arm64", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.6/python-3.12.6-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-macosx_universal2", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.6/python-3.12.6-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.0/python-3.13.0rc2-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.0/python-3.13.0rc2-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.0/python-3.13.0rc2-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.0/python-3.13.0rc2-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.0/python-3.13.0rc2-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.0/python-3.13.0rc2-macos11.pkg" },
   { identifier = "pp37-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.7", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.7-v7.3.9-osx64.tar.bz2" },
-  { identifier = "pp38-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.8", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.9-osx64.tar.bz2" },
-  { identifier = "pp39-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.9", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.9-osx64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "pp38-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.8", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "pp38-macosx_arm64", version = "3.8", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "pp39-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.9", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.16-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "pp39-macosx_arm64", version = "3.9", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.16-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "pp310-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.10", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.17-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "pp310-macosx_arm64", version = "3.10", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.17-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
 ]
 
 [windows]
@@ -102,14 +148,29 @@ python_configurations = [
   { identifier = "cp38-win_amd64", version = "3.8.10", arch = "64" },
   { identifier = "cp39-win32", version = "3.9.13", arch = "32" },
   { identifier = "cp39-win_amd64", version = "3.9.13", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp310-win32", version = "3.10.4", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp310-win_amd64", version = "3.10.4", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp311-win32", version = "3.11.0-b3", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp311-win_amd64", version = "3.11.0-b3", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-win32", version = "3.10.11", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-win_amd64", version = "3.10.11", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-win32", version = "3.11.9", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-win_amd64", version = "3.11.9", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-win32", version = "3.12.6", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-win_amd64", version = "3.12.6", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-win32", version = "3.13.0-rc2", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-win32", version = "3.13.0-rc2", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-win_amd64", version = "3.13.0-rc2", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-win_amd64", version = "3.13.0-rc2", arch = "64" },
   { identifier = "cp39-win_arm64", version = "3.9.10", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp310-win_arm64", version = "3.10.4", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp311-win_arm64", version = "3.11.0-b3", arch = "ARM64" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-win_arm64", version = "3.10.11", arch = "ARM64" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-win_arm64", version = "3.11.9", arch = "ARM64" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-win_arm64", version = "3.12.6", arch = "ARM64" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-win_arm64", version = "3.13.0-rc2", arch = "ARM64" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-win_arm64", version = "3.13.0-rc2", arch = "ARM64" },
   { identifier = "pp37-win_amd64", version = "3.7", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.7-v7.3.9-win64.zip" },
-  { identifier = "pp38-win_amd64", version = "3.8", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.9-win64.zip" },
-  { identifier = "pp39-win_amd64", version = "3.9", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.9-win64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "pp38-win_amd64", version = "3.8", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-win64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "pp39-win_amd64", version = "3.9", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.16-win64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "pp310-win_amd64", version = "3.10", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.17-win64.zip" },
+]
+
+[pyodide]
+python_configurations = [
+  { identifier = "cp312-pyodide_wasm32", version = "3.12.1", pyodide_version = "0.26.1", emscripten_version = "3.1.58", node_version = "v20" },
 ]

cibuildwheel/resources/cibuildwheel.schema.json

@@ -0,0 +1,821 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema",
+  "$id": "https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/cibuildwheel/resources/cibuildwheel.schema.json",
+  "$defs": {
+    "inherit": {
+      "enum": [
+        "none",
+        "prepend",
+        "append"
+      ],
+      "default": "none",
+      "description": "How to inherit the parent's value."
+    }
+  },
+  "additionalProperties": false,
+  "description": "cibuildwheel's settings.",
+  "type": "object",
+  "properties": {
+    "archs": {
+      "description": "Change the architectures built on your machine by default.",
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "CIBW_ARCHS"
+    },
+    "before-all": {
+      "description": "Execute a shell command on the build system before any wheels are built.",
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "CIBW_BEFORE_ALL"
+    },
+    "before-build": {
+      "description": "Execute a shell command preparing each wheel's build.",
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD"
+    },
+    "before-test": {
+      "description": "Execute a shell command before testing each wheel.",
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "CIBW_BEFORE_TEST"
+    },
+    "build": {
+      "default": [
+        "*"
+      ],
+      "description": "Choose the Python versions to build.",
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "CIBW_BUILD"
+    },
+    "build-frontend": {
+      "default": "default",
+      "description": "Set the tool to use to build, either \"pip\" (default for now), \"build\", or \"build[uv]\"",
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "enum": [
+            "pip",
+            "build",
+            "build[uv]",
+            "default"
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "pattern": "^pip; ?args:"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "pattern": "^build; ?args:"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "pattern": "^build\\[uv\\]; ?args:"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "required": [
+            "name"
+          ],
+          "properties": {
+            "name": {
+              "enum": [
+                "pip",
+                "build",
+                "build[uv]"
+              ]
+            },
+            "args": {
+              "type": "array",
+              "items": {
+                "type": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND"
+    },
+    "build-verbosity": {
+      "type": "integer",
+      "minimum": -3,
+      "maximum": 3,
+      "default": 0,
+      "description": "Increase/decrease the output of pip wheel.",
+      "title": "CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY"
+    },
+    "config-settings": {
+      "description": "Specify config-settings for the build backend.",
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "patternProperties": {
+            ".+": {
+              "oneOf": [
+                {
+                  "type": "string"
+                },
+                {
+                  "type": "array",
+                  "items": {
+                    "type": "string"
+                  }
+                }
+              ]
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS"
+    },
+    "container-engine": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "enum": [
+            "docker",
+            "podman"
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "pattern": "^docker; ?(create_args|disable_host_mount):"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "pattern": "^podman; ?(create_args|disable_host_mount):"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "required": [
+            "name"
+          ],
+          "properties": {
+            "name": {
+              "enum": [
+                "docker",
+                "podman"
+              ]
+            },
+            "create-args": {
+              "type": "array",
+              "items": {
+                "type": "string"
+              }
+            },
+            "disable-host-mount": {
+              "type": "boolean"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "CIBW_CONTAINER_ENGINE"
+    },
+    "dependency-versions": {
+      "default": "pinned",
+      "description": "Specify how cibuildwheel controls the versions of the tools it uses",
+      "type": "string",
+      "title": "CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS"
+    },
+    "environment": {
+      "description": "Set environment variables needed during the build.",
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "patternProperties": {
+            ".+": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "CIBW_ENVIRONMENT"
+    },
+    "environment-pass": {
+      "description": "Set environment variables on the host to pass-through to the container during the build.",
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_PASS"
+    },
+    "free-threaded-support": {
+      "type": "boolean",
+      "default": false,
+      "description": "The project supports free-threaded builds of Python (PEP703)",
+      "title": "CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT"
+    },
+    "manylinux-aarch64-image": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images",
+      "title": "CIBW_MANYLINUX_AARCH64_IMAGE"
+    },
+    "manylinux-i686-image": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images",
+      "title": "CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE"
+    },
+    "manylinux-ppc64le-image": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images",
+      "title": "CIBW_MANYLINUX_PPC64LE_IMAGE"
+    },
+    "manylinux-pypy_aarch64-image": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images",
+      "title": "CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_AARCH64_IMAGE"
+    },
+    "manylinux-pypy_i686-image": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images",
+      "title": "CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_I686_IMAGE"
+    },
+    "manylinux-pypy_x86_64-image": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images",
+      "title": "CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_X86_64_IMAGE"
+    },
+    "manylinux-s390x-image": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images",
+      "title": "CIBW_MANYLINUX_S390X_IMAGE"
+    },
+    "manylinux-x86_64-image": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images",
+      "title": "CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE"
+    },
+    "musllinux-aarch64-image": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images",
+      "title": "CIBW_MUSLLINUX_AARCH64_IMAGE"
+    },
+    "musllinux-i686-image": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images",
+      "title": "CIBW_MUSLLINUX_I686_IMAGE"
+    },
+    "musllinux-ppc64le-image": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images",
+      "title": "CIBW_MUSLLINUX_PPC64LE_IMAGE"
+    },
+    "musllinux-s390x-image": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images",
+      "title": "CIBW_MUSLLINUX_S390X_IMAGE"
+    },
+    "musllinux-x86_64-image": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images",
+      "title": "CIBW_MUSLLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE"
+    },
+    "repair-wheel-command": {
+      "description": "Execute a shell command to repair each built wheel.",
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND"
+    },
+    "skip": {
+      "description": "Choose the Python versions to skip.",
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "CIBW_SKIP"
+    },
+    "test-command": {
+      "description": "Execute a shell command to test each built wheel.",
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND"
+    },
+    "test-extras": {
+      "description": "Install your wheel for testing using `extras_require`",
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS"
+    },
+    "test-requires": {
+      "description": "Install Python dependencies before running the tests",
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES"
+    },
+    "test-skip": {
+      "description": "Skip running tests on some builds.",
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "CIBW_TEST_SKIP"
+    },
+    "overrides": {
+      "type": "array",
+      "description": "An overrides array",
+      "items": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "required": [
+          "select"
+        ],
+        "minProperties": 2,
+        "additionalProperties": false,
+        "properties": {
+          "select": {
+            "oneOf": [
+              {
+                "type": "string"
+              },
+              {
+                "type": "array",
+                "items": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          "inherit": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "additionalProperties": false,
+            "properties": {
+              "before-all": {
+                "$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"
+              },
+              "before-build": {
+                "$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"
+              },
+              "before-test": {
+                "$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"
+              },
+              "config-settings": {
+                "$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"
+              },
+              "container-engine": {
+                "$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"
+              },
+              "environment": {
+                "$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"
+              },
+              "environment-pass": {
+                "$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"
+              },
+              "repair-wheel-command": {
+                "$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"
+              },
+              "test-command": {
+                "$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"
+              },
+              "test-extras": {
+                "$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"
+              },
+              "test-requires": {
+                "$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          "before-all": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/before-all"
+          },
+          "before-build": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/before-build"
+          },
+          "before-test": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/before-test"
+          },
+          "build-frontend": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/build-frontend"
+          },
+          "build-verbosity": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/build-verbosity"
+          },
+          "config-settings": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/config-settings"
+          },
+          "container-engine": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/container-engine"
+          },
+          "dependency-versions": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/dependency-versions"
+          },
+          "environment": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/environment"
+          },
+          "environment-pass": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/environment-pass"
+          },
+          "manylinux-aarch64-image": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/manylinux-aarch64-image"
+          },
+          "manylinux-i686-image": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/manylinux-i686-image"
+          },
+          "manylinux-ppc64le-image": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/manylinux-ppc64le-image"
+          },
+          "manylinux-pypy_aarch64-image": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/manylinux-pypy_aarch64-image"
+          },
+          "manylinux-pypy_i686-image": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/manylinux-pypy_i686-image"
+          },
+          "manylinux-pypy_x86_64-image": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/manylinux-pypy_x86_64-image"
+          },
+          "manylinux-s390x-image": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/manylinux-s390x-image"
+          },
+          "manylinux-x86_64-image": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/manylinux-x86_64-image"
+          },
+          "musllinux-aarch64-image": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/musllinux-aarch64-image"
+          },
+          "musllinux-i686-image": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/musllinux-i686-image"
+          },
+          "musllinux-ppc64le-image": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/musllinux-ppc64le-image"
+          },
+          "musllinux-s390x-image": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/musllinux-s390x-image"
+          },
+          "musllinux-x86_64-image": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/musllinux-x86_64-image"
+          },
+          "repair-wheel-command": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/repair-wheel-command"
+          },
+          "test-command": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/test-command"
+          },
+          "test-extras": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/test-extras"
+          },
+          "test-requires": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/test-requires"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "linux": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "archs": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/archs"
+        },
+        "before-all": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/before-all"
+        },
+        "before-build": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/before-build"
+        },
+        "before-test": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/before-test"
+        },
+        "build-frontend": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/build-frontend"
+        },
+        "build-verbosity": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/build-verbosity"
+        },
+        "config-settings": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/config-settings"
+        },
+        "container-engine": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/container-engine"
+        },
+        "environment": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/environment"
+        },
+        "environment-pass": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/environment-pass"
+        },
+        "manylinux-aarch64-image": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/manylinux-aarch64-image"
+        },
+        "manylinux-i686-image": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/manylinux-i686-image"
+        },
+        "manylinux-ppc64le-image": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/manylinux-ppc64le-image"
+        },
+        "manylinux-pypy_aarch64-image": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/manylinux-pypy_aarch64-image"
+        },
+        "manylinux-pypy_i686-image": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/manylinux-pypy_i686-image"
+        },
+        "manylinux-pypy_x86_64-image": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/manylinux-pypy_x86_64-image"
+        },
+        "manylinux-s390x-image": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/manylinux-s390x-image"
+        },
+        "manylinux-x86_64-image": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/manylinux-x86_64-image"
+        },
+        "musllinux-aarch64-image": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/musllinux-aarch64-image"
+        },
+        "musllinux-i686-image": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/musllinux-i686-image"
+        },
+        "musllinux-ppc64le-image": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/musllinux-ppc64le-image"
+        },
+        "musllinux-s390x-image": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/musllinux-s390x-image"
+        },
+        "musllinux-x86_64-image": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/musllinux-x86_64-image"
+        },
+        "repair-wheel-command": {
+          "description": "Execute a shell command to repair each built wheel.",
+          "oneOf": [
+            {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "array",
+              "items": {
+                "type": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          ],
+          "title": "CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND",
+          "default": "auditwheel repair -w {dest_dir} {wheel}"
+        },
+        "test-command": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-command"
+        },
+        "test-extras": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-extras"
+        },
+        "test-requires": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-requires"
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "windows": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "archs": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/archs"
+        },
+        "before-all": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/before-all"
+        },
+        "before-build": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/before-build"
+        },
+        "before-test": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/before-test"
+        },
+        "build-frontend": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/build-frontend"
+        },
+        "build-verbosity": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/build-verbosity"
+        },
+        "config-settings": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/config-settings"
+        },
+        "dependency-versions": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/dependency-versions"
+        },
+        "environment": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/environment"
+        },
+        "repair-wheel-command": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/repair-wheel-command"
+        },
+        "test-command": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-command"
+        },
+        "test-extras": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-extras"
+        },
+        "test-requires": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-requires"
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "macos": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "archs": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/archs"
+        },
+        "before-all": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/before-all"
+        },
+        "before-build": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/before-build"
+        },
+        "before-test": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/before-test"
+        },
+        "build-frontend": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/build-frontend"
+        },
+        "build-verbosity": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/build-verbosity"
+        },
+        "config-settings": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/config-settings"
+        },
+        "dependency-versions": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/dependency-versions"
+        },
+        "environment": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/environment"
+        },
+        "repair-wheel-command": {
+          "description": "Execute a shell command to repair each built wheel.",
+          "oneOf": [
+            {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "array",
+              "items": {
+                "type": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          ],
+          "title": "CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND",
+          "default": "delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} -v {wheel}"
+        },
+        "test-command": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-command"
+        },
+        "test-extras": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-extras"
+        },
+        "test-requires": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-requires"
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "pyodide": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "archs": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/archs"
+        },
+        "before-all": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/before-all"
+        },
+        "before-build": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/before-build"
+        },
+        "before-test": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/before-test"
+        },
+        "build-frontend": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/build-frontend"
+        },
+        "build-verbosity": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/build-verbosity"
+        },
+        "config-settings": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/config-settings"
+        },
+        "dependency-versions": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/dependency-versions"
+        },
+        "environment": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/environment"
+        },
+        "repair-wheel-command": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/repair-wheel-command"
+        },
+        "test-command": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-command"
+        },
+        "test-extras": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-extras"
+        },
+        "test-requires": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-requires"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-pyodide312.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+# This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
+#    nox -s update_constraints
+annotated-types==0.7.0
+    # via pydantic
+anyio==4.4.0
+    # via httpx
+auditwheel-emscripten==0.0.16
+    # via pyodide-build
+build==1.2.2
+    # via
+    #   -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
+    #   pyodide-build
+certifi==2024.8.30
+    # via
+    #   httpcore
+    #   httpx
+    #   requests
+charset-normalizer==3.3.2
+    # via requests
+click==8.1.7
+    # via typer
+cloudpickle==3.0.0
+    # via loky
+cmake==3.30.3
+    # via pyodide-build
+distlib==0.3.8
+    # via virtualenv
+filelock==3.16.0
+    # via virtualenv
+h11==0.14.0
+    # via httpcore
+httpcore==1.0.5
+    # via httpx
+httpx==0.27.2
+    # via unearth
+idna==3.10
+    # via
+    #   anyio
+    #   httpx
+    #   requests
+leb128==1.0.8
+    # via auditwheel-emscripten
+loky==3.4.1
+    # via pyodide-build
+markdown-it-py==3.0.0
+    # via rich
+mdurl==0.1.2
+    # via markdown-it-py
+packaging==24.1
+    # via
+    #   auditwheel-emscripten
+    #   build
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   unearth
+pip==24.2
+    # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
+platformdirs==4.3.3
+    # via virtualenv
+pydantic==2.9.1
+    # via
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   pyodide-lock
+pydantic-core==2.23.3
+    # via pydantic
+pygments==2.18.0
+    # via rich
+pyodide-build==0.26.1
+    # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
+pyodide-cli==0.2.4
+    # via
+    #   auditwheel-emscripten
+    #   pyodide-build
+pyodide-lock==0.1.0a6
+    # via pyodide-build
+pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
+    # via build
+pyyaml==6.0.2
+    # via pyodide-build
+requests==2.32.3
+    # via pyodide-build
+resolvelib==1.0.1
+    # via pyodide-build
+rich==13.8.1
+    # via
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   pyodide-cli
+    #   typer
+ruamel-yaml==0.18.6
+    # via pyodide-build
+ruamel-yaml-clib==0.2.8
+    # via ruamel-yaml
+shellingham==1.5.4
+    # via typer
+sniffio==1.3.1
+    # via
+    #   anyio
+    #   httpx
+typer==0.12.5
+    # via
+    #   auditwheel-emscripten
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   pyodide-cli
+types-requests==2.32.0.20240914
+    # via pyodide-build
+typing-extensions==4.12.2
+    # via
+    #   pydantic
+    #   pydantic-core
+    #   typer
+unearth==0.17.2
+    # via pyodide-build
+urllib3==2.2.3
+    # via
+    #   requests
+    #   types-requests
+virtualenv==20.26.4
+    # via
+    #   build
+    #   pyodide-build
+wheel==0.44.0
+    # via
+    #   auditwheel-emscripten
+    #   pyodide-build

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python310.txt

@@ -1,30 +1,34 @@
-#
-# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with python 3.10
-# To update, run:
-#
-#    bin/update_dependencies.py
-#
-delocate==0.10.2
+# This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
+#    nox -s update_constraints
+altgraph==0.17.4
+    # via macholib
+build==1.2.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.4
+delocate==0.12.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.3.8
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.7.1
+filelock==3.16.0
     # via virtualenv
-platformdirs==2.5.2
-    # via virtualenv
-six==1.16.0
-    # via virtualenv
-typing-extensions==4.2.0
+importlib-metadata==8.5.0
+    # via build
+macholib==1.16.3
     # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.14.1
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-wheel==0.37.1
+packaging==24.1
     # via
-    #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+    #   build
     #   delocate
-
-# The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
-pip==22.1.2
+pip==24.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-setuptools==62.3.2
+platformdirs==4.3.3
+    # via virtualenv
+pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
+    # via build
+tomli==2.0.1
+    # via build
+typing-extensions==4.12.2
+    # via delocate
+virtualenv==20.26.4
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+zipp==3.20.2
+    # via importlib-metadata

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python311.txt

@@ -1,30 +1,28 @@
-#
-# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with python 3.11
-# To update, run:
-#
-#    bin/update_dependencies.py
-#
-delocate==0.10.2
+# This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
+#    nox -s update_constraints
+altgraph==0.17.4
+    # via macholib
+build==1.2.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.4
+delocate==0.12.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.3.8
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.7.1
+filelock==3.16.0
     # via virtualenv
-platformdirs==2.5.2
-    # via virtualenv
-six==1.16.0
-    # via virtualenv
-typing-extensions==4.2.0
+macholib==1.16.3
     # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.14.1
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-wheel==0.37.1
+packaging==24.1
     # via
-    #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+    #   build
     #   delocate
-
-# The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
-pip==22.1.2
+pip==24.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-setuptools==62.3.2
+platformdirs==4.3.3
+    # via virtualenv
+pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
+    # via build
+typing-extensions==4.12.2
+    # via delocate
+virtualenv==20.26.4
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python312.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
+#    nox -s update_constraints
+altgraph==0.17.4
+    # via macholib
+build==1.2.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+delocate==0.12.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.3.8
+    # via virtualenv
+filelock==3.16.0
+    # via virtualenv
+macholib==1.16.3
+    # via delocate
+packaging==24.1
+    # via
+    #   build
+    #   delocate
+pip==24.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+platformdirs==4.3.3
+    # via virtualenv
+pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
+    # via build
+typing-extensions==4.12.2
+    # via delocate
+virtualenv==20.26.4
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python313.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
+#    nox -s update_constraints
+altgraph==0.17.4
+    # via macholib
+build==1.2.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+delocate==0.12.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.3.8
+    # via virtualenv
+filelock==3.16.0
+    # via virtualenv
+macholib==1.16.3
+    # via delocate
+packaging==24.1
+    # via
+    #   build
+    #   delocate
+pip==24.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+platformdirs==4.3.3
+    # via virtualenv
+pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
+    # via build
+typing-extensions==4.12.2
+    # via delocate
+virtualenv==20.26.4
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python36.txt

@@ -2,36 +2,48 @@
 # This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with python 3.6
 # To update, run:
 #
-#    bin/update_dependencies.py
+#    nox -s update_constraints-3.6
 #
+build==0.9.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 delocate==0.10.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.4
+distlib==0.3.8
     # via virtualenv
 filelock==3.4.1
     # via virtualenv
 importlib-metadata==4.8.3
-    # via virtualenv
+    # via
+    #   build
+    #   pep517
+    #   virtualenv
 importlib-resources==5.4.0
     # via virtualenv
+packaging==21.3
+    # via build
+pep517==0.13.1
+    # via build
 platformdirs==2.4.0
     # via virtualenv
-six==1.16.0
-    # via virtualenv
+pyparsing==3.1.1
+    # via packaging
+tomli==1.2.3
+    # via
+    #   build
+    #   pep517
 typing-extensions==4.1.1
     # via
     #   delocate
     #   importlib-metadata
-virtualenv==20.14.1
+virtualenv==20.17.1
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 wheel==0.37.1
-    # via
-    #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-    #   delocate
+    # via delocate
 zipp==3.6.0
     # via
     #   importlib-metadata
     #   importlib-resources
+    #   pep517
 
 # The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
 pip==21.3.1

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python37.txt

@@ -1,36 +1,39 @@
-#
-# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with python 3.7
-# To update, run:
-#
-#    bin/update_dependencies.py
-#
-delocate==0.10.2
+# This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
+#    nox -s update_constraints
+altgraph==0.17.4
+    # via macholib
+build==1.1.1
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.4
+delocate==0.12.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.3.8
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.7.1
+filelock==3.12.2
     # via virtualenv
-importlib-metadata==4.11.4
+importlib-metadata==6.7.0
+    # via
+    #   build
+    #   virtualenv
+macholib==1.16.3
+    # via delocate
+packaging==24.0
+    # via
+    #   build
+    #   delocate
+pip==24.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+platformdirs==4.0.0
     # via virtualenv
-platformdirs==2.5.2
-    # via virtualenv
-six==1.16.0
-    # via virtualenv
-typing-extensions==4.2.0
+pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
+    # via build
+tomli==2.0.1
+    # via build
+typing-extensions==4.7.1
     # via
     #   delocate
     #   importlib-metadata
-virtualenv==20.14.1
+    #   platformdirs
+virtualenv==20.26.4
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-wheel==0.37.1
-    # via
-    #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-    #   delocate
-zipp==3.8.0
+zipp==3.15.0
     # via importlib-metadata
-
-# The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
-pip==22.1.2
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-setuptools==62.3.2
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python38.txt

@@ -1,30 +1,34 @@
-#
-# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with python 3.8
-# To update, run:
-#
-#    bin/update_dependencies.py
-#
-delocate==0.10.2
+# This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
+#    nox -s update_constraints
+altgraph==0.17.4
+    # via macholib
+build==1.2.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.4
+delocate==0.12.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.3.8
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.7.1
+filelock==3.16.0
     # via virtualenv
-platformdirs==2.5.2
-    # via virtualenv
-six==1.16.0
-    # via virtualenv
-typing-extensions==4.2.0
+importlib-metadata==8.5.0
+    # via build
+macholib==1.16.3
     # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.14.1
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-wheel==0.37.1
+packaging==24.1
     # via
-    #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+    #   build
     #   delocate
-
-# The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
-pip==22.1.2
+pip==24.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-setuptools==62.3.2
+platformdirs==4.3.3
+    # via virtualenv
+pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
+    # via build
+tomli==2.0.1
+    # via build
+typing-extensions==4.12.2
+    # via delocate
+virtualenv==20.26.4
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+zipp==3.20.2
+    # via importlib-metadata

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python39.txt

@@ -1,30 +1,34 @@
-#
-# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with python 3.9
-# To update, run:
-#
-#    bin/update_dependencies.py
-#
-delocate==0.10.2
+# This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
+#    nox -s update_constraints
+altgraph==0.17.4
+    # via macholib
+build==1.2.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.4
+delocate==0.12.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.3.8
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.7.1
+filelock==3.16.0
     # via virtualenv
-platformdirs==2.5.2
-    # via virtualenv
-six==1.16.0
-    # via virtualenv
-typing-extensions==4.2.0
+importlib-metadata==8.5.0
+    # via build
+macholib==1.16.3
     # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.14.1
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-wheel==0.37.1
+packaging==24.1
     # via
-    #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+    #   build
     #   delocate
-
-# The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
-pip==22.1.2
+pip==24.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-setuptools==62.3.2
+platformdirs==4.3.3
+    # via virtualenv
+pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
+    # via build
+tomli==2.0.1
+    # via build
+typing-extensions==4.12.2
+    # via delocate
+virtualenv==20.26.4
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+zipp==3.20.2
+    # via importlib-metadata

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 pip
-setuptools
-wheel
+build
 delocate
 virtualenv

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.txt

@@ -1,30 +1,28 @@
-#
-# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with python 3.9
-# To update, run:
-#
-#    bin/update_dependencies.py
-#
-delocate==0.10.2
+# This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
+#    nox -s update_constraints
+altgraph==0.17.4
+    # via macholib
+build==1.2.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.4
+delocate==0.12.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.3.8
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.7.1
+filelock==3.16.0
     # via virtualenv
-platformdirs==2.5.2
-    # via virtualenv
-six==1.16.0
-    # via virtualenv
-typing-extensions==4.2.0
+macholib==1.16.3
     # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.14.1
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-wheel==0.37.1
+packaging==24.1
     # via
-    #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+    #   build
     #   delocate
-
-# The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
-pip==22.1.2
+pip==24.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-setuptools==62.3.2
+platformdirs==4.3.3
+    # via virtualenv
+pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
+    # via build
+typing-extensions==4.12.2
+    # via delocate
+virtualenv==20.26.4
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/defaults.toml

@@ -2,13 +2,15 @@
 build = "*"
 skip = ""
 test-skip = ""
+free-threaded-support = false
 
 archs = ["auto"]
-build-frontend = "pip"
+build-frontend = "default"
+config-settings = {}
 dependency-versions = "pinned"
 environment = {}
 environment-pass = []
-build-verbosity = ""
+build-verbosity = 0
 
 before-all = ""
 before-build = ""
@@ -19,6 +21,8 @@ before-test = ""
 test-requires = []
 test-extras = []
 
+container-engine = "docker"
+
 manylinux-x86_64-image = "manylinux2014"
 manylinux-i686-image = "manylinux2014"
 manylinux-aarch64-image = "manylinux2014"
@@ -28,20 +32,19 @@ manylinux-pypy_x86_64-image = "manylinux2014"
 manylinux-pypy_i686-image = "manylinux2014"
 manylinux-pypy_aarch64-image = "manylinux2014"
 
-musllinux-x86_64-image = "musllinux_1_1"
-musllinux-i686-image = "musllinux_1_1"
-musllinux-aarch64-image = "musllinux_1_1"
-musllinux-ppc64le-image = "musllinux_1_1"
-musllinux-s390x-image = "musllinux_1_1"
+musllinux-x86_64-image = "musllinux_1_2"
+musllinux-i686-image = "musllinux_1_2"
+musllinux-aarch64-image = "musllinux_1_2"
+musllinux-ppc64le-image = "musllinux_1_2"
+musllinux-s390x-image = "musllinux_1_2"
 
 
 [tool.cibuildwheel.linux]
 repair-wheel-command = "auditwheel repair -w {dest_dir} {wheel}"
 
 [tool.cibuildwheel.macos]
-repair-wheel-command = [
-  "delocate-listdeps {wheel}",
-  "delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} {wheel}",
-]
+repair-wheel-command = "delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} -v {wheel}"
 
 [tool.cibuildwheel.windows]
+
+[tool.cibuildwheel.pyodide]

cibuildwheel/resources/free-threaded-enable-313.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<array>
+        <dict>
+                <key>attributeSetting</key>
+                <integer>1</integer>
+                <key>choiceAttribute</key>
+                <string>selected</string>
+                <key>choiceIdentifier</key>
+                <string>org.python.Python.PythonTFramework-3.13</string>
+        </dict>
+</array>
+</plist>

cibuildwheel/resources/install_certifi.py

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 # for the ssl module.  Uses the certificates provided by the certifi package:
 #       https://pypi.org/project/certifi/
 
+import contextlib
 import os
 import os.path
 import ssl
@@ -39,10 +40,8 @@ def main():
     relpath_to_certifi_cafile = os.path.relpath(certifi.where())
 
     print(" -- removing any existing file or link")
-    try:
+    with contextlib.suppress(FileNotFoundError):
         os.remove(openssl_cafile)
-    except FileNotFoundError:
-        pass
     print(" -- creating symlink to certifi certificate bundle")
     os.symlink(relpath_to_certifi_cafile, openssl_cafile)
 

cibuildwheel/resources/nodejs.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+url = "https://nodejs.org/dist/"
+v20 = "v20.17.0"

cibuildwheel/resources/pinned_docker_images.cfg

@@ -1,43 +1,54 @@
 [x86_64]
-manylinux1 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_x86_64:2022-06-05-89b8e6d
-manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64:2022-06-05-61145a4
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2022-06-05-61145a4
-manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64:2022-06-05-61145a4
-musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_x86_64:2022-06-05-61145a4
+manylinux1 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_x86_64:2024-04-29-76807b8
+manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64:2022-08-05-4535177
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2024.09.16-1
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64:2022-12-26-0d38463
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2024.09.16-1
+musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_x86_64:2024.09.16-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64:2024.09.16-1
 
 [i686]
-manylinux1 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_i686:2022-06-05-89b8e6d
-manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686:2022-06-05-61145a4
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2022-06-05-61145a4
-manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_i686:2022-06-05-61145a4
-musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_i686:2022-06-05-61145a4
+manylinux1 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_i686:2024-04-29-76807b8
+manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686:2022-08-05-4535177
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2024.09.16-1
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_i686:2022-12-26-0d38463
+musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_i686:2024.09.16-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686:2024.09.16-1
 
 [pypy_x86_64]
-manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64:2022-06-05-61145a4
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2022-06-05-61145a4
-manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64:2022-06-05-61145a4
+manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64:2022-08-05-4535177
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2024.09.16-1
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64:2022-12-26-0d38463
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2024.09.16-1
 
 [pypy_i686]
-manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686:2022-06-05-61145a4
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2022-06-05-61145a4
-manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_i686:2022-06-05-61145a4
+manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686:2022-08-05-4535177
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2024.09.16-1
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_i686:2022-12-26-0d38463
 
 [aarch64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2022-06-05-61145a4
-manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_aarch64:2022-06-05-61145a4
-musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_aarch64:2022-06-05-61145a4
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2024.09.16-1
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_aarch64:2022-12-26-0d38463
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2024.09.09-0
+musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_aarch64:2024.09.09-0
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_aarch64:2024.09.09-0
 
 [ppc64le]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le:2022-06-05-61145a4
-manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_ppc64le:2022-06-05-61145a4
-musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_ppc64le:2022-06-05-61145a4
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le:2024.09.09-0
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_ppc64le:2022-12-26-0d38463
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_ppc64le:2024.09.09-0
+musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_ppc64le:2024.09.09-0
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_ppc64le:2024.09.09-0
 
 [s390x]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x:2022-06-05-61145a4
-manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_s390x:2022-06-05-61145a4
-musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_s390x:2022-06-05-61145a4
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x:2024.09.09-0
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_s390x:2022-12-26-0d38463
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_s390x:2024.09.09-0
+musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_s390x:2024.09.09-0
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_s390x:2024.09.09-0
 
 [pypy_aarch64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2022-06-05-61145a4
-manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_aarch64:2022-06-05-61145a4
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2024.09.16-1
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_aarch64:2022-12-26-0d38463
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2024.09.09-0
 

cibuildwheel/resources/testing_temp_dir_file.py

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# this file is copied to the testing cwd, to raise the below error message if
+# pytest/unittest is run from there.
+
+import unittest
+
+
+class TestStringMethods(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_fail(self):
+        self.fail(
+            "cibuildwheel executes tests from a different working directory to "
+            "your project. This ensures only your wheel is imported, preventing "
+            "Python from accessing files that haven't been packaged into the "
+            "wheel. Please specify a path to your tests when invoking pytest "
+            "using the {project} placeholder, e.g. `pytest {project}` or "
+            "`pytest {project}/tests`. cibuildwheel will replace {project} with "
+            "the path to your project."
+        )

cibuildwheel/resources/virtualenv.toml

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-version = "20.14.1"
-url = "https://github.com/pypa/get-virtualenv/blob/20.14.1/public/virtualenv.pyz?raw=true"
+py36 = { version = "20.21.1", url = "https://github.com/pypa/get-virtualenv/blob/20.21.1/public/virtualenv.pyz?raw=true" }
+default = { version = "20.26.4", url = "https://github.com/pypa/get-virtualenv/blob/20.26.4/public/virtualenv.pyz?raw=true" }

cibuildwheel/schema.py

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
+
+DIR = Path(__file__).parent.resolve()
+
+
+def get_schema(tool_name: str = "cibuildwheel") -> dict[str, Any]:
+    "Get the stored complete schema for cibuildwheel settings."
+    assert tool_name == "cibuildwheel", "Only cibuildwheel is supported."
+
+    with DIR.joinpath("resources/cibuildwheel.schema.json").open(encoding="utf-8") as f:
+        return json.load(f)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]

cibuildwheel/typing.py

@@ -1,33 +1,20 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import os
 import subprocess
-import sys
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, NoReturn, Set, Union
-
-if sys.version_info < (3, 8):
-    from typing_extensions import Final, Literal, OrderedDict, Protocol, TypedDict
-else:
-    from typing import Final, Literal, OrderedDict, Protocol, TypedDict
-
+import typing
+from typing import Final, Literal, Protocol, Union
 
