Bump version: v2.21.3

docs: update for 3.13.0 final (#2035 )
Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>
2024-10-09 09:04:53 +01:00 · 2024-10-08 10:26:58 -04:00 · 2024-10-08 01:47:21 -04:00 · 2024-10-07 18:26:20 -04:00 · 2024-10-07 18:25:09 -04:00 · 2024-10-02 22:51:53 +01:00
92 changed files with 1709 additions and 895 deletions
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 version: 2

 jobs:
-  osx-python3.9:
+  osx-python3.12:
    macos:
-      xcode: 12.5.1
+      xcode: 15.4.0
+    resource_class: macos.m1.medium.gen1
    environment:
      PYTHON: python3
    steps:
@@ -17,9 +18,9 @@ jobs:
          command: venv/bin/python ./bin/run_tests.py
          no_output_timeout: 30m

-  linux-python3.9:
+  linux-python3.12:
    docker:
-      - image: circleci/python:3.9
+      - image: cimg/python:3.12
    environment:
      PYTHON: python3
      # Temporarily restrict the tests that are run on CircleCI to prevent
@@ -61,6 +62,6 @@ workflows:
  version: 2
  all-tests:
    jobs:
-      - osx-python3.9
-      - linux-python3.9
+      - osx-python3.12
+      - linux-python3.12
      - linux-aarch64
@@ -2,10 +2,14 @@
 set -o errexit
 set -o xtrace

+if [ "$(uname -s)" == "Darwin" ]; then
+  sudo softwareupdate --install-rosetta --agree-to-license
+else
+  docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
+fi
+
 $PYTHON --version
-$PYTHON -m pip --version
-$PYTHON -m virtualenv --version
-$PYTHON -m virtualenv --no-setuptools --no-wheel -p "$PYTHON" venv
+$PYTHON -m venv venv
 venv/bin/python -m pip install -U pip
 venv/bin/python -m pip install -e ".[dev]"
 venv/bin/python -m pip freeze
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ linux_x86_task:
    memory: 8G

  install_pre_requirements_script:
+    - docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
    - apt install -y python3-venv python-is-python3
  <<: *RUN_TESTS

@@ -30,6 +31,7 @@ linux_aarch64_task:
    memory: 4G

  install_pre_requirements_script:
+    - docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
    - apt install -y python3-venv python-is-python3
  <<: *RUN_TESTS

@@ -13,30 +13,30 @@ jobs:
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4

-    - name: Build SDist and wheel
-      run: pipx run build
-
-    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
-      with:
-        name: cibw-sdist
-        path: dist/*
-
-    - name: Check metadata
-      run: pipx run twine check dist/*
+    - uses: hynek/build-and-inspect-python-package@v2

  publish:
    needs: [dist]
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    if: github.event_name == 'release' && github.event.action == 'published'
-    environment: pypi
+    environment:
+      name: pypi
+      url: https://pypi.org/p/cibuildwheel
    permissions:
      id-token: write
+      attestations: write

    steps:
    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
      with:
-        pattern: cibw-*
+        name: Packages
        path: dist
-        merge-multiple: true
+
+    - name: Generate artifact attestation for sdist and wheel
+      uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@1c608d11d69870c2092266b3f9a6f3abbf17002c # v1.4.3
+      with:
+        subject-path: "dist/cibuildwheel-*"

    - uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@release/v1
+      with:
+        attestations: true
@@ -22,13 +22,14 @@ jobs:
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      id: python
      with:
        python-version: "3.x"
    - uses: pre-commit/action@v3.0.1
    - name: Check manifest
-      run: pipx run nox -s check_manifest
+      run: pipx run --python "${{ steps.python.outputs.python-path }}" nox -s check_manifest
    - name: PyLint checks
-      run: pipx run nox -s pylint -- --output-format=github
+      run: pipx run --python "${{ steps.python.outputs.python-path }}" nox -s pylint -- --output-format=github

  test:
    name: Test on ${{ matrix.os }} (${{ matrix.python_version }})
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ jobs:
    strategy:
      matrix:
        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-13, macos-14]
-        python_version: ['3.12']
+        python_version: ['3.13']
        include:
        - os: ubuntu-latest
          python_version: '3.8'
@@ -48,19 +49,9 @@ jobs:
      name: Install Python ${{ matrix.python_version }}
      with:
        python-version: ${{ matrix.python_version }}
+        allow-prereleases: true

-    - uses: yezz123/setup-uv@v4
-
-    # Install podman on this CI instance for podman tests on linux
-    # Snippet from: https://github.com/redhat-actions/podman-login/blob/main/.github/workflows/example.yml
-    - name: Install latest podman
-      if: runner.os == 'Linux'
-      run: |
-        . /etc/os-release
-        echo "deb https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/devel:/kubic:/libcontainers:/stable/xUbuntu_${VERSION_ID}/ /" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/devel:kubic:libcontainers:stable.list
-        curl -sSfL "https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/devel:/kubic:/libcontainers:/stable/xUbuntu_${VERSION_ID}/Release.key" | sudo apt-key add -
-        sudo apt-get update
-        sudo apt-get -y install podman
+    - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v3

    # free some space to prevent reaching GHA disk space limits
    - name: Clean docker images
@@ -69,6 +60,11 @@ jobs:
        docker system prune -a -f
        df -h

+    # for oci_container unit tests
+    - name: Set up QEMU
+      if: runner.os == 'Linux'
+      uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
+
    - name: Install dependencies
      run: |
        uv pip install --system ".[test]"
@@ -114,7 +110,7 @@ jobs:
        output-dir: wheelhouse_config_file
        config-file: sample_proj/cibw.toml

-    - name: Check Action artefacts
+    - name: Check Action artifacts
      shell: bash
      run: |
        test $(find wheelhouse -name '*.whl' | wc -l) -ge 1
@@ -167,10 +163,7 @@ jobs:
      run: python -m pip install ".[test,uv]"

    - name: Set up QEMU
-      id: qemu
      uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
-      with:
-        platforms: all

    - name: Run the emulation tests
      run: pytest --run-emulation ${{ matrix.arch }} test/test_emulation.py
@@ -20,6 +20,16 @@ jobs:
    if: github.repository_owner == 'pypa' || github.event_name != 'schedule'
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
+
+    # we use this step to grab a Github App auth token, so that PRs generated by this workflow
+    # run the GHA tests.
+    - uses: actions/create-github-app-token@v1
+      id: generate-token
+      if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' && github.repository == 'pypa/cibuildwheel'
+      with:
+        app_id: ${{ secrets.CIBUILDWHEEL_BOT_APP_ID }}
+        private_key: ${{ secrets.CIBUILDWHEEL_BOT_APP_PRIVATE_KEY }}
+
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4

    - uses: wntrblm/nox@2024.04.15
@@ -33,18 +43,9 @@ jobs:
    - name: "Run update: docs user projects"
      run: nox --force-color -s update_proj -- --auth=${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}

-    # we use this step to grab a Github App auth token, so that PRs generated by this workflow
-    # run the GHA tests.
-    - uses: tibdex/github-app-token@v2
-      id: generate-token
-      if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' && github.repository == 'pypa/cibuildwheel'
-      with:
-        app_id: ${{ secrets.CIBUILDWHEEL_BOT_APP_ID }}
-        private_key: ${{ secrets.CIBUILDWHEEL_BOT_APP_PRIVATE_KEY }}
-
    - name: Create Pull Request
      if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' && github.repository == 'pypa/cibuildwheel'
-      uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v6
+      uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v7
      with:
        commit-message: Update dependencies
        title: '[Bot] Update dependencies'
@@ -53,7 +54,6 @@ jobs:

          PR generated by "Update dependencies" [workflow](https://github.com/${{github.repository}}/actions/runs/${{github.run_id}}).
        branch: update-dependencies-pr
-        committer: "cibuildwheel-bot[bot] <83877280+cibuildwheel-bot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>"
-        author: "cibuildwheel-bot[bot] <83877280+cibuildwheel-bot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>"
+        sign-commits: true
        token: ${{ steps.generate-token.outputs.token }}
        delete-branch: true
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 linux:
-  image: python:3.8
+  image: python:3.12
  services:
    - name: docker:dind
      entrypoint: ["env", "-u", "DOCKER_HOST"]
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ linux:
    PYTEST_ADDOPTS: -k "unit_test or test_0_basic" --suppress-no-test-exit-code
  script:
    - curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh
+    - docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
    - python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
    - python ./bin/run_tests.py

@@ -23,9 +24,19 @@ windows:
  variables:
    PYTEST_ADDOPTS: -k "unit_test or test_0_basic" --suppress-no-test-exit-code
  before_script:
-    - choco install python -y --version 3.8.6
+    - choco install python -y --version 3.12.4
  script:
    - py -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
    - py bin\run_tests.py
  tags:
-    - windows
+    - saas-windows-medium-amd64
+
+macos:
+  image: macos-14-xcode-15
+  variables:
+    PYTEST_ADDOPTS: -k "unit_test or test_0_basic" --suppress-no-test-exit-code
+  script:
+    - python3 -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
+    - python3 ./bin/run_tests.py
+  tags:
+    - saas-macos-medium-m1
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 repos:

 - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
-  rev: v4.6.0
+  rev: v5.0.0
  hooks:
  - id: check-case-conflict
  - id: check-merge-conflict
@@ -14,14 +14,14 @@ repos:
  - id: trailing-whitespace

 - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-  rev: v0.4.7
+  rev: v0.6.9
  hooks:
  - id: ruff
    args: ["--fix", "--show-fixes"]
  - id: ruff-format

 - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy
-  rev: v1.10.0
+  rev: v1.11.2
  hooks:
  - id: mypy
    name: mypy 3.8 on cibuildwheel/
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ repos:


 - repo: https://github.com/python-jsonschema/check-jsonschema
-  rev: 0.28.4
+  rev: 0.29.3
  hooks:
    - id: check-dependabot
    - id: check-github-actions
@@ -20,6 +20,14 @@ jobs:
      group: edge
      virt: vm
      env: PYTHON=python
+      # docker is outdated in the arm64-graviton2 vm focal image (19.x)
+      # we need to upgrade to get >= 24.0
+      addons:
+        apt:
+          sources:
+            - sourceline: 'deb https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu $(lsb_release -cs) stable'
+          packages:
+            - docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io

    - name: Linux | ppc64le | Python 3.9
      python: 3.9
@@ -44,11 +52,13 @@ jobs:
      python: 3.9
      services: docker
      arch: s390x
+      allow_failure: True
      env: PYTHON=python

 install:
+- if [ "${TRAVIS_OS_NAME}" == "linux" ]; then docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all; fi
 - $PYTHON -m pip install -U pip
- $PYTHON -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
+- $PYTHON -m pip install -e ".[test]" pytest-custom-exit-code

 script: |
  # travis_wait disable the output while waiting
@@ -56,5 +66,7 @@ script: |
  (while true; do echo "travis_keep_alive"; sleep 300; done) &
  SPINNER_PID=$!
  disown
-  $PYTHON ./bin/run_tests.py --num-processes 2
+  result=0
+  $PYTHON ./bin/run_tests.py --num-processes 2 || result=1
  kill -9 ${SPINNER_PID}
+  test ${result} -eq 0
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 This is a summary of the host Python versions and platforms covered by the different CI platforms:

-|         | 3.8                                                    | 3.9                   | 3.10      | 3.12           |
-|---------|--------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------|-----------|----------------|
-| Linux   | AppVeyor¹ / Azure Pipelines / GitLab¹ / GitHub Actions | CircleCI¹ / Travis CI | Cirrus CI | GitHub Actions |
-| macOS   | AppVeyor¹ / Azure Pipelines                            | CircleCI¹ / Travis CI | Cirrus CI | GitHub Actions |
-| Windows | AppVeyor¹ / Azure Pipelines / GitLab¹                  | Travis CI             | Cirrus CI | GitHub Actions |
+|         | 3.8                              | 3.9       | 3.10      | 3.11    | 3.12                                             |
+|---------|----------------------------------|-----------|-----------|---------|--------------------------------------------------|
+| Linux   | Azure Pipelines / GitHub Actions | Travis CI | Cirrus CI |         | AppVeyor¹ / CircleCI¹ / GitHub Actions / GitLab¹ |
+| macOS   | Azure Pipelines                  |           | Cirrus CI | GitLab¹ | AppVeyor¹ /CircleCI¹ / GitHub Actions            |
+| Windows | Azure Pipelines                  | Travis CI | Cirrus CI |         | AppVeyor¹ / GitHub Actions / GitLab¹             |

 > ¹ Runs a reduced set of tests to reduce CI load

@@ -22,27 +22,27 @@ Python wheels are great. Building them across **Mac, Linux, Windows**, on **mult
 What does it do?
 ----------------

-|                | macOS Intel | macOS Apple Silicon | Windows 64bit | Windows 32bit | Windows Arm64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux x86_64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux i686 | manylinux<br/>musllinux aarch64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux ppc64le | manylinux<br/>musllinux s390x | Pyodide |
-|----------------|----|-----|-----|-----|-----|----|-----|----|-----|-----|-----|
-| CPython 3.6    | ✅ | N/A | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A |
-| CPython 3.7    | ✅ | N/A | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A |
-| CPython 3.8    | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A |
-| CPython 3.9    | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A |
-| CPython 3.10   | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A |
-| CPython 3.11   | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A |
-| CPython 3.12   | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁴ |
-| CPython 3.13³  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A |
-| PyPy 3.7 v7.3  | ✅ | N/A | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
-| PyPy 3.8 v7.3  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
-| PyPy 3.9 v7.3  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
-| PyPy 3.10 v7.3 | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+|                | macOS Intel | macOS Apple Silicon | Windows 64bit | Windows 32bit | Windows Arm64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux x86_64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux i686 | manylinux<br/>musllinux aarch64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux ppc64le | manylinux<br/>musllinux s390x | musllinux armv7l | Pyodide |
+|----------------|----|-----|-----|-----|-----|----|-----|----|-----|-----|---|-----|
+| CPython 3.6    | ✅ | N/A | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | N/A |
+| CPython 3.7    | ✅ | N/A | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | N/A |
+| CPython 3.8    | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | N/A |
+| CPython 3.9    | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | N/A |
+| CPython 3.10   | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | N/A |
+| CPython 3.11   | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | N/A |
+| CPython 3.12   | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁴ |
+| CPython 3.13³  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.7 v7.3  | ✅ | N/A | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.8 v7.3  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.9 v7.3  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.10 v7.3 | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |

 <sup>¹ PyPy is only supported for manylinux wheels.</sup><br>
 <sup>² Windows arm64 support is experimental.</sup><br>
-<sup>³ CPython 3.13 is available using the [`CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#prerelease-pythons) option. Free-threaded mode requires opt-in, not yet available on macOS.</sup><br>
+<sup>³ Free-threaded mode requires opt-in using [`CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#free-threaded-support).</sup><br>
 <sup>⁴ Experimental, not yet supported on PyPI, but can be used directly in web deployment. Use `--platform pyodide` to build.</sup><br>

- Builds manylinux, musllinux, macOS 10.9+, and Windows wheels for CPython and PyPy
+- Builds manylinux, musllinux, macOS 10.9+ (10.13+ for Python 3.12+), and Windows wheels for CPython and PyPy
 - Works on GitHub Actions, Azure Pipelines, Travis CI, AppVeyor, CircleCI, GitLab CI, and Cirrus CI
 - Bundles shared library dependencies on Linux and macOS through [auditwheel](https://github.com/pypa/auditwheel) and [delocate](https://github.com/matthew-brett/delocate)
 - Runs your library's tests against the wheel-installed version of your library
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ Usage
 | Travis CI       | ✅    |       | ✅      | ✅        |           |             |
 | AppVeyor        | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      |           | ✅        | ✅²         |
 | CircleCI        | ✅    | ✅    |         | ✅        | ✅        |             |
-| Gitlab CI       | ✅    |       | ✅      | ✅¹       |           |             |
+| Gitlab CI       | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅¹       | ✅        |             |
 | Cirrus CI       | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅        | ✅        |             |

 <sup>¹ [Requires emulation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/faq/#emulation), distributed separately. Other services may also support Linux ARM through emulation or third-party build hosts, but these are not tested in our CI.</sup><br>
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    strategy:
      matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-13, macos-14]
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-13, macos-latest]

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ jobs:
      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5

      - name: Install cibuildwheel
-        run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.19.0
+        run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.21.3

      - name: Build wheels
        run: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
@@ -161,10 +161,10 @@ Here are some repos that use cibuildwheel.
 | [scikit-learn][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The machine learning library. A complex but clean config using many of cibuildwheel's features to build a large project with Cython and C++ extensions.  |
 | [pytorch-fairseq][]               | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence Toolkit written in Python. |
 | [NumPy][]                         | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. |
-| [Tornado][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library. Uses stable ABI for a small C extension. |
-| [Matplotlib][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The venerable Matplotlib, a Python library with C++ portions |
-| [NCNN][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | ncnn is a high-performance neural network inference framework optimized for the mobile platform |
 | [duckdb][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | DuckDB is an analytical in-process SQL database management system |
+| [Tornado][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library. Uses stable ABI for a small C extension. |
+| [NCNN][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | ncnn is a high-performance neural network inference framework optimized for the mobile platform |
+| [Matplotlib][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The venerable Matplotlib, a Python library with C++ portions |
 | [Prophet][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Tool for producing high quality forecasts for time series data that has multiple seasonality with linear or non-linear growth. |
 | [MyPy][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | The compiled version of MyPy using MyPyC. |
 | [Kivy][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Open source UI framework written in Python, running on Windows, Linux, macOS, Android and iOS |
@@ -172,10 +172,10 @@ Here are some repos that use cibuildwheel.
 [scikit-learn]: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn
 [pytorch-fairseq]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/fairseq
 [NumPy]: https://github.com/numpy/numpy
-[Tornado]: https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado
-[Matplotlib]: https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib
-[NCNN]: https://github.com/Tencent/ncnn
 [duckdb]: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb
+[Tornado]: https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado
+[NCNN]: https://github.com/Tencent/ncnn
+[Matplotlib]: https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib
 [Prophet]: https://github.com/facebook/prophet
 [MyPy]: https://github.com/mypyc/mypy_mypyc-wheels
 [Kivy]: https://github.com/kivy/kivy
@@ -211,75 +211,55 @@ Changelog

 <!-- this section was generated by bin/update_readme_changelog.py -- do not edit manually -->

-### v2.19.0
+### v2.21.3

- 🌟 Add Pyodide platform. Set with `--platform pyodide` or `CIBW_PLATFORM: pyodide` on Linux with a host Python 3.12 to build WebAssembly wheels. Not accepted on PyPI currently, but usable directly in a website using Pyodide, for live docs, etc. (#1456, #1859)
- 🌟 Add `build[uv]` backend, which will take a pre-existing uv install (or install `cibuildwheel[uv]`) and use `uv` for all environment setup and installs on Python 3.8+. This is significantly faster in most cases. (#1856)
- ✨ Add free-threaded macOS builds and update CPython to 3.13.0b2. (#1854)
- 🐛 Issue copying a wheel to a non-existent output dir fixed. (#1851, #1862)
- 🐛 Better determinism for the test environment seeding. (#1835)
- 🛠 `VIRTUAL_ENV` variable now set. (#1842)
- 🛠 Remove a pip<21.3 workaround. (#1842)
- 🛠 Error handling was refactored to use exceptions. (#1719)
- 🛠 Hardcoded paths in tests avoided. (#1834)
- 🛠 Single Python tests made more generic. (#1835)
- 🛠 Sped up our ci by splitting up emulation tests. (#1839)
+_9 October 2024_
+
+- 🛠 Update CPython 3.13 to 3.13.0 final release (#2032)
+- 📚 Docs updates and tidy ups (#2035)
+
+### v2.21.2
+
+_2 October 2024_
+
+- ✨ Adds support for building 32-bit armv7l wheels on musllinux. On a Linux system with emulation set up, set [CIBW_ARCHS](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#archs) to `armv7l` on Linux to try it out if you're interested! (#2017)
+- 🐛 Fix Linux Podman builds on some systems (#2016)
+- ✨ Adds official support for running on Python 3.13 (#2026)
+- 🛠 Update CPython 3.13 to 3.13.0rc3 (#2029)
+
+Note: the default [manylinux image](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image) is **scheduled to change** from `manylinux2014` to `manylinux_2_28` in a cibuildwheel release on or after **6th May 2025** - you can set the value now to avoid getting upgraded if you want. (#1992)
+
+### v2.21.1
+
+_16 September 2024_
+
+- 🐛 Fix a bug in the Linux build, where files copied to the container would have invalid ownership permissions (#2007)
+- 🐛 Fix a bug on Windows where cibuildwheel would call upon `uv` to install dependencies for versions of CPython that it does not support (#2005)
+- 🐛 Fix a bug where `uv 0.4.10` would not use the right Python when testing on Linux. (#2008)
+- 🛠 Bump our documentation pins, fixes an issue with a missing package (#2011)
+
+### v2.21.0
+
+_13 September 2024_
+
+- ⚠️ Update CPython 3.12 to 3.12.6, which changes the macOS minimum deployment target on CPython 3.12 from macOS 10.9 to macOS 10.13 (#1998)
+- 🛠 Changes the behaviour when inheriting `config-settings` in TOML overrides - rather than extending each key, which is rarely useful, individual keys will override previously set values. (#1803)
+- 🛠 Update CPython 3.13 to 3.13.0rc2 (#1998)
+- ✨ Adds support for multiarch OCI images (#1961)
+- 🐛 Fixes some bugs building Linux wheels on macOS. (#1961)
+- ⚠️ Changes the minimum version of Docker/Podman to Docker API version 1.43, Podman API version 3. The only mainstream runner this should affect is Travis Graviton2 runners - if so you can [upgrade your version of Docker](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/1961#issuecomment-2304060019). (#1961)


+### v2.20.0

-### v2.18.1
+_4 August 2024_

- 🌟 Add free-threaded Linux and Windows builds for 3.13. New identifiers `cp313t-*`, new option `CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT`/`tool.cibuildwheel.free-threaded-support` required to opt-in. [See the docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#free-threaded-support) for more information. (#1831)
- ✨ The `container-engine` is now a build (non-global) option. (#1792)
- 🛠 The build backend for cibuildwheel is now hatchling. (#1297)
- 🛠 Significant improvements and modernization to our noxfile. (#1823)
- 🛠 Use pylint's new GitHub Actions reporter instead of a custom matcher. (#1823)
- 🛠 Unpin virtualenv updates for Python 3.7+ (#1830)
- 🐛 Fix running linux tests from Windows or macOS ARM. (#1788)
- 📚 Fix our documentation build. (#1821)
-
-
-### v2.18.0
-
-_12 May 2024_
-
- ✨ Adds CPython 3.13 support, under the prerelease flag [CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#prerelease-pythons). This version of cibuildwheel uses 3.13.0b1. Free-threading mode is not available yet (#1657), waiting on official binaries (planned for beta 2) and pip support.
-
-    _While CPython is in beta, the ABI can change, so your wheels might not be compatible with the final release. For this reason, we don't recommend distributing wheels until RC1, at which point 3.13 will be available in cibuildwheel without the flag._ (#1815)
-
- ✨ Musllinux now defaults to `musllinux_1_2`. You can set the older `musllinux_1_1` via config if needed. (#1817)
- 🛠 No longer pre-seed setuptools/wheel in virtual environments (#1819)
- 🛠 Respect the constraints file when building with pip, matching build (#1818)
- 🛠 Use uv to compile our pinned dependencies, 10x faster and doesn't require special setup (#1778)
- 🐛 Fix an issue with the schema (#1788)
- 📚 Document the new delocate error checking macOS versions (#1766)
- 📚 Document Rust builds (#1816)
- 📚 Speed up our readthedocs builds with uv, 26 seconds -> 6 seconds to install dependencies (#1816)
-
-
-### v2.17.0
-
-_11 March 2024_
-
- 🌟 Adds the ability to inherit configuration in TOML overrides. This makes certain configurations much simpler. If you're overriding an option like `before-build` or `environment`, and you just want to add an  extra command or environment variable, you can just append (or prepend) to the previous config. See [the docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#inherit) for more information. (#1730)
- 🌟 Adds official support for native `arm64` macOS GitHub runners. To use them, just specify `macos-14` as an `os` of your job in your workflow file. You can also keep `macos-13` in your build matrix to build `x86_64`. Check out the new [GitHub Actions example config](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/setup/#github-actions).
- ✨ You no longer need to specify `--platform` to run cibuildwheel locally! Instead it will detect your platform automatically. This was a safety feature, no longer necessary. (#1727)
- 🛠 Removed setuptools and wheel pinned versions. This only affects old-style projects without a `pyproject.toml`, projects with `pyproject.toml` are already getting fresh versions of their `build-system.requires` installed into an isolated environment. (#1725)
- 🛠 Improve how the GitHub Action passes arguments (#1757)
- 🛠 Remove a system-wide install of pipx in the GitHub Action (#1745)
- 🐛 No longer will cibuildwheel override the `PIP_CONSTRAINT` environment variable when using the `build` frontend. Instead it will be extended. (#1675)
- 🐛 Fix a bug where building and testing both `x86_86` and `arm64` wheels on the same runner caused the wrong architectures in the test environment (#1750)
- 🐛 Fix a bug that prevented testing a CPython 3.8 wheel targeting macOS 11+ on `x86_64` (#1768)
- 📚 Moved the docs onto the official PyPA domain - they're now available at https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io . (#1775)
- 📚 Docs and examples improvements (#1762, #1734)
-
-
-### v2.16.5
-
-_30 January 2024_
-
- 🐛 Fix an incompatibility with the GitHub Action and new GitHub Runner images for Windows that bundle Powershell 7.3+ (#1741)
- 🛠 Preliminary support for new `macos-14` arm64 runners (#1743)
+- 🌟 CPython 3.13 wheels are now built by default - without the `CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS` flag. It's time to build and upload these wheels to PyPI! This release includes CPython 3.13.0rc1, which is guaranteed to be ABI compatible with the final release. Free-threading is still behind a flag/config option. (#1950)
+- ✨ Provide a `CIBW_ALLOW_EMPTY` environment variable as an alternative to the command line flag. (#1937)
+- 🐛 Don't use uv on PyPy3.8 on Windows, it stopped working starting in 0.2.25. Note that PyPy 3.8 is EoL. (#1868)
+- 🛠 Set the `VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH` variable based on target arch. (#1876)
+- 🛠 Undo cleaner output on pytest 8-8.2 now that 8.3 is out. (#1943)
+- 📚 Update examples to use Python 3.12 on host  (cibuildwheel will require Python 3.11+ on the host machine starting in October 2024) (#1919)

 <!-- END bin/update_readme_changelog.py -->

@@ -24,11 +24,11 @@ branding:
 runs:
  using: composite
  steps:
-    # Set up a non-EOL, cibuildwheel & pipx supported Python version
+    # Set up the version of Python that supports pyodide
    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
      id: python
      with:
-        python-version: "3.8 - 3.12"
+        python-version: "3.12"
        update-environment: false

    - id: cibw
@@ -1,26 +1,29 @@
 environment:
  matrix:
-    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Ubuntu
-      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python38-x64-ubuntu"
-    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2015
-      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python38-x64-vs2015"
-    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: macos
-      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python38-x64-macos"
+    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Ubuntu2204
+      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python312-x64-ubuntu"
+    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2022
+      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python312-x64-vs2022"
+    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: macos-sonoma
+      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python312-x64-macos"

-stack: python 3.8
+stack: python 3.12

 build: off

 init:
- cmd: set PATH=C:\Python38;C:\Python38\Scripts;%PATH%
 - ps: |
      $BRANCH = if ($env:APPVEYOR_PULL_REQUEST_HEAD_REPO_BRANCH) { $env:APPVEYOR_PULL_REQUEST_HEAD_REPO_BRANCH } else { $env:APPVEYOR_REPO_BRANCH }
      if (-not ($BRANCH -eq 'main' -or $BRANCH.ToLower().StartsWith('appveyor-'))) {
-        $env:PYTEST_ADDOPTS='-k "unit_test or test_0_basic" --suppress-no-test-exit-code'
+        $env:PYTEST_ADDOPTS = '-k "unit_test or test_0_basic" --suppress-no-test-exit-code'
+      }
+      if ($IsLinux) {
+        docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
      }
-      python -m pip install -U pip

-install: python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
+install:
+  - python -m pip install -U pip
+  - python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code

 # the '-u' flag is required so the output is in the correct order.
 # See https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/24 for more info.
@@ -13,11 +13,12 @@ jobs:
      inputs:
        versionSpec: '3.8'
    - bash: |
+        docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
        python -m pip install -e ".[dev]"
        python ./bin/run_tests.py

 - job: macos_38
-  pool: {vmImage: 'macOS-11'}
+  pool: {vmImage: 'macOS-12'}
  steps:
    - task: UsePythonVersion@0
      inputs:
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ properties:
      - type: string
        pattern: '^build; ?args:'
      - type: string
-        pattern: '^build\[uv\]; ?args:'
+        pattern: '^build\\[uv\\]; ?args:'
      - type: object
        additionalProperties: false
        required: [name]
@@ -137,6 +137,9 @@ properties:
  musllinux-aarch64-image:
    type: string
    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  musllinux-armv7l-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
  musllinux-i686-image:
    type: string
    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
    # unit tests
    unit_test_args = [sys.executable, "-m", "pytest", "unit_test"]

-    if sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
+    if sys.platform.startswith("linux") and os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "linux") == "linux":
        # run the docker unit tests only on Linux
        unit_test_args += ["--run-docker"]

@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@ images = [
    Image("musllinux_1_2", "aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_aarch64", None),
    Image("musllinux_1_2", "ppc64le", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_ppc64le", None),
    Image("musllinux_1_2", "s390x", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_s390x", None),
+    Image("musllinux_1_2", "armv7l", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_armv7l", None),
 ]

 config = configparser.ConfigParser()
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 from __future__ import annotations

-__version__ = "2.19.0"
+__version__ = "2.21.3"
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ def _compute_platform_auto() -> PlatformName:


 def _compute_platform(args: CommandLineArguments) -> PlatformName:
-    platform_option_value = args.platform or os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "auto")
+    platform_option_value = args.platform or os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "") or "auto"

    if args.only and args.platform is not None:
        msg = "--platform cannot be specified with --only, it is computed from --only"
@@ -271,7 +271,6 @@ class PlatformModule(Protocol):
    def build(self, options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None: ...


