Bump version: v3.4.1

deprecation: cp313t (#2787 )
Free-Threading Python 3.13 was experimental. Now that Python 3.14 has been released with explicit support, we can schedule removal of Python 3.13 free-threading.
2026-04-02 14:57:41 +01:00 · 2026-04-02 14:39:47 +01:00 · 2026-04-01 15:23:02 +01:00 · 2026-03-28 11:28:39 -04:00 · 2026-03-28 11:28:12 -04:00 · 2026-03-27 11:49:38 -04:00
200 changed files with 17736 additions and 6494 deletions
@@ -1,25 +1,43 @@
-version: 2
+version: 2.1
+
+commands:
+  cibw_prepare_environment:
+    description: "Prepare the environment for testing."
+    steps:
+      - run:
+          name: Prepare the environment.
+          command: bash .circleci/prepare.sh
+  cibw_run_tests:
+    description: "Runs tests, with CIBW_ENABLE=all on the main branch"
+    steps:
+      - run:
+          name: Test
+          command: |
+            if [ "${CIRCLE_BRANCH}" == "main" ]; then
+              echo "INFO: Exporting CIBW_ENABLE=all for main branch test run."
+              export CIBW_ENABLE=all
+            else
+              echo "INFO: CIBW_ENABLE not set for this branch test run."
+            fi
+
+            venv/bin/python ./bin/run_tests.py
+          no_output_timeout: 30m

 jobs:
-  osx-python3.9:
+  osx-python312:
    macos:
-      xcode: 12.5.1
+      xcode: 15.4.0
+    resource_class: macos.m1.medium.gen1
    environment:
      PYTHON: python3
    steps:
      - checkout
+      - cibw_prepare_environment
+      - cibw_run_tests

-      - run:
-          name: Prepare the environment.
-          command: bash .circleci/prepare.sh
-      - run:
-          name: Test.
-          command: venv/bin/python ./bin/run_tests.py
-          no_output_timeout: 30m
-
-  linux-python3.9:
+  linux-python312:
    docker:
-      - image: circleci/python:3.9
+      - image: cimg/python:3.12
    environment:
      PYTHON: python3
      # Temporarily restrict the tests that are run on CircleCI to prevent
@@ -28,14 +46,8 @@ jobs:
    steps:
      - checkout
      - setup_remote_docker
-
-      - run:
-          name: Prepare the environment.
-          command: bash .circleci/prepare.sh
-      - run:
-          name: Test.
-          command: venv/bin/python ./bin/run_tests.py
-          no_output_timeout: 30m
+      - cibw_prepare_environment
+      - cibw_run_tests

  linux-aarch64:
    machine:
@@ -48,19 +60,13 @@ jobs:
      PYTEST_ADDOPTS: -k "unit_test or main_tests or test_0_basic or test_docker_images"
    steps:
      - checkout
-
-      - run:
-          name: Prepare the environment.
-          command: bash .circleci/prepare.sh
-      - run:
-          name: Test.
-          command: venv/bin/python ./bin/run_tests.py
-          no_output_timeout: 30m
+      - cibw_prepare_environment
+      - cibw_run_tests

 workflows:
  version: 2
  all-tests:
    jobs:
-      - osx-python3.9
-      - linux-python3.9
+      - osx-python312
+      - linux-python312
      - linux-aarch64
@@ -2,11 +2,15 @@
 set -o errexit
 set -o xtrace

+if [ "$(uname -s)" == "Darwin" ]; then
+  sudo softwareupdate --install-rosetta --agree-to-license
+else
+  docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
+fi
+
 $PYTHON --version
-$PYTHON -m pip --version
-$PYTHON -m virtualenv --version
-$PYTHON -m virtualenv --no-setuptools --no-wheel -p "$PYTHON" venv
+$PYTHON -m venv venv
 venv/bin/python -m pip install -U pip
-venv/bin/python -m pip install -e ".[dev]"
+venv/bin/python -m pip install -e. --group test
 venv/bin/python -m pip freeze
 venv/bin/python --version
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-only_if: changesInclude('.cirrus.yml') || ($CIRRUS_BRANCH == "main" && !changesIncludeOnly('docs/*', '.pre-commit-config.yaml')) || $CIRRUS_BRANCH =~ 'cirrus.*'
+only_if: changesInclude('.cirrus.yml') || ($CIRRUS_BRANCH == "main" && !changesIncludeOnly('.github/*', 'bin/*', 'docs/*', '.circleci/*', '.travis.yml', '.pre-commit-config.yaml', '.readthedocs.yml', 'azure-pipelines.yml', 'README.md', 'mkdocs.yml', 'noxfile.py')) || $CIRRUS_BRANCH =~ 'cirrus.*'

 run_tests: &RUN_TESTS
  install_cibuildwheel_script:
-    - python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
+    - python -m pip install -U pip
+    - python -m pip install -e. --group test
  run_cibuildwheel_tests_script:
    - python ./bin/run_tests.py

-
 linux_x86_task:
  timeout_in: 120m
  compute_engine_instance:
@@ -15,9 +15,15 @@ linux_x86_task:
    platform: linux
    cpu: 8
    memory: 8G
-
+  env:
+    VENV_ROOT: ${HOME}/venv-cibuildwheel
+    PATH: ${VENV_ROOT}/bin:${PATH}
  install_pre_requirements_script:
-    - apt install -y python3-venv python-is-python3
+    - docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
+    - add-apt-repository -y ppa:deadsnakes/ppa
+    - apt-get update
+    - apt-get install -y python3.12-venv
+    - python3.12 -m venv ${VENV_ROOT}
  <<: *RUN_TESTS

 linux_aarch64_task:
@@ -28,14 +34,20 @@ linux_aarch64_task:
    platform: linux
    cpu: 4
    memory: 4G
-
+  env:
+    VENV_ROOT: ${HOME}/venv-cibuildwheel
+    PATH: ${VENV_ROOT}/bin:${PATH}
  install_pre_requirements_script:
-    - apt install -y python3-venv python-is-python3
+    - docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
+    - add-apt-repository -y ppa:deadsnakes/ppa
+    - apt-get update
+    - apt-get install -y python3.12-venv
+    - python3.12 -m venv ${VENV_ROOT}
  <<: *RUN_TESTS

 windows_x86_task:
-  # The task takes ~55 minutes while the timeout happens
-  # after 60 minutes by default, let's allow some wiggle room.
+  # The task takes ~55 minutes while the timeout happens after 60 minutes by default,
+  # let's allow some wiggle room.
  timeout_in: 120m
  windows_container:
    image: cirrusci/windowsservercore:visualstudio2022
@@ -43,30 +55,35 @@ windows_x86_task:
    memory: 8G

  install_pre_requirements_script:
-    - choco install -y --no-progress python3 --version 3.10.6
+    - certutil -generateSSTFromWU roots.sst
+    - certutil -addstore -f root roots.sst
+    - del roots.sst
+    - choco install -y --no-progress python3 --version 3.12.4
    - refreshenv
-    - echo PATH=%PATH% >> "%CIRRUS_ENV%"
+    - powershell -Command "$cleanPath = $env:PATH -replace ';+$', ''; Add-Content -Path $env:CIRRUS_ENV -Value ('PATH=' + $cleanPath)"
  <<: *RUN_TESTS

 macos_arm64_task:
  macos_instance:
-    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-sonoma-xcode
-
+    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-runner:sequoia
  env:
-    PATH: /opt/homebrew/opt/python@3.10/libexec/bin:$PATH
+    VENV_ROOT: ${HOME}/venv-cibuildwheel
+    PATH: ${VENV_ROOT}/bin:${PATH}
  install_pre_requirements_script:
-    - brew install python@3.10
+    - brew install python@3.12
+    - python3.12 -m venv ${VENV_ROOT}
  <<: *RUN_TESTS

 macos_arm64_cp38_task:
  macos_instance:
-    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-sonoma-xcode
-
+    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-runner:sequoia
  env:
-    PATH: /opt/homebrew/opt/python@3.10/libexec/bin:$PATH
-    PYTEST_ADDOPTS: --run-cp38-universal2 -k 'test_cp38_arm64_testing_universal2_installer or test_arch_auto'
+    VENV_ROOT: ${HOME}/venv-cibuildwheel
+    PATH: ${VENV_ROOT}/bin:${PATH}
+    PYTEST_ADDOPTS: --run-cp38-universal2 -k 'test_cp38_arm64_testing_universal2_installer or test_arch_auto or test_dummy_serial'
  install_pre_requirements_script:
-    - brew install python@3.10
+    - brew install python@3.12
+    - python3.12 -m venv ${VENV_ROOT}
    - curl -fsSLO https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.10/python-3.8.10-macos11.pkg
    - sudo installer -pkg python-3.8.10-macos11.pkg -target /
    - rm python-3.8.10-macos11.pkg
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Specification files for platform maintainers
+cibuildwheel/platforms/ios.py         @freakboy3742
+cibuildwheel/platforms/pyodide.py     @hoodmane @ryanking13 @agriyakhetarpal
+cibuildwheel/platforms/android.py     @mhsmith
+
+# Constraints files
+cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-pyodide*.txt @hoodmane @ryanking13 @agriyakhetarpal
@@ -9,3 +9,5 @@ updates:
      actions:
        patterns:
          - "*"
+    cooldown:
+      default-days: 7
@@ -7,36 +7,40 @@ on:
    types:
    - published

+permissions: {}
+
 jobs:
  dist:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-
-    - name: Build SDist and wheel
-      run: pipx run build
-
-    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
      with:
-        name: cibw-sdist
-        path: dist/*
+        persist-credentials: false

-    - name: Check metadata
-      run: pipx run twine check dist/*
+    - uses: hynek/build-and-inspect-python-package@efb823f52190ad02594531168b7a2d5790e66516 # v2.14.0

  publish:
    needs: [dist]
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    if: github.event_name == 'release' && github.event.action == 'published'
-    environment: pypi
+    environment:
+      name: pypi
+      url: https://pypi.org/p/cibuildwheel
    permissions:
      id-token: write
+      attestations: write

    steps:
-    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+    - uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
      with:
-        pattern: cibw-*
+        name: Packages
        path: dist
-        merge-multiple: true

-    - uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@release/v1
+    - name: Generate artifact attestation for sdist and wheel
+      uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@a2bbfa25375fe432b6a289bc6b6cd05ecd0c4c32 # v4.1.0
+      with:
+        subject-path: "dist/cibuildwheel-*"
+
+    - uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@ed0c53931b1dc9bd32cbe73a98c7f6766f8a527e # v1.13.0
+      with:
+        attestations: true
@@ -4,76 +4,180 @@ on:
  push:
    branches:
      - main
+      - 2.x
  pull_request:
+    types:
+      - opened
+      - synchronize
+      - reopened
+      - labeled
    paths-ignore:
-      - 'docs/**'
+      - .ci*
+      - bin/*
+      - docs/**
+      - examples/azure-pipelines-*
+      - examples/ci*
+      - examples/travis-ci-*
      - .pre-commit-config.yaml
+      - .readthedocs.yml
+      - .travis.yml
+      - README.md
+      - azure-pipelines.yml
+      - mkdocs.yml
+      - noxfile.py
  workflow_dispatch:
    # allow manual runs on branches without a PR

+permissions: {}
+
 concurrency:
  group: test-${{ github.ref }}
  cancel-in-progress: true

 jobs:
  lint:
-    name: Linters (mypy, flake8, etc.)
+    name: Linters (mypy, ruff, etc.)
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+    - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
+      id: python
      with:
        python-version: "3.x"
-    - uses: pre-commit/action@v3.0.1
-    - name: Check manifest
-      run: pipx run nox -s check_manifest
+    - uses: j178/prek-action@79f765515bd648eb4d6bb1b17277b7cb22cb6468 # v2.0.0
    - name: PyLint checks
-      run: pipx run nox -s pylint -- --output-format=github
+      run: pipx run --python "${STEPS_PYTHON_OUTPUTS_PYTHON_PATH}" nox -s pylint -- --output-format=github
+      env:
+        STEPS_PYTHON_OUTPUTS_PYTHON_PATH: ${{ steps.python.outputs.python-path }}
+
+  sample:
+    name: Generate a sample project
+    needs: lint
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
+      name: Install Python
+      with:
+        python-version: "3.x"
+    - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@37802adc94f370d6bfd71619e3f0bf239e1f3b78 # v7.6.0
+    - name: Install dependencies
+      run: uv sync --no-dev --group test
+    - name: Generate a sample project
+      run: uv run --no-sync -m test.test_projects test.test_0_basic.basic_project sample_proj
+    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@bbbca2ddaa5d8feaa63e36b76fdaad77386f024f # v7.0.0
+      with:
+        name: sample_proj
+        path: sample_proj

  test:
-    name: Test cibuildwheel on ${{ matrix.os }} (${{ matrix.python_version }})
-    needs: lint
+    name: Test on ${{ matrix.os }} (${{ matrix.python_version }}) ${{ matrix.test_select }}
+    needs: sample
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-13, macos-14]
-        python_version: ['3.12']
        include:
+        # Min Python
        - os: ubuntu-latest
-          python_version: '3.8'
+          python_version: '3.11'
+        # Max Python
+        - os: ubuntu-latest
+          python_version: '3.14'
+        - os: ubuntu-latest
+          python_version: '3.13'
+          test_select: android
+        - os: ubuntu-24.04-arm
+          python_version: '3.13'
+        - os: windows-latest
+          python_version: '3.13'
+        - os: windows-11-arm
+          python_version: '3.13'
+        - os: macos-15-intel
+          python_version: '3.13'
+        - os: macos-15
+          python_version: '3.13'
+        - os: macos-15-intel
+          python_version: '3.13'
+          test_select: ios
+        - os: macos-15
+          python_version: '3.13'
+          test_select: ios
+          # Exercise iOS on a non-default simulator.
+          test_runtime: 'args: --simulator "iPhone 16e,OS=18.5"'
+        - os: macos-15-intel
+          python_version: '3.13'
+          test_select: android
+          # Exercise Android on a non-default simulator
+          test_runtime: 'args: --managed minVersion'
+        - os: macos-15
+          python_version: '3.13'
+          test_select: android
    timeout-minutes: 180
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+    - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
      name: Install Python ${{ matrix.python_version }}
      with:
        python-version: ${{ matrix.python_version }}
+        allow-prereleases: true

-    # Install podman on this CI instance for podman tests on linux
-    # Snippet from: https://github.com/redhat-actions/podman-login/blob/main/.github/workflows/example.yml
-    - name: Install latest podman
-      if: runner.os == 'Linux'
-      run: |
-        . /etc/os-release
-        echo "deb https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/devel:/kubic:/libcontainers:/stable/xUbuntu_${VERSION_ID}/ /" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/devel:kubic:libcontainers:stable.list
-        curl -sSfL "https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/devel:/kubic:/libcontainers:/stable/xUbuntu_${VERSION_ID}/Release.key" | sudo apt-key add -
-        sudo apt-get update
-        sudo apt-get -y install podman
+    - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@37802adc94f370d6bfd71619e3f0bf239e1f3b78 # v7.6.0

-    # free some space to prevent reaching GHA disk space limits
-    - name: Clean docker images
-      if: runner.os == 'Linux'
+    - name: Free up disk space
+      if: runner.os == 'Linux' && matrix.test_select != 'android'
      run: |
-        docker system prune -a -f
-        df -h
+        sudo rm -rf $ANDROID_HOME/ndk /opt/hostedtoolcache/CodeQL \
+          /usr/local/lib/node_modules /usr/local/share/chromium \
+          /usr/local/share/powershell
+        df -m
+
+    # for oci_container unit tests
+    - name: Set up QEMU
+      if: runner.os == 'Linux'
+      uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@ce360397dd3f832beb865e1373c09c0e9f86d70a # v4.0.0
+
+    - name: Set up Xcode
+      if: ${{ startsWith(matrix.os, 'macos-15') }}
+      run: |
+        # GitHub recommends explicitly selecting the desired Xcode version
+        sudo xcode-select --switch /Applications/Xcode_16.4.app

    - name: Install dependencies
-      run: |
-        python -m pip install ".[test]"
+      run: uv sync --no-dev --group test

-    - name: Generate a sample project
+    - uses: joerick/pr-labels-action@0543b277721e852d821c6738d449f2f4dea03d5f # v1.0.9
+
+    - name: Set CIBW_ENABLE
+      shell: bash
      run: |
-        python -m test.test_projects test.test_0_basic.basic_project sample_proj
+        if [[ "$GITHUB_REF_NAME" == "main" ]]; then
+          CIBW_ENABLE=all
+        else
+          # get the default CIBW_ENABLE value from the test module
+          CIBW_ENABLE=$(uv run --no-sync python -c 'import sys, test.utils as c; sys.stdout.write(c.DEFAULT_CIBW_ENABLE)')
+
+          # if this is a PR, check for labels
+          if [[ -n "$GITHUB_PR_LABEL_CI_PYPY" ]]; then
+            CIBW_ENABLE+=" pypy"
+          fi
+          if [[ -n "$GITHUB_PR_LABEL_CI_GRAALPY" ]]; then
+            CIBW_ENABLE+=" graalpy"
+          fi
+        fi
+        echo "CIBW_ENABLE=${CIBW_ENABLE}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+
+    - name: Download a sample project
+      uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
+      with:
+        name: sample_proj
+        path: sample_proj

    - name: Run a sample build (GitHub Action)
      uses: ./
@@ -82,69 +186,184 @@ jobs:
        output-dir: wheelhouse
      env:
        CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS: x86_64 universal2 arm64
+        CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND: ${{ matrix.test_select && 'build' || 'build[uv]' }}
+        CIBW_PLATFORM: ${{ matrix.test_select }}
+        CIBW_TEST_RUNTIME: ${{ matrix.test_runtime }}

    - name: Run a sample build (GitHub Action, only)
      uses: ./
+      if: matrix.test_select == ''
      with:
        package-dir: sample_proj
        output-dir: wheelhouse_only
-        only: cp312-${{ runner.os == 'Linux' && 'manylinux_x86_64' || (runner.os == 'Windows' && 'win_amd64' || 'macosx_x86_64') }}
+        only: cp313-${{ runner.os == 'Linux' && (runner.arch == 'ARM64' && 'manylinux_aarch64' || 'manylinux_x86_64') || (runner.os == 'Windows' && 'win_amd64' || 'macosx_x86_64') }}

    - name: Create custom configuration file
      shell: bash
      run: |
        cat > sample_proj/cibw.toml <<EOF
        [tool.cibuildwheel]
-        # Only build on CPython 3.12 on native arch
+        # Only build on CPython 3.13 on native arch
        archs = ["native"]
-        build = "cp312-*"
+        build = "cp313-*"
        # Skip musllinux
        skip = "*-musllinux*"
        EOF

    - name: Run a sample build (GitHub Action, config-file)
      uses: ./
+      env:
+        CIBW_PLATFORM: ${{ matrix.test_select }}
+        CIBW_TEST_RUNTIME: ${{ matrix.test_runtime }}
      with:
        package-dir: sample_proj
        output-dir: wheelhouse_config_file
        config-file: sample_proj/cibw.toml

-    - name: Check Action artefacts
+    - name: Check Action artifacts
      shell: bash
      run: |
        test $(find wheelhouse -name '*.whl' | wc -l) -ge 1
-        test $(find wheelhouse_only -name '*.whl' | wc -l) -eq 1
        test $(find wheelhouse_config_file -name '*.whl' | wc -l) -eq 1

-    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+    - name: Check Action artifacts (native build only)
+      if: matrix.test_select == ''
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        test $(find wheelhouse_only -name '*.whl' | wc -l) -eq 1
+
+    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@bbbca2ddaa5d8feaa63e36b76fdaad77386f024f # v7.0.0
      with:
        name: cibw-wheels-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ strategy.job-index }}
        path: wheelhouse/*.whl

    - name: Test cibuildwheel
-      run: |
-        python ./bin/run_tests.py --run-podman
+      env:
+        CIBW_TEST_RUNTIME: ${{ matrix.test_runtime }}
+      run: uv run --no-sync bin/run_tests.py --test-select=${{ matrix.test_select || 'native' }} ${{ (runner.os == 'Linux' && runner.arch == 'X64') && '--run-podman' || '' }}

-  test-emulated:
-    name: Test emulated cibuildwheel using qemu
+  emulated-archs:
+    name: Get qemu emulated architectures
    needs: lint
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    timeout-minutes: 180
+    outputs:
+      archs: ${{ steps.archs.outputs.archs }}
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+    - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
      with:
        python-version: "3.x"
+    - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@37802adc94f370d6bfd71619e3f0bf239e1f3b78 # v7.6.0
    - name: Install dependencies
+      run: uv sync --no-dev --group test
+    - name: Get qemu emulated architectures
+      id: archs
      run: |
-        python -m pip install ".[test]"
+        OUTPUT=$(uv run --no-sync python -c "from json import dumps; from test.utils import EMULATED_ARCHS; print(dumps(EMULATED_ARCHS))")
+        echo "${OUTPUT}"
+        echo "archs=${OUTPUT}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+
+  test-emulated:
+    name: Test Linux ${{ matrix.arch }} using qemu
+    needs: emulated-archs
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 180
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        arch: ${{ fromJSON(needs.emulated-archs.outputs.archs) }}
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
+      with:
+        python-version: "3.x"
+    - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@37802adc94f370d6bfd71619e3f0bf239e1f3b78 # v7.6.0
+    - name: Install dependencies
+      run: uv sync --no-dev --group test

    - name: Set up QEMU
-      id: qemu
-      uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
-      with:
-        platforms: all
+      uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@ce360397dd3f832beb865e1373c09c0e9f86d70a # v4.0.0

    - name: Run the emulation tests
-      run: |
-        pytest --run-emulation test/test_emulation.py
+      env:
+        MATRIX_ARCH: ${{ matrix.arch }}
+      run: uv run --no-sync pytest --run-emulation "$MATRIX_ARCH" test/test_emulation.py
+
+  test-pyodide:
+    name: Test pyodide
+    needs: sample
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    timeout-minutes: 180
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
+      name: Install Python 3.12
+      with:
+        python-version: '3.12'
+    - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@37802adc94f370d6bfd71619e3f0bf239e1f3b78 # v7.6.0
+
+    - name: Install dependencies
+      run: uv sync --no-dev --group test
+
+    - name: Download a sample project
+      uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
+      with:
+        name: sample_proj
+        path: sample_proj
+
+    - name: Run a sample build (GitHub Action)
+      uses: ./
+      with:
+        package-dir: sample_proj
+        output-dir: wheelhouse
+      env:
+        CIBW_PLATFORM: pyodide
+
+    - name: Run tests with 'CIBW_PLATFORM' set to 'pyodide'
+      run: uv run --no-sync ./bin/run_tests.py
+      env:
+        CIBW_PLATFORM: pyodide
+
+  test-uv-extras:
+    name: Test uv extra on ${{ matrix.os }} ${{ matrix.test_select }}
+    needs: sample
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+        - os: ubuntu-latest
+          test_select: android
+        - os: windows-latest
+        - os: windows-11-arm
+        - os: macos-15-intel
+        - os: macos-15
+        - os: macos-15-intel
+          test_select: android
+        - os: macos-15
+          test_select: android
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
+    - name: Download a sample project
+      uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
+      with:
+        name: sample_proj
+        path: sample_proj
+    - name: Run a sample build (GitHub Action)
+      uses: ./
+      with:
+        extras: uv
+        package-dir: sample_proj
+        output-dir: wheelhouse
+      env:
+        CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS: x86_64 universal2 arm64
+        CIBW_BUILD: cp314-*
+        CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND: 'build[uv]'
+        CIBW_PLATFORM: ${{ matrix.test_select }}
@@ -14,17 +14,32 @@ on:
  schedule:
    - cron: '0 6 * * 1'  # "At 06:00 on Monday."