 __all__ = (
-    "Final",
-    "Literal",
     "PLATFORMS",
     "PathOrStr",
     "PlatformName",
-    "Protocol",
     "PLATFORMS",
     "PopenBytes",
-    "Protocol",
-    "Set",
-    "TypedDict",
-    "OrderedDict",
-    "Union",
-    "assert_never",
 )
 
 
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
     PopenBytes = subprocess.Popen[bytes]
     PathOrStr = Union[str, os.PathLike[str]]
 else:
@@ -35,9 +22,10 @@ else:
     PathOrStr = Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"]
 
 
-PlatformName = Literal["linux", "macos", "windows"]
-PLATFORMS: Final[Set[PlatformName]] = {"linux", "macos", "windows"}
+PlatformName = Literal["linux", "macos", "windows", "pyodide"]
+PLATFORMS: Final[set[PlatformName]] = {"linux", "macos", "windows", "pyodide"}
 
 
-def assert_never(value: NoReturn) -> NoReturn:
-    assert False, f"Unhandled value: {value} ({type(value).__name__})"  # noqa: B011
+class GenericPythonConfiguration(Protocol):
+    @property
+    def identifier(self) -> str: ...

cibuildwheel/util.py

@@ -1,45 +1,33 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import contextlib
-import dataclasses
 import fnmatch
 import itertools
 import os
 import re
 import shlex
+import shutil
 import ssl
 import subprocess
 import sys
+import tarfile
 import textwrap
 import time
+import typing
 import urllib.request
+from collections import defaultdict
+from collections.abc import Generator, Iterable, Mapping, MutableMapping, Sequence
+from dataclasses import dataclass
 from enum import Enum
 from functools import lru_cache
 from pathlib import Path, PurePath
+from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory
 from time import sleep
-from typing import (
-    Any,
-    ClassVar,
-    Dict,
-    Generator,
-    Iterable,
-    List,
-    NamedTuple,
-    Optional,
-    Sequence,
-    TextIO,
-    TypeVar,
-    Union,
-    cast,
-    overload,
-)
+from typing import Any, ClassVar, Final, Literal, TextIO, TypeVar
+from zipfile import ZipFile
 
 import bracex
 import certifi
-
-if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
-    import tomllib
-else:
-    import tomli as tomllib
-
 from filelock import FileLock
 from packaging.requirements import InvalidRequirement, Requirement
 from packaging.specifiers import SpecifierSet
@@ -47,31 +35,38 @@ from packaging.utils import parse_wheel_filename
 from packaging.version import Version
 from platformdirs import user_cache_path
 
-from cibuildwheel.typing import Final, Literal, PathOrStr, PlatformName
+from ._compat import tomllib
+from .architecture import Architecture
+from .typing import PathOrStr, PlatformName
 
 __all__ = [
-    "resources_dir",
     "MANYLINUX_ARCHS",
     "call",
-    "shell",
-    "find_compatible_abi3_wheel",
-    "format_safe",
-    "prepare_command",
-    "get_build_verbosity_extra_flags",
-    "read_python_configs",
-    "selector_matches",
-    "strtobool",
-    "cached_property",
     "chdir",
+    "combine_constraints",
+    "find_compatible_wheel",
+    "find_uv",
+    "format_safe",
+    "get_build_verbosity_extra_flags",
+    "prepare_command",
+    "read_python_configs",
+    "resources_dir",
+    "selector_matches",
+    "shell",
+    "split_config_settings",
+    "strtobool",
 ]
 
-resources_dir: Final = Path(__file__).parent / "resources"
+resources_dir: Final[Path] = Path(__file__).parent / "resources"
 
-install_certifi_script: Final = resources_dir / "install_certifi.py"
+install_certifi_script: Final[Path] = resources_dir / "install_certifi.py"
 
-BuildFrontend = Literal["pip", "build"]
+free_thread_enable_313: Final[Path] = resources_dir / "free-threaded-enable-313.xml"
 
-MANYLINUX_ARCHS: Final = (
+test_fail_cwd_file: Final[Path] = resources_dir / "testing_temp_dir_file.py"
+
+
+MANYLINUX_ARCHS: Final[tuple[str, ...]] = (
     "x86_64",
     "i686",
     "pypy_x86_64",
@@ -82,7 +77,7 @@ MANYLINUX_ARCHS: Final = (
     "pypy_i686",
 )
 
-MUSLLINUX_ARCHS: Final = (
+MUSLLINUX_ARCHS: Final[tuple[str, ...]] = (
     "x86_64",
     "i686",
     "aarch64",
@@ -90,38 +85,38 @@ MUSLLINUX_ARCHS: Final = (
     "s390x",
 )
 
-DEFAULT_CIBW_CACHE_PATH: Final = user_cache_path(appname="cibuildwheel", appauthor="pypa")
-CIBW_CACHE_PATH: Final = Path(os.environ.get("CIBW_CACHE_PATH", DEFAULT_CIBW_CACHE_PATH)).resolve()
+DEFAULT_CIBW_CACHE_PATH: Final[Path] = user_cache_path(appname="cibuildwheel", appauthor="pypa")
+CIBW_CACHE_PATH: Final[Path] = Path(
+    os.environ.get("CIBW_CACHE_PATH", DEFAULT_CIBW_CACHE_PATH)
+).resolve()
 
-IS_WIN: Final = sys.platform.startswith("win")
+IS_WIN: Final[bool] = sys.platform.startswith("win")
 
 
-@overload
+@typing.overload
 def call(
     *args: PathOrStr,
-    env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
-    cwd: Optional[PathOrStr] = None,
+    env: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+    cwd: PathOrStr | None = None,
     capture_stdout: Literal[False] = ...,
-) -> None:
-    ...
+) -> None: ...
 
 
-@overload
+@typing.overload
 def call(
     *args: PathOrStr,
-    env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
-    cwd: Optional[PathOrStr] = None,
+    env: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+    cwd: PathOrStr | None = None,
     capture_stdout: Literal[True],
-) -> str:
-    ...
+) -> str: ...
 
 
 def call(
     *args: PathOrStr,
-    env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
-    cwd: Optional[PathOrStr] = None,
+    env: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+    cwd: PathOrStr | None = None,
     capture_stdout: bool = False,
-) -> Optional[str]:
+) -> str | None:
     """
     Run subprocess.run, but print the commands first. Takes the commands as
     *args. Uses shell=True on Windows due to a bug. Also converts to
@@ -131,25 +126,25 @@ def call(
     args_ = [str(arg) for arg in args]
     # print the command executing for the logs
     print("+ " + " ".join(shlex.quote(a) for a in args_))
-    kwargs: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+    kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {}
     if capture_stdout:
         kwargs["universal_newlines"] = True
         kwargs["stdout"] = subprocess.PIPE
     result = subprocess.run(args_, check=True, shell=IS_WIN, env=env, cwd=cwd, **kwargs)
     if not capture_stdout:
         return None
-    return cast(str, result.stdout)
+    return typing.cast(str, result.stdout)
 
 
 def shell(
-    *commands: str, env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None, cwd: Optional[PathOrStr] = None
+    *commands: str, env: Mapping[str, str] | None = None, cwd: PathOrStr | None = None
 ) -> None:
     command = " ".join(commands)
     print(f"+ {command}")
     subprocess.run(command, env=env, cwd=cwd, shell=True, check=True)
 
 
-def format_safe(template: str, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
+def format_safe(template: str, **kwargs: str | os.PathLike[str]) -> str:
     """
     Works similarly to `template.format(**kwargs)`, except that unmatched
     fields in `template` are passed through untouched.
@@ -177,11 +172,9 @@ def format_safe(template: str, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
             re.VERBOSE,
         )
 
-        # we use a function for repl to prevent re.sub interpreting backslashes
-        # in repl as escape sequences.
         result = re.sub(
             pattern=find_pattern,
-            repl=lambda _: str(value),  # pylint: disable=cell-var-from-loop
+            repl=str(value).replace("\\", r"\\"),
             string=result,
         )
 
@@ -201,7 +194,7 @@ def prepare_command(command: str, **kwargs: PathOrStr) -> str:
     return format_safe(command, python="python", pip="pip", **kwargs)
 
 
-def get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(level: int) -> List[str]:
+def get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(level: int) -> list[str]:
     if level > 0:
         return ["-" + level * "v"]
     elif level < 0:
@@ -210,11 +203,19 @@ def get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(level: int) -> List[str]:
         return []
 
 
-def read_python_configs(config: PlatformName) -> List[Dict[str, str]]:
+def split_config_settings(
+    config_settings: str, frontend: Literal["pip", "build", "build[uv]"]
+) -> list[str]:
+    config_settings_list = shlex.split(config_settings)
+    s = "s" if frontend == "pip" else ""
+    return [f"--config-setting{s}={setting}" for setting in config_settings_list]
+
+
+def read_python_configs(config: PlatformName) -> list[dict[str, str]]:
     input_file = resources_dir / "build-platforms.toml"
     with input_file.open("rb") as f:
         loaded_file = tomllib.load(f)
-    results: List[Dict[str, str]] = list(loaded_file[config]["python_configurations"])
+    results: list[dict[str, str]] = list(loaded_file[config]["python_configurations"])
     return results
 
 
@@ -233,28 +234,31 @@ def selector_matches(patterns: str, string: str) -> bool:
 
 
 # Once we require Python 3.10+, we can add kw_only=True
-@dataclasses.dataclass
-class IdentifierSelector:
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class BuildSelector:
     """
     This class holds a set of build/skip patterns. You call an instance with a
     build identifier, and it returns True if that identifier should be
     included. Only call this on valid identifiers, ones that have at least 2
-    numeric digits before the first dash. If a pre-release version X.Y is present,
-    you can filter it with prerelease="XY".
+    numeric digits before the first dash.
     """
 
-    # a pattern that skips prerelease versions, when include_prereleases is False.
-    PRERELEASE_SKIP: ClassVar[str] = "cp311-*"
-
-    skip_config: str
     build_config: str
-    requires_python: Optional[SpecifierSet] = None
+    skip_config: str
+    requires_python: SpecifierSet | None = None
+
+    # a pattern that skips prerelease versions, when include_prereleases is False.
+    PRERELEASE_SKIP: ClassVar[str] = ""
     prerelease_pythons: bool = False
 
+    free_threaded_support: bool = False
+
     def __call__(self, build_id: str) -> bool:
         # Filter build selectors by python_requires if set
         if self.requires_python is not None:
             py_ver_str = build_id.split("-")[0]
+            if py_ver_str.endswith("t"):
+                py_ver_str = py_ver_str[:-1]
             major = int(py_ver_str[2])
             minor = int(py_ver_str[3:])
             version = Version(f"{major}.{minor}.99")
@@ -265,22 +269,39 @@ class IdentifierSelector:
         if not self.prerelease_pythons and selector_matches(self.PRERELEASE_SKIP, build_id):
             return False
 
+        # filter out free threaded pythons if self.free_threaded_support is False
+        if not self.free_threaded_support and selector_matches("*t-*", build_id):
+            return False
+
         should_build = selector_matches(self.build_config, build_id)
         should_skip = selector_matches(self.skip_config, build_id)
 
         return should_build and not should_skip
 
-
-@dataclasses.dataclass
-class BuildSelector(IdentifierSelector):
-    pass
+    def options_summary(self) -> Any:
+        return {
+            "build_config": self.build_config,
+            "skip_config": self.skip_config,
+            "requires_python": str(self.requires_python),
+            "prerelease_pythons": self.prerelease_pythons,
+            "free_threaded_support": self.free_threaded_support,
+        }
 
 
-# Note that requires-python is not needed for TestSelector, as you can't test
-# what you can't build.
-@dataclasses.dataclass
-class TestSelector(IdentifierSelector):
-    build_config: str = "*"
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestSelector:
+    """
+    A build selector that can only skip tests according to a skip pattern.
+    """
+
+    skip_config: str
+
+    def __call__(self, build_id: str) -> bool:
+        should_skip = selector_matches(self.skip_config, build_id)
+        return not should_skip
+
+    def options_summary(self) -> Any:
+        return {"skip_config": self.skip_config}
 
 
 # Taken from https://stackoverflow.com/a/107717
@@ -317,27 +338,78 @@ def download(url: str, dest: Path) -> None:
                 dest.write_bytes(response.read())
                 return
 
-        except urllib.error.URLError:
+        except OSError:
             if i == repeat_num - 1:
                 raise
             sleep(3)
 
 
+def extract_zip(zip_src: Path, dest: Path) -> None:
+    with ZipFile(zip_src) as zip_:
+        for zinfo in zip_.filelist:
+            zip_.extract(zinfo, dest)
+
+            # Set permissions to the same values as they were set in the archive
+            # We have to do this manually due to
+            # https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/59999
+            # But some files in the zipfile seem to have external_attr with 0
+            # permissions. In that case just use the default value???
+            permissions = (zinfo.external_attr >> 16) & 0o777
+            if permissions != 0:
+                dest.joinpath(zinfo.filename).chmod(permissions)
+
+
+def extract_tar(tar_src: Path, dest: Path) -> None:
+    with tarfile.open(tar_src) as tar_:
+        tar_.extraction_filter = getattr(tarfile, "tar_filter", (lambda member, _: member))
+        tar_.extractall(dest)
+
+
+def move_file(src_file: Path, dst_file: Path) -> Path:
+    """Moves a file safely while avoiding potential semantic confusion:
+
+    1. `dst_file` must point to the target filename, not a directory
+    2. `dst_file` will be overwritten if it already exists
+    3. any missing parent directories will be created
+
+    Returns the fully resolved Path of the resulting file.
+
+    Raises:
+        NotADirectoryError: If any part of the intermediate path to `dst_file` is an existing file
+        IsADirectoryError: If `dst_file` points directly to an existing directory
+    """
+    src_file = src_file.resolve(strict=True)
+    dst_file = dst_file.resolve()
+
+    if dst_file.is_dir():
+        msg = "dst_file must be a valid target filename, not an existing directory."
+        raise IsADirectoryError(msg)
+    dst_file.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+    dst_file.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    # using shutil.move() as Path.rename() is not guaranteed to work across filesystem boundaries
+    # explicit str() needed for Python 3.8
+    resulting_file = shutil.move(str(src_file), str(dst_file))
+    return Path(resulting_file).resolve(strict=True)
+
+
 class DependencyConstraints:
     def __init__(self, base_file_path: Path):
         assert base_file_path.exists()
         self.base_file_path = base_file_path.resolve()
 
     @staticmethod
-    def with_defaults() -> "DependencyConstraints":
+    def with_defaults() -> DependencyConstraints:
         return DependencyConstraints(base_file_path=resources_dir / "constraints.txt")
 
-    def get_for_python_version(self, version: str) -> Path:
+    def get_for_python_version(
+        self, version: str, *, variant: Literal["python", "pyodide"] = "python"
+    ) -> Path:
         version_parts = version.split(".")
 
         # try to find a version-specific dependency file e.g. if
         # ./constraints.txt is the base, look for ./constraints-python36.txt
-        specific_stem = self.base_file_path.stem + f"-python{version_parts[0]}{version_parts[1]}"
+        specific_stem = self.base_file_path.stem + f"-{variant}{version_parts[0]}{version_parts[1]}"
         specific_name = specific_stem + self.base_file_path.suffix
         specific_file_path = self.base_file_path.with_name(specific_name)
 
@@ -355,22 +427,39 @@ class DependencyConstraints:
 
         return self.base_file_path == o.base_file_path
 
+    def options_summary(self) -> Any:
+        if self == DependencyConstraints.with_defaults():
+            return "pinned"
+        else:
+            return self.base_file_path.name
 
-class NonPlatformWheelError(Exception):
-    def __init__(self) -> None:
-        message = textwrap.dedent(
-            """
-            cibuildwheel: Build failed because a pure Python wheel was generated.
 
-            If you intend to build a pure-Python wheel, you don't need cibuildwheel - use
-            `pip wheel -w DEST_DIR .` instead.
+BuildFrontendName = Literal["pip", "build", "build[uv]"]
 
-            If you expected a platform wheel, check your project configuration, or run
-            cibuildwheel with CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY=1 to view build logs.
-            """
-        )
 
-        super().__init__(message)
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class BuildFrontendConfig:
+    name: BuildFrontendName
+    args: Sequence[str] = ()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_config_string(config_string: str) -> BuildFrontendConfig:
+        config_dict = parse_key_value_string(config_string, ["name"], ["args"])
+        name = " ".join(config_dict["name"])
+        if name not in {"pip", "build", "build[uv]"}:
+            msg = f"Unrecognised build frontend {name!r}, only 'pip', 'build', and 'build[uv]' are supported"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        name = typing.cast(BuildFrontendName, name)
+
+        args = config_dict.get("args") or []
+        return BuildFrontendConfig(name=name, args=args)
+
+    def options_summary(self) -> str | dict[str, str]:
+        if not self.args:
+            return self.name
+        else:
+            return {"name": self.name, "args": repr(self.args)}
 
 
 def strtobool(val: str) -> bool:
@@ -384,10 +473,11 @@ class CIProvider(Enum):
     azure_pipelines = "azure_pipelines"
     github_actions = "github_actions"
     gitlab = "gitlab"
+    cirrus_ci = "cirrus_ci"
     other = "other"
 
 
-def detect_ci_provider() -> Optional[CIProvider]:
+def detect_ci_provider() -> CIProvider | None:
     if "TRAVIS" in os.environ:
         return CIProvider.travis_ci
     elif "APPVEYOR" in os.environ:
@@ -400,6 +490,8 @@ def detect_ci_provider() -> Optional[CIProvider]:
         return CIProvider.github_actions
     elif "GITLAB_CI" in os.environ:
         return CIProvider.gitlab
+    elif "CIRRUS_CI" in os.environ:
+        return CIProvider.cirrus_ci
     elif strtobool(os.environ.get("CI", "false")):
         return CIProvider.other
     else:
@@ -418,6 +510,12 @@ def unwrap(text: str) -> str:
     return re.sub(r"\s+", " ", text)
 
 
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class FileReport:
+    name: str
+    size: str
+
+
 @contextlib.contextmanager
 def print_new_wheels(msg: str, output_dir: Path) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
     """
@@ -432,16 +530,12 @@ def print_new_wheels(msg: str, output_dir: Path) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
     yield
     final_contents = set(output_dir.iterdir())
 
-    class FileReport(NamedTuple):
-        name: str
-        size: str
-
     new_contents = [
         FileReport(wheel.name, f"{(wheel.stat().st_size + 1023) // 1024:,d}")
         for wheel in final_contents - existing_contents
     ]
 
-    if len(new_contents) == 0:
+    if not new_contents:
         return
 
     max_name_len = max(len(f.name) for f in new_contents)
@@ -458,7 +552,7 @@ def print_new_wheels(msg: str, output_dir: Path) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
     )
 
 
-def get_pip_version(env: Dict[str, str]) -> str:
+def get_pip_version(env: Mapping[str, str]) -> str:
     versions_output_text = call(
         "python", "-m", "pip", "freeze", "--all", capture_stdout=True, env=env
     )
@@ -471,12 +565,47 @@ def get_pip_version(env: Dict[str, str]) -> str:
 
 
 @lru_cache(maxsize=None)
-def _ensure_virtualenv() -> Path:
+def ensure_node(major_version: str) -> Path:
+    input_file = resources_dir / "nodejs.toml"
+    with input_file.open("rb") as f:
+        loaded_file = tomllib.load(f)
+    version = str(loaded_file[major_version])
+    base_url = str(loaded_file["url"])
+    ext = "zip" if IS_WIN else "tar.xz"
+    platform = "win" if IS_WIN else ("darwin" if sys.platform.startswith("darwin") else "linux")
+    linux_arch = Architecture.native_arch("linux")
+    assert linux_arch is not None
+    arch = {"x86_64": "x64", "i686": "x86", "aarch64": "arm64"}.get(
+        linux_arch.value, linux_arch.value
+    )
+    name = f"node-{version}-{platform}-{arch}"
+    path = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / name
+    with FileLock(str(path) + ".lock"):
+        if not path.exists():
+            url = f"{base_url}{version}/{name}.{ext}"
+            with TemporaryDirectory() as tmp_path:
+                archive = Path(tmp_path) / f"{name}.{ext}"
+                download(url, archive)
+                if ext == "zip":
+                    extract_zip(archive, path.parent)
+                else:
+                    extract_tar(archive, path.parent)
+    assert path.exists()
+    if not IS_WIN:
+        return path / "bin"
+    return path
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+def _ensure_virtualenv(version: str) -> Path:
+    version_parts = version.split(".")
+    key = f"py{version_parts[0]}{version_parts[1]}"
     input_file = resources_dir / "virtualenv.toml"
     with input_file.open("rb") as f:
         loaded_file = tomllib.load(f)
-    version = str(loaded_file["version"])
-    url = str(loaded_file["url"])
+    configuration = loaded_file.get(key, loaded_file["default"])
+    version = str(configuration["version"])
+    url = str(configuration["url"])
     path = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / f"virtualenv-{version}.pyz"
     with FileLock(str(path) + ".lock"):
         if not path.exists():
@@ -485,8 +614,9 @@ def _ensure_virtualenv() -> Path:
 
 
 def _parse_constraints_for_virtualenv(
+    seed_packages: list[str],
     dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr],
-) -> Dict[str, str]:
+) -> dict[str, str]:
     """
     Parses the constraints file referenced by `dependency_constraint_flags` and returns a dict where
     the key is the package name, and the value is the constraint version.
@@ -497,16 +627,16 @@ def _parse_constraints_for_virtualenv(
     {macos|windows}.setup_python function.
     """
     assert len(dependency_constraint_flags) in {0, 2}
-    packages = ["pip", "setuptools", "wheel"]
-    constraints_dict = {package: "embed" for package in packages}
+    # only seed pip if other seed packages do not appear in a constraint file
+    constraints_dict = {"pip": "embed"}
     if len(dependency_constraint_flags) == 2:
         assert dependency_constraint_flags[0] == "-c"
         constraint_path = Path(dependency_constraint_flags[1])
         assert constraint_path.exists()
         with constraint_path.open(encoding="utf-8") as constraint_file:
-            for line in constraint_file:
-                line = line.strip()
-                if len(line) == 0:
+            for line_ in constraint_file:
+                line = line_.strip()
+                if not line:
                     continue
                 if line.startswith("#"):
                     continue
@@ -514,7 +644,7 @@ def _parse_constraints_for_virtualenv(
                     requirement = Requirement(line)
                     package = requirement.name
                     if (
-                        package not in packages
+                        package not in seed_packages
                         or requirement.url is not None
                         or requirement.marker is not None
                         or len(requirement.extras) != 0
@@ -531,91 +661,120 @@ def _parse_constraints_for_virtualenv(
 
 
 def virtualenv(
-    python: Path, venv_path: Path, dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr]
-) -> Dict[str, str]:
+    version: str,
+    python: Path,
+    venv_path: Path,
+    dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr],
+    *,
+    use_uv: bool,
+) -> dict[str, str]:
+    """
+    Create a virtual environment. If `use_uv` is True,
+    dependency_constraint_flags are ignored since nothing is installed in the
+    venv. Otherwise, pip is installed, and setuptools + wheel if Python < 3.12.
+    """
     assert python.exists()
-    virtualenv_app = _ensure_virtualenv()
-    constraints = _parse_constraints_for_virtualenv(dependency_constraint_flags)
-    additional_flags = [f"--{package}={version}" for package, version in constraints.items()]
 
-    # Using symlinks to pre-installed seed packages is really the fastest way to get a virtual
-    # environment. The initial cost is a bit higher but reusing is much faster.
-    # Windows does not always allow symlinks so just disabling for now.
-    # Requires pip>=19.3 so disabling for "embed" because this means we don't know what's the
-    # version of pip that will end-up installed.
-    # c.f. https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/latest/cli_interface.html#section-seeder
-    if (
-        not IS_WIN
-        and constraints["pip"] != "embed"
-        and Version(constraints["pip"]) >= Version("19.3")
-    ):
-        additional_flags.append("--symlink-app-data")
-
-    call(
-        sys.executable,
-        "-sS",  # just the stdlib, https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/issues/2133#issuecomment-1003710125
-        virtualenv_app,
-        "--activators=",
-        "--no-periodic-update",
-        *additional_flags,
-        "--python",
-        python,
-        venv_path,
-    )
-    if IS_WIN:
-        paths = [str(venv_path), str(venv_path / "Scripts")]
+    if use_uv:
+        call("uv", "venv", venv_path, "--python", python)
     else:
-        paths = [str(venv_path / "bin")]
+        virtualenv_app = _ensure_virtualenv(version)
+        allowed_seed_packages = ["pip", "setuptools", "wheel"]
+        constraints = _parse_constraints_for_virtualenv(
+            allowed_seed_packages, dependency_constraint_flags
+        )
+        additional_flags: list[str] = []
+        for package in allowed_seed_packages:
+            if package in constraints:
+                additional_flags.append(f"--{package}={constraints[package]}")
+            else:
+                additional_flags.append(f"--no-{package}")
+
+        # Using symlinks to pre-installed seed packages is really the fastest way to get a virtual
+        # environment. The initial cost is a bit higher but reusing is much faster.
+        # Windows does not always allow symlinks so just disabling for now.
+        # Requires pip>=19.3 so disabling for "embed" because this means we don't know what's the
+        # version of pip that will end-up installed.
+        # c.f. https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/latest/cli_interface.html#section-seeder
+        if (
+            not IS_WIN
+            and constraints["pip"] != "embed"
+            and Version(constraints["pip"]) >= Version("19.3")
+        ):
+            additional_flags.append("--symlink-app-data")
+
+        call(
+            sys.executable,
+            "-sS",  # just the stdlib, https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/issues/2133#issuecomment-1003710125
+            virtualenv_app,
+            "--activators=",
+            "--no-periodic-update",
+            *additional_flags,
+            "--python",
+            python,
+            venv_path,
+        )
+
+    paths = [str(venv_path), str(venv_path / "Scripts")] if IS_WIN else [str(venv_path / "bin")]
     env = os.environ.copy()
-    env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(paths + [env["PATH"]])
+    env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join([*paths, env["PATH"]])
+    env["VIRTUAL_ENV"] = str(venv_path)
     return env
 
 
 T = TypeVar("T", bound=PurePath)
 
 
-def find_compatible_abi3_wheel(wheels: Sequence[T], identifier: str) -> Optional[T]:
+def find_compatible_wheel(wheels: Sequence[T], identifier: str) -> T | None:
     """
-    Finds an ABI3 wheel in `wheels` compatible with the Python interpreter
-    specified by `identifier`.
+    Finds a wheel with an abi3 or a none ABI tag in `wheels` compatible with the Python interpreter
+    specified by `identifier` that is previously built.
     """
 
     interpreter, platform = identifier.split("-")
-    if not interpreter.startswith("cp3"):
-        return None
+    free_threaded = interpreter.endswith("t")
+    if free_threaded:
+        interpreter = interpreter[:-1]
     for wheel in wheels:
         _, _, _, tags = parse_wheel_filename(wheel.name)
         for tag in tags:
-            if tag.abi != "abi3":
+            if tag.abi == "abi3" and not free_threaded:
+                # ABI3 wheels must start with cp3 for impl and tag
+                if not (interpreter.startswith("cp3") and tag.interpreter.startswith("cp3")):
+                    continue
+            elif tag.abi == "none":
+                # CPythonless wheels must include py3 tag
+                if tag.interpreter[:3] != "py3":
+                    continue
+            else:
+                # Other types of wheels are not detected, this is looking for previously built wheels.
                 continue
-            if not tag.interpreter.startswith("cp3"):
-                continue
-            if int(tag.interpreter[3:]) > int(interpreter[3:]):
+
+            if tag.interpreter != "py3" and int(tag.interpreter[3:]) > int(interpreter[3:]):
+                # If a minor version number is given, it has to be lower than the current one.
                 continue
+
             if platform.startswith(("manylinux", "musllinux", "macosx")):
-                # Linux, macOS
+                # Linux, macOS require the beginning and ending match (macos/manylinux version doesn't need to)
                 os_, arch = platform.split("_", 1)
                 if not tag.platform.startswith(os_):
                     continue
-                if not tag.platform.endswith("_" + arch):
+                if not tag.platform.endswith(f"_{arch}"):
                     continue
             else:
-                # Windows
-                if not tag.platform == platform:
+                # Windows should exactly match
+                if tag.platform != platform:
                     continue
+
+            # If all the filters above pass, then the wheel is a previously built compatible wheel.
             return wheel
+
     return None
 
 
-if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
-    from functools import cached_property
-else:
-    from .functools_cached_property_38 import cached_property
-
-
 # Can be replaced by contextlib.chdir in Python 3.11
 @contextlib.contextmanager
-def chdir(new_path: Union[Path, str]) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+def chdir(new_path: Path | str) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
     """Non thread-safe context manager to change the current working directory."""
 
     cwd = os.getcwd()
@@ -624,3 +783,119 @@ def chdir(new_path: Union[Path, str]) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
         yield
     finally:
         os.chdir(cwd)
+
+
+def fix_ansi_codes_for_github_actions(text: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Github Actions forgets the current ANSI style on every new line. This
+    function repeats the current ANSI style on every new line.
+    """
+    ansi_code_regex = re.compile(r"(\033\[[0-9;]*m)")
+    ansi_codes: list[str] = []
+    output = ""
+
+    for line in text.splitlines(keepends=True):
+        # add the current ANSI codes to the beginning of the line
+        output += "".join(ansi_codes) + line
+
+        # split the line at each ANSI code
+        parts = ansi_code_regex.split(line)
+        # if there are any ANSI codes, save them
+        if len(parts) > 1:
+            # iterate over the ANSI codes in this line
+            for code in parts[1::2]:
+                if code == "\033[0m":
+                    # reset the list of ANSI codes when the clear code is found
+                    ansi_codes = []
+                else:
+                    ansi_codes.append(code)
+
+    return output
+
+
+def parse_key_value_string(
+    key_value_string: str,
+    positional_arg_names: Sequence[str] | None = None,
+    kw_arg_names: Sequence[str] | None = None,
+) -> dict[str, list[str]]:
+    """
+    Parses a string like "docker; create_args: --some-option=value another-option"
+    """
+    if positional_arg_names is None:
+        positional_arg_names = []
+    if kw_arg_names is None:
+        kw_arg_names = []
+
+    all_field_names = [*positional_arg_names, *kw_arg_names]
+
+    shlexer = shlex.shlex(key_value_string, posix=True, punctuation_chars=";")
+    shlexer.commenters = ""
+    shlexer.whitespace_split = True
+    parts = list(shlexer)
+    # parts now looks like
+    # ['docker', ';', 'create_args:', '--some-option=value', 'another-option']
+
+    # split by semicolon
+    fields = [list(group) for k, group in itertools.groupby(parts, lambda x: x == ";") if not k]
+
+    result: defaultdict[str, list[str]] = defaultdict(list)
+    for field_i, field in enumerate(fields):
+        # check to see if the option name is specified
+        field_name, sep, first_value = field[0].partition(":")
+        if sep:
+            if field_name not in all_field_names:
+                msg = f"Failed to parse {key_value_string!r}. Unknown field name {field_name!r}"
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+
+            values = ([first_value] if first_value else []) + field[1:]
+        else:
+            try:
+                field_name = positional_arg_names[field_i]
+            except IndexError:
+                msg = f"Failed to parse {key_value_string!r}. Too many positional arguments - expected a maximum of {len(positional_arg_names)}"
+                raise ValueError(msg) from None
+
+            values = field
+
+        result[field_name] += values
+
+    return dict(result)
+
+
+def find_uv() -> Path | None:
+    # Prefer uv in our environment
+    with contextlib.suppress(ImportError, FileNotFoundError):
+        # pylint: disable-next=import-outside-toplevel
+        from uv import find_uv_bin
+
+        return Path(find_uv_bin())
+
+    uv_on_path = shutil.which("uv")
+    return Path(uv_on_path) if uv_on_path else None
+
+
+def combine_constraints(
+    env: MutableMapping[str, str], /, constraints_path: Path, tmp_dir: Path | None
+) -> None:
+    """
+    This will workaround a bug in pip<=21.1.1 or uv<=0.2.0 if a tmp_dir is given.
+    If set to None, this will use the modern URI method.
+    """
+
+    if tmp_dir:
+        if " " in str(constraints_path):
+            assert " " not in str(tmp_dir)
+            tmp_file = tmp_dir / "constraints.txt"
+            tmp_file.write_bytes(constraints_path.read_bytes())
+            constraints_path = tmp_file
+        our_constraints = str(constraints_path)
+    else:
+        our_constraints = (
+            constraints_path.as_uri() if " " in str(constraints_path) else str(constraints_path)
+        )
+
+    user_constraints = env.get("PIP_CONSTRAINT")
+
+    env["UV_CONSTRAINT"] = env["PIP_CONSTRAINT"] = " ".join(
+        c for c in [our_constraints, user_constraints] if c
+    )

cibuildwheel/windows.py

@@ -1,42 +1,64 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import os
+import platform as platform_module
 import shutil
 import subprocess
-import sys
+import textwrap
+from collections.abc import MutableMapping, Sequence, Set
+from dataclasses import dataclass
 from functools import lru_cache
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Dict, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Sequence, Set
-from zipfile import ZipFile
 
 from filelock import FileLock
 from packaging.version import Version
 
+from . import errors
+from ._compat.typing import assert_never
 from .architecture import Architecture
 from .environment import ParsedEnvironment
 from .logger import log
 from .options import Options
-from .typing import PathOrStr, assert_never
+from .typing import PathOrStr
 from .util import (
     CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
-    BuildFrontend,
+    BuildFrontendConfig,
+    BuildFrontendName,
     BuildSelector,
-    NonPlatformWheelError,
     call,
+    combine_constraints,
     download,
-    find_compatible_abi3_wheel,
+    extract_zip,
+    find_compatible_wheel,
+    find_uv,
     get_build_verbosity_extra_flags,
     get_pip_version,
+    move_file,
     prepare_command,
     read_python_configs,
     shell,
+    split_config_settings,
+    test_fail_cwd_file,
+    unwrap,
     virtualenv,
 )
 
 
-def get_nuget_args(version: str, arch: str, output_directory: Path) -> List[str]:
-    platform_suffix = {"32": "x86", "64": "", "ARM64": "arm64"}
-    python_name = "python" + platform_suffix[arch]
+def get_nuget_args(
+    version: str, arch: str, free_threaded: bool, output_directory: Path
+) -> list[str]:
+    package_name = {
+        "32": "pythonx86",
+        "64": "python",
+        "ARM64": "pythonarm64",
+        # Aliases for platform.machine() return values
+        "x86": "pythonx86",
+        "AMD64": "python",
+    }[arch]
+    if free_threaded:
+        package_name = f"{package_name}-freethreaded"
     return [
-        python_name,
+        package_name,
         "-Version",
         version,
         "-FallbackSource",
@@ -46,18 +68,18 @@ def get_nuget_args(version: str, arch: str, output_directory: Path) -> List[str]
     ]
 
 
-class PythonConfiguration(NamedTuple):
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class PythonConfiguration:
     version: str
     arch: str
     identifier: str
-    url: Optional[str] = None
+    url: str | None = None
 
 
 def get_python_configurations(
     build_selector: BuildSelector,
     architectures: Set[Architecture],
-) -> List[PythonConfiguration]:
-
+) -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
     full_python_configs = read_python_configs("windows")
 
     python_configurations = [PythonConfiguration(**item) for item in full_python_configs]
@@ -74,11 +96,6 @@ def get_python_configurations(
     return python_configurations
 