-# pylint: disable-next=inconsistent-return-statements
 def get_platform_module(platform: PlatformName) -> PlatformModule:
    if platform == "linux":
        return cibuildwheel.linux
@@ -319,7 +318,7 @@ def build_in_directory(args: CommandLineArguments) -> None:
    # Python is buffering by default when running on the CI platforms, giving
    # problems interleaving subprocess call output with unflushed calls to
    # 'print'
-    sys.stdout = Unbuffered(sys.stdout)  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    sys.stdout = Unbuffered(sys.stdout)

    # create the cache dir before it gets printed & builds performed
    CIBW_CACHE_PATH.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
@@ -334,7 +333,7 @@ def build_in_directory(args: CommandLineArguments) -> None:

    if not identifiers:
        message = f"No build identifiers selected: {options.globals.build_selector}"
-        if args.allow_empty:
+        if options.globals.allow_empty:
            print(f"cibuildwheel: {message}", file=sys.stderr)
        else:
            raise errors.NothingToDoError(message)
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ class Architecture(Enum):
    aarch64 = "aarch64"
    ppc64le = "ppc64le"
    s390x = "s390x"
+    armv7l = "armv7l"

    # mac archs
    universal2 = "universal2"
@@ -64,7 +65,9 @@ class Architecture(Enum):
            if arch_str == "auto":
                result |= Architecture.auto_archs(platform=platform)
            elif arch_str == "native":
-                result.add(Architecture(platform_module.machine()))
+                native_arch = Architecture.native_arch(platform=platform)
+                if native_arch:
+                    result.add(native_arch)
            elif arch_str == "all":
                result |= Architecture.all_archs(platform=platform)
            elif arch_str == "auto64":
@@ -130,6 +133,7 @@ class Architecture(Enum):
                Architecture.aarch64,
                Architecture.ppc64le,
                Architecture.s390x,
+                Architecture.armv7l,
            },
            "macos": {Architecture.x86_64, Architecture.arm64, Architecture.universal2},
            "windows": {Architecture.x86, Architecture.AMD64, Architecture.ARM64},
@@ -138,17 +142,15 @@ class Architecture(Enum):
        return all_archs_map[platform]

    @staticmethod
-    # pylint: disable-next=inconsistent-return-statements
    def bitness_archs(platform: PlatformName, bitness: Literal["64", "32"]) -> set[Architecture]:
-        archs_32 = {Architecture.i686, Architecture.x86}
+        archs_32 = {Architecture.i686, Architecture.x86, Architecture.armv7l}
        auto_archs = Architecture.auto_archs(platform)

        if bitness == "64":
            return auto_archs - archs_32
-        elif bitness == "32":
+        if bitness == "32":
            return auto_archs & archs_32
-        else:
-            assert_never(bitness)
+        assert_never(bitness)


 def allowed_architectures_check(
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ a different return code, by defining them all here, we can ensure that they're
 semantically clear and unique.
 """

+import textwrap
+

 class FatalError(BaseException):
    """
@@ -25,3 +27,40 @@ class NothingToDoError(FatalError):

 class DeprecationError(FatalError):
    return_code = 4
+
+
+class NonPlatformWheelError(FatalError):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        message = textwrap.dedent(
+            """
+            Build failed because a pure Python wheel was generated.
+
+            If you intend to build a pure-Python wheel, you don't need cibuildwheel - use
+            `pip wheel -w DEST_DIR .` instead.
+
+            If you expected a platform wheel, check your project configuration, or run
+            cibuildwheel with CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY=1 to view build logs.
+            """
+        )
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.return_code = 5
+
+
+class AlreadyBuiltWheelError(FatalError):
+    def __init__(self, wheel_name: str) -> None:
+        message = textwrap.dedent(
+            f"""
+            Build failed because a wheel named {wheel_name} was already generated in the current run.
+
+            If you expected another wheel to be generated, check your project configuration, or run
+            cibuildwheel with CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY=1 to view build logs.
+            """
+        )
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.return_code = 6
+
+
+class OCIEngineTooOldError(FatalError):
+    def __init__(self, message: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.return_code = 7
@@ -14,14 +14,12 @@ from . import errors
 from ._compat.typing import assert_never
 from .architecture import Architecture
 from .logger import log
-from .oci_container import OCIContainer, OCIContainerEngineConfig
+from .oci_container import OCIContainer, OCIContainerEngineConfig, OCIPlatform
 from .options import BuildOptions, Options
 from .typing import PathOrStr
 from .util import (
-    AlreadyBuiltWheelError,
    BuildFrontendConfig,
    BuildSelector,
-    NonPlatformWheelError,
    find_compatible_wheel,
    get_build_verbosity_extra_flags,
    prepare_command,
@@ -31,6 +29,15 @@ from .util import (
    unwrap,
 )

+ARCHITECTURE_OCI_PLATFORM_MAP = {
+    Architecture.x86_64: OCIPlatform.AMD64,
+    Architecture.i686: OCIPlatform.i386,
+    Architecture.aarch64: OCIPlatform.ARM64,
+    Architecture.ppc64le: OCIPlatform.PPC64LE,
+    Architecture.s390x: OCIPlatform.S390X,
+    Architecture.armv7l: OCIPlatform.ARMV7,
+}
+

@dataclass(frozen=True)
 class PythonConfiguration:
@@ -198,6 +205,8 @@ def build_in_container(

        dependency_constraint_flags: list[PathOrStr] = []

+        log.step("Setting up build environment...")
+
        if build_options.dependency_constraints:
            constraints_file = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
                config.version
@@ -207,8 +216,6 @@ def build_in_container(
            container.copy_into(constraints_file, container_constraints_file)
            dependency_constraint_flags = ["-c", container_constraints_file]

-        log.step("Setting up build environment...")
-
        env = container.get_environment()
        env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
        env["PIP_ROOT_USER_ACTION"] = "ignore"
@@ -282,7 +289,7 @@ def build_in_container(
                if not 0 <= build_options.build_verbosity < 2:
                    msg = f"build_verbosity {build_options.build_verbosity} is not supported for build frontend. Ignoring."
                    log.warning(msg)
-                if use_uv:
+                if use_uv and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags and "-n" not in extra_flags:
                    extra_flags += ["--installer=uv"]
                container.call(
                    [
@@ -306,7 +313,7 @@ def build_in_container(
            container.call(["mkdir", "-p", repaired_wheel_dir])

            if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
-                raise NonPlatformWheelError()
+                raise errors.NonPlatformWheelError()

            if build_options.repair_command:
                log.step("Repairing wheel...")
@@ -321,7 +328,7 @@ def build_in_container(

            for repaired_wheel in repaired_wheels:
                if repaired_wheel.name in {wheel.name for wheel in built_wheels}:
-                    raise AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)
+                    raise errors.AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)

        if build_options.test_command and build_options.test_selector(config.identifier):
            log.step("Testing wheel...")
@@ -339,7 +346,7 @@ def build_in_container(
            venv_dir = testing_temp_dir / "venv"

            if use_uv:
-                container.call(["uv", "venv", venv_dir], env=env)
+                container.call(["uv", "venv", venv_dir, "--python", python_bin / "python"], env=env)
            else:
                # Use embedded dependencies from virtualenv to ensure determinism
                venv_args = ["--no-periodic-update", "--pip=embed"]
@@ -352,10 +359,6 @@ def build_in_container(
            virtualenv_env["PATH"] = f"{venv_dir / 'bin'}:{virtualenv_env['PATH']}"
            virtualenv_env["VIRTUAL_ENV"] = str(venv_dir)

-            # TODO remove me once virtualenv provides pip>=24.1b1
-            if config.version == "3.13" and not use_uv:
-                container.call(["pip", "install", "pip>=24.1b1"], env=virtualenv_env)
-
            if build_options.before_test:
                before_test_prepared = prepare_command(
                    build_options.before_test,
@@ -452,10 +455,11 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:  # noqa: ARG001
            log.step(f"Starting container image {build_step.container_image}...")

            print(f"info: This container will host the build for {', '.join(ids_to_build)}...")
+            architecture = Architecture(build_step.platform_tag.split("_", 1)[1])

            with OCIContainer(
                image=build_step.container_image,
-                enforce_32_bit=build_step.platform_tag.endswith("i686"),
+                oci_platform=ARCHITECTURE_OCI_PLATFORM_MAP[architecture],
                cwd=container_project_path,
                engine=build_step.container_engine,
            ) as container:
@@ -27,7 +27,8 @@ PLATFORM_IDENTIFIER_DESCRIPTIONS: Final[dict[str, str]] = {
    "musllinux_i686": "musllinux i686",
    "musllinux_aarch64": "musllinux aarch64",
    "musllinux_ppc64le": "musllinux ppc64le",
-    "musllinux_s390x": "manylinux s390x",
+    "musllinux_s390x": "musllinux s390x",
+    "musllinux_armv7l": "musllinux armv7l",
    "win32": "Windows 32bit",
    "win_amd64": "Windows 64bit",
    "win_arm64": "Windows on ARM 64bit",
@@ -25,11 +25,9 @@ from .options import Options
 from .typing import PathOrStr
 from .util import (
    CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
-    AlreadyBuiltWheelError,
    BuildFrontendConfig,
    BuildFrontendName,
    BuildSelector,
-    NonPlatformWheelError,
    call,
    combine_constraints,
    detect_ci_provider,
@@ -195,20 +193,23 @@ def install_pypy(tmp: Path, url: str) -> Path:
    return installation_path / "bin" / "pypy3"


+def can_use_uv(python_configuration: PythonConfiguration) -> bool:
+    conditions = (Version(python_configuration.version) >= Version("3.8"),)
+    return all(conditions)
+
+
 def setup_python(
    tmp: Path,
    python_configuration: PythonConfiguration,
    dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr],
    environment: ParsedEnvironment,
    build_frontend: BuildFrontendName,
-) -> dict[str, str]:
-    if build_frontend == "build[uv]" and Version(python_configuration.version) < Version("3.8"):
+) -> tuple[Path, dict[str, str]]:
+    if build_frontend == "build[uv]" and not can_use_uv(python_configuration):
        build_frontend = "build"

    uv_path = find_uv()
-    use_uv = build_frontend == "build[uv]" and Version(python_configuration.version) >= Version(
-        "3.8"
-    )
+    use_uv = build_frontend == "build[uv]"

    tmp.mkdir()
    implementation_id = python_configuration.identifier.split("-")[0]
@@ -296,10 +297,10 @@ def setup_python(
    # Set MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET, if the user didn't set it.
    # For arm64, the minimal deployment target is 11.0.
    # On x86_64 (or universal2), use 10.9 as a default.
-    # CPython 3.13 needs 10.13.
+    # CPython 3.12.6+ needs 10.13.
    if config_is_arm64:
        default_target = "11.0"
-    elif Version(python_configuration.version) >= Version("3.13"):
+    elif Version(python_configuration.version) >= Version("3.12"):
        default_target = "10.13"
    elif python_configuration.identifier.startswith("pp") and Version(
        python_configuration.version
@@ -388,7 +389,7 @@ def setup_python(
    else:
        assert_never(build_frontend)

-    return env
+    return base_python, env


 def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
@@ -417,9 +418,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
        for config in python_configurations:
            build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend or BuildFrontendConfig("pip")
-            use_uv = build_frontend.name == "build[uv]" and Version(config.version) >= Version(
-                "3.8"
-            )
+            use_uv = build_frontend.name == "build[uv]" and can_use_uv(config)
            uv_path = find_uv()
            if use_uv and uv_path is None:
                msg = "uv not found"
@@ -442,7 +441,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                    build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(config.version),
                ]

-            env = setup_python(
+            base_python, env = setup_python(
                identifier_tmp_dir / "build",
                config,
                dependency_constraint_flags,
@@ -505,7 +504,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                    if not 0 <= build_options.build_verbosity < 2:
                        msg = f"build_verbosity {build_options.build_verbosity} is not supported for build frontend. Ignoring."
                        log.warning(msg)
-                    if use_uv:
+                    if use_uv and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags and "-n" not in extra_flags:
                        extra_flags.append("--installer=uv")
                    call(
                        "python",
@@ -525,7 +524,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir()

                if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
-                    raise NonPlatformWheelError()
+                    raise errors.NonPlatformWheelError()

                if build_options.repair_command:
                    log.step("Repairing wheel...")
@@ -550,7 +549,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))

                if repaired_wheel.name in {wheel.name for wheel in built_wheels}:
-                    raise AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)
+                    raise errors.AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)

                log.step_end()

@@ -658,7 +657,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:

                    if use_uv:
                        pip_install = functools.partial(call, *pip, "install", *uv_arch_args)
-                        call("uv", "venv", venv_dir, "--python=python", env=env)
+                        call("uv", "venv", venv_dir, f"--python={base_python}", env=env)
                    else:
                        pip_install = functools.partial(call_with_arch, *pip, "install")
                        # Use pip version from the initial env to ensure determinism
@@ -8,18 +8,23 @@ import shlex
 import shutil
 import subprocess
 import sys
+import textwrap
 import typing
 import uuid
 from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from enum import Enum
 from pathlib import Path, PurePath, PurePosixPath
 from types import TracebackType
 from typing import IO, Dict, Literal

-from ._compat.typing import Self
+from ._compat.typing import Self, assert_never
+from .errors import OCIEngineTooOldError
+from .logger import log
 from .typing import PathOrStr, PopenBytes
 from .util import (
    CIProvider,
+    FlexibleVersion,
    call,
    detect_ci_provider,
    parse_key_value_string,
@@ -29,6 +34,16 @@ from .util import (
 ContainerEngineName = Literal["docker", "podman"]


+# Order of the enum matters for tests. 386 shall appear before amd64.
+class OCIPlatform(Enum):
+    i386 = "linux/386"
+    AMD64 = "linux/amd64"
+    ARMV7 = "linux/arm/v7"
+    ARM64 = "linux/arm64"
+    PPC64LE = "linux/ppc64le"
+    S390X = "linux/s390x"
+
+
@dataclass(frozen=True)
 class OCIContainerEngineConfig:
    name: ContainerEngineName
@@ -56,6 +71,15 @@ class OCIContainerEngineConfig:
        disable_host_mount = (
            strtobool(disable_host_mount_options[-1]) if disable_host_mount_options else False
        )
+        if "--platform" in create_args or any(arg.startswith("--platform=") for arg in create_args):
+            msg = "Using '--platform' in 'container-engine::create_args' is deprecated. It will be ignored."
+            log.warning(msg)
+            if "--platform" in create_args:
+                index = create_args.index("--platform")
+                create_args.pop(index)
+                create_args.pop(index)
+            else:
+                create_args = [arg for arg in create_args if not arg.startswith("--platform=")]

        return OCIContainerEngineConfig(
            name=name, create_args=tuple(create_args), disable_host_mount=disable_host_mount
@@ -75,6 +99,52 @@ class OCIContainerEngineConfig:
 DEFAULT_ENGINE = OCIContainerEngineConfig("docker")


+def _check_engine_version(engine: OCIContainerEngineConfig) -> None:
+    try:
+        version_string = call(engine.name, "version", "-f", "{{json .}}", capture_stdout=True)
+        version_info = json.loads(version_string.strip())
+        if engine.name == "docker":
+            client_api_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["Client"]["ApiVersion"])
+            server_api_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["Server"]["ApiVersion"])
+            # --platform support was introduced in 1.32 as experimental, 1.41 removed the experimental flag
+            version = min(client_api_version, server_api_version)
+            minimum_version = FlexibleVersion("1.41")
+            minimum_version_str = "20.10.0"  # docker version
+            error_msg = textwrap.dedent(
+                f"""
+                Build failed because {engine.name} is too old.
+
+                cibuildwheel requires {engine.name}>={minimum_version_str} running API version {minimum_version}.
+                The API version found by cibuildwheel is {version}.
+                """
+            )
+        elif engine.name == "podman":
+            # podman uses the same version string for "Version" & "ApiVersion"
+            client_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["Client"]["Version"])
+            if "Server" in version_info:
+                server_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["Server"]["Version"])
+            else:
+                server_version = client_version
+            # --platform support was introduced in v3
+            version = min(client_version, server_version)
+            minimum_version = FlexibleVersion("3")
+            error_msg = textwrap.dedent(
+                f"""
+                Build failed because {engine.name} is too old.
+
+                cibuildwheel requires {engine.name}>={minimum_version}.
+                The version found by cibuildwheel is {version}.
+                """
+            )
+        else:
+            assert_never(engine.name)
+        if version < minimum_version:
+            raise OCIEngineTooOldError(error_msg) from None
+    except (subprocess.CalledProcessError, KeyError, ValueError) as e:
+        msg = f"Build failed because {engine.name} is too old or is not working properly."
+        raise OCIEngineTooOldError(msg) from e
+
+
 class OCIContainer:
    """
    An object that represents a running OCI (e.g. Docker) container.
@@ -108,7 +178,7 @@ class OCIContainer:
        self,
        *,
        image: str,
-        enforce_32_bit: bool = False,
+        oci_platform: OCIPlatform,
        cwd: PathOrStr | None = None,
        engine: OCIContainerEngineConfig = DEFAULT_ENGINE,
    ):
@@ -117,14 +187,48 @@ class OCIContainer:
            raise ValueError(msg)

        self.image = image
-        self.enforce_32_bit = enforce_32_bit
+        self.oci_platform = oci_platform
        self.cwd = cwd
        self.name: str | None = None
        self.engine = engine
+        self.host_tar_format = ""
+        if sys.platform.startswith("darwin"):
+            self.host_tar_format = "--format gnutar"
+
+    def _get_platform_args(self, *, oci_platform: OCIPlatform | None = None) -> tuple[str, str]:
+        if oci_platform is None:
+            oci_platform = self.oci_platform
+
+        # we need '--pull=always' otherwise some images with the wrong platform get re-used (e.g. 386 image for amd64)
+        # c.f. https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/48197#issuecomment-2282802313
+        pull = "always"
+        try:
+            image_platform = call(
+                self.engine.name,
+                "image",
+                "inspect",
+                self.image,
+                "--format",
+                (
+                    "{{.Os}}/{{.Architecture}}/{{.Variant}}"
+                    if len(oci_platform.value.split("/")) == 3
+                    else "{{.Os}}/{{.Architecture}}"
+                ),
+                capture_stdout=True,
+            ).strip()
+            if image_platform == oci_platform.value:
+                # in case the correct image is already present, don't pull
+                # this allows to run local only images
+                pull = "never"
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+            pass
+        return f"--platform={oci_platform.value}", f"--pull={pull}"

    def __enter__(self) -> Self:
        self.name = f"cibuildwheel-{uuid.uuid4()}"

+        _check_engine_version(self.engine)
+
        # work-around for Travis-CI PPC64le Docker runs since 2021:
        # this avoids network splits
        # https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/904
@@ -133,15 +237,28 @@ class OCIContainer:
        if detect_ci_provider() == CIProvider.travis_ci and platform.machine() == "ppc64le":
            network_args = ["--network=host"]

+        platform_args = self._get_platform_args()
+
        simulate_32_bit = False
-        if self.enforce_32_bit:
+        if self.oci_platform in {OCIPlatform.i386, OCIPlatform.ARMV7}:
            # If the architecture running the image is already the right one
            # or the image entrypoint takes care of enforcing this, then we don't need to
            # simulate this
-            container_machine = call(
-                self.engine.name, "run", "--rm", self.image, "uname", "-m", capture_stdout=True
-            ).strip()
-            simulate_32_bit = container_machine != "i686"
+            run_cmd = [self.engine.name, "run", "--rm"]
+            ctr_cmd = ["uname", "-m"]
+            try:
+                container_machine = call(
+                    *run_cmd, *platform_args, self.image, *ctr_cmd, capture_stdout=True
+                ).strip()
+            except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+                if self.oci_platform == OCIPlatform.i386:
+                    # The image might have been built with amd64 architecture
+                    # Let's try that
+                    platform_args = self._get_platform_args(oci_platform=OCIPlatform.AMD64)
+                    container_machine = call(
+                        *run_cmd, *platform_args, self.image, *ctr_cmd, capture_stdout=True
+                    ).strip()
+            simulate_32_bit = container_machine not in {"i686", "armv7l", "armv8l"}

        shell_args = ["linux32", "/bin/bash"] if simulate_32_bit else ["/bin/bash"]

@@ -155,6 +272,7 @@ class OCIContainer:
                "--interactive",
                *(["--volume=/:/host"] if not self.engine.disable_host_mount else []),
                *network_args,
+                *platform_args,
                *self.engine.create_args,
                self.image,
                *shell_args,
@@ -221,15 +339,10 @@ class OCIContainer:
            self.name = None

    def copy_into(self, from_path: Path, to_path: PurePath) -> None:
-        # `docker cp` causes 'no space left on device' error when
-        # a container is running and the host filesystem is
-        # mounted. https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/38995
-        # Use `docker exec` instead.
-
        if from_path.is_dir():
            self.call(["mkdir", "-p", to_path])
            subprocess.run(
-                f"tar cf - . | {self.engine.name} exec -i {self.name} tar --no-same-owner -xC {shell_quote(to_path)} -f -",
+                f"tar -c {self.host_tar_format} -f - . | {self.engine.name} exec -i {self.name} tar --no-same-owner -xC {shell_quote(to_path)} -f -",
                shell=True,
                check=True,
                cwd=from_path,
@@ -264,30 +377,7 @@ class OCIContainer:
    def copy_out(self, from_path: PurePath, to_path: Path) -> None:
        # note: we assume from_path is a dir
        to_path.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-
-        if self.engine.name == "podman":
-            subprocess.run(
-                [
-                    self.engine.name,
-                    "cp",
-                    f"{self.name}:{from_path}/.",
-                    str(to_path),
-                ],
-                check=True,
-                cwd=to_path,
-            )
-        elif self.engine.name == "docker":
-            # There is a bug in docker that prevents a simple 'cp' invocation
-            # from working https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/38995
-            command = f"{self.engine.name} exec -i {self.name} tar -cC {shell_quote(from_path)} -f - . | tar -xf -"
-            subprocess.run(
-                command,
-                shell=True,
-                check=True,
-                cwd=to_path,
-            )
-        else:
-            raise KeyError(self.engine.name)
+        call(self.engine.name, "cp", f"{self.name}:{from_path}/.", to_path)

    def glob(self, path: PurePosixPath, pattern: str) -> list[PurePosixPath]:
        glob_pattern = path.joinpath(pattern)
@@ -9,15 +9,15 @@ import enum
 import functools
 import shlex
 import textwrap
-from collections.abc import Callable, Generator, Iterable, Iterator, Set
+from collections.abc import Generator, Iterable, Set
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Literal, Mapping, Sequence, TypedDict, Union  # noqa: TID251
+from typing import Any, Literal, Mapping, Sequence, Union  # noqa: TID251

 from packaging.specifiers import SpecifierSet

 from . import errors
 from ._compat import tomllib
-from ._compat.typing import NotRequired, assert_never
+from ._compat.typing import assert_never
 from .architecture import Architecture
 from .environment import EnvironmentParseError, ParsedEnvironment, parse_environment
 from .logger import log
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ from .util import (
    BuildSelector,
    DependencyConstraints,
    TestSelector,
-    cached_property,
    format_safe,
    resources_dir,
    selector_matches,
@@ -76,6 +75,7 @@ class GlobalOptions:
    build_selector: BuildSelector
    test_selector: TestSelector
    architectures: set[Architecture]
+    allow_empty: bool


@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
@@ -118,13 +118,16 @@ class BuildOptions:
        return self.globals.architectures


-Setting = Union[Mapping[str, str], Sequence[str], str, int, bool]
+SettingLeaf = Union[str, int, bool]
+SettingList = Sequence[SettingLeaf]
+SettingTable = Mapping[str, Union[SettingLeaf, SettingList]]
+SettingValue = Union[SettingTable, SettingList, SettingLeaf]