+permissions: {}
+
 jobs:
  update-dependencies:
    name: Update dependencies
    if: github.repository_owner == 'pypa' || github.event_name != 'schedule'
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: write
+    environment: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' && github.repository == 'pypa/cibuildwheel' && 'update-dependencies-workflow' || '' }}
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4

-    - uses: wntrblm/nox@2024.04.15
+    # we use this step to grab a Github App auth token, so that PRs generated by this workflow
+    # run the GHA tests.
+    - uses: actions/create-github-app-token@f8d387b68d61c58ab83c6c016672934102569859 # v3.0.0
+      id: generate-token
+      if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' && github.repository == 'pypa/cibuildwheel'
      with:
-        python-versions: "3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13"
+        app-id: ${{ secrets.CIBUILDWHEEL_BOT_APP_ID }}
+        private-key: ${{ secrets.CIBUILDWHEEL_BOT_APP_PRIVATE_KEY }}
+
+    - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
+
+    - uses: wntrblm/nox@5a277b752f6094150e25237d47c34168e2b7526e # 2026.02.09

    - name: "Run update: dependencies"
      run: nox --force-color -s update_constraints
@@ -33,18 +48,9 @@ jobs:
    - name: "Run update: docs user projects"
      run: nox --force-color -s update_proj -- --auth=${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}

-    # we use this step to grab a Github App auth token, so that PRs generated by this workflow
-    # run the GHA tests.
-    - uses: tibdex/github-app-token@v2
-      id: generate-token
-      if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' && github.repository == 'pypa/cibuildwheel'
-      with:
-        app_id: ${{ secrets.CIBUILDWHEEL_BOT_APP_ID }}
-        private_key: ${{ secrets.CIBUILDWHEEL_BOT_APP_PRIVATE_KEY }}
-
    - name: Create Pull Request
      if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' && github.repository == 'pypa/cibuildwheel'
-      uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v6
+      uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@c0f553fe549906ede9cf27b5156039d195d2ece0 # v8.1.0
      with:
        commit-message: Update dependencies
        title: '[Bot] Update dependencies'
@@ -53,7 +59,10 @@ jobs:

          PR generated by "Update dependencies" [workflow](https://github.com/${{github.repository}}/actions/runs/${{github.run_id}}).
        branch: update-dependencies-pr
-        committer: "cibuildwheel-bot[bot] <83877280+cibuildwheel-bot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>"
-        author: "cibuildwheel-bot[bot] <83877280+cibuildwheel-bot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>"
+        sign-commits: true
        token: ${{ steps.generate-token.outputs.token }}
        delete-branch: true
+        labels: |
+          CI: GraalPy
+          CI: PyPy
+          dependencies
@@ -21,10 +21,12 @@ jobs:
    permissions:
      contents: write
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false

      - name: Update the ${{ env.TAG_NAME }} tag
        id: update-major-minor-tag
-        uses: joerick/update-vX.Y-tag-action@v1.0
+        uses: joerick/update-vX.Y-tag-action@c4cefb60c33b82e4aa73a469e4acf30ee48d5812 # v1.0.2
        with:
          source-tag: ${{ env.TAG_NAME }}
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+name: zizmor - GitHub Actions Security Analysis
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: ["main"]
+  pull_request:
+    branches: ["**"]
+
+permissions: {}
+
+jobs:
+  zizmor:
+    name: Run zizmor 🌈
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      security-events: write
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - name: Run zizmor 🌈
+        uses: zizmorcore/zizmor-action@71321a20a9ded102f6e9ce5718a2fcec2c4f70d8 # v0.5.2
@@ -84,9 +84,7 @@ celerybeat-schedule

 # virtualenv
 .venv
-venv/
-venv3/
-venv2/
+venv*/
 ENV/
 env/
 env2/
@@ -112,8 +110,12 @@ all_known_setup.yaml
 # mkdocs
 site/

-# Virtual environments
-venv*
-
 # PyCharm
 .idea/
+
+# Lockfiles
+*.lock
+*.pylock
+
+# OS files
+.DS_Store
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 linux:
-  image: python:3.8
+  image: python:3.12
  services:
    - name: docker:dind
      entrypoint: ["env", "-u", "DOCKER_HOST"]
@@ -13,9 +13,15 @@ linux:
    # skip all but the basic tests
    # (comment the below line in a PR to debug a Gitlab-specific issue)
    PYTEST_ADDOPTS: -k "unit_test or test_0_basic" --suppress-no-test-exit-code
+  rules:
+    - if: '$CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == "main"'
+      variables:
+        CIBW_ENABLE: "all"
  script:
    - curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh
-    - python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
+    - docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
+    - python -m pip install -U pip
+    - python -m pip install -e. pytest-custom-exit-code --group test
    - python ./bin/run_tests.py

 windows:
@@ -23,9 +29,29 @@ windows:
  variables:
    PYTEST_ADDOPTS: -k "unit_test or test_0_basic" --suppress-no-test-exit-code
  before_script:
-    - choco install python -y --version 3.8.6
+    - choco install python -y --allow-downgrade --version 3.12.4
+  rules:
+    - if: '$CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == "main"'
+      variables:
+        CIBW_ENABLE: "all"
  script:
-    - py -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
+    - py -m pip install -U pip
+    - py -m pip install -e. pytest-custom-exit-code --group test
    - py bin\run_tests.py
  tags:
-    - windows
+    - saas-windows-medium-amd64
+
+macos:
+  image: macos-14-xcode-15
+  variables:
+    PYTEST_ADDOPTS: -k "unit_test or test_0_basic" --suppress-no-test-exit-code
+  rules:
+    - if: '$CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == "main"'
+      variables:
+        CIBW_ENABLE: "all"
+  script:
+    - python3 -m pip install -U pip
+    - python3 -m pip install -e. pytest-custom-exit-code --group test
+    - python3 ./bin/run_tests.py
+  tags:
+    - saas-macos-medium-m1
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
-repos:
+ci:
+  autoupdate_schedule: monthly

+repos:
 - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
-  rev: v4.6.0
+  rev: 3e8a8703264a2f4a69428a0aa4dcb512790b2c8c  # frozen: v6.0.0
  hooks:
  - id: check-case-conflict
  - id: check-merge-conflict
@@ -14,41 +16,47 @@ repos:
  - id: trailing-whitespace

 - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-  rev: v0.4.4
+  rev: 4924b0e01e032fea073ad04a1c5cfa7e4add0afb  # frozen: v0.15.6
  hooks:
-  - id: ruff
-    args: ["--fix", "--show-fixes"]
+  - id: ruff-check
+    args: ["--fix"]
  - id: ruff-format

 - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy
-  rev: v1.10.0
+  rev: a66e98df7b4aeeb3724184b332785976d062b92e  # frozen: v1.19.1
  hooks:
  - id: mypy
-    name: mypy 3.8 on cibuildwheel/
-    exclude: ^cibuildwheel/resources/.*py|bin/generate_schema.py$
-    args: ["--python-version=3.8"]
+    name: mypy 3.11 on cibuildwheel/
+    args: ["--python-version=3.11"]
+    exclude: ^cibuildwheel/resources/_cross_venv.py$  # Requires Python 3.13 or later
    additional_dependencies: &mypy-dependencies
      - bracex
-      - nox
+      - build
+      - dependency-groups>=1.2
+      - humanize
+      - nox>=2025.2.9
+      - orjson
      - packaging
+      - pyelftools
      - pygithub
+      - pytest
      - rich
-      - tomli
      - tomli_w
      - types-certifi
      - types-click
      - types-jinja2
      - types-pyyaml
      - types-requests
+      - types-setuptools
+      - uv
      - validate-pyproject
  - id: mypy
-    name: mypy 3.12
-    exclude: ^cibuildwheel/resources/.*py$
-    args: ["--python-version=3.12"]
+    name: mypy 3.14
+    args: ["--python-version=3.14"]
    additional_dependencies: *mypy-dependencies

 - repo: https://github.com/shellcheck-py/shellcheck-py
-  rev: v0.10.0.1
+  rev: 745eface02aef23e168a8afb6b5737818efbea95  # frozen: v0.11.0.1
  hooks:
  - id: shellcheck

@@ -58,25 +66,26 @@ repos:
    name: Disallow improper capitalization
    language: pygrep
    entry: PyBind|Numpy|Cmake|Github|PyTest
-    types:
-    - markdown
+    types: [markdown]
    exclude: ^docs/working-examples\.md$  # Autogenerated
-  - id: update-readme-changelog
-    name: Update README changelog
+  - id: cog
+    name: Cog the README
    language: python
-    entry: bin/update_readme_changelog.py
-    files: ^docs/changelog.md$
+    pass_filenames: false
+    entry: cog -c -P -r -I ./bin README.md
+    files: '^(README\.md|docs/changelog\.md|docs/options\.md|bin/readme.*)$'
+    additional_dependencies: [cogapp>=3.5]

 - repo: https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell
-  rev: v2.2.6
+  rev: 2ccb47ff45ad361a21071a7eedda4c37e6ae8c5a  # frozen: v2.4.2
  hooks:
  - id: codespell
-    args: ["-L", "sur", "-w"]
+    args: ["-w"]
    exclude: ^docs/working-examples\.md$  # Autogenerated


 - repo: https://github.com/python-jsonschema/check-jsonschema
-  rev: 0.28.3
+  rev: 9f48a48aa91a6040d749ad68ec70907d907a5a7f  # frozen: 0.37.0
  hooks:
    - id: check-dependabot
    - id: check-github-actions
@@ -3,13 +3,9 @@
 version: 2

 build:
-  os: ubuntu-22.04
-  tools:
-    python: "3.12"
+  os: ubuntu-24.04
  commands:
    - asdf plugin add uv
    - asdf install uv latest
    - asdf global uv latest
-    - uv venv
-    - uv pip install -e.[docs]
-    - NO_COLOR=1 .venv/bin/mkdocs build --strict --site-dir $READTHEDOCS_OUTPUT/html
+    - NO_COLOR=1 uv run --python 3.14 --managed-python --no-dev --group docs mkdocs build --strict --site-dir $READTHEDOCS_OUTPUT/html
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-os: linux
-dist: focal
-language: python
-
-branches:
-  only:
-  - main
-
-jobs:
-  include:
-    - name: Linux | x86_64 + i686 | Python 3.9
-      python: 3.9
-      services: docker
-      env: PYTHON=python
-
-    - name: Linux | arm64 | Python 3.9
-      python: 3.9
-      services: docker
-      arch: arm64-graviton2
-      group: edge
-      virt: vm
-      env: PYTHON=python
-
-    - name: Linux | ppc64le | Python 3.9
-      python: 3.9
-      services: docker
-      arch: ppc64le
-      allow_failure: True
-      env:
-        - PYTHON=python
-        # skip test_manylinuxXXXX_only, it uses too much disk space
-        # c.f. https://travis-ci.community/t/running-out-of-disk-space-quota-when-using-docker-on-ppc64le/11634
-        - PYTEST_ADDOPTS='-k "not test_manylinuxXXXX_only"'
-
-    - name: Windows | x86_64 | Python 3.9
-      os: windows
-      language: shell
-      before_install:
-        - choco upgrade python3 -y --version 3.9.13 --limit-output --params "/InstallDir:C:\\Python39"
-      env:
-        - PYTHON=C:\\Python39\\python
-
-    - name: Linux | s390x | Python 3.9
-      python: 3.9
-      services: docker
-      arch: s390x
-      env: PYTHON=python
-
-install:
- $PYTHON -m pip install -U pip
- $PYTHON -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
-
-script: |
-  # travis_wait disable the output while waiting
-  # use the same kind of tricks as in multibuild
-  (while true; do echo "travis_keep_alive"; sleep 300; done) &
-  SPINNER_PID=$!
-  disown
-  $PYTHON ./bin/run_tests.py --num-processes 2
-  kill -9 ${SPINNER_PID}
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 This is a summary of the host Python versions and platforms covered by the different CI platforms:

-|         | 3.8                                                    | 3.9                   | 3.10      | 3.12           |
-|---------|--------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------|-----------|----------------|
-| Linux   | AppVeyor¹ / Azure Pipelines / GitLab¹ / GitHub Actions | CircleCI¹ / Travis CI | Cirrus CI | GitHub Actions |
-| macOS   | AppVeyor¹ / Azure Pipelines                            | CircleCI¹ / Travis CI | Cirrus CI | GitHub Actions |
-| Windows | AppVeyor¹ / Azure Pipelines / GitLab¹                  | Travis CI             | Cirrus CI | GitHub Actions |
+|         | 3.11                             | 3.12                            | 3.13           | 3.14           |
+|---------|----------------------------------|---------------------------------|----------------|----------------|
+| Linux   | Azure Pipelines / GitHub Actions | CircleCI¹ / Cirrus CI / GitLab¹ | GitHub Actions | GitHub Actions |
+| macOS   | Azure Pipelines                  | CircleCI¹ / Cirrus CI / GitLab¹ | GitHub Actions |                |
+| Windows | Azure Pipelines                  | Cirrus CI / GitLab¹             | GitHub Actions |                |

 > ¹ Runs a reduced set of tests to reduce CI load
-
-Non-x86 architectures are covered on Travis CI using Python 3.9.
@@ -1,24 +1,9 @@
-This project is licensed under the 'BSD 2-clause license'.
+Copyright 2017, Joe Rickerby and contributors. All rights reserved.

-Copyright (c) 2017-2023, Joe Rickerby and contributors. All rights reserved.
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

-Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

-1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
-list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

-2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
-this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
-and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
-
-THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
-AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
-DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
-SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
-CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
-OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
-OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS “AS IS” AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@ cibuildwheel
 [![PyPI](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/cibuildwheel.svg)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/cibuildwheel)
 [![Documentation Status](https://readthedocs.org/projects/cibuildwheel/badge/?version=stable)](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/?badge=stable)
 [![Actions Status](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/workflows/Test/badge.svg)](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/actions)
-[![Travis Status](https://img.shields.io/travis/com/pypa/cibuildwheel/main?logo=travis)](https://travis-ci.com/pypa/cibuildwheel)
-[![Appveyor status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/gt3vwl88yt0y3hur/branch/main?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/joerick/cibuildwheel/branch/main)
 [![CircleCI Status](https://img.shields.io/circleci/build/gh/pypa/cibuildwheel/main?logo=circleci)](https://circleci.com/gh/pypa/cibuildwheel)
 [![Azure Status](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_apis/build/status/pypa.cibuildwheel?branchName=main)](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_build/latest?definitionId=4&branchName=main)

@@ -16,33 +14,38 @@ cibuildwheel

 Python wheels are great. Building them across **Mac, Linux, Windows**, on **multiple versions of Python**, is not.

-`cibuildwheel` is here to help. `cibuildwheel` runs on your CI server - currently it supports GitHub Actions, Azure Pipelines, Travis CI, AppVeyor, CircleCI, and GitLab CI - and it builds and tests your wheels across all of your platforms.
+`cibuildwheel` is here to help. `cibuildwheel` runs on your CI server - currently it supports GitHub Actions, Azure Pipelines, CircleCI, and GitLab CI - and it builds and tests your wheels across all of your platforms.


 What does it do?
 ----------------

-|                | macOS Intel | macOS Apple Silicon | Windows 64bit | Windows 32bit | Windows Arm64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux x86_64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux i686 | manylinux<br/>musllinux aarch64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux ppc64le | manylinux<br/>musllinux s390x |
-|----------------|----|-----|-----|-----|-----|----|-----|----|-----|-----|
-| CPython 3.6    | ✅ | N/A | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
-| CPython 3.7    | ✅ | N/A | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
-| CPython 3.8    | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
-| CPython 3.9    | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
-| CPython 3.10   | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
-| CPython 3.11   | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
-| CPython 3.12   | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
-| CPython 3.13³  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
-| PyPy 3.7 v7.3  | ✅ | N/A | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A |
-| PyPy 3.8 v7.3  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A |
-| PyPy 3.9 v7.3  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A |
-| PyPy 3.10 v7.3 | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A |
+While cibuildwheel itself requires a recent Python version to run (we support the last three releases), it can target the following versions to build wheels:

-<sup>¹ PyPy is only supported for manylinux wheels.</sup><br>
+|                    | macOS Intel | macOS Apple Silicon | Windows 64bit | Windows 32bit | Windows Arm64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux x86_64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux i686 | manylinux<br/>musllinux aarch64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux ppc64le | manylinux<br/>musllinux s390x | manylinux<br/>musllinux armv7l | Android | iOS | Pyodide |
+|--------------------|----|-----|----|-----|-----|----|-----|----|-----|-----|---|-----|-----|-----|
+| CPython 3.8        | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| CPython 3.9        | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| CPython 3.10       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| CPython 3.11       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| CPython 3.12       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | ✅⁴ |
+| CPython 3.13³      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁴ |
+| CPython 3.14       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.8 v7.3      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.9 v7.3      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.10 v7.3     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.11 v7.3     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| GraalPy 3.11 v24.2 | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | N/A  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| GraalPy 3.12 v25.0 | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | N/A  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+
+<sup>¹ PyPy & GraalPy are only supported for manylinux wheels.</sup><br>
 <sup>² Windows arm64 support is experimental.</sup><br>
-<sup>³ CPython 3.13 is available using the [CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#prerelease-pythons) option.</sup><br>
+<sup>³ Free-threaded mode requires opt-in on 3.13 using [`enable`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable).</sup><br>
+<sup>⁴ Experimental, not yet supported on PyPI, but can be used directly in web deployment. Use `--platform pyodide` to build.</sup><br>
+<sup>⁵ manylinux armv7l support is experimental. As there are no RHEL based image for this architecture, it's using an Ubuntu based image instead.</sup><br>

- Builds manylinux, musllinux, macOS 10.9+, and Windows wheels for CPython and PyPy
- Works on GitHub Actions, Azure Pipelines, Travis CI, AppVeyor, CircleCI, GitLab CI, and Cirrus CI
+- Builds manylinux, musllinux, macOS, and Windows wheels for CPython, PyPy, and GraalPy
+- Works on GitHub Actions, Azure Pipelines, CircleCI, GitLab CI, and Cirrus CI
 - Bundles shared library dependencies on Linux and macOS through [auditwheel](https://github.com/pypa/auditwheel) and [delocate](https://github.com/matthew-brett/delocate)
 - Runs your library's tests against the wheel-installed version of your library

@@ -53,18 +56,18 @@ Usage

 `cibuildwheel` runs inside a CI service. Supported platforms depend on which service you're using:

-|                 | Linux | macOS | Windows | Linux ARM | macOS ARM | Windows ARM |
-|-----------------|-------|-------|---------|-----------|-----------|-------------|
-| GitHub Actions  | ✅    | ✅    | ✅       | ✅¹       | ✅        | ✅²         |
-| Azure Pipelines | ✅    | ✅    | ✅       |           | ✅        | ✅²         |
-| Travis CI       | ✅    |       | ✅      | ✅        |           |             |
-| AppVeyor        | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      |           | ✅        | ✅²         |
-| CircleCI        | ✅    | ✅    |         | ✅        | ✅        |             |
-| Gitlab CI       | ✅    |       | ✅      | ✅¹       |           |             |
-| Cirrus CI       | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅        | ✅        |             |
+|                 | Linux | macOS | Windows | Linux ARM | macOS ARM | Windows ARM | Android | iOS |
+|-----------------|-------|-------|---------|-----------|-----------|-------------|---------|-----|
+| GitHub Actions  | ✅    | ✅    | ✅       | ✅        | ✅        | ✅²         | ✅⁴      | ✅³  |
+| Azure Pipelines | ✅    | ✅    | ✅       |           | ✅        | ✅²         | ✅⁴      | ✅³  |
+| CircleCI        | ✅    | ✅    |         | ✅        | ✅        |             | ✅⁴      | ✅³  |
+| Gitlab CI       | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅¹       | ✅        |             | ✅⁴      | ✅³  |
+| Cirrus CI       | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅        | ✅        |             | ✅⁴      |      |

 <sup>¹ [Requires emulation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/faq/#emulation), distributed separately. Other services may also support Linux ARM through emulation or third-party build hosts, but these are not tested in our CI.</sup><br>
-<sup>² [Uses cross-compilation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/faq/#windows-arm64). It is not possible to test `arm64` on this CI platform.</sup>
+<sup>² [Uses cross-compilation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/faq/#windows-arm64). It is not possible to test `arm64` on this CI platform.</sup><br>
+<sup>³ Requires a macOS runner; runs tests on the simulator for the runner's architecture. </sup><br>
+<sup>⁴ Building for Android requires the runner to be Linux x86_64, macOS ARM64 or macOS x86_64. Testing has [additional requirements](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/platforms/#android).</sup><br>

 <!--intro-end-->

@@ -73,6 +76,7 @@ Example setup

 To build manylinux, musllinux, macOS, and Windows wheels on GitHub Actions, you could use this `.github/workflows/wheels.yml`:

+<!--generic-github-start-->
 ```yaml
 name: Build

@@ -84,28 +88,32 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    strategy:
      matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-13, macos-14]
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-15-intel, macos-latest]

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false

      # Used to host cibuildwheel
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v6

      - name: Install cibuildwheel
-        run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.18.1
+        run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.4.1

      - name: Build wheels
        run: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
        # to supply options, put them in 'env', like:
        # env:
        #   CIBW_SOME_OPTION: value
+        #   ...

-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6
        with:
          name: cibw-wheels-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ strategy.job-index }}
          path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl
 ```
+<!--generic-github-end-->

 For more information, including PyPI deployment, and the use of other CI services or the dedicated GitHub Action, check out the [documentation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io) and the [examples](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/tree/main/examples).