 
-def extract_zip(zip_src: Path, dest: Path) -> None:
-    with ZipFile(zip_src) as zip_:
-        zip_.extractall(dest)
-
-
 @lru_cache(maxsize=None)
 def _ensure_nuget() -> Path:
     nuget = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / "nuget.exe"
@@ -88,11 +105,16 @@ def _ensure_nuget() -> Path:
     return nuget
 
 
-def install_cpython(version: str, arch: str) -> Path:
+def install_cpython(configuration: PythonConfiguration, arch: str | None = None) -> Path:
+    version = configuration.version
+    free_threaded = "t-" in configuration.identifier
+    if arch is None:
+        arch = configuration.arch
     base_output_dir = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / "nuget-cpython"
-    nuget_args = get_nuget_args(version, arch, base_output_dir)
+    nuget_args = get_nuget_args(version, arch, free_threaded, base_output_dir)
     installation_path = base_output_dir / (nuget_args[0] + "." + version) / "tools"
-    with FileLock(str(base_output_dir) + f"-{version}-{arch}.lock"):
+    free_threaded_str = "-freethreaded" if free_threaded else ""
+    with FileLock(str(base_output_dir) + f"-{version}{free_threaded_str}-{arch}.lock"):
         if not installation_path.exists():
             nuget = _ensure_nuget()
             call(nuget, "install", *nuget_args)
@@ -100,7 +122,8 @@ def install_cpython(version: str, arch: str) -> Path:
 
 
 def install_pypy(tmp: Path, arch: str, url: str) -> Path:
-    assert arch == "64" and "win64" in url
+    assert arch == "64"
+    assert "win64" in url
     # Inside the PyPy zip file is a directory with the same name
     zip_filename = url.rsplit("/", 1)[-1]
     extension = ".zip"
@@ -115,47 +138,159 @@ def install_pypy(tmp: Path, arch: str, url: str) -> Path:
     return installation_path / "python.exe"
 
 
+def setup_setuptools_cross_compile(
+    tmp: Path,
+    python_configuration: PythonConfiguration,
+    python_libs_base: Path,
+    env: MutableMapping[str, str],
+) -> None:
+    distutils_cfg = tmp / "extra-setup.cfg"
+    env["DIST_EXTRA_CONFIG"] = str(distutils_cfg)
+    log.notice(f"Setting DIST_EXTRA_CONFIG={distutils_cfg} for cross-compilation")
+
+    # Ensure our additional import libraries are made available, and explicitly
+    # set the platform name
+    map_plat = {"32": "win32", "64": "win-amd64", "ARM64": "win-arm64"}
+    plat_name = map_plat[python_configuration.arch]
+
+    # Set environment variable so that setuptools._distutils.get_platform()
+    # identifies the target, not the host
+    vscmd_arg_tgt_arch = {"32": "x86", "64": "x64", "ARM64": "arm64"}
+    current_tgt_arch = vscmd_arg_tgt_arch[python_configuration.arch]
+    if (env.get("VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH") or current_tgt_arch) != current_tgt_arch:
+        msg = f"VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH must be set to {current_tgt_arch!r}, got {env['VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH']!r}. If you're setting up MSVC yourself (e.g. using vcvarsall.bat or msvc-dev-cmd), make sure to target the right architecture. Alternatively, run cibuildwheel without configuring MSVC, and let the build backend handle it."
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    env["VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH"] = current_tgt_arch
+
+    # (This file must be default/locale encoding, so we can't pass 'encoding')
+    distutils_cfg.write_text(
+        textwrap.dedent(
+            f"""\
+            [build]
+            plat_name={plat_name}
+            [build_ext]
+            library_dirs={python_libs_base}
+            plat_name={plat_name}
+            [bdist_wheel]
+            plat_name={plat_name}
+            """
+        )
+    )
+
+    # setuptools builds require explicit override of PYD extension
+    # This is because it always gets the extension from the running
+    # interpreter, and has no logic to construct it. Currently, CPython's
+    # extensions follow our identifiers, but if they ever diverge in the
+    # future, we will need to store new data
+    log.notice(
+        f"Setting SETUPTOOLS_EXT_SUFFIX=.{python_configuration.identifier}.pyd for cross-compilation"
+    )
+    env["SETUPTOOLS_EXT_SUFFIX"] = f".{python_configuration.identifier}.pyd"
+
+    # Cross-compilation requires fixes that only exist in setuptools's copy of
+    # distutils, so ensure that it is activated
+    # Since not all projects can handle the newer distutils, display a warning
+    # to help them figure out what may have gone wrong if this breaks for them
+    log.notice("Setting SETUPTOOLS_USE_DISTUTILS=local as it is required for cross-compilation")
+    env["SETUPTOOLS_USE_DISTUTILS"] = "local"
+
+
+# These cross-compile setup functions have the same signature by design
+def setup_rust_cross_compile(
+    tmp: Path,  # noqa: ARG001
+    python_configuration: PythonConfiguration,
+    python_libs_base: Path,  # noqa: ARG001
+    env: MutableMapping[str, str],
+) -> None:
+    # Assume that MSVC will be used, because we already know that we are
+    # cross-compiling. MinGW users can set CARGO_BUILD_TARGET themselves
+    # and we will respect the existing value.
+    cargo_target = {
+        "64": "x86_64-pc-windows-msvc",
+        "32": "i686-pc-windows-msvc",
+        "ARM64": "aarch64-pc-windows-msvc",
+    }.get(python_configuration.arch)
+
+    # CARGO_BUILD_TARGET is the variable used by Cargo and setuptools_rust
+    if env.get("CARGO_BUILD_TARGET"):
+        if env["CARGO_BUILD_TARGET"] != cargo_target:
+            log.notice("Not overriding CARGO_BUILD_TARGET as it has already been set")
+        # No message if it was set to what we were planning to set it to
+    elif cargo_target:
+        log.notice(f"Setting CARGO_BUILD_TARGET={cargo_target} for cross-compilation")
+        env["CARGO_BUILD_TARGET"] = cargo_target
+    else:
+        log.warning(
+            f"Unable to configure Rust cross-compilation for architecture {python_configuration.arch}"
+        )
+
+
+def can_use_uv(python_configuration: PythonConfiguration) -> bool:
+    conditions = (
+        Version(python_configuration.version) >= Version("3.8"),
+        not python_configuration.identifier.startswith("pp38-"),
+    )
+    return all(conditions)
+
+
 def setup_python(
     tmp: Path,
     python_configuration: PythonConfiguration,
     dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr],
     environment: ParsedEnvironment,
-    build_frontend: BuildFrontend,
-) -> Dict[str, str]:
+    build_frontend: BuildFrontendName,
+) -> tuple[Path, dict[str, str]]:
     tmp.mkdir()
     implementation_id = python_configuration.identifier.split("-")[0]
+    python_libs_base = None
     log.step(f"Installing Python {implementation_id}...")
     if implementation_id.startswith("cp"):
-        base_python = install_cpython(python_configuration.version, python_configuration.arch)
+        native_arch = platform_module.machine()
+        base_python = install_cpython(python_configuration)
+        if python_configuration.arch == "ARM64" != native_arch:
+            # To cross-compile for ARM64, we need a native CPython to run the
+            # build, and a copy of the ARM64 import libraries ('.\libs\*.lib')
+            # for any extension modules.
+            python_libs_base = base_python.parent / "libs"
+            log.step(f"Installing native Python {native_arch} for cross-compilation...")
+            base_python = install_cpython(python_configuration, arch=native_arch)
     elif implementation_id.startswith("pp"):
         assert python_configuration.url is not None
         base_python = install_pypy(tmp, python_configuration.arch, python_configuration.url)
     else:
-        raise ValueError("Unknown Python implementation")
+        msg = "Unknown Python implementation"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
     assert base_python.exists()
 
+    if build_frontend == "build[uv]" and not can_use_uv(python_configuration):
+        build_frontend = "build"
+
+    use_uv = build_frontend == "build[uv]"
+    uv_path = find_uv()
+
     log.step("Setting up build environment...")
     venv_path = tmp / "venv"
-    env = virtualenv(base_python, venv_path, dependency_constraint_flags)
+    env = virtualenv(
+        python_configuration.version,
+        base_python,
+        venv_path,
+        dependency_constraint_flags,
+        use_uv=use_uv,
+    )
 
     # set up environment variables for run_with_env
     env["PYTHON_VERSION"] = python_configuration.version
     env["PYTHON_ARCH"] = python_configuration.arch
     env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
 
-    # pip older than 21.3 builds executables such as pip.exe for x64 platform.
-    # The first re-install of pip updates pip module but builds pip.exe using
-    # the old pip which still generates x64 executable. But the second
-    # re-install uses updated pip and correctly builds pip.exe for the target.
-    # This can be removed once ARM64 Pythons (currently 3.9 and 3.10) bundle
-    # pip versions newer than 21.3.
-    if python_configuration.arch == "ARM64" and Version(get_pip_version(env)) < Version("21.3"):
+    # upgrade pip to the version matching our constraints
+    # if necessary, reinstall it to ensure that it's available on PATH as 'pip.exe'
+    if not use_uv:
         call(
             "python",
             "-m",
             "pip",
             "install",
-            "--force-reinstall",
             "--upgrade",
             "pip",
             *dependency_constraint_flags,
@@ -163,20 +298,6 @@ def setup_python(
             cwd=venv_path,
         )
 
-    # upgrade pip to the version matching our constraints
-    # if necessary, reinstall it to ensure that it's available on PATH as 'pip.exe'
-    call(
-        "python",
-        "-m",
-        "pip",
-        "install",
-        "--upgrade",
-        "pip",
-        *dependency_constraint_flags,
-        env=env,
-        cwd=venv_path,
-    )
-
     # update env with results from CIBW_ENVIRONMENT
     env = environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=env)
 
@@ -186,36 +307,21 @@ def setup_python(
     call("python", "-c", "\"import struct; print(struct.calcsize('P') * 8)\"", env=env)
     where_python = call("where", "python", env=env, capture_stdout=True).splitlines()[0].strip()
     if where_python != str(venv_path / "Scripts" / "python.exe"):
-        print(
-            "cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it.",
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
-        sys.exit(1)
+        msg = "python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it."
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
 
     # check what pip version we're on
-    assert (venv_path / "Scripts" / "pip.exe").exists()
-    where_pip = call("where", "pip", env=env, capture_stdout=True).splitlines()[0].strip()
-    if where_pip.strip() != str(venv_path / "Scripts" / "pip.exe"):
-        print(
-            "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.",
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
-        sys.exit(1)
+    if not use_uv:
+        assert (venv_path / "Scripts" / "pip.exe").exists()
+        where_pip = call("where", "pip", env=env, capture_stdout=True).splitlines()[0].strip()
+        if where_pip.strip() != str(venv_path / "Scripts" / "pip.exe"):
+            msg = "pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it."
+            raise errors.FatalError(msg)
 
-    call("pip", "--version", env=env)
+        call("pip", "--version", env=env)
 
     log.step("Installing build tools...")
-    if build_frontend == "pip":
-        call(
-            "pip",
-            "install",
-            "--upgrade",
-            "setuptools",
-            "wheel",
-            *dependency_constraint_flags,
-            env=env,
-        )
-    elif build_frontend == "build":
+    if build_frontend == "build":
         call(
             "pip",
             "install",
@@ -224,10 +330,24 @@ def setup_python(
             *dependency_constraint_flags,
             env=env,
         )
-    else:
-        assert_never(build_frontend)
+    elif build_frontend == "build[uv]":
+        assert uv_path is not None
+        call(
+            uv_path,
+            "pip",
+            "install",
+            "--upgrade",
+            "build[virtualenv]",
+            *dependency_constraint_flags,
+            env=env,
+        )
 
-    return env
+    if python_libs_base:
+        # Set up the environment for various backends to enable cross-compilation
+        setup_setuptools_cross_compile(tmp, python_configuration, python_libs_base, env)
+        setup_rust_cross_compile(tmp, python_configuration, python_libs_base, env)
+
+    return base_python, env
 
 
 def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
@@ -235,7 +355,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         options.globals.build_selector, options.globals.architectures
     )
 
-    if len(python_configurations) == 0:
+    if not python_configurations:
         return
 
     try:
@@ -250,10 +370,12 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
             )
             shell(before_all_prepared, env=env)
 
-        built_wheels: List[Path] = []
+        built_wheels: list[Path] = []
 
         for config in python_configurations:
             build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
+            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend or BuildFrontendConfig("pip")
+            use_uv = build_frontend.name == "build[uv]" and can_use_uv(config)
             log.build_start(config.identifier)
 
             identifier_tmp_dir = tmp_path / config.identifier
@@ -269,36 +391,54 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                 ]
 
             # install Python
-            env = setup_python(
+            base_python, env = setup_python(
                 identifier_tmp_dir / "build",
                 config,
                 dependency_constraint_flags,
                 build_options.environment,
-                build_options.build_frontend,
+                build_frontend.name,
             )
+            if not use_uv:
+                pip_version = get_pip_version(env)
 
-            abi3_wheel = find_compatible_abi3_wheel(built_wheels, config.identifier)
-            if abi3_wheel:
+            compatible_wheel = find_compatible_wheel(built_wheels, config.identifier)
+            if compatible_wheel:
                 log.step_end()
                 print(
-                    f"\nFound previously built wheel {abi3_wheel.name}, that's compatible with {config.identifier}. Skipping build step..."
+                    f"\nFound previously built wheel {compatible_wheel.name}, that's compatible with {config.identifier}. Skipping build step..."
                 )
-                repaired_wheel = abi3_wheel
+                repaired_wheel = compatible_wheel
             else:
                 # run the before_build command
                 if build_options.before_build:
                     log.step("Running before_build...")
                     before_build_prepared = prepare_command(
-                        build_options.before_build, project=".", package=options.globals.package_dir
+                        build_options.before_build,
+                        project=".",
+                        package=options.globals.package_dir,
                     )
                     shell(before_build_prepared, env=env)
 
                 log.step("Building wheel...")
                 built_wheel_dir.mkdir()
 
-                verbosity_flags = get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(build_options.build_verbosity)
+                extra_flags = split_config_settings(
+                    build_options.config_settings, build_frontend.name
+                )
+                extra_flags += build_frontend.args
 
-                if build_options.build_frontend == "pip":
+                build_env = env.copy()
+                if not use_uv:
+                    build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = pip_version
+
+                if build_options.dependency_constraints:
+                    constraints_path = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
+                        config.version
+                    )
+                    combine_constraints(build_env, constraints_path, identifier_tmp_dir)
+
+                if build_frontend.name == "pip":
+                    extra_flags += get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(build_options.build_verbosity)
                     # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
                     # see https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
                     call(
@@ -309,42 +449,27 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                         options.globals.package_dir.resolve(),
                         f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
                         "--no-deps",
-                        *get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(build_options.build_verbosity),
-                        env=env,
+                        *extra_flags,
+                        env=build_env,
+                    )
+                elif build_frontend.name == "build" or build_frontend.name == "build[uv]":
+                    if not 0 <= build_options.build_verbosity < 2:
+                        msg = f"build_verbosity {build_options.build_verbosity} is not supported for build frontend. Ignoring."
+                        log.warning(msg)
+                    if use_uv and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags and "-n" not in extra_flags:
+                        extra_flags.append("--installer=uv")
+                    call(
+                        "python",
+                        "-m",
+                        "build",
+                        build_options.package_dir,
+                        "--wheel",
+                        f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                        *extra_flags,
+                        env=build_env,
                     )
-                elif build_options.build_frontend == "build":
-                    config_setting = " ".join(verbosity_flags)
-                    build_env = env.copy()
-                    if build_options.dependency_constraints:
-                        constraints_path = (
-                            build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
-                                config.version
-                            )
-                        )
-                        # Bug in pip <= 21.1.3 - we can't have a space in the
-                        # constraints file, and pip doesn't support drive letters
-                        # in uhi.  After probably pip 21.2, we can use uri. For
-                        # now, use a temporary file.
-                        if " " in str(constraints_path):
-                            assert " " not in str(identifier_tmp_dir)
-                            tmp_file = identifier_tmp_dir / "constraints.txt"
-                            tmp_file.write_bytes(constraints_path.read_bytes())
-                            constraints_path = tmp_file
-
-                        build_env["PIP_CONSTRAINT"] = str(constraints_path)
-                        build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = get_pip_version(env)
-                        call(
-                            "python",
-                            "-m",
-                            "build",
-                            build_options.package_dir,
-                            "--wheel",
-                            f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                            f"--config-setting={config_setting}",
-                            env=build_env,
-                        )
                 else:
-                    assert_never(build_options.build_frontend)
+                    assert_never(build_frontend)
 
                 built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
 
@@ -352,12 +477,14 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                 repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir()
 
                 if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
-                    raise NonPlatformWheelError()
+                    raise errors.NonPlatformWheelError()
 
                 if build_options.repair_command:
                     log.step("Repairing wheel...")
                     repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(
-                        build_options.repair_command, wheel=built_wheel, dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir
+                        build_options.repair_command,
+                        wheel=built_wheel,
+                        dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir,
                     )
                     shell(repair_command_prepared, env=env)
                 else:
@@ -365,16 +492,39 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
                 repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
 
-            if build_options.test_command and options.globals.test_selector(config.identifier):
+                if repaired_wheel.name in {wheel.name for wheel in built_wheels}:
+                    raise errors.AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)
+
+            test_selected = options.globals.test_selector(config.identifier)
+            if test_selected and config.arch == "ARM64" != platform_module.machine():
+                log.warning(
+                    unwrap(
+                        """
+                            While arm64 wheels can be built on other platforms, they cannot
+                            be tested. An arm64 runner is required. To silence this warning,
+                            set `CIBW_TEST_SKIP: "*-win_arm64"`.
+                            """
+                    )
+                )
+                # skip this test
+            elif test_selected and build_options.test_command:
                 log.step("Testing wheel...")
                 # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
                 # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
-                call("pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags, env=env)
+                if not use_uv:
+                    call("pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags, env=env)
+
                 venv_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "venv-test"
 
-                # Use --no-download to ensure determinism by using seed libraries
-                # built into virtualenv
-                call("python", "-m", "virtualenv", "--no-download", venv_dir, env=env)
+                if use_uv:
+                    call("uv", "venv", venv_dir, f"--python={base_python}", env=env)
+                else:
+                    # Use pip version from the initial env to ensure determinism
+                    venv_args = ["--no-periodic-update", f"--pip={pip_version}"]
+                    # In Python<3.12, setuptools & wheel are installed as well, use virtualenv embedded ones
+                    if Version(config.version) < Version("3.12"):
+                        venv_args.extend(("--setuptools=embed", "--wheel=embed"))
+                    call("python", "-m", "virtualenv", *venv_args, venv_dir, env=env)
 
                 virtualenv_env = env.copy()
                 virtualenv_env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(
@@ -383,6 +533,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                         virtualenv_env["PATH"],
                     ]
                 )
+                virtualenv_env["VIRTUAL_ENV"] = str(venv_dir)
 
                 # check that we are using the Python from the virtual environment
                 call("where", "python", env=virtualenv_env)
@@ -395,9 +546,11 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                     )
                     shell(before_test_prepared, env=virtualenv_env)
 
+                pip = ["uv", "pip"] if use_uv else ["pip"]
+
                 # install the wheel
                 call(
-                    "pip",
+                    *pip,
                     "install",
                     str(repaired_wheel) + build_options.test_extras,
                     env=virtualenv_env,
@@ -405,22 +558,32 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
                 # test the wheel
                 if build_options.test_requires:
-                    call("pip", "install", *build_options.test_requires, env=virtualenv_env)
+                    call(*pip, "install", *build_options.test_requires, env=virtualenv_env)
 
-                # run the tests from c:\, with an absolute path in the command
+                # run the tests from a temp dir, with an absolute path in the command
                 # (this ensures that Python runs the tests against the installed wheel
                 # and not the repo code)
                 test_command_prepared = prepare_command(
                     build_options.test_command,
                     project=Path(".").resolve(),
                     package=options.globals.package_dir.resolve(),
+                    wheel=repaired_wheel,
                 )
-                shell(test_command_prepared, cwd="c:\\", env=virtualenv_env)
+                test_cwd = identifier_tmp_dir / "test_cwd"
+                test_cwd.mkdir()
+                (test_cwd / "test_fail.py").write_text(test_fail_cwd_file.read_text())
+
+                shell(test_command_prepared, cwd=test_cwd, env=virtualenv_env)
 
             # we're all done here; move it to output (remove if already exists)
-            if abi3_wheel is None:
-                shutil.move(str(repaired_wheel), build_options.output_dir)
-                built_wheels.append(build_options.output_dir / repaired_wheel.name)
+            if compatible_wheel is None:
+                output_wheel = build_options.output_dir.joinpath(repaired_wheel.name)
+                moved_wheel = move_file(repaired_wheel, output_wheel)
+                if moved_wheel != output_wheel.resolve():
+                    log.warning(
+                        "{repaired_wheel} was moved to {moved_wheel} instead of {output_wheel}"
+                    )
+                built_wheels.append(output_wheel)
 
             # clean up
             # (we ignore errors because occasionally Windows fails to unlink a file and we
@@ -429,7 +592,5 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
             log.build_end()
     except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
-        log.step_end_with_error(
-            f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout}"
-        )
-        sys.exit(1)
+        msg = f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout or ''}"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg) from error

docs/changelog.md

@@ -2,6 +2,368 @@
 title: Changelog
 ---
 
+# Changelog
+
+### v2.21.1
+
+_16 September 2024_
+
+- 🐛 Fix a bug in the Linux build, where files copied to the container would have invalid ownership permissions (#2007)
+- 🐛 Fix a bug on Windows where cibuildwheel would call upon `uv` to install dependencies for versions of CPython that it does not support (#2005)
+- 🐛 Fix a bug where `uv 0.4.10` would not use the right Python when testing on Linux. (#2008)
+- 🛠 Bump our documentation pins, fixes an issue with a missing package (#2011)
+
+### v2.21.0
+
+_13 September 2024_
+
+- ⚠️ Update CPython 3.12 to 3.12.6, which changes the macOS minimum deployment target on CPython 3.12 from macOS 10.9 to macOS 10.13 (#1998)
+- 🛠 Changes the behaviour when inheriting `config-settings` in TOML overrides - rather than extending each key, which is rarely useful, individual keys will override previously set values. (#1803)
+- 🛠 Update CPython 3.13 to 3.13.0rc2 (#1998)
+- ✨ Adds support for multiarch OCI images (#1961)
+- 🐛 Fixes some bugs building Linux wheels on macOS. (#1961)
+- ⚠️ Changes the minimum version of Docker/Podman to Docker API version 1.43, Podman API version 3. The only mainstream runner this should affect is Travis Graviton2 runners - if so you can [upgrade your version of Docker](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/1961#issuecomment-2304060019). (#1961)
+
+
+### v2.20.0
+
+_4 August 2024_
+
+- 🌟 CPython 3.13 wheels are now built by default - without the `CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS` flag. It's time to build and upload these wheels to PyPI! This release includes CPython 3.13.0rc1, which is guaranteed to be ABI compatible with the final release. Free-threading is still behind a flag/config option. (#1950)
+- ✨ Provide a `CIBW_ALLOW_EMPTY` environment variable as an alternative to the command line flag. (#1937)
+- 🐛 Don't use uv on PyPy3.8 on Windows, it stopped working starting in 0.2.25. Note that PyPy 3.8 is EoL. (#1868)
+- 🛠 Set the `VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH` variable based on target arch. (#1876)
+- 🛠 Undo cleaner output on pytest 8-8.2 now that 8.3 is out. (#1943)
+- 📚 Update examples to use Python 3.12 on host  (cibuildwheel will require Python 3.11+ on the host machine starting in October 2024) (#1919)
+
+
+### v2.19.2
+
+_2 July 2024_
+
+- 🐛 Update manylinux2014 pins to versions that support past-EoL CentOS 7 mirrors. (#1917)
+- 🐛 Support `--no-isolation` with `build[uv]` build-frontend. (#1889)
+- 🛠 Provide attestations for releases at <https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/attestations>. (#1916)
+- 🛠 Provide CPython 3.13.0b3. (#1913)
+- 🛠 Remove some workarounds now that pip 21.1 is available. (#1891, #1892)
+- 📚 Remove nosetest from our docs. (#1821)
+- 📚 Document the macOS ARM workaround for 3.8 on GHA. (#1871)
+- 📚 GitLab CI + macOS is now a supported platform with an example. (#1911)
+
+
+### v2.19.1
+
+_13 June 2024_
+
+- 🐛 Don't require setup-python on GHA for Pyodide (#1868)
+- 🐛 Specify full python path for uv (fixes issue in 0.2.10 & 0.2.11) (#1881)
+- 🛠 Update for pip 24.1b2 on CPython 3.13. (#1879)
+- 🛠 Fix a warning in our schema generation script. (#1866)
+- 🛠 Cleaner output on pytest 8-8.2. (#1865)
+
+
+### v2.19.0
+
+_10 June 2024_
+
+See the [release post](https://iscinumpy.dev/post/cibuildwheel-2-19-0/) for more info on new features!
+
+- 🌟 Add Pyodide platform. Set with `--platform pyodide` or `CIBW_PLATFORM: pyodide` on Linux with a host Python 3.12 to build WebAssembly wheels. Not accepted on PyPI currently, but usable directly in a website using Pyodide, for live docs, etc. (#1456, #1859)
+- 🌟 Add `build[uv]` backend, which will take a pre-existing uv install (or install `cibuildwheel[uv]`) and use `uv` for all environment setup and installs on Python 3.8+. This is significantly faster in most cases. (#1856)
+- ✨ Add free-threaded macOS builds and update CPython to 3.13.0b2. (#1854)
+- 🐛 Issue copying a wheel to a non-existent output dir fixed. (#1851, #1862)
+- 🐛 Better determinism for the test environment seeding. (#1835)
+- 🛠 `VIRTUAL_ENV` variable now set. (#1842)
+- 🛠 Remove a pip<21.3 workaround. (#1842)
+- 🛠 Error handling was refactored to use exceptions. (#1719)
+- 🛠 Hardcoded paths in tests avoided. (#1834)
+- 🛠 Single Python tests made more generic. (#1835)
+- 🛠 Sped up our ci by splitting up emulation tests. (#1839)
+
+
+
+### v2.18.1
+
+_20 May 2024_
+
+- 🌟 Add free-threaded Linux and Windows builds for 3.13. New identifiers `cp313t-*`, new option `CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT`/`tool.cibuildwheel.free-threaded-support` required to opt-in. [See the docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#free-threaded-support) for more information. (#1831)
+- ✨ The `container-engine` is now a build (non-global) option. (#1792)
+- 🛠 The build backend for cibuildwheel is now hatchling. (#1297)
+- 🛠 Significant improvements and modernization to our noxfile. (#1823)
+- 🛠 Use pylint's new GitHub Actions reporter instead of a custom matcher. (#1823)
+- 🛠 Unpin virtualenv updates for Python 3.7+ (#1830)
+- 🐛 Fix running linux tests from Windows or macOS ARM. (#1788)
+- 📚 Fix our documentation build. (#1821)
+
+
+### v2.18.0
+
+_12 May 2024_
+
+- ✨ Adds CPython 3.13 support, under the prerelease flag [CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#prerelease-pythons). This version of cibuildwheel uses 3.13.0b1. Free-threading mode is not available yet (#1657), waiting on official binaries (planned for beta 2) and pip support.
+
+    _While CPython is in beta, the ABI can change, so your wheels might not be compatible with the final release. For this reason, we don't recommend distributing wheels until RC1, at which point 3.13 will be available in cibuildwheel without the flag._ (#1815)
+
+- ✨ Musllinux now defaults to `musllinux_1_2`. You can set the older `musllinux_1_1` via config if needed. (#1817)
+- 🛠 No longer pre-seed setuptools/wheel in virtual environments (#1819)
+- 🛠 Respect the constraints file when building with pip, matching build (#1818)
+- 🛠 Use uv to compile our pinned dependencies, 10x faster and doesn't require special setup (#1778)
+- 🐛 Fix an issue with the schema (#1788)
+- 📚 Document the new delocate error checking macOS versions (#1766)
+- 📚 Document Rust builds (#1816)
+- 📚 Speed up our readthedocs builds with uv, 26 seconds -> 6 seconds to install dependencies (#1816)
+
+
+### v2.17.0
+
+_11 March 2024_
+
+- 🌟 Adds the ability to inherit configuration in TOML overrides. This makes certain configurations much simpler. If you're overriding an option like `before-build` or `environment`, and you just want to add an  extra command or environment variable, you can just append (or prepend) to the previous config. See [the docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#inherit) for more information. (#1730)
+- 🌟 Adds official support for native `arm64` macOS GitHub runners. To use them, just specify `macos-14` as an `os` of your job in your workflow file. You can also keep `macos-13` in your build matrix to build `x86_64`. Check out the new [GitHub Actions example config](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/setup/#github-actions).
+- ✨ You no longer need to specify `--platform` to run cibuildwheel locally! Instead it will detect your platform automatically. This was a safety feature, no longer necessary. (#1727)
+- 🛠 Removed setuptools and wheel pinned versions. This only affects old-style projects without a `pyproject.toml`, projects with `pyproject.toml` are already getting fresh versions of their `build-system.requires` installed into an isolated environment. (#1725)
+- 🛠 Improve how the GitHub Action passes arguments (#1757)
+- 🛠 Remove a system-wide install of pipx in the GitHub Action (#1745)
+- 🐛 No longer will cibuildwheel override the `PIP_CONSTRAINT` environment variable when using the `build` frontend. Instead it will be extended. (#1675)
+- 🐛 Fix a bug where building and testing both `x86_86` and `arm64` wheels on the same runner caused the wrong architectures in the test environment (#1750)
+- 🐛 Fix a bug that prevented testing a CPython 3.8 wheel targeting macOS 11+ on `x86_64` (#1768)
+- 📚 Moved the docs onto the official PyPA domain - they're now available at https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io . (#1775)
+- 📚 Docs and examples improvements (#1762, #1734)
+
+
+### v2.16.5
+
+_30 January 2024_
+
+- 🐛 Fix an incompatibility with the GitHub Action and new GitHub Runner images for Windows that bundle Powershell 7.3+ (#1741)
+- 🛠 Preliminary support for new `macos-14` arm64 runners (#1743)
+
+### v2.16.4
+
+_28 January 2024_
+
+- 🛠 Update manylinux pins to upgrade from a problematic PyPy version. (#1737)
+
+### v2.16.3
+
+_26 January 2024_
+
+- 🐛 Fix a bug when building from sdist, where relative paths to files in the package didn't work because the working directory was wrong (#1687)
+- 🛠 Adds the ability to disable mounting the host filesystem in containers to `/host`, through the `disable_host_mount` suboption on [`CIBW_CONTAINER_ENGINE`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#container-engine).
+- 📚 A lot of docs improvements! (#1708, #1705, #1686, #1679, #1667, #1665)
+
+### v2.16.2
+
+_3 October 2023_
+
+- 🛠 Updates CPython 3.12 version to 3.12.0, final release (#1635)
+- ✨ Adds a debug option [`CIBW_DEBUG_KEEP_CONTAINER`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#cibw_debug_keep_container) to stop cibuildwheel deleting build containers after the build finishes. (#1620)
+- 📚 Adds support for `[tool.cibuildwheel]` checking by adding a schema compatible with the [validate-pyproject](https://github.com/abravalheri/validate-pyproject/) tool (#1622, #1628, #1629)
+- 🐛 Fix parsing of `CIBW_CONTAINER_ENGINE` and `CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND` options to not break arguments on `:` characters (#1621)
+- 🐛 Fix the evaluation order of `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT` and `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_PASS` so that `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT` assignments can reference environment variables passed through from the host machine. (#1617)
+- 🛠 Supports manylinux images' deferred installation of interpreters through the `manylinux-interpreters` tool (#1630)
+
+### v2.16.1
+
+_26 September 2023_
+
+- 🛠 Updates the prerelease CPython 3.12 version to 3.12.0rc3 (#1625)
+- 🛠 Only calls `linux32` in containers when necessary (#1599)
+
+### v2.16.0
+
+_18 September 2023_
+
+- ✨ Add the ability to pass additional flags to a build frontend through the [CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-frontend) option (#1588).
+- ✨ The environment variable SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH is now automatically passed through to container Linux builds (useful for [reproducible builds](https://reproducible-builds.org/docs/source-date-epoch/)!) (#1589)
+- 🛠 Updates the prerelease CPython 3.12 version to 3.12.0rc2 (#1604)
+- 🐛 Fix `requires_python` auto-detection from setup.py when the call to `setup()` is within an `if __name__ == "__main__"` block (#1613)
+- 🐛 Fix a bug that prevented building Linux wheels in Docker on a Windows host (#1573)
+- 🐛 `--only` can now select prerelease-pythons (#1564)
+- 📚 Docs & examples updates (#1582, #1593, #1598, #1615)
+
+### v2.15.0
+
+_8 August 2023_
+
+- 🌟 CPython 3.12 wheels are now built by default - without the CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS flag. It's time to build and upload these wheels to PyPI! This release includes CPython 3.12.0rc1, which is guaranteed to be ABI compatible with the final release. (#1565)
+- ✨ Adds musllinux_1_2 support - this allows packagers to build for musl-based Linux distributions on a more recent Alpine image, and a newer musl libc. (#1561)
+
+### v2.14.1
+
+_15 July 2023_
+
+- 🛠 Updates the prerelease CPython 3.12 version to 3.12.0b4 (#1550)
+
+### v2.14.0
+
+_10 July 2023_
+
+- ✨ Adds support for building PyPy 3.10 wheels. (#1525)
+- 🛠 Updates the prerelease CPython 3.12 version to 3.12.0b3.
+- ✨ Allow the use of the `{wheel}` placeholder in CIBW_TEST_COMMAND (#1533)
+- 📚 Docs & examples updates (#1532, #1416)
+- ⚠️  Removed support for running cibuildwheel in Python 3.7. Python 3.7 is EOL. However, cibuildwheel continues to build Python 3.7 wheels for the moment. (#1175)
+
+### v2.13.1
+
+_10 June 2023_
+
+- 🛠 Updates the prerelease CPython 3.12 version to 3.12.0b2. (#1516)
+- 🛠 Adds a moving `v<major>.<minor>` tag for use in GitHub Actions workflow files. If you use this, you'll get the latest patch release within a minor version. Additionally, Dependabot won't send you PRs for patch releases. (#1517)
+
+### v2.13.0
+
+_28 May 2023_
+
+- ✨ Adds CPython 3.12 support, under the prerelease flag [CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#prerelease-pythons). This version of cibuildwheel uses 3.12.0b1.
+
+    While CPython is in beta, the ABI can change, so your wheels might not be compatible with the final release. For this reason, we don't recommend distributing wheels until RC1, at which point 3.12 will be available in cibuildwheel without the flag. (#1507)
+
+- ✨ Adds the ability to pass arguments to the container engine when the container is created, using the [CIBW_CONTAINER_ENGINE](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#container-engine) option. (#1499)
+
+### v2.12.3
+
+_19 April 2023_
+
+- 🐛 Fix an import error when running on Python 3.7. (#1479)
+
+### v2.12.2
+
+_18 April 2023_
+
+- 🐛 Fix a bug that caused an extra empty config-setting to be passed to the backend when CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND is set to `build`. (#1474)
+- 🐛 Fix a crash that occurred when overwriting an existing wheel on Windows. (#1464)
+- 🛠 Pinned version updates, including CPython 3.10.11, 3.11.3, pip 23.1 and wheel 0.40.0.
+
+### v2.12.1
+
+_11 March 2023_
+
+- 🐛 Fix a bug that prevented the use of CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS with the 'pip' build backend. (#1430)
+
+### v2.12.0
+
+_16 Jan 2023_
+
+- ✨ Adds support for PyPy arm64 wheels. This means that you can build PyPy wheels for Apple Silicon machines. Cross-compilation is not supported for these wheels, so you'll have to build on an Apple Silicon machine. (#1372)
+- 🛠 Pinned version updates, including PyPy to v7.3.11 and setuptools to 66.0.0.
+
+### v2.11.4
+
+_24 Dec 2022_
+
+- 🐛 Fix a bug that caused missing wheels on Windows when a test was skipped using CIBW_TEST_SKIP (#1377)
+- 🛠 Updates CPython 3.11 to 3.11.1 (#1371)
+- 🛠 Updates PyPy to 7.3.10, except on macOS which remains on 7.3.9 due to a bug on that platform. (#1371)
+- 📚 Added a reference to abi3audit to the docs (#1347)
+
+### v2.11.3
+
+_5 Dec 2022_
+
+- ✨ Improves the 'build options' log output that's printed at the start of each run (#1352)
+- ✨ Added a friendly error message to a common misconfiguration of the `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND` option - not specifying path using the `{project}` placeholder (#1336)
+- 🛠 The GitHub Action now uses Powershell on Windows to avoid occasional incompabilities with bash (#1346)
+
+### v2.11.2
+
+_26 October 2022_
+
+- 🛠 Updates CPython 3.11 to 3.11.0 - final release (#1327)
+- 🛠 Simplify the default macOS repair command (#1322)
+- 🛠 Fix the default `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` on arm64 (#1312)
+- 🛠 Hide irrelevant pip warnings on linux (#1311)
+- 🐛 Fix a bug that caused the stdout and stderr of commands in containers to be in the wrong order Previously, stdout could appear after stderr. (#1324)
+- 📚 Added [a FAQ entry](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/faq/#macos-building-cpython-38-wheels-on-arm64) describing how to perform native builds of CPython 3.8 wheels on Apple Silicon. (#1323)
+- 📚 Other docs improvements
+
+### v2.11.1
+
+_13 October 2022_
+
+- 🛠 Updates to the latest manylinux images, and updates CPython 3.10 to 3.10.8.
+
+### v2.11.0
+
+_13 October 2022_
+
+- 🌟 Adds support for cross-compiling Windows ARM64 wheels. To use this feature, add `ARM64` to the [CIBW_ARCHS](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#archs) option on a Windows Intel runner. (#1144)
+- ✨ Adds support for building Linux aarch64 wheels on Circle CI. (#1307)
+- ✨ Adds support for building Windows wheels on Gitlab CI. (#1295)
+- ✨ Adds support for building Linux aarch64 wheels under emulation on Gitlab CI. (#1295)
+- ✨ Adds the ability to test `cp38-macosx_arm64` wheels on a native arm64 runner. To do this, you'll need to preinstall the (experimental) [universal2 version of CPython 3.8](https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.10/python-3.8.10-macos11.pkg) on your arm64 runner before invoking cibuildwheel. Note: it is not recommended to build x86_64 wheels with this setup, your wheels will have limited compatibility wrt macOS versions. (#1283)
+- 🛠 Improved error messages when using custom Docker images and Python cannot be found at the correct path. (#1298)
+- 📚 Sample configs for Azure Pipelines and Travis CI updated (#1296)
+- 📚 Other docs improvements - including more information about using Homebrew for build dependencies (#1290)
+
+### v2.10.2
+
+_25 September 2022_
+
+- 🐛 Fix a bug that caused `win32` identifiers to fail when used with `--only`. (#1282)
+- 🐛 Fix computation of `auto`/`auto64`/`auto32` archs when targeting a different platform to the one that you're running cibuildwheel on. (#1266)
+- 📚 Fix an mistake in the 'how it works' diagram. (#1274)
+
+### v2.10.1
+
+_18 September 2022_
+
+- 🐛 Fix a bug that stopped environment variables specified in TOML from being expanded. (#1273)
+
+### v2.10.0
+
+_13 September 2022_
+
+- 🌟 Adds support for [building wheels on Cirrus CI](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/setup/#cirrus-ci). This is exciting for us, as it's the first public CI platform that natively supports macOS Apple Silicon (aka. M1, `arm64`) runners. As such, it's the first platform that you can natively build _and test_ macOS `arm64` wheels. It also has native Linux ARM (aarch64) runners, for fast, native builds there. (#1191)
+- 🌟 Adds support for running cibuildwheel on Apple Silicon machines. For a while, we've supported cross-compilation of Apple Silicon wheels on `x86_64`, but now that we have Cirrus CI we can run our test suite and officially support running cibuildwheel on `arm64`. (#1191)
+- ✨ Adds the `--only` [command line option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#command-line), to specify a single build to run. Previously, it could be cumbersome to set all the build selection options to target a specific build - for example, you might have to run something like `CIBW_BUILD=cp39-manylinux_x86_64 cibuildwheel --platform linux --archs x86_64`. The new `--only` option overrides all the build selection options to simplify running a single build, which now looks like `cibuildwheel --only cp39-manylinux_x86_64`. (#1098)
+- ✨ Adds the [`CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#config-settings) option, so you can pass arguments to your package's build backend (#1244)
+- 🛠 Updates the CPython 3.11 version to the latest release candidate - v3.11.0rc2. (#1265)
+- 🐛 Fix a bug that can cause a RecursionError on Windows when building from an sdist. (#1253)
+- 🛠 Add support for the s390x architecture on manylinux_2_28 (#1255)
+
+### v2.9.0
+
+_11 August 2022_
+
+- 🌟 CPython 3.11 wheels are now built by default - without the CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS flag. It's time to build and upload these wheels to PyPI! This release includes CPython 3.11.0rc1, which is guaranteed to be ABI compatible with the final release. (#1226)
+- ⚠️ Removed support for running cibuildwheel in Python 3.6. Python 3.6 is EOL. However, cibuildwheel continues to build CPython 3.6 wheels for the moment. (#1175)
+- ✨ Improved error messages when misspelling TOML options, suggesting close matches (#1205)
+- 🛠 When running on Apple Silicon (so far, an unsupported mode of operation), cibuildwheel no longer builds universal2 wheels by default - just arm64. See [#1204](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/1204) for discussion. We hope to release official support for native builds on Apple Silicon soon! (#1217)
+
+### v2.8.1
+
+_18 July 2022_
+
+- 🐛 Fix a bug when building CPython 3.8 wheels on an Apple Silicon machine where testing would always fail. cibuildwheel will no longer attempt to test the arm64 part of CPython 3.8 wheels because we use the x86_64 installer of CPython 3.8 due to its macOS system version backward-compatibility. See [#1169](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/1169) for more details. (#1171)
+- 🛠 Update the prerelease CPython 3.11 to 3.11.0b4. (#1180)
+- 🛠 The GitHub Action will ensure a compatible version of Python is installed on the runner (#1114)
+- 📚 A few docs improvements
+
+### v2.8.0
+
+_5 July 2022_
+
+- ✨ You can now run cibuildwheel on Podman, as an alternate container engine to Docker (which remains the default). This is useful in environments where a Docker daemon isn't available, for example, it can be run inside a Docker container, or without root access. To use Podman, set the [`CIBW_CONTAINER_ENGINE`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#container-engine) option. (#966)
+- ✨ Adds support for building `py3-none-{platform}` wheels. This works the same as ABI3 - wheels won't be rebuilt, but tests will still be run across all selected versions of Python.
+
+    These wheels contain native extension code, but don't use the Python APIs. Typically, they're bridged to Python using a FFI module like [ctypes](https://docs.python.org/3/library/ctypes.html) or [cffi](https://cffi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/). Because they don't use Python ABI, the wheels are more compatible - they work across many Python versions.
+
+    Check out this [example ctypes project](https://github.com/joerick/python-ctypes-package-sample) to see an example of how it works. (#1151)
+
+- 🛠 cibuildwheel will now error if multiple builds in a single run produce the same wheel filename, as this indicates a misconfiguration. (#1152)
+- 📚 A few docs improvements and updates to keep things up-to-date.
+
+### v2.7.0
+
+_17 June 2022_
+
+- 🌟 Added support for the new `manylinux_2_28` images. These new images are based on AlmaLinux, the community-driven successor to CentOS, unlike manylinux_2_24, which was based on Debian. To build on these images, set your [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_*_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image) option to `manylinux_2_28`. (#1026)
+- 🐛 Fix a bug where tests were not being run on CPython 3.11 (when CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS was set) (#1138)
+- ✨ You can now build Linux wheels on Windows, as long as you have Docker installed and set to 'Linux containers' (#1117)
+- 🐛 Fix a bug on macOS that caused cibuildwheel to crash trying to overwrite a previously-built wheel of the same name. (#1129)
+
 ### v2.6.1
 