@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
 class Override:
    select_pattern: str
-    options: dict[str, Setting]
+    options: dict[str, SettingValue]
    inherit: dict[str, InheritRule]


@@ -137,22 +140,123 @@ DISALLOWED_OPTIONS = {
 }


-class TableFmt(TypedDict):
-    # a format string, used with '.format', with `k` and `v` parameters
-    # e.g. "{k}={v}"
-    item: str
-    # the string that is inserted between items
-    # e.g. " "
-    sep: str
-    # a quoting function that, if supplied, is called to quote each value
-    # e.g. shlex.quote
-    quote: NotRequired[Callable[[str], str]]
-
-
-class ConfigOptionError(KeyError):
+class OptionsReaderError(errors.ConfigurationError):
    pass


+class OptionFormat:
+    """
+    Base class for option format specifiers. These objects describe how values
+    can be parsed from rich TOML values and how they're merged together.
+    """
+
+    class NotSupported(Exception):
+        pass
+
+    def format_list(self, value: SettingList) -> str:  # noqa: ARG002
+        raise OptionFormat.NotSupported
+
+    def format_table(self, table: SettingTable) -> str:  # noqa: ARG002
+        raise OptionFormat.NotSupported
+
+    def merge_values(self, before: str, after: str) -> str:  # noqa: ARG002
+        raise OptionFormat.NotSupported
+
+
+class ListFormat(OptionFormat):
+    """
+    A format that joins lists with a separator.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, sep: str) -> None:
+        self.sep = sep
+
+    def format_list(self, value: SettingList) -> str:
+        return self.sep.join(str(v) for v in value)
+
+    def merge_values(self, before: str, after: str) -> str:
+        return f"{before}{self.sep}{after}"
+
+
+class ShlexTableFormat(OptionFormat):
+    """
+    The standard table format uses shlex.quote to quote values and shlex.split
+    to unquote and split them. When merging values, keys in before are
+    replaced by keys in after.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, sep: str = " ", pair_sep: str = "=", allow_merge: bool = True) -> None:
+        self.sep = sep
+        self.pair_sep = pair_sep
+        self.allow_merge = allow_merge
+
+    def format_table(self, table: SettingTable) -> str:
+        assignments: list[tuple[str, str]] = []
+
+        for k, v in table.items():
+            if shlex.split(k) != [k]:
+                msg = f"Invalid table key: {k}"
+                raise OptionsReaderError(msg)
+
+            if isinstance(v, str):
+                assignments.append((k, v))
+            elif isinstance(v, Sequence):
+                for inner_v in v:
+                    assignments.append((k, str(inner_v)))
+            else:
+                assignments.append((k, str(v)))
+
+        return self.sep.join(f"{k}{self.pair_sep}{shlex.quote(v)}" for k, v in assignments)
+
+    def merge_values(self, before: str, after: str) -> str:
+        if not self.allow_merge:
+            raise OptionFormat.NotSupported
+
+        before_dict = self.parse_table(before)
+        after_dict = self.parse_table(after)
+
+        return self.format_table({**before_dict, **after_dict})
+
+    def parse_table(self, table: str) -> Mapping[str, str | Sequence[str]]:
+        assignments: list[tuple[str, str]] = []
+
+        for assignment_str in shlex.split(table):
+            key, sep, value = assignment_str.partition(self.pair_sep)
+
+            if not sep:
+                msg = f"malformed option with value {assignment_str!r}"
+                raise OptionsReaderError(msg)
+
+            assignments.append((key, value))
+
+        result: dict[str, str | list[str]] = {}
+
+        for key, value in assignments:
+            if key in result:
+                existing_value = result[key]
+                if isinstance(existing_value, list):
+                    result[key] = [*existing_value, value]
+                else:
+                    result[key] = [existing_value, value]
+            else:
+                result[key] = value
+
+        return result
+
+
+class EnvironmentFormat(OptionFormat):
+    """
+    The environment format accepts a table of environment variables, where the
+    values may contain variables or command substitutions.
+    """
+
+    def format_table(self, table: SettingTable) -> str:
+        return " ".join(f'{k}="{v}"' for k, v in table.items())
+
+    def merge_values(self, before: str, after: str) -> str:
+        return f"{before} {after}"
+
+
 class InheritRule(enum.Enum):
    NONE = enum.auto()
    APPEND = enum.auto()
@@ -160,10 +264,9 @@ class InheritRule(enum.Enum):


 def _resolve_cascade(
-    *pairs: tuple[Setting | None, InheritRule],
+    *pairs: tuple[SettingValue | None, InheritRule],
    ignore_empty: bool = False,
-    list_sep: str | None = None,
-    table_format: TableFmt | None = None,
+    option_format: OptionFormat | None = None,
 ) -> str:
    """
    Given a cascade of values with inherit rules, resolve them into a single
@@ -186,13 +289,6 @@ def _resolve_cascade(

    result: str | None = None

-    if table_format is not None:
-        merge_sep = table_format["sep"]
-    elif list_sep is not None:
-        merge_sep = list_sep
-    else:
-        merge_sep = None
-
    for value, rule in pairs:
        if value is None:
            continue
@@ -200,14 +296,9 @@ def _resolve_cascade(
        if ignore_empty and not value and value is not False:
            continue

-        value_string = _stringify_setting(value, list_sep, table_format)
+        value_string = _stringify_setting(value, option_format=option_format)

-        result = _merge_values(
-            result,
-            value_string,
-            rule=rule,
-            merge_sep=merge_sep,
-        )
+        result = _apply_inherit_rule(result, value_string, rule=rule, option_format=option_format)

    if result is None:
        msg = "a setting should at least have a default value"
@@ -216,8 +307,9 @@ def _resolve_cascade(
    return result


-# pylint: disable-next=inconsistent-return-statements
-def _merge_values(before: str | None, after: str, rule: InheritRule, merge_sep: str | None) -> str:
+def _apply_inherit_rule(
+    before: str | None, after: str, rule: InheritRule, option_format: OptionFormat | None
+) -> str:
    if rule == InheritRule.NONE:
        return after

@@ -230,34 +322,39 @@ def _merge_values(before: str | None, after: str, rule: InheritRule, merge_sep:
        # if after is an empty string, we shouldn't add any separator
        return before

-    if not merge_sep:
+    if not option_format:
        msg = f"Don't know how to merge {before!r} and {after!r} with {rule}"
-        raise ConfigOptionError(msg)
+        raise OptionsReaderError(msg)

    if rule == InheritRule.APPEND:
-        return f"{before}{merge_sep}{after}"
-    elif rule == InheritRule.PREPEND:
-        return f"{after}{merge_sep}{before}"
-    else:
-        assert_never(rule)
+        return option_format.merge_values(before, after)
+    if rule == InheritRule.PREPEND:
+        return option_format.merge_values(after, before)
+
+    assert_never(rule)


 def _stringify_setting(
-    setting: Setting, list_sep: str | None, table_format: TableFmt | None
+    setting: SettingValue,
+    option_format: OptionFormat | None,
 ) -> str:
    if isinstance(setting, Mapping):
-        if table_format is None:
+        try:
+            if option_format is None:
+                raise OptionFormat.NotSupported
+            return option_format.format_table(setting)
+        except OptionFormat.NotSupported:
            msg = f"Error converting {setting!r} to a string: this setting doesn't accept a table"
-            raise ConfigOptionError(msg)
-        return table_format["sep"].join(
-            item for k, v in setting.items() for item in _inner_fmt(k, v, table_format)
-        )
+            raise OptionsReaderError(msg) from None

    if not isinstance(setting, str) and isinstance(setting, Sequence):
-        if list_sep is None:
+        try:
+            if option_format is None:
+                raise OptionFormat.NotSupported
+            return option_format.format_list(setting)
+        except OptionFormat.NotSupported:
            msg = f"Error converting {setting!r} to a string: this setting doesn't accept a list"
-            raise ConfigOptionError(msg)
-        return list_sep.join(setting)
+            raise OptionsReaderError(msg) from None

    if isinstance(setting, (bool, int)):
        return str(setting)
@@ -323,14 +420,14 @@ class OptionsReader:
        if config_overrides is not None:
            if not isinstance(config_overrides, list):
                msg = "'tool.cibuildwheel.overrides' must be a list"
-                raise ConfigOptionError(msg)
+                raise OptionsReaderError(msg)

            for config_override in config_overrides:
                select = config_override.pop("select", None)

                if not select:
                    msg = "'select' must be set in an override"
-                    raise ConfigOptionError(msg)
+                    raise OptionsReaderError(msg)

                if isinstance(select, list):
                    select = " ".join(select)
@@ -340,7 +437,7 @@ class OptionsReader:
                    i in {"none", "append", "prepend"} for i in inherit.values()
                ):
                    msg = "'inherit' must be a dict containing only {'none', 'append', 'prepend'} values"
-                    raise ConfigOptionError(msg)
+                    raise OptionsReaderError(msg)

                inherit_enum = {k: InheritRule[v.upper()] for k, v in inherit.items()}

@@ -358,7 +455,7 @@ class OptionsReader:
            matches = difflib.get_close_matches(name, allowed_option_names, 1, 0.7)
            if matches:
                msg += f" Perhaps you meant {matches[0]!r}?"
-            raise ConfigOptionError(msg)
+            raise OptionsReaderError(msg)

    def _validate_platform_option(self, name: str) -> None:
        """
@@ -368,7 +465,7 @@ class OptionsReader:
        disallowed_platform_options = self.disallow.get(self.platform, set())
        if name in disallowed_platform_options:
            msg = f"{name!r} is not allowed in {disallowed_platform_options}"
-            raise ConfigOptionError(msg)
+            raise OptionsReaderError(msg)

        allowed_option_names = self.default_options.keys() | self.default_platform_options.keys()

@@ -377,7 +474,7 @@ class OptionsReader:
            matches = difflib.get_close_matches(name, allowed_option_names, 1, 0.7)
            if matches:
                msg += f" Perhaps you meant {matches[0]!r}?"
-            raise ConfigOptionError(msg)
+            raise OptionsReaderError(msg)

    def _load_file(self, filename: Path) -> tuple[dict[str, Any], dict[str, Any]]:
        """
@@ -412,8 +509,7 @@ class OptionsReader:
        name: str,
        *,
        env_plat: bool = True,
-        list_sep: str | None = None,
-        table_format: TableFmt | None = None,
+        option_format: OptionFormat | None = None,
        ignore_empty: bool = False,
    ) -> str:
        """
@@ -429,7 +525,7 @@ class OptionsReader:

        if name not in self.default_options and name not in self.default_platform_options:
            msg = f"{name!r} must be in cibuildwheel/resources/defaults.toml file to be accessed."
-            raise ConfigOptionError(msg)
+            raise OptionsReaderError(msg)

        # Environment variable form
        envvar = f"CIBW_{name.upper().replace('-', '_')}"
@@ -449,26 +545,10 @@ class OptionsReader:
            (self.env.get(envvar), InheritRule.NONE),
            (self.env.get(plat_envvar) if env_plat else None, InheritRule.NONE),
            ignore_empty=ignore_empty,
-            list_sep=list_sep,
-            table_format=table_format,
+            option_format=option_format,
        )


-def _inner_fmt(k: str, v: Any, table: TableFmt) -> Iterator[str]:
-    quote_function = table.get("quote", lambda a: a)
-
-    if isinstance(v, list):
-        for inner_v in v:
-            qv = quote_function(inner_v)
-            yield table["item"].format(k=k, v=qv)
-    elif isinstance(v, bool):
-        qv = quote_function(str(v))
-        yield table["item"].format(k=k, v=qv)
-    else:
-        qv = quote_function(v)
-        yield table["item"].format(k=k, v=qv)
-
-
 class Options:
    def __init__(
        self,
@@ -502,7 +582,7 @@ class Options:

        return None

-    @cached_property
+    @functools.cached_property
    def package_requires_python_str(self) -> str | None:
        args = self.command_line_arguments
        return get_requires_python_str(Path(args.package_dir))
@@ -513,14 +593,18 @@ class Options:
        package_dir = args.package_dir
        output_dir = args.output_dir

-        build_config = self.reader.get("build", env_plat=False, list_sep=" ") or "*"
-        skip_config = self.reader.get("skip", env_plat=False, list_sep=" ")
-        test_skip = self.reader.get("test-skip", env_plat=False, list_sep=" ")
+        build_config = (
+            self.reader.get("build", env_plat=False, option_format=ListFormat(sep=" ")) or "*"
+        )
+        skip_config = self.reader.get("skip", env_plat=False, option_format=ListFormat(sep=" "))
+        test_skip = self.reader.get("test-skip", env_plat=False, option_format=ListFormat(sep=" "))

        free_threaded_support = strtobool(
            self.reader.get("free-threaded-support", env_plat=False, ignore_empty=True)
        )

+        allow_empty = args.allow_empty or strtobool(self.env.get("CIBW_ALLOW_EMPTY", "0"))
+
        prerelease_pythons = args.prerelease_pythons or strtobool(
            self.env.get("CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS", "0")
        )
@@ -532,7 +616,7 @@ class Options:
        )
        requires_python = None if requires_python_str is None else SpecifierSet(requires_python_str)

-        archs_config_str = args.archs or self.reader.get("archs", list_sep=" ")
+        archs_config_str = args.archs or self.reader.get("archs", option_format=ListFormat(sep=" "))
        architectures = Architecture.parse_config(archs_config_str, platform=self.platform)

        # Process `--only`
@@ -558,6 +642,7 @@ class Options:
            build_selector=build_selector,
            test_selector=test_selector,
            architectures=architectures,
+            allow_empty=allow_empty,
        )

    def build_options(self, identifier: str | None) -> BuildOptions:
@@ -566,30 +651,33 @@ class Options:
        """

        with self.reader.identifier(identifier):
-            before_all = self.reader.get("before-all", list_sep=" && ")
+            before_all = self.reader.get("before-all", option_format=ListFormat(sep=" && "))

-            environment_config = self.reader.get(
-                "environment", table_format={"item": '{k}="{v}"', "sep": " "}
+            environment_config = self.reader.get("environment", option_format=EnvironmentFormat())
+            environment_pass = self.reader.get(
+                "environment-pass", option_format=ListFormat(sep=" ")
+            ).split()
+            before_build = self.reader.get("before-build", option_format=ListFormat(sep=" && "))
+            repair_command = self.reader.get(
+                "repair-wheel-command", option_format=ListFormat(sep=" && ")
            )
-            environment_pass = self.reader.get("environment-pass", list_sep=" ").split()
-            before_build = self.reader.get("before-build", list_sep=" && ")
-            repair_command = self.reader.get("repair-wheel-command", list_sep=" && ")
            config_settings = self.reader.get(
-                "config-settings",
-                table_format={"item": "{k}={v}", "sep": " ", "quote": shlex.quote},
+                "config-settings", option_format=ShlexTableFormat(sep=" ", pair_sep="=")
            )

            dependency_versions = self.reader.get("dependency-versions")
-            test_command = self.reader.get("test-command", list_sep=" && ")
-            before_test = self.reader.get("before-test", list_sep=" && ")
-            test_requires = self.reader.get("test-requires", list_sep=" ").split()
-            test_extras = self.reader.get("test-extras", list_sep=",")
+            test_command = self.reader.get("test-command", option_format=ListFormat(sep=" && "))
+            before_test = self.reader.get("before-test", option_format=ListFormat(sep=" && "))
+            test_requires = self.reader.get(
+                "test-requires", option_format=ListFormat(sep=" ")
+            ).split()
+            test_extras = self.reader.get("test-extras", option_format=ListFormat(sep=","))
            build_verbosity_str = self.reader.get("build-verbosity")

            build_frontend_str = self.reader.get(
                "build-frontend",
                env_plat=False,
-                table_format={"item": "{k}:{v}", "sep": "; ", "quote": shlex.quote},
+                option_format=ShlexTableFormat(sep="; ", pair_sep=":", allow_merge=False),
            )
            build_frontend: BuildFrontendConfig | None
            if not build_frontend_str or build_frontend_str == "default":
@@ -671,7 +759,7 @@ class Options:

            container_engine_str = self.reader.get(
                "container-engine",
-                table_format={"item": "{k}:{v}", "sep": "; ", "quote": shlex.quote},
+                option_format=ShlexTableFormat(sep="; ", pair_sep=":", allow_merge=False),
            )

            try:
@@ -722,7 +810,7 @@ class Options:
        deprecated_selectors("CIBW_SKIP", build_selector.skip_config)
        deprecated_selectors("CIBW_TEST_SKIP", test_selector.skip_config)

-    @cached_property
+    @functools.cached_property
    def defaults(self) -> Options:
        return Options(
            platform=self.platform,
@@ -39,10 +39,8 @@ def is_main(parent: ast.AST | None) -> bool:
    if len(mains) != 1:
        return False
    consts = {x for x in values if isinstance(x, ast.Name) and x.id == "__name__"}
-    if len(consts) != 1:
-        return False

-    return True
+    return len(consts) == 1


 class Analyzer(ast.NodeVisitor):
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations

 import os
 import shutil
+import sys
 from collections.abc import Sequence, Set
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from pathlib import Path
@@ -16,11 +17,10 @@ from .options import Options
 from .typing import PathOrStr
 from .util import (
    CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
-    AlreadyBuiltWheelError,
    BuildFrontendConfig,
    BuildSelector,
-    NonPlatformWheelError,
    call,
+    combine_constraints,
    download,
    ensure_node,
    extract_zip,
@@ -92,7 +92,11 @@ def install_xbuildenv(env: dict[str, str], pyodide_version: str) -> str:
 def get_base_python(identifier: str) -> Path:
    implementation_id = identifier.split("-")[0]
    majorminor = implementation_id[len("cp") :]
-    major_minor = f"{majorminor[0]}.{majorminor[1:]}"
+    version_info = (int(majorminor[0]), int(majorminor[1:]))
+    if version_info == sys.version_info[:2]:
+        return Path(sys.executable)
+
+    major_minor = ".".join(str(v) for v in version_info)
    python_name = f"python{major_minor}"
    which_python = shutil.which(python_name)
    if which_python is None:
@@ -280,11 +284,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:

                build_env = env.copy()
                if build_options.dependency_constraints:
-                    our_constraints = str(constraints_path)
-                    user_constraints = build_env.get("PIP_CONSTRAINT")
-                    build_env["PIP_CONSTRAINT"] = " ".join(
-                        c for c in [our_constraints, user_constraints] if c
-                    )
+                    combine_constraints(build_env, constraints_path, identifier_tmp_dir)
                build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = pip_version
                call(
                    "pyodide",
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))

                if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
-                    raise NonPlatformWheelError()
+                    raise errors.NonPlatformWheelError()

                if build_options.repair_command:
                    log.step("Repairing wheel...")
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))

                if repaired_wheel.name in {wheel.name for wheel in built_wheels}:
-                    raise AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)
+                    raise errors.AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)

            if build_options.test_command and build_options.test_selector(config.identifier):
                log.step("Testing wheel...")
@@ -102,6 +102,15 @@ python_configurations = [
  { identifier = "cp312-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
  { identifier = "cp313-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
  { identifier = "cp313t-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
+  { identifier = "cp36-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
+  { identifier = "cp37-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
 ]

 [macos]
@@ -120,22 +129,22 @@ python_configurations = [
  { identifier = "cp311-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.11", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.11.9/python-3.11.9-macos11.pkg" },
  { identifier = "cp311-macosx_arm64", version = "3.11", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.11.9/python-3.11.9-macos11.pkg" },
  { identifier = "cp311-macosx_universal2", version = "3.11", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.11.9/python-3.11.9-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp312-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.3/python-3.12.3-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp312-macosx_arm64", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.3/python-3.12.3-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp312-macosx_universal2", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.3/python-3.12.3-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.0/python-3.13.0b2-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.0/python-3.13.0b2-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.0/python-3.13.0b2-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.0/python-3.13.0b2-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.0/python-3.13.0b2-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.0/python-3.13.0b2-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.7/python-3.12.7-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-macosx_arm64", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.7/python-3.12.7-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-macosx_universal2", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.7/python-3.12.7-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.0/python-3.13.0-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.0/python-3.13.0-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.0/python-3.13.0-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.0/python-3.13.0-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.0/python-3.13.0-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.0/python-3.13.0-macos11.pkg" },
  { identifier = "pp37-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.7", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.7-v7.3.9-osx64.tar.bz2" },
  { identifier = "pp38-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.8", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
  { identifier = "pp38-macosx_arm64", version = "3.8", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
  { identifier = "pp39-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.9", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.16-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
  { identifier = "pp39-macosx_arm64", version = "3.9", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.16-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
-  { identifier = "pp310-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.10", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.16-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
-  { identifier = "pp310-macosx_arm64", version = "3.10", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.16-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "pp310-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.10", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.17-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "pp310-macosx_arm64", version = "3.10", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.17-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
 ]

 [windows]
@@ -152,22 +161,22 @@ python_configurations = [
  { identifier = "cp310-win_amd64", version = "3.10.11", arch = "64" },
  { identifier = "cp311-win32", version = "3.11.9", arch = "32" },
  { identifier = "cp311-win_amd64", version = "3.11.9", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp312-win32", version = "3.12.4", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp312-win_amd64", version = "3.12.4", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-win32", version = "3.13.0-b2", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-win32", version = "3.13.0-b2", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-win_amd64", version = "3.13.0-b2", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-win_amd64", version = "3.13.0-b2", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-win32", version = "3.12.7", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-win_amd64", version = "3.12.7", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-win32", version = "3.13.0", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-win32", version = "3.13.0", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-win_amd64", version = "3.13.0", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-win_amd64", version = "3.13.0", arch = "64" },
  { identifier = "cp39-win_arm64", version = "3.9.10", arch = "ARM64" },
  { identifier = "cp310-win_arm64", version = "3.10.11", arch = "ARM64" },
  { identifier = "cp311-win_arm64", version = "3.11.9", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp312-win_arm64", version = "3.12.4", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-win_arm64", version = "3.13.0-b2", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-win_arm64", version = "3.13.0-b2", arch = "ARM64" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-win_arm64", version = "3.12.7", arch = "ARM64" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-win_arm64", version = "3.13.0", arch = "ARM64" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-win_arm64", version = "3.13.0", arch = "ARM64" },
  { identifier = "pp37-win_amd64", version = "3.7", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.7-v7.3.9-win64.zip" },
  { identifier = "pp38-win_amd64", version = "3.8", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-win64.zip" },
  { identifier = "pp39-win_amd64", version = "3.9", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.16-win64.zip" },
-  { identifier = "pp310-win_amd64", version = "3.10", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.16-win64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "pp310-win_amd64", version = "3.10", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.17-win64.zip" },
 ]