@@ -118,33 +126,53 @@ The following diagram summarises the steps that cibuildwheel takes on each platf

 <sup>Explore an interactive version of this diagram [in the docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/#how-it-works).</sup>

-Options
-------
+> [!WARNING]
+> Building and testing wheels executes arbitrary code from your project and its dependencies. Although cibuildwheel uses OCI containers and Pyodide for some builds, these provide no security guarantees - the code you're building and testing has full access to the environment that's invoking cibuildwheel.
+>
+> If you cannot trust all the code that's pulled in, maintain good security hygiene: keep the job that builds distributions separate from the job that uploads them to PyPI, handle secrets and credentials with care and rotate them regularly, and follow the principle of least privilege when granting permissions. Do not store sensitive data on CI runners.
+
+
+<!--[[[cog from readme_options_table import get_table; print(get_table()) ]]]-->
+
+<!-- This table is auto-generated from docs/options.md by bin/readme_options_table.py -->

 |   | Option | Description |
-|---|--------|-------------|
-| **Build selection** | [`CIBW_PLATFORM`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#platform)  | Override the auto-detected target platform |
-|   | [`CIBW_BUILD`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-skip)  <br> [`CIBW_SKIP`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-skip)  | Choose the Python versions to build |
-|   | [`CIBW_ARCHS`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#archs)  | Change the architectures built on your machine by default. |
-|   | [`CIBW_PROJECT_REQUIRES_PYTHON`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#requires-python)  | Manually set the Python compatibility of your project |
-|   | [`CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#prerelease-pythons)  | Enable building with pre-release versions of Python if available |
-| **Build customization** | [`CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-frontend)  | Set the tool to use to build, either "pip" (default for now) or "build" |
-|   | [`CIBW_ENVIRONMENT`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#environment)  | Set environment variables needed during the build |
-|   | [`CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_PASS_LINUX`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#environment-pass)  | Set environment variables on the host to pass-through to the container during the build. |
-|   | [`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#before-all)  | Execute a shell command on the build system before any wheels are built. |
-|   | [`CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#before-build)  | Execute a shell command preparing each wheel's build |
-|   | [`CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#repair-wheel-command)  | Execute a shell command to repair each built wheel |
-|   | [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_*_IMAGE`<br/>`CIBW_MUSLLINUX_*_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image)  | Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux Docker images |
-|   | [`CIBW_CONTAINER_ENGINE`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#container-engine)  | Specify which container engine to use when building Linux wheels |
-|   | [`CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#dependency-versions)  | Specify how cibuildwheel controls the versions of the tools it uses |
-| **Testing** | [`CIBW_TEST_COMMAND`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-command)  | Execute a shell command to test each built wheel |
-|   | [`CIBW_BEFORE_TEST`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#before-test)  | Execute a shell command before testing each wheel |
-|   | [`CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-requires)  | Install Python dependencies before running the tests |
-|   | [`CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-extras)  | Install your wheel for testing using extras_require |
-|   | [`CIBW_TEST_SKIP`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-skip)  | Skip running tests on some builds |
-| **Other** | [`CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-verbosity)  | Increase/decrease the output of pip wheel |
+|---|---|---|
+| **Build selection** | [`platform`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#platform) | Override the auto-detected target platform |
+|  | [`build`<br>`skip`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-skip) | Choose the Python versions to build |
+|  | [`archs`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#archs) | Change the architectures built on your machine by default. |
+|  | [`project-requires-python`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#requires-python) | Manually set the Python compatibility of your project |
+|  | [`enable`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) | Enable building with extra categories of selectors present. |
+|  | [`allow-empty`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#allow-empty) | Suppress the error code if no wheels match the specified build identifiers |
+| **Build customization** | [`build-frontend`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-frontend) | Set the tool to use to build, either "build" (default), "build\[uv\]", or "pip" |
+|  | [`config-settings`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#config-settings) | Specify config-settings for the build backend. |
+|  | [`environment`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#environment) | Set environment variables |
+|  | [`environment-pass`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#environment-pass) | Set environment variables on the host to pass-through to the container. |
+|  | [`before-all`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#before-all) | Execute a shell command on the build system before any wheels are built. |
+|  | [`before-build`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#before-build) | Execute a shell command preparing each wheel's build |
+|  | [`xbuild-tools`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#xbuild-tools) | Binaries on the path that should be included in an isolated cross-build environment. |
+|  | [`repair-wheel-command`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#repair-wheel-command) | Execute a shell command to repair each built wheel |
+|  | [`manylinux-*-image`<br>`musllinux-*-image`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image) | Specify manylinux / musllinux container images |
+|  | [`container-engine`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#container-engine) | Specify the container engine to use when building Linux wheels |
+|  | [`dependency-versions`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#dependency-versions) | Control the versions of the tools cibuildwheel uses |
+|  | [`pyodide-version`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#pyodide-version) | Specify the Pyodide version to use for `pyodide` platform builds |
+| **Testing** | [`test-command`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-command) | The command to test each built wheel |
+|  | [`before-test`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#before-test) | Execute a shell command before testing each wheel |
+|  | [`test-sources`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-sources) | Paths that are copied into the working directory of the tests |
+|  | [`test-requires`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-requires) | Install Python dependencies before running the tests |
+|  | [`test-extras`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-extras) | Install your wheel for testing using `extras_require` |
+|  | [`test-groups`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-groups) | Specify test dependencies from your project's `dependency-groups` |
+|  | [`test-skip`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-skip) | Skip running tests on some builds |
+|  | [`test-environment`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-environment) | Set environment variables for the test environment |
+|  | [`test-runtime`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-runtime) | Controls how the tests will be executed. |
+| **Debugging** | [`debug-keep-container`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#debug-keep-container) | Keep the container after running for debugging. |
+|  | [`debug-traceback`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#debug-traceback) | Print full traceback when errors occur. |
+|  | [`build-verbosity`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-verbosity) | Increase/decrease the output of the build |

-These options can be specified in a pyproject.toml file, as well; see [configuration](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#configuration).
+
+<!--[[[end]]] (sum: dbfwOkj/k/) -->
+
+These options can be specified in a pyproject.toml file, or as environment variables, see [configuration docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/configuration/).

 Working examples
 ----------------
@@ -158,28 +186,27 @@ Here are some repos that use cibuildwheel.
 | Name                              | CI | OS | Notes |
 |-----------------------------------|----|----|:------|
 | [scikit-learn][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The machine learning library. A complex but clean config using many of cibuildwheel's features to build a large project with Cython and C++ extensions.  |
+| [duckdb][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | DuckDB is an analytical in-process SQL database management system |
 | [pytorch-fairseq][]               | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence Toolkit written in Python. |
 | [NumPy][]                         | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. |
-| [Tornado][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library. Uses stable ABI for a small C extension. |
-| [Matplotlib][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The venerable Matplotlib, a Python library with C++ portions |
 | [NCNN][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | ncnn is a high-performance neural network inference framework optimized for the mobile platform |
-| [Prophet][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Tool for producing high quality forecasts for time series data that has multiple seasonality with linear or non-linear growth. |
+| [Matplotlib][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The venerable Matplotlib, a Python library with C++ portions |
+| [Tornado][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library. Uses stable ABI for a small C extension. |
 | [MyPy][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | The compiled version of MyPy using MyPyC. |
-| [duckdb][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | DuckDB is an in-process SQL OLAP Database Management System |
+| [Prophet][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Tool for producing high quality forecasts for time series data that has multiple seasonality with linear or non-linear growth. |
 | [Kivy][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Open source UI framework written in Python, running on Windows, Linux, macOS, Android and iOS |

 [scikit-learn]: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn
+[duckdb]: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb
 [pytorch-fairseq]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/fairseq
 [NumPy]: https://github.com/numpy/numpy
-[Tornado]: https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado
-[Matplotlib]: https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib
 [NCNN]: https://github.com/Tencent/ncnn
-[Prophet]: https://github.com/facebook/prophet
+[Matplotlib]: https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib
+[Tornado]: https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado
 [MyPy]: https://github.com/mypyc/mypy_mypyc-wheels
-[duckdb]: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb
+[Prophet]: https://github.com/facebook/prophet
 [Kivy]: https://github.com/kivy/kivy

-[appveyor icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/appveyor.svg
 [github icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/github.svg
 [azurepipelines icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/azurepipelines.svg
 [circleci icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/circleci.svg
@@ -206,71 +233,58 @@ This is similar to static linking, so it might have some license implications. C
 Changelog
 =========

-<!-- START bin/update_readme_changelog.py -->
+<!-- [[[cog from readme_changelog import mini_changelog; print(mini_changelog()) ]]] -->

-<!-- this section was generated by bin/update_readme_changelog.py -- do not edit manually -->
+### v3.4.1

-### v2.18.1
+_2 April 2026_

- 🌟 Add free-threaded Linux and Windows builds for 3.13. New identifiers `cp313t-*`, new option `CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT`/`tool.cibuildwheel.free-threaded-support` required to opt-in. [See the docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#free-threaded-support) for more information. (#1831)
- ✨ The `container-engine` is now a build (non-global) option. (#1792)
- 🛠 The build backend for cibuildwheel is now hatchling. (#1297)
- 🛠 Significant improvements and modernization to our noxfile. (#1823)
- 🛠 Use pylint's new GitHub Actions reporter instead of a custom matcher. (#1823)
- 🛠 Unpin virtualenv updates for Python 3.7+ (#1830)
- 🐛 Fix running linux tests from Windows or macOS ARM. (#1788)
- 📚 Fix our documentation build. (#1821)
+- ⚠️ Building for the experimental CPython 3.13 free-threading variant is now deprecated. That functionality will be removed in the next minor release. The [`enable`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) option `cpython-freethreading` is therefore also deprecated. Builds specifying `enable = "all"` no longer select `cpython-freethreading`. CPython 3.14 free-threading support remains available without the `enable` flag. (#2787)
+- 🐛 iOS builds will no longer skip `repair-wheel-command` if it's defined in config (#2761)
+- 🐛 Fix bug causing `uv` to fail when environments define PYTHON_VERSION or UV_PYTHON, conflicting with our venvs (#2795)
+- ✨ cibuildwheel prints the selected build identifiers at the start of the build. (#2785)
+- 🔐 The GitHub Action now references other actions with a full SHA (#2744)

+### v3.4.0

-### v2.18.0
+_5 March 2026_

-_12 May 2024_
+- 🌟 You can now build wheels using `uv` as a build frontend. This should improve performance, especially if your project has lots of build dependencies. To use, set [`build-frontend`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-frontend) to `uv`. (#2322)
+- ⚠️ We no longer support running on Travis CI. It may continue working but we don't run tests there anymore so we can't be sure. (#2682)
+- ✨ Improvements to building rust wheels on Android (#2650)
+- 🐛 Fix bug with the GitHub Action on Windows, where PATH was getting unnecessarily changed, causing issues with meson builds. (#2723)
+- ✨ Add support for quiet setting on `build` and `uv` from the cibuildwheel `build-verbosity` setting. (#2737)
+- 📚 Docs updates, including guidance on using Meson on Windows (#2718)

- ✨ Adds CPython 3.13 support, under the prerelease flag [CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#prerelease-pythons). This version of cibuildwheel uses 3.13.0b1. Free-threading mode is not available yet (#1657), waiting on official binaries (planned for beta 2) and pip support.
+### v3.3.1

-    _While CPython is in beta, the ABI can change, so your wheels might not be compatible with the final release. For this reason, we don't recommend distributing wheels until RC1, at which point 3.13 will be available in cibuildwheel without the flag._ (#1815)
+_5 January 2026_

- ✨ Musllinux now defaults to `musllinux_1_2`. You can set the older `musllinux_1_1` via config if needed. (#1817)
- 🛠 No longer pre-seed setuptools/wheel in virtual environments (#1819)
- 🛠 Respect the constraints file when building with pip, matching build (#1818)
- 🛠 Use uv to compile our pinned dependencies, 10x faster and doesn't require special setup (#1778)
- 🐛 Fix an issue with the schema (#1788)
- 📚 Document the new delocate error checking macOS versions (#1766)
- 📚 Document Rust builds (#1816)
- 📚 Speed up our readthedocs builds with uv, 26 seconds -> 6 seconds to install dependencies (#1816)
+- 🛠 Update dependencies and container pins, including updating to CPython 3.14.2. (#2708)

+### v3.3.0

-### v2.17.0
+_12 November 2025_

-_11 March 2024_
+- 🐛 Fix an incompatibility with Docker v29 (#2660)
+- ✨ Adds `test-runtime` option, to customise how tests on simulated/emulated environments are run (#2636)
+- ✨ Adds support for new `manylinux_2_35` images on 32-bit ARM `armv7l`, offering better C++20 compatibility (#2656)
+- ✨ `build[uv]` is now supported on Android (#2587)
+- ✨ You can now install extras (such as `uv`) with a simple option on the GitHub Action (#2630)
+- ✨ `{project}` and `{package}` placeholders are now supported in `repair-wheel-command` (#2589)
+- 🛠 The versions set with `dependency-versions` no longer constrain packages specified by your `build-system.requires`. Previously, on platforms other than Linux, the constraints in this option would remain in the environment during the build. This has been tidied up make behaviour more consistent between platforms, and to prevent version conflicts. (#2583)
+- 🛠 Improve the handling of `test-command` on Android, enabling more options to be passed (#2590)
+- 📚 Docs improvements (#2618)

- 🌟 Adds the ability to inherit configuration in TOML overrides. This makes certain configurations much simpler. If you're overriding an option like `before-build` or `environment`, and you just want to add an  extra command or environment variable, you can just append (or prepend) to the previous config. See [the docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#inherit) for more information. (#1730)
- 🌟 Adds official support for native `arm64` macOS GitHub runners. To use them, just specify `macos-14` as an `os` of your job in your workflow file. You can also keep `macos-13` in your build matrix to build `x86_64`. Check out the new [GitHub Actions example config](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/setup/#github-actions).
- ✨ You no longer need to specify `--platform` to run cibuildwheel locally! Instead it will detect your platform automatically. This was a safety feature, no longer necessary. (#1727)
- 🛠 Removed setuptools and wheel pinned versions. This only affects old-style projects without a `pyproject.toml`, projects with `pyproject.toml` are already getting fresh versions of their `build-system.requires` installed into an isolated environment. (#1725)
- 🛠 Improve how the GitHub Action passes arguments (#1757)
- 🛠 Remove a system-wide install of pipx in the GitHub Action (#1745)
- 🐛 No longer will cibuildwheel override the `PIP_CONSTRAINT` environment variable when using the `build` frontend. Instead it will be extended. (#1675)
- 🐛 Fix a bug where building and testing both `x86_86` and `arm64` wheels on the same runner caused the wrong architectures in the test environment (#1750)
- 🐛 Fix a bug that prevented testing a CPython 3.8 wheel targeting macOS 11+ on `x86_64` (#1768)
- 📚 Moved the docs onto the official PyPA domain - they're now available at https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io . (#1775)
- 📚 Docs and examples improvements (#1762, #1734)
+### v3.2.1

+_12 October 2025_

-### v2.16.5
+- 🛠 Update to CPython 3.14.0 final (#2614)
+- 🐛 Fix the default MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET on Python 3.14 (#2613)
+- 📚 Docs improvements (#2617)

-_30 January 2024_
-
- 🐛 Fix an incompatibility with the GitHub Action and new GitHub Runner images for Windows that bundle Powershell 7.3+ (#1741)
- 🛠 Preliminary support for new `macos-14` arm64 runners (#1743)
-
-### v2.16.4
-
-_28 January 2024_
-
- 🛠 Update manylinux pins to upgrade from a problematic PyPy version. (#1737)
-
-<!-- END bin/update_readme_changelog.py -->
+<!-- [[[end]]] (sum: NOLMd9iLDC) -->

 ---

@@ -290,12 +304,23 @@ Everyone interacting with the cibuildwheel project via codebase, issue tracker,
 Maintainers
 -----------

+Core:
+
 - Joe Rickerby [@joerick](https://github.com/joerick)
 - Yannick Jadoul [@YannickJadoul](https://github.com/YannickJadoul)
 - Matthieu Darbois [@mayeut](https://github.com/mayeut)
 - Henry Schreiner [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii)
 - Grzegorz Bokota [@Czaki](https://github.com/Czaki)

+Platform maintainers:
+
+- Russell Keith-Magee [@freakboy3742](https://github.com/freakboy3742) (iOS)
+- Agriya Khetarpal [@agriyakhetarpal](https://github.com/agriyakhetarpal) (Pyodide)
+- Hood Chatham [@hoodmane](https://github.com/hoodmane) (Pyodide)
+- Gyeongjae Choi [@ryanking13](https://github.com/ryanking13) (Pyodide)
+- Tim Felgentreff [@timfel](https://github.com/timfel) (GraalPy)
+- Malcolm Smith [@mhsmith](https://github.com/mhsmith) (Android)
+
 Credits
 -------

@@ -17,6 +17,10 @@ inputs:
    description: 'Build a specific wheel only. No need for arch/platform if this is set'
    required: false
    default: ''
+  extras:
+    description: 'Comma-separated list of extras to install'
+    required: false
+    default: ''
 branding:
  icon: package
  color: yellow
@@ -24,18 +28,18 @@ branding:
 runs:
  using: composite
  steps:
-    # Set up a non-EOL, cibuildwheel & pipx supported Python version
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
      id: python
      with:
-        python-version: "3.8 - 3.12"
+        python-version: "3.11 - 3.14"
        update-environment: false

    - id: cibw
      run: |
-        # Install cibuildwheel
-        "${{ steps.python.outputs.python-path }}" -u << "EOF"
+        # Install cibuildwheel and build the command line
+        "$PYTHON" -u << "EOF"
        import os
+        import shlex
        import shutil
        import sys
        import venv
@@ -43,6 +47,8 @@ runs:
        from pathlib import Path
        from subprocess import run

+        EXTRAS = set(e.strip() for e in os.environ.get("INPUT_EXTRAS", "").split(",") if e.strip())
+

        class EnvBuilder(venv.EnvBuilder):
            def __init__(self):
@@ -54,39 +60,88 @@ runs:
            def post_setup(self, context):
                super().post_setup(context)
                self.bin_path = Path(context.env_exe).parent
-                run([sys.executable, "-m", "pip", "--python", context.env_exe, "install", r"${{ github.action_path }}"], check=True)
+                install_spec = os.environ["GITHUB_ACTION_PATH"]
+                if EXTRAS:
+                    install_spec += f"[{','.join(sorted(EXTRAS))}]"
+                run([sys.executable, "-m", "pip", "--python", context.env_exe, "install", install_spec], check=True)


        print("::group::Install cibuildwheel")
-        venv_path = Path(r"${{ runner.temp }}") / "cibw"
+        venv_path = Path(os.environ["RUNNER_TEMP"]) / "cibw"
        if venv_path.exists():
            shutil.rmtree(venv_path)
+
        builder = EnvBuilder()
        builder.create(venv_path)
-        cibw_path = [path for path in builder.bin_path.glob("cibuildwheel*") if path.stem == "cibuildwheel"][0]
+        exposed_binaries = {"cibuildwheel"}
+
+        if "uv" in EXTRAS:
+            exposed_binaries.add("uv")
+        clean_bin_path = builder.bin_path.parent / f"{builder.bin_path.name}.clean"
+        clean_bin_path.mkdir()
+
+        for path in list(builder.bin_path.iterdir()):
+            if path.stem in exposed_binaries:
+                try:
+                    os.symlink(path, clean_bin_path / path.name)
+                except OSError:
+                    shutil.copy2(path, clean_bin_path / path.name)
+
+        cibw_bin = [p for p in builder.bin_path.glob("cibuildwheel*") if p.stem == "cibuildwheel"][0]
+
+        # Build the command line
+        cmd_args = [str(cibw_bin), os.environ["INPUT_PACKAGE_DIR"]]
+
+        if output_dir := os.environ.get("INPUT_OUTPUT_DIR"):
+            cmd_args += ["--output-dir", output_dir]
+
+        if config_file := os.environ.get("INPUT_CONFIG_FILE"):
+            cmd_args += ["--config-file", config_file]
+
+        if only := os.environ.get("INPUT_ONLY"):
+            cmd_args += ["--only", only]
+
+        cmd_bash = shlex.join(cmd_args)
+
+        def pwsh_quote(text):
+            # Wrap in single quotes and double-up any existing single quotes
+            return "'" + str(text).replace("'", "''") + "'"
+
+        # Prepend '& ' so PowerShell executes the quoted binary path
+        cmd_pwsh = "& " + " ".join(pwsh_quote(arg) for arg in cmd_args)
+
        with open(os.environ["GITHUB_OUTPUT"], "at") as f:
-            f.write(f"cibw-path={cibw_path}\n")
+            f.write(f"prepend-path={clean_bin_path}\n")
+            f.write(f"cmd-bash={cmd_bash}\n")
+            f.write(f"cmd-pwsh={cmd_pwsh}\n")
+
        print("::endgroup::")
        EOF
      shell: bash
+      env:
+        PYTHON: ${{ steps.python.outputs.python-path }}
+        INPUT_PACKAGE_DIR: ${{ inputs.package-dir }}
+        INPUT_OUTPUT_DIR: ${{ inputs.output-dir }}
+        INPUT_CONFIG_FILE: ${{ inputs.config-file }}
+        INPUT_ONLY: ${{ inputs.only }}
+        INPUT_EXTRAS: ${{ inputs.extras }}

    # Redirecting stderr to stdout to fix interleaving issue in Actions.
-    - run: >
-        "${{ steps.cibw.outputs.cibw-path }}"
-        "${{ inputs.package-dir }}"
-        ${{ inputs.output-dir != ''  && format('--output-dir "{0}"', inputs.output-dir) || ''}}
-        ${{ inputs.config-file != '' && format('--config-file "{0}"', inputs.config-file) || ''}}
-        ${{ inputs.only != ''        && format('--only "{0}"', inputs.only) || ''}}
-        2>&1
+    - run: |
+        export PATH="$CIBW_PREPEND_PATH:$PATH"
+        eval "$CIBW_CMD_BASH" 2>&1
      shell: bash
      if: runner.os != 'Windows'
+      env:
+        CIBW_PREPEND_PATH: ${{ steps.cibw.outputs.prepend-path }}
+        CIBW_CMD_BASH: ${{ steps.cibw.outputs.cmd-bash }}

    # Windows needs powershell to interact nicely with Meson
-    - run: >
-        & "${{ steps.cibw.outputs.cibw-path }}"
-        "${{ inputs.package-dir }}"
-        ${{ inputs.output-dir != ''  && format('--output-dir "{0}"', inputs.output-dir) || ''}}
-        ${{ inputs.config-file != '' && format('--config-file "{0}"', inputs.config-file) || ''}}
-        ${{ inputs.only != ''        && format('--only "{0}"', inputs.only) || ''}}
+    - run: |
+        $env:PATH = "$env:CIBW_PREPEND_PATH;$env:PATH"
+        Invoke-Expression $env:CIBW_CMD_PWSH
      shell: pwsh
      if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+      env:
+        CIBW_PREPEND_PATH: ${{ steps.cibw.outputs.prepend-path }}
+        CIBW_CMD_PWSH: ${{ steps.cibw.outputs.cmd-pwsh }}
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-environment:
-  matrix:
-    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Ubuntu
-      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python38-x64-ubuntu"
-    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2015
-      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python38-x64-vs2015"
-    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: macos
-      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python38-x64-macos"
-
-stack: python 3.8
-
-build: off
-
-init:
- cmd: set PATH=C:\Python38;C:\Python38\Scripts;%PATH%
- ps: |
-      $BRANCH = if ($env:APPVEYOR_PULL_REQUEST_HEAD_REPO_BRANCH) { $env:APPVEYOR_PULL_REQUEST_HEAD_REPO_BRANCH } else { $env:APPVEYOR_REPO_BRANCH }
-      if (-not ($BRANCH -eq 'main' -or $BRANCH.ToLower().StartsWith('appveyor-'))) {
-        $env:PYTEST_ADDOPTS='-k "unit_test or test_0_basic" --suppress-no-test-exit-code'
-      }
-      python -m pip install -U pip
-
-install: python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
-
-# the '-u' flag is required so the output is in the correct order.
-# See https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/24 for more info.
-test_script: python -u ./bin/run_tests.py
-
-branches:
-  only:
-    - main
-
-skip_commits:
-  files:
-    - docs/*
@@ -1,38 +1,76 @@
 pr:
  paths:
    exclude:
-      - docs/*
+      - .github/**
+      - bin/*
+      - docs/**
+      - examples/github-*
+      - examples/ci*
+      - examples/travis-ci-*
+      - .ci*
      - .pre-commit-config.yaml
+      - .readthedocs.yml
+      - .travis.yml
+      - README.md
+      - mkdocs.yml
+      - noxfile.py

 jobs:
- job: linux_38
-  timeoutInMinutes: 120
-  pool: {vmImage: 'Ubuntu-20.04'}
-  steps:
-    - task: UsePythonVersion@0
-      inputs:
-        versionSpec: '3.8'
-    - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -e ".[dev]"
-        python ./bin/run_tests.py
-
- job: macos_38
-  pool: {vmImage: 'macOS-11'}
-  steps:
-    - task: UsePythonVersion@0
-      inputs:
-        versionSpec: '3.8'
-    - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -e ".[dev]"
-        python ./bin/run_tests.py --num-processes 2
-
- job: windows_38
-  pool: {vmImage: 'windows-2019'}
+- job: tests
+  strategy:
+    matrix:
+      linux_311:
+        imageName: "ubuntu-latest"
+        pythonVersion: "3.11"
+        testSelect: "native"
+      android_311:
+        imageName: "ubuntu-latest"
+        pythonVersion: "3.11"
+        testSelect: "android"
+      macos_311:
+        imageName: "macos-latest"
+        pythonVersion: "3.11"
+        testSelect: "native"
+      ios_311:
+        imageName: "macos-14"  # See https://github.com/actions/runner-images/issues/12777
+        pythonVersion: "3.11"
+        testSelect: "ios"
+      android_macos_311:
+        imageName: "macos-latest"
+        pythonVersion: "3.11"
+        testSelect: "android"
+      windows_311:
+        imageName: "windows-latest"
+        pythonVersion: "3.11"
+        testSelect: "native"
  timeoutInMinutes: 180
+  pool:
+    vmImage: $(imageName)
+
  steps:
    - task: UsePythonVersion@0
      inputs:
-        versionSpec: '3.8'
+        versionSpec: $(pythonVersion)
+
+    - task: JavaToolInstaller@0
+      condition: and(eq(variables['testSelect'], 'android'), eq(variables['Agent.OS'], 'Linux'))
+      inputs:
+        versionSpec: '17'
+        jdkArchitectureOption: 'x64'
+        jdkSourceOption: 'PreInstalled'
+
+    - bash: docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
+      condition: and(eq(variables['imageName'], 'ubuntu-latest'), eq(variables['testSelect'], 'native'))
+      displayName: 'Install binfmt on Linux'
+
+    - bash: python -m pip install -U pip && python -m pip install -e. --group test
+      displayName: 'Update pip and install cibuildwheel --group test'
+
+    - bash: echo "##vso[task.setvariable variable=CIBW_ENABLE;]all"
+      condition: eq(variables['Build.SourceBranch'], 'refs/heads/main')
+      displayName: Set CIBW_ENABLE to all (main branch)
+
    - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -e ".[dev]"
-        python ./bin/run_tests.py
+        echo "CIBW_ENABLE = $CIBW_ENABLE"
+        python ./bin/run_tests.py --test-select $(testSelect)
+      displayName: 'Run tests'
@@ -1,27 +1,20 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3