 _7 June 2022_
@@ -12,15 +374,15 @@ _7 June 2022_
 
 _25 May 2022_
 
-- 🌟 Added the ability to test building wheels on CPython 3.11! Because CPython 3.11 is in beta, these wheels should not be distributed, because they might not be compatible with the final release, but it's available to build for testing purposes. Use the flag [`--prerelease-pythons` or `CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#prerelease-pythons) to test. This version of cibuildwheel includes CPython 3.11.0b1. (#1109)
-- 📚 Added an interactive diagram showing how cibuildwheel works to the [docs](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/#how-it-works) (#1100)
+- 🌟 Added the ability to test building wheels on CPython 3.11! Because CPython 3.11 is in beta, these wheels should not be distributed, because they might not be compatible with the final release, but it's available to build for testing purposes. Use the flag [`--prerelease-pythons` or `CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#prerelease-pythons) to test. This version of cibuildwheel includes CPython 3.11.0b1. (#1109)
+- 📚 Added an interactive diagram showing how cibuildwheel works to the [docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/#how-it-works) (#1100)
 
 ### v2.5.0
 
 _29 April 2022_
 
-- ✨ Added support for building ABI3 wheels. cibuildwheel will now recognise when an ABI3 wheel was produced, and skip subsequent build steps where the previously built wheel is compatible. Tests still will run on all selected versions of Python, using the ABI3 wheel. Check [this entry](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#abi3) in the docs for more info. (#1091)
-- ✨ You can now build wheels directly from sdist archives, in addition to source directories. Just call cibuildwheel with an sdist argument on the command line, like `cibuildwheel mypackage-1.0.0.tar.gz`. For more details, check the [`--help` output](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#command-line) (#1096)
+- ✨ Added support for building ABI3 wheels. cibuildwheel will now recognise when an ABI3 wheel was produced, and skip subsequent build steps where the previously built wheel is compatible. Tests still will run on all selected versions of Python, using the ABI3 wheel. Check [this entry](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/faq/#abi3) in the docs for more info. (#1091)
+- ✨ You can now build wheels directly from sdist archives, in addition to source directories. Just call cibuildwheel with an sdist argument on the command line, like `cibuildwheel mypackage-1.0.0.tar.gz`. For more details, check the [`--help` output](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#command-line) (#1096)
 - 🐛 Fix a bug where cibuildwheel would crash when no builds are selected and `--allow-empty` is passed (#1086)
 - 🐛 Workaround a permissions issue on Linux relating to newer versions of git and setuptools_scm (#1095)
 - 📚 Minor docs improvements
@@ -29,7 +391,7 @@ _29 April 2022_
 
 _2 April 2022_
 
-- ✨ cibuildwheel now supports running locally on Windows and macOS (as well as Linux). On macOS, you'll have to install the versions of Pythons that you want to use from Python.org, and cibuildwheel will use them. On Windows, cibuildwheel will install it's own versions of Python. Check out [the documentation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/setup/#local) for instructions. (#974)
+- ✨ cibuildwheel now supports running locally on Windows and macOS (as well as Linux). On macOS, you'll have to install the versions of Pythons that you want to use from Python.org, and cibuildwheel will use them. On Windows, cibuildwheel will install it's own versions of Python. Check out [the documentation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/setup/#local) for instructions. (#974)
 - ✨ Added support for building PyPy 3.9 wheels. (#1031)
 - ✨ Listing at the end of the build now displays the size of each wheel (#975)
 - 🐛 Workaround a connection timeout bug on Travis CI ppc64le runners (#906)
@@ -49,12 +411,12 @@ _14 December 2021_
 
 _26 November 2021_
 
-- 📈 cibuildwheel now defaults to manylinux2014 image for linux builds, rather than manylinux2010. If you want to stick with manylinux2010, it's simple to set this using [the image options](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image). (#926)
-- ✨ You can now pass environment variables from the host machine into the Docker container during a Linux build. Check out [the docs for `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_PASS_LINUX `](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/latest/options/#environment-pass) for the details. (#914)
+- 📈 cibuildwheel now defaults to manylinux2014 image for linux builds, rather than manylinux2010. If you want to stick with manylinux2010, it's simple to set this using [the image options](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image). (#926)
+- ✨ You can now pass environment variables from the host machine into the Docker container during a Linux build. Check out [the docs for `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_PASS_LINUX `](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/options/#environment-pass) for the details. (#914)
 - ✨ Added support for building PyPy 3.8 wheels. (#881)
 - ✨ Added support for building Windows arm64 CPython wheels on a Windows arm64 runner. We can't test this in CI yet, so for now, this is experimental. (#920)
 - 📚 Improved the deployment documentation (#911)
-- 🛠 Changed the escaping behaviour inside cibuildwheel's  option placeholders e.g. `{project}` in `before_build` or `{dest_dir}` in `repair_wheel_command`. This allows bash syntax like `${SOME_VAR}` to passthrough without being interpreted as a placeholder by cibuildwheel. See [this section](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#placeholders) in the docs for more info. (#889)
+- 🛠 Changed the escaping behaviour inside cibuildwheel's  option placeholders e.g. `{project}` in `before_build` or `{dest_dir}` in `repair_wheel_command`. This allows bash syntax like `${SOME_VAR}` to passthrough without being interpreted as a placeholder by cibuildwheel. See [this section](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#placeholders) in the docs for more info. (#889)
 - 🛠 Pip updated to 21.3, meaning it now defaults to in-tree builds again. If this causes an issue with your project, setting environment variable `PIP_USE_DEPRECATED=out-of-tree-build` is available as a temporary flag to restore the old behaviour. However, be aware that this flag will probably be removed soon. (#881)
 - 🐛 You can now access the current Python interpreter using `python3` within a build on Windows (#917)
 
@@ -77,15 +439,15 @@ _22 October 2021_
 
 - 🌟 Added support for [musllinux](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0656/). Support for this new wheel format lets projects build wheels for Linux distributions that use [musl libc](https://musl.libc.org/), notably, [Alpine](https://alpinelinux.org/) Docker containers. (#768)
 
-  Musllinux builds are enabled by default. If you're not ready to build musllinux, add `*-musllinux_*` to your [`CIBW_SKIP`/`skip`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#build-skip) option. Or, you might have to make some changes to your options - to simplify that process, you can use...
+  Musllinux builds are enabled by default. If you're not ready to build musllinux, add `*-musllinux_*` to your [`CIBW_SKIP`/`skip`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-skip) option. Or, you might have to make some changes to your options - to simplify that process, you can use...
 
 - 🌟 TOML option overrides! This provides much greater flexibility in configuration via pyproject.toml. (#854)
 
-  You can now set build options for any subset of your builds using a match pattern. So, for example, you can customise CPython 3.8 builds with an override on `cp38-*` or musllinux builds by selecting `*musllinux*`. Check out [the docs](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/latest/options/#overrides) for more info on the specifics.
+  You can now set build options for any subset of your builds using a match pattern. So, for example, you can customise CPython 3.8 builds with an override on `cp38-*` or musllinux builds by selecting `*musllinux*`. Check out [the docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/options/#overrides) for more info on the specifics.
 
 - 🛠 Added support for building PyPy wheels on macOS 11 CI runners. (#875)
 
-- 🛠 Setting an empty string for the [`CIBW_*_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image) option will now fallthrough to the config file or cibuildwheel's default, rather than causing an error. This makes the option easier to use in CI build matricies. (#829)
+- 🛠 Setting an empty string for the [`CIBW_*_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image) option will now fallthrough to the config file or cibuildwheel's default, rather than causing an error. This makes the option easier to use in CI build matrices. (#829)
 
 - 🛠 Support for TOML 1.0 when reading config files, via the `tomli` package. (#876)
 
@@ -124,9 +486,9 @@ _25 July 2021_
 
 _16 July 2021_
 
-- 🌟 You can now configure cibuildwheel options inside your project's `pyproject.toml`! Environment variables still work of course. Check out the [documentation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#setting-options) for more info.
-- 🌟 Added support for building wheels with [build](https://github.com/pypa/build), as well as pip. This feature is controlled with the [`CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#build-frontend) option.
-- 🌟 Added the ability to test building wheels on CPython 3.10! Because CPython 3.10 is in beta, these wheels should not be distributed, because they might not be compatible with the final release, but it's available to build for testing purposes. Use the flag [`--prerelease-pythons` or `CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#prerelease-pythons) to test. (#675) This version of cibuildwheel includes CPython 3.10.0b4.
+- 🌟 You can now configure cibuildwheel options inside your project's `pyproject.toml`! Environment variables still work of course. Check out the [documentation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#setting-options) for more info.
+- 🌟 Added support for building wheels with [build](https://github.com/pypa/build), as well as pip. This feature is controlled with the [`CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-frontend) option.
+- 🌟 Added the ability to test building wheels on CPython 3.10! Because CPython 3.10 is in beta, these wheels should not be distributed, because they might not be compatible with the final release, but it's available to build for testing purposes. Use the flag [`--prerelease-pythons` or `CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#prerelease-pythons) to test. (#675) This version of cibuildwheel includes CPython 3.10.0b4.
 - ⚠️ **Removed support for building Python 2.7 and Python 3.5 wheels**, for both CPython and PyPy. If you still need to build on these versions, please use the latest v1.x version. (#596)
 - ✨ Added the ability to build CPython 3.8 wheels for Apple Silicon. (#704)
 - 🛠 Update to the latest build dependencies, including Auditwheel 4. (#633)
@@ -153,7 +515,7 @@ _1 May 2021_
 
 - 📚 Lots of docs improvements! (#650, #623, #616, #609, #606)
 - 🐛 Fix nuget "Package is not found" error on Windows. (#653)
-- ⚠️ cibuildwheel will no longer build Windows 2.7 wheels, unless you specify a custom toolchain using `DISTUTILS_USE_SDK=1` and `MSSdk=1`. This is because Microsoft have stopped distributing Visual C++ Compiler for Python 2.7. See [this FAQ entry](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#windows-and-python-27) for more details. (#649)
+- ⚠️ cibuildwheel will no longer build Windows 2.7 wheels, unless you specify a custom toolchain using `DISTUTILS_USE_SDK=1` and `MSSdk=1`. This is because Microsoft have stopped distributing Visual C++ Compiler for Python 2.7. See [this FAQ entry](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/faq/#windows-and-python-27) for more details. (#649)
 - 🐛 Fix crash on Windows due to missing `which` command (#641).
 
 ### v1.10.0
@@ -161,7 +523,7 @@ _1 May 2021_
 _22 Feb 2021_
 
 - ✨ Added `manylinux_2_24` support. To use these new Debian-based manylinux
-  images, set your [manylinux image](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image)
+  images, set your [manylinux image](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image)
   options to `manylinux_2_24`.
 - 🛠 On macOS, we now set `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` in before running
   `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`. This is useful when using `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL` to build a
@@ -178,10 +540,10 @@ _5 February 2021_
 - 🌟 Added support for Apple Silicon wheels on macOS! You can now
   cross-compile `universal2` and `arm64` wheels on your existing macOS Intel
   runners, by setting
-  [CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#archs).
+  [CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#archs).
   Xcode 12.2 or later is required, but you don't need macOS 11.0 - you can
   still build on macOS 10.15. See
-  [this FAQ entry](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#apple-silicon)
+  [this FAQ entry](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/faq/#apple-silicon)
   for more information. (#484)
 - 🌟 Added auto-detection of your package's Python compatibility, via declared
    [`requires-python`](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0621/#requires-python)
@@ -191,7 +553,7 @@ _5 February 2021_
   will automatically skip builds on versions of Python that your package
   doesn't support. Hopefully this makes the first-run experience of
   cibuildwheel a bit easier. If you need to override this for any reason,
-  look at [`CIBW_PROJECT_REQUIRES_PYTHON`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#requires-python).
+  look at [`CIBW_PROJECT_REQUIRES_PYTHON`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#requires-python).
   (#536)
 - 🌟 cibuildwheel can now be invoked as a native GitHub Action! You can now
   invoke cibuildwheel in a GHA build step like:
@@ -206,10 +568,10 @@ _5 February 2021_
   ```
 
   This saves a bit of boilerplate, and you can [use Dependabot to keep the
-  pinned version up-to-date](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#automatic-updates).
+  pinned version up-to-date](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/faq/#automatic-updates).
 
 - ✨ Added `auto64` and `auto32` shortcuts to the
-  [CIBW_ARCHS](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#archs)
+  [CIBW_ARCHS](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#archs)
   option. (#553)
 - ✨ cibuildwheel now prints a list of the wheels built at the end of each
   run. (#570)
@@ -222,9 +584,9 @@ _22 January 2021_
 - 🌟 Added support for emulated builds! You can now build manylinux wheels on
   ARM64`aarch64`, as well as `ppc64le` and 's390x'. To build under emulation,
   register QEMU via binfmt_misc and set the
-  [`CIBW_ARCHS_LINUX`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#archs)
+  [`CIBW_ARCHS_LINUX`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#archs)
   option to the architectures you want to run. See
-  [this FAQ entry](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#emulation)
+  [this FAQ entry](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/faq/#emulation)
   for more information. (#482)
 - ✨ Added `CIBW_TEST_SKIP` option. This allows you to choose certain builds
   whose tests you'd like to skip. This might be useful when running a slow
@@ -250,7 +612,7 @@ _1 January 2021_
   in a virtualenv. (#502)
 - 🛠 Some preparatory work towards using cibuildwheel as a GitHub Action.
   Check out
-  [the FAQ](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#option-1-github-action)
+  [the FAQ](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/faq/#option-1-github-action)
   for information on how to use it. We'll be fully updating the docs to this
   approach in a subsequent release (#494)
 
@@ -372,7 +734,7 @@ _25 June 2020_
 
 _24 June 2020_
 
-- 🌟 Add [`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#before-all)
+- 🌟 Add [`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#before-all)
   option, which lets you run a command on the build machine before any wheels
   are built. This is especially useful when building on Linux, to `make`
   something external to Python, or to `yum install` a dependency. (#342)
@@ -415,15 +777,15 @@ _2 May 2020_
   environment on macOS and Windows, where the version of Xcode and Visual
   Studio can still effect things.
 
-  This can be controlled using the [CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#dependency-versions)
-  and [manylinux image](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image)
+  This can be controlled using the [CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#dependency-versions)
+  and [manylinux image](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image)
   options - if you always want to use the latest toolchain, you can still do
   that, or you can specify your own pip constraints file and manylinux image.
   (#256)
 
 - ✨ Added `package_dir` command line option, meaning we now support building
   a package that lives in a subdirectory and pulls in files from the wider
-  project. See [the `package_dir` option help](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#command-line-options)
+  project. See [the `package_dir` option help](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#command-line-options)
   for more information.
 
   Note that this change makes the working directory (where you call
@@ -441,7 +803,7 @@ _2 May 2020_
 _12 March 2020_
 
 - 🌟 Add support for building on GitHub Actions! Check out the
-  [docs](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/setup/#github-actions)
+  [docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/setup/#github-actions)
   for information on how to set it up. (#194)
 - ✨ Add the `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST` option, which lets you run a command to
   prepare the environment before your tests are run. (#242)
@@ -491,9 +853,9 @@ _10 November 2019_
   build using the manylinux2010 images by default. If your project is still
   manylinux1 compatible, you should get both manylinux1 and manylinux2010
   wheels - you can upload both to PyPI. If you always require manylinux1 wheels, you can
-  build using the old manylinux1 image using the [manylinux image](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image) option.
+  build using the old manylinux1 image using the [manylinux image](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image) option.
   (#155)
-- 📚 Documentation is now on its [own mini-site](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io),
+- 📚 Documentation is now on its [own mini-site](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io),
    rather than on the README (#169)
 - ✨ Add support for building Windows wheels on Travis CI. (#160)
 - 🛠 If you set `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND`, your tests now run in a virtualenv. (#164)
@@ -674,6 +1036,18 @@ _31 March 2017_
 
 - 🌟 First public release!
 
+<style>
+
+/* improve list formatting to help separate items */
+
+.rst-content li {
+  margin-bottom: 12px;
+}
+.rst-content .section ol li>p:only-child, .rst-content .section ol li>p:only-child:last-child, .rst-content .section ul li>p:only-child, .rst-content .section ul li>p:only-child:last-child, .rst-content .toctree-wrapper ol li>p:only-child, .rst-content .toctree-wrapper ol li>p:only-child:last-child, .rst-content .toctree-wrapper ul li>p:only-child, .rst-content .toctree-wrapper ul li>p:only-child:last-child, .rst-content section ol li>p:only-child, .rst-content section ol li>p:only-child:last-child, .rst-content section ul li>p:only-child, .rst-content section ul li>p:only-child:last-child {
+  margin-bottom: 12px
+}
+</style>
+
 <script>
   // undo the scrollTop that the theme did on this page, as there are loads
   // of toc entries and it's disorientating.

docs/contributing.md

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 title: Contributing
 ---
 
+# Contributing
+
 Wheel-building can be pretty complex. We expect users to find edge-cases - please help the rest of the community out by documenting these, adding features to support them, and reporting bugs.
 
 If you have an idea for a modification or feature, it's probably best to raise an issue first and discuss it with the maintainer team. Once we have rough consensus on a design, begin work in a PR.
@@ -10,8 +12,7 @@ If you have an idea for a modification or feature, it's probably best to raise a
 
 Everyone contributing to the cibuildwheel project is expected to follow the [PSF Code of Conduct](https://github.com/pypa/.github/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md).
 
-Design Goals
-------------
+## Design Goals
 
 - `cibuildwheel` should wrap the complexity of wheel building.
 - The user interface to `cibuildwheel` is the build script (e.g. `.travis.yml`). Feature additions should not increase the complexity of this script.
@@ -31,22 +32,85 @@ We're not responsible for errors in those tools, for fixing errors/crashes there
 
 So, if we can, I'd like to improve the experience on errors as well. In [this](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/139) case, it takes a bit of knowledge to understand that the Linux builds are happening in a different OS via Docker, that the linked symbols won't match, that auditwheel will fail because of this. A problem with how the tools fit together, instead of the tools themselves.
 
-Maintainer notes
-----------------
+## Development
 
-### Nox support
+### Running the tests
+
+When making a change to the codebase, you can run tests locally for quicker feedback than the CI runs on a PR. You can [run them directly](#making-a-venv), but the easiest way to run tests is using [nox](https://nox.thea.codes/).
+
+You can run all the tests locally by doing:
+
+```bash
+nox -s tests
+```
+
+However, because this takes a while, you might prefer to be more specific.
+
+#### Unit tests
+
+To run the project's unit tests, do:
+
+```bash
+nox -s tests -- unit_test
+```
+
+There are a few custom options to enable different parts of the test suite - check `nox -s tests -- unit_test --help` for details.
+
+If you're calling this a lot, you might consider using the `-r` or `-R` arguments to nox to make it a bit faster. This calls pytest under the hood, so to target a specific test, use pytest's `-k` option after the `--` above to select a specific test.
+
+#### Integration tests
+
+To run the project's integration tests, do:
+
+```bash
+nox -s tests -- test
+```
+
+The integration test suite is big - it can take more than 30 minutes to run the whole thing.
+
+Because it takes such a long time, normally you'd choose specific tests to run locally, and rely on the project's CI for the rest. Use pytest's `-k` option to choose specific tests. You can pass a test name or a filename, it'll run everything that matches.
+
+```bash
+nox -s tests -- test -k <test_name_or_filename>
+# e.g.
+nox -s tests -- test -k before_build
+```
+
+A few notes-
+
+- Because they run inside a container, Linux tests can run on all platforms where Docker is installed, so they're convenient for running integration tests locally. Set CIBW_PLATFORM to do this: `CIBW_PLATFORM=linux nox -s tests -- test`.
+
+- Running the macOS integration tests requires _system installs_ of Python from python.org for all the versions that are tested. We won't attempt to install these when running locally, but you can do so manually using the URL in the error message that is printed when the install is not found.
+
+#### Making a venv
+
+More advanced users might prefer to invoke pytest directly-
+
+```bash
+python3 -m venv .venv
+source .venv/bin/activate
+pip install -e .[dev]
+# run the unit tests
+pytest unit_test
+# run the whole integration test suite
+pytest test
+# run a specific integration test
+pytest test -k test_build_frontend_args
+# run a specific integration test on a different platform
+CIBW_PLATFORM=linux pytest test -k test_build_frontend_args
+```
+
+### Linting, docs
 
 Most developer tasks have a nox interface. This allows you to very simply run tasks without worrying about setting up a development environment (as shown below). This is a slower than setting up a development environment and reusing it, but has the (important) benefit of being highly reproducible; an earlier run does not affect a current run, or anything else on your machine.
 
-Install [nox](https://nox.thea.codes); homebrew is recommend on macOS, otherwise, pipx is a great choice - in fact, you can use `pipx run nox` and avoid installing completely.
-
 You can see a list of sessions by typing `nox -l`; here are a few common ones:
 
 ```console
-nox -s lint          # Run the linters (default)
-nox -s tests         # Run the tests   (default)
-nox -s docs -- serve # Build and serve the documentation
-nox -s build         # Make SDist and wheel
+nox -s lint                    # Run the linters (default)
+nox -s tests [-- PYTEST-ARGS]  # Run the tests   (default)
+nox -s docs                    # Build and serve the documentation
+nox -s build                   # Make SDist and wheel
 ```
 
 More advanced users can run the update scripts. `update_pins` should work directly, but `update_constraints` needs all versions of Python installed. If you don't want to do that locally, a fast way to run it to use docker to run nox:
@@ -55,17 +119,7 @@ More advanced users can run the update scripts. `update_pins` should work direct
 docker run --rm -itv $PWD:/src -w /src quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64:latest pipx run nox -s update_constraints
 ```
 
-### Local testing
-
-You should run:
-
-```console
-python3 -m venv venv
-. venv/bin/activate
-pip install -e .[dev]
-```
-
-To prepare a development environment.
+## Maintainer notes
 
 ### Testing sample configs
 
@@ -94,7 +148,6 @@ This has been moved to using docker, so you only need the following instructions
 The dependency update script in the next section requires multiple python versions installed. One way to do this is to use `pyenv`:
 
 ```bash
-pyenv install 3.6.11
 pyenv install 3.7.8
 # Optionally add 3.8 and make it the local version;
 # otherwise assuming 3.8+ already is your current python version
@@ -103,7 +156,6 @@ pyenv install 3.7.8
 Then, you need to make the required virtual environments:
 
 ```bash
-$(pyenv prefix 3.6.11)/bin/python -m venv env36
 $(pyenv prefix 3.7.8)/bin/python -m venv env37
 ```
 
@@ -125,7 +177,7 @@ Then, increment the project version number using:
 bin/bump_version.py
 ```
 
-You'll be prompted to enter the new version number. Update the changelog when prompted. The script will create a 'bump version' commit and version tag.
+(or `nox -s bump_version`) You'll be prompted to enter the new version number. Update the changelog when prompted. The script will create a 'bump version' commit and version tag.
 
 Finally, cut the release and push to GitHub.
 