 [pyodide]
@@ -312,6 +312,11 @@
      "description": "Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images",
      "title": "CIBW_MUSLLINUX_AARCH64_IMAGE"
    },
+    "musllinux-armv7l-image": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images",
+      "title": "CIBW_MUSLLINUX_ARMV7L_IMAGE"
+    },
    "musllinux-i686-image": {
      "type": "string",
      "description": "Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images",
@@ -542,6 +547,9 @@
          "musllinux-aarch64-image": {
            "$ref": "#/properties/musllinux-aarch64-image"
          },
+          "musllinux-armv7l-image": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/musllinux-armv7l-image"
+          },
          "musllinux-i686-image": {
            "$ref": "#/properties/musllinux-i686-image"
          },
@@ -630,6 +638,9 @@
        "musllinux-aarch64-image": {
          "$ref": "#/properties/musllinux-aarch64-image"
        },
+        "musllinux-armv7l-image": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/musllinux-armv7l-image"
+        },
        "musllinux-i686-image": {
          "$ref": "#/properties/musllinux-i686-image"
        },
@@ -2,15 +2,15 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 annotated-types==0.7.0
    # via pydantic
-anyio==4.4.0
+anyio==4.6.0
    # via httpx
-auditwheel-emscripten==0.0.14
+auditwheel-emscripten==0.0.16
    # via pyodide-build
-build==1.2.1
+build==1.2.2.post1
    # via
    #   -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
    #   pyodide-build
-certifi==2024.6.2
+certifi==2024.8.30
    # via
    #   httpcore
    #   httpx
@@ -21,24 +21,24 @@ click==8.1.7
    # via typer
 cloudpickle==3.0.0
    # via loky
-cmake==3.29.3
+cmake==3.30.4
    # via pyodide-build
 distlib==0.3.8
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.14.0
+filelock==3.16.1
    # via virtualenv
 h11==0.14.0
    # via httpcore
-httpcore==1.0.5
+httpcore==1.0.6
    # via httpx
-httpx==0.27.0
+httpx==0.27.2
    # via unearth
-idna==3.7
+idna==3.10
    # via
    #   anyio
    #   httpx
    #   requests
-leb128==1.0.7
+leb128==1.0.8
    # via auditwheel-emscripten
 loky==3.4.1
    # via pyodide-build
@@ -46,41 +46,41 @@ markdown-it-py==3.0.0
    # via rich
 mdurl==0.1.2
    # via markdown-it-py
-packaging==24.0
+packaging==24.1
    # via
    #   auditwheel-emscripten
    #   build
    #   pyodide-build
    #   unearth
-pip==24.0
+pip==24.2
    # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
-platformdirs==4.2.2
+platformdirs==4.3.6
    # via virtualenv
-pydantic==2.7.3
+pydantic==2.9.2
    # via
    #   pyodide-build
    #   pyodide-lock
-pydantic-core==2.18.4
+pydantic-core==2.23.4
    # via pydantic
 pygments==2.18.0
    # via rich
 pyodide-build==0.26.1
    # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
-pyodide-cli==0.2.3
+pyodide-cli==0.2.4
    # via
    #   auditwheel-emscripten
    #   pyodide-build
 pyodide-lock==0.1.0a6
    # via pyodide-build
-pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
-pyyaml==6.0.1
+pyyaml==6.0.2
    # via pyodide-build
 requests==2.32.3
    # via pyodide-build
 resolvelib==1.0.1
    # via pyodide-build
-rich==13.7.1
+rich==13.9.2
    # via
    #   pyodide-build
    #   pyodide-cli
@@ -95,29 +95,29 @@ sniffio==1.3.1
    # via
    #   anyio
    #   httpx
-typer==0.12.3
+typer==0.12.5
    # via
    #   auditwheel-emscripten
    #   pyodide-build
    #   pyodide-cli
-types-requests==2.32.0.20240602
+types-requests==2.32.0.20240914
    # via pyodide-build
 typing-extensions==4.12.2
    # via
    #   pydantic
    #   pydantic-core
    #   typer
-unearth==0.15.4
+unearth==0.17.2
    # via pyodide-build
-urllib3==2.2.1
+urllib3==2.2.3
    # via
    #   requests
    #   types-requests
-virtualenv==20.26.2
+virtualenv==20.26.6
    # via
    #   build
    #   pyodide-build
-wheel==0.43.0
+wheel==0.44.0
    # via
    #   auditwheel-emscripten
    #   pyodide-build
@@ -2,33 +2,33 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
    # via macholib
-build==1.2.1
+build==1.2.2.post1
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-delocate==0.11.0
+delocate==0.12.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 distlib==0.3.8
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.14.0
+filelock==3.16.1
    # via virtualenv
-importlib-metadata==7.1.0
+importlib-metadata==8.5.0
    # via build
 macholib==1.16.3
    # via delocate
-packaging==24.0
+packaging==24.1
    # via
    #   build
    #   delocate
-pip==24.0
+pip==24.2
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.2.2
+platformdirs==4.3.6
    # via virtualenv
-pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
-tomli==2.0.1
+tomli==2.0.2
    # via build
 typing-extensions==4.12.2
    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.26.2
+virtualenv==20.26.6
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-zipp==3.19.2
+zipp==3.20.2
    # via importlib-metadata
@@ -2,27 +2,27 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
    # via macholib
-build==1.2.1
+build==1.2.2.post1
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-delocate==0.11.0
+delocate==0.12.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 distlib==0.3.8
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.14.0
+filelock==3.16.1
    # via virtualenv
 macholib==1.16.3
    # via delocate
-packaging==24.0
+packaging==24.1
    # via
    #   build
    #   delocate
-pip==24.0
+pip==24.2
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.2.2
+platformdirs==4.3.6
    # via virtualenv
-pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
 typing-extensions==4.12.2
    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.26.2
+virtualenv==20.26.6
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
@@ -2,27 +2,27 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
    # via macholib
-build==1.2.1
+build==1.2.2.post1
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-delocate==0.11.0
+delocate==0.12.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 distlib==0.3.8
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.14.0
+filelock==3.16.1
    # via virtualenv
 macholib==1.16.3
    # via delocate
-packaging==24.0
+packaging==24.1
    # via
    #   build
    #   delocate
-pip==24.0
+pip==24.2
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.2.2
+platformdirs==4.3.6
    # via virtualenv
-pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
 typing-extensions==4.12.2
    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.26.2
+virtualenv==20.26.6
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
@@ -2,27 +2,27 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
    # via macholib
-build==1.2.1
+build==1.2.2.post1
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-delocate==0.11.0
+delocate==0.12.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 distlib==0.3.8
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.14.0
+filelock==3.16.1
    # via virtualenv
 macholib==1.16.3
    # via delocate
-packaging==24.0
+packaging==24.1
    # via
    #   build
    #   delocate
-pip==24.1b1
+pip==24.2
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.2.2
+platformdirs==4.3.6
    # via virtualenv
-pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
 typing-extensions==4.12.2
    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.26.2
+virtualenv==20.26.6
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ altgraph==0.17.4
    # via macholib
 build==1.1.1
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-delocate==0.11.0
+delocate==0.12.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 distlib==0.3.8
    # via virtualenv
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ pip==24.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 platformdirs==4.0.0
    # via virtualenv
-pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
 tomli==2.0.1
    # via build
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ typing-extensions==4.7.1
    #   delocate
    #   importlib-metadata
    #   platformdirs
-virtualenv==20.26.2
+virtualenv==20.26.6
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 zipp==3.15.0
    # via importlib-metadata
@@ -2,33 +2,33 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
    # via macholib
-build==1.2.1
+build==1.2.2.post1
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-delocate==0.11.0
+delocate==0.12.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 distlib==0.3.8
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.14.0
+filelock==3.16.1
    # via virtualenv
-importlib-metadata==7.1.0
+importlib-metadata==8.5.0
    # via build
 macholib==1.16.3
    # via delocate
-packaging==24.0
+packaging==24.1
    # via
    #   build
    #   delocate
-pip==24.0
+pip==24.2
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.2.2
+platformdirs==4.3.6
    # via virtualenv
-pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
-tomli==2.0.1
+tomli==2.0.2
    # via build
 typing-extensions==4.12.2
    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.26.2
+virtualenv==20.26.6
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-zipp==3.19.2
+zipp==3.20.2
    # via importlib-metadata
@@ -2,33 +2,33 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
    # via macholib
-build==1.2.1
+build==1.2.2.post1
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-delocate==0.11.0
+delocate==0.12.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 distlib==0.3.8
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.14.0
+filelock==3.16.1
    # via virtualenv
-importlib-metadata==7.1.0
+importlib-metadata==8.5.0
    # via build
 macholib==1.16.3
    # via delocate
-packaging==24.0
+packaging==24.1
    # via
    #   build
    #   delocate
-pip==24.0
+pip==24.2
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.2.2
+platformdirs==4.3.6
    # via virtualenv
-pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
-tomli==2.0.1
+tomli==2.0.2
    # via build
 typing-extensions==4.12.2
    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.26.2
+virtualenv==20.26.6
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-zipp==3.19.2
+zipp==3.20.2
    # via importlib-metadata
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-pip>=24.1b1 ; python_version >= '3.13'
-pip ; python_version < '3.13'
+pip
 build
 delocate
 virtualenv
@@ -2,27 +2,27 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
    # via macholib
-build==1.2.1
+build==1.2.2.post1
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-delocate==0.11.0
+delocate==0.12.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 distlib==0.3.8
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.14.0
+filelock==3.16.1
    # via virtualenv
 macholib==1.16.3
    # via delocate
-packaging==24.0
+packaging==24.1
    # via
    #   build
    #   delocate
-pip==24.0
+pip==24.2
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.2.2
+platformdirs==4.3.6
    # via virtualenv
-pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
 typing-extensions==4.12.2
    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.26.2
+virtualenv==20.26.6
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ musllinux-i686-image = "musllinux_1_2"
 musllinux-aarch64-image = "musllinux_1_2"
 musllinux-ppc64le-image = "musllinux_1_2"
 musllinux-s390x-image = "musllinux_1_2"
+musllinux-armv7l-image = "musllinux_1_2"


 [tool.cibuildwheel.linux]
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 url = "https://nodejs.org/dist/"
-v20 = "v20.14.0"
+v20 = "v20.18.0"
@@ -1,54 +1,57 @@
 [x86_64]
 manylinux1 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_x86_64:2024-04-29-76807b8
 manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64:2022-08-05-4535177
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2024-06-06-99f15a7
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2024.10.07-1
 manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64:2022-12-26-0d38463
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2024-06-06-99f15a7
-musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_x86_64:2024-06-06-99f15a7
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64:2024-06-06-99f15a7
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2024.10.07-1
+musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_x86_64:2024.10.07-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64:2024.10.07-1

 [i686]
 manylinux1 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_i686:2024-04-29-76807b8
 manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686:2022-08-05-4535177
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2024-06-06-99f15a7
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2024.10.07-1
 manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_i686:2022-12-26-0d38463
-musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_i686:2024-06-06-99f15a7
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686:2024-06-06-99f15a7
+musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_i686:2024.10.07-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686:2024.10.07-1

 [pypy_x86_64]
 manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64:2022-08-05-4535177
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2024-06-06-99f15a7
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2024.10.07-1
 manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64:2022-12-26-0d38463
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2024-06-06-99f15a7
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2024.10.07-1

 [pypy_i686]
 manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686:2022-08-05-4535177
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2024-06-06-99f15a7
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2024.10.07-1
 manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_i686:2022-12-26-0d38463

 [aarch64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2024-06-03-e195670
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2024.10.07-1
 manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_aarch64:2022-12-26-0d38463
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2024-06-03-e195670
-musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_aarch64:2024-06-03-e195670
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_aarch64:2024-06-03-e195670
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2024.10.07-1
+musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_aarch64:2024.10.07-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_aarch64:2024.10.07-1

 [ppc64le]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le:2024-06-03-e195670
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le:2024.10.07-1
 manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_ppc64le:2022-12-26-0d38463
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_ppc64le:2024-06-03-e195670
-musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_ppc64le:2024-06-03-e195670
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_ppc64le:2024-06-03-e195670
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_ppc64le:2024.10.07-1
+musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_ppc64le:2024.10.07-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_ppc64le:2024.10.07-1

 [s390x]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x:2024-06-03-e195670
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x:2024.10.07-1
 manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_s390x:2022-12-26-0d38463
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_s390x:2024-06-03-e195670
-musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_s390x:2024-06-03-e195670
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_s390x:2024-06-03-e195670
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_s390x:2024.10.07-1
+musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_s390x:2024.10.07-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_s390x:2024.10.07-1

 [pypy_aarch64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2024-06-03-e195670
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2024.10.07-1
 manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_aarch64:2022-12-26-0d38463
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2024-06-03-e195670
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2024.10.07-1
+
+[armv7l]
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_armv7l:2024.10.07-1

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 py36 = { version = "20.21.1", url = "https://github.com/pypa/get-virtualenv/blob/20.21.1/public/virtualenv.pyz?raw=true" }
-default = { version = "20.26.2", url = "https://github.com/pypa/get-virtualenv/blob/20.26.2/public/virtualenv.pyz?raw=true" }
+default = { version = "20.26.6", url = "https://github.com/pypa/get-virtualenv/blob/20.26.6/public/virtualenv.pyz?raw=true" }
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ from collections import defaultdict
 from collections.abc import Generator, Iterable, Mapping, MutableMapping, Sequence
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from enum import Enum
-from functools import cached_property, lru_cache
+from functools import lru_cache, total_ordering
 from pathlib import Path, PurePath
 from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory
 from time import sleep
@@ -41,7 +41,6 @@ from .typing import PathOrStr, PlatformName

 __all__ = [
    "MANYLINUX_ARCHS",
-    "cached_property",
    "call",
    "chdir",
    "combine_constraints",
@@ -84,6 +83,7 @@ MUSLLINUX_ARCHS: Final[tuple[str, ...]] = (
    "aarch64",
    "ppc64le",
    "s390x",
+    "armv7l",
 )

 DEFAULT_CIBW_CACHE_PATH: Final[Path] = user_cache_path(appname="cibuildwheel", appauthor="pypa")
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ class BuildSelector:
    requires_python: SpecifierSet | None = None

    # a pattern that skips prerelease versions, when include_prereleases is False.
-    PRERELEASE_SKIP: ClassVar[str] = "cp313-* cp313t-*"
+    PRERELEASE_SKIP: ClassVar[str] = ""
    prerelease_pythons: bool = False

    free_threaded_support: bool = False
@@ -463,37 +463,6 @@ class BuildFrontendConfig:
            return {"name": self.name, "args": repr(self.args)}


-class NonPlatformWheelError(Exception):
-    def __init__(self) -> None:
-        message = textwrap.dedent(
-            """
-            cibuildwheel: Build failed because a pure Python wheel was generated.
-
-            If you intend to build a pure-Python wheel, you don't need cibuildwheel - use
-            `pip wheel -w DEST_DIR .` instead.
-
-            If you expected a platform wheel, check your project configuration, or run
-            cibuildwheel with CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY=1 to view build logs.
-            """
-        )
-
-        super().__init__(message)
-
-
-class AlreadyBuiltWheelError(Exception):
-    def __init__(self, wheel_name: str) -> None:
-        message = textwrap.dedent(
-            f"""
-            cibuildwheel: Build failed because a wheel named {wheel_name} was already generated in the current run.
-
-            If you expected another wheel to be generated, check your project configuration, or run
-            cibuildwheel with CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY=1 to view build logs.
-            """
-        )
-
-        super().__init__(message)
-
-
 def strtobool(val: str) -> bool:
    return val.lower() in {"y", "yes", "t", "true", "on", "1"}

@@ -931,3 +900,51 @@ def combine_constraints(
    env["UV_CONSTRAINT"] = env["PIP_CONSTRAINT"] = " ".join(
        c for c in [our_constraints, user_constraints] if c
    )
+
+
+@total_ordering
+class FlexibleVersion:
+    version_str: str
+    version_parts: tuple[int, ...]
+    suffix: str
+
+    def __init__(self, version_str: str) -> None:
+        self.version_str = version_str
+
+        # Split into numeric parts and the optional suffix
+        match = re.match(r"^[v]?(\d+(\.\d+)*)(.*)$", version_str)
+        if not match:
+            msg = f"Invalid version string: {version_str}"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        version_part, _, suffix = match.groups()
+
+        # Convert numeric version part into a tuple of integers
+        self.version_parts = tuple(map(int, version_part.split(".")))
+        self.suffix = suffix.strip() if suffix else ""
+
+        # Normalize by removing trailing zeros
+        self.version_parts = self._remove_trailing_zeros(self.version_parts)
+
+    def _remove_trailing_zeros(self, parts: tuple[int, ...]) -> tuple[int, ...]:
+        # Remove trailing zeros for accurate comparisons
+        # without this, "3.0" would be considered greater than "3"
+        while parts and parts[-1] == 0:
+            parts = parts[:-1]
+        return parts
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, FlexibleVersion):
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+        return (self.version_parts, self.suffix) == (other.version_parts, other.suffix)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, FlexibleVersion):
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+        return (self.version_parts, self.suffix) < (other.version_parts, other.suffix)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"FlexibleVersion('{self.version_str}')"
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self.version_str
@@ -22,11 +22,9 @@ from .options import Options
 from .typing import PathOrStr
 from .util import (
    CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
-    AlreadyBuiltWheelError,
    BuildFrontendConfig,
    BuildFrontendName,
    BuildSelector,
-    NonPlatformWheelError,
    call,
    combine_constraints,
    download,
@@ -154,6 +152,16 @@ def setup_setuptools_cross_compile(
    # set the platform name
    map_plat = {"32": "win32", "64": "win-amd64", "ARM64": "win-arm64"}
    plat_name = map_plat[python_configuration.arch]
+
+    # Set environment variable so that setuptools._distutils.get_platform()
+    # identifies the target, not the host
+    vscmd_arg_tgt_arch = {"32": "x86", "64": "x64", "ARM64": "arm64"}
+    current_tgt_arch = vscmd_arg_tgt_arch[python_configuration.arch]
+    if (env.get("VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH") or current_tgt_arch) != current_tgt_arch:
+        msg = f"VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH must be set to {current_tgt_arch!r}, got {env['VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH']!r}. If you're setting up MSVC yourself (e.g. using vcvarsall.bat or msvc-dev-cmd), make sure to target the right architecture. Alternatively, run cibuildwheel without configuring MSVC, and let the build backend handle it."
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    env["VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH"] = current_tgt_arch
+
    # (This file must be default/locale encoding, so we can't pass 'encoding')
    distutils_cfg.write_text(
        textwrap.dedent(
@@ -217,13 +225,21 @@ def setup_rust_cross_compile(
        )


+def can_use_uv(python_configuration: PythonConfiguration) -> bool:
+    conditions = (
+        Version(python_configuration.version) >= Version("3.8"),
+        not python_configuration.identifier.startswith("pp38-"),
+    )
+    return all(conditions)
+
+
 def setup_python(
    tmp: Path,
    python_configuration: PythonConfiguration,
    dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr],
    environment: ParsedEnvironment,
    build_frontend: BuildFrontendName,
-) -> dict[str, str]:
+) -> tuple[Path, dict[str, str]]:
    tmp.mkdir()
    implementation_id = python_configuration.identifier.split("-")[0]
    python_libs_base = None
@@ -246,9 +262,10 @@ def setup_python(
        raise ValueError(msg)
    assert base_python.exists()

-    use_uv = build_frontend == "build[uv]" and Version(python_configuration.version) >= Version(
-        "3.8"
-    )
+    if build_frontend == "build[uv]" and not can_use_uv(python_configuration):
+        build_frontend = "build"
+
+    use_uv = build_frontend == "build[uv]"
    uv_path = find_uv()

    log.step("Setting up build environment...")
@@ -330,7 +347,7 @@ def setup_python(
        setup_setuptools_cross_compile(tmp, python_configuration, python_libs_base, env)
        setup_rust_cross_compile(tmp, python_configuration, python_libs_base, env)

-    return env
+    return base_python, env


 def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
@@ -358,9 +375,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
        for config in python_configurations:
            build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend or BuildFrontendConfig("pip")
-            use_uv = build_frontend.name == "build[uv]" and Version(config.version) >= Version(
-                "3.8"
-            )
+            use_uv = build_frontend.name == "build[uv]" and can_use_uv(config)
            log.build_start(config.identifier)

            identifier_tmp_dir = tmp_path / config.identifier
@@ -376,7 +391,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                ]

            # install Python
-            env = setup_python(
+            base_python, env = setup_python(
                identifier_tmp_dir / "build",
                config,
                dependency_constraint_flags,
@@ -441,7 +456,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                    if not 0 <= build_options.build_verbosity < 2:
                        msg = f"build_verbosity {build_options.build_verbosity} is not supported for build frontend. Ignoring."
                        log.warning(msg)
-                    if use_uv:
+                    if use_uv and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags and "-n" not in extra_flags:
                        extra_flags.append("--installer=uv")
                    call(
                        "python",
@@ -462,7 +477,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir()

                if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
-                    raise NonPlatformWheelError()
+                    raise errors.NonPlatformWheelError()

                if build_options.repair_command:
                    log.step("Repairing wheel...")
@@ -478,7 +493,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))

                if repaired_wheel.name in {wheel.name for wheel in built_wheels}:
-                    raise AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)
+                    raise errors.AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)

            test_selected = options.globals.test_selector(config.identifier)
            if test_selected and config.arch == "ARM64" != platform_module.machine():
@@ -502,7 +517,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                venv_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "venv-test"

                if use_uv:
-                    call("uv", "venv", venv_dir, "--python=python", env=env)
+                    call("uv", "venv", venv_dir, f"--python={base_python}", env=env)
                else:
                    # Use pip version from the initial env to ensure determinism
                    venv_args = ["--no-periodic-update", f"--pip={pip_version}"]
@@ -4,8 +4,88 @@ title: Changelog

 # Changelog

+### v2.21.3
+
+_9 October 2024_
+
+- 🛠 Update CPython 3.13 to 3.13.0 final release (#2032)
+- 📚 Docs updates and tidy ups (#2035)
+
+### v2.21.2
+
+_2 October 2024_
+
+- ✨ Adds support for building 32-bit armv7l wheels on musllinux. On a Linux system with emulation set up, set [CIBW_ARCHS](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#archs) to `armv7l` on Linux to try it out if you're interested! (#2017)
+- 🐛 Fix Linux Podman builds on some systems (#2016)
+- ✨ Adds official support for running on Python 3.13 (#2026)
+- 🛠 Update CPython 3.13 to 3.13.0rc3 (#2029)
+
+Note: the default [manylinux image](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image) is **scheduled to change** from `manylinux2014` to `manylinux_2_28` in a cibuildwheel release on or after **6th May 2025** - you can set the value now to avoid getting upgraded if you want. (#1992)
+
+### v2.21.1
+
+_16 September 2024_
+
+- 🐛 Fix a bug in the Linux build, where files copied to the container would have invalid ownership permissions (#2007)
+- 🐛 Fix a bug on Windows where cibuildwheel would call upon `uv` to install dependencies for versions of CPython that it does not support (#2005)
+- 🐛 Fix a bug where `uv 0.4.10` would not use the right Python when testing on Linux. (#2008)
+- 🛠 Bump our documentation pins, fixes an issue with a missing package (#2011)
+
+### v2.21.0
+
+_13 September 2024_
+
+- ⚠️ Update CPython 3.12 to 3.12.6, which changes the macOS minimum deployment target on CPython 3.12 from macOS 10.9 to macOS 10.13 (#1998)
+- 🛠 Changes the behaviour when inheriting `config-settings` in TOML overrides - rather than extending each key, which is rarely useful, individual keys will override previously set values. (#1803)
+- 🛠 Update CPython 3.13 to 3.13.0rc2 (#1998)
+- ✨ Adds support for multiarch OCI images (#1961)
+- 🐛 Fixes some bugs building Linux wheels on macOS. (#1961)
+- ⚠️ Changes the minimum version of Docker/Podman to Docker API version 1.43, Podman API version 3. The only mainstream runner this should affect is Travis Graviton2 runners - if so you can [upgrade your version of Docker](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/1961#issuecomment-2304060019). (#1961)
+
+
+### v2.20.0
+
+_4 August 2024_
+
+- 🌟 CPython 3.13 wheels are now built by default - without the `CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS` flag. It's time to build and upload these wheels to PyPI! This release includes CPython 3.13.0rc1, which is guaranteed to be ABI compatible with the final release. Free-threading is still behind a flag/config option. (#1950)
+- ✨ Provide a `CIBW_ALLOW_EMPTY` environment variable as an alternative to the command line flag. (#1937)
+- 🐛 Don't use uv on PyPy3.8 on Windows, it stopped working starting in 0.2.25. Note that PyPy 3.8 is EoL. (#1868)
+- 🛠 Set the `VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH` variable based on target arch. (#1876)
+- 🛠 Undo cleaner output on pytest 8-8.2 now that 8.3 is out. (#1943)
+- 📚 Update examples to use Python 3.12 on host  (cibuildwheel will require Python 3.11+ on the host machine starting in October 2024) (#1919)
+
+
+### v2.19.2
+
+_2 July 2024_
+
+- 🐛 Update manylinux2014 pins to versions that support past-EoL CentOS 7 mirrors. (#1917)
+- 🐛 Support `--no-isolation` with `build[uv]` build-frontend. (#1889)
+- 🛠 Provide attestations for releases at <https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/attestations>. (#1916)
+- 🛠 Provide CPython 3.13.0b3. (#1913)
+- 🛠 Remove some workarounds now that pip 21.1 is available. (#1891, #1892)
+- 📚 Remove nosetest from our docs. (#1821)
+- 📚 Document the macOS ARM workaround for 3.8 on GHA. (#1871)
+- 📚 GitLab CI + macOS is now a supported platform with an example. (#1911)
+
+
+### v2.19.1
+
+_13 June 2024_
+
+- 🐛 Don't require setup-python on GHA for Pyodide (#1868)
+- 🐛 Specify full python path for uv (fixes issue in 0.2.10 & 0.2.11) (#1881)
+- 🛠 Update for pip 24.1b2 on CPython 3.13. (#1879)
+- 🛠 Fix a warning in our schema generation script. (#1866)
+- 🛠 Cleaner output on pytest 8-8.2. (#1865)
+
+
 ### v2.19.0

+_10 June 2024_
+
+See the [release post](https://iscinumpy.dev/post/cibuildwheel-2-19-0/) for more info on new features!
+
 - 🌟 Add Pyodide platform. Set with `--platform pyodide` or `CIBW_PLATFORM: pyodide` on Linux with a host Python 3.12 to build WebAssembly wheels. Not accepted on PyPI currently, but usable directly in a website using Pyodide, for live docs, etc. (#1456, #1859)
 - 🌟 Add `build[uv]` backend, which will take a pre-existing uv install (or install `cibuildwheel[uv]`) and use `uv` for all environment setup and installs on Python 3.8+. This is significantly faster in most cases. (#1856)
 - ✨ Add free-threaded macOS builds and update CPython to 3.13.0b2. (#1854)
@@ -22,6 +102,8 @@ title: Changelog

 ### v2.18.1

+_20 May 2024_
+
 - 🌟 Add free-threaded Linux and Windows builds for 3.13. New identifiers `cp313t-*`, new option `CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT`/`tool.cibuildwheel.free-threaded-support` required to opt-in. [See the docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#free-threaded-support) for more information. (#1831)
 - ✨ The `container-engine` is now a build (non-global) option. (#1792)
 - 🛠 The build backend for cibuildwheel is now hatchling. (#1297)
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ You can see a list of sessions by typing `nox -l`; here are a few common ones:
 ```console
 nox -s lint                    # Run the linters (default)
 nox -s tests [-- PYTEST-ARGS]  # Run the tests   (default)
-nox -s docs -- serve           # Build and serve the documentation
+nox -s docs                    # Build and serve the documentation
 nox -s build                   # Make SDist and wheel
 ```

@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ Then, increment the project version number using:
 bin/bump_version.py
 ```

-You'll be prompted to enter the new version number. Update the changelog when prompted. The script will create a 'bump version' commit and version tag.
+(or `nox -s bump_version`) You'll be prompted to enter the new version number. Update the changelog when prompted. The script will create a 'bump version' commit and version tag.

 Finally, cut the release and push to GitHub.

@@ -186,3 +186,5 @@ git push && git push --tags
 ```

 Then head to https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/releases and create a GitHub release from the new tag, pasting in the changelog entry. Once the release is created inside GitHub, a CI job will create the assets and upload them to PyPI.
+
+If there were any schema updates, run `pipx run ./bin/generate_schema.py --schemastore > partial-cibuildwheel.json` and contribute the changes to SchemaStore.
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Building Python wheels with modern C++ standards (C++11 and later) requires a fe


 ## manylinux1 and C++14
-The old `manylinux1` image (based on CentOS 5) contains a version of GCC and libstdc++ that only supports C++11 and earlier standards. There are however ways to compile wheels with the C++14 standard (and later): https://github.com/pypa/manylinux/issues/118
+The past end-of-life `manylinux1` image (based on CentOS 5) contains a version of GCC and libstdc++ that only supports C++11 and earlier standards. There are however ways to compile wheels with the C++14 standard (and later): https://github.com/pypa/manylinux/issues/118

 `manylinux2010` and `manylinux2014` are newer and support all C++ standards (up to C++17).

@@ -18,9 +18,8 @@ OS X/macOS allows you to specify a so-called "deployment target" version that wi

 However, to enable modern C++ standards, the deployment target needs to be set high enough (since older OS X/macOS versions did not have the necessary modern C++ standard library).

-To get C++11 and C++14 support, `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` needs to be set to (at least) `"10.9"`. By default, `cibuildwheel` already does this, building 64-bit-only wheels for macOS 10.9 and later.

-To get C++17 support, Xcode 9.3+ is needed, requiring at least macOS 10.13 on the build machine. To use C++17 library features and link against the C++ runtime library, set `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` to `"10.13"` or `"10.14"` (or higher) - macOS 10.13 offers partial C++17 support (e.g., the filesystem header is in experimental, offering `#include <experimental/filesystem>` instead of `#include <filesystem>`); macOS 10.14 has full C++17 support.
+To get C++17 support, Xcode 9.3+ is needed, requiring at least macOS 10.13 on the build machine. To use C++17 library features and link against the C++ runtime library, set `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` to `"10.13"` or `"10.14"` (or higher) - macOS 10.13 offers partial C++17 support (e.g., the filesystem header is in experimental, offering `#include <experimental/filesystem>` instead of `#include <filesystem>`); macOS 10.14 has full C++17 support. CPython 3.12+ require 10.13+ anyway.

 However, if only C++17 compiler and standard template library (STL) features are used (not needing a C++17 runtime) it might be possible to set `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` to a lower value, such as `"10.9"`. To find out if this is the case, try compiling and running with a lower `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET`: if C++17 features are used that require a more recent deployment target, building the wheel should fail.