 # /// script
-# dependencies = ["click", "packaging", "tomli; python_version<'3.11'"]
+# dependencies = ["click", "packaging", "prek"]
 # ///


-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import glob
 import os
 import subprocess
 import sys
+import tomllib
 import urllib.parse
 from pathlib import Path

 import click
 from packaging.version import InvalidVersion, Version

-if sys.version_info < (3, 11):
-    import tomli as tomllib
-else:
-    import tomllib
-
 config = [
    # file path, version find/replace format
    ("pyproject.toml", 'version = "{}"'),
@@ -29,7 +22,6 @@ config = [
    ("cibuildwheel/__init__.py", '__version__ = "{}"'),
    ("docs/faq.md", "cibuildwheel=={}"),
    ("docs/faq.md", "cibuildwheel@v{}"),
-    ("docs/setup.md", "cibuildwheel=={}"),
    ("examples/*", "cibuildwheel=={}"),
    ("examples/*", "cibuildwheel@v{}"),
 ]
@@ -76,8 +68,8 @@ def bump_version() -> None:
        sys.exit(1)

    # fmt: off
-    print(              'Current version:', current_version)
-    new_version = input('    New version: ').strip()
+    print(              "Current version:", current_version)
+    new_version = input("    New version: ").strip()
    # fmt: on

    try:
@@ -90,7 +82,7 @@ def bump_version() -> None:
    actions = []

    for path_pattern, version_pattern in config:
-        paths = [Path(p) for p in glob.glob(path_pattern)]
+        paths = list(Path().glob(path_pattern))

        if not paths:
            print(f"error: Pattern {path_pattern} didn't match any files")
@@ -137,8 +129,8 @@ def bump_version() -> None:
        contents = contents.replace(find, replace)
        path.write_text(contents, encoding="utf8")

-    print("Files updated. If you want to update the changelog as part of this")
-    print("commit, do that now.")
+    print("Files updated. If you want to update docs/changelog.md as part of")
+    print("this commit, do that now.")
    print()

    while input('Type "done" to continue: ').strip().lower() != "done":
@@ -147,7 +139,7 @@ def bump_version() -> None:
    # run pre-commit to update the README changelog
    subprocess.run(
        [
-            "pre-commit",
+            "prek",
            "run",
            "--files=docs/changelog.md",
        ],
@@ -157,7 +149,7 @@ def bump_version() -> None:
    # run pre-commit to check that no errors occurred on the second run
    subprocess.run(
        [
-            "pre-commit",
+            "prek",
            "run",
            "--files=docs/changelog.md",
        ],
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+import sys
+import textwrap
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import click
+
+from cibuildwheel.extra import get_pyodide_xbuildenv_info
+
+
+@click.command()
+@click.argument(
+    "pyodide-version",
+    type=str,
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--output-file",
+    type=click.Path(),
+    default=None,
+    help="Output file to write the constraints to. If not provided, the constraints will be printed to stdout.",
+)
+def generate_pyodide_constraints(pyodide_version: str, output_file: str | None = None) -> None:
+    """
+    Generate constraints for a specific Pyodide version. The constraints are
+    generated based on the Pyodide version's xbuildenv info, which is retrieved
+    from the Pyodide repository.
+
+    These constraints should then be 'pinned' using `uv pip compile`.
+
+    Example usage:
+
+        bin/generate_pyodide_constraints.py 0.27.0
+    """
+    xbuildenv_info = get_pyodide_xbuildenv_info()
+    try:
+        pyodide_version_xbuildenv_info = xbuildenv_info["releases"][pyodide_version]
+    except KeyError as e:
+        msg = f"Pyodide version {pyodide_version} not found in xbuildenv info. Versions available: {', '.join(xbuildenv_info['releases'].keys())}"
+        raise click.BadParameter(msg) from e
+
+    pyodide_build_min_version = pyodide_version_xbuildenv_info.get("min_pyodide_build_version")
+    pyodide_build_max_version = pyodide_version_xbuildenv_info.get("max_pyodide_build_version")
+
+    pyodide_build_specifier_parts: list[str] = []
+
+    if pyodide_build_min_version:
+        pyodide_build_specifier_parts.append(f">={pyodide_build_min_version}")
+    if pyodide_build_max_version:
+        pyodide_build_specifier_parts.append(f"<={pyodide_build_max_version}")
+
+    pyodide_build_specifier = ",".join(pyodide_build_specifier_parts)
+
+    constraints_txt = textwrap.dedent(f"""
+        pip
+        build[virtualenv]
+        pyodide-build{pyodide_build_specifier}
+        click<8.2
+    """)
+
+    if output_file is None:
+        print(constraints_txt)
+    else:
+        Path(output_file).write_text(constraints_txt)
+        print(f"Constraints written to {output_file}", file=sys.stderr)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    generate_pyodide_constraints()
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
+#!/usr/bin/env -S uv run -q

 # /// script
 # dependencies = ["pyyaml"]
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@ from typing import Any

 import yaml

-parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(allow_abbrev=False)
 parser.add_argument("--schemastore", action="store_true", help="Generate schema_store version")
 args = parser.parse_args()

 starter = """
-$schema: http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema
+$schema: http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#
 $id: https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/cibuildwheel/resources/cibuildwheel.schema.json
 $defs:
  inherit:
@@ -26,6 +26,15 @@ $defs:
      - append
    default: none
    description: How to inherit the parent's value.
+  enable:
+    enum:
+      - cpython-freethreading
+      - cpython-prerelease
+      - graalpy
+      - pyodide-prerelease
+      - pypy
+      - pypy-eol
+  description: A Python version or flavor to enable.
 additionalProperties: false
 description: cibuildwheel's settings.
 type: object
@@ -48,19 +57,23 @@ properties:
    type: string_array
  build-frontend:
    default: default
-    description: Set the tool to use to build, either "pip" (default for now) or "build"
+    description: Set the tool to use to build, either "build" (default), "build[uv]", "uv", or "pip"
    oneOf:
-      - enum: [pip, build, default]
+      - enum: [pip, build, "build[uv]", uv, default]
      - type: string
        pattern: '^pip; ?args:'
      - type: string
        pattern: '^build; ?args:'
+      - type: string
+        pattern: '^build\\[uv\\]; ?args:'
+      - type: string
+        pattern: '^uv; ?args:'
      - type: object
        additionalProperties: false
        required: [name]
        properties:
          name:
-            enum: [pip, build]
+            enum: [pip, build, "build[uv]", uv]
          args:
            type: array
            items:
@@ -96,7 +109,31 @@ properties:
  dependency-versions:
    default: pinned
    description: Specify how cibuildwheel controls the versions of the tools it uses
-    type: string
+    oneOf:
+      - enum: [pinned, latest]
+      - type: string
+        description: Path to a file containing dependency versions, or inline package specifications, starting with "packages:"
+        not:
+          enum: [pinned, latest]
+      - type: object
+        additionalProperties: false
+        properties:
+          file:
+            type: string
+      - type: object
+        additionalProperties: false
+        properties:
+          packages:
+            type: array
+            items:
+              type: string
+  enable:
+    description: Enable or disable certain builds.
+    oneOf:
+      - $ref: "#/$defs/enable"
+      - type: array
+        items:
+          $ref: "#/$defs/enable"
  environment:
    description: Set environment variables needed during the build.
    type: string_table
@@ -104,13 +141,12 @@ properties:
    description: Set environment variables on the host to pass-through to the container
      during the build.
    type: string_array
-  free-threaded-support:
-    type: boolean
-    default: false
-    description: The project supports free-threaded builds of Python (PEP703)
  manylinux-aarch64-image:
    type: string
    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  manylinux-armv7l-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
  manylinux-i686-image:
    type: string
    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
@@ -126,6 +162,9 @@ properties:
  manylinux-pypy_x86_64-image:
    type: string
    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  manylinux-riscv64-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
  manylinux-s390x-image:
    type: string
    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
@@ -135,21 +174,33 @@ properties:
  musllinux-aarch64-image:
    type: string
    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  musllinux-armv7l-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
  musllinux-i686-image:
    type: string
    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
  musllinux-ppc64le-image:
    type: string
    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  musllinux-riscv64-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
  musllinux-s390x-image:
    type: string
    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
  musllinux-x86_64-image:
    type: string
    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
-  repair-wheel-command:
+  xbuild-tools:
+    description: Binaries on the path that should be included in an isolated cross-build environment
    type: string_array
+  pyodide-version:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify the version of Pyodide to use
+  repair-wheel-command:
    description: Execute a shell command to repair each built wheel.
+    type: string_array
  skip:
    description: Choose the Python versions to skip.
    type: string_array
@@ -159,12 +210,39 @@ properties:
  test-extras:
    description: Install your wheel for testing using `extras_require`
    type: string_array
+  test-sources:
+    description: Test files that are required by the test environment
+    type: string_array
+  test-groups:
+    description: Install extra groups when testing
+    type: string_array
  test-requires:
    description: Install Python dependencies before running the tests
    type: string_array
  test-skip:
    description: Skip running tests on some builds.
    type: string_array
+  test-environment:
+    description: Set environment variables for the test environment
+    type: string_table
+  test-runtime:
+    description: Additional configuration for the test runner
+    oneOf:
+      - type: string
+        pattern: '^$'
+      - type: object
+        additionalProperties: false
+      - type: string
+        pattern: 'args:'
+      - type: object
+        additionalProperties: false
+        required: [args]
+        properties:
+          args:
+            type: array
+            items:
+              type: string
+
 """

 schema = yaml.safe_load(starter)
@@ -233,6 +311,7 @@ items:
      properties:
        before-all: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
        before-build: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
+        xbuild-tools: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
        before-test: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
        config-settings: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
        container-engine: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
@@ -241,18 +320,21 @@ items:
        repair-wheel-command: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
        test-command: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
        test-extras: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
+        test-sources: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
        test-requires: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
+        test-environment: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
+        test-runtime: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
 """
 )

 for key, value in schema["properties"].items():
-    value["title"] = f'CIBW_{key.replace("-", "_").upper()}'
+    value["title"] = f"CIBW_{key.replace('-', '_').upper()}"

 non_global_options = {k: {"$ref": f"#/properties/{k}"} for k in schema["properties"]}
 del non_global_options["build"]
 del non_global_options["skip"]
 del non_global_options["test-skip"]
-del non_global_options["free-threaded-support"]
+del non_global_options["enable"]

 overrides["items"]["properties"]["select"]["oneOf"] = string_array
 overrides["items"]["properties"] |= non_global_options.copy()
@@ -280,6 +362,9 @@ oses = {
    "linux": as_object(non_global_options),
    "windows": as_object(not_linux),
    "macos": as_object(not_linux),
+    "pyodide": as_object(not_linux),
+    "android": as_object(not_linux),
+    "ios": as_object(not_linux),
 }

 oses["linux"]["properties"]["repair-wheel-command"] = {
@@ -298,9 +383,8 @@ schema["properties"] |= oses

 if args.schemastore:
    schema["$id"] = "https://json.schemastore.org/partial-cibuildwheel.json"
-    schema["$schema"] = "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#"
    schema["description"] = (
-        "cibuildwheel's toml file, generated with ./bin/generate_schema.py --schemastore from cibuildwheel."
+        "cibuildwheel's settings. Generated with ./bin/generate_schema.py --schemastore from cibuildwheel."
    )

 print(json.dumps(schema, indent=2))
@@ -11,8 +11,6 @@ This will cache the results to all_known_setup.yaml; you can reprint
 the results without the `--online` setting.
 """

-from __future__ import annotations
-
 import ast
 from collections.abc import Iterable, Iterator
 from pathlib import Path
@@ -1,29 +1,30 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3

-from __future__ import annotations

 import os
+import subprocess
 import sys
 import textwrap
 import time
 from pathlib import Path
-from subprocess import run

 import click


-def shell(cmd, *, check: bool, **kwargs):
-    return run([cmd], shell=True, check=check, **kwargs)
+def shell(cmd: str, *, check: bool, **kwargs: object) -> subprocess.CompletedProcess[str]:
+    return subprocess.run([cmd], shell=True, check=check, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[call-overload, no-any-return]


-def git_repo_has_changes():
-    unstaged_changes = shell("git diff-index --quiet HEAD --", check=False).returncode != 0
-    staged_changes = shell("git diff-index --quiet --cached HEAD --", check=False).returncode != 0
+def git_repo_has_changes() -> bool:
+    unstaged_changes: bool = shell("git diff-index --quiet HEAD --", check=False).returncode != 0
+    staged_changes: bool = (
+        shell("git diff-index --quiet --cached HEAD --", check=False).returncode != 0
+    )
    return unstaged_changes or staged_changes


@click.command()
-def main():
+def main() -> None:
    project_root = Path(__file__).parent / ".."
    os.chdir(project_root)

@@ -54,10 +55,10 @@ def main():
            f"""
            Update the versions of our dependencies.

-            PR generated by `{os.path.basename(__file__)}`.
+            PR generated by `{Path(__file__).name}`.
            """
        )
-        run(
+        subprocess.run(
            [
                "gh",
                "pr",
@@ -17,25 +17,22 @@ Suggested usage:
    git diff
 """

-from __future__ import annotations
-
 import builtins
 import functools
 import textwrap
 import urllib.request
 import xml.dom.minidom
 from collections.abc import Iterable, Mapping, Sequence
-from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import UTC, datetime
 from io import StringIO
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, TextIO
+from typing import Any, Self, TextIO

 import click
 import yaml
 from github import Github, GithubException

 ICONS = (
-    "appveyor",
    "github",
    "azurepipelines",
    "circleci",
@@ -80,12 +77,12 @@ class Project:
                    self.notes = notes
        else:
            self.num_stars = 0
-            self.pushed_at = datetime.utcnow()
+            self.pushed_at = datetime.now(UTC)

        name_len = len(self.name) + 4
        self.__class__.NAME = max(self.__class__.NAME, name_len)

-    def __lt__(self, other: Project) -> bool:
+    def __lt__(self, other: Self) -> bool:
        if self.online:
            return self.num_stars < other.num_stars
        else:
@@ -95,8 +92,8 @@ class Project:
    def header(cls) -> str:
        return textwrap.dedent(
            f"""\
-                | {'Name':{cls.NAME}} | CI | OS | Notes |
-                |{'':-^{cls.NAME+2  }}|----|----|:------|"""
+                | {"Name":{cls.NAME}} | CI | OS | Notes |
+                |{"":-^{cls.NAME + 2}}|----|----|:------|"""
        )

    @property
@@ -127,7 +124,7 @@ class Project:
        return f"[{self.name}]: {self.url}"

    def info(self) -> str:
-        days = (datetime.utcnow() - self.pushed_at).days
+        days = (datetime.now(UTC) - self.pushed_at).days
        return f"<!-- {self.name}: {self.num_stars}, last pushed {days} days ago -->"


@@ -138,6 +135,7 @@ def fetch_icon(icon_name: str) -> None:

    document = xml.dom.minidom.parseString(original_svg_data)
    svgElement = document.documentElement
+    assert svgElement is not None
    assert svgElement.nodeName == "svg"
    svgElement.setAttribute("width", "16px")
    svgElement.setAttribute("fill", "#606060")
@@ -172,7 +170,9 @@ def get_projects(
    return sorted((Project(item, github) for item in config), reverse=online)


-def render_projects(projects: Sequence[Project], *, dest_path: Path, include_info: bool = True):
+def render_projects(
+    projects: Sequence[Project], *, dest_path: Path, include_info: bool = True
+) -> str:
    io = StringIO()
    print = functools.partial(builtins.print, file=io)

@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ def insert_projects_table(
    projects: Sequence[Project],
    input_filename: str,
    include_info: bool = True,
-):
+) -> None:
    text = file.read_text()
    projects_table = render_projects(projects, include_info=include_info, dest_path=file)

@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ def insert_projects_table(

    generated_note = f"<!-- this section is generated by bin/projects.py. Don't edit it directly, instead, edit {input_filename} -->"
    new_text = (
-        f"{text[:start + len(start_str)]}\n{generated_note}\n\n{projects_table}\n{text[end:]}"
+        f"{text[: start + len(start_str)]}\n{generated_note}\n\n{projects_table}\n{text[end:]}"
    )

    file.write_text(new_text)
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+import re
+from pathlib import Path
+
+PROJECT_ROOT = Path(__file__).parent / ".."
+CHANGELOG_FILE = PROJECT_ROOT / "docs" / "changelog.md"
+
+# https://regexr.com/622ds
+FIRST_5_CHANGELOG_ENTRIES_REGEX = re.compile(r"""(^###.*?(?=###)){5}""", re.DOTALL | re.MULTILINE)
+
+
+def mini_changelog() -> str:
+    changelog_text = CHANGELOG_FILE.read_text()
+
+    mini_changelog_match = FIRST_5_CHANGELOG_ENTRIES_REGEX.search(changelog_text)
+    assert mini_changelog_match, "Failed to find the first few changelog entries"
+
+    return f"\n{mini_changelog_match.group(0).strip()}\n"
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    print(mini_changelog())
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+import dataclasses
+import re
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Final
+
+DIR: Final[Path] = Path(__file__).parent.parent.resolve()
+OPTIONS_MD: Final[Path] = DIR / "docs" / "options.md"
+
+SECTION_HEADER_REGEX = re.compile(r"^## (?P<name>.*?)$", re.MULTILINE)
+
+# https://regexr.com/8f1ff
+OPTION_HEADER_REGEX = re.compile(
+    r"^### (?P<name>.*?){.*#(?P<id>\S+).*}\n+> ?(?P<desc>.*)$", re.MULTILINE
+)
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(kw_only=True)
+class Option:
+    name: str
+    id: str
+    desc: str
+    section: str
+
+
+def get_table() -> str:
+    options_md = OPTIONS_MD.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+
+    sections = SECTION_HEADER_REGEX.split(options_md)[1:]
+
+    options = []
+
+    for section_name, section_content in zip(sections[0::2], sections[1::2], strict=True):
+        for match in OPTION_HEADER_REGEX.finditer(section_content):
+            option = Option(
+                name=match.group("name").strip(),
+                id=match.group("id").strip(),
+                desc=match.group("desc").strip(),
+                section=section_name.strip(),
+            )
+            options.append(option)
+
+    table_md = "\n<!-- This table is auto-generated from docs/options.md by bin/readme_options_table.py -->\n\n"
+    table_md += "|   | Option | Description |\n"
+    table_md += "|---|---|---|\n"
+    last_section: str | None = None
+
+    for option in options:
+        cells: list[str] = []
+
+        cells.append(f"**{option.section}**" if option.section != last_section else "")
+        last_section = option.section
+
+        url = f"https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#{option.id}"
+        name = option.name.replace(", ", "<br>")  # Replace commas with line breaks
+        cells.append(f"[{name}]({url})")
+
+        cells.append(option.desc)
+
+        table_md += "| " + " | ".join(cells) + " |\n"
+    table_md += "\n"
+
+    return table_md
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    print(get_table())
@@ -1,36 +1,45 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3

-from __future__ import annotations

 import os
+import re
 import shutil
+import subprocess
 import sys
 import textwrap
 import time
 import typing
-from glob import glob
 from pathlib import Path
-from subprocess import run
 from urllib.parse import quote

 import click

+DIR = Path(__file__).parent.parent.resolve()

-def shell(cmd, *, check: bool, **kwargs):
-    return run([cmd], shell=True, check=check, **kwargs)
+BuildBackend = typing.Literal["setuptools", "meson"]


-def git_repo_has_changes():
+def shell(cmd: str, *, check: bool, **kwargs: object) -> subprocess.CompletedProcess[str]:
+    return subprocess.run([cmd], shell=True, check=check, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[call-overload, no-any-return]
+
+
+def git_repo_has_changes() -> bool:
    unstaged_changes = shell("git diff-index --quiet HEAD --", check=False).returncode != 0
    staged_changes = shell("git diff-index --quiet --cached HEAD --", check=False).returncode != 0
    return unstaged_changes or staged_changes


-def generate_basic_project(path):
+def generate_project(path: Path, build_backend: BuildBackend) -> None:
    sys.path.insert(0, "")
-    from test.test_projects.c import new_c_project
+    match build_backend:
+        case "meson":
+            from test.test_projects.meson import new_meson_project as new_project  # noqa: PLC0415
+        case "setuptools":
+            from test.test_projects.setuptools import new_c_project as new_project  # noqa: PLC0415
+        case _:
+            typing.assert_never(build_backend)

-    project = new_c_project()
+    project = new_project()
    project.generate(path)


@@ -38,14 +47,48 @@ class CIService(typing.NamedTuple):
    name: str
    dst_config_path: str
    badge_md: str
+    config_file_transform: typing.Callable[[str, str], str] = lambda x, _: x  # identity by default
+
+
+def github_config_file_transform(content: str, git_ref: str) -> str:
+    # one of the the github configs only builds on main, so we need to remove that restriction
+    # so our example build will run on the test branch.
+    #
+    # replace:
+    # """
+    # push:
+    #   branches:
+    #     - main
+    # """
+    # with:
+    # """
+    # push:
+    # """"
+    content = re.sub(
+        r"push:\n\s+branches:\n\s+- main",
+        "push:",
+        content,
+    )
+
+    # use the version of cibuildwheel from the current commit, not the latest
+    # release
+    # replace:
+    # """
+    # uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.3.1
+    # """
+    # with:
+    # """
+    # uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@<latest commit hash>
+    # """
+    content = re.sub(
+        r"uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v.*",
+        f"uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@{git_ref}",
+        content,
+    )
+    return content


 services = [
-    CIService(
-        name="appveyor",
-        dst_config_path="appveyor.yml",
-        badge_md="[![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/gt3vwl88yt0y3hur/branch/{branch}?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/joerick/cibuildwheel/branch/{branch})",
-    ),
    CIService(
        name="azure-pipelines",
        dst_config_path="azure-pipelines.yml",
@@ -59,7 +102,8 @@ services = [
    CIService(
        name="github",
        dst_config_path=".github/workflows/example.yml",
-        badge_md="[![Build](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/workflows/Build/badge.svg?branch={branch})](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/actions)",
+        badge_md="[![Build](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/actions/workflows/example.yml/badge.svg?branch={branch})](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/actions?query=branch%3A{branch})",
+        config_file_transform=github_config_file_transform,
    ),
    CIService(
        name="travis-ci",
@@ -79,9 +123,8 @@ services = [
 ]


-def ci_service_for_config_file(config_file):
-    filename = Path(config_file).name
-
+def ci_service_for_config_file(config_file: Path) -> CIService:
+    filename = config_file.name
    try:
        return next(s for s in services if filename.startswith(s.name))
    except StopIteration:
@@ -91,23 +134,28 @@ def ci_service_for_config_file(config_file):

@click.command()
@click.argument("config_files", nargs=-1, type=click.Path())
-def run_example_ci_configs(config_files=None):
+@click.option("--build-backend", type=click.Choice(["setuptools", "meson"]), default="setuptools")
+def run_example_ci_configs(
+    config_files: list[str], build_backend: BuildBackend = "setuptools"
+) -> None:
    """
    Test the example configs. If no files are specified, will test
    examples/*-minimal.yml
    """

    if len(config_files) == 0:
-        config_files = glob("examples/*-minimal.yml")
+        config_file_paths = list(Path("examples").glob("*-minimal.yml"))
+    else:
+        config_file_paths = [Path(f) for f in config_files]