@@ -134,3 +186,5 @@ git push && git push --tags
 ```
 
 Then head to https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/releases and create a GitHub release from the new tag, pasting in the changelog entry. Once the release is created inside GitHub, a CI job will create the assets and upload them to PyPI.
+
+If there were any schema updates, run `pipx run ./bin/generate_schema.py --schemastore > partial-cibuildwheel.json` and contribute the changes to SchemaStore.

docs/cpp_standards.md

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 title: Modern C++ standards
 ---
 
+# Modern C++ standards
+
 Building Python wheels with modern C++ standards (C++11 and later) requires a few tricks.
 
 

docs/data/projects.schema.json

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
+  "$id": "https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/cibuildwheel/docs/data/projects.schema.json",
+  "type": "array",
+  "description": "The projects file for cibuildwheel",
+  "items": {
+    "type": "object",
+    "additionalProperties": false,
+    "properties": {
+      "name": { "type": "string" },
+      "gh": { "type": "string", "pattern": "[^/]*/[^/]*" },
+      "stars": { "$ref": "#/items/properties/gh" },
+      "pypi": { "type": "string" },
+      "notes": { "type": "string" },
+      "ci": {
+        "type": "array",
+        "items": {
+          "enum": [
+            "github",
+            "travisci",
+            "appveyor",
+            "circleci",
+            "gitlab",
+            "cirrusci",
+            "azurepipelines"
+          ]
+        }
+      },
+      "ci_config": { "type": "string" },
+      "os": {
+        "type": "array",
+        "items": { "enum": ["windows", "apple", "linux"] }
+      }
+    },
+    "required": ["name", "gh", "ci", "os"]
+  }
+}

docs/data/projects.yml

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 # stars: GitHub repo (optional, if different from package, such as for Twisted)
 # pypi: The pypi name, if different from the GitHub package name
 # os: Operating system list, [windows, apple, linux] (optional)
-# ci: [appveyor, github, azurepipelines, circleci, gitlab, travisci] (optional)
+# ci: [appveyor, github, azurepipelines, circleci, gitlab, travisci, cirrusci] (optional)
 # notes: (text, optional)
 
 - name: abess
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
   notes: A simple C extension, without external dependencies
 
 - name: websockets
-  gh: aaugustin/websockets
+  gh: python-websockets/websockets
   ci: [travisci]
   ci_config: .travis.yml
   os: [apple, linux]
@@ -172,11 +172,13 @@
 
 - name: pyzmq
   gh: zeromq/pyzmq
-  ci: [github]
+  ci: [github, circleci]
   os: [windows, apple, linux]
   ci_config: .github/workflows/wheels.yml
   notes: |
-    Python bindings for zeromq, the networking library. Uses Cython and CFFI.
+    Python bindings for zeromq, the networking library.
+    Uses Cython on CPython and CFFI on PyPy.
+    ARM wheels for linux are built natively on CircleCI.
 
 - name: python-rapidjson
   gh: python-rapidjson/python-rapidjson
@@ -204,6 +206,12 @@
   ci: [github]
   os: [windows, apple, linux]
 
+- name: pybind11 cross build example
+  gh: wbarnha/pybind_cmake_example_crossbuild
+  ci: [github, gitlab]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  notes: Same as pybind11 cmake_example but used to demo Linux ARM + Windows + macOS builds on GitLab
+
 - name: iminuit
   gh: scikit-hep/iminuit
   ci: [github]
@@ -317,12 +325,12 @@
   notes: Full range of wheels for setuptools rust, with auto release and PyPI deploy.
 
 - name: python-snappy
-  gh: andrix/python-snappy
+  gh: intake/python-snappy
   ci: [github]
   os: [apple, linux, windows]
 
 - name: sourmash
-  gh: dib-lab/sourmash
+  gh: sourmash-bio/sourmash
   ci: [github]
   os: [apple, linux, windows]
 
@@ -393,9 +401,9 @@
 - name: pillow-heif
   gh: bigcat88/pillow_heif
   pypi: pillow-heif
-  ci: [github]
-  os: [apple, linux]
-  notes: Python CFFI binding to libheif library with third party dependencies like `libde265`, `x265`, `libaom` with test & publishing on PyPi.
+  ci: [github, cirrusci]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+  notes: Bindings to libheif library with third party dependencies. Fully automated CI for tests and publishing including Apple Silicon builds.
 
 - name: clang-format
   gh: ssciwr/clang-format-wheel
@@ -405,11 +413,12 @@
 
 - name: Tornado
   gh: tornadoweb/tornado
-  ci: [travisci]
-  os: [apple, linux]
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [linux, apple, windows]
+  notes: Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library. Uses stable ABI for a small C extension.
 
 - name: pytorch-fairseq
-  gh: pytorch/fairseq
+  gh: facebookresearch/fairseq
   ci: [github]
   os: [apple, linux]
 
@@ -423,11 +432,6 @@
   ci: [github]
   os: [apple, linux, windows]
 
-- name: pydantic
-  gh: samuelcolvin/pydantic
-  ci: [github]
-  os: [apple, linux, windows]
-
 - name: vaex
   gh: vaexio/vaex
   ci: [github]
@@ -471,7 +475,7 @@
   os: [apple, linux, windows]
 
 - name: OpenSpiel
-  gh: deepmind/open_spiel
+  gh: google-deepmind/open_spiel
   ci: [github]
   os: [apple, linux]
 
@@ -501,7 +505,7 @@
   os: [apple, linux, windows]
 
 - name: OpenTimelineIO
-  gh: PixarAnimationStudios/OpenTimelineIO
+  gh: AcademySoftwareFoundation/OpenTimelineIO
   ci: [github]
   os: [apple, linux, windows]
 
@@ -580,7 +584,7 @@
   notes: Includes GPU support for linux wheels
 
 - name: power-grid-model
-  gh: alliander-opensource/power-grid-model
+  gh: PowerGridModel/power-grid-model
   ci: [github]
   os: [windows, apple, linux]
   notes: Python/C++ library for distribution power system analysis
@@ -589,3 +593,74 @@
   gh: MarshalX/python-webrtc
   ci: [github]
   os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: cf-units
+  gh: SciTools/cf-units
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+
+- name: envd
+  gh: tensorchord/envd
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+  notes: A machine learning development environment build tool
+
+- name: mosec
+  gh: mosecorg/mosec
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [linux, apple]
+  notes: A machine learning model serving framework powered by Rust
+
+- name: ril
+  gh: Cryptex-github/ril-py
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  pypi: pyril
+  notes: A python binding to Rust Imaging library using maturin and Pyo3, utilizes Github Action cache to improve speed. Builds abi3 wheels.
+
+- name: Picologging
+  gh: microsoft/picologging
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  pypi: picologging
+  notes: A high-performance logging library for Python.
+
+- name: aalink
+  gh: artfwo/aalink
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  pypi: aalink
+  notes: Async Python interface for Ableton Link.
+
+- name: werpy
+  gh: analyticsinmotion/werpy
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, linux, apple]
+  pypi: werpy
+  notes: An ultra-fast python package using optimized dynamic programming to compute the Word Error Rate (WER).
+
+- name: keyvi
+  gh: KeyviDev/keyvi
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [linux, apple]
+  pypi: keyvi
+  notes: FST based key value index highly optimized for size and lookup performance, utilizes ccache action for improved runtime
+
+- name: pedalboard
+  gh: spotify/pedalboard
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, linux, apple]
+  pypi: pedalboard
+  notes: >
+      A Python library for working with audio data and audio plugins
+      by wrapping the [JUCE](https://github.com/juce-framework/JUCE/)
+      C++ framework. Uses cibuildwheel to deploy on as many operating
+      systems and Python versions as possible with only one dependency
+      (any NumPy).
+
+- name: streaming-form-data
+  gh: siddhantgoel/streaming-form-data
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+  pypi: streaming-form-data
+  notes: Streaming parser for multipart/form-data written in Cython

docs/data/readme_icons/cirrusci.svg

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16px" fill="#606060"><title>Cirrus CI icon</title><path d="M19.422.453a1.113 1.113 0 0 0-1.113 1.115 1.113 1.113 0 0 0 1.112 1.114c1.31 0 2.35 1.042 2.35 2.363 0 1.32-1.04 2.363-2.35 2.363H1.112A1.113 1.113 0 0 0 0 8.52a1.113 1.113 0 0 0 1.113 1.117h18.31c1.308 0 2.35 1.042 2.35 2.363 0 1.32-1.042 2.363-2.35 2.363H1.112A1.113 1.113 0 0 0 0 15.48a1.113 1.113 0 0 0 1.113 1.112h18.31c1.308 0 2.35 1.042 2.35 2.363 0 1.32-1.042 2.363-2.35 2.363H1.112A1.113 1.113 0 0 0 0 22.432a1.113 1.113 0 0 0 1.113 1.115h18.31a1.113 1.113 0 0 0 .206-.022c2.42-.112 4.37-2.12 4.37-4.57 0-1.393-.642-2.634-1.63-3.478C23.356 14.632 24 13.393 24 12c0-1.393-.643-2.632-1.63-3.477C23.357 7.68 24 6.438 24 5.045c0-2.52-2.06-4.592-4.578-4.592z"/></svg>

docs/deliver-to-pypi.md

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 title: Delivering to PyPI
 ---
 
+# Delivering to PyPI
+
 After you've built your wheels, you'll probably want to deliver them to PyPI.
 
 ## Manual method
@@ -20,7 +22,7 @@ pipx run build --sdist
 # provider can be configured to store them for you. Put them all into the
 # 'dist' folder.
 
-# Upload using 'twine' (you may need to 'pip install twine')
+# Upload using 'twine'
 pipx run twine upload dist/*
 ```
 
@@ -46,7 +48,7 @@ well as several useful actions. Alongside your existing job(s) that runs cibuild
     name: Make SDist
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       with:
         fetch-depth: 0  # Optional, use if you use setuptools_scm
         submodules: true  # Optional, use if you have submodules
@@ -54,33 +56,35 @@ well as several useful actions. Alongside your existing job(s) that runs cibuild
     - name: Build SDist
       run: pipx run build --sdist
 
-    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
       with:
+        name: cibw-sdist
         path: dist/*.tar.gz
 ```
 
-Then, you need to publish the artifacts that the previous jobs have built. This final job should run only on release or tag, depending on your preference. It gathers the artifacts from the sdist and wheel jobs and uploads them to PyPI.
+Then, you need to publish the artifacts that the previous jobs have built. This final job should run only on release or tag, depending on your preference. It gathers the artifacts from the sdist and wheel jobs and uploads them to PyPI. The release environment (`pypi` in the example below) will be created the first time this workflow runs.
 
-This requires a [PyPI upload token](https://pypi.org/manage/account/token/), stored in your [GitHub repo's secrets](https://docs.github.com/en/actions/security-guides/encrypted-secrets#creating-encrypted-secrets-for-a-repository) as `pypi_password`.
+This requires setting this GitHub workflow in your project's PyPI settings (for a [new project](https://docs.pypi.org/trusted-publishers/creating-a-project-through-oidc)/[existing project](https://docs.pypi.org/trusted-publishers/adding-a-publisher)).
 
 ```yaml
   upload_all:
     needs: [build_wheels, make_sdist]
+    environment: pypi
+    permissions:
+      id-token: write
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     if: github.event_name == 'release' && github.event.action == 'published'
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v2
+    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
       with:
-        name: artifact
+        pattern: cibw-*
         path: dist
+        merge-multiple: true
 
-    - uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@v1.4.2
-      with:
-        user: __token__
-        password: ${{ secrets.pypi_password }}
+    - uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@release/v1
 ```
 
-You should use dependabot to keep the publish action up to date. In the above
+You should use Dependabot to keep the publish action up to date. In the above
 example, the same name (the default, "artifact" is used for all upload-artifact
 runs, so we can just download all of the in one step into a common directory.
 

docs/diagram.html

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
     <!-- the docker container outline -->
     <div class="grid-outline docker">
       <div class="outline">
-        Manylinux Docker container
+        Manylinux container
       </div>
     </div>
     <!-- the venv outlines -->
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
     </div>
     <div class="grid-column-label"
          style="grid-row: 2 / span 1;
-                grid-column: 8 / -3;
+                grid-column: 9 / -3;
                 margin-bottom: 0.5em;">
       <div class="label">If tests are configured</div>
     </div>
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@
     steps: [
       [
         {
-          label: 'copy project into docker',
+          label: 'copy project into container',
           platforms: ['linux'],
           style: 'block',
           width: 2,
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@
       ],
       [
         {
-          label: 'Copy wheels out of Docker',
+          label: 'Copy wheels out of container',
           platforms: ['linux'],
           style: 'block',
           width: 2,
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@
   }
   .grid-column-label .label {
     background: #fcfcfc;
-    padding: 0 2em;
+    padding: 0 1em;
     position: relative;
   }
   .grid-row-label {
@@ -420,7 +420,7 @@
     grid-column: 3 / -2;
   }
   .grid-outline.testVenv {
-    grid-column: 8 / span 4;
+    grid-column: 9 / span 3;
   }
   .grid-outline .outline {
     position: absolute;

docs/extra.css

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 body {
     overflow-wrap: break-word;
     overflow-x: hidden;
+    -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
 }
 
 p {
@@ -62,6 +63,13 @@ h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
   border: none;
 }
 
+@media screen and (max-width: 768px) {
+  .wy-nav-content-wrap .wy-nav-content {
+      padding: 1em;
+  }
+}
+
+
 /*
     Code block filename style
 
@@ -105,10 +113,10 @@ h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
 .code-block-filename + pre code {
     padding-top: 0.9em;
 }
-
+/*
 .toctree-l3 {
   border-left: 10px solid transparent;
-}
+} */
 
 /* import font awesome 4 for icons */
 @import url(https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css);
@@ -226,3 +234,90 @@ h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
   padding-right: 0;
   margin-bottom: 0.5em;
 }
+
+/* mkdocs update theme fix-ups */
+
+.rst-content code, .rst-content tt, code {
+  /* border: none; */
+  /* background-color: #f0f1f1; */
+  color: inherit;
+}
+.rst-content pre code {
+  border: none;
+}
+
+.rst-content h1 code,
+.rst-content h2 code,
+.rst-content h3 code,
+.rst-content h4 code,
+.rst-content h5 code,
+.rst-content h6 code {
+  border: none;
+  color: inherit;
+  background-color: #f0f1f1;
+  font-size: 80%;
+}
+
+
+/* expand all the toctree entries */
+.wy-menu-vertical .toctree-l1.current .toctree-l2>ul,
+.wy-menu-vertical .toctree-l2.current .toctree-l3>ul,
+.wy-menu-vertical .toctree-l3.current .toctree-l4>ul,
+.wy-menu-vertical .toctree-l4.current .toctree-l5>ul,
+.wy-menu-vertical .toctree-l5.current .toctree-l6>ul,
+.wy-menu-vertical .toctree-l6.current .toctree-l7>ul,
+.wy-menu-vertical .toctree-l7.current .toctree-l8>ul,
+.wy-menu-vertical .toctree-l8.current .toctree-l9>ul,
+.wy-menu-vertical .toctree-l9.current .toctree-l10>ul,
+.wy-menu-vertical .toctree-l10.current .toctree-l11>ul {
+  display: block;
+}
+
+/* hide all the buttons */
+.wy-menu-vertical li.current>a button.toctree-expand,
+.wy-menu-vertical li.on a button.toctree-expand,
+.wy-menu-vertical li.toctree-l2 button.toctree-expand,
+.wy-menu-vertical li a button.toctree-expand {
+  display: none;
+}
+
+/* toctree layout improvements */
+.wy-menu-vertical a {
+  padding: 0.4em 1.2em;
+}
+.wy-menu-vertical li.current>a,
+.wy-menu-vertical li.on a {
+  font-weight: normal;
+  padding: 0.4em 1.2em;
+  /* border-right: 1px solid #f0f0f0; */
+}
+.wy-menu-vertical li.current a {
+  padding: 0.4em 1.2em;
+}
+.wy-menu-vertical li.toctree-l3 a,
+.wy-menu-vertical li.toctree-l2.current li.toctree-l3>a {
+  padding-left: 1.8em;
+}
+.wy-menu-vertical li.toctree-l2.current>a {
+  padding: 0.4em 1.2em;
+}
+.wy-menu-vertical li.toctree-l2.current>a,
+.wy-menu-vertical li.toctree-l2.current li.toctree-l3>a {
+  background: transparent;
+}
+.wy-menu-vertical li.toctree-l2.current>a:hover,
+.wy-menu-vertical li.toctree-l2.current li.toctree-l3>a:hover {
+  background: #d6d6d6;
+}
+.wy-menu-vertical li.current>a.current {
+  background: #fafafa !important;
+}
+.wy-menu-vertical li.current a {
+
+}
+
+/* word wrap in table cells */
+.wy-table-responsive table td, .wy-table-responsive table th {
+  white-space: normal;
+  line-height: 1.4;
+}

docs/faq.md

@@ -2,25 +2,31 @@
 title: Tips and tricks
 ---
 
+# Tips and tricks
+
 ## Tips
 
-### Linux builds on Docker
+### Linux builds in containers
 
-Linux wheels are built in the [`manylinux`/`musllinux` docker images](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux) to provide binary compatible wheels on Linux, according to [PEP 600](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0600/) / [PEP 656](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0656/). Because of this, when building with `cibuildwheel` on Linux, a few things should be taken into account:
+Linux wheels are built in [`manylinux`/`musllinux` containers](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux) to provide binary compatible wheels on Linux, according to [PEP 600](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0600/) / [PEP 656](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0656/). Because of this, when building with `cibuildwheel` on Linux, a few things should be taken into account:
 
--   Programs and libraries are not installed on the CI runner host, but rather should be installed inside of the Docker image - using `yum` for `manylinux2010` or `manylinux2014`, `apt-get` for `manylinux_2_24` and `apk` for `musllinux_1_1`, or manually. The same goes for environment variables that are potentially needed to customize the wheel building.
+-   Programs and libraries are not installed on the CI runner host, but rather should be installed inside the container - using `yum` for `manylinux2010` or `manylinux2014`, `apt-get` for `manylinux_2_24`, `dnf` for `manylinux_2_28` and `apk` for `musllinux_1_1` or `musllinux_1_2`, or manually. The same goes for environment variables that are potentially needed to customize the wheel building.
 
-    `cibuildwheel` supports this by providing the [`CIBW_ENVIRONMENT`](options.md#environment) and [`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`](options.md#before-all) options to setup the build environment inside the running Docker image.
+    `cibuildwheel` supports this by providing the [`CIBW_ENVIRONMENT`](options.md#environment) and [`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`](options.md#before-all) options to setup the build environment inside the running container.
 
--   The project directory is mounted in the running Docker instance as `/project`, the output directory for the wheels as `/output`. In general, this is handled transparently by `cibuildwheel`. For a more finegrained level of control however, the root of the host file system is mounted as `/host`, allowing for example to access shared files, caches, etc. on the host file system.  Note that `/host` is not available on CircleCI due to their Docker policies.
+-   The project directory is copied into the container as `/project`, the output directory for the wheels to be copied out is `/output`. In general, this is handled transparently by `cibuildwheel`. For a more finegrained level of control however, the root of the host file system is mounted as `/host`, allowing for example to access shared files, caches, etc. on the host file system.  Note that `/host` is not available on CircleCI and GitLab CI due to their Docker policies.
 
 -   Alternative Docker images can be specified with the `CIBW_MANYLINUX_*_IMAGE`/`CIBW_MUSLLINUX_*_IMAGE` options to allow for a custom, preconfigured build environment for the Linux builds. See [options](options.md#linux-image) for more details.
 
 ### Building macOS wheels for Apple Silicon {: #apple-silicon}
 
-`cibuildwheel` supports cross-compiling `universal2` and `arm64` wheels on `x86_64` runners. With the introduction of Apple Silicon, you now have several choices for wheels for Python 3.8+:
+`cibuildwheel` supports both native builds and cross-compiling between `arm64` (Apple Silicon) and `x86_64` (Intel) architectures, including the cross-compatible `universal2` format.
 
-#### `x86_64`
+#### Overview of Mac architectures
+
+You have several choices for wheels for Python 3.8+:
+
+##### `x86_64`
 
 The traditional wheel for Apple, loads on Intel machines, and on
 Apple Silicon when running Python under Rosetta 2 emulation.
@@ -28,61 +34,61 @@ Apple Silicon when running Python under Rosetta 2 emulation.
 Due to a change in naming, Pip 20.3+ (or an installer using packaging 20.5+)
 is required to install a binary wheel on macOS Big Sur.
 
-#### `arm64`
+##### `arm64`
 
 The native wheel for macOS on Apple Silicon.
 
 Requires Pip 20.3+ (or packaging 20.5+) to install.
 
-#### `universal2`
+##### `universal2`
 
 This wheel contains both architectures, causing it to be up to twice the
 size (data files do not get doubled, only compiled code). It requires
 Pip 20.3 (Packaging 20.6+) to load on Intel, and Pip 21.0.1 (Packaging 20.9+)
 to load on Apple Silicon.
 
-!!! note
-    The dual-architecture `universal2` has a few benefits, but a key benefit
-    to a universal wheel is that a user can bundle these wheels into an
-    application and ship a single binary.
+The dual-architecture `universal2` has a few benefits, but a key benefit
+to a universal wheel is that a user can bundle these wheels into an
+application and ship a single binary.
 
-    However, if you have a large library, then you might prefer to ship
-    the two single-arch wheels instead - `x86_64` and `arm64`. In rare cases,
-    you might want to build all three, but in that case, pip will not download
-    the universal wheels, because it prefers the most specific wheel
-    available.
+However, if you have a large library, then you might prefer to ship
+the two single-arch wheels instead - `x86_64` and `arm64`. In rare cases,
+you might want to build all three, but in that case, pip will not download
+the universal wheels, because it prefers the most specific wheel
+available.
+
+#### What to provide?
 
 Generally speaking, because Pip 20.3 is required for the `universal2` wheel,
-most packages should provide both `x86_64` and `universal2` wheels for now.
-Once Pip 20.3+ is common on macOS, then it should be possible to ship only the
-`universal2` wheel.
+most packages should provide both `x86_64` and one of `universal2`/`arm64`
+wheels. When Pip 20.3+ is common on macOS, then it might be possible to ship
+only the `universal2` wheel.
 
-**Apple Silicon wheels are not built by default**, but can be enabled by adding extra archs to the [`CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS` option](options.md#archs) - e.g. `x86_64 arm64 universal2`. Cross-compilation is provided by the Xcode toolchain.
+Opinions vary on which of arch-specific or `universal2` wheels are best - some packagers prefer `universal2` because it's one wheel for all Mac users, so simpler, and easier to build into apps for downstream users. However, because they contain code for both architectures, their file size is larger, meaning they consume more disk space and bandwidth, and are harder to build for some projects.
 
-!!! important
-    When cross-compiling on Intel, it is not possible to test `arm64` and the `arm64` part of a `universal2` wheel.
+See [GitHub issue 1333](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/1333) for more discussion.
 
-    `cibuildwheel` will raise a warning to notify you of this - these warnings be be silenced by skipping testing on these platforms: `CIBW_TEST_SKIP: *_arm64 *_universal2:arm64`.
+#### How?
 
-Hopefully, cross-compilation is a temporary situation. Once we have widely
-available Apple Silicon CI runners, we can build and test `arm64` and
-`universal2` wheels natively. That's why `universal2` wheels are not yet built
-by default, and require opt-in by setting `CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS`.
+It's easiest to build `x86_64` wheels on `x86_64` runners, and `arm64` wheels on `arm64` runners.
+
+On GitHub Actions, `macos-14` runners are `arm64`, and `macos-13` runners are `x86_64`. So all you need to do is ensure both are in your build matrix.
+
+#### Cross-compiling
+
+If your CI provider doesn't offer arm64 runners yet, or you want to create `universal2`, you'll have to cross-compile. Cross-compilation can be enabled by adding extra archs to the [`CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS` option](options.md#archs) - e.g. `CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS="x86_64 universal2"`. Cross-compilation is provided by Xcode toolchain v12.2+.
+
+Regarding testing,
+
+- On an arm64 runner, it is possible to test x86_64 wheels and both parts of a universal2 wheel using Rosetta 2 emulation.
+- On an x86_64 runner, arm64 code can be compiled but it can't be tested. `cibuildwheel` will raise a warning to notify you of this - these warnings can be silenced by skipping testing on these platforms: `CIBW_TEST_SKIP: "*_arm64 *_universal2:arm64"`.
 
 !!! note
-    Your runner needs Xcode Command Line Tools 12.2 or later to build `universal2` or `arm64`.
+    If your project uses **Poetry** as a build backend, cross-compiling on macOS [does not currently work](https://github.com/python-poetry/poetry/issues/7107). In some cases arm64 wheels can be built but their tags will be incorrect, with the platform tag showing `x86_64` instead of `arm64`.
 
-    Only CPython 3.8 and newer support `universal2` and `arm64` wheels.
+    As a workaround, the tag can be fixed before running delocate to repair the wheel. The [`wheel tags`](https://wheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/reference/wheel_tags.html) command is ideal for this. See [this workflow](https://gist.github.com/anderssonjohan/49f07e33fc5cb2420515a8ac76dc0c95#file-build-pendulum-wheels-yml-L39-L53) for an example usage of `wheel tags`.
 
-Here's an example GitHub Actions workflow with a job that builds for Apple Silicon:
-
-> .github/workflows/build_macos.yml
-
-```yml
-{% include "../examples/github-apple-silicon.yml" %}
-```
-
-### Building non-native architectures using emulation  {: #emulation}
+### Building Linux wheels for non-native archs using emulation  {: #emulation}
 
 cibuildwheel supports building non-native architectures on Linux, via
 emulation through the binfmt_misc kernel feature. The easiest way to use this
@@ -109,7 +115,9 @@ The CPython Limited API is a subset of the Python C Extension API that's declare
 
 To create a package that builds ABI3 wheels, you'll need to configure your build backend to compile libraries correctly create wheels with the right tags. [Check this repo](https://github.com/joerick/python-abi3-package-sample) for an example of how to do this with setuptools.
 
-### Building packages with optional C extensions
+You could also consider running [abi3audit](https://github.com/trailofbits/abi3audit) against the produced wheels in order to check for abi3 violations or inconsistencies. You can run it alongside the default in your [CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND](options.md#repair-wheel-command).
+
+### Packages with optional C extensions {: #optional-extensions}
 
 `cibuildwheel` defines the environment variable `CIBUILDWHEEL` to the value `1` allowing projects for which the C extension is optional to make it mandatory when building wheels.
 
@@ -123,17 +131,18 @@ myextension = Extension(
 )
 ```
 
-### Automatic updates {: #automatic-updates}
+### Automatic updates using Dependabot {: #automatic-updates}
 
 Selecting a moving target (like the latest release) is generally a bad idea in CI. If something breaks, you can't tell whether it was your code or an upstream update that caused the breakage, and in a worse-case scenario, it could occur during a release.
-There are two suggested methods for keeping cibuildwheel up to date that instead involve scheduled pull requests using GitHub's dependabot.
+
+There are two suggested methods for keeping cibuildwheel up to date that instead involve scheduled pull requests using GitHub's Dependabot.
 
 #### Option 1: GitHub Action
 
 If you use GitHub Actions for builds, you can use cibuildwheel as an action:
 
 ```yaml
-uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.6.1
+uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.21.1
 ```
 
 This is a composite step that just runs cibuildwheel using pipx. You can set command-line options as `with:` parameters, and use `env:` as normal.
@@ -147,10 +156,6 @@ updates:
     directory: "/"
     schedule:
       interval: "weekly"
-    ignore:
-      # Optional: Official actions have moving tags like v1;
-      # if you use those, you don't need updates.
-      - dependency-name: "actions/*"
 ```
 
 #### Option 2: Requirement files
@@ -159,7 +164,7 @@ The second option, and the only one that supports other CI systems, is using a `
 
 ```bash
 # requirements-cibw.txt
-cibuildwheel==2.6.1
+cibuildwheel==2.21.1
 ```
 
 Then your install step would have `python -m pip install -r requirements-cibw.txt` in it. Your `.github/dependabot.yml` file could look like this:
@@ -194,7 +199,6 @@ to build, your pyproject.toml might include a section like this:
 [build-system]
 requires = [
     "setuptools>=42",
-    "wheel",
     "Cython",
 ]
 
@@ -245,7 +249,7 @@ Consider incorporating these into your package, for example, in `setup.py` using
 
 ### Python 2.7 / PyPy2 wheels
 
-See the [cibuildwheel version 1 docs](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/1.x/) for information about building Python 2.7 or PyPy2 wheels. There are lots of tricks and workaround there that are no longer required for Python 3 in cibuildwheel 2.
+See the [cibuildwheel version 1 docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/1.x/) for information about building Python 2.7 or PyPy2 wheels. There are lots of tricks and workaround there that are no longer required for Python 3 in cibuildwheel 2.
 
 ## Troubleshooting
 
@@ -255,7 +259,49 @@ To quickly test your config without doing a git push and waiting for your code t
 
 ### Missing dependencies
 
-You might need to install something on the build machine. You can do this with apt/yum, brew or choco, using the [`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`](options.md#before-all) option. Or, for a Python dependency, consider [adding it to pyproject.toml](#cibw-options-alternatives-deps).
+Sometimes a build will fail due to a missing dependency.
+
+**If the build is missing a Python package**, you should [add it to pyproject.toml](#cibw-options-alternatives-deps).
+
+**If you need a build tool** (e.g. cmake, automake, ninja), you can install it through a package manager like apt/yum, brew or choco, using the [`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`](options.md#before-all) option.
+
+**If your build is linking into a native library dependency**, you can build/install that in [`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`](options.md#before-all). However, on Linux, Mac (and Windows if you're using [delvewheel]), the library that you install will be bundled into the wheel in the [repair step]. So take care to ensure that
+
+- the bundled library doesn't accidentally increase the minimum system requirements (such as the minimum macOS version)
+- the bundled library matches the architecture of the wheel you're building when cross-compiling
+
+This is particularly an issue on macOS, where de facto package manager Homebrew will install libraries that are compiled for the specific version of macOS that the build machine is running, rendering the wheels useless for any previous version. And brew will not install the right arch for cross compilation of Apple Silicon wheels.
+
+For these reasons, it's strongly recommended to not use brew for native library dependencies. Instead, we recommend compiling the library yourself. If you compile in the [`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`](options.md#before-all) step, cibuildwheel will have already set the appropriate `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` env var, so the library will target the correct version of macOS.
+
+!!! tip
+    For build steps, Homebrew is still a great resource - you can [look up the build formula](https://formulae.brew.sh/) and use that as a starting point.
+
+[delvewheel]: https://github.com/adang1345/delvewheel
+[repair step]: options.md#repair-wheel-command
+[Homebrew]: https://brew.sh/
+[delocate]: https://github.com/matthew-brett/delocate
+
+### Building Rust wheels
+
+If you build Rust wheels, you need to download the Rust compilers in manylinux.
+If you support 32-bit Windows, you need to add this as a potential target. You
+can do this on GitHub Actions, for example, with:
+
+```yaml
+CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_LINUX: curl -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y
+CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_WINDOWS: rustup target add i686-pc-windows-msvc
+CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_LINUX: "PATH=$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
+```
+
+Rust does not provide Cargo for musllinux 32-bit, so that needs to be skipped:
+
+```toml
+[tool.cibuildwheel]
+skip = ["*-musllinux_i686"]
+```
+
+Also see [maturin-action](https://github.com/PyO3/maturin-action) which is optimized for Rust wheels, builds the non-Python Rust modules once, and can cross-compile (and can build 32-bit musl, for example).
 
 ### macOS: ModuleNotFoundError
 
@@ -276,44 +322,79 @@ python3 -m twine upload wheelhouse/*.whl
 
 This doesn't work because while `cibuildwheel` was running, it installed a few new versions of 'python3', so the `python3` run on line 3 isn't the same as the `python3` that ran on line 1.
 
-Solutions to this vary, but the simplest is to install tools immediately before they're used:
+Solutions to this vary, but the simplest is to use pipx:
 
 ```bash
-python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel
-python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
-python3 -m pip install twine
-python3 -m twine upload wheelhouse/*.whl
+# most runners have pipx preinstalled, but in case you don't
+python3 -m pip install pipx
+
+pipx run cibuildwheel==2.21.1 --output-dir wheelhouse
+pipx run twine upload wheelhouse/*.whl
 ```
 
 ### macOS: Passing DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH to delocate
 
 macOS has built-in [System Integrity protections](https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Security/Conceptual/System_Integrity_Protection_Guide/RuntimeProtections/RuntimeProtections.html) which limits the use of `DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH` and `LD_LIBRARY_PATH` so that it does not automatically pass to children processes. This means if you set `DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH` before running cibuildwheel, or even set it in `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT`, it will be stripped out of the environment before delocate is called.
 
-To work around this, use a different environment variable such as `REPAIR_LIBRARY_PATH` to store the library path, and set `DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH` in [`CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_MACOS`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#repair-wheel-command), like this:
+To work around this, use a different environment variable such as `REPAIR_LIBRARY_PATH` to store the library path, and set `DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH` in [`CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_MACOS`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#repair-wheel-command), like this:
 
 !!! tab examples "Environment variables"
 
     ```yaml
     CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_MACOS: >
-        DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=$REPAIR_LIBRARY_PATH delocate-listdeps {wheel} &&
-        DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=$REPAIR_LIBRARY_PATH delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} {wheel}
+        DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=$REPAIR_LIBRARY_PATH delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} -v {wheel}
     ```
 
 !!! tab examples "pyproject.toml"
 
     ```toml
     [tool.cibuildwheel.macos]
-    repair-wheel-command = [
-        "DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=$REPAIR_LIBRARY_PATH delocate-listdeps {wheel}",
-        "DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=$REPAIR_LIBRARY_PATH delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} {wheel}"
-    ]
+    repair-wheel-command = """\
+    DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=$REPAIR_LIBRARY_PATH delocate-wheel \
+    --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} -v {wheel}\
+    """
     ```
 
 See [#816](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/816), thanks to @phoerious for reporting.
 
+### macOS: Building CPython 3.8 wheels on arm64
+
+If you're building on an arm64 runner, you might notice something strange about CPython 3.8 - unlike Python 3.9+, it's cross-compiled to arm64 from an x86_64 version of Python running under Rosetta emulation. This is because (despite the prevalence of arm64 versions of Python 3.8 from Apple and Homebrew) there is no officially supported Python.org installer of Python 3.8 for arm64.
+
+This is fine for simple C extensions, but for more complicated builds on arm64 it becomes an issue.
+
+So, if you want to build macOS arm64 wheels on an arm64 runner (e.g., `macos-14`) on Python 3.8, before invoking cibuildwheel, you should install a native arm64 Python 3.8 interpreter on the runner:
+
+
+!!! tab "GitHub Actions"
+
+    ```yaml
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      with:
+        python-version: 3.8
+      if: runner.os == 'macOS' && runner.arch == 'ARM64'
+    ```
+
+!!! tab "Generic"
+
+    ```bash
+    curl -o /tmp/Python38.pkg https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.10/python-3.8.10-macos11.pkg
+    sudo installer -pkg /tmp/Python38.pkg -target /
+    sh "/Applications/Python 3.8/Install Certificates.command"
+    ```
+
+Then cibuildwheel will detect that it's installed and use it instead. However, you probably don't want to build x86_64 wheels on this Python, unless you're happy with them only supporting macOS 11+.
+
+### macOS: Library dependencies do not satisfy target MacOS
+
+Since delocate 0.11.0 there is added verification that the library binary dependencies match the target macOS version. This is to prevent the situation where a wheel platform tag is lower than the actual minimum macOS version required by the library. To resolve this error you need to build the library to the same macOS version as the target wheel (for example using `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` environment variable).
+Alternatively, you could set `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` in `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT` to correctly label the wheel as incompatible with older macOS versions.
+
+This error may happen when you install a library using a package manager like Homebrew, which compiles the library for the macOS version of the build machine. This is not suitable for wheels, as the library will only work on the same macOS version as the build machine. You should compile the library yourself, or use a precompiled binary that matches the target macOS version.
+
 ### Windows: 'ImportError: DLL load failed: The specific module could not be found'
 
-Visual Studio and MSVC link the compiled binary wheels to the Microsoft Visual C++ Runtime. Normally, these are included with Python, but when compiling with a newer version of Visual Studio, it is possible users will run into problems on systems that do not have these runtime libraries installed. The solution is to ask users to download the corresponding Visual C++ Redistributable from the [Microsoft website](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/2977003/the-latest-supported-visual-c-downloads) and install it. Since a Python installation normally includes these VC++ Redistributable files for [the version of the MSVC compiler used to compile Python](https://wiki.python.org/moin/WindowsCompilers), this is typically only a problem when compiling a Python C extension with a newer compiler.
+Visual Studio and MSVC link the compiled binary wheels to the Microsoft Visual C++ Runtime. Normally, the C parts of the runtime are included with Python, but the C++ components are not. When compiling modules using C++, it is possible users will run into problems on systems that do not have the full set of runtime libraries installed. The solution is to ask users to download the corresponding Visual C++ Redistributable from the [Microsoft website](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/2977003/the-latest-supported-visual-c-downloads) and install it.
 
 Additionally, Visual Studio 2019 started linking to an even newer DLL, `VCRUNTIME140_1.dll`, besides the `VCRUNTIME140.dll` that is included with recent Python versions (starting from Python 3.5; see [here](https://wiki.python.org/moin/WindowsCompilers) for more details on the corresponding Visual Studio & MSVC versions used to compile the different Python versions). To avoid this extra dependency on `VCRUNTIME140_1.dll`, the [`/d2FH4-` flag](https://devblogs.microsoft.com/cppblog/making-cpp-exception-handling-smaller-x64/) can be added to the MSVC invocations (check out [this issue](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/423) for details and references). CPython 3.8.3 and all versions after it have this extra DLL, so it is only needed for 3.8 and earlier.
 
@@ -329,4 +410,12 @@ To add the `/d2FH4-` flag to a standard `setup.py` using `setuptools`, the `extr
     ],
 ```
 
-To investigate the dependencies of a C extension (i.e., the `.pyd` file, a DLL in disguise) on Windows, [Dependency Walker](http://www.dependencywalker.com/) is a great tool.
+To investigate the dependencies of a C extension (i.e., the `.pyd` file, a DLL in disguise) on Windows, [Dependency Walker](http://www.dependencywalker.com/) is a great tool. For diagnosing a failing import, the [dlltracer](https://pypi.org/project/dlltracer/) tool may also provide additional details.
+
+### Windows ARM64 builds {: #windows-arm64}
+
+`cibuildwheel` supports cross-compiling `ARM64` wheels on all Windows runners, but a native ARM64 runner is required for testing. On non-native runners, tests for ARM64 wheels will be automatically skipped with a warning. Add `"*-win_arm64"` to your `CIBW_TEST_SKIP` setting to suppress the warning.
+
+Cross-compilation on Windows relies on a supported build backend. Supported backends use an environment variable to specify their target platform (the one they are compiling native modules for, as opposed to the one they are running on), which is set in [cibuildwheels/windows.py](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/cibuildwheel/windows.py) before building. Currently, `setuptools>=65.4.1` and `setuptools_rust` are the only supported backends.
+
+By default, `ARM64` is not enabled when running on non-ARM64 runners. Use [`CIBW_ARCHS`](options.md#archs) to select it.

docs/index.md

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 title: Home
 ---
 
+# cibuildwheel
+
 {%
    include-markdown "../README.md"
    start="<!--intro-start-->"
@@ -16,7 +18,7 @@ How it works
 This diagram summarises the steps that cibuildwheel takes on each platform to build your package's wheels.
 