@@ -657,3 +657,10 @@
      C++ framework. Uses cibuildwheel to deploy on as many operating
      systems and Python versions as possible with only one dependency
      (any NumPy).
+
+- name: streaming-form-data
+  gh: siddhantgoel/streaming-form-data
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+  pypi: streaming-form-data
+  notes: Streaming parser for multipart/form-data written in Cython
@@ -258,6 +258,16 @@ h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
  font-size: 80%;
 }

+.rst-content table.docutils td code,
+.rst-content table.docutils th code,
+.rst-content table.field-list td code,
+.rst-content table.field-list th code,
+.wy-table td code,
+.wy-table th code {
+  /* table elements are already made smaller, the code styling on top of that makes the text too small */
+  font-size: 82.5%;
+}
+

 /* expand all the toctree entries */
 .wy-menu-vertical .toctree-l1.current .toctree-l2>ul,
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ There are two suggested methods for keeping cibuildwheel up to date that instead
 If you use GitHub Actions for builds, you can use cibuildwheel as an action:

 ```yaml
-uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.19.0
+uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.21.3
 ```

 This is a composite step that just runs cibuildwheel using pipx. You can set command-line options as `with:` parameters, and use `env:` as normal.
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ The second option, and the only one that supports other CI systems, is using a `

 ```bash
 # requirements-cibw.txt
-cibuildwheel==2.19.0
+cibuildwheel==2.21.3
 ```

 Then your install step would have `python -m pip install -r requirements-cibw.txt` in it. Your `.github/dependabot.yml` file could look like this:
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ Solutions to this vary, but the simplest is to use pipx:
 # most runners have pipx preinstalled, but in case you don't
 python3 -m pip install pipx