    # check each CI service has at most 1 config file
-    configs_by_service = {}
-    for config_file in config_files:
+    configs_by_service = set()
+    for config_file in config_file_paths:
        service = ci_service_for_config_file(config_file)
        if service.name in configs_by_service:
            msg = "You cannot specify more than one config per CI service"
            raise Exception(msg)
-        configs_by_service[service.name] = config_file
+        configs_by_service.add(service.name)

    if git_repo_has_changes():
        print("Your git repo has uncommitted changes. Commit or stash before continuing.")
@@ -116,6 +164,9 @@ def run_example_ci_configs(config_files=None):
    previous_branch = shell(
        "git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD", check=True, capture_output=True, encoding="utf8"
    ).stdout.strip()
+    git_ref = shell(
+        "git rev-parse HEAD", check=True, capture_output=True, encoding="utf8"
+    ).stdout.strip()

    timestamp = time.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H-%M-%S", time.gmtime())
    branch_name = f"example-config-test---{previous_branch}-{timestamp}"
@@ -124,27 +175,29 @@ def run_example_ci_configs(config_files=None):
        shell(f"git checkout --orphan {branch_name}", check=True)

        example_project = Path("example_root")
-        generate_basic_project(example_project)
+        generate_project(example_project, build_backend=build_backend)

-        for config_file in config_files:
+        for config_file in config_file_paths:
            service = ci_service_for_config_file(config_file)
-            src_config_file = Path(config_file)
            dst_config_file = example_project / service.dst_config_path

            dst_config_file.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-            shutil.copyfile(src_config_file, dst_config_file)

-        run(["git", "add", example_project], check=True)
+            contents = config_file.read_text(encoding="utf8")
+            contents = service.config_file_transform(contents, git_ref)
+            dst_config_file.write_text(contents, encoding="utf8")
+
+        subprocess.run(["git", "add", example_project], check=True)
        message = textwrap.dedent(
            f"""\
-            Test example minimal configs
+            Test example CI configs

-            Testing files: {config_files}
+            Testing files: {[str(f) for f in config_files]}
            Generated from branch: {previous_branch}
            Time: {timestamp}
            """
        )
-        run(["git", "commit", "--no-verify", "--message", message], check=True)
+        subprocess.run(["git", "commit", "--no-verify", "--message", message], check=True)
        shell(f"git subtree --prefix={example_project} push origin {branch_name}", check=True)

        print("---")
@@ -155,14 +208,14 @@ def run_example_ci_configs(config_files=None):
        print("> ")
        print("> | Service | Config | Status |")
        print("> |---|---|---|")
-        for config_file in config_files:
+        for config_file in config_file_paths:
            service = ci_service_for_config_file(config_file)
            badge = service.badge_md.format(
                branch=branch_name, branch_escaped=quote(branch_name, safe="")
            )
            print(f"> | {service.name} | `{config_file}` | {badge} |")
        print("> ")
-        print("> Generated by `bin/run_example_ci_config.py`")
+        print(f"> Generated by `{' '.join(sys.argv)}`")
        print()
        print("---")
    finally:
@@ -174,6 +227,5 @@ def run_example_ci_configs(config_files=None):


 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    os.chdir(os.path.dirname(__file__))
-    os.chdir("..")
+    os.chdir(DIR)
    run_example_ci_configs(standalone_mode=True)
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3

-from __future__ import annotations

 import argparse
 import os
@@ -9,8 +8,12 @@ import sys
 from pathlib import Path

 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    default_cpu_count = os.cpu_count() or 2
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    if sys.version_info < (3, 13):
+        default_cpu_count = os.cpu_count() or 2
+    else:
+        default_cpu_count = os.process_cpu_count() or 2
+
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(allow_abbrev=False)
    parser.add_argument(
        "--run-podman", action="store_true", default=False, help="run podman tests (linux only)"
    )
@@ -20,15 +23,46 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
        default=default_cpu_count,
        help="number of processes to use for testing",
    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--test-select",
+        choices={"all", "native", "android", "ios", "pyodide"},
+        default="all",
+        help="Either 'native' or 'android'/'ios'/'pyodide'",
+    )
    args = parser.parse_args()

    # move cwd to the project root
    os.chdir(Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1])

+    # doc tests
+    doc_test_args = [sys.executable, "-m", "pytest", "cibuildwheel"]
+
+    print(
+        "\n\n================================== DOC TESTS ==================================",
+        flush=True,
+    )
+    result = subprocess.run(doc_test_args, check=False)
+    if result.returncode not in (0, 5):
+        # Allow case where no doctests are collected (returncode 5) because
+        # circleci sets an explicit "-k" filter that disables doctests. There
+        # isn't a pattern that will only select doctests. This can be removed
+        # and have check=True if the circleci PYTEST_ADDOPTS is removed.
+        raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(
+            result.returncode, result.args, output=result.stdout, stderr=result.stderr
+        )
+
    # unit tests
+    print(
+        "\n\n================================== UNIT TESTS ==================================",
+        flush=True,
+    )
    unit_test_args = [sys.executable, "-m", "pytest", "unit_test"]

-    if sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
+    if (
+        sys.platform.startswith("linux")
+        and os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "linux") == "linux"
+        and args.test_select in ["all", "native"]
+    ):
        # run the docker unit tests only on Linux
        unit_test_args += ["--run-docker"]

@@ -37,17 +71,53 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":

    subprocess.run(unit_test_args, check=True)

-    # integration tests
+    print(
+        "\n\n=========================== SERIAL INTEGRATION TESTS ===========================",
+        flush=True,
+    )
+
+    match args.test_select:
+        case "all":
+            marks = []
+        case "native":
+            marks = ["not pyodide", "not android", "not ios"]
+        case mark:
+            marks = [f"{mark}"]
+
+    # Run the serial integration tests without multiple processes
+    serial_integration_test_args = [
+        sys.executable,
+        "-m",
+        "pytest",
+        "-m",
+        f"{' and '.join(['serial', *marks])}",
+        "-x",
+        "--durations",
+        "0",
+        "--timeout=2400",
+        "test",
+        "-vv",
+    ]
+
+    subprocess.run(serial_integration_test_args, check=True)
+
+    print(
+        "\n\n========================= NON-SERIAL INTEGRATION TESTS =========================",
+        flush=True,
+    )
    integration_test_args = [
        sys.executable,
        "-m",
        "pytest",
+        "-m",
+        f"{' and '.join(['not serial', *marks])}",
        f"--numprocesses={args.num_processes}",
        "-x",
        "--durations",
        "0",
        "--timeout=2400",
        "test",
+        "-vv",
    ]

    if sys.platform.startswith("linux") and args.run_podman:
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3

-from __future__ import annotations

 import argparse
 import os
@@ -13,7 +12,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
    # move cwd to the project root
    os.chdir(Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1])

-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Runs a sample build")
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Runs a sample build", allow_abbrev=False)
    parser.add_argument("project_python_path", nargs="?", default="test.test_0_basic.basic_project")

    options = parser.parse_args()
@@ -1,70 +1,84 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-from __future__ import annotations

 import configparser
-from dataclasses import dataclass
+import dataclasses
 from pathlib import Path

 import requests
+from packaging.version import Version

 DIR = Path(__file__).parent.resolve()
 RESOURCES = DIR.parent / "cibuildwheel/resources"


-@dataclass(frozen=True)
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
 class Image:
    manylinux_version: str
-    platform: str
+    platforms: list[str]
    image_name: str
-    tag: str | None  # Set this to pin the image
+    tag: str | None = None  # Set this to pin the image
+    use_platform_suffix: bool = False
+
+
+class PyPAImage(Image):
+    def __init__(self, manylinux_version: str, platforms: list[str], tag: str | None = None):
+        image_name = f"quay.io/pypa/{manylinux_version}"
+        super().__init__(manylinux_version, platforms, image_name, tag, True)


 images = [
-    # manylinux1 images
-    Image("manylinux1", "x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_x86_64", None),
-    Image("manylinux1", "i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_i686", None),
-    # manylinux2010 images
-    Image("manylinux2010", "x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64", None),
-    Image("manylinux2010", "i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686", None),
-    Image("manylinux2010", "pypy_x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64", None),
-    Image("manylinux2010", "pypy_i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686", None),
    # manylinux2014 images
-    Image("manylinux2014", "x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64", None),
-    Image("manylinux2014", "i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686", None),
-    Image("manylinux2014", "aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64", None),
-    Image("manylinux2014", "ppc64le", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le", None),
-    Image("manylinux2014", "s390x", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x", None),
-    Image("manylinux2014", "pypy_x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64", None),
-    Image("manylinux2014", "pypy_i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686", None),
-    Image("manylinux2014", "pypy_aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64", None),
-    # manylinux_2_24 images
-    Image("manylinux_2_24", "x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64", None),
-    Image("manylinux_2_24", "i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_i686", None),
-    Image("manylinux_2_24", "aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_aarch64", None),
-    Image("manylinux_2_24", "ppc64le", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_ppc64le", None),
-    Image("manylinux_2_24", "s390x", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_s390x", None),
-    Image("manylinux_2_24", "pypy_x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64", None),
-    Image("manylinux_2_24", "pypy_i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_i686", None),
-    Image("manylinux_2_24", "pypy_aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_aarch64", None),
+    PyPAImage(
+        "manylinux2014",
+        [
+            "x86_64",
+            "i686",
+            "aarch64",
+            "ppc64le",
+            "s390x",
+            "pypy_x86_64",
+            "pypy_i686",
+            "pypy_aarch64",
+        ],
+    ),
    # manylinux_2_28 images
-    Image("manylinux_2_28", "x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64", None),
-    Image("manylinux_2_28", "aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64", None),
-    Image("manylinux_2_28", "ppc64le", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_ppc64le", None),
-    Image("manylinux_2_28", "s390x", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_s390x", None),
-    Image("manylinux_2_28", "pypy_x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64", None),
-    Image("manylinux_2_28", "pypy_aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64", None),
-    # musllinux_1_1 images
-    Image("musllinux_1_1", "x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_x86_64", None),
-    Image("musllinux_1_1", "i686", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_i686", None),
-    Image("musllinux_1_1", "aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_aarch64", None),
-    Image("musllinux_1_1", "ppc64le", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_ppc64le", None),
-    Image("musllinux_1_1", "s390x", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_s390x", None),
+    PyPAImage(
+        "manylinux_2_28",
+        [
+            "x86_64",
+            "i686",
+            "aarch64",
+            "ppc64le",
+            "s390x",
+            "pypy_x86_64",
+            "pypy_i686",
+            "pypy_aarch64",
+        ],
+    ),
+    # manylinux_2_31 images
+    PyPAImage("manylinux_2_31", ["armv7l"]),
+    # manylinux_2_34 images
+    PyPAImage(
+        "manylinux_2_34",
+        [
+            "x86_64",
+            "i686",
+            "aarch64",
+            "ppc64le",
+            "s390x",
+            "pypy_x86_64",
+            "pypy_i686",
+            "pypy_aarch64",
+        ],
+    ),
+    # manylinux_2_35 images
+    PyPAImage("manylinux_2_35", ["armv7l"]),
+    # manylinux_2_39 images
+    PyPAImage("manylinux_2_39", ["riscv64"]),
    # musllinux_1_2 images
-    Image("musllinux_1_2", "x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64", None),
-    Image("musllinux_1_2", "i686", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686", None),
-    Image("musllinux_1_2", "aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_aarch64", None),
-    Image("musllinux_1_2", "ppc64le", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_ppc64le", None),
-    Image("musllinux_1_2", "s390x", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_s390x", None),
+    PyPAImage(
+        "musllinux_1_2", ["x86_64", "i686", "aarch64", "ppc64le", "s390x", "armv7l", "riscv64"]
+    ),
 ]

 config = configparser.ConfigParser()
@@ -90,6 +104,21 @@ for image in images:
            for (name, info) in tags_dict.items()
            if info["manifest_digest"] == latest_tag["manifest_digest"]
        )
+    elif image.image_name.startswith("ghcr.io/"):
+        repository = image.image_name[8:]
+        response = requests.get(
+            "https://ghcr.io/token", params={"scope": f"repository:{repository}:pull"}
+        )
+        response.raise_for_status()
+        token = response.json()["token"]
+        response = requests.get(
+            f"https://ghcr.io/v2/{repository}/tags/list",
+            headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"},
+        )
+        response.raise_for_status()
+        ghcr_tags = [(Version(tag), tag) for tag in response.json()["tags"] if tag != "latest"]
+        ghcr_tags.sort(reverse=True)
+        tag_name = ghcr_tags[0][1]
    else:
        response = requests.get(f"https://hub.docker.com/v2/repositories/{image.image_name}/tags")
        response.raise_for_status()
@@ -105,10 +134,13 @@ for image in images:
        )
        tag_name = pinned_tag["name"]

-    if not config.has_section(image.platform):
-        config[image.platform] = {}
-
-    config[image.platform][image.manylinux_version] = f"{image.image_name}:{tag_name}"
+    for platform in image.platforms:
+        if not config.has_section(platform):
+            config[platform] = {}
+        suffix = ""
+        if image.use_platform_suffix:
+            suffix = f"_{platform.removeprefix('pypy_')}"
+        config[platform][image.manylinux_version] = f"{image.image_name}{suffix}:{tag_name}"

 with open(RESOURCES / "pinned_docker_images.cfg", "w") as f:
    config.write(f)
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3

-from __future__ import annotations

 import subprocess
 import sys
@@ -18,7 +17,7 @@ except ImportError:
    )


-def main():
+def main() -> None:
    subprocess.run(["mkdocs", "build"], check=True)

    hti = Html2Image(custom_flags=["--force-device-scale-factor=2"])
@@ -42,8 +41,7 @@ def main():
    )

    dest_path = Path("docs/data/how-it-works.png")
-    if dest_path.exists():
-        dest_path.unlink()
+    dest_path.unlink(missing_ok=True)

    Path(screenshot).rename(dest_path)

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+
+import dataclasses
+import difflib
+import logging
+import tomllib
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Final
+
+import click
+import packaging.specifiers
+import requests
+import rich
+from packaging.version import InvalidVersion, Version
+from rich.logging import RichHandler
+from rich.syntax import Syntax
+
+log = logging.getLogger("cibw")
+
+# Looking up the dir instead of using utils.resources_dir
+# since we want to write to it.
+DIR: Final[Path] = Path(__file__).parent.parent.resolve()
+RESOURCES_DIR: Final[Path] = DIR / "cibuildwheel/resources"
+
+NODEJS_DIST: Final[str] = "https://nodejs.org/dist/"
+NODEJS_INDEX: Final[str] = f"{NODEJS_DIST}index.json"
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, order=True)
+class VersionTuple:
+    version: Version
+    version_string: str
+
+
+def parse_nodejs_index() -> list[VersionTuple]:
+    versions: list[VersionTuple] = []
+    response = requests.get(NODEJS_INDEX)
+    response.raise_for_status()
+    versions_info = response.json()
+    for version_info in versions_info:
+        version_string = version_info.get("version", "???")
+        if not version_info.get("lts", False):
+            log.debug("Ignoring non LTS release %r", version_string)
+            continue
+        if "linux-x64" not in version_info.get("files", []):
+            log.warning(
+                "Ignoring release %r which does not include a linux-x64 binary", version_string
+            )
+            continue
+        try:
+            version = Version(version_string)
+            if version.is_devrelease:
+                log.info("Ignoring development release %r", str(version))
+                continue
+            if version.is_prerelease:
+                log.info("Ignoring pre-release %r", str(version))
+                continue
+            versions.append(VersionTuple(version, version_string))
+        except InvalidVersion:
+            log.warning("Ignoring release %r", version_string)
+    versions.sort(reverse=True)
+    return versions
+
+
+@click.command()
+@click.option("--force", is_flag=True)
+@click.option(
+    "--level", default="INFO", type=click.Choice(["WARNING", "INFO", "DEBUG"], case_sensitive=False)
+)
+def update_nodejs(force: bool, level: str) -> None:
+    logging.basicConfig(
+        level="INFO",
+        format="%(message)s",
+        datefmt="[%X]",
+        handlers=[RichHandler(rich_tracebacks=True, markup=True)],
+    )
+    log.setLevel(level)
+
+    toml_file_path = RESOURCES_DIR / "nodejs.toml"
+
+    original_toml = toml_file_path.read_text()
+    with toml_file_path.open("rb") as f:
+        nodejs_data = tomllib.load(f)
+
+    nodejs_data.pop("url")
+
+    major_versions = [VersionTuple(Version(key), key) for key in nodejs_data]
+    major_versions.sort(reverse=True)
+
+    versions = parse_nodejs_index()
+
+    # update existing versions, 1 per LTS
+    for major_version in major_versions:
+        current = Version(nodejs_data[major_version.version_string])
+        specifier = packaging.specifiers.SpecifierSet(
+            specifiers=f"=={major_version.version.major}.*"
+        )
+        for version in versions:
+            if specifier.contains(version.version) and version.version > current:
+                nodejs_data[major_version.version_string] = version.version_string
+                break
+
+    # check for a new major LTS to insert
+    if versions and versions[0].version.major > major_versions[0].version.major:
+        major_versions.insert(
+            0,
+            VersionTuple(Version(str(versions[0].version.major)), f"v{versions[0].version.major}"),
+        )
+        nodejs_data[major_versions[0].version_string] = versions[0].version_string
+
+    versions_toml = "\n".join(
+        f'{major_version.version_string} = "{nodejs_data[major_version.version_string]}"'
+        for major_version in major_versions
+    )
+    result_toml = f'url = "{NODEJS_DIST}"\n{versions_toml}\n'
+
+    rich.print()  # spacer
+
+    if original_toml == result_toml:
+        rich.print("[green]Check complete, nodejs version unchanged.")
+        return
+
+    rich.print("nodejs version updated.")
+    rich.print("Changes:")
+    rich.print()
+
+    toml_relpath = toml_file_path.relative_to(DIR).as_posix()
+    diff_lines = difflib.unified_diff(
+        original_toml.splitlines(keepends=True),
+        result_toml.splitlines(keepends=True),
+        fromfile=toml_relpath,
+        tofile=toml_relpath,
+    )
+    rich.print(Syntax("".join(diff_lines), "diff", theme="ansi_light"))
+    rich.print()
+
+    if force:
+        toml_file_path.write_text(result_toml)
+        rich.print("[green]TOML file updated.")
+    else:
+        rich.print("[yellow]File left unchanged. Use --force flag to update.")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    update_nodejs()
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+import json
+
+from cibuildwheel.extra import github_api_request
+from cibuildwheel.util.python_build_standalone import (
+    PythonBuildStandaloneAsset,
+    PythonBuildStandaloneReleaseData,
+)
+from cibuildwheel.util.resources import PYTHON_BUILD_STANDALONE_RELEASES
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    """
+    This script updates the vendored list of release assets to the latest
+    version of astral-sh/python-build-standalone.
+    """
+
+    # Get the latest release tag from the GitHub API
+    latest_release = github_api_request("repos/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/latest")
+    latest_tag = latest_release["tag_name"]
+
+    # Get the list of assets for the latest release
+    github_assets = github_api_request(
+        f"repos/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/tags/{latest_tag}"
+    )["assets"]
+
+    assets = [
+        PythonBuildStandaloneAsset(name=ga["name"], url=ga["browser_download_url"])
+        for ga in github_assets
+        if ga["name"].endswith("install_only.tar.gz")
+    ]
+
+    # Try to keep output order stable
+    assets = sorted(assets, key=lambda x: x["name"])
+
+    # Write the assets to the JSON file. One day, we might need to support
+    # multiple releases, but for now, we only support the latest one
+    json_file_contents = PythonBuildStandaloneReleaseData(
+        releases=[
+            {
+                "tag": latest_tag,
+                "assets": assets,
+            }
+        ]
+    )
+
+    with PYTHON_BUILD_STANDALONE_RELEASES.open("w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+        json.dump(json_file_contents, f, indent=2)
+        # Add a trailing newline, our pre-commit hook requires it
+        f.write("\n")
+
+    print(
+        f"Updated {PYTHON_BUILD_STANDALONE_RELEASES.name} with {len(assets)} assets for tag {latest_tag}"
+    )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
@@ -1,13 +1,15 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3

-from __future__ import annotations

-import copy
 import difflib
 import logging
+import operator
+import re
+import tomllib
 from collections.abc import Mapping, MutableMapping
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Final, Literal, TypedDict, Union
+from typing import Any, Final, Literal, TypedDict
+from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET

 import click
 import requests
@@ -17,8 +19,8 @@ from packaging.version import Version
 from rich.logging import RichHandler
 from rich.syntax import Syntax

-from cibuildwheel._compat import tomllib
-from cibuildwheel.extra import dump_python_configurations
+from cibuildwheel.extra import dump_python_configurations, get_pyodide_xbuildenv_info
+from cibuildwheel.platforms.android import android_triplet

 log = logging.getLogger("cibw")

@@ -31,26 +33,18 @@ RESOURCES_DIR: Final[Path] = DIR / "cibuildwheel/resources"
 ArchStr = Literal["32", "64", "ARM64"]


-class ConfigWinCP(TypedDict):
+class Config(TypedDict):
    identifier: str
    version: str
-    arch: str


-class ConfigWinPP(TypedDict):
-    identifier: str
-    version: str
-    arch: str
+class ConfigUrl(Config):
    url: str


-class ConfigMacOS(TypedDict):
-    identifier: str
-    version: str
-    url: str
-
-
-AnyConfig = Union[ConfigWinCP, ConfigWinPP, ConfigMacOS]
+class ConfigPyodide(Config):
+    default_pyodide_version: str
+    node_version: str


 # The following set of "Versions" classes allow the initial call to the APIs to
@@ -84,7 +78,7 @@ class WindowsVersions:

        self.version_dict = {Version(v): v for v in cp_info["versions"]}

-    def update_version_windows(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigWinCP | None:
+    def update_version_windows(self, spec: Specifier) -> Config | None:
        # Specifier.filter selects all non pre-releases that match the spec,
        # unless there are only pre-releases, then it selects pre-releases
        # instead (like pip)
@@ -99,13 +93,84 @@ class WindowsVersions:
        flags = "t" if self.free_threaded else ""
        version = versions[0]
        identifier = f"cp{version.major}{version.minor}{flags}-{self.arch}"
-        return ConfigWinCP(
+        return Config(
            identifier=identifier,
            version=self.version_dict[version],
-            arch=self.arch_str,
        )


+class GraalPyVersions:
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        response = requests.get("https://api.github.com/repos/oracle/graalpython/releases")
+        response.raise_for_status()
+
+        releases = response.json()
+        gp_version_re = re.compile(r"-(\d+\.\d+\.\d+)$")
+        cp_version_re = re.compile(r"Python (\d+\.\d+(?:\.\d+)?)")
+        for release in releases:
+            m = gp_version_re.search(release["tag_name"])
+            if m:
+                release["graalpy_version"] = Version(m.group(1))
+            m = cp_version_re.search(release["body"])
+            if m:
+                release["python_version"] = Version(m.group(1))
+
+        self.releases = [r for r in releases if "graalpy_version" in r and "python_version" in r]
+
+    def update_version(self, identifier: str, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigUrl | None:
+        if "x86_64" in identifier or "amd64" in identifier:
+            arch = "x86_64"
+        elif "arm64" in identifier or "aarch64" in identifier:
+            arch = "aarch64"
+        else:
+            msg = f"{identifier} not supported yet on GraalPy"
+            raise RuntimeError(msg)
+
+        gpspec_str = identifier.split("-", maxsplit=1)[0].split("_")[1]
+        if "." not in gpspec_str and len(gpspec_str) == 3:
+            gpspec_str = gpspec_str[:2] + "." + gpspec_str[-1]
+        gpspec = Specifier(f"=={gpspec_str}.*")
+
+        releases_tmp = (r for r in self.releases if spec.contains(r["python_version"]))
+        releases_tmp = (r for r in releases_tmp if gpspec.contains(r["graalpy_version"]))
+        releases = sorted(releases_tmp, key=lambda r: r["graalpy_version"])
+
+        if not releases:
+            msg = f"GraalPy {arch} not found for {spec}!"
+            raise RuntimeError(msg)
+
+        release = releases[-1]
+        version = release["python_version"]
+        gpversion = release["graalpy_version"]
+
+        if "macosx" in identifier:
+            arch = "x86_64" if "x86_64" in identifier else "arm64"
+            platform = "macos"
+        elif "win" in identifier:
+            arch = "aarch64" if "arm64" in identifier else "x86_64"
+            platform = "windows"
+        else:
+            msg = "GraalPy provides downloads for macOS and Windows and is included for manylinux"
+            raise RuntimeError(msg)
+
+        arch = "amd64" if arch == "x86_64" else "aarch64"
+        ext = "zip" if "win" in identifier else "tar.gz"
+        urls = [
+            rf["browser_download_url"]
+            for rf in release["assets"]
+            if rf["name"].endswith(f"{platform}-{arch}.{ext}")
+            and rf["name"].startswith(f"graalpy-{gpversion.major}")
+        ]
+        if urls:
+            (url,) = urls
+            return ConfigUrl(
+                identifier=identifier,
+                version=f"{version.major}.{version.minor}",
+                url=url,
+            )
+        return None
+
+
 class PyPyVersions:
    def __init__(self, arch_str: ArchStr):
        response = requests.get("https://downloads.python.org/pypy/versions.json")
@@ -131,9 +196,9 @@ class PyPyVersions:
        ]
        return urls[0] if urls else ""