 {%
-   include-markdown "diagram.md"
+   include "diagram.html"
 %}
 
 This isn't exhaustive, for a full list of the things cibuildwheel can do, check the [options](options.md) page.

docs/main.py

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
-import subprocess
-from typing import Any
+from __future__ import annotations
 
-# Requires Python 3.7+
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sysconfig
+from typing import Any
 
 
 def define_env(env: Any) -> None:
@@ -10,4 +12,7 @@ def define_env(env: Any) -> None:
     @env.macro
     def subprocess_run(*args: str) -> str:
         "Run a subprocess and return the stdout"
-        return subprocess.run(args, check=True, capture_output=True, text=True).stdout
+        env = os.environ.copy()
+        scripts = sysconfig.get_path("scripts")
+        env["PATH"] = f"{scripts}{os.pathsep}{env.get('PATH', '')}"
+        return subprocess.run(args, check=True, capture_output=True, text=True, env=env).stdout

docs/options.md

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# Options
+
 ## Setting options
 
 cibuildwheel can either be configured using environment variables, or from
@@ -73,15 +75,25 @@ cibuildwheel to run tests, add the following YAML to your CI config file:
         CIBW_TEST_COMMAND: "pytest {project}/tests"
     ```
 
+!!! tab "Cirrus CI"
+
+    > .cirrus.yml ([docs](https://cirrus-ci.org/guide/writing-tasks/#environment-variables))
+
+    ```yaml
+    env:
+      CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES: pytest
+      CIBW_TEST_COMMAND: "pytest {project}/tests"
+    ```
+
 ### Configuration file {: #configuration-file}
 
 You can configure cibuildwheel with a config file, such as `pyproject.toml`.
 Options have the same names as the environment variable overrides, but are
 placed in `[tool.cibuildwheel]` and are lower case, with dashes, following
 common [TOML][] practice. Anything placed in subsections `linux`, `windows`,
-or `macos` will only affect those platforms. Lists can be used instead of
-strings for items that are natually a list. Multiline strings also work just
-like in in the environment variables. Environment variables will take
+`macos`, or `pyodide` will only affect those platforms. Lists can be used
+instead of strings for items that are naturally a list. Multiline strings also
+work just like in the environment variables. Environment variables will take
 precedence if defined.
 
 The example above using environment variables could have been written like this:
@@ -101,7 +113,7 @@ The complete set of defaults for the current version of cibuildwheel are shown b
 
 !!! tip
     Static configuration works across all CI systems, and can be used locally if
-    you run `cibuildwheel --plat linux`. This is preferred, but environment
+    you run `cibuildwheel --platform linux`. This is preferred, but environment
     variables are better if you need to change per-matrix element
     (`CIBW_BUILD` is often in this category, for example), or if you cannot or do
     not want to change a `pyproject.toml` file. You can specify a different file to
@@ -117,12 +129,16 @@ matches overriding earlier ones if multiple selectors match. Environment
 variables always override static configuration.
 
 A few of the options below have special handling in overrides. A different
-`before-all` will trigger a new docker launch on Linux, and cannot be
+`before-all` will trigger a new container to launch on Linux, and cannot be
 overridden on macOS or Windows.  Overriding the image on linux will also
-generate new docker launches, one per image.  Some commands are not supported;
+trigger new containers, one per image. Some commands are not supported;
 `output-dir`, build/skip/test_skip selectors, and architectures cannot be
 overridden.
 
+You can specify a table of overrides in `inherit={}`, any list or table in this
+list will inherit from previous overrides or the main configuration. The valid
+options are `"none"` (the default), `"append"`, and `"prepend"`.
+
 ##### Examples:
 
 ```toml
@@ -157,6 +173,69 @@ This example will build CPython 3.6 wheels on manylinux1, CPython 3.7-3.9
 wheels on manylinux2010, and manylinux2014 wheels for any newer Python
 (like 3.10).
 
+```toml
+[tool.cibuildwheel]
+environment = {FOO="BAR", "HAM"="EGGS"}
+test-command = ["pyproject"]
+
+[[tool.cibuildwheel.overrides]]
+select = "cp311*"
+
+inherit.test-command = "prepend"
+test-command = ["pyproject-before"]
+
+inherit.environment="append"
+environment = {FOO="BAZ", "PYTHON"="MONTY"}
+
+[[tool.cibuildwheel.overrides]]
+select = "cp311*"
+inherit.test-command = "append"
+test-command = ["pyproject-after"]
+```
+
+This example will provide the command `"pyproject-before && pyproject && pyproject-after"`
+on Python 3.11, and will have `environment = {FOO="BAZ", "PYTHON"="MONTY", "HAM"="EGGS"}`.
+
+
+### Extending existing options {: #inherit }
+
+In the TOML configuration, you can choose how tables and lists are inherited.
+By default, all values are overridden completely (`"none"`) but sometimes you'd
+rather `"append"` or `"prepend"` to an existing list or table. You can do this
+with the `inherit` table in overrides.  For example, if you want to add an environment
+variable for CPython 3.11, without `inherit` you'd have to repeat all the
+original environment variables in the override. With `inherit`, it's just:
+
+```toml
+[[tool.cibuildwheel.overrides]]
+select = "cp311*"
+inherit.environment = "append"
+environment.NEWVAR = "Added!"
+```
+
+For a table, `"append"` will replace a key if it exists, while `"prepend"` will
+only add a new key, older keys take precedence.
+
+Lists are also supported (and keep in mind that commands are lists). For
+example, you can print a message before and after a wheel is repaired:
+
+```toml
+[[tool.cibuildwheel.overrides]]
+select = "*"
+inherit.repair-wheel-command = "prepend"
+repair-wheel-command = "echo 'Before repair'"
+
+[[tool.cibuildwheel.overrides]]
+select = "*"
+inherit.repair-wheel-command = "append"
+repair-wheel-command = "echo 'After repair'"
+```
+
+As seen in this example, you can have multiple overrides match - they match top
+to bottom, with the config being accumulated. If you need platform-specific
+inheritance, you can use `select = "*-????linux_*"` for Linux, `select =
+"*-win_*"` for Windows, and `select = "*-macosx_*"` for macOS. As always,
+environment variables will completely override any TOML configuration.
 
 ## Options summary
 
@@ -168,19 +247,20 @@ wheels on manylinux2010, and manylinux2014 wheels for any newer Python
 
 > Override the auto-detected target platform
 
-Options: `auto` `linux` `macos` `windows`
+Options: `auto` `linux` `macos` `windows` `pyodide`
 
 Default: `auto`
 
-`auto` will auto-detect platform using environment variables, such as `TRAVIS_OS_NAME`/`APPVEYOR`/`CIRCLECI`.
+`auto` will build wheels for the current platform.
 
-- For `linux`, you need Docker running, on Linux, macOS, or Windows.
+- For `linux`, you need [Docker or Podman](#container-engine) running, on Linux, macOS, or Windows.
 - For `macos` and `windows`, you need to be running on the respective system, with a working compiler toolchain installed - Xcode Command Line tools for macOS, and MSVC for Windows.
+- For `pyodide` you need to be on an x86-64 linux runner and `python3.12` must be available in `PATH`.
 
 This option can also be set using the [command-line option](#command-line) `--platform`. This option is not available in the `pyproject.toml` config.
 
 !!! tip
-    You can use this option to locally debug your cibuildwheel config, instead of pushing to CI to test every change. For example:
+    You can use this option to locally debug your cibuildwheel config on Linux, instead of pushing to CI to test every change. For example:
 
     ```bash
     export CIBW_BUILD='cp37-*'
@@ -188,8 +268,14 @@ This option can also be set using the [command-line option](#command-line) `--pl
     cibuildwheel --platform linux .
     ```
 
+    Linux builds are the easiest to test locally, because all the build tools are supplied in the container, and they run exactly the same locally as in CI.
+
     This is even more convenient if you store your cibuildwheel config in [`pyproject.toml`](#configuration-file).
 
+    You can also run a single identifier with `--only <identifier>`. This will
+    not require `--platform` or `--arch`, and will override any build/skip
+    configuration.
+
 ### `CIBW_BUILD`, `CIBW_SKIP` {: #build-skip}
 
 > Choose the Python versions to build
@@ -202,17 +288,20 @@ When setting the options, you can use shell-style globbing syntax, as per [fnmat
 
 <div class="build-id-table-marker"></div>
 
-|              | macOS                                                                  | Windows                                             | Linux Intel                                                                                         | Linux Other                                                                                                                                                     |
-|--------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
-| Python 3.6   | cp36-macosx_x86_64                                                     | cp36-win_amd64<br/>cp36-win32                       | cp36-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp36-manylinux_i686<br/>cp36-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp36-musllinux_i686     | cp36-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp36-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp36-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp36-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp36-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp36-musllinux_s390x       |
-| Python 3.7   | cp37-macosx_x86_64                                                     | cp37-win_amd64<br/>cp37-win32                       | cp37-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp37-manylinux_i686<br/>cp37-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp37-musllinux_i686     | cp37-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp37-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp37-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp37-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp37-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp37-musllinux_s390x       |
-| Python 3.8   | cp38-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp38-macosx_universal2<br/>cp38-macosx_arm64    | cp38-win_amd64<br/>cp38-win32                       | cp38-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp38-manylinux_i686<br/>cp38-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp38-musllinux_i686     | cp38-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp38-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp38-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp38-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp38-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp38-musllinux_s390x       |
-| Python 3.9   | cp39-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp39-macosx_universal2<br/>cp39-macosx_arm64    | cp39-win_amd64<br/>cp39-win32<br/>cp39-win_arm64    | cp39-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp39-manylinux_i686<br/>cp39-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp39-musllinux_i686     | cp39-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp39-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp39-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp39-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp39-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp39-musllinux_s390x       |
-| Python 3.10  | cp310-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp310-macosx_universal2<br/>cp310-macosx_arm64 | cp310-win_amd64<br/>cp310-win32<br/>cp310-win_arm64 | cp310-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp310-manylinux_i686<br/>cp310-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp310-musllinux_i686 | cp310-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp310-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp310-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp310-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp310-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp310-musllinux_s390x |
-| Python 3.11  | cp311-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp311-macosx_universal2<br/>cp311-macosx_arm64 | cp311-win_amd64<br/>cp311-win32<br/>cp311-win_arm64 | cp311-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp311-manylinux_i686<br/>cp311-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp311-musllinux_i686 | cp311-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp311-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp311-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp311-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp311-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp311-musllinux_s390x |
-| PyPy3.7 v7.3 | pp37-macosx_x86_64                                                     | pp37-win_amd64                                      | pp37-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp37-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp37-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                          |
-| PyPy3.8 v7.3 | pp38-macosx_x86_64                                                     | pp38-win_amd64                                      | pp38-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp38-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp38-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                          |
-| PyPy3.9 v7.3 | pp39-macosx_x86_64                                                     | pp39-win_amd64                                      | pp39-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp39-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp39-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                          |
+|               | macOS                                                                  | Windows                                             | Linux Intel                                                                                         | Linux Other                                                                                                                                                     |
+|---------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Python 3.6    | cp36-macosx_x86_64                                                     | cp36-win_amd64<br/>cp36-win32                       | cp36-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp36-manylinux_i686<br/>cp36-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp36-musllinux_i686     | cp36-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp36-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp36-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp36-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp36-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp36-musllinux_s390x       |
+| Python 3.7    | cp37-macosx_x86_64                                                     | cp37-win_amd64<br/>cp37-win32                       | cp37-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp37-manylinux_i686<br/>cp37-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp37-musllinux_i686     | cp37-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp37-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp37-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp37-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp37-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp37-musllinux_s390x       |
+| Python 3.8    | cp38-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp38-macosx_universal2<br/>cp38-macosx_arm64    | cp38-win_amd64<br/>cp38-win32                       | cp38-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp38-manylinux_i686<br/>cp38-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp38-musllinux_i686     | cp38-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp38-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp38-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp38-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp38-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp38-musllinux_s390x       |
+| Python 3.9    | cp39-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp39-macosx_universal2<br/>cp39-macosx_arm64    | cp39-win_amd64<br/>cp39-win32<br/>cp39-win_arm64    | cp39-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp39-manylinux_i686<br/>cp39-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp39-musllinux_i686     | cp39-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp39-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp39-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp39-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp39-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp39-musllinux_s390x       |
+| Python 3.10   | cp310-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp310-macosx_universal2<br/>cp310-macosx_arm64 | cp310-win_amd64<br/>cp310-win32<br/>cp310-win_arm64 | cp310-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp310-manylinux_i686<br/>cp310-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp310-musllinux_i686 | cp310-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp310-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp310-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp310-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp310-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp310-musllinux_s390x |
+| Python 3.11   | cp311-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp311-macosx_universal2<br/>cp311-macosx_arm64 | cp311-win_amd64<br/>cp311-win32<br/>cp311-win_arm64 | cp311-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp311-manylinux_i686<br/>cp311-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp311-musllinux_i686 | cp311-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp311-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp311-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp311-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp311-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp311-musllinux_s390x |
+| Python 3.12   | cp312-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp312-macosx_universal2<br/>cp312-macosx_arm64 | cp312-win_amd64<br/>cp312-win32<br/>cp312-win_arm64 | cp312-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp312-manylinux_i686<br/>cp312-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp312-musllinux_i686 | cp312-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp312-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp312-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp312-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp312-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp312-musllinux_s390x |
+| Python 3.13   | cp313-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp313-macosx_universal2<br/>cp313-macosx_arm64 | cp313-win_amd64<br/>cp313-win32<br/>cp313-win_arm64 | cp313-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp313-manylinux_i686<br/>cp313-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp313-musllinux_i686 | cp313-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp313-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp313-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp313-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp313-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp313-musllinux_s390x |
+| PyPy3.7 v7.3  | pp37-macosx_x86_64                                                     | pp37-win_amd64                                      | pp37-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp37-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp37-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                          |
+| PyPy3.8 v7.3  | pp38-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp38-macosx_arm64                               | pp38-win_amd64                                      | pp38-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp38-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp38-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                          |
+| PyPy3.9 v7.3  | pp39-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp39-macosx_arm64                               | pp39-win_amd64                                      | pp39-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp39-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp39-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                          |
+| PyPy3.10 v7.3 | pp310-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp310-macosx_arm64                             | pp310-win_amd64                                     | pp310-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp310-manylinux_i686                                                     | pp310-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                         |
 
 The list of supported and currently selected build identifiers can also be retrieved by passing the `--print-build-identifiers` flag to cibuildwheel.
 The format is `python_tag-platform_tag`, with tags similar to those in [PEP 425](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0425/#details).
@@ -221,7 +310,10 @@ For CPython, the minimally supported macOS version is 10.9; for PyPy 3.7, macOS
 
 Windows arm64 platform support is experimental.
 
-See the [cibuildwheel 1 documentation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/1.x/) for past end of life versions of Python, and PyPy2.7.
+For an experimental WebAssembly build with `--platform pyodide`,
+`cp312-pyodide_wasm32` is the only platform identifier.
+
+See the [cibuildwheel 1 documentation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/1.x/) for past end-of-life versions of Python, and PyPy2.7.
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -298,7 +390,7 @@ See the [cibuildwheel 1 documentation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/1.
 
     It is generally recommended to set `CIBW_BUILD` as an environment variable, though `skip`
     tends to be useful in a config file; you can statically declare that you don't
-    support pypy, for example.
+    support PyPy, for example.
 
 <style>
   .build-id-table-marker + table {
@@ -320,22 +412,73 @@ See the [cibuildwheel 1 documentation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/1.
   }
 </style>
 
+### `CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT` {: #free-threaded-support}
+
+> Choose whether free-threaded variants should be built
+
+[PEP 703](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0703) introduced variants of CPython that can be built without the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL).
+Those variants are also known as free-threaded / no-gil.
+
+Building for free-threaded variants is disabled by default.
+
+Building can be enabled by setting this option to `true`. The free-threaded compatible wheels will be built in addition to the standard wheels.
+
+This option doesn't support overrides.
+If you need to enable/disable it per platform or python version, set this option to `true` and use [`CIBW_BUILD`](#build-skip)/[`CIBW_SKIP`](#build-skip) options to filter the builds.
+
+The build identifiers for those variants have a `t` suffix in their `python_tag` (e.g. `cp313t-manylinux_x86_64`)
+
+!!! note
+    This feature is experimental: [What’s New In Python 3.13](https://docs.python.org/3.13/whatsnew/3.13.html#free-threaded-cpython)
+
+#### Examples
+
+!!! tab examples "Environment variables"
+
+    ```yaml
+    # Enable free-threaded support
+    CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT: 1
+
+    # Skip building free-threaded compatible wheels on Windows
+    CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT: 1
+    CIBW_SKIP: *t-win*
+    ```
+
+    It is generally recommended to use `free-threaded-support` in a config file as you can statically declare that you
+    support free-threaded builds.
+
+!!! tab examples "pyproject.toml"
+
+    ```toml
+    [tool.cibuildwheel]
+    # Enable free-threaded support
+    free-threaded-support = true
+
+    # Skip building free-threaded compatible wheels on Windows
+    free-threaded-support = true
+    skip = "*t-win*"
+    ```
+
 ### `CIBW_ARCHS` {: #archs}
 > Change the architectures built on your machine by default.
 
 A list of architectures to build.
 
-On macOS, this option can be used to cross-compile between `x86_64`,
-`universal2` and `arm64` for Apple Silicon support.
+On macOS, this option can be used to [cross-compile](faq.md#cross-compiling)
+between `x86_64`, `universal2` and `arm64`.
 
 On Linux, this option can be used to build non-native architectures under
 emulation. See [this guide](faq.md#emulation) for more information.
 
+On Windows, this option can be used to compile for `ARM64` from an Intel
+machine, provided the cross-compiling tools are installed.
+
 Options:
 
 - Linux: `x86_64` `i686` `aarch64` `ppc64le` `s390x`
 - macOS: `x86_64` `arm64` `universal2`
-- Windows: `AMD64` `x86`
+- Windows: `AMD64` `x86` `ARM64`
+- Pyodide: `wasm32`
 - `auto`: The default archs for your machine - see the table below.
     - `auto64`: Just the 64-bit auto archs
     - `auto32`: Just the 32-bit auto archs
@@ -350,8 +493,9 @@ Default: `auto`
 |---|---|---|---|---|
 | Linux / Intel | `x86_64` | `x86_64` `i686` | `x86_64` | `i686` |
 | Windows / Intel | `AMD64` | `AMD64` `x86` | `AMD64` | `x86` |
+| Windows / ARM64 | `ARM64` | `ARM64` | `ARM64` | |
 | macOS / Intel | `x86_64` | `x86_64` | `x86_64` |  |
-| macOS / Apple Silicon | `arm64` | `arm64` `universal2` | `arm64` `universal2`|  |
+| macOS / Apple Silicon | `arm64` | `arm64` | `arm64` |  |
 
 If not listed above, `auto` is the same as `native`.
 
@@ -477,22 +621,73 @@ This option can also be set using the [command-line option](#command-line) `--pr
     CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS: True
     ```
 
+### `CIBW_ALLOW_EMPTY` {: #allow-empty}
+> Suppress the error code if no wheels match the specified build identifiers
+
+When none of the specified build identifiers match any available versions,
+cibuildwheel will typically return error code 3, indicating that there are
+no wheels to build. Enabling this option will suppress this error, allowing
+the build process to complete without signaling an error.
+
+Default: Off (0). Error code 3 is returned when no builds are selected.
+
+This option can also be set using the [command-line option](#command-line)
+`--allow-empty`. This option is not available in the `pyproject.toml` config.
+
+#### Examples
+
+!!! tab examples "Environment variables"
+
+    ```yaml
+    # Prevent an error code if the build does not match any wheels
+    CIBW_ALLOW_EMPTY: True
+    ```
+
 ## Build customization
 
 ### `CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND` {: #build-frontend}
-> Set the tool to use to build, either "pip" (default for now) or "build"
+> Set the tool to use to build, either "pip" (default for now), "build", or "build\[uv\]"
 
-Choose which build backend to use. Can either be "pip", which will run
+Options:
+
+- `pip[;args: ...]`
+- `build[;args: ...]`
+
+Default: `pip`
+
+Choose which build frontend to use. Can either be "pip", which will run
 `python -m pip wheel`, or "build", which will run `python -m build --wheel`.
 
+You can also use "build\[uv\]", which will use an external [uv][] everywhere
+possible, both through `--installer=uv` passed to build, as well as when making
+all build and test environments. This will generally speed up cibuildwheel.
+Make sure you have an external uv on Windows and macOS, either by
+pre-installing it, or installing cibuildwheel with the uv extra,
+`cibuildwheel[uv]`. `uv` will not be used for Python 3.6 or Python 3.7. You
+cannot use uv currently on Windows for ARM or for musllinux on s390x as
+binaries are not provided by uv. Legacy dependencies like setuptools on Python
+< 3.12 and pip are not installed if using uv.
+
+Pyodide ignores this setting, as only "build" is supported.
+
+You can specify extra arguments to pass to `pip wheel` or `build` using the
+optional `args` option.
+
 !!! tip
-    Until v2.0.0, [pip] was the only way to build wheels, and is still the
+    Until v2.0.0, [pip][] was the only way to build wheels, and is still the
     default. However, we expect that at some point in the future, cibuildwheel
-    will change the default to [build], in line with the PyPA's recommendation.
+    will change the default to [build][], in line with the PyPA's recommendation.
     If you want to try `build` before this, you can use this option.
 
+!!! warning
+    If you are using `build[uv]` and are passing `--no-isolation` or `-n`, we
+    will detect this and avoid passing `--installer=uv` to build, but still
+    install all packages with uv. We do not currently detect combined short
+    options, like `-xn`!
+
 [pip]: https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/cli/pip_wheel/
 [build]: https://github.com/pypa/build/
+[uv]: https://github.com/astral-sh/uv
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -504,6 +699,15 @@ Choose which build backend to use. Can either be "pip", which will run
 
     # Ensure pip is used even if the default changes in the future
     CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND: "pip"
+
+    # supply an extra argument to 'pip wheel'
+    CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND: "pip; args: --no-build-isolation"
+
+    # Use uv and build
+    CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND: "build[uv]"
+
+    # Use uv and build with an argument
+    CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND: "build[uv]; args: --no-isolation"
     ```
 
 !!! tab examples "pyproject.toml"
@@ -515,22 +719,61 @@ Choose which build backend to use. Can either be "pip", which will run
 
     # Ensure pip is used even if the default changes in the future
     build-frontend = "pip"
+
+    # supply an extra argument to 'pip wheel'
+    build-frontend = { name = "pip", args = ["--no-build-isolation"] }
+
+    # Use uv and build
+    build-frontend = "build[uv]"
+
+    # Use uv and build with an argument
+    build-frontend = { name = "build[uv]", args = ["--no-isolation"] }
+    ```
+
+### `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS` {: #config-settings}
+> Specify config-settings for the build backend.
+
+Specify config settings for the build backend. Each space separated
+item will be passed via `--config-setting`. In TOML, you can specify
+a table of items, including arrays.
+
+!!! tip
+    Currently, "build" supports arrays for options, but "pip" only supports
+    single values.
+
+Platform-specific environment variables also available:<br/>
+`CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_MACOS` | `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_LINUX` | `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_PYODIDE`
+
+
+#### Examples
+
+!!! tab examples "Environment variables"
+
+    ```yaml
+    CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS: "--build-option=--use-mypyc"
+    ```
+
+!!! tab examples "pyproject.toml"
+
+    ```toml
+    [tool.cibuildwheel.config-settings]
+    --build-option = "--use-mypyc"
     ```
 
 
 ### `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT` {: #environment}
-> Set environment variables needed during the build
+> Set environment variables
 
-A list of environment variables to set during the build. Bash syntax should be used, even on Windows.
+A list of environment variables to set during the build and test phases. Bash syntax should be used, even on Windows.
 
-You must set this variable to pass variables to Linux builds (since they execute in a Docker container). It also works for the other platforms.
+You must use this variable to pass variables to Linux builds, since they execute in a container. It also works for the other platforms.
 
 You can use `$PATH` syntax to insert other variables, or the `$(pwd)` syntax to insert the output of other shell commands.
 
 To specify more than one environment variable, separate the assignments by spaces.
 
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_MACOS` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_LINUX`
+`CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_MACOS` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_LINUX` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_PYODIDE`
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -553,6 +796,10 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
     # Supply options to `pip` to affect how it downloads dependencies
     CIBW_ENVIRONMENT: PIP_EXTRA_INDEX_URL=https://pypi.myorg.com/simple
 
+    # Any pip command-line options can be set using the PIP_ prefix
+    # https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/topics/configuration/#environment-variables
+    CIBW_ENVIRONMENT: PIP_GLOBAL_OPTION="build_ext -j4"
+
     # Set two flags on linux only
     CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_LINUX: BUILD_TIME="$(date)" SAMPLE_TEXT="sample text"
     ```
@@ -582,6 +829,10 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
     # Supply options to `pip` to affect how it downloads dependencies
     environment = { PIP_EXTRA_INDEX_URL="https://pypi.myorg.com/simple" }
 
+    # Any pip command-line option can be set using the PIP_ prefix
+    # https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/topics/configuration/#environment-variables
+    environment = { PIP_GLOBAL_OPTION="build_ext -j4" }
+
     # Set two flags on linux only
     [tool.cibuildwheel.linux]
     environment = { BUILD_TIME="$(date)", SAMPLE_TEXT="sample text" }
@@ -595,15 +846,21 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
     In configuration mode, you can use a [TOML][] table instead of a raw string as shown above.
 
 !!! note
-    cibuildwheel always defines the environment variable `CIBUILDWHEEL=1`. This can be useful for [building wheels with optional extensions](faq.md#building-packages-with-optional-c-extensions).
+    cibuildwheel always defines the environment variable `CIBUILDWHEEL=1`. This can be useful for [building wheels with optional extensions](faq.md#optional-extensions).
+
+!!! note
+    To do its work, cibuildwheel sets the variables `VIRTUALENV_PIP`, `DIST_EXTRA_CONFIG`, `SETUPTOOLS_EXT_SUFFIX`, `PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK`, `PIP_ROOT_USER_ACTION`, and it extends the variables `PATH` and `PIP_CONSTRAINT`. Your assignments to these options might be replaced or extended.
 
 ### `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_PASS_LINUX` {: #environment-pass}
-> Set environment variables on the host to pass-through to the container during the build.
+> Set environment variables on the host to pass-through to the container.
 
-A list of environment variables to pass into the linux container during the build. It has no affect on the other platforms, which can already access all environment variables directly.
+A list of environment variables to pass into the linux container during each build and test. It has no effect on the other platforms, which can already access all environment variables directly.
 
 To specify more than one environment variable, separate the variable names by spaces.
 
+!!! note
+    cibuildwheel automatically passes the environment variable [`SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH`](https://reproducible-builds.org/docs/source-date-epoch/) if defined.
+
 #### Examples
 
 !!! tab examples "Environment passthrough"
@@ -635,20 +892,24 @@ To specify more than one environment variable, separate the variable names by sp
 ### `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL` {: #before-all}
 > Execute a shell command on the build system before any wheels are built.
 
-Shell command to prepare a common part of the project (e.g. build or install libraries which does not depend on the specific version of Python).
+Shell command that runs before any builds are run, to build or install parts that do not depend on the specific version of Python.
 
-This option is very useful for the Linux build, where builds take place in isolated Docker containers managed by cibuildwheel. This command will run inside the container before the wheel builds start. Note, if you're building both `x86_64` and `i686` wheels (the default), your build uses two different Docker images. In that case, this command will execute twice - once per build container.
+This option is very useful for the Linux build, where builds take place in isolated containers managed by cibuildwheel. This command will run inside the container before the wheel builds start. Note, if you're building both `x86_64` and `i686` wheels (the default), your build uses two different container images. In that case, this command will execute twice - once per build container.
 
 The placeholder `{package}` can be used here; it will be replaced by the path to the package being built by cibuildwheel.
 
 On Windows and macOS, the version of Python available inside `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL` is whatever is available on the host machine. On Linux, a modern Python version is available on PATH.
 
 This option has special behavior in the overrides section in `pyproject.toml`.
-On linux, overriding it triggers a new docker launch. It cannot be overridden
+On linux, overriding it triggers a new container launch. It cannot be overridden
 on macOS and Windows.
 
 Platform-specific environment variables also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_LINUX`
+`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_LINUX` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_PYODIDE`
+
+!!! note
+
+    This command is executed in a different Python environment from the builds themselves. So you can't `pip install` a Python dependency in CIBW_BEFORE_ALL and use it in the build. Instead, look at [`CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD`](#before-build), or, if your project uses pyproject.toml, the [build-system.requires](https://peps.python.org/pep-0518/#build-system-table) field.
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -692,9 +953,9 @@ Platform-specific environment variables also available:<br/>
 
     In configuration files, you can use a TOML array, and each line will be run sequentially - joined with `&&`.
 
-Note that manylinux2_24 builds occur inside a Debian9 docker, where
+Note that manylinux_2_24 builds occur inside a Debian9 docker, where
 manylinux2010 and manylinux2014 builds occur inside a CentOS one. So for
-`manylinux2_24` the `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_LINUX` command must use `apt-get -y`
+`manylinux_2_24` the `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_LINUX` command must use `apt-get -y`
 instead.
 
 ### `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD` {: #before-build}
@@ -709,7 +970,7 @@ The active Python binary can be accessed using `python`, and pip with `pip`; cib
 The command is run in a shell, so you can write things like `cmd1 && cmd2`.
 
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
- `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_LINUX`
+ `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_LINUX` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_PYODIDE`
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -763,7 +1024,6 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
         [build-system]
         requires = [
             "setuptools>=42",
-            "wheel",
             "Cython",
             "numpy==1.13.3; python_version<'3.5'",
             "oldest-supported-numpy; python_version>='3.5'",
@@ -789,8 +1049,9 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
 Default:
 
 - on Linux: `'auditwheel repair -w {dest_dir} {wheel}'`
-- on macOS: `'delocate-listdeps {wheel} && delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} {wheel}'`
+- on macOS: `'delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} -v {wheel}'`
 - on Windows: `''`
+- on Pyodide: `''`
 
 A shell command to repair a built wheel by copying external library dependencies into the wheel tree and relinking them.
 The command is run on each built wheel (except for pure Python ones) before testing it.
@@ -804,7 +1065,7 @@ The following placeholders must be used inside the command and will be replaced
 The command is run in a shell, so you can run multiple commands like `cmd1 && cmd2`.
 
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_MACOS` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_LINUX`
+`CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_MACOS` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_LINUX` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_PYODIDE`
 
 !!! tip
     cibuildwheel doesn't yet ship a default repair command for Windows.
@@ -815,6 +1076,12 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
 
     [Delvewheel]: https://github.com/adang1345/delvewheel
 
+!!! tip
+    When using `--platform pyodide`, `pyodide build` is used to do the build,
+    which already uses `auditwheel-emscripten` to repair the wheel, so the default
+    repair command is empty. If there is a way to do this in two steps in the future,
+    this could change.
+
 #### Examples
 
 !!! tab examples "Environment variables"
@@ -834,6 +1101,16 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
     CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND: >
       python scripts/repair_wheel.py -w {dest_dir} {wheel} &&
       python scripts/check_repaired_wheel.py -w {dest_dir} {wheel}
+
+    # Use abi3audit to catch issues with Limited API wheels
+    CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_LINUX: >
+      auditwheel repair -w {dest_dir} {wheel} &&
+      pipx run abi3audit --strict --report {wheel}
+    CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_MACOS: >
+      delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} -v {wheel} &&
+      pipx run abi3audit --strict --report {wheel}
+    CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_WINDOWS: >
+      pipx run abi3audit --strict --report {wheel}
     ```
 
 !!! tab examples "pyproject.toml"
@@ -858,6 +1135,20 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
       'python scripts/repair_wheel.py -w {dest_dir} {wheel}',
       'python scripts/check_repaired_wheel.py -w {dest_dir} {wheel}',
     ]
+
+    # Use abi3audit to catch issues with Limited API wheels
+    [tool.cibuildwheel.linux]
+    repair-wheel-command = [
+      "auditwheel repair -w {dest_dir} {wheel}",
+      "pipx run abi3audit --strict --report {wheel}",
+    ]
+    [tool.cibuildwheel.macos]
+    repair-wheel-command = [
+      "delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} -v {wheel}",
+      "pipx run abi3audit --strict --report {wheel}",
+    ]
+    [tool.cibuildwheel.windows]
+    repair-wheel-command = "pipx run abi3audit --strict --report {wheel}"
     ```
 
     In configuration mode, you can use an inline array, and the items will be joined with `&&`.
@@ -866,7 +1157,7 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
 <div class="link-target" id="manylinux-image"></div>
 
 ### `CIBW_MANYLINUX_*_IMAGE`, `CIBW_MUSLLINUX_*_IMAGE` {: #linux-image}
-> Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux Docker images
+> Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
 
 The available options are (default value):
 
@@ -878,24 +1169,24 @@ The available options are (default value):
 - `CIBW_MANYLINUX_S390X_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x))
 - `CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_AARCH64_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64))
 - `CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_I686_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686))
-- `CIBW_MUSLLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_x86_64`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_x86_64))
-- `CIBW_MUSLLINUX_I686_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_i686`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_i686))
-- `CIBW_MUSLLINUX_AARCH64_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_aarch64`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_aarch64))
-- `CIBW_MUSLLINUX_PPC64LE_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_ppc64le`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_ppc64le))
-- `CIBW_MUSLLINUX_S390X_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_s390x`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_s390x))
+- `CIBW_MUSLLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64))
+- `CIBW_MUSLLINUX_I686_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686))
+- `CIBW_MUSLLINUX_AARCH64_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_aarch64`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_aarch64))
+- `CIBW_MUSLLINUX_PPC64LE_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_ppc64le`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_ppc64le))
+- `CIBW_MUSLLINUX_S390X_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_s390x`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_s390x))
 
 Set an alternative Docker image to be used for building [manylinux / musllinux](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux) wheels.
 
-For `CIBW_MANYLINUX_*_IMAGE`, the value of this option can either be set to `manylinux1`, `manylinux2010`, `manylinux2014` or `manylinux_2_24` to use a pinned version of the [official manylinux images](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux). Alternatively, set these options to any other valid Docker image name. For PyPy, the `manylinux1` image is not available. For architectures other
-than x86 (x86\_64 and i686) `manylinux2014` or `manylinux_2_24` must be used, because the first version of the manylinux specification that supports additional architectures is `manylinux2014`.
+For `CIBW_MANYLINUX_*_IMAGE`, the value of this option can either be set to `manylinux1`, `manylinux2010`, `manylinux2014`, `manylinux_2_24` or `manylinux_2_28` to use a pinned version of the [official manylinux images](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux). Alternatively, set these options to any other valid Docker image name. For PyPy, the `manylinux1` image is not available. For architectures other
+than x86 (x86\_64 and i686) `manylinux2014`, `manylinux_2_24` or `manylinux_2_28` must be used, because the first version of the manylinux specification that supports additional architectures is `manylinux2014`. `manylinux_2_28` is not supported for `i686` architecture.
 
-For `CIBW_MUSLLINUX_*_IMAGE`, the value of this option can either be set to `musllinux_1_1` to use a pinned version of the [official musllinux images](https://github.com/pypa/musllinux). Alternatively, set these options to any other valid Docker image name.
+For `CIBW_MUSLLINUX_*_IMAGE`, the value of this option can either be set to `musllinux_1_1` or `musllinux_1_2` to use a pinned version of the [official musllinux images](https://github.com/pypa/musllinux). Alternatively, set these options to any other valid Docker image name.
 
 If this option is blank, it will fall though to the next available definition (environment variable -> pyproject.toml -> default).
 
-If setting a custom Docker image, you'll need to make sure it can be used in the same way as the official, default Docker images: all necessary Python and pip versions need to be present in `/opt/python/`, and the auditwheel tool needs to be present for cibuildwheel to work. Apart from that, the architecture and relevant shared system libraries need to be compatible to the relevant standard to produce valid manylinux1/manylinux2010/manylinux2014/manylinux_2_24/musllinux_1_1 wheels (see [pypa/manylinux on GitHub](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux), [PEP 513](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0513/), [PEP 571](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0571/), [PEP 599](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0599/), [PEP 600](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0600/) and [PEP 656](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0656/) for more details).
+If setting a custom image, you'll need to make sure it can be used in the same way as the default images: all necessary Python and pip versions need to be present in `/opt/python/`, and the auditwheel tool needs to be present for cibuildwheel to work. Apart from that, the architecture and relevant shared system libraries need to be compatible to the relevant standard to produce valid manylinux1/manylinux2010/manylinux2014/manylinux_2_24/manylinux_2_28/musllinux_1_1/musllinux_1_2 wheels (see [pypa/manylinux on GitHub](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux), [PEP 513](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0513/), [PEP 571](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0571/), [PEP 599](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0599/), [PEP 600](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0600/) and [PEP 656](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0656/) for more details).
 
-Auditwheel detects the version of the manylinux / musllinux standard in the Docker image through the `AUDITWHEEL_PLAT` environment variable, as cibuildwheel has no way of detecting the correct `--plat` command line argument to pass to auditwheel for a custom image. If a Docker image does not correctly set this `AUDITWHEEL_PLAT` environment variable, the `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT` option can be used to do so (e.g., `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT='AUDITWHEEL_PLAT="manylinux2010_$(uname -m)"'`).
+Auditwheel detects the version of the manylinux / musllinux standard in the image through the `AUDITWHEEL_PLAT` environment variable, as cibuildwheel has no way of detecting the correct `--plat` command line argument to pass to auditwheel for a custom image. If a custom image does not correctly set this `AUDITWHEEL_PLAT` environment variable, the `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT` option can be used to do so (e.g., `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT='AUDITWHEEL_PLAT="manylinux2010_$(uname -m)"'`).
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -924,6 +1215,10 @@ Auditwheel detects the version of the manylinux / musllinux standard in the Dock
     # Build using a different image from the docker registry
     CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE: dockcross/manylinux-x64
     CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE: dockcross/manylinux-x86
+
+    # Build musllinux wheels using the musllinux_1_1 image
+    CIBW_MUSLLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE: musllinux_1_1
+    CIBW_MUSLLINUX_I686_IMAGE: musllinux_1_1
     ```
 
 !!! tab examples "pyproject.toml"
@@ -951,11 +1246,78 @@ Auditwheel detects the version of the manylinux / musllinux standard in the Dock
     # Build using a different image from the docker registry
     manylinux-x86_64-image = "dockcross/manylinux-x64"
     manylinux-i686-image = "dockcross/manylinux-x86"
+
+    # Build musllinux wheels using the musllinux_1_1 image
+    musllinux-x86_64-image = "musllinux_1_1"
+    musllinux-i686-image = "musllinux_1_1"
     ```
 
     Like any other option, these can be placed in `[tool.cibuildwheel.linux]`
     if you prefer; they have no effect on `macos` and `windows`.
 
+
+### `CIBW_CONTAINER_ENGINE` {: #container-engine}
+> Specify the container engine to use when building Linux wheels
+
+Options:
+
+- `docker[;create_args: ...][;disable_host_mount: true/false]`
+- `podman[;create_args: ...][;disable_host_mount: true/false]`
+
+Default: `docker`
+
+Set the container engine to use. Docker is the default, or you can switch to
+[Podman](https://podman.io/). To use Docker, you need to have a Docker daemon
+running and `docker` available on PATH. To use Podman, it needs to be
+installed and `podman` available on PATH.
+
+Options can be supplied after the name.
+
+| Option name | Description
+|---|---
+| `create_args` | Space-separated strings, which are passed to the container engine on the command line when it's creating the container. If you want to include spaces inside a parameter, use shell-style quoting.
+| `disable_host_mount` | By default, cibuildwheel will mount the root of the host filesystem as a volume at `/host` in the container. To disable the host mount, pass `true` to this option.
+
+
+!!! tip
+
+    While most users will stick with Docker, Podman is available in different
+    contexts - for example, it can be run inside a Docker container, or without
+    root access. Thanks to the [OCI], images are compatible between engines, so
+    you can still use the regular manylinux/musllinux containers.
+
+[OCI]: https://opencontainers.org/
+
+#### Examples
+
+!!! tab examples "Environment variables"
+
+    ```yaml
+    # use podman instead of docker
+    CIBW_CONTAINER_ENGINE: podman
+
+    # pass command line options to 'docker create'
+    CIBW_CONTAINER_ENGINE: "docker; create_args: --gpus all"
+
+    # disable the /host mount
+    CIBW_CONTAINER_ENGINE: "docker; disable_host_mount: true"
+    ```
+
+!!! tab examples "pyproject.toml"
+
+    ```toml
+    [tool.cibuildwheel]
+    # use podman instead of docker
+    container-engine = "podman"
+
+    # pass command line options to 'docker create'
+    container-engine = { name = "docker", create-args = ["--gpus", "all"]}
+
+    # disable the /host mount
+    container-engine = { name = "docker", disable-host-mount = true }
+    ```
+
+
 ### `CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS` {: #dependency-versions}
 > Specify how cibuildwheel controls the versions of the tools it uses
 
@@ -984,7 +1346,7 @@ here and it will be used instead.
     `./constraints.txt` if that's not found.
 
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_MACOS` | `CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_WINDOWS`
+`CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_MACOS` | `CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_PYODIDE`
 
 !!! note
     This option does not affect the tools used on the Linux build - those versions
@@ -1021,6 +1383,7 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
     dependency-versions = "./constraints.txt"
     ```
 
+
 ## Testing
 
 ### `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND` {: #test-command}
@@ -1041,16 +1404,13 @@ not be installed after building.
 The command is run in a shell, so you can write things like `cmd1 && cmd2`.
 
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_LINUX`
+`CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_PYODIDE`
 
 #### Examples
 
 !!! tab examples "Environment variables"
 
     ```yaml
-    # Run the project tests against the installed wheel using `nose`
-    CIBW_TEST_COMMAND: nosetests {project}/tests
-
     # Run the package tests using `pytest`
     CIBW_TEST_COMMAND: pytest {package}/tests
 
@@ -1067,9 +1427,6 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
 
     ```toml
     [tool.cibuildwheel]
-    # Run the project tests against the installed wheel using `nose`
-    test-command = "nosetests {project}/tests"
-
     # Run the package tests using `pytest`
     test-command = "pytest {package}/tests"
 
@@ -1085,6 +1442,13 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
 
     In configuration files, you can use an array, and the items will be joined with `&&`.
 
+!!! note
+
+    It isn't recommended to `cd` to your project directory before running tests,
+    because Python might resolve `import yourpackage` relative to the working dir,
+    and we want to test the wheel you just built. However, if you're sure that's not
+    an issue for you and your workflow requires it, on Windows you should do `cd /d`,
+    because the CWD and project dir might be on different drives.
 
 ### `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST` {: #before-test}
 > Execute a shell command before testing each wheel
@@ -1097,7 +1461,7 @@ The active Python binary can be accessed using `python`, and pip with `pip`; cib
 The command is run in a shell, so you can write things like `cmd1 && cmd2`.
 
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
- `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_LINUX`
+ `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_LINUX` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_PYODIDE`
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -1157,7 +1521,7 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
 Space-separated list of dependencies required for running the tests.
 
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_LINUX`
+`CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_PYODIDE`
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -1168,7 +1532,7 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
     CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES: pytest
 
     # Install specific versions of test dependencies
-    CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES: nose==1.3.7 moto==0.4.31
+    CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES: pytest==8.2.2 packaging==24.1
     ```
 
 !!! tab examples "pyproject.toml"
@@ -1180,7 +1544,7 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
 
     # Install specific versions of test dependencies
     [tool.cibuildwheel]
-    test-requires = ["nose==1.3.7", "moto==0.4.31"]
+    test-requires = ["pytest==8.2.2", "packaging==24.1"]
     ```
 
     In configuration files, you can use an array, and the items will be joined with a space.
@@ -1190,14 +1554,14 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
 > Install your wheel for testing using `extras_require`
 
 List of
-[extras_require](https://setuptools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/setuptools.html#declaring-extras-optional-features-with-their-own-dependencies)
+[extras_require](https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/dependency_management.html#declaring-required-dependency)
 options that should be included when installing the wheel prior to running the
 tests. This can be used to avoid having to redefine test dependencies in
-`CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES` if they are already defined in `setup.py` or
-`setup.cfg`.
+`CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES` if they are already defined in `pyproject.toml`,
+`setup.cfg` or `setup.py`.
 
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_LINUX`
+`CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_PYODIDE`
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -1252,15 +1616,45 @@ This option is not supported in the overrides section in `pyproject.toml`.
     test-skip = "*-macosx_arm64 *-macosx_universal2:arm64"
     ```
 
-## Other
+## Debugging
+
+### `CIBW_DEBUG_KEEP_CONTAINER`
+
+Enable this flag to keep the container around for inspection after a build. This
+option is provided for debugging purposes only.
+
+Default: Off (0).
+
+!!! caution
+    This option can only be set as environment variable on the host machine
+
+#### Examples
+
+```shell
+export CIBW_DEBUG_KEEP_CONTAINER=TRUE
+```
+
+### `CIBW_DEBUG_TRACEBACK`
+> Print full traceback when errors occur.
+
+Print a full traceback for the cibuildwheel process when errors occur. This
+option is provided for debugging cibuildwheel.
+
+This option can also be set using the [command-line option](#command-line) `--debug-traceback`.
+
+#### Examples
+
+```shell
+export CIBW_DEBUG_TRACEBACK=TRUE
+```
 
 ### `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY` {: #build-verbosity}
 > Increase/decrease the output of pip wheel
 
-An number from 1 to 3 to increase the level of verbosity (corresponding to invoking pip with `-v`, `-vv`, and `-vvv`), between -1 and -3 (`-q`, `-qq`, and `-qqq`), or just 0 (default verbosity). These flags are useful while debugging a build when the output of the actual build invoked by `pip wheel` is required.
+A number from 1 to 3 to increase the level of verbosity (corresponding to invoking pip with `-v`, `-vv`, and `-vvv`), between -1 and -3 (`-q`, `-qq`, and `-qqq`), or just 0 (default verbosity). These flags are useful while debugging a build when the output of the actual build invoked by `pip wheel` is required. Has no effect on the `build` backend, which produces verbose output by default.
 
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_MACOS` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_LINUX`
+`CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_MACOS` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_LINUX` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_PYODIDE`
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -1280,12 +1674,25 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
     ```
 
 
-## Command line options {: #command-line}
+## Command line {: #command-line}
+
+### Options
 