-pipx run cibuildwheel==2.19.0 --output-dir wheelhouse
+pipx run cibuildwheel==2.21.3 --output-dir wheelhouse
 pipx run twine upload wheelhouse/*.whl
 ```

@@ -363,16 +363,25 @@ If you're building on an arm64 runner, you might notice something strange about

 This is fine for simple C extensions, but for more complicated builds on arm64 it becomes an issue.

-So, if the cross-compilation is an issue for you, there is an 'experimental' installer available that's built natively for arm64.
-
-To use this installer and perform native CPython 3.8 building, before invoking cibuildwheel, install the universal2 version of Python on your arm64 runner, something like:
+So, if you want to build macOS arm64 wheels on an arm64 runner (e.g., `macos-14`) on Python 3.8, before invoking cibuildwheel, you should install a native arm64 Python 3.8 interpreter on the runner:


-```bash
-curl -o /tmp/Python38.pkg https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.10/python-3.8.10-macos11.pkg
-sudo installer -pkg /tmp/Python38.pkg -target /
-sh "/Applications/Python 3.8/Install Certificates.command"
-```
+!!! tab "GitHub Actions"
+
+    ```yaml
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      with:
+        python-version: 3.8
+      if: runner.os == 'macOS' && runner.arch == 'ARM64'
+    ```
+
+!!! tab "Generic"
+
+    ```bash
+    curl -o /tmp/Python38.pkg https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.10/python-3.8.10-macos11.pkg
+    sudo installer -pkg /tmp/Python38.pkg -target /
+    sh "/Applications/Python 3.8/Install Certificates.command"
+    ```

 Then cibuildwheel will detect that it's installed and use it instead. However, you probably don't want to build x86_64 wheels on this Python, unless you're happy with them only supporting macOS 11+.

@@ -288,25 +288,35 @@ When setting the options, you can use shell-style globbing syntax, as per [fnmat

 <div class="build-id-table-marker"></div>

-|               | macOS                                                                  | Windows                                             | Linux Intel                                                                                         | Linux Other                                                                                                                                                     |
-|---------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
-| Python 3.6    | cp36-macosx_x86_64                                                     | cp36-win_amd64<br/>cp36-win32                       | cp36-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp36-manylinux_i686<br/>cp36-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp36-musllinux_i686     | cp36-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp36-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp36-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp36-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp36-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp36-musllinux_s390x       |
-| Python 3.7    | cp37-macosx_x86_64                                                     | cp37-win_amd64<br/>cp37-win32                       | cp37-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp37-manylinux_i686<br/>cp37-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp37-musllinux_i686     | cp37-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp37-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp37-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp37-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp37-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp37-musllinux_s390x       |
-| Python 3.8    | cp38-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp38-macosx_universal2<br/>cp38-macosx_arm64    | cp38-win_amd64<br/>cp38-win32                       | cp38-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp38-manylinux_i686<br/>cp38-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp38-musllinux_i686     | cp38-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp38-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp38-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp38-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp38-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp38-musllinux_s390x       |
-| Python 3.9    | cp39-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp39-macosx_universal2<br/>cp39-macosx_arm64    | cp39-win_amd64<br/>cp39-win32<br/>cp39-win_arm64    | cp39-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp39-manylinux_i686<br/>cp39-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp39-musllinux_i686     | cp39-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp39-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp39-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp39-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp39-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp39-musllinux_s390x       |
-| Python 3.10   | cp310-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp310-macosx_universal2<br/>cp310-macosx_arm64 | cp310-win_amd64<br/>cp310-win32<br/>cp310-win_arm64 | cp310-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp310-manylinux_i686<br/>cp310-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp310-musllinux_i686 | cp310-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp310-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp310-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp310-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp310-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp310-musllinux_s390x |
-| Python 3.11   | cp311-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp311-macosx_universal2<br/>cp311-macosx_arm64 | cp311-win_amd64<br/>cp311-win32<br/>cp311-win_arm64 | cp311-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp311-manylinux_i686<br/>cp311-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp311-musllinux_i686 | cp311-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp311-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp311-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp311-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp311-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp311-musllinux_s390x |
-| Python 3.12   | cp312-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp312-macosx_universal2<br/>cp312-macosx_arm64 | cp312-win_amd64<br/>cp312-win32<br/>cp312-win_arm64 | cp312-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp312-manylinux_i686<br/>cp312-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp312-musllinux_i686 | cp312-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp312-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp312-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp312-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp312-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp312-musllinux_s390x |
-| Python 3.13   | cp313-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp313-macosx_universal2<br/>cp313-macosx_arm64 | cp313-win_amd64<br/>cp313-win32<br/>cp313-win_arm64 | cp313-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp313-manylinux_i686<br/>cp313-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp313-musllinux_i686 | cp313-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp313-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp313-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp313-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp313-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp313-musllinux_s390x |
-| PyPy3.7 v7.3  | pp37-macosx_x86_64                                                     | pp37-win_amd64                                      | pp37-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp37-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp37-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                          |
-| PyPy3.8 v7.3  | pp38-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp38-macosx_arm64                               | pp38-win_amd64                                      | pp38-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp38-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp38-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                          |
-| PyPy3.9 v7.3  | pp39-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp39-macosx_arm64                               | pp39-win_amd64                                      | pp39-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp39-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp39-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                          |
-| PyPy3.10 v7.3 | pp310-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp310-macosx_arm64                             | pp310-win_amd64                                     | pp310-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp310-manylinux_i686                                                     | pp310-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                         |
+|               | macOS                                                                  | Windows                                             | Linux Intel                                                                                         | Linux Other                                                                                                                                                                                |
+|---------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Python 3.6    | cp36-macosx_x86_64                                                     | cp36-win_amd64<br/>cp36-win32                       | cp36-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp36-manylinux_i686<br/>cp36-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp36-musllinux_i686     | cp36-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp36-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp36-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp36-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp36-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp36-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp36-musllinux_armv7l        |
+| Python 3.7    | cp37-macosx_x86_64                                                     | cp37-win_amd64<br/>cp37-win32                       | cp37-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp37-manylinux_i686<br/>cp37-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp37-musllinux_i686     | cp37-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp37-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp37-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp37-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp37-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp37-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp37-musllinux_armv7l        |
+| Python 3.8    | cp38-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp38-macosx_universal2<br/>cp38-macosx_arm64    | cp38-win_amd64<br/>cp38-win32                       | cp38-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp38-manylinux_i686<br/>cp38-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp38-musllinux_i686     | cp38-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp38-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp38-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp38-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp38-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp38-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp38-musllinux_armv7l        |
+| Python 3.9    | cp39-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp39-macosx_universal2<br/>cp39-macosx_arm64    | cp39-win_amd64<br/>cp39-win32<br/>cp39-win_arm64    | cp39-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp39-manylinux_i686<br/>cp39-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp39-musllinux_i686     | cp39-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp39-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp39-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp39-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp39-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp39-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp39-musllinux_armv7l        |
+| Python 3.10   | cp310-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp310-macosx_universal2<br/>cp310-macosx_arm64 | cp310-win_amd64<br/>cp310-win32<br/>cp310-win_arm64 | cp310-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp310-manylinux_i686<br/>cp310-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp310-musllinux_i686 | cp310-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp310-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp310-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp310-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp310-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp310-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp310-musllinux_armv7l |
+| Python 3.11   | cp311-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp311-macosx_universal2<br/>cp311-macosx_arm64 | cp311-win_amd64<br/>cp311-win32<br/>cp311-win_arm64 | cp311-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp311-manylinux_i686<br/>cp311-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp311-musllinux_i686 | cp311-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp311-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp311-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp311-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp311-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp311-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp311-musllinux_armv7l |
+| Python 3.12   | cp312-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp312-macosx_universal2<br/>cp312-macosx_arm64 | cp312-win_amd64<br/>cp312-win32<br/>cp312-win_arm64 | cp312-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp312-manylinux_i686<br/>cp312-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp312-musllinux_i686 | cp312-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp312-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp312-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp312-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp312-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp312-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp312-musllinux_armv7l |
+| Python 3.13   | cp313-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp313-macosx_universal2<br/>cp313-macosx_arm64 | cp313-win_amd64<br/>cp313-win32<br/>cp313-win_arm64 | cp313-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp313-manylinux_i686<br/>cp313-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp313-musllinux_i686 | cp313-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp313-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp313-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp313-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp313-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp313-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp313-musllinux_armv7l |
+| PyPy3.7 v7.3  | pp37-macosx_x86_64                                                     | pp37-win_amd64                                      | pp37-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp37-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp37-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                     |
+| PyPy3.8 v7.3  | pp38-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp38-macosx_arm64                               | pp38-win_amd64                                      | pp38-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp38-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp38-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                     |
+| PyPy3.9 v7.3  | pp39-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp39-macosx_arm64                               | pp39-win_amd64                                      | pp39-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp39-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp39-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                     |
+| PyPy3.10 v7.3 | pp310-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp310-macosx_arm64                             | pp310-win_amd64                                     | pp310-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp310-manylinux_i686                                                     | pp310-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                    |

 The list of supported and currently selected build identifiers can also be retrieved by passing the `--print-build-identifiers` flag to cibuildwheel.
 The format is `python_tag-platform_tag`, with tags similar to those in [PEP 425](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0425/#details).

-For CPython, the minimally supported macOS version is 10.9; for PyPy 3.7, macOS 10.13 or higher is required.
+The lowest value you can set `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` is as follows:
+
+| Arch  | Python version range | Minimum target |
+|-------|----------------------|----------------|
+| Intel | CPython 3.6-3.11     | 10.9           |
+| Intel | CPython 3.12+        | 10.13          |
+| AS    | CPython or PyPy      | 11             |
+| Intel | PyPy 3.7-3.8         | 10.13          |
+| Intel | PyPy 3.9+            | 10.15          |
+
+If you set the value lower, cibuildwheel will cap it to the lowest supported value for each target as needed.

 Windows arm64 platform support is experimental.

@@ -475,7 +485,7 @@ machine, provided the cross-compiling tools are installed.

 Options:

- Linux: `x86_64` `i686` `aarch64` `ppc64le` `s390x`
+- Linux: `x86_64` `i686` `aarch64` `ppc64le` `s390x` `armv7l`
 - macOS: `x86_64` `arm64` `universal2`
 - Windows: `AMD64` `x86` `ARM64`
 - Pyodide: `wasm32`
@@ -621,10 +631,32 @@ This option can also be set using the [command-line option](#command-line) `--pr
    CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS: True
    ```

+### `CIBW_ALLOW_EMPTY` {: #allow-empty}
+> Suppress the error code if no wheels match the specified build identifiers
+
+When none of the specified build identifiers match any available versions,
+cibuildwheel will typically return error code 3, indicating that there are
+no wheels to build. Enabling this option will suppress this error, allowing
+the build process to complete without signaling an error.
+
+Default: Off (0). Error code 3 is returned when no builds are selected.
+
+This option can also be set using the [command-line option](#command-line)
+`--allow-empty`. This option is not available in the `pyproject.toml` config.
+
+#### Examples
+
+!!! tab examples "Environment variables"
+
+    ```yaml
+    # Prevent an error code if the build does not match any wheels
+    CIBW_ALLOW_EMPTY: True
+    ```
+
 ## Build customization

 ### `CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND` {: #build-frontend}
-> Set the tool to use to build, either "pip" (default for now), "build", or "build[uv]"
+> Set the tool to use to build, either "pip" (default for now), "build", or "build\[uv\]"

 Options:

@@ -636,7 +668,7 @@ Default: `pip`
 Choose which build frontend to use. Can either be "pip", which will run
 `python -m pip wheel`, or "build", which will run `python -m build --wheel`.

-You can also use "build[uv]", which will use an external [uv][] everywhere
+You can also use "build\[uv\]", which will use an external [uv][] everywhere
 possible, both through `--installer=uv` passed to build, as well as when making
 all build and test environments. This will generally speed up cibuildwheel.
 Make sure you have an external uv on Windows and macOS, either by
@@ -657,6 +689,12 @@ optional `args` option.
    will change the default to [build][], in line with the PyPA's recommendation.
    If you want to try `build` before this, you can use this option.

+!!! warning
+    If you are using `build[uv]` and are passing `--no-isolation` or `-n`, we
+    will detect this and avoid passing `--installer=uv` to build, but still
+    install all packages with uv. We do not currently detect combined short
+    options, like `-xn`!
+
 [pip]: https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/cli/pip_wheel/
 [build]: https://github.com/pypa/build/
 [uv]: https://github.com/astral-sh/uv
@@ -818,7 +856,7 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
    In configuration mode, you can use a [TOML][] table instead of a raw string as shown above.

 !!! note
-    cibuildwheel always defines the environment variable `CIBUILDWHEEL=1`. This can be useful for [building wheels with optional extensions](faq.md#building-packages-with-optional-c-extensions).
+    cibuildwheel always defines the environment variable `CIBUILDWHEEL=1`. This can be useful for [building wheels with optional extensions](faq.md#optional-extensions).

 !!! note
    To do its work, cibuildwheel sets the variables `VIRTUALENV_PIP`, `DIST_EXTRA_CONFIG`, `SETUPTOOLS_EXT_SUFFIX`, `PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK`, `PIP_ROOT_USER_ACTION`, and it extends the variables `PATH` and `PIP_CONSTRAINT`. Your assignments to these options might be replaced or extended.
@@ -1129,25 +1167,31 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
 <div class="link-target" id="manylinux-image"></div>

 ### `CIBW_MANYLINUX_*_IMAGE`, `CIBW_MUSLLINUX_*_IMAGE` {: #linux-image}
-> Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images

-The available options are (default value):
+> Specify manylinux / musllinux container images

- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64))
- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686))
- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_X86_64_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64))
- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_AARCH64_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64))
- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_PPC64LE_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le))
- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_S390X_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x))
- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_AARCH64_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64))
- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_I686_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686))
- `CIBW_MUSLLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64))
- `CIBW_MUSLLINUX_I686_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686))
- `CIBW_MUSLLINUX_AARCH64_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_aarch64`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_aarch64))
- `CIBW_MUSLLINUX_PPC64LE_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_ppc64le`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_ppc64le))
- `CIBW_MUSLLINUX_S390X_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_s390x`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_s390x))
+The available options are:

-Set an alternative Docker image to be used for building [manylinux / musllinux](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux) wheels.
+| Option | Default | Future default* |
+|---|---|---|
+| CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE | [`manylinux2014`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64) | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64)
+| CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE | [`manylinux2014`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686) |
+| CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_X86_64_IMAGE | [`manylinux2014`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64) | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64)
+| CIBW_MANYLINUX_AARCH64_IMAGE | [`manylinux2014`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64) | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64)
+| CIBW_MANYLINUX_PPC64LE_IMAGE | [`manylinux2014`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le) | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_ppc64le)
+| CIBW_MANYLINUX_S390X_IMAGE | [`manylinux2014`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x) | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_s390x)
+| CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_AARCH64_IMAGE | [`manylinux2014`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64) | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64)
+| CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_I686_IMAGE | [`manylinux2014`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686) |
+| CIBW_MUSLLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE | [`musllinux_1_2`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64) |
+| CIBW_MUSLLINUX_I686_IMAGE | [`musllinux_1_2`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686) |
+| CIBW_MUSLLINUX_AARCH64_IMAGE | [`musllinux_1_2`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_aarch64) |
+| CIBW_MUSLLINUX_PPC64LE_IMAGE | [`musllinux_1_2`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_ppc64le) |
+| CIBW_MUSLLINUX_S390X_IMAGE | [`musllinux_1_2`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_s390x) |
+| CIBW_MUSLLINUX_ARMV7L_IMAGE | [`musllinux_1_2`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_armv7l) |
+
+<small>* The default is scheduled to change in a cibuildwheel release on or after 6th May 2025 - if you don't want the new default, you should set the value to `manylinux2014`.</small>
+
+Set the Docker image to be used for building [manylinux / musllinux](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux) wheels.

 For `CIBW_MANYLINUX_*_IMAGE`, the value of this option can either be set to `manylinux1`, `manylinux2010`, `manylinux2014`, `manylinux_2_24` or `manylinux_2_28` to use a pinned version of the [official manylinux images](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux). Alternatively, set these options to any other valid Docker image name. For PyPy, the `manylinux1` image is not available. For architectures other
 than x86 (x86\_64 and i686) `manylinux2014`, `manylinux_2_24` or `manylinux_2_28` must be used, because the first version of the manylinux specification that supports additional architectures is `manylinux2014`. `manylinux_2_28` is not supported for `i686` architecture.
@@ -1383,9 +1427,6 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
 !!! tab examples "Environment variables"

    ```yaml
-    # Run the project tests against the installed wheel using `nose`
-    CIBW_TEST_COMMAND: nosetests {project}/tests
-
    # Run the package tests using `pytest`
    CIBW_TEST_COMMAND: pytest {package}/tests

@@ -1402,9 +1443,6 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>

    ```toml
    [tool.cibuildwheel]
-    # Run the project tests against the installed wheel using `nose`
-    test-command = "nosetests {project}/tests"
-
    # Run the package tests using `pytest`
    test-command = "pytest {package}/tests"

@@ -1510,7 +1548,7 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
    CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES: pytest

    # Install specific versions of test dependencies
-    CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES: nose==1.3.7 moto==0.4.31
+    CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES: pytest==8.2.2 packaging==24.1
    ```

 !!! tab examples "pyproject.toml"
@@ -1522,7 +1560,7 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>

    # Install specific versions of test dependencies
    [tool.cibuildwheel]
-    test-requires = ["nose==1.3.7", "moto==0.4.31"]
+    test-requires = ["pytest==8.2.2", "packaging==24.1"]
    ```

    In configuration files, you can use an array, and the items will be joined with a space.
@@ -1577,7 +1615,7 @@ This option is not supported in the overrides section in `pyproject.toml`.

    ```yaml
    # Will avoid testing on emulated architectures
-    CIBW_TEST_SKIP: "*-*linux_{aarch64,ppc64le,s390x}"
+    CIBW_TEST_SKIP: "*-*linux_{aarch64,ppc64le,s390x,armv7l}"

    # Skip trying to test arm64 builds on Intel Macs
    CIBW_TEST_SKIP: "*-macosx_arm64 *-macosx_universal2:arm64"
@@ -1588,7 +1626,7 @@ This option is not supported in the overrides section in `pyproject.toml`.
    ```toml
    [tool.cibuildwheel]
    # Will avoid testing on emulated architectures
-    test-skip = "*-*linux_{aarch64,ppc64le,s390x}"
+    test-skip = "*-*linux_{aarch64,ppc64le,s390x,armv7l}"

    # Skip trying to test arm64 builds on Intel Macs
    test-skip = "*-macosx_arm64 *-macosx_universal2:arm64"
@@ -1667,7 +1705,7 @@ cibuildwheel exits 0 on success, or >0 if an error occurs.
 Specific error codes are defined:

 - 2 means a configuration error
- 3 means no builds are selected (and --allow-empty wasn't passed)
+- 3 means no builds are selected (and [`--allow-empty`](#allow-empty) wasn't passed)
 - 4 means you specified an option that has been deprecated.


@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ To build Linux, Mac, and Windows wheels using GitHub Actions, create a `.github/
          - uses: actions/checkout@v4

          - name: Build wheels
-            run: pipx run cibuildwheel==2.19.0
+            run: pipx run cibuildwheel==2.21.3

          - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
            with:
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ To build Linux, Mac, and Windows wheels using GitHub Actions, create a `.github/
          - uses: actions/setup-python@v5

          - name: Install cibuildwheel
-            run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.19.0
+            run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.21.3

          - name: Build wheels
            run: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@ title: Working examples
 | [scikit-learn][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The machine learning library. A complex but clean config using many of cibuildwheel's features to build a large project with Cython and C++ extensions.  |
 | [pytorch-fairseq][]               | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence Toolkit written in Python. |
 | [NumPy][]                         | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. |
-| [Tornado][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library. Uses stable ABI for a small C extension. |
-| [Matplotlib][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The venerable Matplotlib, a Python library with C++ portions |
-| [NCNN][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | ncnn is a high-performance neural network inference framework optimized for the mobile platform |
 | [duckdb][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | DuckDB is an analytical in-process SQL database management system |
+| [Tornado][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library. Uses stable ABI for a small C extension. |
+| [NCNN][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | ncnn is a high-performance neural network inference framework optimized for the mobile platform |
+| [Matplotlib][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The venerable Matplotlib, a Python library with C++ portions |
 | [Prophet][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Tool for producing high quality forecasts for time series data that has multiple seasonality with linear or non-linear growth. |
 | [MyPy][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | The compiled version of MyPy using MyPyC. |
 | [Kivy][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Open source UI framework written in Python, running on Windows, Linux, macOS, Android and iOS |
@@ -38,12 +38,11 @@ title: Working examples
 | [UltraJSON][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Ultra fast JSON decoder and encoder written in C with Python bindings |
 | [OpenSpiel][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | OpenSpiel is a collection of environments and algorithms for research in general reinforcement learning and search/planning in games. |
 | [aiortc][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | WebRTC and ORTC implementation for Python using asyncio. |
-| [Confluent client for Kafka][]    | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | setup in `tools/wheels/build-wheels.bat` |
 | [Dependency Injector][]           | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Dependency injection framework for Python, uses Windows TravisCI |
 | [pyzmq][]                         | ![github icon][] ![circleci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for zeromq, the networking library. Uses Cython on CPython and CFFI on PyPy. ARM wheels for linux are built natively on CircleCI.  |
 | [Implicit][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes GPU support for linux wheels |
-| [vispy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Main repository for Vispy |
 | [tinyobjloader][]                 | ![azurepipelines icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tiny but powerful single file wavefront obj loader |
+| [vispy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Main repository for Vispy |
 | [CTranslate2][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes libraries from the [Intel oneAPI toolkit](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/tools/oneapi/base-toolkit.html) and CUDA kernels compiled for multiple GPU architectures. |
 | [coverage.py][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The coverage tool for Python |
 | [PyCryptodome][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A self-contained cryptographic library for Python |
@@ -56,50 +55,52 @@ title: Working examples
 | [Wrapt][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python module for decorators, wrappers and monkey patching. |
 | [envd][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A machine learning development environment build tool |
 | [OpenColorIO][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A color management framework for visual effects and animation. |
-| [SimpleJSON][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | simplejson is a simple, fast, extensible JSON encoder/decoder for Python  |
-| [aioquic][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | QUIC and HTTP/3 implementation in Python |
 | [Psycopg 3][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A modern implementation of a PostgreSQL adapter for Python |
+| [aioquic][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | QUIC and HTTP/3 implementation in Python |
+| [SimpleJSON][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | simplejson is a simple, fast, extensible JSON encoder/decoder for Python  |
 | [ruptures][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Extensive Cython + NumPy [pyproject.toml](https://github.com/deepcharles/ruptures/blob/master/pyproject.toml) example. |
 | [OpenTimelineIO][]                | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Open Source API and interchange format for editorial timeline information. |
 | [PyTables][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python package to manage extremely large amounts of data |
-| [Parselmouth][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python interface to the Praat software package, using pybind11, C++17 and CMake, with the core Praat static library built only once and shared between wheels. |
 | [google neuroglancer][]           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | WebGL-based viewer for volumetric data |
+| [Parselmouth][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python interface to the Praat software package, using pybind11, C++17 and CMake, with the core Praat static library built only once and shared between wheels. |
 | [DeepForest][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | An Efficient, Scalable and Optimized Python Framework for Deep Forest (2021.2.1) |
 | [AutoPy][]                        | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes a Windows Travis build. |
 | [H3-py][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python bindings for H3, a hierarchical hexagonal geospatial indexing system |
 | [mosec][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] | A machine learning model serving framework powered by Rust |
-| [Picologging][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A high-performance logging library for Python. |
 | [time-machine][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Time mocking library using only the CPython C API. |
+| [Picologging][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A high-performance logging library for Python. |
 | [markupsafe][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Safely add untrusted strings to HTML/XML markup. |
-| [Rtree][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Rtree: spatial index for Python GIS |
 | [pybind11 cmake_example][]        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Example pybind11 module built with a CMake-based build system |
+| [Rtree][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Rtree: spatial index for Python GIS |
 | [KDEpy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Kernel Density Estimation in Python |
 | [dd-trace-py][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Uses custom alternate arch emulation on GitHub |
-| [python-rapidjson][]              | ![travisci icon][] ![gitlab icon][] ![appveyor icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python wrapper around rapidjson |
 | [tgcalls][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python `pybind11` binding to Telegram's WebRTC library with third party dependencies like `OpenSSL`, `MozJPEG`, `FFmpeg`, etc. |
-| [python-snappy][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python bindings for the snappy google library |
+| [python-rapidjson][]              | ![travisci icon][] ![gitlab icon][] ![appveyor icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python wrapper around rapidjson |
 | [pybind11 python_example][]       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Example pybind11 module built with a Python-based build system |
+| [python-snappy][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python bindings for the snappy google library |
 | [abess][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A fast best-subset selection library. It uses cibuildwheel to build a large project with C++ extensions. |
 | [sourmash][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Quickly search, compare, and analyze genomic and metagenomic data sets. |
 | [cyvcf2][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | cython + htslib == fast VCF and BCF processing |
-| [matrixprofile][]                 | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python 3 library making time series data mining tasks, utilizing matrix profile algorithms, accessible to everyone. |
 | [jq.py][]                         | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for jq |
+| [matrixprofile][]                 | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python 3 library making time series data mining tasks, utilizing matrix profile algorithms, accessible to everyone. |
 | [iminuit][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Jupyter-friendly Python interface for C++ MINUIT2 |
 | [Tokenizer][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast and customizable text tokenization library with BPE and SentencePiece support |
 | [keyvi][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] | FST based key value index highly optimized for size and lookup performance, utilizes ccache action for improved runtime |
-| [PyGLM][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Fast OpenGL Mathematics (GLM) for Python |
 | [pillow-heif][]                   | ![github icon][] ![cirrusci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Bindings to libheif library with third party dependencies. Fully automated CI for tests and publishing including Apple Silicon builds. |
+| [PyGLM][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Fast OpenGL Mathematics (GLM) for Python |
 | [TgCrypto][]                      | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes a Windows Travis build. |
 | [iDynTree][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] | Uses manylinux_2_24 |
+| [streaming-form-data][]           | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Streaming parser for multipart/form-data written in Cython |
 | [bx-python][]                     | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A library that includes Cython extensions. |
 | [boost-histogram][]               | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Supports full range of wheels, including PyPy and alternate archs. |
-| [Python-WebRTC][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | a Python extension that provides bindings to WebRTC M92 |
 | [power-grid-model][]              | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python/C++ library for distribution power system analysis |
+| [Python-WebRTC][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | a Python extension that provides bindings to WebRTC M92 |
 | [pybase64][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast Base64 encoding/decoding in Python |
-| [fathon][]                        | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | python package for DFA (Detrended Fluctuation Analysis) and related algorithms |
 | [Imagecodecs (fork)][]            | ![azurepipelines icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Over 20 external dependencies in compiled libraries, custom docker image, `libomp`, `openblas` and `install_name_tool` for macOS. |