-    def update_version_windows(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigWinCP:
+    def update_version_windows(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigUrl:
        releases = [r for r in self.releases if spec.contains(r["python_version"])]
-        releases = sorted(releases, key=lambda r: r["pypy_version"])
+        releases = sorted(releases, key=operator.itemgetter("pypy_version"))
        releases = [r for r in releases if self.get_arch_file(r)]

        if not releases:
@@ -147,20 +212,19 @@ class PyPyVersions:
        identifier = f"pp{version.major}{version.minor}-{version_arch}"
        url = self.get_arch_file(release)

-        return ConfigWinPP(
+        return ConfigUrl(
            identifier=identifier,
            version=f"{version.major}.{version.minor}",
-            arch=self.arch,
            url=url,
        )

-    def update_version_macos(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigMacOS:
+    def update_version_macos(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigUrl:
        if self.arch not in {"64", "ARM64"}:
            msg = f"'{self.arch}' arch not supported yet on macOS"
            raise RuntimeError(msg)

        releases = [r for r in self.releases if spec.contains(r["python_version"])]
-        releases = sorted(releases, key=lambda r: r["pypy_version"])
+        releases = sorted(releases, key=operator.itemgetter("pypy_version"))

        if not releases:
            msg = f"PyPy macOS {self.arch} not found for {spec}!"
@@ -178,7 +242,7 @@ class PyPyVersions:
            if "" in rf["platform"] == "darwin" and rf["arch"] == arch
        )

-        return ConfigMacOS(
+        return ConfigUrl(
            identifier=identifier,
            version=f"{version.major}.{version.minor}",
            url=url,
@@ -196,34 +260,31 @@ class CPythonVersions:

        self.versions_dict: dict[Version, int] = {}
        for release in releases_info:
-            # Removing the prefix, Python 3.9 would use: release["name"].removeprefix("Python ")
-            version = Version(release["name"][7:])
+            # Skip the pymanager releases
+            if not release["slug"].startswith("python"):
+                continue

-            uri = int(release["resource_uri"].rstrip("/").split("/")[-1])
-            self.versions_dict[version] = uri
+            # Removing the prefix
+            version = Version(release["name"].removeprefix("Python "))
+            self.versions_dict[version] = release["resource_uri"]

-    def update_version_macos(
-        self, identifier: str, version: Version, spec: Specifier
-    ) -> ConfigMacOS | None:
+        files_response = requests.get("https://www.python.org/api/v2/downloads/release_file/")
+        files_response.raise_for_status()
+        self.files_info = files_response.json()
+
+    def update_version(self, identifier: str, spec: Specifier, file_ident: str) -> ConfigUrl | None:
        # see note above on Specifier.filter
        unsorted_versions = spec.filter(self.versions_dict)
        sorted_versions = sorted(unsorted_versions, reverse=True)

-        macver = "x10.9" if version <= Version("3.8.9999") else "11"
-        file_ident = f"macos{macver}.pkg"
-
        for new_version in sorted_versions:
            # Find the first patch version that contains the requested file
            uri = self.versions_dict[new_version]
-            response = requests.get(
-                f"https://www.python.org/api/v2/downloads/release_file/?release={uri}"
-            )
-            response.raise_for_status()
-            file_info = response.json()
+            files = [rf for rf in self.files_info if rf["release"] == uri]

-            urls = [rf["url"] for rf in file_info if file_ident in rf["url"]]
+            urls = [rf["url"] for rf in files if file_ident in rf["url"]]
            if urls:
-                return ConfigMacOS(
+                return ConfigUrl(
                    identifier=identifier,
                    version=f"{new_version.major}.{new_version.minor}",
                    url=urls[0],
@@ -231,6 +292,120 @@ class CPythonVersions:

        return None

+    def update_version_macos(
+        self, identifier: str, version: Version, spec: Specifier
+    ) -> ConfigUrl | None:
+        macver = "x10.9" if version <= Version("3.8.9999") else "11"
+        return self.update_version(identifier, spec, f"macos{macver}.pkg")
+
+    def update_version_android(self, identifier: str, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigUrl | None:
+        return self.update_version(identifier, spec, android_triplet(identifier))
+
+
+class MavenVersions:
+    MAVEN_URL = "https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/chaquo/python/python"
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        response = requests.get(f"{self.MAVEN_URL}/maven-metadata.xml")
+        response.raise_for_status()
+        root = ET.fromstring(response.text)
+
+        self.versions: list[Version] = []
+        for version_elem in root.findall("./versioning/versions/version"):
+            version_str = version_elem.text
+            assert isinstance(version_str, str), version_str
+            self.versions.append(Version(version_str))
+
+    def update_version_android(self, identifier: str, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigUrl | None:
+        sorted_versions = sorted(spec.filter(self.versions), reverse=True)
+
+        # Return a config using the highest version for the given specifier.
+        if sorted_versions:
+            max_version = sorted_versions[0]
+            triplet = android_triplet(identifier)
+            return ConfigUrl(
+                identifier=identifier,
+                version=f"{max_version.major}.{max_version.minor}",
+                url=f"{self.MAVEN_URL}/{max_version}/python-{max_version}-{triplet}.tar.gz",
+            )
+        else:
+            return None
+
+
+class CPythonIOSVersions:
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        response = requests.get(
+            "https://api.github.com/repos/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases",
+            headers={
+                "Accept": "application/vnd.github+json",
+                "X-Github-Api-Version": "2022-11-28",
+            },
+        )
+        response.raise_for_status()
+
+        releases_info = response.json()
+        self.versions_dict: dict[Version, dict[int, str]] = {}
+
+        # Each release has a name like "3.13-b4"
+        for release in releases_info:
+            py_version, build = release["name"].split("-")
+            version = Version(py_version)
+            self.versions_dict.setdefault(version, {})
+
+            # There are several release assets associated with each release;
+            # The name of the asset will be something like
+            # "Python-3.11-iOS-support.b4.tar.gz". Store all builds that are
+            # "-iOS-support" builds, retaining the download URL.
+            for asset in release["assets"]:
+                filename, build, _, _ = asset["name"].rsplit(".", 3)
+                if filename.endswith("-iOS-support"):
+                    self.versions_dict[version][int(build[1:])] = asset["browser_download_url"]
+
+    def update_version_ios(self, identifier: str, version: Version) -> ConfigUrl | None:
+        # Return a config using the highest build number for the given version.
+        urls = [url for _, url in sorted(self.versions_dict.get(version, {}).items())]
+        if urls:
+            return ConfigUrl(
+                identifier=identifier,
+                version=str(version),
+                url=urls[-1],
+            )
+
+        return None
+
+
+class PyodideVersions:
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        xbuildenv_info = get_pyodide_xbuildenv_info()
+        self.releases = xbuildenv_info["releases"]
+
+    def update_version_pyodide(
+        self, identifier: str, version: Version, spec: Specifier, node_version: str
+    ) -> ConfigPyodide | None:
+        # get releases that match the python version
+        releases = [
+            r for r in self.releases.values() if spec.contains(Version(r["python_version"]))
+        ]
+        # sort by version, latest first
+        releases.sort(key=lambda r: Version(r["version"]), reverse=True)
+
+        if not releases:
+            msg = f"Pyodide not found for {spec}!"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        final_releases = [r for r in releases if not Version(r["version"]).is_prerelease]
+
+        # prefer a final release if available, otherwise use the latest
+        # pre-release
+        release = final_releases[0] if final_releases else releases[0]
+
+        return ConfigPyodide(
+            identifier=identifier,
+            version=str(version),
+            default_pyodide_version=release["version"],
+            node_version=node_version,
+        )
+

 # This is a universal interface to all the above Versions classes. Given an
 # identifier, it updates a config dict.
@@ -246,27 +421,37 @@ class AllVersions:
        self.windows_t_arm64 = WindowsVersions("ARM64", True)
        self.windows_pypy_64 = PyPyVersions("64")

-        self.macos_cpython = CPythonVersions()
+        self.cpython = CPythonVersions()
        self.macos_pypy = PyPyVersions("64")
        self.macos_pypy_arm64 = PyPyVersions("ARM64")

+        self.maven = MavenVersions()
+        self.ios_cpython = CPythonIOSVersions()
+
+        self.graalpy = GraalPyVersions()
+
+        self.pyodide = PyodideVersions()
+
    def update_config(self, config: MutableMapping[str, str]) -> None:
        identifier = config["identifier"]
        version = Version(config["version"])
        spec = Specifier(f"=={version.major}.{version.minor}.*")
        log.info("Reading in %r -> %s @ %s", str(identifier), spec, version)
-        orig_config = copy.copy(config)
-        config_update: AnyConfig | None = None
+        config_update: Config | None = None

        # We need to use ** in update due to MyPy (probably a bug)
        if "macosx" in identifier:
            if identifier.startswith("cp"):
-                config_update = self.macos_cpython.update_version_macos(identifier, version, spec)
+                config_update = self.cpython.update_version_macos(identifier, version, spec)
            elif identifier.startswith("pp"):
                if "macosx_x86_64" in identifier:
                    config_update = self.macos_pypy.update_version_macos(spec)
                elif "macosx_arm64" in identifier:
                    config_update = self.macos_pypy_arm64.update_version_macos(spec)
+            elif identifier.startswith("gp"):
+                if "macosx_x86_64" in identifier:
+                    return
+                config_update = self.graalpy.update_version(identifier, spec)
        elif "t-win32" in identifier and identifier.startswith("cp"):
            config_update = self.windows_t_32.update_version_windows(spec)
        elif "win32" in identifier and identifier.startswith("cp"):
@@ -278,16 +463,29 @@ class AllVersions:
                config_update = self.windows_64.update_version_windows(spec)
            elif identifier.startswith("pp"):
                config_update = self.windows_pypy_64.update_version_windows(spec)
+            elif identifier.startswith("gp"):
+                config_update = self.graalpy.update_version(identifier, spec)
        elif "t-win_arm64" in identifier and identifier.startswith("cp"):
            config_update = self.windows_t_arm64.update_version_windows(spec)
        elif "win_arm64" in identifier and identifier.startswith("cp"):
            config_update = self.windows_arm64.update_version_windows(spec)
+        elif "android" in identifier:
+            # Python 3.13 is released by Chaquopy on Maven Central.
+            # Python 3.14 and newer have official releases on python.org.
+            versions = self.maven if identifier.startswith("cp313") else self.cpython
+            config_update = versions.update_version_android(identifier, spec)
+        elif "ios" in identifier:
+            config_update = self.ios_cpython.update_version_ios(identifier, version)
+        elif "pyodide" in identifier:
+            config_update = self.pyodide.update_version_pyodide(
+                identifier, version, spec, config["node_version"]
+            )

        assert config_update is not None, f"{identifier} not found!"
-        config.update(**config_update)
-
-        if config != orig_config:
-            log.info("  Updated %s to %s", orig_config, config)
+        if config_update != config:
+            log.info("  Updated %s to %s", config, config_update)
+            config.clear()
+            config.update(**config_update)


@click.command()
@@ -311,11 +509,9 @@ def update_pythons(force: bool, level: str) -> None:
    with toml_file_path.open("rb") as f:
        configs = tomllib.load(f)

-    for config in configs["windows"]["python_configurations"]:
-        all_versions.update_config(config)
-
-    for config in configs["macos"]["python_configurations"]:
-        all_versions.update_config(config)
+    for platform in ["windows", "macos", "android", "ios", "pyodide"]:
+        for config in configs[platform]["python_configurations"]:
+            all_versions.update_config(config)

    result_toml = dump_python_configurations(configs)

@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import re
-import sys
-from pathlib import Path
-
-PROJECT_ROOT = Path(__file__).parent / ".."
-CHANGELOG_FILE = PROJECT_ROOT / "docs" / "changelog.md"
-README_FILE = PROJECT_ROOT / "README.md"
-
-# https://regexr.com/622ds
-FIRST_5_CHANGELOG_ENTRIES_REGEX = re.compile(r"""(^###.*?(?=###)){5}""", re.DOTALL | re.MULTILINE)
-
-# https://regexr.com/622e5
-README_CHANGELOG_SECTION = re.compile(
-    r"""(?<=<!-- START bin\/update_readme_changelog.py -->\n).*(?=<!-- END bin\/update_readme_changelog.py -->)""",
-    re.DOTALL,
-)
-
-
-def main():
-    changelog_text = CHANGELOG_FILE.read_text()
-    readme_text = README_FILE.read_text()
-
-    mini_changelog_match = FIRST_5_CHANGELOG_ENTRIES_REGEX.search(changelog_text)
-    assert mini_changelog_match, "Failed to find the first few changelog entries"
-
-    mini_changelog = "\n".join(
-        [
-            "",
-            "<!-- this section was generated by bin/update_readme_changelog.py -- do not edit manually -->",
-            "",
-            mini_changelog_match.group(0).strip(),
-            "",
-            "",
-        ]
-    )
-
-    if not re.search(README_CHANGELOG_SECTION, readme_text):
-        sys.exit("Changelog section not found in README")
-
-    readme_text = re.sub(README_CHANGELOG_SECTION, mini_changelog, readme_text)
-    README_FILE.write_text(readme_text)
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    main()
@@ -1,21 +1,20 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3

-from __future__ import annotations

+import dataclasses
 import difflib
 import logging
-import subprocess
-from dataclasses import dataclass
+import tomllib
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Final

 import click
 import rich
-from packaging.version import InvalidVersion, Version
+from packaging.version import Version
 from rich.logging import RichHandler
 from rich.syntax import Syntax

-from cibuildwheel._compat import tomllib
+from cibuildwheel.extra import github_api_request

 log = logging.getLogger("cibw")

@@ -30,34 +29,28 @@ GET_VIRTUALENV_URL_TEMPLATE: Final[str] = (
 )


-@dataclass(frozen=True, order=True)
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, order=True)
 class VersionTuple:
+    name: str
+    download_url: str
    version: Version
-    version_string: str


-def git_ls_remote_versions(url) -> list[VersionTuple]:
-    versions: list[VersionTuple] = []
-    tags = subprocess.run(
-        ["git", "ls-remote", "--tags", url], check=True, text=True, capture_output=True
-    ).stdout.splitlines()
-    for tag in tags:
-        _, ref = tag.split()
-        assert ref.startswith("refs/tags/")
-        version_string = ref[10:]
-        try:
-            version = Version(version_string)
-            if version.is_devrelease:
-                log.info("Ignoring development release %r", str(version))
-                continue
-            if version.is_prerelease:
-                log.info("Ignoring pre-release %r", str(version))
-                continue
-            versions.append(VersionTuple(version, version_string))
-        except InvalidVersion:
-            log.warning("Ignoring ref %r", ref)
-    versions.sort(reverse=True)
-    return versions
+def get_latest_virtualenv_release() -> VersionTuple:
+    response = github_api_request("repos/pypa/get-virtualenv/releases/latest")
+    tag_name = response["tag_name"]
+
+    asset = next(
+        (asset for asset in response["assets"] if asset["name"] == "virtualenv.pyz"),
+        None,
+    )
+    if not asset:
+        msg = "No asset named 'virtualenv.pyz' found in the latest release of get-virtualenv."
+        raise RuntimeError(msg)
+
+    return VersionTuple(
+        version=Version(tag_name), name=tag_name, download_url=asset["browser_download_url"]
+    )


@click.command()
@@ -80,14 +73,20 @@ def update_virtualenv(force: bool, level: str) -> None:
    with toml_file_path.open("rb") as f:
        configurations = tomllib.load(f)
    default = configurations.pop("default")
-    version = str(default["version"])
-    versions = git_ls_remote_versions(GET_VIRTUALENV_GITHUB)
-    if versions[0].version > Version(version):
-        version = versions[0].version_string
+    local_version = str(default["version"])
+
+    latest_release = get_latest_virtualenv_release()
+
+    if latest_release.version > Version(local_version):
+        version = latest_release.name
+        url = latest_release.download_url
+    else:
+        version = local_version
+        url = default["url"]

    configurations["default"] = {
        "version": version,
-        "url": GET_VIRTUALENV_URL_TEMPLATE.format(version=version),
+        "url": url,
    }
    result_toml = "".join(
        f'{key} = {{ version = "{value["version"]}", url = "{value["url"]}" }}\n'
@@ -1,3 +1 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-__version__ = "2.18.1"
+__version__ = "3.4.1"
@@ -1,57 +1,109 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
 import argparse
+import contextlib
+import dataclasses
+import functools
 import os
 import shutil
 import sys
 import tarfile
 import textwrap
+import traceback
 import typing
-from collections.abc import Iterable, Sequence, Set
+from collections.abc import Generator, Iterable, Sequence
 from pathlib import Path
 from tempfile import mkdtemp
-from typing import Protocol
+from typing import Any, Literal, TextIO

 import cibuildwheel
-import cibuildwheel.linux
-import cibuildwheel.macos
-import cibuildwheel.util
-import cibuildwheel.windows
-from cibuildwheel._compat.typing import assert_never
+from cibuildwheel import errors
 from cibuildwheel.architecture import Architecture, allowed_architectures_check
+from cibuildwheel.ci import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider, fix_ansi_codes_for_github_actions
 from cibuildwheel.logger import log
 from cibuildwheel.options import CommandLineArguments, Options, compute_options
-from cibuildwheel.typing import PLATFORMS, GenericPythonConfiguration, PlatformName
-from cibuildwheel.util import (
-    CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
-    BuildSelector,
-    CIProvider,
-    Unbuffered,
-    chdir,
-    detect_ci_provider,
-    fix_ansi_codes_for_github_actions,
-)
+from cibuildwheel.platforms import ALL_PLATFORM_MODULES, get_build_identifiers, native_platform
+from cibuildwheel.selector import BuildSelector, EnableGroup, selector_matches
+from cibuildwheel.typing import PLATFORMS, PlatformName
+from cibuildwheel.util.file import CIBW_CACHE_PATH, ensure_cache_sentinel
+from cibuildwheel.util.helpers import strtobool
+from cibuildwheel.util.resources import read_all_configs
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class GlobalOptions:
+    print_traceback_on_error: bool = True  # decides what happens when errors are hit.
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
+class FileReport:
+    name: str
+    size: str
+
+
+# Taken from https://stackoverflow.com/a/107717
+class Unbuffered:
+    def __init__(self, stream: TextIO) -> None:
+        self.stream = stream
+
+    def write(self, data: str) -> None:
+        self.stream.write(data)
+        self.stream.flush()
+
+    def writelines(self, data: Iterable[str]) -> None:
+        self.stream.writelines(data)
+        self.stream.flush()
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr: str) -> Any:  # noqa: ANN401
+        return getattr(self.stream, attr)


 def main() -> None:
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+    global_options = GlobalOptions()
+    try:
+        main_inner(global_options)
+    except errors.FatalError as e:
+        message = e.args[0]
+        if log.step_active:
+            log.step_end_with_error(message)
+        else:
+            log.error(message)
+
+        if global_options.print_traceback_on_error:
+            traceback.print_exc(file=sys.stderr)
+
+        sys.exit(e.return_code)
+
+
+def main_inner(global_options: GlobalOptions) -> None:
+    """
+    `main_inner` is the same as `main`, but it raises FatalError exceptions
+    rather than exiting directly.
+    """
+    # Default in 3.15+, only needed on 3.14
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 14):
+        arg_parser = functools.partial(argparse.ArgumentParser, suggest_on_error=True)
+    else:
+        arg_parser = argparse.ArgumentParser
+
+    parser = arg_parser(
        description="Build wheels for all the platforms.",
        epilog="""
            Most options are supplied via environment variables or in
            --config-file (pyproject.toml usually). See
            https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel#options for info.
        """,
+        allow_abbrev=False,
    )

    parser.add_argument(
        "--platform",
-        choices=["auto", "linux", "macos", "windows"],
+        choices=["auto", "linux", "macos", "windows", "pyodide", "android", "ios"],
        default=None,
        help="""
-            Platform to build for. Use this option to override the
-            auto-detected platform. Specifying "macos" or "windows" only works
-            on that operating system, but "linux" works on all three, as long
-            as Docker/Podman is installed. Default: auto.
+            Platform to build for. Use this option to override the auto-detected
+            platform. Specifying "macos" or "windows" only works on that
+            operating system. "linux" works on any desktop OS, as long as
+            Docker/Podman is installed. "pyodide" and "android" only work on
+            Linux and macOS. "ios" only works on macOS. Default: auto.
        """,
    )

@@ -69,9 +121,22 @@ def main() -> None:
        """,
    )

+    enable_groups_str = ", ".join(g.value for g in EnableGroup)
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--enable",
+        action="append",
+        default=[],
+        metavar="GROUP",
+        help=f"""
+            Enable an additional category of builds. Use multiple times to select multiple groups. Choices: {enable_groups_str}.
+        """,
+    )
+
    parser.add_argument(
        "--only",
        default=None,
+        choices=[v["identifier"] for vv in read_all_configs().values() for v in vv],
+        metavar="IDENTIFIER",
        help="""
            Force a single wheel build when given an identifier. Overrides
            CIBW_BUILD/CIBW_SKIP. --platform and --arch cannot be specified
@@ -99,7 +164,7 @@ def main() -> None:
    parser.add_argument(
        "package_dir",
        metavar="PACKAGE",
-        default=Path("."),
+        default=Path(),
        type=Path,
        nargs="?",
        help="""
@@ -119,6 +184,12 @@ def main() -> None:
        help="Print the build identifiers matched by the current invocation and exit.",
    )

+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--clean-cache",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Clear the cibuildwheel cache and exit.",
+    )
+
    parser.add_argument(
        "--allow-empty",
        action="store_true",
@@ -126,13 +197,58 @@ def main() -> None:
    )

    parser.add_argument(
-        "--prerelease-pythons",
+        "--debug-traceback",
        action="store_true",
-        help="Enable pre-release Python versions if available.",
+        default=strtobool(os.environ.get("CIBW_DEBUG_TRACEBACK", "0")),
+        help="Print a full traceback for all errors",
    )

    args = CommandLineArguments(**vars(parser.parse_args()))

+    global_options.print_traceback_on_error = args.debug_traceback
+
+    if args.clean_cache:
+        if not CIBW_CACHE_PATH.exists():
+            print(f"Cache directory does not exist: {CIBW_CACHE_PATH}")
+            sys.exit(0)
+
+        sentinel_file = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / "CACHEDIR.TAG"
+        if not sentinel_file.exists():
+            print(
+                f"Error: {CIBW_CACHE_PATH} does not appear to be a cibuildwheel cache directory.",
+                "Only directories with a CACHEDIR.TAG sentinel file can be cleaned.",
+                sep="\n",
+                file=sys.stderr,
+            )
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        # Verify signature to ensure it's a proper cache dir
+        # See https://bford.info/cachedir/ for more
+        try:
+            sentinel_content = sentinel_file.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+        except OSError as e:
+            print(f"Error reading cache directory tag: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        if not sentinel_content.startswith("Signature: 8a477f597d28d172789f06886806bc55"):
+            print(
+                f"Error: {sentinel_file} does not contain a valid cache directory signature.",
+                "For safety, only properly signed cache directories can be cleaned.",
+                sep="\n",
+                file=sys.stderr,
+            )
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        print(f"Clearing cache directory: {CIBW_CACHE_PATH}")
+        try:
+            shutil.rmtree(CIBW_CACHE_PATH)
+            print("Cache cleared successfully.")
+        except OSError as e:
+            print(f"Error clearing cache: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        sys.exit(0)
+
    args.package_dir = args.package_dir.resolve()