 ```text
 « subprocess_run("cibuildwheel", "--help") »
 ```
 
+### Return codes
+
+cibuildwheel exits 0 on success, or >0 if an error occurs.
+
+Specific error codes are defined:
+
+- 2 means a configuration error
+- 3 means no builds are selected (and [`--allow-empty`](#allow-empty) wasn't passed)
+- 4 means you specified an option that has been deprecated.
+
+
 ## Placeholders
 
 Some options support placeholders, like `{project}`, `{package}` or `{wheel}`, that are substituted by cibuildwheel before they are used. If, for some reason, you need to write the literal name of a placeholder, e.g. literally `{project}` in a command that would ordinarily substitute `{project}`, prefix it with a hash character - `#{project}`. This is only necessary in commands where the specific string between the curly brackets would be substituted - otherwise, strings not modified.
@@ -1301,6 +1708,12 @@ Some options support placeholders, like `{project}`, `{package}` or `{wheel}`, t
     margin-top: 28px;
     overflow-x: auto;
   }
+  @media screen and (max-width: 768px) {
+    .options-toc {
+      grid-gap: 1em 0.5em;
+      gap: 1em 0.5em;
+    }
+  }
   .options-toc .header {
     grid-column: 1 / 3;
     font-weight: bold;
@@ -1395,7 +1808,7 @@ Some options support placeholders, like `{project}`, `{package}` or `{wheel}`, t
         }
 
         var optionNames = option.name.trim().split(', ')
-        var url = 'https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#'+option.id;
+        var url = 'https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#'+option.id;
         var namesMarkdown = $.map(optionNames, function(n) {
           return '[`'+n+'`]('+url+') '
         }).join(' <br> ')

docs/setup.md

@@ -2,52 +2,23 @@
 title: 'Setup'
 ---
 
-# Run cibuildwheel locally (optional) {: #local}
+# Setup
+
+## Run cibuildwheel locally (optional) {: #local}
 
 Before getting to CI setup, it can be convenient to test cibuildwheel
 locally to quickly iterate and track down issues without even touching CI.
 
 Install cibuildwheel and run a build like this:
 
-!!! tab "Linux"
+```sh
+# using pipx (https://github.com/pypa/pipx)
+pipx run cibuildwheel
 
-    Using [pipx](https://github.com/pypa/pipx):
-    ```sh
-    pipx run cibuildwheel --platform linux
-    ```
-
-    Or,
-    ```sh
-    pip install cibuildwheel
-    cibuildwheel --platform linux
-    ```
-
-!!! tab "macOS"
-
-    Using [pipx](https://github.com/pypa/pipx):
-    ```sh
-    pipx run cibuildwheel --platform macos
-    ```
-
-    Or,
-    ```sh
-    pip install cibuildwheel
-    cibuildwheel --platform macos
-    ```
-
-
-!!! tab "Windows"
-
-    Using [pipx](https://github.com/pypa/pipx):
-    ```bat
-    pipx run cibuildwheel --platform windows
-    ```
-
-    Or,
-    ```bat
-    pip install cibuildwheel
-    cibuildwheel --platform windows
-    ```
+# or,
+pip install cibuildwheel
+cibuildwheel
+```
 
 You should see the builds taking place. You can experiment with options using environment variables or pyproject.toml.
 
@@ -59,17 +30,17 @@ You should see the builds taking place. You can experiment with options using en
 
     ```sh
     # run a command to set up the build system
-    export CIBW_BEFORE_ALL='apt install libpng-dev'
+    export CIBW_BEFORE_ALL='uname -a'
 
-    cibuildwheel --platform linux
+    cibuildwheel
     ```
 
     > CMD (Windows)
 
     ```bat
-    set CIBW_BEFORE_ALL='apt install libpng-dev'
+    set CIBW_BEFORE_ALL='uname -a'
 
-    cibuildwheel --platform linux
+    cibuildwheel
     ```
 
 !!! tab "pyproject.toml"
@@ -80,16 +51,16 @@ You should see the builds taking place. You can experiment with options using en
 
     ```
     [tool.cibuildwheel]
-    before-all = "apt install libpng-dev"
+    before-all = "uname -a"
     ```
 
     Then invoke cibuildwheel, like:
 
     ```console
-    cibuildwheel --platform linux
+    cibuildwheel
     ```
 
-## Linux builds
+### Linux builds
 
 If you've got [Docker](https://www.docker.com/products/docker-desktop) installed on
 your development machine, you can run a Linux build.
@@ -105,7 +76,7 @@ they're perfectly reproducible.
 
 The only side effect to your system will be docker images being pulled.
 
-## macOS / Windows builds
+### macOS / Windows builds
 
 Pre-requisite: you need to have native build tools installed.
 
@@ -136,10 +107,17 @@ You can override the cache folder using the ``CIBW_CACHE_PATH`` environment vari
     Download link: https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.6.8/python-3.6.8-macosx10.9.pkg
     ```
 
+### Pyodide (WebAssembly) builds (experimental)
 
-# Configure a CI service
+Pre-requisite: you need to have a matching host version of Python (unlike all
+other cibuildwheel platforms). Linux host highly recommended; macOS hosts may
+work (e.g. invoking `pytest` directly in [`CIBW_TEST_COMMAND`](options.md#test-command) is [currently failing](https://github.com/pyodide/pyodide/issues/4802)) and Windows hosts will not work.
 
-## GitHub Actions [linux/mac/windows] {: #github-actions}
+You must target pyodide with `--platform pyodide` (or use `--only` on the identifier).
+
+## Configure a CI service
+
+### GitHub Actions [linux/mac/windows] {: #github-actions}
 
 To build Linux, Mac, and Windows wheels using GitHub Actions, create a `.github/workflows/build_wheels.yml` file in your repo.
 
@@ -154,10 +132,9 @@ To build Linux, Mac, and Windows wheels using GitHub Actions, create a `.github/
     {% include "../examples/github-minimal.yml" %}
     ```
 
-
-    You can use `env:` with the action just like you would with `run:`; you can
-    also use `with:` to set the command line options: `package-dir: .` and
-    `output-dir: wheelhouse` (those values are the defaults).
+    Use `env:` to pass [build options](options.md) and `with:` to set
+    `package-dir: .`, `output-dir: wheelhouse` and `config-file: ''`
+    locations (those values are the defaults).
 
 !!! tab "pipx"
     The GitHub Actions runners have pipx installed, so you can easily build in
@@ -177,16 +154,18 @@ To build Linux, Mac, and Windows wheels using GitHub Actions, create a `.github/
         runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
         strategy:
           matrix:
-            os: [ubuntu-20.04, windows-2019, macos-10.15]
+            # macos-13 is an intel runner, macos-14 is apple silicon
+            os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-13, macos-14]
 
         steps:
-          - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+          - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
           - name: Build wheels
-            run: pipx run cibuildwheel==2.6.1
+            run: pipx run cibuildwheel==2.21.1
 
-          - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+          - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
             with:
+              name: cibw-wheels-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ strategy.job-index }}
               path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl
     ```
 
@@ -209,22 +188,24 @@ To build Linux, Mac, and Windows wheels using GitHub Actions, create a `.github/
         runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
         strategy:
           matrix:
-            os: [ubuntu-20.04, windows-2019, macos-10.15]
+            # macos-13 is an intel runner, macos-14 is apple silicon
+            os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-13, macos-14]
 
         steps:
-          - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+          - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
           # Used to host cibuildwheel
-          - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+          - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
 
           - name: Install cibuildwheel
-            run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.6.1
+            run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.21.1
 
           - name: Build wheels
             run: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
 
-          - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+          - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
             with:
+              name: cibw-wheels-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ strategy.job-index }}
               path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl
     ```
 
@@ -236,7 +217,7 @@ For more info on this file, check out the [docs](https://help.github.com/en/acti
 [`examples/github-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/examples/github-deploy.yml) extends this minimal example with a demonstration of how to automatically upload the built wheels to PyPI.
 
 
-## Azure Pipelines [linux/mac/windows] {: #azure-pipelines}
+### Azure Pipelines [linux/mac/windows] {: #azure-pipelines}
 
 To build Linux, Mac, and Windows wheels on Azure Pipelines, create a `azure-pipelines.yml` file in your repo.
 
@@ -250,7 +231,7 @@ Commit this file, enable building of your repo on Azure Pipelines, and push.
 
 Wheels will be stored for you and available through the Pipelines interface. For more info on this file, check out the [docs](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/devops/pipelines/yaml-schema).
 
-## Travis CI [linux/windows] {: #travis-ci}
+### Travis CI [linux/windows] {: #travis-ci}
 
 To build Linux and Windows wheels on Travis CI, create a `.travis.yml` file in your repo.
 
@@ -266,7 +247,7 @@ Then setup a deployment method by following the [Travis CI deployment docs](http
 
 [`examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml) extends this minimal example with a demonstration of how to automatically upload the built wheels to PyPI.
 
-## AppVeyor [linux/mac/windows] {: #appveyor}
+### AppVeyor [linux/mac/windows] {: #appveyor}
 
 To build Linux, Mac, and Windows wheels on AppVeyor, create an `appveyor.yml` file in your repo.
 
@@ -282,7 +263,7 @@ AppVeyor will store the built wheels for you - you can access them from the proj
 
 For more info on this config file, check out the [docs](https://www.appveyor.com/docs/).
 
-## CircleCI [linux/mac] {: #circleci}
+### CircleCI [linux/mac] {: #circleci}
 
 To build Linux and Mac wheels on CircleCI, create a `.circleci/config.yml` file in your repo,
 
@@ -299,7 +280,7 @@ Commit this file, enable building of your repo on CircleCI, and push.
 
 CircleCI will store the built wheels for you - you can access them from the project console. Check out the CircleCI [docs](https://circleci.com/docs/2.0/configuration-reference/#section=configuration) for more info on this config file.
 
-## Gitlab CI [linux] {: #gitlab-ci}
+### Gitlab CI [linux] {: #gitlab-ci}
 
 To build Linux wheels on Gitlab CI, create a `.gitlab-ci.yml` file in your repo,
 
@@ -313,15 +294,29 @@ Commit this file, and push to Gitlab. The pipeline should start automatically.
 
 Gitlab will store the built wheels for you - you can access them from the Pipelines view. Check out the Gitlab [docs](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/yaml/) for more info on this config file.
 
+### Cirrus CI [linux/mac/windows] {: #cirrus-ci}
+
+To build Linux, Mac, and Windows wheels on Cirrus CI, create a `.cirrus.yml` file in your repo,
+
+> .cirrus.yml
+
+```yaml
+{% include "../examples/cirrus-ci-minimal.yml" %}
+```
+
+Commit this file, enable building of your repo on Cirrus CI, and push.
+
+Cirrus CI will store the built wheels for you - you can access them from the individual task view. Check out the Cirrus CI [docs](https://cirrus-ci.org/guide/writing-tasks/) for more info on this config file.
+
 > ⚠️ Got an error? Check the [FAQ](faq.md).
 
-# Next steps
+## Next steps
 
 Once you've got the wheel building successfully, you might want to set up [testing](options.md#test-command) or [automatic releases to PyPI](deliver-to-pypi.md#automatic-method).
 
 <script>
   document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {
-    $('a.toctree-l3, .rst-content h2').each(function(i, el) {
+    $('.toctree-l3>a, .rst-content h3').each(function(i, el) {
       var text = $(el).text()
       var match = text.match(/(.*) \[([a-z/]+)\]/);
 

docs/theme_overrides/js/theme.js

@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+// imported from
+// https://github.com/readthedocs/sphinx_rtd_theme/blob/bc73ad84068b4ee7d8ddae7e51f5b767e8fd377b/src/theme.js
+// modified to suit our documentation structure, to not scroll the nav sidebar
+// when clicked - this is disorienting
+
+var jQuery = window.jQuery;
+
+// Sphinx theme nav state
+function ThemeNav () {
+
+    var nav = {
+        navBar: null,
+        win: null,
+        winScroll: false,
+        winResize: false,
+        linkScroll: false,
+        winPosition: 0,
+        winHeight: null,
+        docHeight: null,
+        isRunning: false
+    };
+
+    nav.enable = function (withStickyNav) {
+        var self = this;
+
+        // TODO this can likely be removed once the theme javascript is broken
+        // out from the RTD assets. This just ensures old projects that are
+        // calling `enable()` get the sticky menu on by default. All other cals
+        // to `enable` should include an argument for enabling the sticky menu.
+        if (typeof(withStickyNav) == 'undefined') {
+            withStickyNav = true;
+        }
+
+        if (self.isRunning) {
+            // Only allow enabling nav logic once
+            return;
+        }
+
+        self.isRunning = true;
+        jQuery(function ($) {
+            self.init($);
+
+            self.reset();
+            self.win.on('hashchange', self.reset);
+
+            if (withStickyNav) {
+                // Set scroll monitor
+                self.win.on('scroll', function () {
+                    if (!self.linkScroll) {
+                        if (!self.winScroll) {
+                            self.winScroll = true;
+                            requestAnimationFrame(function() { self.onScroll(); });
+                        }
+                    }
+                });
+            }
+
+            // Set resize monitor
+            self.win.on('resize', function () {
+                if (!self.winResize) {
+                    self.winResize = true;
+                    requestAnimationFrame(function() { self.onResize(); });
+                }
+            });
+
+            self.onResize();
+        });
+
+    };
+
+    // TODO remove this with a split in theme and Read the Docs JS logic as
+    // well, it's only here to support 0.3.0 installs of our theme.
+    nav.enableSticky = function() {
+        this.enable(true);
+    };
+
+    nav.init = function ($) {
+        var doc = $(document),
+            self = this;
+
+        this.navBar = $('div.wy-side-scroll:first');
+        this.win = $(window);
+
+        // Set up javascript UX bits
+        $(document)
+            // Shift nav in mobile when clicking the menu.
+            .on('click', "[data-toggle='wy-nav-top']", function() {
+                $("[data-toggle='wy-nav-shift']").toggleClass("shift");
+                $("[data-toggle='rst-versions']").toggleClass("shift");
+            })
+
+            // Nav menu link click operations
+            .on('click', ".wy-menu-vertical .current ul li a", function() {
+                var target = $(this);
+                // Close menu when you click a link.
+                $("[data-toggle='wy-nav-shift']").removeClass("shift");
+                $("[data-toggle='rst-versions']").toggleClass("shift");
+                // Handle dynamic display of l3 and l4 nav lists
+                self.toggleCurrent(target);
+                self.hashChange();
+            })
+            .on('click', "[data-toggle='rst-current-version']", function() {
+                $("[data-toggle='rst-versions']").toggleClass("shift-up");
+            })
+
+        // Make tables responsive
+        $("table.docutils:not(.field-list,.footnote,.citation)")
+            .wrap("<div class='wy-table-responsive'></div>");
+
+        // Add extra class to responsive tables that contain
+        // footnotes or citations so that we can target them for styling
+        $("table.docutils.footnote")
+            .wrap("<div class='wy-table-responsive footnote'></div>");
+        $("table.docutils.citation")
+            .wrap("<div class='wy-table-responsive citation'></div>");
+
+        // Add expand links to all parents of nested ul
+        $('.wy-menu-vertical ul').not('.simple').siblings('a').each(function () {
+            var link = $(this);
+                expand =
+                    $('<button class="toctree-expand" title="Open/close menu"></button>');
+            expand.on('click', function (ev) {
+                self.toggleCurrent(link);
+                ev.stopPropagation();
+                return false;
+            });
+            link.prepend(expand);
+        });
+    };
+
+    nav.reset = function () {
+        // Get anchor from URL and open up nested nav
+        var anchor = encodeURI(window.location.hash) || '#';
+
+        try {
+            var vmenu = $('.wy-menu-vertical');
+            var link = vmenu.find('[href="' + anchor + '"]');
+            if (link.length === 0) {
+                // this link was not found in the sidebar.
+                // Find associated id element, then its closest section
+                // in the document and try with that one.
+                var id_elt = $('.document [id="' + anchor.substring(1) + '"]');
+                var closest_section = id_elt.closest('div.section');
+                link = vmenu.find('[href="#' + closest_section.attr("id") + '"]');
+                if (link.length === 0) {
+                    // still not found in the sidebar. fall back to main section
+                    link = vmenu.find('[href="#"]');
+                }
+            }
+            // If we found a matching link then reset current and re-apply
+            // otherwise retain the existing match
+            if (link.length > 0) {
+                $('.wy-menu-vertical .current')
+                    .removeClass('current')
+                    .attr('aria-expanded','false');
+                link.addClass('current')
+                    .attr('aria-expanded','true');
+                link.closest('li.toctree-l1')
+                    .parent()
+                    .addClass('current')
+                    .attr('aria-expanded','true');
+                for (let i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
+                    link.closest('li.toctree-l' + i)
+                        .addClass('current')
+                        .attr('aria-expanded','true');
+                }
+
+                // EDIT by joerick
+                console.log('no scroll')
+                // link[0].scrollIntoView();
+            }
+        }
+        catch (err) {
+            console.log("Error expanding nav for anchor", err);
+        }
+
+    };
+
+    nav.onScroll = function () {
+        this.winScroll = false;
+        var newWinPosition = this.win.scrollTop(),
+            winBottom = newWinPosition + this.winHeight,
+            navPosition = this.navBar.scrollTop(),
+            newNavPosition = navPosition + (newWinPosition - this.winPosition);
+        if (newWinPosition < 0 || winBottom > this.docHeight) {
+            return;
+        }
+        this.navBar.scrollTop(newNavPosition);
+        this.winPosition = newWinPosition;
+    };
+
+    nav.onResize = function () {
+        this.winResize = false;
+        this.winHeight = this.win.height();
+        this.docHeight = $(document).height();
+    };
+
+    nav.hashChange = function () {
+        this.linkScroll = true;
+        this.win.one('hashchange', function () {
+            this.linkScroll = false;
+        });
+    };
+
+    nav.toggleCurrent = function (elem) {
+        var parent_li = elem.closest('li');
+        parent_li
+            .siblings('li.current')
+            .removeClass('current')
+            .attr('aria-expanded','false');
+        parent_li
+            .siblings()
+            .find('li.current')
+            .removeClass('current')
+            .attr('aria-expanded','false');
+        var children = parent_li.find('> ul li');
+        // Don't toggle terminal elements.
+        if (children.length) {
+            children
+                .removeClass('current')
+                .attr('aria-expanded','false');
+            parent_li
+                .toggleClass('current')
+                .attr('aria-expanded', function(i, old) {
+                    return old == 'true' ? 'false' : 'true';
+                });
+        }
+    }
+
+    return nav;
+};
+
+const ThemeNavInstance = ThemeNav();
+
+  window.SphinxRtdTheme = {
+      Navigation: ThemeNavInstance,
+      // TODO remove this once static assets are split up between the theme
+      // and Read the Docs. For now, this patches 0.3.0 to be backwards
+      // compatible with a pre-0.3.0 layout.html
+      StickyNav: ThemeNavInstance,
+  };
+
+
+// requestAnimationFrame polyfill by Erik Möller. fixes from Paul Irish and Tino Zijdel
+// https://gist.github.com/paulirish/1579671
+// MIT license
+
+(function() {
+    var lastTime = 0;
+    var vendors = ['ms', 'moz', 'webkit', 'o'];
+    for(var x = 0; x < vendors.length && !window.requestAnimationFrame; ++x) {
+        window.requestAnimationFrame = window[vendors[x]+'RequestAnimationFrame'];
+        window.cancelAnimationFrame = window[vendors[x]+'CancelAnimationFrame']
+                                   || window[vendors[x]+'CancelRequestAnimationFrame'];
+    }
+
+    if (!window.requestAnimationFrame)
+        window.requestAnimationFrame = function(callback, element) {
+            var currTime = new Date().getTime();
+            var timeToCall = Math.max(0, 16 - (currTime - lastTime));
+            var id = window.setTimeout(function() { callback(currTime + timeToCall); },
+              timeToCall);
+            lastTime = currTime + timeToCall;
+            return id;
+        };
+
+    if (!window.cancelAnimationFrame)
+        window.cancelAnimationFrame = function(id) {
+            clearTimeout(id);
+        };
+}());

docs/working-examples.md

@@ -9,204 +9,224 @@ title: Working examples
 | Name                              | CI | OS | Notes |
 |-----------------------------------|----|----|:------|
 | [scikit-learn][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The machine learning library. A complex but clean config using many of cibuildwheel's features to build a large project with Cython and C++ extensions.  |
-| [NumPy][]                         | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. |
-| [Tornado][]                       | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library, originally developed at FriendFeed. |
 | [pytorch-fairseq][]               | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence Toolkit written in Python. |
-| [Matplotlib][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The venerable Matplotlib, a Python library with C++ portions |
+| [NumPy][]                         | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. |
+| [duckdb][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | DuckDB is an analytical in-process SQL database management system |
+| [Tornado][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library. Uses stable ABI for a small C extension. |
 | [NCNN][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | ncnn is a high-performance neural network inference framework optimized for the mobile platform |
-| [Kivy][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Open source UI framework written in Python, running on Windows, Linux, macOS, Android and iOS |
+| [Matplotlib][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The venerable Matplotlib, a Python library with C++ portions |
 | [Prophet][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Tool for producing high quality forecasts for time series data that has multiple seasonality with linear or non-linear growth. |
 | [MyPy][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | The compiled version of MyPy using MyPyC. |
-| [pydantic][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Data parsing and validation using Python type hints |
-| [uvloop][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Ultra fast asyncio event loop. |
+| [Kivy][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Open source UI framework written in Python, running on Windows, Linux, macOS, Android and iOS |
 | [MemRay][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] | Memray is a memory profiler for Python |
-| [psutil][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Cross-platform lib for process and system monitoring in Python |
-| [vaex][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Out-of-Core hybrid Apache Arrow/NumPy DataFrame for Python, ML, visualization and exploration of big tabular data at a billion rows per second 🚀 |
-| [Google Benchmark][]              | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A microbenchmark support library |
-| [Apache Beam][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Apache Beam is a unified programming model for Batch and Streaming data processing. |
-| [asyncpg][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A fast PostgreSQL Database Client Library for Python/asyncio. |
-| [duckdb][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | DuckDB is an in-process SQL OLAP Database Management System |
-| [scikit-image][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Image processing library. Uses cibuildwheel to build and test a project that uses Cython with platform-native code.  |
-| [PyGame][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | pygame (the library) is a Free and Open Source python programming language library for making multimedia applications like games built on top of the excellent SDL library. C, Python, Native, OpenGL. |
-| [cmake][]                         | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Multitagged binary builds for all supported platforms, using cibw 2 config configuration. |
-| [twisted-iocpsupport][]           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] | A submodule of Twisted that hooks into native C APIs using Cython. |
-| [websockets][]                    | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Library for building WebSocket servers and clients. Mostly written in Python, with a small C 'speedups' extension module.  |
-| [cvxpy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A Python-embedded modeling language for convex optimization problems. |
-| [PyOxidizer][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A modern Python application packaging and distribution tool |
-| [UltraJSON][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Ultra fast JSON decoder and encoder written in C with Python bindings |
 | [Triton][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] | Self hosted runners |
+| [uvloop][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Ultra fast asyncio event loop. |
+| [psutil][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Cross-platform lib for process and system monitoring in Python |
+| [Google Benchmark][]              | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A microbenchmark support library |
+| [vaex][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Out-of-Core hybrid Apache Arrow/NumPy DataFrame for Python, ML, visualization and exploration of big tabular data at a billion rows per second 🚀 |
+| [Apache Beam][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Apache Beam is a unified programming model for Batch and Streaming data processing. |
+| [PyGame][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | 🐍🎮 pygame (the library) is a Free and Open Source python programming language library for making multimedia applications like games built on top of the excellent SDL library. C, Python, Native, OpenGL. |
+| [asyncpg][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A fast PostgreSQL Database Client Library for Python/asyncio. |
+| [cmake][]                         | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Multitagged binary builds for all supported platforms, using cibw 2 config configuration. |
+| [scikit-image][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Image processing library. Uses cibuildwheel to build and test a project that uses Cython with platform-native code.  |
+| [twisted-iocpsupport][]           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] | A submodule of Twisted that hooks into native C APIs using Cython. |
+| [PyOxidizer][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A modern Python application packaging and distribution tool |
+| [cvxpy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A Python-embedded modeling language for convex optimization problems. |
+| [websockets][]                    | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Library for building WebSocket servers and clients. Mostly written in Python, with a small C 'speedups' extension module.  |
+| [pedalboard][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] | A Python library for working with audio data and audio plugins by wrapping the [JUCE](https://github.com/juce-framework/JUCE/) C++ framework. Uses cibuildwheel to deploy on as many operating systems and Python versions as possible with only one dependency (any NumPy).  |
 | [River][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | 🌊 Online machine learning in Python |
+| [UltraJSON][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Ultra fast JSON decoder and encoder written in C with Python bindings |
 | [OpenSpiel][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | OpenSpiel is a collection of environments and algorithms for research in general reinforcement learning and search/planning in games. |
-| [pyzmq][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for zeromq, the networking library. Uses Cython and CFFI.  |
 | [aiortc][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | WebRTC and ORTC implementation for Python using asyncio. |
-| [vispy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Main repository for Vispy |
-| [Implicit][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes GPU support for linux wheels |
-| [Confluent client for Kafka][]    | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | setup in `tools/wheels/build-wheels.bat` |
-| [tinyobjloader][]                 | ![azurepipelines icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tiny but powerful single file wavefront obj loader |
 | [Dependency Injector][]           | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Dependency injection framework for Python, uses Windows TravisCI |
+| [pyzmq][]                         | ![github icon][] ![circleci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for zeromq, the networking library. Uses Cython on CPython and CFFI on PyPy. ARM wheels for linux are built natively on CircleCI.  |
+| [Implicit][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes GPU support for linux wheels |
+| [vispy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Main repository for Vispy |
+| [tinyobjloader][]                 | ![azurepipelines icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tiny but powerful single file wavefront obj loader |
+| [CTranslate2][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes libraries from the [Intel oneAPI toolkit](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/tools/oneapi/base-toolkit.html) and CUDA kernels compiled for multiple GPU architectures. |
 | [coverage.py][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The coverage tool for Python |
 | [PyCryptodome][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A self-contained cryptographic library for Python |
+| [Line Profiler][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Line-by-line profiling for Python |
 | [PyYAML][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] | Canonical source repository for PyYAML |
-| [numexpr][]                       | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast numerical array expression evaluator for Python, NumPy, PyTables, pandas, bcolz and more |
+| [PyAV][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Pythonic bindings for FFmpeg's libraries. |
+| [numexpr][]                       | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast numerical array expression evaluator for Python, NumPy, Pandas, PyTables and more |
+| [pikepdf][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python library for reading and writing PDF, powered by QPDF |
 | [h5py][]                          | ![azurepipelines icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | HDF5 for Python -- The h5py package is a Pythonic interface to the HDF5 binary data format. |
 | [Wrapt][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python module for decorators, wrappers and monkey patching. |
-| [PyAV][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Pythonic bindings for FFmpeg's libraries. |
-| [SimpleJSON][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | simplejson is a simple, fast, extensible JSON encoder/decoder for Python  |
+| [envd][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A machine learning development environment build tool |
 | [OpenColorIO][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A color management framework for visual effects and animation. |
-| [pikepdf][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python library for reading and writing PDF, powered by qpdf |
-| [Line Profiler][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Line-by-line profiling for Python |
-| [PyTables][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python package to manage extremely large amounts of data |
-| [OpenTimelineIO][]                | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Open Source API and interchange format for editorial timeline information. |
-| [ruptures][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Extensive Cython + NumPy [pyproject.toml](https://github.com/deepcharles/ruptures/blob/master/pyproject.toml) example. |