-| [Arbor][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Arbor is a multi-compartment neuron simulation library; compatible with next-generation accelerators; best-practices applied to research software; focused on community-driven development. Includes a [small script](https://github.com/arbor-sim/arbor/blob/master/scripts/patchwheel.py) patching `rpath` in bundled libraries.  |
+| [fathon][]                        | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | python package for DFA (Detrended Fluctuation Analysis) and related algorithms |
 | [pybind11 scikit_build_example][] | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | An example combining scikit-build and pybind11 |
+| [Arbor][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Arbor is a multi-compartment neuron simulation library; compatible with next-generation accelerators; best-practices applied to research software; focused on community-driven development. Includes a [small script](https://github.com/arbor-sim/arbor/blob/master/scripts/patchwheel.py) patching `rpath` in bundled libraries.  |
+| [Confluent client for Kafka][]    | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | setup in `tools/wheels/build-wheels.bat` |
 | [polaroid][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Full range of wheels for setuptools rust, with auto release and PyPI deploy. |
 | [clang-format][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Scikit-build wrapper around LLVM's CMake, all platforms, generic wheels. |
 | [etebase-py][]                    | ![travisci icon][] | ![linux icon][] | Python bindings to a Rust library using `setuptools-rust`, and `sccache` for improved speed. |
@@ -110,20 +111,20 @@ title: Working examples
 | [ril][]                           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A python binding to Rust Imaging library using maturin and Pyo3, utilizes Github Action cache to improve speed. Builds abi3 wheels. |
 | [SiPM][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | High performance library for SiPM detectors simulation using C++17, OpenMP and AVX2 intrinsics. |
 | [GSD][]                           | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Cython and NumPy project with 64-bit wheels. |
-| [CorrectionLib][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Structured JSON powered correction library for HEP, designed for the CMS experiment at CERN. |
 | [aalink][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Async Python interface for Ableton Link. |
+| [CorrectionLib][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Structured JSON powered correction library for HEP, designed for the CMS experiment at CERN. |
 | [xmlstarlet][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python 3.6+ CFFI bindings with true MSVC build. |
-| [pyinstrument_cext][]             | ![travisci icon][] ![appveyor icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A simple C extension, without external dependencies |
 | [werpy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] | An ultra-fast python package using optimized dynamic programming to compute the Word Error Rate (WER). |
+| [pyinstrument_cext][]             | ![travisci icon][] ![appveyor icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A simple C extension, without external dependencies |
 | [pybind11 cross build example][]  | ![github icon][] ![gitlab icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Same as pybind11 cmake_example but used to demo Linux ARM + Windows + macOS builds on GitLab |

 [scikit-learn]: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn
 [pytorch-fairseq]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/fairseq
 [NumPy]: https://github.com/numpy/numpy
-[Tornado]: https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado
-[Matplotlib]: https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib
-[NCNN]: https://github.com/Tencent/ncnn
 [duckdb]: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb
+[Tornado]: https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado
+[NCNN]: https://github.com/Tencent/ncnn
+[Matplotlib]: https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib
 [Prophet]: https://github.com/facebook/prophet
 [MyPy]: https://github.com/mypyc/mypy_mypyc-wheels
 [Kivy]: https://github.com/kivy/kivy
@@ -147,12 +148,11 @@ title: Working examples
 [UltraJSON]: https://github.com/ultrajson/ultrajson
 [OpenSpiel]: https://github.com/google-deepmind/open_spiel
 [aiortc]: https://github.com/aiortc/aiortc
-[Confluent client for Kafka]: https://github.com/confluentinc/confluent-kafka-python
 [Dependency Injector]: https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector
 [pyzmq]: https://github.com/zeromq/pyzmq
 [Implicit]: https://github.com/benfred/implicit
-[vispy]: https://github.com/vispy/vispy
 [tinyobjloader]: https://github.com/tinyobjloader/tinyobjloader
+[vispy]: https://github.com/vispy/vispy
 [CTranslate2]: https://github.com/OpenNMT/CTranslate2
 [coverage.py]: https://github.com/nedbat/coveragepy
 [PyCryptodome]: https://github.com/Legrandin/pycryptodome
@@ -165,50 +165,52 @@ title: Working examples
 [Wrapt]: https://github.com/GrahamDumpleton/wrapt
 [envd]: https://github.com/tensorchord/envd
 [OpenColorIO]: https://github.com/AcademySoftwareFoundation/OpenColorIO
-[SimpleJSON]: https://github.com/simplejson/simplejson
-[aioquic]: https://github.com/aiortc/aioquic
 [Psycopg 3]: https://github.com/psycopg/psycopg
+[aioquic]: https://github.com/aiortc/aioquic
+[SimpleJSON]: https://github.com/simplejson/simplejson
 [ruptures]: https://github.com/deepcharles/ruptures
 [OpenTimelineIO]: https://github.com/AcademySoftwareFoundation/OpenTimelineIO
 [PyTables]: https://github.com/PyTables/PyTables
-[Parselmouth]: https://github.com/YannickJadoul/Parselmouth
 [google neuroglancer]: https://github.com/google/neuroglancer
+[Parselmouth]: https://github.com/YannickJadoul/Parselmouth
 [DeepForest]: https://github.com/LAMDA-NJU/Deep-Forest
 [AutoPy]: https://github.com/autopilot-rs/autopy
 [H3-py]: https://github.com/uber/h3-py
 [mosec]: https://github.com/mosecorg/mosec
-[Picologging]: https://github.com/microsoft/picologging
 [time-machine]: https://github.com/adamchainz/time-machine
+[Picologging]: https://github.com/microsoft/picologging
 [markupsafe]: https://github.com/pallets/markupsafe
-[Rtree]: https://github.com/Toblerity/rtree
 [pybind11 cmake_example]: https://github.com/pybind/cmake_example
+[Rtree]: https://github.com/Toblerity/rtree
 [KDEpy]: https://github.com/tommyod/KDEpy
 [dd-trace-py]: https://github.com/DataDog/dd-trace-py
-[python-rapidjson]: https://github.com/python-rapidjson/python-rapidjson
 [tgcalls]: https://github.com/MarshalX/tgcalls
-[python-snappy]: https://github.com/intake/python-snappy
+[python-rapidjson]: https://github.com/python-rapidjson/python-rapidjson
 [pybind11 python_example]: https://github.com/pybind/python_example
+[python-snappy]: https://github.com/intake/python-snappy
 [abess]: https://github.com/abess-team/abess
 [sourmash]: https://github.com/sourmash-bio/sourmash
 [cyvcf2]: https://github.com/brentp/cyvcf2
-[matrixprofile]: https://github.com/matrix-profile-foundation/matrixprofile
 [jq.py]: https://github.com/mwilliamson/jq.py
+[matrixprofile]: https://github.com/matrix-profile-foundation/matrixprofile
 [iminuit]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/iminuit
 [Tokenizer]: https://github.com/OpenNMT/Tokenizer
 [keyvi]: https://github.com/KeyviDev/keyvi
-[PyGLM]: https://github.com/Zuzu-Typ/PyGLM
 [pillow-heif]: https://github.com/bigcat88/pillow_heif
+[PyGLM]: https://github.com/Zuzu-Typ/PyGLM
 [TgCrypto]: https://github.com/pyrogram/tgcrypto
 [iDynTree]: https://github.com/robotology/idyntree
+[streaming-form-data]: https://github.com/siddhantgoel/streaming-form-data
 [bx-python]: https://github.com/bxlab/bx-python
 [boost-histogram]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/boost-histogram
-[Python-WebRTC]: https://github.com/MarshalX/python-webrtc
 [power-grid-model]: https://github.com/PowerGridModel/power-grid-model
+[Python-WebRTC]: https://github.com/MarshalX/python-webrtc
 [pybase64]: https://github.com/mayeut/pybase64
-[fathon]: https://github.com/stfbnc/fathon
 [Imagecodecs (fork)]: https://github.com/czaki/imagecodecs_build
-[Arbor]: https://github.com/arbor-sim/arbor
+[fathon]: https://github.com/stfbnc/fathon
 [pybind11 scikit_build_example]: https://github.com/pybind/scikit_build_example
+[Arbor]: https://github.com/arbor-sim/arbor
+[Confluent client for Kafka]: https://github.com/confluentinc/confluent-kafka-python
 [polaroid]: https://github.com/daggy1234/polaroid
 [clang-format]: https://github.com/ssciwr/clang-format-wheel
 [etebase-py]: https://github.com/etesync/etebase-py
@@ -219,11 +221,11 @@ title: Working examples
 [ril]: https://github.com/Cryptex-github/ril-py
 [SiPM]: https://github.com/EdoPro98/SimSiPM
 [GSD]: https://github.com/glotzerlab/gsd
-[CorrectionLib]: https://github.com/cms-nanoAOD/correctionlib
 [aalink]: https://github.com/artfwo/aalink
+[CorrectionLib]: https://github.com/cms-nanoAOD/correctionlib
 [xmlstarlet]: https://github.com/dimitern/xmlstarlet
-[pyinstrument_cext]: https://github.com/joerick/pyinstrument_cext
 [werpy]: https://github.com/analyticsinmotion/werpy
+[pyinstrument_cext]: https://github.com/joerick/pyinstrument_cext
 [pybind11 cross build example]: https://github.com/wbarnha/pybind_cmake_example_crossbuild

 [appveyor icon]: data/readme_icons/appveyor.svg
@@ -1,18 +1,15 @@
 environment:
  matrix:
-    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Ubuntu
-      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python37-x64-ubuntu"
-    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2015
-      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python37-x64-vs2015"
-    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: macos
-      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python37-x64-macos"
+    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Ubuntu2204
+      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "linux-x64"
+    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2022
+      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "windows-x64"
+    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: macos-sonoma
+      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "macos-x64"

-stack: python 3.7
+stack: python 3.12

-init:
- cmd: set PATH=C:\Python37;C:\Python37\Scripts;%PATH%
-
-install: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.19.0
+install: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.21.3

 build_script: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ jobs:
    - bash: |
        set -o errexit
        python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        pip3 install cibuildwheel==2.19.0
+        pip3 install cibuildwheel==2.21.3
      displayName: Install dependencies
    - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
      displayName: Build wheels
@@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ jobs:
      inputs: {pathtoPublish: 'wheelhouse'}

 - job: macos
-  pool: {vmImage: 'macOS-11'}
+  pool: {vmImage: 'macOS-12'}
  steps:
    - task: UsePythonVersion@0
    - bash: |
        set -o errexit
        python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.19.0
+        python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.21.3
      displayName: Install dependencies
    - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
      displayName: Build wheels
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ jobs:
    - bash: |
        set -o errexit
        python -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        pip install cibuildwheel==2.19.0
+        pip install cibuildwheel==2.21.3
      displayName: Install dependencies
    - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
      displayName: Build wheels
@@ -4,14 +4,14 @@ jobs:
  linux-wheels:
    working_directory: ~/linux-wheels
    docker:
-      - image: circleci/python:3.9
+      - image: cimg/python:3.12
    steps:
      - checkout
      - setup_remote_docker
      - run:
          name: Build the Linux wheels.
          command: |
-            pip3 install --user cibuildwheel==2.19.0
+            python3 -m pip install --user cibuildwheel==2.21.3
            cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
      - store_artifacts:
          path: wheelhouse/
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ jobs:
      - run:
          name: Build the Linux aarch64 wheels.
          command: |
-            python3 -m pip install --user cibuildwheel==2.19.0
+            python3 -m pip install --user cibuildwheel==2.21.3
            python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
      - store_artifacts:
          path: wheelhouse/
@@ -36,13 +36,15 @@ jobs:
  osx-wheels:
    working_directory: ~/osx-wheels
    macos:
-      xcode: 12.5.1
+      xcode: 15.4.0
+    resource_class: macos.m1.medium.gen1
    steps:
      - checkout
      - run:
          name: Build the OS X wheels.
          command: |
-            pip3 install cibuildwheel==2.19.0
+            sudo softwareupdate --install-rosetta --agree-to-license  # for python<=3.8 or x86_64/universal2 tests
+            pip3 install cibuildwheel==2.21.3
            cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
      - store_artifacts:
          path: wheelhouse/
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 build_and_store_wheels: &BUILD_AND_STORE_WHEELS
  install_cibuildwheel_script:
-    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.19.0
+    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.21.3
  run_cibuildwheel_script:
    - cibuildwheel
  wheels_artifacts:
@@ -11,10 +11,11 @@ macos_task:
  name: Build macOS x86_64 and arm64 wheels.
  macos_instance:
    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-sonoma-xcode
-
  env:
-    PATH: /opt/homebrew/opt/python@3.10/libexec/bin:$PATH
+    VENV_ROOT: ${HOME}/venv-cibuildwheel
+    PATH: ${VENV_ROOT}/bin:${PATH}
    CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS: x86_64 arm64
  install_pre_requirements_script:
-    - brew install python@3.10
+    - brew install python@3.12
+    - python3.12 -m venv ${VENV_ROOT}
  <<: *BUILD_AND_STORE_WHEELS
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 build_and_store_wheels: &BUILD_AND_STORE_WHEELS
  install_cibuildwheel_script:
-    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.19.0
+    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.21.3
  run_cibuildwheel_script:
    - cibuildwheel
  wheels_artifacts:
@@ -15,9 +15,14 @@ linux_x86_task:
    platform: linux
    cpu: 4
    memory: 4G
-
+  env:
+    VENV_ROOT: ${HOME}/venv-cibuildwheel
+    PATH: ${VENV_ROOT}/bin:${PATH}
  install_pre_requirements_script:
-    - apt install -y python3-venv python-is-python3
+    - add-apt-repository -y ppa:deadsnakes/ppa
+    - apt-get update
+    - apt-get install -y python3.12-venv
+    - python3.12 -m venv ${VENV_ROOT}
  <<: *BUILD_AND_STORE_WHEELS

 linux_aarch64_task:
@@ -29,9 +34,14 @@ linux_aarch64_task:
    platform: linux
    cpu: 4
    memory: 4G
-
+  env:
+    VENV_ROOT: ${HOME}/venv-cibuildwheel
+    PATH: ${VENV_ROOT}/bin:${PATH}
  install_pre_requirements_script:
-    - apt install -y python3-venv python-is-python3
+    - add-apt-repository -y ppa:deadsnakes/ppa
+    - apt-get update
+    - apt-get install -y python3.12-venv
+    - python3.12 -m venv ${VENV_ROOT}
  <<: *BUILD_AND_STORE_WHEELS

 windows_x86_task:
@@ -42,7 +52,7 @@ windows_x86_task:
    memory: 4G

  install_pre_requirements_script:
-    - choco install -y --no-progress python3 --version 3.10.6
+    - choco install -y --no-progress python3 --version 3.12.4
    - refreshenv
    - echo PATH=%PATH% >> "%CIRRUS_ENV%"
  <<: *BUILD_AND_STORE_WHEELS
@@ -51,9 +61,10 @@ macos_arm64_task:
  name: Build macOS arm64 wheels.
  macos_instance:
    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-sonoma-xcode
-
  env:
-    PATH: /opt/homebrew/opt/python@3.10/libexec/bin:$PATH
+    VENV_ROOT: ${HOME}/venv-cibuildwheel
+    PATH: ${VENV_ROOT}/bin:${PATH}
  install_pre_requirements_script:
-    - brew install python@3.10
+    - brew install python@3.12
+    - python3.12 -m venv ${VENV_ROOT}
  <<: *BUILD_AND_STORE_WHEELS
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ jobs:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Build wheels
-        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.19.0
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.21.3

      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ jobs:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Build wheels
-        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.19.0
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.21.3
        # env:
        #   CIBW_SOME_OPTION: value
        #    ...
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ jobs:
          platforms: all

      - name: Build wheels
-        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.19.0
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.21.3
        env:
          # configure cibuildwheel to build native archs ('auto'), and some
          # emulated ones
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 linux:
-  image: python:3.8
+  image: python:3.12
  # make a docker daemon available for cibuildwheel to use
  services:
    - name: docker:dind
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ linux:
    DOCKER_TLS_CERTDIR: ""
  script:
    - curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh
-    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.19.0
+    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.21.3
    - cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
  artifacts:
    paths:
@@ -21,13 +21,25 @@ linux:
 windows:
  image: mcr.microsoft.com/windows/servercore:1809
  before_script:
-    - choco install python -y --version 3.8.6
+    - choco install python -y --version 3.12.4
    - choco install git.install -y
-    - py -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.19.0
+    - py -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.21.3
  script:
    - py -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse --platform windows
  artifacts:
    paths:
      - wheelhouse/
  tags:
-    - windows
+    - saas-windows-medium-amd64
+
+macos:
+  image: macos-14-xcode-15
+  before_script:
+    - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.21.3
+  script:
+    - python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
+  artifacts:
+    paths:
+      - wheelhouse/
+  tags:
+    - saas-macos-medium-m1
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 linux:
-  image: python:3.8
+  image: python:3.12
  # make a docker daemon available for cibuildwheel to use
  services:
    - name: docker:dind
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ linux:
    - curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh
    # Warning: This is extremely slow, be careful with how many wheels you build
    - docker run --rm --privileged multiarch/qemu-user-static --reset -p yes
-    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.19.0
+    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.21.3
    # Assuming your CI runner's default architecture is x86_64...
    - cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse --platform linux --archs aarch64
  artifacts:
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 os: linux
 dist: focal
 language: python
-python: "3.9"
+python: "3.12"

 jobs:
  include:
@@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ jobs:
    - os: windows
      language: shell
      before_install:
-        - choco upgrade python -y --version 3.8.6
-        - export PATH="/c/Python38:/c/Python38/Scripts:$PATH"
+        - choco upgrade python -y --version 3.12.4
+        - export PATH="/c/Python312:/c/Python312/Scripts:$PATH"
        # make sure it's on PATH as 'python3'
-        - ln -s /c/Python38/python.exe /c/Python38/python3.exe
+        - ln -s /c/Python312/python.exe /c/Python312/python3.exe

 install:
-  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.19.0
+  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.21.3

 script:
  # build the wheels, put them into './dist'
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 os: linux
 dist: focal
 language: python
-python: "3.9"
+python: "3.12"

 jobs:
  include:
@@ -20,13 +20,13 @@ jobs:
    - os: windows
      language: shell
      before_install:
-        - choco upgrade python -y --version 3.8.6
-        - export PATH="/c/Python38:/c/Python38/Scripts:$PATH"
+        - choco upgrade python -y --version 3.12.4
+        - export PATH="/c/Python312:/c/Python312/Scripts:$PATH"
        # make sure it's on PATH as 'python3'
-        - ln -s /c/Python38/python.exe /c/Python38/python3.exe
+        - ln -s /c/Python312/python.exe /c/Python312/python3.exe

 install:
-  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.19.0
+  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.21.3

 script:
  # build the wheels, put them into './wheelhouse'
@@ -8,17 +8,15 @@
 os: linux
 dist: focal
 language: python
-python:
-  - 3.7
-  - 3.8
+python: "3.12"

 before_install:
  - |
    if [[ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" = windows ]]; then
-        choco upgrade python -y --version 3.8.6
-        export PATH="/c/Python38:/c/Python38/Scripts:$PATH"
+        choco upgrade python -y --version 3.12.4
+        export PATH="/c/Python312:/c/Python312/Scripts:$PATH"
        # make sure it's on PATH as 'python3'
-        ln -s /c/Python38/python.exe /c/Python38/python3.exe
+        ln -s /c/Python312/python.exe /c/Python312/python3.exe
    fi

 install:
@@ -54,7 +52,7 @@ jobs:
    - stage: deploy
      name: Build and deploy Linux wheels
      services: docker
-      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.19.0 twine
+      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.21.3 twine
      script: python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
      after_success: python3 -m twine upload --skip-existing wheelhouse/*.whl
    # Deploy on windows
@@ -62,7 +60,7 @@ jobs:
      name: Build and deploy Windows wheels
      os: windows
      language: shell
-      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.19.0 twine
+      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.21.3 twine
      script: python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
      after_success: python3 -m twine upload --skip-existing wheelhouse/*.whl

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ build-backend = "hatchling.build"

 [project]
 name = "cibuildwheel"
-version = "2.19.0"
+version = "2.21.3"
 description = "Build Python wheels on CI with minimal configuration."
 readme = "README.md"
 license = "BSD-2-Clause"
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ classifiers = [
    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13",
    "Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython",
    "Topic :: Software Development :: Build Tools",
 ]
@@ -64,9 +65,9 @@ dev = [
 ]
 docs = [
    "jinja2>=3.1.2",
-    "mkdocs-include-markdown-plugin==2.8.0",
+    "mkdocs-include-markdown-plugin==6.2.2",
    "mkdocs-macros-plugin",
-    "mkdocs==1.3.1",
+    "mkdocs==1.6.1",
    "pymdown-extensions",
 ]
 test = [
@@ -75,6 +76,7 @@ test = [
    "pytest-timeout",
    "pytest-xdist",
    "pytest>=6",
+    "setuptools",
    "tomli_w",
    "validate-pyproject",
 ]
@@ -135,6 +137,8 @@ disallow_untyped_decorators = true
 [[tool.mypy.overrides]]
 module = [
    "setuptools",
+    "setuptools._distutils", # needed even if only directly import setuptools._distutils.util
+    "setuptools._distutils.util",
    "pytest", # ignored in pre-commit to speed up check
    "bashlex",
    "bashlex.*",
@@ -181,10 +185,8 @@ messages_control.disable = [
 ]

 [tool.ruff]
-target-version = "py38"
 line-length = 100

-
 [tool.ruff.lint]
 extend-select = [
  "B",           # flake8-bugbear
@@ -238,3 +240,6 @@ flake8-unused-arguments.ignore-variadic-names = true

 [tool.repo-review]
 ignore = ["PC170", "PP303"]
+
+[tool.check-wheel-contents]
+ignore = ["W002"]  # requirements-*.txt are allowed to be duplicates of one another
@@ -28,25 +28,25 @@ def pytest_addoption(parser) -> None:
    )


-@pytest.fixture(
-    params=[{"CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND": "pip"}, {"CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND": "build"}], ids=["pip", "build"]
-)
-def build_frontend_env_nouv(request) -> dict[str, str]:
-    if platform == "pyodide":
+@pytest.fixture(params=["pip", "build"])
+def build_frontend_env_nouv(request: pytest.FixtureRequest) -> dict[str, str]:
+    frontend = request.param
+    if platform == "pyodide" and frontend == "pip":
        pytest.skip("Can't use pip as build frontend for pyodide platform")

-    return request.param  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+    return {"CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND": frontend}


-@pytest.fixture()
+@pytest.fixture
 def build_frontend_env(build_frontend_env_nouv: dict[str, str]) -> dict[str, str]:
-    if build_frontend_env_nouv["CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND"] == "build" and find_uv() is not None:
-        return {"CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND": "build[uv]"}
+    frontend = build_frontend_env_nouv["CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND"]
+    if frontend != "build" or platform == "pyodide" or find_uv() is None:
+        return build_frontend_env_nouv

-    return build_frontend_env_nouv
+    return {"CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND": "build[uv]"}


-@pytest.fixture()
+@pytest.fixture
 def docker_cleanup() -> Generator[None, None, None]:
    def get_images() -> set[str]:
        if detect_ci_provider() is None or platform != "linux":
@@ -69,7 +69,15 @@ def test_build_identifiers(tmp_path):
    ), f"{expected_wheels} vs {build_identifiers}"


-def test_allow_empty(tmp_path):
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("add_args", "env_allow_empty"),
+    [
+        (["--allow-empty"], {}),
+        (["--allow-empty"], {"CIBW_ALLOW_EMPTY": "0"}),
+        (None, {"CIBW_ALLOW_EMPTY": "1"}),
+    ],
+)
+def test_allow_empty(tmp_path, add_args, env_allow_empty):
    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
    basic_project.generate(project_dir)

@@ -77,8 +85,8 @@ def test_allow_empty(tmp_path):
    # without error
    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(
        project_dir,
-        add_env={"CIBW_BUILD": "BUILD_NOTHING_AT_ALL"},
-        add_args=["--allow-empty"],
+        add_env={"CIBW_BUILD": "BUILD_NOTHING_AT_ALL", **env_allow_empty},
+        add_args=add_args,
    )

    # check that nothing was built
@@ -18,27 +18,16 @@ limited_api_project = test_projects.new_c_project(
        IS_CPYTHON = sys.implementation.name == "cpython"
        Py_GIL_DISABLED = sysconfig.get_config_var("Py_GIL_DISABLED")
        CAN_USE_ABI3 = IS_CPYTHON and not Py_GIL_DISABLED
-        cmdclass = {}
+        setup_options = {}
        extension_kwargs = {}
        if CAN_USE_ABI3 and sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 10):
-            from wheel.bdist_wheel import bdist_wheel as _bdist_wheel
-
-            class bdist_wheel_abi3(_bdist_wheel):
-                def finalize_options(self):
-                    _bdist_wheel.finalize_options(self)
-                    self.root_is_pure = False
-
-                def get_tag(self):
-                    python, abi, plat = _bdist_wheel.get_tag(self)
-                    return python, "abi3", plat
-
-            cmdclass["bdist_wheel"] = bdist_wheel_abi3
            extension_kwargs["define_macros"] = [("Py_LIMITED_API", "0x030A0000")]
            extension_kwargs["py_limited_api"] = True
+            setup_options = {"bdist_wheel": {"py_limited_api": "cp310"}}
    """
    ),
    setup_py_extension_args_add="**extension_kwargs",
-    setup_py_setup_args_add="cmdclass=cmdclass",
+    setup_py_setup_args_add="options=setup_options",
 )

 limited_api_project.files["pyproject.toml"] = pyproject_toml
@@ -65,7 +54,7 @@ def test_abi3(tmp_path):
    if utils.platform == "pyodide":
        # there's only 1 possible configuration for pyodide, the single_python_tag one
        expected_wheels = [
-            w.replace(f"{single_python_tag}-{single_python_tag}", f"{single_python_tag}-abi3")
+            w.replace(f"{single_python_tag}-{single_python_tag}", "cp310-abi3")
            for w in expected_wheels
        ]
    else:
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class TestBeforeTest(TestCase):
 """


-def test(tmp_path):
+def test(tmp_path, build_frontend_env):
    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
    before_test_project.generate(project_dir)
    test_project_dir = project_dir / "dependency"
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ def test(tmp_path):
        before_test_steps.extend(
            ["pyodide build {project}/dependency", "pip install --find-links dist/ spam"]
        )
-    else:
+    elif build_frontend_env["CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND"] in {"pip", "build"}:
        before_test_steps.append("python -m pip install {project}/dependency")

    before_test = " && ".join(before_test_steps)
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ def test(tmp_path):
            # mac/linux.
            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": f"false || {utils.invoke_pytest()} {{project}}/test",
            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS": "pytest {project}/test",
+            **build_frontend_env,
        },
    )

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ def test_podman(tmp_path, capfd, request):
    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(
        project_dir,
        add_env={
-            "CIBW_ARCHS": "x86_64",
+            "CIBW_ARCHS": "native",
            "CIBW_BEFORE_ALL": "echo 'test log statement from before-all'",
            "CIBW_CONTAINER_ENGINE": "podman",
        },
@@ -29,9 +29,7 @@ def test_podman(tmp_path, capfd, request):
    )

    # check that the expected wheels are produced
-    expected_wheels = [
-        w for w in utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0", single_python=True) if "x86_64" in w
-    ]
+    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0", single_python=True, single_arch=True)
    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)

    # check that stdout is bring passed-though from container correctly
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ def test(tmp_path, capfd):
    else:
        expectation = does_not_raise()

-    with expectation:
+    with expectation as exc_info:
        result = utils.cibuildwheel_run(
            project_dir,
            add_env={
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ def test(tmp_path, capfd):
    captured = capfd.readouterr()
    if num_builds > 1:
        assert "Build failed because a wheel named" in captured.err
+        assert exc_info.value.returncode == 6
    else:
        # We only produced one wheel (currently Pyodide)
        # check that it has the right name
@@ -52,12 +52,14 @@ def get_versions_from_constraint_file(constraint_file):
    return dict(re.findall(VERSION_REGEX, constraint_file_text))


-@pytest.mark.parametrize("python_version", ["3.6", "3.8", "3.10"])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("python_version", ["3.6", "3.8", "3.12"])
 def test_pinned_versions(tmp_path, python_version, build_frontend_env_nouv):
    if utils.platform == "linux":
        pytest.skip("linux doesn't pin individual tool versions, it pins manylinux images instead")
    if python_version == "3.6" and utils.platform == "macos" and platform.machine() == "arm64":
        pytest.skip("macOS arm64 does not support Python 3.6")
+    if python_version != "3.12" and utils.platform == "pyodide":
+        pytest.skip(f"pyodide does not support Python {python_version}")

    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
    project_with_expected_version_checks.generate(project_dir)
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import textwrap

 import pytest

-from cibuildwheel.util import CIBW_CACHE_PATH
+from cibuildwheel.util import CIBW_CACHE_PATH, CIProvider, detect_ci_provider

 from . import test_projects, utils

@@ -49,6 +49,9 @@ def test_pyodide_build(tmp_path, use_pyproject_toml):
    if not shutil.which("python3.12"):
        pytest.skip("Python 3.12 not installed")

+    if detect_ci_provider() == CIProvider.travis_ci:
+        pytest.skip("Python 3.12 is just a non-working pyenv shim")
+
    if use_pyproject_toml:
        basic_project.files["pyproject.toml"] = textwrap.dedent(
            """
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ basic_project = test_projects.new_c_project(
    setup_py_add=textwrap.dedent(
        """
        # Will fail if PEP 518 does work
-        import requests
-        assert requests.__version__ == "2.27.0", "Requests found but wrong version ({0})".format(requests.__version__)
+        import jmespath
+        assert jmespath.__version__ == "0.10.0", "'jmespath' found but wrong version ({0})".format(jmespath.__version__)

        # Just making sure environment is still set
        import os
@@ -24,8 +24,7 @@ basic_project.files["pyproject.toml"] = """
 requires = [
    "setuptools >= 42",
    "setuptools_scm[toml]>=4.1.2",
-    "wheel",
-    "requests==2.27.0"
+    "jmespath==0.10.0"
 ]

 build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
@@ -31,10 +31,11 @@ def test(tmp_path, capfd):
    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
    pure_python_project.generate(project_dir)

-    with pytest.raises(subprocess.CalledProcessError):
+    with pytest.raises(subprocess.CalledProcessError) as exc_info:
        print("produced wheels:", utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir))

    captured = capfd.readouterr()
    print("out", captured.out)
    print("err", captured.err)
+    assert exc_info.value.returncode == 5
    assert "Build failed because a pure Python wheel was generated" in captured.err
@@ -135,8 +135,8 @@ def test_failing_test(tmp_path):
            project_dir,
            output_dir=output_dir,
            add_env={
-                "CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES": "nose",
-                "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": "nosetests {project}/test",
+                "CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES": "pytest",
+                "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": f"{utils.invoke_pytest()} {{project}}/test",
                # manylinux1 has a version of bash that's been shown to have
                # problems with this, so let's check that.
                "CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE": "manylinux1",
@@ -23,15 +23,14 @@ EMULATED_ARCHS: Final[list[str]] = sorted(
 )
 SINGLE_PYTHON_VERSION: Final[tuple[int, int]] = (3, 12)

-platform: str
-
-if "CIBW_PLATFORM" in os.environ:
-    platform = os.environ["CIBW_PLATFORM"]
+platform = os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "")
+if platform:
+    pass
 elif sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
    platform = "linux"
 elif sys.platform.startswith("darwin"):
    platform = "macos"
-elif sys.platform in ["win32", "cygwin"]:
+elif sys.platform.startswith(("win32", "cygwin")):
    platform = "windows"
 else:
    msg = f"Unsupported platform {sys.platform!r}"
@@ -171,7 +170,9 @@ def expected_wheels(
            machine_arch = "aarch64"

    if manylinux_versions is None:
-        if machine_arch == "x86_64":
+        if machine_arch == "armv7l":
+            manylinux_versions = []
+        elif machine_arch == "x86_64":
            manylinux_versions = [
                "manylinux_2_5",
                "manylinux1",
@@ -275,25 +276,27 @@ def expected_wheels(
                platform_tags = ["win32", "win_amd64"]

        elif platform == "macos":
+            if python_abi_tag.startswith("pp"):
+                if python_abi_tag.startswith(("pp37", "pp38")):
+                    min_macosx = macosx_deployment_target
+                else:
+                    min_macosx = _floor_macosx(macosx_deployment_target, "10.15")
+            elif python_abi_tag.startswith("cp"):
+                if python_abi_tag.startswith(("cp36", "cp37", "cp38", "cp39", "cp310", "cp311")):
+                    min_macosx = macosx_deployment_target
+                else:
+                    min_macosx = _floor_macosx(macosx_deployment_target, "10.13")
+            else:
+                min_macosx = macosx_deployment_target
+
            if machine_arch == "arm64":
-                arm64_macosx = _floor_macosx(macosx_deployment_target, "11.0")
+                arm64_macosx = _floor_macosx(min_macosx, "11.0")
                platform_tags = [f'macosx_{arm64_macosx.replace(".", "_")}_arm64']
            else:
-                if python_abi_tag.startswith("pp") and not python_abi_tag.startswith(
-                    ("pp37", "pp38")
-                ):
-                    pypy_macosx = _floor_macosx(macosx_deployment_target, "10.15")
-                    platform_tags = [f'macosx_{pypy_macosx.replace(".", "_")}_x86_64']
-                elif python_abi_tag.startswith("cp313"):
-                    pypy_macosx = _floor_macosx(macosx_deployment_target, "10.13")
-                    platform_tags = [f'macosx_{pypy_macosx.replace(".", "_")}_x86_64']
-                else:
-                    platform_tags = [f'macosx_{macosx_deployment_target.replace(".", "_")}_x86_64']
+                platform_tags = [f'macosx_{min_macosx.replace(".", "_")}_x86_64']

            if include_universal2:
-                platform_tags.append(
-                    f'macosx_{macosx_deployment_target.replace(".", "_")}_universal2',
-                )
+                platform_tags.append(f'macosx_{min_macosx.replace(".", "_")}_universal2')
        else:
            msg = f"Unsupported platform {platform!r}"
            raise Exception(msg)
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ def test_build():
    assert build_selector("cp310-manylinux_x86_64")
    assert build_selector("cp311-manylinux_x86_64")
    assert build_selector("cp312-manylinux_x86_64")
-    assert not build_selector("cp313-manylinux_x86_64")
+    assert build_selector("cp313-manylinux_x86_64")
    assert build_selector("pp36-manylinux_x86_64")
    assert build_selector("pp37-manylinux_x86_64")
    assert build_selector("cp36-manylinux_i686")
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ def test_build():
    assert build_selector("cp310-win_amd64")
    assert build_selector("cp311-win_amd64")
    assert build_selector("cp312-win_amd64")
-    assert not build_selector("cp313-win_amd64")
+    assert build_selector("cp313-win_amd64")
    assert not build_selector("pp36-win_amd64")
    assert not build_selector("pp37-win_amd64")

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ def pytest_addoption(parser):
    )


-@pytest.fixture()
+@pytest.fixture
 def fake_package_dir(tmp_path, monkeypatch):
    """
    Monkey-patch enough for the main() function to run
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+import contextlib
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Dict
+
+import pytest
+import setuptools._distutils.util
+
+from cibuildwheel.errors import FatalError
+from cibuildwheel.util import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider
+from cibuildwheel.windows import PythonConfiguration, setup_setuptools_cross_compile
+
+# monkeypatching os.name is too flaky. E.g. It works on my machine, but fails in pipeline
+if not sys.platform.startswith("win"):
+    pytest.skip("Windows-only tests", allow_module_level=True)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def patched_environment(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch, environment: Dict[str, str]):
+    with monkeypatch.context() as mp:
+        for envvar, val in environment.items():
+            mp.setenv(name=envvar, value=val)
+        yield
+
+
+def test_x86(tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch):
+    arch = "32"
+    environment: Dict[str, str] = {}
+
+    configuration = PythonConfiguration("irrelevant", arch, "irrelevant", None)
+
+    setup_setuptools_cross_compile(tmp_path, configuration, tmp_path, environment)
+    with patched_environment(monkeypatch, environment):
+        target_platform = setuptools._distutils.util.get_platform()
+
+    assert environment["VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH"] == "x86"
+    assert target_platform == "win32"
+
+
+def test_x64(tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch):
+    arch = "64"
+    environment: Dict[str, str] = {}
+
+    configuration = PythonConfiguration("irrelevant", arch, "irrelevant", None)
+
+    setup_setuptools_cross_compile(tmp_path, configuration, tmp_path, environment)
+    with patched_environment(monkeypatch, environment):
+        target_platform = setuptools._distutils.util.get_platform()
+
+    assert environment["VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH"] == "x64"
+    assert target_platform == "win-amd64"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    detect_ci_provider() == CIProvider.azure_pipelines, reason="arm64 not recognised on azure"
+)
+def test_arm(tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch):
+    arch = "ARM64"
+    environment: Dict[str, str] = {}
+
+    configuration = PythonConfiguration("irrelevant", arch, "irrelevant", None)
+
+    setup_setuptools_cross_compile(tmp_path, configuration, tmp_path, environment)
+    with patched_environment(monkeypatch, environment):
+        target_platform = setuptools._distutils.util.get_platform()
+
+    assert environment["VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH"] == "arm64"
+    assert target_platform == "win-arm64"
+
+
+def test_env_set(tmp_path: Path):
+    arch = "32"