    # This are always relative to the base directory, even in SDist builds
@@ -159,7 +275,7 @@ def main() -> None:
        # This is now the new package dir
        args.package_dir = project_dir.resolve()

-        with chdir(project_dir):
+        with contextlib.chdir(project_dir):
            build_in_directory(args)
    finally:
        # avoid https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/86962 by performing
@@ -176,81 +292,44 @@ def _compute_platform_only(only: str) -> PlatformName:
        return "macos"
    if "win_" in only or "win32" in only:
        return "windows"
-    print(
-        f"Invalid --only='{only}', must be a build selector with a known platform",
-        file=sys.stderr,
-    )
-    sys.exit(2)
-
-
-def _compute_platform_auto() -> PlatformName:
-    if sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
-        return "linux"
-    elif sys.platform == "darwin":
-        return "macos"
-    elif sys.platform == "win32":
-        return "windows"
-    else:
-        print(
-            'cibuildwheel: Unable to detect platform from "sys.platform". cibuildwheel doesn\'t '
-            "support building wheels for this platform. You might be able to build for a different "
-            "platform using the --platform argument. Check --help output for more information.",
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
-        sys.exit(2)
+    if "pyodide_" in only:
+        return "pyodide"
+    if "android_" in only:
+        return "android"
+    if "ios_" in only:
+        return "ios"
+    msg = f"Invalid --only='{only}', must be a build selector with a known platform"
+    raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)


 def _compute_platform(args: CommandLineArguments) -> PlatformName:
-    platform_option_value = args.platform or os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "auto")
+    platform_option_value = args.platform or os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "") or "auto"

    if args.only and args.platform is not None:
-        print(
-            "--platform cannot be specified with --only, it is computed from --only",
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
-        sys.exit(2)
+        msg = "--platform cannot be specified with --only, it is computed from --only"
+        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
    if args.only and args.archs is not None:
-        print(
-            "--arch cannot be specified with --only, it is computed from --only",
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
-        sys.exit(2)
+        msg = "--arch cannot be specified with --only, it is computed from --only"
+        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)

    if platform_option_value not in PLATFORMS | {"auto"}:
-        print(f"cibuildwheel: Unsupported platform: {platform_option_value}", file=sys.stderr)
-        sys.exit(2)
+        msg = f"Unsupported platform: {platform_option_value}"
+        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)

    if args.only:
        return _compute_platform_only(args.only)
    elif platform_option_value != "auto":
-        return typing.cast(PlatformName, platform_option_value)
+        return typing.cast("PlatformName", platform_option_value)

-    return _compute_platform_auto()
-
-
-class PlatformModule(Protocol):
-    # note that as per PEP544, the self argument is ignored when the protocol
-    # is applied to a module
-    def get_python_configurations(
-        self, build_selector: BuildSelector, architectures: Set[Architecture]
-    ) -> Sequence[GenericPythonConfiguration]: ...
-
-    def build(self, options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None: ...
-
-
-# pylint: disable-next=inconsistent-return-statements
-def get_platform_module(platform: PlatformName) -> PlatformModule:
-    if platform == "linux":
-        return cibuildwheel.linux
-    if platform == "windows":
-        return cibuildwheel.windows
-    if platform == "macos":
-        return cibuildwheel.macos
-    assert_never(platform)
+    return native_platform()


 def build_in_directory(args: CommandLineArguments) -> None:
    platform: PlatformName = _compute_platform(args)
+    if platform == "pyodide" and sys.platform == "win32":
+        msg = "Building for pyodide is not supported on Windows"
+        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
+
    options = compute_options(platform=platform, command_line_arguments=args, env=os.environ)

    package_dir = options.globals.package_dir
@@ -258,11 +337,10 @@ def build_in_directory(args: CommandLineArguments) -> None:

    if not any(package_dir.joinpath(name).exists() for name in package_files):
        names = ", ".join(sorted(package_files, reverse=True))
-        msg = f"cibuildwheel: Could not find any of {{{names}}} at root of package"
-        print(msg, file=sys.stderr)
-        sys.exit(2)
+        msg = f"Could not find any of {{{names}}} at root of package"
+        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)

-    platform_module = get_platform_module(platform)
+    platform_module = ALL_PLATFORM_MODULES[platform]
    identifiers = get_build_identifiers(
        platform_module=platform_module,
        build_selector=options.globals.build_selector,
@@ -280,10 +358,11 @@ def build_in_directory(args: CommandLineArguments) -> None:
    # Python is buffering by default when running on the CI platforms, giving
    # problems interleaving subprocess call output with unflushed calls to
    # 'print'
-    sys.stdout = Unbuffered(sys.stdout)  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    sys.stdout = Unbuffered(sys.stdout)

    # create the cache dir before it gets printed & builds performed
    CIBW_CACHE_PATH.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    ensure_cache_sentinel(CIBW_CACHE_PATH)

    print_preamble(platform=platform, options=options, identifiers=identifiers)

@@ -291,27 +370,22 @@ def build_in_directory(args: CommandLineArguments) -> None:
        options.check_for_invalid_configuration(identifiers)
        allowed_architectures_check(platform, options.globals.architectures)
    except ValueError as err:
-        print("cibuildwheel:", *err.args, file=sys.stderr)
-        sys.exit(4)
+        raise errors.DeprecationError(*err.args) from err

    if not identifiers:
-        print(
-            f"cibuildwheel: No build identifiers selected: {options.globals.build_selector}",
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
-        if not args.allow_empty:
-            sys.exit(3)
+        message = f"No build identifiers selected: {options.globals.build_selector}"
+        if options.globals.allow_empty:
+            print(f"cibuildwheel: {message}", file=sys.stderr)
+        else:
+            raise errors.NothingToDoError(message)

    output_dir = options.globals.output_dir

-    if not output_dir.exists():
-        output_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
+    output_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)

    tmp_path = Path(mkdtemp(prefix="cibw-run-")).resolve(strict=True)
    try:
-        with cibuildwheel.util.print_new_wheels(
-            "\n{n} wheels produced in {m:.0f} minutes:", output_dir
-        ):
+        with log.print_summary(options=options):
            platform_module.build(options, tmp_path)
    finally:
        # avoid https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/86962 by performing
@@ -344,36 +418,139 @@ def print_preamble(platform: str, options: Options, identifiers: Sequence[str])

    print()
    print(f"Cache folder: {CIBW_CACHE_PATH}")
+    print()

-    warnings = detect_warnings(options=options, identifiers=identifiers)
-    if warnings:
-        print("\nWarnings:")
-        for warning in warnings:
-            print("  " + warning)
+    warnings = detect_warnings(options=options)
+    for warning in warnings:
+        log.warning(warning)

-    print("\nHere we go!\n")
+    error_list = list(detect_errors(options=options, identifiers=identifiers))
+    if error_list:
+        for error in error_list:
+            log.error(error)
+        msg = "\n".join(error_list)
+        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
+
+    n = len(identifiers)
+    print(f"{n} build{'s' if n != 1 else ''} selected:")
+    print(", ".join(identifiers))
+    print()
+    print("Here we go!\n")


-def get_build_identifiers(
-    platform_module: PlatformModule, build_selector: BuildSelector, architectures: Set[Architecture]
-) -> list[str]:
-    python_configurations = platform_module.get_python_configurations(build_selector, architectures)
-    return [config.identifier for config in python_configurations]
+def detect_errors(*, options: Options, identifiers: Iterable[str]) -> Generator[str, None, None]:
+    # Check for deprecated CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT environment variable
+    if "CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT" in os.environ:
+        yield "CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT environment variable is no longer supported."

-
-def detect_warnings(*, options: Options, identifiers: Iterable[str]) -> list[str]:
-    warnings = []
-
-    # warn about deprecated {python} and {pip}
+    # Deprecated {python} and {pip}
    for option_name in ["test_command", "before_build"]:
        option_values = [getattr(options.build_options(i), option_name) for i in identifiers]

        if any(o and ("{python}" in o or "{pip}" in o) for o in option_values):
            # Reminder: in an f-string, double braces means literal single brace
-            msg = (
-                f"{option_name}: '{{python}}' and '{{pip}}' are no longer needed, "
-                "and will be removed in a future release. Simply use 'python' or 'pip' instead."
+            yield (
+                f"{option_name}: '{{python}}' and '{{pip}}' are no longer supported "
+                "and have been removed in cibuildwheel 3. Simply use 'python' or 'pip' instead."
            )
+
+
+def detect_warnings(*, options: Options) -> Generator[str, None, None]:
+    python_version_deprecation = ((3, 11), 3)
+    if sys.version_info[:2] < python_version_deprecation[0]:
+        python_version = ".".join(map(str, python_version_deprecation[0]))
+        yield (
+            f"cibuildwheel {python_version_deprecation[1]} will require Python {python_version}+, "
+            "please upgrade the Python version used to run cibuildwheel. "
+            "This does not affect the versions you can target when building wheels. See: https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/#what-does-it-do"
+        )
+
+    build_selector = options.globals.build_selector
+    test_selector = options.globals.test_selector
+
+    if EnableGroup.CPythonFreeThreading in build_selector.enable:
+        yield (
+            "'cpython-freethreading' enable is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. "
+            "It should be removed from tool.cibuildwheel.enable in pyproject.toml "
+            "or CIBW_ENABLE environment variable."
+        )
+
+    all_valid_identifiers = [
+        config.identifier
+        for module in ALL_PLATFORM_MODULES.values()
+        for config in module.all_python_configurations()
+    ]
+
+    enabled_selector = BuildSelector(
+        build_config="*", skip_config="", enable=options.globals.build_selector.enable
+    )
+    all_enabled_identifiers = [
+        identifier for identifier in all_valid_identifiers if enabled_selector(identifier)
+    ]
+
+    yield from check_for_invalid_selectors(
+        selector_name="build",
+        selector_value=build_selector.build_config,
+        all_valid_identifiers=all_valid_identifiers,
+        all_enabled_identifiers=all_enabled_identifiers,
+    )
+    yield from check_for_invalid_selectors(
+        selector_name="skip",
+        selector_value=build_selector.skip_config,
+        all_valid_identifiers=all_valid_identifiers,
+        all_enabled_identifiers=all_enabled_identifiers,
+    )
+    yield from check_for_invalid_selectors(
+        selector_name="test_skip",
+        selector_value=test_selector.skip_config,
+        all_valid_identifiers=all_valid_identifiers,
+        all_enabled_identifiers=all_enabled_identifiers,
+    )
+
+
+def check_for_invalid_selectors(
+    *,
+    selector_name: Literal["build", "skip", "test_skip"],
+    selector_value: str,
+    all_valid_identifiers: Sequence[str],
+    all_enabled_identifiers: Sequence[str],
+) -> list[str]:
+    warnings = []
+
+    for selector in selector_value.split():
+        selector_ = selector
+        if selector_name == "test_skip":
+            # macosx_universal2 uses an additional identifier for tests which ends with ":{arch}"
+            values = selector.split(":")
+            universal2_identifiers = filter(
+                lambda x: x.endswith("-macosx_universal2"), all_valid_identifiers
+            )
+            if len(values) == 2 and any(
+                selector_matches(selector_, f"{i}:{arch}")
+                for i in universal2_identifiers
+                for arch in ["arm64", "x86_64"]
+            ):
+                # just ignore the arch part in the rest of the check
+                selector_ = values[0]
+        if not any(selector_matches(selector_, i) for i in all_enabled_identifiers):
+            msg = f"Invalid {selector_name} selector: {selector!r}. "
+            error_type: type = errors.ConfigurationError
+
+            if any(selector_matches(selector_, i) for i in all_valid_identifiers):
+                msg += "This selector matches a group that wasn't enabled. Enable it using the `enable` option or remove this selector. "
+
+            if "p2" in selector_ or "p35" in selector_:
+                msg += f"cibuildwheel 3.x no longer supports Python < 3.8. Please use the 1.x series or update `{selector_name}`. "
+                error_type = errors.DeprecationError
+            if "p36" in selector_ or "p37" in selector_:
+                msg += f"cibuildwheel 3.x no longer supports Python < 3.8. Please use the 2.x series or update `{selector_name}`. "
+                error_type = errors.DeprecationError
+
+            if selector_name == "build":
+                raise error_type(msg)
+
+            msg += "This selector will have no effect. "
+
            warnings.append(msg)

    return warnings
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import sys
-
-if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
-    from tomllib import load, loads
-else:
-    from tomli import load, loads
-
-__all__ = ["load", "loads"]
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import sys
-
-if sys.version_info < (3, 11):
-    from typing_extensions import NotRequired, Self, assert_never
-else:
-    from typing import NotRequired, Self, assert_never
-
-__all__ = (
-    "assert_never",
-    "NotRequired",
-    "Self",
-)
@@ -1,79 +1,115 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import functools
 import platform as platform_module
 import re
+import shutil
+import subprocess
 import sys
+import typing
 from collections.abc import Set
-from enum import Enum
-from typing import Final, Literal
+from enum import StrEnum, auto
+from typing import Final, Literal, Self

-from ._compat.typing import assert_never
-from .typing import PlatformName
+from cibuildwheel import errors
+from cibuildwheel.typing import PlatformName

 PRETTY_NAMES: Final[dict[PlatformName, str]] = {
    "linux": "Linux",
    "macos": "macOS",
    "windows": "Windows",
+    "pyodide": "Pyodide",
+    "android": "Android",
+    "ios": "iOS",
 }

 ARCH_SYNONYMS: Final[list[dict[PlatformName, str | None]]] = [
-    {"linux": "x86_64", "macos": "x86_64", "windows": "AMD64"},
+    {"linux": "x86_64", "macos": "x86_64", "windows": "AMD64", "android": "x86_64"},
    {"linux": "i686", "macos": None, "windows": "x86"},
-    {"linux": "aarch64", "macos": "arm64", "windows": "ARM64"},
+    {"linux": "aarch64", "macos": "arm64", "windows": "ARM64", "android": "arm64_v8a"},
 ]


-@functools.total_ordering
-class Architecture(Enum):
-    value: str
+def arch_synonym(arch: str, from_platform: PlatformName, to_platform: PlatformName) -> str | None:
+    for arch_synonym_ in ARCH_SYNONYMS:
+        if arch == arch_synonym_.get(from_platform):
+            return arch_synonym_.get(to_platform, arch)

-    # mac/linux archs
-    x86_64 = "x86_64"
+    return arch
+
+
+def _check_aarch32_el0() -> bool:
+    """Check if running armv7l natively on aarch64 is supported"""
+    if not sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
+        return False
+    if platform_module.machine() != "aarch64":
+        return False
+    executable = shutil.which("linux32")
+    if executable is None:
+        return False
+    check = subprocess.run([executable, "uname", "-m"], check=False, capture_output=True, text=True)
+    return check.returncode == 0 and check.stdout.startswith("armv")
+
+
+@typing.final
+class Architecture(StrEnum):
+    # mac/linux/android archs
+    x86_64 = auto()

    # linux archs
-    i686 = "i686"
-    aarch64 = "aarch64"
-    ppc64le = "ppc64le"
-    s390x = "s390x"
+    i686 = auto()
+    aarch64 = auto()
+    ppc64le = auto()
+    s390x = auto()
+    armv7l = auto()
+    riscv64 = auto()

    # mac archs
-    universal2 = "universal2"
-    arm64 = "arm64"
+    universal2 = auto()
+    arm64 = auto()

    # windows archs
-    x86 = "x86"
+    x86 = auto()
    AMD64 = "AMD64"
    ARM64 = "ARM64"

-    # Allow this to be sorted
-    def __lt__(self, other: Architecture) -> bool:
-        return self.value < other.value
+    # WebAssembly
+    wasm32 = auto()

-    def __str__(self) -> str:
-        return self.name
+    # android archs
+    arm64_v8a = auto()

-    @staticmethod
-    def parse_config(config: str, platform: PlatformName) -> set[Architecture]:
+    # iOS "multiarch" architectures that include both
+    # the CPU architecture and the ABI.
+    arm64_iphoneos = auto()
+    arm64_iphonesimulator = auto()
+    x86_64_iphonesimulator = auto()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def parse_config(cls, config: str, platform: PlatformName) -> set[Self]:
        result = set()
        for arch_str in re.split(r"[\s,]+", config):
-            if arch_str == "auto":
-                result |= Architecture.auto_archs(platform=platform)
-            elif arch_str == "native":
-                result.add(Architecture(platform_module.machine()))
-            elif arch_str == "all":
-                result |= Architecture.all_archs(platform=platform)
-            elif arch_str == "auto64":
-                result |= Architecture.bitness_archs(platform=platform, bitness="64")
-            elif arch_str == "auto32":
-                result |= Architecture.bitness_archs(platform=platform, bitness="32")
-            else:
-                result.add(Architecture(arch_str))
+            match arch_str:
+                case "auto":
+                    result |= cls.auto_archs(platform=platform)
+                case "native":
+                    if native_arch := cls.native_arch(platform=platform):
+                        result.add(native_arch)
+                case "all":
+                    result |= cls.all_archs(platform=platform)
+                case "auto64":
+                    result |= cls.bitness_archs(platform=platform, bitness="64")
+                case "auto32":
+                    result |= cls.bitness_archs(platform=platform, bitness="32")
+                case _:
+                    try:
+                        result.add(cls(arch_str))
+                    except ValueError as e:
+                        msg = f"Invalid architecture '{arch_str}'"
+                        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg) from e
        return result

-    @staticmethod
-    def auto_archs(platform: PlatformName) -> set[Architecture]:
+    @classmethod
+    def native_arch(cls, platform: PlatformName) -> Self | None:
        native_machine = platform_module.machine()
+        native_architecture = cls(native_machine)

        # Cross-platform support. Used for --print-build-identifiers or docker builds.
        host_platform: PlatformName = (
@@ -82,59 +118,102 @@ class Architecture(Enum):
            else ("macos" if sys.platform.startswith("darwin") else "linux")
        )

-        native_architecture = Architecture(native_machine)
+        if platform == "pyodide":
+            return cls.wasm32
+        elif platform == "ios":
+            # Can only build for iOS on macOS. The "native" architecture is the
+            # simulator for the macOS native platform.
+            if host_platform == "macos":
+                if native_architecture == cls.x86_64:
+                    return cls.x86_64_iphonesimulator
+                else:
+                    return cls.arm64_iphonesimulator
+            else:
+                return None

        # we might need to rename the native arch to the machine we're running
        # on, as the same arch can have different names on different platforms
        if host_platform != platform:
-            for arch_synonym in ARCH_SYNONYMS:
-                if native_machine == arch_synonym.get(host_platform):
-                    synonym = arch_synonym[platform]
+            synonym = arch_synonym(native_machine, host_platform, platform)
+            if synonym is None:
+                # can't build anything on this platform
+                return None

-                    if synonym is None:
-                        # can't build anything on this platform
-                        return set()
+            native_architecture = cls(synonym)

-                    native_architecture = Architecture(synonym)
+        return native_architecture

-        result = {native_architecture}
+    @classmethod
+    def auto_archs(cls, platform: PlatformName) -> set[Self]:
+        native_arch = cls.native_arch(platform)
+        if native_arch is None:
+            return set()  # can't build anything on this platform
+        result = {native_arch}

-        if platform == "linux" and Architecture.x86_64 in result:
-            # x86_64 machines can run i686 containers
-            result.add(Architecture.i686)
-
-        if platform == "windows" and Architecture.AMD64 in result:
-            result.add(Architecture.x86)
+        match platform:
+            case "windows" if cls.AMD64 in result:
+                result.add(cls.x86)
+            case "ios" if native_arch == cls.arm64_iphonesimulator:
+                # Also build the device wheel if we're on ARM64.
+                result.add(cls.arm64_iphoneos)

        return result

-    @staticmethod
-    def all_archs(platform: PlatformName) -> set[Architecture]:
+    @classmethod
+    def all_archs(cls, platform: PlatformName) -> set[Self]:
        all_archs_map = {
            "linux": {
-                Architecture.x86_64,
-                Architecture.i686,
-                Architecture.aarch64,
-                Architecture.ppc64le,
-                Architecture.s390x,
+                cls.x86_64,
+                cls.i686,
+                cls.aarch64,
+                cls.ppc64le,
+                cls.s390x,
+                cls.armv7l,
+                cls.riscv64,
+            },
+            "macos": {cls.x86_64, cls.arm64, cls.universal2},
+            "windows": {cls.x86, cls.AMD64, cls.ARM64},
+            "pyodide": {cls.wasm32},
+            "android": {cls.x86_64, cls.arm64_v8a},
+            "ios": {
+                cls.x86_64_iphonesimulator,
+                cls.arm64_iphonesimulator,
+                cls.arm64_iphoneos,
            },
-            "macos": {Architecture.x86_64, Architecture.arm64, Architecture.universal2},
-            "windows": {Architecture.x86, Architecture.AMD64, Architecture.ARM64},
        }
        return all_archs_map[platform]

-    @staticmethod
-    # pylint: disable-next=inconsistent-return-statements
-    def bitness_archs(platform: PlatformName, bitness: Literal["64", "32"]) -> set[Architecture]:
-        archs_32 = {Architecture.i686, Architecture.x86}
-        auto_archs = Architecture.auto_archs(platform)
+    @classmethod
+    def bitness_archs(cls, platform: PlatformName, bitness: Literal["64", "32"]) -> set[Self]:
+        # This map maps 64-bit architectures to their 32-bit equivalents.
+        archs_map = {
+            cls.x86_64: cls.i686,
+            cls.AMD64: cls.x86,
+            cls.aarch64: cls.armv7l,
+        }
+        native_arch = cls.native_arch(platform)

-        if bitness == "64":
-            return auto_archs - archs_32
-        elif bitness == "32":
-            return auto_archs & archs_32
-        else:
-            assert_never(bitness)
+        if native_arch is None:
+            return set()  # can't build anything on this platform
+
+        if native_arch == cls.wasm32:
+            return {native_arch} if bitness == "32" else set()
+
+        match bitness:
+            case "64":
+                return {native_arch} if native_arch not in archs_map.values() else set()
+            case "32":
+                if native_arch in archs_map.values():
+                    return {native_arch}
+                elif native_arch in archs_map and platform in {"linux", "windows"}:
+                    if native_arch == cls.aarch64 and not _check_aarch32_el0():
+                        # If we're on aarch64, skip if we cannot build armv7l wheels.
+                        return set()
+                    return {archs_map[native_arch]}
+                else:
+                    return set()
+            case _:
+                typing.assert_never(bitness)


 def allowed_architectures_check(
@@ -1,21 +1,23 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
+import dataclasses
 import subprocess
-from collections.abc import Iterable, Mapping, Sequence
-from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import Callable, Dict, List  # noqa: TID251
+from collections.abc import (
+    Callable,
+    Iterable,
+    Mapping,
+    Sequence,
+)

 import bashlex

 # a function that takes a command and the environment, and returns the result
-EnvironmentExecutor = Callable[[List[str], Dict[str, str]], str]
+EnvironmentExecutor = Callable[[list[str], dict[str, str]], str]


 def local_environment_executor(command: Sequence[str], env: Mapping[str, str]) -> str:
    return subprocess.run(command, env=env, text=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, check=True).stdout