-| [aioquic][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | QUIC and HTTP/3 implementation in Python |
-| [DeepForest][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | An Efficient, Scalable and Optimized Python Framework for Deep Forest (2021.2.1) |
-| [google neuroglancer][]           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | WebGL-based viewer for volumetric data |
 | [Psycopg 3][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A modern implementation of a PostgreSQL adapter for Python |
+| [aioquic][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | QUIC and HTTP/3 implementation in Python |
+| [SimpleJSON][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | simplejson is a simple, fast, extensible JSON encoder/decoder for Python  |
+| [ruptures][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Extensive Cython + NumPy [pyproject.toml](https://github.com/deepcharles/ruptures/blob/master/pyproject.toml) example. |
+| [OpenTimelineIO][]                | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Open Source API and interchange format for editorial timeline information. |
+| [PyTables][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python package to manage extremely large amounts of data |
+| [google neuroglancer][]           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | WebGL-based viewer for volumetric data |
 | [Parselmouth][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python interface to the Praat software package, using pybind11, C++17 and CMake, with the core Praat static library built only once and shared between wheels. |
+| [DeepForest][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | An Efficient, Scalable and Optimized Python Framework for Deep Forest (2021.2.1) |
 | [AutoPy][]                        | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes a Windows Travis build. |
 | [H3-py][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python bindings for H3, a hierarchical hexagonal geospatial indexing system |
-| [Rtree][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Rtree: spatial index for Python GIS ¶ |
+| [mosec][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] | A machine learning model serving framework powered by Rust |
+| [time-machine][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Time mocking library using only the CPython C API. |
+| [Picologging][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A high-performance logging library for Python. |
 | [markupsafe][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Safely add untrusted strings to HTML/XML markup. |
-| [python-rapidjson][]              | ![travisci icon][] ![gitlab icon][] ![appveyor icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python wrapper around rapidjson |
-| [python-snappy][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python bindings for the snappy google library |
+| [Rtree][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Rtree: spatial index for Python GIS |
 | [pybind11 cmake_example][]        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Example pybind11 module built with a CMake-based build system |
 | [KDEpy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Kernel Density Estimation in Python |
-| [tgcalls][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python `pybind11` binding to Telegram's WebRTC library with third party dependencies like `OpenSSL`, `MozJPEG`, `FFmpeg`, etc. |
-| [pybind11 python_example][]       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Example pybind11 module built with a Python-based build system |
 | [dd-trace-py][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Uses custom alternate arch emulation on GitHub |
-| [sourmash][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Quickly search, compare, and analyze genomic and metagenomic data sets. |
-| [time-machine][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Time mocking library using only the CPython C API. |
-| [cyvcf2][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | cython + htslib == fast VCF and BCF processing |
-| [CTranslate2][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes libraries from the [Intel oneAPI toolkit](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/tools/oneapi/base-toolkit.html) and CUDA kernels compiled for multiple GPU architectures. |
+| [tgcalls][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python `pybind11` binding to Telegram's WebRTC library with third party dependencies like `OpenSSL`, `MozJPEG`, `FFmpeg`, etc. |
+| [python-rapidjson][]              | ![travisci icon][] ![gitlab icon][] ![appveyor icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python wrapper around rapidjson |
+| [pybind11 python_example][]       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Example pybind11 module built with a Python-based build system |
+| [python-snappy][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python bindings for the snappy google library |
 | [abess][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A fast best-subset selection library. It uses cibuildwheel to build a large project with C++ extensions. |
-| [matrixprofile][]                 | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python 3 library making time series data mining tasks, utilizing matrix profile algorithms, accessible to everyone. |
+| [sourmash][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Quickly search, compare, and analyze genomic and metagenomic data sets. |
+| [cyvcf2][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | cython + htslib == fast VCF and BCF processing |
 | [jq.py][]                         | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for jq |
+| [matrixprofile][]                 | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python 3 library making time series data mining tasks, utilizing matrix profile algorithms, accessible to everyone. |
 | [iminuit][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Jupyter-friendly Python interface for C++ MINUIT2 |
 | [Tokenizer][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast and customizable text tokenization library with BPE and SentencePiece support |
+| [keyvi][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] | FST based key value index highly optimized for size and lookup performance, utilizes ccache action for improved runtime |
+| [pillow-heif][]                   | ![github icon][] ![cirrusci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Bindings to libheif library with third party dependencies. Fully automated CI for tests and publishing including Apple Silicon builds. |
 | [PyGLM][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Fast OpenGL Mathematics (GLM) for Python |
-| [boost-histogram][]               | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Supports full range of wheels, including PyPy and alternate archs. |
-| [bx-python][]                     | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A library that includes Cython extensions. |
-| [iDynTree][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] | Uses manylinux_2_24 |
 | [TgCrypto][]                      | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes a Windows Travis build. |
+| [iDynTree][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] | Uses manylinux_2_24 |
+| [streaming-form-data][]           | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Streaming parser for multipart/form-data written in Cython |
+| [bx-python][]                     | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A library that includes Cython extensions. |
+| [boost-histogram][]               | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Supports full range of wheels, including PyPy and alternate archs. |
+| [power-grid-model][]              | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python/C++ library for distribution power system analysis |
 | [Python-WebRTC][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | a Python extension that provides bindings to WebRTC M92 |
 | [pybase64][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast Base64 encoding/decoding in Python |
-| [Arbor][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Arbor is a multi-compartment neuron simulation library; compatible with next-generation accelerators; best-practices applied to research software; focused on community-driven development. Includes a [small script](https://github.com/arbor-sim/arbor/blob/master/scripts/patchwheel.py) patching `rpath` in bundled libraries.  |
-| [fathon][]                        | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | python package for DFA (Detrended Fluctuation Analysis) and related algorithms |
-| [etebase-py][]                    | ![travisci icon][] | ![linux icon][] | Python bindings to a Rust library using `setuptools-rust`, and `sccache` for improved speed. |
 | [Imagecodecs (fork)][]            | ![azurepipelines icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Over 20 external dependencies in compiled libraries, custom docker image, `libomp`, `openblas` and `install_name_tool` for macOS. |
-| [polaroid][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Full range of wheels for setuptools rust, with auto release and PyPI deploy. |
-| [clang-format][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Scikit-build wrapper around LLVM's CMake, all platforms, generic wheels. |
-| [power-grid-model][]              | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python/C++ library for distribution power system analysis |
-| [pyjet][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The interface between FastJet and NumPy |
-| [numpythia][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The interface between PYTHIA and NumPy |
+| [fathon][]                        | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | python package for DFA (Detrended Fluctuation Analysis) and related algorithms |
+| [Arbor][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Arbor is a multi-compartment neuron simulation library; compatible with next-generation accelerators; best-practices applied to research software; focused on community-driven development. Includes a [small script](https://github.com/arbor-sim/arbor/blob/master/scripts/patchwheel.py) patching `rpath` in bundled libraries.  |
 | [pybind11 scikit_build_example][] | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | An example combining scikit-build and pybind11 |
-| [pillow-heif][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python CFFI binding to libheif library with third party dependencies like `libde265`, `x265`, `libaom` with test & publishing on PyPi. |
+| [polaroid][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Full range of wheels for setuptools rust, with auto release and PyPI deploy. |
+| [Confluent client for Kafka][]    | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | setup in `tools/wheels/build-wheels.bat` |
+| [clang-format][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Scikit-build wrapper around LLVM's CMake, all platforms, generic wheels. |
+| [etebase-py][]                    | ![travisci icon][] | ![linux icon][] | Python bindings to a Rust library using `setuptools-rust`, and `sccache` for improved speed. |
+| [cf-units][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Units of measure as required by the Climate and Forecast (CF) Metadata Conventions |
 | [ninja][]                         | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Multitagged binary builds for all supported platforms, using cibw 2 config configuration. |
-| [GSD][]                           | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Cython and NumPy project with 64-bit wheels. |
-| [pyinstrument_cext][]             | ![travisci icon][] ![appveyor icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A simple C extension, without external dependencies |
-| [xmlstarlet][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python 3.6+ CFFI bindings with true MSVC build. |
-| [CorrectionLib][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Structured JSON powered correction library for HEP, designed for the CMS experiment at CERN. |
+| [numpythia][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The interface between PYTHIA and NumPy |
+| [pyjet][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The interface between FastJet and NumPy |
+| [ril][]                           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A python binding to Rust Imaging library using maturin and Pyo3, utilizes Github Action cache to improve speed. Builds abi3 wheels. |
 | [SiPM][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | High performance library for SiPM detectors simulation using C++17, OpenMP and AVX2 intrinsics. |
+| [GSD][]                           | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Cython and NumPy project with 64-bit wheels. |
+| [aalink][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Async Python interface for Ableton Link. |
+| [CorrectionLib][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Structured JSON powered correction library for HEP, designed for the CMS experiment at CERN. |
+| [xmlstarlet][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python 3.6+ CFFI bindings with true MSVC build. |
+| [werpy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] | An ultra-fast python package using optimized dynamic programming to compute the Word Error Rate (WER). |
+| [pyinstrument_cext][]             | ![travisci icon][] ![appveyor icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A simple C extension, without external dependencies |
+| [pybind11 cross build example][]  | ![github icon][] ![gitlab icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Same as pybind11 cmake_example but used to demo Linux ARM + Windows + macOS builds on GitLab |
 
 [scikit-learn]: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn
+[pytorch-fairseq]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/fairseq
 [NumPy]: https://github.com/numpy/numpy
+[duckdb]: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb
 [Tornado]: https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado
-[pytorch-fairseq]: https://github.com/pytorch/fairseq
-[Matplotlib]: https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib
 [NCNN]: https://github.com/Tencent/ncnn
-[Kivy]: https://github.com/kivy/kivy
+[Matplotlib]: https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib
 [Prophet]: https://github.com/facebook/prophet
 [MyPy]: https://github.com/mypyc/mypy_mypyc-wheels
-[pydantic]: https://github.com/samuelcolvin/pydantic
-[uvloop]: https://github.com/MagicStack/uvloop
+[Kivy]: https://github.com/kivy/kivy
 [MemRay]: https://github.com/bloomberg/memray
-[psutil]: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil
-[vaex]: https://github.com/vaexio/vaex
-[Google Benchmark]: https://github.com/google/benchmark
-[Apache Beam]: https://github.com/apache/beam
-[asyncpg]: https://github.com/MagicStack/asyncpg
-[duckdb]: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb
-[scikit-image]: https://github.com/scikit-image/scikit-image
-[PyGame]: https://github.com/pygame/pygame
-[cmake]: https://github.com/scikit-build/cmake-python-distributions
-[twisted-iocpsupport]: https://github.com/twisted/twisted-iocpsupport
-[websockets]: https://github.com/aaugustin/websockets
-[cvxpy]: https://github.com/cvxpy/cvxpy
-[PyOxidizer]: https://github.com/indygreg/PyOxidizer
-[UltraJSON]: https://github.com/ultrajson/ultrajson
 [Triton]: https://github.com/openai/triton
+[uvloop]: https://github.com/MagicStack/uvloop
+[psutil]: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil
+[Google Benchmark]: https://github.com/google/benchmark
+[vaex]: https://github.com/vaexio/vaex
+[Apache Beam]: https://github.com/apache/beam
+[PyGame]: https://github.com/pygame/pygame
+[asyncpg]: https://github.com/MagicStack/asyncpg
+[cmake]: https://github.com/scikit-build/cmake-python-distributions
+[scikit-image]: https://github.com/scikit-image/scikit-image
+[twisted-iocpsupport]: https://github.com/twisted/twisted-iocpsupport
+[PyOxidizer]: https://github.com/indygreg/PyOxidizer
+[cvxpy]: https://github.com/cvxpy/cvxpy
+[websockets]: https://github.com/python-websockets/websockets
+[pedalboard]: https://github.com/spotify/pedalboard
 [River]: https://github.com/online-ml/river
-[OpenSpiel]: https://github.com/deepmind/open_spiel
-[pyzmq]: https://github.com/zeromq/pyzmq
+[UltraJSON]: https://github.com/ultrajson/ultrajson
+[OpenSpiel]: https://github.com/google-deepmind/open_spiel
 [aiortc]: https://github.com/aiortc/aiortc
-[vispy]: https://github.com/vispy/vispy
-[Implicit]: https://github.com/benfred/implicit
-[Confluent client for Kafka]: https://github.com/confluentinc/confluent-kafka-python
-[tinyobjloader]: https://github.com/tinyobjloader/tinyobjloader
 [Dependency Injector]: https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector
+[pyzmq]: https://github.com/zeromq/pyzmq
+[Implicit]: https://github.com/benfred/implicit
+[vispy]: https://github.com/vispy/vispy
+[tinyobjloader]: https://github.com/tinyobjloader/tinyobjloader
+[CTranslate2]: https://github.com/OpenNMT/CTranslate2
 [coverage.py]: https://github.com/nedbat/coveragepy
 [PyCryptodome]: https://github.com/Legrandin/pycryptodome
+[Line Profiler]: https://github.com/pyutils/line_profiler
 [PyYAML]: https://github.com/yaml/pyyaml
+[PyAV]: https://github.com/PyAV-Org/PyAV
 [numexpr]: https://github.com/pydata/numexpr
+[pikepdf]: https://github.com/pikepdf/pikepdf
 [h5py]: https://github.com/h5py/h5py
 [Wrapt]: https://github.com/GrahamDumpleton/wrapt
-[PyAV]: https://github.com/PyAV-Org/PyAV
-[SimpleJSON]: https://github.com/simplejson/simplejson
+[envd]: https://github.com/tensorchord/envd
 [OpenColorIO]: https://github.com/AcademySoftwareFoundation/OpenColorIO
-[pikepdf]: https://github.com/pikepdf/pikepdf
-[Line Profiler]: https://github.com/pyutils/line_profiler
-[PyTables]: https://github.com/PyTables/PyTables
-[OpenTimelineIO]: https://github.com/PixarAnimationStudios/OpenTimelineIO
-[ruptures]: https://github.com/deepcharles/ruptures
-[aioquic]: https://github.com/aiortc/aioquic
-[DeepForest]: https://github.com/LAMDA-NJU/Deep-Forest
-[google neuroglancer]: https://github.com/google/neuroglancer
 [Psycopg 3]: https://github.com/psycopg/psycopg
+[aioquic]: https://github.com/aiortc/aioquic
+[SimpleJSON]: https://github.com/simplejson/simplejson
+[ruptures]: https://github.com/deepcharles/ruptures
+[OpenTimelineIO]: https://github.com/AcademySoftwareFoundation/OpenTimelineIO
+[PyTables]: https://github.com/PyTables/PyTables
+[google neuroglancer]: https://github.com/google/neuroglancer
 [Parselmouth]: https://github.com/YannickJadoul/Parselmouth
+[DeepForest]: https://github.com/LAMDA-NJU/Deep-Forest
 [AutoPy]: https://github.com/autopilot-rs/autopy
 [H3-py]: https://github.com/uber/h3-py
-[Rtree]: https://github.com/Toblerity/rtree
+[mosec]: https://github.com/mosecorg/mosec
+[time-machine]: https://github.com/adamchainz/time-machine
+[Picologging]: https://github.com/microsoft/picologging
 [markupsafe]: https://github.com/pallets/markupsafe
-[python-rapidjson]: https://github.com/python-rapidjson/python-rapidjson
-[python-snappy]: https://github.com/andrix/python-snappy
+[Rtree]: https://github.com/Toblerity/rtree
 [pybind11 cmake_example]: https://github.com/pybind/cmake_example
 [KDEpy]: https://github.com/tommyod/KDEpy
-[tgcalls]: https://github.com/MarshalX/tgcalls
-[pybind11 python_example]: https://github.com/pybind/python_example
 [dd-trace-py]: https://github.com/DataDog/dd-trace-py
-[sourmash]: https://github.com/dib-lab/sourmash
-[time-machine]: https://github.com/adamchainz/time-machine
-[cyvcf2]: https://github.com/brentp/cyvcf2
-[CTranslate2]: https://github.com/OpenNMT/CTranslate2
+[tgcalls]: https://github.com/MarshalX/tgcalls
+[python-rapidjson]: https://github.com/python-rapidjson/python-rapidjson
+[pybind11 python_example]: https://github.com/pybind/python_example
+[python-snappy]: https://github.com/intake/python-snappy
 [abess]: https://github.com/abess-team/abess
-[matrixprofile]: https://github.com/matrix-profile-foundation/matrixprofile
+[sourmash]: https://github.com/sourmash-bio/sourmash
+[cyvcf2]: https://github.com/brentp/cyvcf2
 [jq.py]: https://github.com/mwilliamson/jq.py
+[matrixprofile]: https://github.com/matrix-profile-foundation/matrixprofile
 [iminuit]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/iminuit
 [Tokenizer]: https://github.com/OpenNMT/Tokenizer
+[keyvi]: https://github.com/KeyviDev/keyvi
+[pillow-heif]: https://github.com/bigcat88/pillow_heif
 [PyGLM]: https://github.com/Zuzu-Typ/PyGLM
-[boost-histogram]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/boost-histogram
-[bx-python]: https://github.com/bxlab/bx-python
-[iDynTree]: https://github.com/robotology/idyntree
 [TgCrypto]: https://github.com/pyrogram/tgcrypto
+[iDynTree]: https://github.com/robotology/idyntree
+[streaming-form-data]: https://github.com/siddhantgoel/streaming-form-data
+[bx-python]: https://github.com/bxlab/bx-python
+[boost-histogram]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/boost-histogram
+[power-grid-model]: https://github.com/PowerGridModel/power-grid-model
 [Python-WebRTC]: https://github.com/MarshalX/python-webrtc
 [pybase64]: https://github.com/mayeut/pybase64
-[Arbor]: https://github.com/arbor-sim/arbor
-[fathon]: https://github.com/stfbnc/fathon
-[etebase-py]: https://github.com/etesync/etebase-py
 [Imagecodecs (fork)]: https://github.com/czaki/imagecodecs_build
-[polaroid]: https://github.com/daggy1234/polaroid
-[clang-format]: https://github.com/ssciwr/clang-format-wheel
-[power-grid-model]: https://github.com/alliander-opensource/power-grid-model
-[pyjet]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/pyjet
-[numpythia]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/numpythia
+[fathon]: https://github.com/stfbnc/fathon
+[Arbor]: https://github.com/arbor-sim/arbor
 [pybind11 scikit_build_example]: https://github.com/pybind/scikit_build_example
-[pillow-heif]: https://github.com/bigcat88/pillow_heif
+[polaroid]: https://github.com/daggy1234/polaroid
+[Confluent client for Kafka]: https://github.com/confluentinc/confluent-kafka-python
+[clang-format]: https://github.com/ssciwr/clang-format-wheel
+[etebase-py]: https://github.com/etesync/etebase-py
+[cf-units]: https://github.com/SciTools/cf-units
 [ninja]: https://github.com/scikit-build/ninja-python-distributions
-[GSD]: https://github.com/glotzerlab/gsd
-[pyinstrument_cext]: https://github.com/joerick/pyinstrument_cext
-[xmlstarlet]: https://github.com/dimitern/xmlstarlet
-[CorrectionLib]: https://github.com/cms-nanoAOD/correctionlib
+[numpythia]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/numpythia
+[pyjet]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/pyjet
+[ril]: https://github.com/Cryptex-github/ril-py
 [SiPM]: https://github.com/EdoPro98/SimSiPM
+[GSD]: https://github.com/glotzerlab/gsd
+[aalink]: https://github.com/artfwo/aalink
+[CorrectionLib]: https://github.com/cms-nanoAOD/correctionlib
+[xmlstarlet]: https://github.com/dimitern/xmlstarlet
+[werpy]: https://github.com/analyticsinmotion/werpy
+[pyinstrument_cext]: https://github.com/joerick/pyinstrument_cext
+[pybind11 cross build example]: https://github.com/wbarnha/pybind_cmake_example_crossbuild
 
 [appveyor icon]: data/readme_icons/appveyor.svg
 [github icon]: data/readme_icons/github.svg
@@ -214,110 +234,11 @@ title: Working examples
 [circleci icon]: data/readme_icons/circleci.svg
 [gitlab icon]: data/readme_icons/gitlab.svg
 [travisci icon]: data/readme_icons/travisci.svg
+[cirrusci icon]: data/readme_icons/cirrusci.svg
 [windows icon]: data/readme_icons/windows.svg
 [apple icon]: data/readme_icons/apple.svg
 [linux icon]: data/readme_icons/linux.svg
 
-<!-- scikit-learn: 50318, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- NumPy: 20611, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- Tornado: 20565, last pushed 1 days ago -->
-<!-- pytorch-fairseq: 17149, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- Matplotlib: 15597, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- NCNN: 14686, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- Kivy: 14676, last pushed 6 days ago -->
-<!-- Prophet: 14519, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- MyPy: 13207, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- pydantic: 10083, last pushed 4 days ago -->
-<!-- uvloop: 8643, last pushed 3 days ago -->
-<!-- MemRay: 8533, last pushed 1 days ago -->
-<!-- psutil: 8432, last pushed 1 days ago -->
-<!-- vaex: 7100, last pushed 1 days ago -->
-<!-- Google Benchmark: 6519, last pushed 4 days ago -->
-<!-- Apache Beam: 5557, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- asyncpg: 5502, last pushed 25 days ago -->
-<!-- duckdb: 5216, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- scikit-image: 4923, last pushed 1 days ago -->
-<!-- PyGame: 4848, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- cmake: 4803, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- twisted-iocpsupport: 4615, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- websockets: 3962, last pushed 21 days ago -->
-<!-- cvxpy: 3944, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- PyOxidizer: 3819, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- UltraJSON: 3721, last pushed 1 days ago -->
-<!-- Triton: 3654, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- River: 3399, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- OpenSpiel: 3202, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- pyzmq: 3094, last pushed 3 days ago -->
-<!-- aiortc: 2937, last pushed 10 days ago -->
-<!-- vispy: 2878, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- Implicit: 2798, last pushed 3 days ago -->
-<!-- Confluent client for Kafka: 2797, last pushed 2 days ago -->
-<!-- tinyobjloader: 2548, last pushed 160 days ago -->
-<!-- Dependency Injector: 2155, last pushed 49 days ago -->
-<!-- coverage.py: 2061, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- PyCryptodome: 2014, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- PyYAML: 1854, last pushed 25 days ago -->
-<!-- numexpr: 1759, last pushed 11 days ago -->
-<!-- h5py: 1740, last pushed 3 days ago -->
-<!-- Wrapt: 1685, last pushed 35 days ago -->
-<!-- PyAV: 1574, last pushed 17 days ago -->
-<!-- SimpleJSON: 1490, last pushed 44 days ago -->
-<!-- OpenColorIO: 1316, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- pikepdf: 1255, last pushed 7 days ago -->
-<!-- Line Profiler: 1232, last pushed 8 days ago -->
-<!-- PyTables: 1128, last pushed 47 days ago -->
-<!-- OpenTimelineIO: 1056, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- ruptures: 969, last pushed 19 days ago -->
-<!-- aioquic: 941, last pushed 27 days ago -->
-<!-- DeepForest: 762, last pushed 22 days ago -->
-<!-- google neuroglancer: 736, last pushed 6 days ago -->
-<!-- Psycopg 3: 690, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- Parselmouth: 661, last pushed 62 days ago -->
-<!-- AutoPy: 648, last pushed 162 days ago -->
-<!-- H3-py: 532, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- Rtree: 480, last pushed 47 days ago -->
-<!-- markupsafe: 473, last pushed 4 days ago -->
-<!-- python-rapidjson: 454, last pushed 11 days ago -->
-<!-- python-snappy: 437, last pushed 81 days ago -->
-<!-- pybind11 cmake_example: 403, last pushed 2 days ago -->
-<!-- KDEpy: 374, last pushed 115 days ago -->
-<!-- tgcalls: 359, last pushed 1 days ago -->
-<!-- pybind11 python_example: 328, last pushed 2 days ago -->
-<!-- dd-trace-py: 325, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- sourmash: 306, last pushed 4 days ago -->
-<!-- time-machine: 303, last pushed 1 days ago -->
-<!-- cyvcf2: 298, last pushed 16 days ago -->
-<!-- CTranslate2: 296, last pushed 2 days ago -->
-<!-- abess: 266, last pushed 5 days ago -->
-<!-- matrixprofile: 264, last pushed 345 days ago -->
-<!-- jq.py: 216, last pushed 119 days ago -->
-<!-- iminuit: 206, last pushed 2 days ago -->
-<!-- Tokenizer: 183, last pushed 90 days ago -->
-<!-- PyGLM: 142, last pushed 69 days ago -->
-<!-- boost-histogram: 114, last pushed 6 days ago -->
-<!-- bx-python: 113, last pushed 151 days ago -->
-<!-- iDynTree: 105, last pushed 4 days ago -->
-<!-- TgCrypto: 104, last pushed 93 days ago -->
-<!-- Python-WebRTC: 89, last pushed 87 days ago -->
-<!-- pybase64: 84, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- Arbor: 72, last pushed 2 days ago -->
-<!-- fathon: 61, last pushed 3 days ago -->
-<!-- etebase-py: 57, last pushed 160 days ago -->
-<!-- Imagecodecs (fork): 44, last pushed 19 days ago -->
-<!-- polaroid: 40, last pushed 25 days ago -->
-<!-- clang-format: 37, last pushed 2 days ago -->
-<!-- power-grid-model: 34, last pushed 2 days ago -->
-<!-- pyjet: 33, last pushed 11 days ago -->
-<!-- numpythia: 33, last pushed 10 days ago -->
-<!-- pybind11 scikit_build_example: 26, last pushed 2 days ago -->
-<!-- pillow-heif: 26, last pushed 3 days ago -->
-<!-- ninja: 24, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- GSD: 19, last pushed 4 days ago -->
-<!-- pyinstrument_cext: 10, last pushed 240 days ago -->
-<!-- xmlstarlet: 9, last pushed 6 days ago -->
-<!-- CorrectionLib: 9, last pushed 11 days ago -->
-<!-- SiPM: 6, last pushed 4 days ago -->
-
 <!-- END bin/projects.py -->
 
 > Add your repo here! Let us know on [GitHub Discussions](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/discussions/485), or send a PR, adding your information to `docs/data/projects.yml`.

examples/appveyor-minimal.yml

@@ -1,18 +1,15 @@
 environment:
   matrix:
-    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Ubuntu
-      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python37-x64-ubuntu"
-    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2015
-      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python37-x64-vs2015"
-    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: macos-mojave
-      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python37-x64-macos-mojave"
+    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Ubuntu2204
+      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "linux-x64"
+    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2022
+      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "windows-x64"
+    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: macos-sonoma
+      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "macos-x64"
 
-stack: python 3.7
+stack: python 3.12
 
-init:
-- cmd: set PATH=C:\Python37;C:\Python37\Scripts;%PATH%
-
-install: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.6.1
+install: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.21.1
 
 build_script: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
 

examples/azure-pipelines-minimal.yml

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 jobs:
 - job: linux
-  pool: {vmImage: 'Ubuntu-16.04'}
+  pool: {vmImage: 'Ubuntu-20.04'}
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
     - bash: |
         set -o errexit
         python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        pip3 install cibuildwheel==2.6.1
+        pip3 install cibuildwheel==2.21.1
       displayName: Install dependencies
     - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
       displayName: Build wheels
@@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ jobs:
       inputs: {pathtoPublish: 'wheelhouse'}
 
 - job: macos
-  pool: {vmImage: 'macOS-10.15'}
+  pool: {vmImage: 'macOS-12'}
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
     - bash: |
         set -o errexit
         python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.6.1
+        python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.21.1
       displayName: Install dependencies
     - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
       displayName: Build wheels
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ jobs:
     - bash: |
         set -o errexit
         python -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        pip install cibuildwheel==2.6.1
+        pip install cibuildwheel==2.21.1
       displayName: Install dependencies
     - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
       displayName: Build wheels

examples/circleci-minimal.yml

@@ -4,28 +4,47 @@ jobs:
   linux-wheels:
     working_directory: ~/linux-wheels
     docker:
-      - image: circleci/python:3.6
+      - image: cimg/python:3.12
     steps:
       - checkout
       - setup_remote_docker
       - run:
           name: Build the Linux wheels.
           command: |
-            pip3 install --user cibuildwheel==2.6.1
+            python3 -m pip install --user cibuildwheel==2.21.1
             cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       - store_artifacts:
           path: wheelhouse/
 
+  linux-aarch64-wheels:
+    working_directory: ~/linux-aarch64-wheels
+    machine:
+      image: default
+    # resource_class is what tells CircleCI to use an ARM worker for native arm builds
+    # https://circleci.com/product/features/resource-classes/
+    resource_class: arm.medium
+    steps:
+      - checkout
+      - run:
+          name: Build the Linux aarch64 wheels.
+          command: |
+            python3 -m pip install --user cibuildwheel==2.21.1
+            python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
+      - store_artifacts:
+          path: wheelhouse/
+
   osx-wheels:
     working_directory: ~/osx-wheels
     macos:
-      xcode: 12.5.1
+      xcode: 15.4.0
+    resource_class: macos.m1.medium.gen1
     steps:
       - checkout
       - run:
           name: Build the OS X wheels.
           command: |
-            pip3 install cibuildwheel==2.6.1
+            sudo softwareupdate --install-rosetta --agree-to-license  # for python<=3.8 or x86_64/universal2 tests
+            pip3 install cibuildwheel==2.21.1
             cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       - store_artifacts:
           path: wheelhouse/
@@ -35,4 +54,5 @@ workflows:
   all-tests:
     jobs:
       - linux-wheels
+      - linux-aarch64-wheels
       - osx-wheels