+    environment = {"VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH": "x64"}
+
+    configuration = PythonConfiguration("irrelevant", arch, "irrelevant", None)
+
+    with pytest.raises(FatalError, match="VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH"):
+        setup_setuptools_cross_compile(tmp_path, configuration, tmp_path, environment)
+
+
+def test_env_blank(tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch):
+    arch = "32"
+    environment = {"VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH": ""}
+
+    configuration = PythonConfiguration("irrelevant", arch, "irrelevant", None)
+
+    setup_setuptools_cross_compile(tmp_path, configuration, tmp_path, environment)
+    with patched_environment(monkeypatch, environment):
+        target_platform = setuptools._distutils.util.get_platform()
+
+    assert environment["VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH"] == "x86"
+    assert target_platform == "win32"
@@ -71,9 +71,10 @@ def test_linux_container_split(tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch):
        "cp36-manylinux_x86_64",
        "cp311-manylinux_x86_64",
        "cp312-manylinux_x86_64",
+        "cp313-manylinux_x86_64",
    ]
-    assert before_alls(build_steps[0]) == [""] * 3
-    assert container_engines(build_steps[0]) == [default_container_engine] * 3
+    assert before_alls(build_steps[0]) == [""] * 4
+    assert container_engines(build_steps[0]) == [default_container_engine] * 4

    assert build_steps[1].container_image == "other_container_image"
    assert identifiers(build_steps[1]) == ["cp37-manylinux_x86_64", "cp38-manylinux_x86_64"]
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ def mock_protection(monkeypatch):


@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
-def fake_package_dir_autouse(fake_package_dir):  # noqa: ARG001
+def fake_package_dir_autouse(fake_package_dir):
    pass


@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ def disable_print_wheels(monkeypatch):
    monkeypatch.setattr(util, "print_new_wheels", empty_cm)


-@pytest.fixture()
+@pytest.fixture
 def allow_empty(monkeypatch, fake_package_dir):
    monkeypatch.setattr(sys, "argv", [*fake_package_dir, "--allow-empty"])

@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ def platform(request, monkeypatch):
    return platform_value


-@pytest.fixture()
+@pytest.fixture
 def intercepted_build_args(monkeypatch):
    intercepted = ArgsInterceptor()

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ from cibuildwheel.architecture import Architecture
 from ..conftest import MOCK_PACKAGE_DIR


-@pytest.mark.parametrize("option_value", [None, "auto"])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("option_value", [None, "auto", ""])
 def test_platform_unset_or_auto(monkeypatch, intercepted_build_args, option_value):
    if option_value is None:
        monkeypatch.delenv("CIBW_PLATFORM", raising=False)
@@ -179,6 +179,7 @@ def test_archs_platform_all(platform, intercepted_build_args, monkeypatch):
            Architecture.aarch64,
            Architecture.ppc64le,
            Architecture.s390x,
+            Architecture.armv7l,
        }
    elif platform == "windows":
        assert options.globals.architectures == {
@@ -6,14 +6,23 @@ import platform
 import random
 import shutil
 import subprocess
+import sys
 import textwrap
+from contextlib import nullcontext
 from pathlib import Path, PurePath, PurePosixPath

 import pytest
 import tomli_w

+import cibuildwheel.oci_container
 from cibuildwheel.environment import EnvironmentAssignmentBash
-from cibuildwheel.oci_container import OCIContainer, OCIContainerEngineConfig
+from cibuildwheel.errors import OCIEngineTooOldError
+from cibuildwheel.oci_container import (
+    OCIContainer,
+    OCIContainerEngineConfig,
+    OCIPlatform,
+    _check_engine_version,
+)
 from cibuildwheel.util import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider

 # Test utilities
@@ -28,6 +37,14 @@ elif pm in {"aarch64", "arm64"}:
    DEFAULT_IMAGE = DEFAULT_IMAGE_TEMPLATE.format(machine="aarch64")
 else:
    DEFAULT_IMAGE = ""
+DEFAULT_OCI_PLATFORM = {
+    "AMD64": OCIPlatform.AMD64,
+    "x86_64": OCIPlatform.AMD64,
+    "ppc64le": OCIPlatform.PPC64LE,
+    "s390x": OCIPlatform.S390X,
+    "aarch64": OCIPlatform.ARM64,
+    "arm64": OCIPlatform.ARM64,
+}[pm]

 PODMAN = OCIContainerEngineConfig(name="podman")

@@ -63,24 +80,32 @@ def container_engine(request):


 def test_simple(container_engine):
-    with OCIContainer(engine=container_engine, image=DEFAULT_IMAGE) as container:
+    with OCIContainer(
+        engine=container_engine, image=DEFAULT_IMAGE, oci_platform=DEFAULT_OCI_PLATFORM
+    ) as container:
        assert container.call(["echo", "hello"], capture_output=True) == "hello\n"


 def test_no_lf(container_engine):
-    with OCIContainer(engine=container_engine, image=DEFAULT_IMAGE) as container:
+    with OCIContainer(
+        engine=container_engine, image=DEFAULT_IMAGE, oci_platform=DEFAULT_OCI_PLATFORM
+    ) as container:
        assert container.call(["printf", "hello"], capture_output=True) == "hello"


 def test_debug_info(container_engine):
-    container = OCIContainer(engine=container_engine, image=DEFAULT_IMAGE)
+    container = OCIContainer(
+        engine=container_engine, image=DEFAULT_IMAGE, oci_platform=DEFAULT_OCI_PLATFORM
+    )
    print(container.debug_info())
    with container:
        pass


 def test_environment(container_engine):
-    with OCIContainer(engine=container_engine, image=DEFAULT_IMAGE) as container:
+    with OCIContainer(
+        engine=container_engine, image=DEFAULT_IMAGE, oci_platform=DEFAULT_OCI_PLATFORM
+    ) as container:
        assert (
            container.call(
                ["sh", "-c", "echo $TEST_VAR"], env={"TEST_VAR": "1"}, capture_output=True
@@ -92,7 +117,9 @@ def test_environment(container_engine):
 def test_environment_pass(container_engine, monkeypatch):
    monkeypatch.setenv("CIBUILDWHEEL", "1")
    monkeypatch.setenv("SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH", "1489957071")
-    with OCIContainer(engine=container_engine, image=DEFAULT_IMAGE) as container:
+    with OCIContainer(
+        engine=container_engine, image=DEFAULT_IMAGE, oci_platform=DEFAULT_OCI_PLATFORM
+    ) as container:
        assert container.call(["sh", "-c", "echo $CIBUILDWHEEL"], capture_output=True) == "1\n"
        assert (
            container.call(["sh", "-c", "echo $SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH"], capture_output=True)
@@ -102,14 +129,23 @@ def test_environment_pass(container_engine, monkeypatch):

 def test_cwd(container_engine):
    with OCIContainer(
-        engine=container_engine, image=DEFAULT_IMAGE, cwd="/cibuildwheel/working_directory"
+        engine=container_engine,
+        image=DEFAULT_IMAGE,
+        oci_platform=DEFAULT_OCI_PLATFORM,
+        cwd="/cibuildwheel/working_directory",
    ) as container:
        assert container.call(["pwd"], capture_output=True) == "/cibuildwheel/working_directory\n"
        assert container.call(["pwd"], capture_output=True, cwd="/opt") == "/opt\n"


+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    pm == "s390x" and detect_ci_provider() == CIProvider.travis_ci,
+    reason="test is flaky on this platform, see https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/1961#issuecomment-2334678966",
+)
 def test_container_removed(container_engine):
-    with OCIContainer(engine=container_engine, image=DEFAULT_IMAGE) as container:
+    with OCIContainer(
+        engine=container_engine, image=DEFAULT_IMAGE, oci_platform=DEFAULT_OCI_PLATFORM
+    ) as container:
        docker_containers_listing = subprocess.run(
            f"{container.engine.name} container ls",
            shell=True,
@@ -141,7 +177,9 @@ def test_large_environment(container_engine):
        "d": "0" * long_env_var_length,
    }

-    with OCIContainer(engine=container_engine, image=DEFAULT_IMAGE) as container:
+    with OCIContainer(
+        engine=container_engine, image=DEFAULT_IMAGE, oci_platform=DEFAULT_OCI_PLATFORM
+    ) as container:
        # check the length of d
        assert (
            container.call(["sh", "-c", "echo ${#d}"], env=large_environment, capture_output=True)
@@ -150,7 +188,9 @@ def test_large_environment(container_engine):


 def test_binary_output(container_engine):
-    with OCIContainer(engine=container_engine, image=DEFAULT_IMAGE) as container:
+    with OCIContainer(
+        engine=container_engine, image=DEFAULT_IMAGE, oci_platform=DEFAULT_OCI_PLATFORM
+    ) as container:
        # note: the below embedded snippets are in python2

        # check that we can pass though arbitrary binary data without erroring
@@ -200,7 +240,9 @@ def test_binary_output(container_engine):


 def test_file_operation(tmp_path: Path, container_engine):
-    with OCIContainer(engine=container_engine, image=DEFAULT_IMAGE) as container:
+    with OCIContainer(
+        engine=container_engine, image=DEFAULT_IMAGE, oci_platform=DEFAULT_OCI_PLATFORM
+    ) as container:
        # test copying a file in
        test_binary_data = bytes(random.randrange(256) for _ in range(1000))
        original_test_file = tmp_path / "test.dat"
@@ -210,12 +252,17 @@ def test_file_operation(tmp_path: Path, container_engine):

        container.copy_into(original_test_file, dst_file)

+        owner = container.call(["stat", "-c", "%u:%g", dst_file], capture_output=True).strip()
+        assert owner == "0:0"
+
        output = container.call(["cat", dst_file], capture_output=True)
        assert test_binary_data == bytes(output, encoding="utf8", errors="surrogateescape")


 def test_dir_operations(tmp_path: Path, container_engine):
-    with OCIContainer(engine=container_engine, image=DEFAULT_IMAGE) as container:
+    with OCIContainer(
+        engine=container_engine, image=DEFAULT_IMAGE, oci_platform=DEFAULT_OCI_PLATFORM
+    ) as container:
        test_binary_data = bytes(random.randrange(256) for _ in range(1000))
        original_test_file = tmp_path / "test.dat"
        original_test_file.write_bytes(test_binary_data)
@@ -230,6 +277,12 @@ def test_dir_operations(tmp_path: Path, container_engine):
        dst_file = dst_dir / "test.dat"
        container.copy_into(test_dir, dst_dir)

+        owner = container.call(["stat", "-c", "%u:%g", dst_dir], capture_output=True).strip()
+        assert owner == "0:0"
+
+        owner = container.call(["stat", "-c", "%u:%g", dst_file], capture_output=True).strip()
+        assert owner == "0:0"
+
        output = container.call(["cat", dst_file], capture_output=True)
        assert test_binary_data == bytes(output, encoding="utf8", errors="surrogateescape")

@@ -240,11 +293,18 @@ def test_dir_operations(tmp_path: Path, container_engine):
        new_test_dir = tmp_path / "test_dir_new"
        container.copy_out(dst_dir, new_test_dir)

+        assert os.getuid() == new_test_dir.stat().st_uid
+        assert os.getgid() == new_test_dir.stat().st_gid
+        assert os.getuid() == (new_test_dir / "test.dat").stat().st_uid
+        assert os.getgid() == (new_test_dir / "test.dat").stat().st_gid
+
        assert test_binary_data == (new_test_dir / "test.dat").read_bytes()


 def test_environment_executor(container_engine):
-    with OCIContainer(engine=container_engine, image=DEFAULT_IMAGE) as container:
+    with OCIContainer(
+        engine=container_engine, image=DEFAULT_IMAGE, oci_platform=DEFAULT_OCI_PLATFORM
+    ) as container:
        assignment = EnvironmentAssignmentBash("TEST=$(echo 42)")
        assert assignment.evaluated_value({}, container.environment_executor) == "42"

@@ -252,6 +312,8 @@ def test_environment_executor(container_engine):
 def test_podman_vfs(tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch, container_engine):
    if container_engine.name != "podman":
        pytest.skip("only runs with podman")
+    if sys.platform.startswith("darwin"):
+        pytest.skip("Skipping test because podman on this platform does not support vfs")

    # create the VFS configuration
    vfs_path = tmp_path / "podman_vfs"
@@ -309,7 +371,9 @@ def test_podman_vfs(tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch, container_engine):
    monkeypatch.setenv("CONTAINERS_CONF", str(vfs_containers_conf_fpath))
    monkeypatch.setenv("CONTAINERS_STORAGE_CONF", str(vfs_containers_storage_conf_fpath))

-    with OCIContainer(engine=PODMAN, image=DEFAULT_IMAGE) as container:
+    with OCIContainer(
+        engine=PODMAN, image=DEFAULT_IMAGE, oci_platform=DEFAULT_OCI_PLATFORM
+    ) as container:
        # test running a command
        assert container.call(["echo", "hello"], capture_output=True) == "hello\n"

@@ -346,6 +410,7 @@ def test_create_args_volume(tmp_path: Path, container_engine):
    with OCIContainer(
        engine=container_engine,
        image=DEFAULT_IMAGE,
+        oci_platform=DEFAULT_OCI_PLATFORM,
    ) as container:
        assert container.call(["cat", "/test_mount/test_file.txt"], capture_output=True) == "1234"

@@ -388,24 +453,47 @@ def test_create_args_volume(tmp_path: Path, container_engine):
            "docker",
            ("--some-option=value; with; semicolons", "--another-option"),
        ),
+        (
+            "docker; create_args: --platform=linux/amd64",
+            "docker",
+            (),
+        ),
+        (
+            "podman; create_args: --platform=linux/amd64",
+            "podman",
+            (),
+        ),
+        (
+            "docker; create_args: --platform linux/amd64",
+            "docker",
+            (),
+        ),
+        (
+            "podman; create_args: --platform linux/amd64",
+            "podman",
+            (),
+        ),
    ],
 )
-def test_parse_engine_config(config, name, create_args):
+def test_parse_engine_config(config, name, create_args, capsys):
    engine_config = OCIContainerEngineConfig.from_config_string(config)
    assert engine_config.name == name
    assert engine_config.create_args == create_args
+    if "--platform" in config:
+        captured = capsys.readouterr()
+        assert (
+            "Using '--platform' in 'container-engine::create_args' is deprecated. It will be ignored."
+            in captured.err
+        )


@pytest.mark.skipif(pm != "x86_64", reason="Only runs on x86_64")
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    ("image", "shell_args"),
-    [
-        (DEFAULT_IMAGE_TEMPLATE.format(machine="i686"), ["/bin/bash"]),
-        (DEFAULT_IMAGE_TEMPLATE.format(machine="x86_64"), ["linux32", "/bin/bash"]),
-    ],
-)
-def test_enforce_32_bit(container_engine, image, shell_args):
-    with OCIContainer(engine=container_engine, image=image, enforce_32_bit=True) as container:
+def test_enforce_32_bit(container_engine):
+    with OCIContainer(
+        engine=container_engine,
+        image=DEFAULT_IMAGE_TEMPLATE.format(machine="i686"),
+        oci_platform=OCIPlatform.i386,
+    ) as container:
        assert container.call(["uname", "-m"], capture_output=True).strip() == "i686"
        container_args = subprocess.run(
            f"{container.engine.name} inspect -f '{{{{json .Args }}}}' {container.name}",
@@ -414,7 +502,7 @@ def test_enforce_32_bit(container_engine, image, shell_args):
            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
            text=True,
        ).stdout
-        assert json.loads(container_args) == shell_args
+        assert json.loads(container_args) == ["/bin/bash"]


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
@@ -428,16 +516,147 @@ def test_enforce_32_bit(container_engine, image, shell_args):
 def test_disable_host_mount(tmp_path: Path, container_engine, config, should_have_host_mount):
    if detect_ci_provider() in {CIProvider.circle_ci, CIProvider.gitlab}:
        pytest.skip("Skipping test because docker on this platform does not support host mounts")
+    if sys.platform.startswith("darwin"):
+        pytest.skip("Skipping test because docker on this platform does not support host mounts")

    engine = OCIContainerEngineConfig.from_config_string(config.format(name=container_engine.name))

    sentinel_file = tmp_path / "sentinel"
    sentinel_file.write_text("12345")

-    with OCIContainer(engine=engine, image=DEFAULT_IMAGE) as container:
+    with OCIContainer(
+        engine=engine, image=DEFAULT_IMAGE, oci_platform=DEFAULT_OCI_PLATFORM
+    ) as container:
        host_mount_path = "/host" + str(sentinel_file)
        if should_have_host_mount:
            assert container.call(["cat", host_mount_path], capture_output=True) == "12345"
        else:
            with pytest.raises(subprocess.CalledProcessError):
                container.call(["cat", host_mount_path], capture_output=True)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("platform", list(OCIPlatform))
+def test_local_image(container_engine, platform, tmp_path: Path):
+    if (
+        detect_ci_provider() in {CIProvider.travis_ci}
+        and pm in {"s390x", "ppc64le"}
+        and platform != DEFAULT_OCI_PLATFORM
+    ):
+        pytest.skip("Skipping test because docker on this platform does not support QEMU")
+    if container_engine.name == "podman" and platform == OCIPlatform.ARMV7:
+        # both GHA & local macOS arm64 podman desktop are failing
+        pytest.xfail("podman fails with armv7l images")
+
+    remote_image = "debian:12-slim"
+    platform_name = platform.value.replace("/", "_")
+    local_image = f"cibw_{container_engine.name}_{platform_name}_local:latest"
+    dockerfile = tmp_path / "Dockerfile"
+    dockerfile.write_text(f"FROM {remote_image}")
+    subprocess.run(
+        [container_engine.name, "pull", f"--platform={platform.value}", remote_image],
+        check=True,
+    )
+    subprocess.run(
+        [container_engine.name, "build", f"--platform={platform.value}", "-t", local_image, "."],
+        check=True,
+        cwd=tmp_path,
+    )
+    with OCIContainer(engine=container_engine, image=local_image, oci_platform=platform):
+        pass
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("platform", list(OCIPlatform))
+def test_multiarch_image(container_engine, platform):
+    if (
+        detect_ci_provider() in {CIProvider.travis_ci}
+        and pm in {"s390x", "ppc64le"}
+        and platform != DEFAULT_OCI_PLATFORM
+    ):
+        pytest.skip("Skipping test because docker on this platform does not support QEMU")
+    if container_engine.name == "podman" and platform == OCIPlatform.ARMV7:
+        # both GHA & local macOS arm64 podman desktop are failing
+        pytest.xfail("podman fails with armv7l images")
+    with OCIContainer(
+        engine=container_engine, image="debian:12-slim", oci_platform=platform
+    ) as container:
+        output = container.call(["uname", "-m"], capture_output=True)
+        output_map_kernel = {
+            OCIPlatform.i386: ("i686",),
+            OCIPlatform.AMD64: ("x86_64",),
+            OCIPlatform.ARMV7: ("armv7l", "armv8l"),
+            OCIPlatform.ARM64: ("aarch64",),
+            OCIPlatform.PPC64LE: ("ppc64le",),
+            OCIPlatform.S390X: ("s390x",),
+        }
+        assert output.strip() in output_map_kernel[platform]
+        output = container.call(["dpkg", "--print-architecture"], capture_output=True)
+        output_map_dpkg = {
+            OCIPlatform.i386: "i386",
+            OCIPlatform.AMD64: "amd64",
+            OCIPlatform.ARMV7: "armhf",
+            OCIPlatform.ARM64: "arm64",
+            OCIPlatform.PPC64LE: "ppc64el",
+            OCIPlatform.S390X: "s390x",
+        }
+        assert output_map_dpkg[platform] == output.strip()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("engine_name", "version", "context"),
+    [
+        (
+            "docker",
+            None,  # 17.12.1-ce does supports "docker version --format '{{json . }}'" so a version before that
+            pytest.raises(OCIEngineTooOldError),
+        ),
+        (
+            "docker",
+            '{"Client":{"Version":"19.03.15","ApiVersion": "1.40"},"Server":{"ApiVersion": "1.40"}}',
+            pytest.raises(OCIEngineTooOldError),
+        ),
+        (
+            "docker",
+            '{"Client":{"Version":"20.10.0","ApiVersion":"1.41"},"Server":{"ApiVersion":"1.41"}}',
+            nullcontext(),
+        ),
+        (
+            "docker",
+            '{"Client":{"Version":"24.0.0","ApiVersion":"1.43"},"Server":{"ApiVersion":"1.43"}}',
+            nullcontext(),
+        ),
+        (
+            "docker",
+            '{"Client":{"ApiVersion":"1.43"},"Server":{"ApiVersion":"1.30"}}',
+            pytest.raises(OCIEngineTooOldError),
+        ),
+        (
+            "docker",
+            '{"Client":{"ApiVersion":"1.30"},"Server":{"ApiVersion":"1.43"}}',
+            pytest.raises(OCIEngineTooOldError),
+        ),
+        ("podman", '{"Client":{"Version":"5.2.0"},"Server":{"Version":"5.1.2"}}', nullcontext()),
+        ("podman", '{"Client":{"Version":"4.9.4-rhel"}}', nullcontext()),
+        (
+            "podman",
+            '{"Client":{"Version":"5.2.0"},"Server":{"Version":"2.1.2"}}',
+            pytest.raises(OCIEngineTooOldError),
+        ),
+        (
+            "podman",
+            '{"Client":{"Version":"2.2.0"},"Server":{"Version":"5.1.2"}}',
+            pytest.raises(OCIEngineTooOldError),
+        ),
+        ("podman", '{"Client":{"Version":"3.0~rc1-rhel"}}', nullcontext()),
+        ("podman", '{"Client":{"Version":"2.1.0~rc1"}}', pytest.raises(OCIEngineTooOldError)),
+    ],
+)
+def test_engine_version(engine_name, version, context, monkeypatch):
+    def mockcall(*args, **kwargs):
+        if version is None:
+            raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(1, " ".join(str(arg) for arg in args))
+        return version
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(cibuildwheel.oci_container, "call", mockcall)
+    engine = OCIContainerEngineConfig.from_config_string(engine_name)
+    with context:
+        _check_engine_version(engine)
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import pytest

 from cibuildwheel import linux, util
 from cibuildwheel.__main__ import main
+from cibuildwheel.oci_container import OCIPlatform

 ALL_IDS = {
    "cp36",
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ ALL_IDS = {
    "cp310",
    "cp311",
    "cp312",
+    "cp313",
    "pp37",
    "pp38",
    "pp39",
@@ -28,7 +30,7 @@ ALL_IDS = {
 }


-@pytest.fixture()
+@pytest.fixture
 def mock_build_container(monkeypatch):
    def fail_on_call(*args, **kwargs):
        msg = "This should never be called"
@@ -72,7 +74,7 @@ def test_build_default_launches(monkeypatch):
    kwargs = build_in_container.call_args_list[0][1]
    assert "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64" in kwargs["container"]["image"]
    assert kwargs["container"]["cwd"] == PurePosixPath("/project")
-    assert not kwargs["container"]["enforce_32_bit"]
+    assert kwargs["container"]["oci_platform"] == OCIPlatform.AMD64

    identifiers = {x.identifier for x in kwargs["platform_configs"]}
    assert identifiers == {f"{x}-manylinux_x86_64" for x in ALL_IDS}
@@ -80,7 +82,7 @@ def test_build_default_launches(monkeypatch):
    kwargs = build_in_container.call_args_list[1][1]
    assert "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686" in kwargs["container"]["image"]
    assert kwargs["container"]["cwd"] == PurePosixPath("/project")
-    assert kwargs["container"]["enforce_32_bit"]
+    assert kwargs["container"]["oci_platform"] == OCIPlatform.i386

    identifiers = {x.identifier for x in kwargs["platform_configs"]}
    assert identifiers == {f"{x}-manylinux_i686" for x in ALL_IDS}
@@ -88,7 +90,7 @@ def test_build_default_launches(monkeypatch):
    kwargs = build_in_container.call_args_list[2][1]
    assert "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64" in kwargs["container"]["image"]
    assert kwargs["container"]["cwd"] == PurePosixPath("/project")
-    assert not kwargs["container"]["enforce_32_bit"]
+    assert kwargs["container"]["oci_platform"] == OCIPlatform.AMD64

    identifiers = {x.identifier for x in kwargs["platform_configs"]}
    assert identifiers == {
@@ -98,7 +100,7 @@ def test_build_default_launches(monkeypatch):
    kwargs = build_in_container.call_args_list[3][1]
    assert "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686" in kwargs["container"]["image"]
    assert kwargs["container"]["cwd"] == PurePosixPath("/project")
-    assert kwargs["container"]["enforce_32_bit"]
+    assert kwargs["container"]["oci_platform"] == OCIPlatform.i386

    identifiers = {x.identifier for x in kwargs["platform_configs"]}
    assert identifiers == {f"{x}-musllinux_i686" for x in ALL_IDS if "pp" not in x}
@@ -141,7 +143,7 @@ before-all = "true"
    kwargs = build_in_container.call_args_list[0][1]
    assert "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64" in kwargs["container"]["image"]
    assert kwargs["container"]["cwd"] == PurePosixPath("/project")
-    assert not kwargs["container"]["enforce_32_bit"]
+    assert kwargs["container"]["oci_platform"] == OCIPlatform.AMD64

    identifiers = {x.identifier for x in kwargs["platform_configs"]}
    assert identifiers == {"cp36-manylinux_x86_64"}
@@ -150,29 +152,30 @@ before-all = "true"
    kwargs = build_in_container.call_args_list[1][1]
    assert "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64" in kwargs["container"]["image"]
    assert kwargs["container"]["cwd"] == PurePosixPath("/project")
-    assert not kwargs["container"]["enforce_32_bit"]
+    assert kwargs["container"]["oci_platform"] == OCIPlatform.AMD64

    identifiers = {x.identifier for x in kwargs["platform_configs"]}
    assert identifiers == {
        f"{x}-manylinux_x86_64"
-        for x in ALL_IDS - {"cp36", "cp310", "cp311", "cp312", "pp37", "pp38", "pp39", "pp310"}
+        for x in ALL_IDS
+        - {"cp36", "cp310", "cp311", "cp312", "cp313", "pp37", "pp38", "pp39", "pp310"}
    }
    assert kwargs["options"].build_options("cp37-manylinux_x86_64").before_all == ""

    kwargs = build_in_container.call_args_list[2][1]
    assert "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64" in kwargs["container"]["image"]
    assert kwargs["container"]["cwd"] == PurePosixPath("/project")
-    assert not kwargs["container"]["enforce_32_bit"]
+    assert kwargs["container"]["oci_platform"] == OCIPlatform.AMD64
    identifiers = {x.identifier for x in kwargs["platform_configs"]}
    assert identifiers == {
        f"{x}-manylinux_x86_64"
-        for x in ["cp310", "cp311", "cp312", "pp37", "pp38", "pp39", "pp310"]
+        for x in ["cp310", "cp311", "cp312", "cp313", "pp37", "pp38", "pp39", "pp310"]
    }

    kwargs = build_in_container.call_args_list[3][1]
    assert "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686" in kwargs["container"]["image"]
    assert kwargs["container"]["cwd"] == PurePosixPath("/project")
-    assert kwargs["container"]["enforce_32_bit"]
+    assert kwargs["container"]["oci_platform"] == OCIPlatform.i386

    identifiers = {x.identifier for x in kwargs["platform_configs"]}
    assert identifiers == {f"{x}-manylinux_i686" for x in ALL_IDS}
@@ -180,7 +183,7 @@ before-all = "true"
    kwargs = build_in_container.call_args_list[4][1]
    assert "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_x86_64" in kwargs["container"]["image"]
    assert kwargs["container"]["cwd"] == PurePosixPath("/project")
-    assert not kwargs["container"]["enforce_32_bit"]
+    assert kwargs["container"]["oci_platform"] == OCIPlatform.AMD64

    identifiers = {x.identifier for x in kwargs["platform_configs"]}
    assert identifiers == {
@@ -190,7 +193,7 @@ before-all = "true"
    kwargs = build_in_container.call_args_list[5][1]
    assert "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64" in kwargs["container"]["image"]
    assert kwargs["container"]["cwd"] == PurePosixPath("/project")
-    assert not kwargs["container"]["enforce_32_bit"]
+    assert kwargs["container"]["oci_platform"] == OCIPlatform.AMD64
    identifiers = {x.identifier for x in kwargs["platform_configs"]}
    assert identifiers == {
        f"{x}-musllinux_x86_64" for x in ALL_IDS - {"cp36", "cp37", "cp38", "cp39"} if "pp" not in x
@@ -199,7 +202,7 @@ before-all = "true"
    kwargs = build_in_container.call_args_list[6][1]
    assert "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686" in kwargs["container"]["image"]
    assert kwargs["container"]["cwd"] == PurePosixPath("/project")
-    assert kwargs["container"]["enforce_32_bit"]
+    assert kwargs["container"]["oci_platform"] == OCIPlatform.i386

    identifiers = {x.identifier for x in kwargs["platform_configs"]}
    assert identifiers == {f"{x}-musllinux_i686" for x in ALL_IDS if "pp" not in x}
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import pytest
 from cibuildwheel import errors
 from cibuildwheel.__main__ import get_build_identifiers, get_platform_module
 from cibuildwheel.bashlex_eval import local_environment_executor
-from cibuildwheel.environment import parse_environment
 from cibuildwheel.options import (
    CommandLineArguments,
    Options,
@@ -66,7 +65,7 @@ def test_options_1(tmp_path, monkeypatch):

    default_build_options = options.build_options(identifier=None)

-    assert default_build_options.environment == parse_environment('FOO="BAR"')
+    assert default_build_options.environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment={}) == {"FOO": "BAR"}

    all_pinned_container_images = _get_pinned_container_images()
    pinned_x86_64_container_image = all_pinned_container_images["x86_64"]
@@ -4,7 +4,15 @@ from pathlib import Path

 import pytest

-from cibuildwheel.options import ConfigOptionError, InheritRule, OptionsReader, _resolve_cascade
+from cibuildwheel.options import (
+    EnvironmentFormat,
+    InheritRule,
+    ListFormat,
+    OptionsReader,
+    OptionsReaderError,
+    ShlexTableFormat,
+    _resolve_cascade,
+)

 PYPROJECT_1 = """
 [tool.cibuildwheel]
@@ -37,42 +45,32 @@ def test_simple_settings(tmp_path, platform, fname):

    options_reader = OptionsReader(config_file_path, platform=platform, env={})

-    assert options_reader.get("build", env_plat=False, list_sep=" ") == "cp39*"
+    assert options_reader.get("build", option_format=ListFormat(" "), env_plat=False) == "cp39*"

    assert options_reader.get("test-command") == "pyproject"
-    assert options_reader.get("archs", list_sep=" ") == "auto"
+    assert options_reader.get("archs", option_format=ListFormat(" ")) == "auto"
    assert (
-        options_reader.get("test-requires", list_sep=" ")
+        options_reader.get("test-requires", option_format=ListFormat(" "))
        == {"windows": "something", "macos": "else", "linux": "other many"}[platform]
    )

    # Also testing options for support for both lists and tables
    assert (
-        options_reader.get("environment", table_format={"item": '{k}="{v}"', "sep": " "})
+        options_reader.get("environment", option_format=EnvironmentFormat())
        == 'THING="OTHER" FOO="BAR"'
    )
-    assert (
-        options_reader.get(
-            "environment", list_sep="x", table_format={"item": '{k}="{v}"', "sep": " "}
-        )
-        == 'THING="OTHER" FOO="BAR"'
-    )
-    assert options_reader.get("test-extras", list_sep=",") == "one,two"
-    assert (
-        options_reader.get(
-            "test-extras", list_sep=",", table_format={"item": '{k}="{v}"', "sep": " "}
-        )
-        == "one,two"
-    )
+    assert options_reader.get("test-extras", option_format=ListFormat(",")) == "one,two"

    assert options_reader.get("manylinux-x86_64-image") == "manylinux1"
    assert options_reader.get("manylinux-i686-image") == "manylinux2014"

-    with pytest.raises(ConfigOptionError):
-        options_reader.get("environment", list_sep=" ")
+    with pytest.raises(OptionsReaderError):
+        # fails because the option is a table and the option_format only works with lists
+        options_reader.get("environment", option_format=ListFormat(" "))

-    with pytest.raises(ConfigOptionError):
-        options_reader.get("test-extras", table_format={"item": '{k}="{v}"', "sep": " "})
+    with pytest.raises(OptionsReaderError):
+        # fails because the option is a list and the option_format only works with tables
+        options_reader.get("test-extras", option_format=ShlexTableFormat())


 def test_envvar_override(tmp_path, platform):
@@ -91,14 +89,14 @@ def test_envvar_override(tmp_path, platform):
        },
    )

-    assert options_reader.get("archs", list_sep=" ") == "auto"
+    assert options_reader.get("archs", option_format=ListFormat(" ")) == "auto"

-    assert options_reader.get("build", list_sep=" ") == "cp38*"
+    assert options_reader.get("build") == "cp38*"
    assert options_reader.get("manylinux-x86_64-image") == "manylinux_2_24"
    assert options_reader.get("manylinux-i686-image") == "manylinux2014"

    assert (
-        options_reader.get("test-requires", list_sep=" ")
+        options_reader.get("test-requires", option_format=ListFormat(" "))
        == {"windows": "docs", "macos": "docs", "linux": "scod"}[platform]
    )
    assert options_reader.get("test-command") == "mytest"
@@ -174,7 +172,7 @@ repairs-wheel-command = "repair-project-linux"
 """
    )

-    with pytest.raises(ConfigOptionError) as excinfo:
+    with pytest.raises(OptionsReaderError) as excinfo:
        OptionsReader(pyproject_toml, platform="linux", env={})

    assert "repair-wheel-command" in str(excinfo.value)
@@ -191,7 +189,7 @@ repair_wheel_command = "repair-project-linux"
 """
    )

-    with pytest.raises(ConfigOptionError) as excinfo:
+    with pytest.raises(OptionsReaderError) as excinfo:
        OptionsReader(pyproject_toml, platform="linux", env={})

    assert "repair-wheel-command" in str(excinfo.value)
@@ -205,7 +203,7 @@ def test_unexpected_table(tmp_path):
 repair-wheel-command = "repair-project-linux"
 """
    )
-    with pytest.raises(ConfigOptionError):
+    with pytest.raises(OptionsReaderError):
        OptionsReader(pyproject_toml, platform="linux", env={})


@@ -219,8 +217,8 @@ build = ["1", "2"]
    )
    options_reader = OptionsReader(pyproject_toml, platform="linux", env={})

-    assert options_reader.get("build", list_sep=", ") == "1, 2"
-    with pytest.raises(ConfigOptionError):
+    assert options_reader.get("build", option_format=ListFormat(", ")) == "1, 2"
+    with pytest.raises(OptionsReaderError):
        options_reader.get("build")


@@ -234,7 +232,7 @@ manylinux-x86_64-image = "manylinux1"
    )
    disallow = {"windows": {"manylinux-x86_64-image"}}
    OptionsReader(pyproject_toml, platform="linux", disallow=disallow, env={})
-    with pytest.raises(ConfigOptionError):
+    with pytest.raises(OptionsReaderError):
        OptionsReader(pyproject_toml, platform="windows", disallow=disallow, env={})


@@ -305,7 +303,7 @@ def test_resolve_cascade_merge_list(ignore_empty, rule):
        (["b1", "b2"], rule),
        (None, InheritRule.NONE),
        ignore_empty=ignore_empty,
-        list_sep=" ",
+        option_format=ListFormat(" "),
    )

    if not ignore_empty:
@@ -326,24 +324,34 @@ def test_resolve_cascade_merge_dict(rule):
        (None, InheritRule.NONE),
        ({"value": "override"}, rule),
        (None, InheritRule.NONE),
-        table_format={"item": "{k}={v}", "sep": " "},
+        option_format=ShlexTableFormat(),
    )

    if rule == InheritRule.PREPEND:
-        assert answer == "value=override value=a1 base=b1"
+        assert answer == "value=a1 base=b1"
    elif rule == InheritRule.NONE:
        assert answer == "value=override"
    elif rule == InheritRule.APPEND:
-        assert answer == "value=a1 base=b1 value=override"
+        assert answer == "value=override base=b1"
+
+
+def test_resolve_cascade_merge_strings():
+    answer = _resolve_cascade(
+        ("value=a1 base=b1", InheritRule.NONE),
+        ("value=override", InheritRule.APPEND),
+        option_format=ShlexTableFormat(),
+    )
+    assert answer == "value=override base=b1"


 def test_resolve_cascade_merge_different_types():
    answer = _resolve_cascade(
-        ({"value": "a1", "base": "b1"}, InheritRule.NONE),
+        ("value=a1 base=b1", InheritRule.NONE),
        ({"value": "override"}, InheritRule.APPEND),
-        table_format={"item": "{k}={v}", "sep": " "},
+        ("extra_string_var=c1", InheritRule.APPEND),
+        option_format=ShlexTableFormat(),
    )
-    assert answer == "value=a1 base=b1 value=override"
+    assert answer == "value=override base=b1 extra_string_var=c1"


 PYPROJECT_2 = """
@@ -387,28 +395,28 @@ def test_pyproject_2(tmp_path, platform):
    pyproject_toml.write_text(PYPROJECT_2)

    options_reader = OptionsReader(config_file_path=pyproject_toml, platform=platform, env={})
-    assert options_reader.get("test-command", list_sep=" && ") == "pyproject"
+    assert options_reader.get("test-command", option_format=ListFormat(" && ")) == "pyproject"

    with options_reader.identifier("random"):
-        assert options_reader.get("test-command", list_sep=" && ") == "pyproject"
+        assert options_reader.get("test-command", option_format=ListFormat(" && ")) == "pyproject"

    with options_reader.identifier("cp37-something"):
        assert (
-            options_reader.get("test-command", list_sep=" && ")
+            options_reader.get("test-command", option_format=ListFormat(" && "))
            == "pyproject-override && override2 && pyproject"
        )
        assert (
-            options_reader.get("environment", table_format={"item": '{k}="{v}"', "sep": " "})
+            options_reader.get("environment", option_format=EnvironmentFormat())
            == 'FOO="BAR" HAM="EGGS" FOO="BAZ" PYTHON="MONTY"'
        )

    with options_reader.identifier("cp37-final"):
        assert (
-            options_reader.get("test-command", list_sep=" && ")
+            options_reader.get("test-command", option_format=ListFormat(" && "))
            == "extra-prepend && pyproject-override && override2 && pyproject && pyproject-finalize && finalize2 && extra-finalize"
        )
        assert (
-            options_reader.get("environment", table_format={"item": '{k}="{v}"', "sep": " "})
+            options_reader.get("environment", option_format=EnvironmentFormat())
            == 'FOO="BAR" HAM="EGGS" FOO="BAZ" PYTHON="MONTY"'
        )

@@ -426,7 +434,7 @@ test-command = "pyproject-override"
 """
    )

-    with pytest.raises(ConfigOptionError):
+    with pytest.raises(OptionsReaderError):
        OptionsReader(config_file_path=pyproject_toml, platform=platform, env={})


@@ -442,8 +450,8 @@ other = ["two", "three"]

    options_reader = OptionsReader(config_file_path=pyproject_toml, platform="linux", env={})
    assert (
-        options_reader.get("config-settings", table_format={"item": '{k}="{v}"', "sep": " "})
-        == 'example="one" other="two" other="three"'
+        options_reader.get("config-settings", option_format=ShlexTableFormat(pair_sep="=", sep=" "))
+        == "example=one other=two other=three"
    )


@@ -458,10 +466,8 @@ def test_pip_config_settings(tmp_path):

    options_reader = OptionsReader(config_file_path=pyproject_toml, platform="linux", env={})
    assert (
-        options_reader.get(
-            "config-settings", table_format={"item": "--config-settings='{k}=\"{v}\"'", "sep": " "}
-        )
-        == "--config-settings='--build-option=\"--use-mypyc\"'"
+        options_reader.get("config-settings", option_format=ShlexTableFormat(sep=" ", pair_sep="="))
+        == "--build-option=--use-mypyc"
    )


@@ -471,12 +477,16 @@ def test_overrides_inherit(tmp_path):
        """\
 [tool.cibuildwheel]
 before-all = ["before-all"]
+config-settings = {key1="value1", key2="value2", empty=""}

 [[tool.cibuildwheel.overrides]]
 select = "cp37*"
 inherit.before-all = "append"
 before-all = ["override1"]

+inherit.config-settings = "append"
+config-settings = {key3="value3", key2="override2"}
+
 [[tool.cibuildwheel.overrides]]
 select = "cp37*"
 inherit.before-all = "prepend"
@@ -486,9 +496,17 @@ before-all = ["override2"]

    options_reader = OptionsReader(config_file_path=pyproject_toml, platform="linux", env={})
    with options_reader.identifier("cp38-something"):
-        assert options_reader.get("before-all", list_sep=" && ") == "before-all"
+        assert options_reader.get("before-all", option_format=ListFormat(" && ")) == "before-all"
+        assert (
+            options_reader.get("config-settings", option_format=ShlexTableFormat())
+            == "key1=value1 key2=value2 empty=''"
+        )
    with options_reader.identifier("cp37-something"):
        assert (
-            options_reader.get("before-all", list_sep=" && ")
+            options_reader.get("before-all", option_format=ListFormat(" && "))
            == "override2 && before-all && override1"
        )
+        assert (
+            options_reader.get("config-settings", option_format=ShlexTableFormat())
+            == "key1=value1 key2=override2 empty='' key3=value3"
+        )
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ from pathlib import PurePath
 import pytest

 from cibuildwheel.util import (
+    FlexibleVersion,
    find_compatible_wheel,
    fix_ansi_codes_for_github_actions,
    format_safe,
@@ -206,3 +207,17 @@ def test_parse_key_value_string():
        "name": ["docker"],
        "create_args": [],
    }
+
+
+def test_flexible_version_comparisons():
+    assert FlexibleVersion("2.0") == FlexibleVersion("2")
+    assert FlexibleVersion("2.0") < FlexibleVersion("2.1")
+    assert FlexibleVersion("2.1") > FlexibleVersion("2")
+    assert FlexibleVersion("1.9.9") < FlexibleVersion("2.0")
+    assert FlexibleVersion("1.10") > FlexibleVersion("1.9.9")
+    assert FlexibleVersion("3.0.1") > FlexibleVersion("3.0")
+    assert FlexibleVersion("3.0") < FlexibleVersion("3.0.1")
+    # Suffix should not affect comparisons
+    assert FlexibleVersion("1.0.1-rhel") > FlexibleVersion("1.0")
+    assert FlexibleVersion("1.0.1-rhel") < FlexibleVersion("1.1")
+    assert FlexibleVersion("1.0.1") == FlexibleVersion("v1.0.1")