-@dataclass(frozen=True)
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, kw_only=True)
 class NodeExecutionContext:
    environment: dict[str, str]
    input: str
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+import os
+import re
+from enum import Enum
+
+from cibuildwheel.util.helpers import strtobool
+
+ANSI_CODE_REGEX = re.compile(r"(\033\[[0-9;]*m)")
+
+
+class CIProvider(Enum):
+    # official support
+    travis_ci = "travis"
+    circle_ci = "circle_ci"
+    azure_pipelines = "azure_pipelines"
+    github_actions = "github_actions"
+    gitlab = "gitlab"
+    cirrus_ci = "cirrus_ci"
+
+    # unofficial support
+    appveyor = "appveyor"
+
+    other = "other"
+
+
+def detect_ci_provider() -> CIProvider | None:
+    if "TRAVIS" in os.environ:
+        return CIProvider.travis_ci
+    elif "APPVEYOR" in os.environ:
+        return CIProvider.appveyor
+    elif "CIRCLECI" in os.environ:
+        return CIProvider.circle_ci
+    elif "AZURE_HTTP_USER_AGENT" in os.environ:
+        return CIProvider.azure_pipelines
+    elif "GITHUB_ACTIONS" in os.environ:
+        return CIProvider.github_actions
+    elif "GITLAB_CI" in os.environ:
+        return CIProvider.gitlab
+    elif "CIRRUS_CI" in os.environ:
+        return CIProvider.cirrus_ci
+    elif strtobool(os.environ.get("CI", "false")):
+        return CIProvider.other
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def fix_ansi_codes_for_github_actions(text: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Github Actions forgets the current ANSI style on every new line. This
+    function repeats the current ANSI style on every new line.
+    """
+
+    ansi_codes: list[str] = []
+    output = ""
+
+    for line in text.splitlines(keepends=True):
+        # add the current ANSI codes to the beginning of the line
+        output += "".join(ansi_codes) + line
+
+        # split the line at each ANSI code
+        parts = ANSI_CODE_REGEX.split(line)
+        # if there are any ANSI codes, save them
+        if len(parts) > 1:
+            # iterate over the ANSI codes in this line
+            for code in parts[1::2]:
+                if code == "\033[0m":
+                    # reset the list of ANSI codes when the clear code is found
+                    ansi_codes = []
+                else:
+                    ansi_codes.append(code)
+
+    return output
+
+
+def filter_ansi_codes(text: str, /) -> str:
+    """
+    Remove ANSI codes from text.
+    """
+
+    return ANSI_CODE_REGEX.sub("", text)
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
 import dataclasses
 from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
 from typing import Any, Protocol
@@ -7,7 +5,7 @@ from typing import Any, Protocol
 import bashlex
 import bashlex.errors

-from . import bashlex_eval
+from cibuildwheel import bashlex_eval


 class EnvironmentParseError(Exception):
@@ -75,12 +73,16 @@ class EnvironmentAssignmentRaw:
        return self.value


+@dataclasses.dataclass
 class EnvironmentAssignmentBash:
    """
    An environment variable, in bash syntax. The value can use bash constructs
    like "$OTHER_VAR" and "$(command arg1 arg2)".
    """

+    name: str
+    value: str
+
    def __init__(self, assignment: str):
        name, equals, value = assignment.partition("=")
        if not equals:
@@ -98,13 +100,8 @@ class EnvironmentAssignmentBash:
    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        return f"{self.name}={self.value}"

-    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
-        if isinstance(other, EnvironmentAssignmentBash):
-            return self.name == other.name and self.value == other.value
-        return False

-
-@dataclasses.dataclass
+@dataclasses.dataclass(kw_only=True)
 class ParsedEnvironment:
    assignments: list[EnvironmentAssignment]

@@ -134,7 +131,7 @@ class ParsedEnvironment:
    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({[repr(a) for a in self.assignments]!r})"

-    def options_summary(self) -> Any:
+    def options_summary(self) -> list[EnvironmentAssignment]:
        return self.assignments


@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+"""
+Errors that can cause the build to fail. Each subclass of FatalError has
+a different return code, by defining them all here, we can ensure that they're
+semantically clear and unique.
+"""
+
+import textwrap
+
+
+class FatalError(BaseException):
+    """
+    Raising an error of this type will cause the message to be printed to
+    stderr and the process to be terminated. Within cibuildwheel, raising this
+    exception produces a better error message, and optional traceback.
+    """
+
+    return_code: int = 1
+
+
+class ConfigurationError(FatalError):
+    return_code = 2
+
+
+class NothingToDoError(FatalError):
+    return_code = 3
+
+
+class DeprecationError(FatalError):
+    return_code = 4
+
+
+class NonPlatformWheelError(FatalError):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        message = textwrap.dedent(
+            """
+            Build failed because a pure Python wheel was generated.
+
+            If you intend to build a pure-Python wheel, you don't need
+            cibuildwheel - use `pip wheel .`, `pipx run build --wheel`, `uv
+            build --wheel`, etc. instead. You only need cibuildwheel if you
+            have compiled (not Python) code in your wheels making them depend
+            on the platform.
+
+            If you expected a platform wheel, check your project configuration,
+            or run cibuildwheel with CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY=1 to view build logs.
+            """
+        )
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.return_code = 5
+
+
+class AlreadyBuiltWheelError(FatalError):
+    def __init__(self, wheel_name: str) -> None:
+        message = textwrap.dedent(
+            f"""
+            Build failed because a wheel named {wheel_name} was already generated in the current run.
+
+            If you expected another wheel to be generated, check your project configuration, or run
+            cibuildwheel with CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY=1 to view build logs.
+            """
+        )
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.return_code = 6
+
+
+class OCIEngineTooOldError(FatalError):
+    def __init__(self, message: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.return_code = 7
+
+
+class RepairStepProducedNoWheelError(FatalError):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        message = textwrap.dedent(
+            """
+            Build failed because the repair step completed successfully but
+            did not produce a wheel.
+
+            Your `repair-wheel-command` is expected to place the repaired
+            wheel in the {dest_dir} directory. See the documentation for
+            example configurations:
+
+            https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#repair-wheel-command
+            """
+        )
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.return_code = 8
+
+
+class RepairStepProducedMultipleWheelsError(FatalError):
+    def __init__(self, wheels: list[str]) -> None:
+        message = textwrap.dedent(
+            f"""
+            Build failed because the repair step completed successfully but
+            produced multiple wheels: {wheels}
+
+            Your `repair-wheel-command` is expected to place one repaired
+            wheel in the {{dest_dir}} directory. See the documentation for
+            example configurations:
+
+            https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#repair-wheel-command
+            """
+        )
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.return_code = 8
@@ -2,11 +2,16 @@
 These are utilities for the `/bin` scripts, not for the `cibuildwheel` program.
 """

-from __future__ import annotations
-
+import json
+import time
+import typing
+import urllib.error
+import urllib.request
 from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
 from io import StringIO
-from typing import Protocol
+from typing import Any, NotRequired, Protocol
+
+from cibuildwheel import __version__ as cibw_version

 __all__ = ("Printable", "dump_python_configurations")

@@ -32,3 +37,65 @@ def dump_python_configurations(
        output.write("\n")
    # Strip the final newline, to avoid two blank lines at the end.
    return output.getvalue()[:-1]
+
+
+def _json_request(request: urllib.request.Request, timeout: int = 30) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    with urllib.request.urlopen(request, timeout=timeout) as response:
+        return typing.cast("dict[str, Any]", json.load(response))
+
+
+def github_api_request(path: str, *, max_retries: int = 3) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """
+    Makes a GitHub API request to the given path and returns the JSON response.
+    """
+    api_url = f"https://api.github.com/{path}"
+    headers = {
+        "Accept": "application/vnd.github.v3+json",
+        "User-Agent": f"cibuildwheel/{cibw_version}",
+    }
+    request = urllib.request.Request(api_url, headers=headers)
+
+    for retry_count in range(max_retries):
+        try:
+            return _json_request(request)
+        except (urllib.error.URLError, TimeoutError) as e:
+            # pylint: disable=E1101
+            if (
+                isinstance(e, urllib.error.HTTPError)
+                and (e.code in {403, 429})
+                and e.headers.get("x-ratelimit-remaining") == "0"
+            ):
+                reset_time = int(e.headers.get("x-ratelimit-reset", 0))
+                wait_time = max(0, reset_time - int(e.headers.get("date", 0)))
+                print(f"Github rate limit exceeded. Waiting for {wait_time} seconds.")
+                time.sleep(wait_time)
+            else:
+                print(f"Retrying GitHub API request due to error: {e}")
+
+            if retry_count == max_retries - 1:
+                print(f"GitHub API request failed (Network error: {e}). Check network connection.")
+                raise e
+
+    # Should never be reached but to keep the type checker happy
+    msg = "Unexpected execution path in github_api_request"
+    raise RuntimeError(msg)
+
+
+class PyodideXBuildEnvRelease(typing.TypedDict):
+    version: str
+    python_version: str
+    emscripten_version: str
+    min_pyodide_build_version: NotRequired[str]
+    max_pyodide_build_version: NotRequired[str]
+
+
+class PyodideXBuildEnvInfo(typing.TypedDict):
+    releases: dict[str, PyodideXBuildEnvRelease]
+
+
+def get_pyodide_xbuildenv_info() -> PyodideXBuildEnvInfo:
+    xbuildenv_info_url = (
+        "https://pyodide.github.io/pyodide/api/pyodide-cross-build-environments.json"
+    )
+    with urllib.request.urlopen(xbuildenv_info_url) as response:
+        return typing.cast("PyodideXBuildEnvInfo", json.loads(response.read().decode("utf-8")))
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+import dataclasses
+import shlex
+import typing
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Literal, Self, get_args
+
+from cibuildwheel.logger import log
+from cibuildwheel.util.helpers import parse_key_value_string
+
+BuildFrontendName = Literal["pip", "build", "build[uv]", "uv"]
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
+class BuildFrontendConfig:
+    name: BuildFrontendName
+    args: Sequence[str] = ()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_config_string(cls, config_string: str) -> Self:
+        config_dict = parse_key_value_string(config_string, ["name"], ["args"])
+        name = " ".join(config_dict["name"])
+        if name not in get_args(BuildFrontendName):
+            names = ", ".join(repr(n) for n in get_args(BuildFrontendName))
+            msg = f"Unrecognised build frontend {name!r}, must be one of {names}"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        name = typing.cast("BuildFrontendName", name)
+
+        args = config_dict.get("args") or []
+        return cls(name=name, args=args)
+
+    def options_summary(self) -> str | dict[str, str]:
+        if not self.args:
+            return self.name
+        else:
+            return {"name": self.name, "args": repr(self.args)}
+
+
+def _get_verbosity_flags(level: int, frontend: BuildFrontendName, *, py38: bool) -> list[str]:
+    if level < 0:
+        if frontend.startswith("build") and py38:
+            msg = f"build_verbosity {level} is not supported for {frontend} frontend. Ignoring."
+            log.warning(msg)
+            return []
+        return ["-" + -level * "q"]
+
+    if level > 0:
+        if frontend == "pip":
+            return ["-" + level * "v"]
+        if level > 1:
+            return ["-" + (level - 1) * "v"]
+
+    return []
+
+
+def _split_config_settings(config_settings: str) -> list[str]:
+    config_settings_list = shlex.split(config_settings)
+    return [f"-C{setting}" for setting in config_settings_list]
+
+
+# Based on build.__main__.main.
+def parse_config_settings(config_settings_str: str) -> dict[str, str | list[str]]:
+    config_settings: dict[str, str | list[str]] = {}
+    for arg in shlex.split(config_settings_str):
+        setting, _, value = arg.partition("=")
+        existing_value = config_settings.get(setting)
+        if existing_value is None:
+            config_settings[setting] = value
+        elif isinstance(existing_value, str):
+            config_settings[setting] = [existing_value, value]
+        else:
+            existing_value.append(value)
+
+    return config_settings
+
+
+def get_build_frontend_extra_flags(
+    build_frontend: BuildFrontendConfig, verbosity_level: int, config_settings: str, *, py38: bool
+) -> list[str]:
+    return [
+        *_split_config_settings(config_settings),
+        *build_frontend.args,
+        *_get_verbosity_flags(verbosity_level, build_frontend.name, py38=py38),
+    ]
@@ -1,15 +1,26 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
 import codecs
+import contextlib
+import dataclasses
+import functools
+import hashlib
+import io
 import os
 import re
 import sys
+import textwrap
 import time
-from typing import IO, AnyStr, Final, Tuple
+from collections.abc import Generator
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import IO, TYPE_CHECKING, AnyStr, Final, Literal

-from .util import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider
+import humanize

-FoldPattern = Tuple[str, str]
+from cibuildwheel.ci import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider, filter_ansi_codes
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from cibuildwheel.options import Options
+
+FoldPattern = tuple[str, str]
 DEFAULT_FOLD_PATTERN: Final[FoldPattern] = ("{name}", "")
 FOLD_PATTERNS: Final[dict[str, FoldPattern]] = {
    "azure": ("##[group]{name}", "##[endgroup]"),
@@ -23,28 +34,92 @@ PLATFORM_IDENTIFIER_DESCRIPTIONS: Final[dict[str, str]] = {
    "manylinux_aarch64": "manylinux aarch64",
    "manylinux_ppc64le": "manylinux ppc64le",
    "manylinux_s390x": "manylinux s390x",
+    "manylinux_armv7l": "manylinux armv7l",
+    "manylinux_riscv64": "manylinux riscv64",
    "musllinux_x86_64": "musllinux x86_64",
    "musllinux_i686": "musllinux i686",
    "musllinux_aarch64": "musllinux aarch64",
    "musllinux_ppc64le": "musllinux ppc64le",
-    "musllinux_s390x": "manylinux s390x",
+    "musllinux_s390x": "musllinux s390x",
+    "musllinux_armv7l": "musllinux armv7l",
+    "musllinux_riscv64": "musllinux riscv64",
    "win32": "Windows 32bit",
    "win_amd64": "Windows 64bit",
    "win_arm64": "Windows on ARM 64bit",
    "macosx_x86_64": "macOS x86_64",
    "macosx_universal2": "macOS Universal 2 - x86_64 and arm64",
    "macosx_arm64": "macOS arm64 - Apple Silicon",
+    "pyodide_wasm32": "Pyodide",
+    "android_arm64_v8a": "Android arm64_v8a",
+    "android_x86_64": "Android x86_64",
+    "ios_arm64_iphoneos": "iOS Device (ARM64)",
+    "ios_arm64_iphonesimulator": "iOS Simulator (ARM64)",
+    "ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator": "iOS Simulator (x86_64)",
 }


+class Colors:
+    def __init__(self, *, enabled: bool) -> None:
+        self.red = "\033[31m" if enabled else ""
+        self.green = "\033[32m" if enabled else ""
+        self.yellow = "\033[33m" if enabled else ""
+        self.blue = "\033[34m" if enabled else ""
+        self.cyan = "\033[36m" if enabled else ""
+        self.bright_red = "\033[91m" if enabled else ""
+        self.bright_green = "\033[92m" if enabled else ""
+        self.white = "\033[37m\033[97m" if enabled else ""
+        self.gray = "\033[38;5;244m" if enabled else ""
+
+        self.bg_grey = "\033[48;5;235m" if enabled else ""
+
+        self.bold = "\033[1m" if enabled else ""
+        self.faint = "\033[2m" if enabled else ""
+
+        self.end = "\033[0m" if enabled else ""
+
+
+class Symbols:
+    def __init__(self, *, unicode: bool) -> None:
+        self.done = "✓" if unicode else "done"
+        self.error = "✕" if unicode else "failed"
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(kw_only=True, frozen=True)
+class BuildInfo:
+    identifier: str
+    filename: Path | None
+    duration: float
+
+    @functools.cached_property
+    def size(self) -> str | None:
+        if self.filename is None:
+            return None
+        return humanize.naturalsize(self.filename.stat().st_size)
+
+    @functools.cached_property
+    def sha256(self) -> str | None:
+        if self.filename is None:
+            return None
+        with self.filename.open("rb") as f:
+            digest = hashlib.file_digest(f, "sha256")
+        return digest.hexdigest()
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        duration = humanize.naturaldelta(self.duration)
+        if self.filename:
+            return f"{self.identifier}: {self.filename.name} {self.size} in {duration}, SHA256={self.sha256}"
+        return f"{self.identifier}: {duration} (test only)"
+
+
 class Logger:
-    fold_mode: str
+    fold_mode: Literal["azure", "github", "travis", "disabled"]
    colors_enabled: bool
    unicode_enabled: bool
    active_build_identifier: str | None = None
    build_start_time: float | None = None
    step_start_time: float | None = None
    active_fold_group_name: str | None = None
+    summary: list[BuildInfo]

    def __init__(self) -> None:
        if sys.platform == "win32" and hasattr(sys.stdout, "reconfigure"):
@@ -56,25 +131,28 @@ class Logger:

        ci_provider = detect_ci_provider()

-        if ci_provider == CIProvider.azure_pipelines:
-            self.fold_mode = "azure"
-            self.colors_enabled = True
+        match ci_provider:
+            case CIProvider.azure_pipelines:
+                self.fold_mode = "azure"
+                self.colors_enabled = True

-        elif ci_provider == CIProvider.github_actions:
-            self.fold_mode = "github"
-            self.colors_enabled = True
+            case CIProvider.github_actions:
+                self.fold_mode = "github"
+                self.colors_enabled = True

-        elif ci_provider == CIProvider.travis_ci:
-            self.fold_mode = "travis"
-            self.colors_enabled = True
+            case CIProvider.travis_ci:
+                self.fold_mode = "travis"
+                self.colors_enabled = True

-        elif ci_provider == CIProvider.appveyor:
-            self.fold_mode = "disabled"
-            self.colors_enabled = True
+            case CIProvider.appveyor:
+                self.fold_mode = "disabled"
+                self.colors_enabled = True

-        else:
-            self.fold_mode = "disabled"
-            self.colors_enabled = file_supports_color(sys.stdout)
+            case _:
+                self.fold_mode = "disabled"
+                self.colors_enabled = file_supports_color(sys.stdout)
+
+        self.summary = []

    def build_start(self, identifier: str) -> None:
        self.step_end()
@@ -88,7 +166,7 @@ class Logger:
        self.build_start_time = time.time()
        self.active_build_identifier = identifier

-    def build_end(self) -> None:
+    def build_end(self, filename: Path | None) -> None:
        assert self.build_start_time is not None
        assert self.active_build_identifier is not None
        self.step_end()
@@ -96,11 +174,14 @@ class Logger:
        c = self.colors
        s = self.symbols
        duration = time.time() - self.build_start_time
+        duration_str = humanize.naturaldelta(duration, minimum_unit="milliseconds")

        print()
-        print(
-            f"{c.green}{s.done} {c.end}{self.active_build_identifier} finished in {duration:.2f}s"
+        print(f"{c.green}{s.done} {c.end}{self.active_build_identifier} finished in {duration_str}")
+        self.summary.append(
+            BuildInfo(identifier=self.active_build_identifier, filename=filename, duration=duration)
        )
+
        self.build_start_time = None
        self.active_build_identifier = None

@@ -115,6 +196,7 @@ class Logger:
            c = self.colors
            s = self.symbols
            duration = time.time() - self.step_start_time
+
            if success:
                print(f"{c.green}{s.done} {c.end}{duration:.2f}s".rjust(78))
            else:
@@ -132,24 +214,48 @@ class Logger:

    def notice(self, message: str) -> None:
        if self.fold_mode == "github":
-            print(f"::notice::{message}\n", file=sys.stderr)
+            print(f"::notice::cibuildwheel: {message}\n", file=sys.stderr)
        else:
            c = self.colors
-            print(f"{c.bold}Note{c.end}: {message}\n", file=sys.stderr)
+            print(f"cibuildwheel: {c.bold}note{c.end}: {message}\n", file=sys.stderr)

    def warning(self, message: str) -> None:
        if self.fold_mode == "github":
-            print(f"::warning::{message}\n", file=sys.stderr)
+            print(f"::warning::cibuildwheel: {message}\n", file=sys.stderr)
        else:
            c = self.colors
-            print(f"{c.yellow}Warning{c.end}: {message}\n", file=sys.stderr)
+            print(f"cibuildwheel: {c.yellow}warning{c.end}: {message}\n", file=sys.stderr)

    def error(self, error: BaseException | str) -> None:
        if self.fold_mode == "github":
-            print(f"::error::{error}\n", file=sys.stderr)
+            print(f"::error::cibuildwheel: {error}\n", file=sys.stderr)
        else:
            c = self.colors
-            print(f"{c.bright_red}Error{c.end}: {error}\n", file=sys.stderr)
+            print(f"cibuildwheel: {c.bright_red}error{c.end}: {error}\n", file=sys.stderr)
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def print_summary(self, *, options: "Options") -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+        start = time.time()
+        yield
+        duration = time.time() - start
+        if summary_path := os.environ.get("GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY"):
+            github_summary = self._github_step_summary(duration=duration, options=options)
+            Path(summary_path).write_text(filter_ansi_codes(github_summary), encoding="utf-8")
+
+        n_wheels = len([info for info in self.summary if info.filename])
+        s = "s" if n_wheels > 1 else ""
+        duration_str = humanize.naturaldelta(duration)
+        print()
+        self._start_fold_group(f"{n_wheels} wheel{s} produced in {duration_str}")
+        for build_info in self.summary:
+            print(" ", build_info)
+        self._end_fold_group()
+
+        self.summary = []
+
+    @property
+    def step_active(self) -> bool:
+        return self.step_start_time is not None

    def _start_fold_group(self, name: str) -> None:
        self._end_fold_group()
@@ -186,6 +292,72 @@ class Logger:
        # lowercase, shorten
        return identifier.lower()[:20]

+    def _github_step_summary(self, duration: float, options: "Options") -> str:
+        """
+        Returns the GitHub step summary, in markdown format.
+        """
+        out = io.StringIO()
+        options_summary = options.summary(
+            identifiers=[bi.identifier for bi in self.summary], skip_unset=True
+        )
+        out.write(
+            textwrap.dedent("""\
+                ### 🎡 cibuildwheel
+
+                <details>
+                <summary>
+                Build options
+                </summary>
+
+                ```yaml
+                {options_summary}
+                ```
+
+                </details>
+
+            """).format(options_summary=options_summary)
+        )
+        n_wheels = len([b for b in self.summary if b.filename])
+        wheel_rows = "\n".join(
+            "<tr>"
+            f"<td nowrap>{'<samp>' + b.filename.name + '</samp>' if b.filename else '*Test only*'}</td>"
+            f"<td nowrap>{b.size or 'N/A'}</td>"
+            f"<td nowrap><samp>{b.identifier}</samp></td>"
+            f"<td nowrap>{humanize.naturaldelta(b.duration)}</td>"
+            f"<td nowrap><samp>{b.sha256 or 'N/A'}</samp></td>"
+            "</tr>"
+            for b in self.summary
+        )
+        out.write(
+            textwrap.dedent("""\
+                <table>
+                <thead>
+                <tr>
+                <th align="left">Wheel</th>
+                <th align="left">Size</th>
+                <th align="left">Build identifier</th>
+                <th align="left">Time</th>
+                <th align="left">SHA256</th>
+                </tr>
+                </thead>
+                <tbody>
+                {wheel_rows}
+                </tbody>
+                </table>
+                <div align="right"><sup>{n} wheel{s} created in {duration_str}</sup></div>
+            """).format(
+                wheel_rows=wheel_rows,
+                n=n_wheels,
+                duration_str=humanize.naturaldelta(duration),
+                s="s" if n_wheels > 1 else "",
+            )
+        )
+
+        out.write("\n")
+        out.write("---")
+        out.write("\n")
+        return out.getvalue()
+
    @property
    def colors(self) -> Colors:
        return Colors(enabled=self.colors_enabled)
@@ -201,17 +373,22 @@ def build_description_from_identifier(identifier: str) -> str:
    build_description = ""

    python_interpreter = python_identifier[0:2]
-    python_version = python_identifier[2:]
+    version_parts = python_identifier[2:].split("_")
+    python_version = version_parts[0]

    if python_interpreter == "cp":
        build_description += "CPython"
    elif python_interpreter == "pp":
        build_description += "PyPy"
+    elif python_interpreter == "gp":
+        build_description += "GraalPy"
    else:
        msg = f"unknown python {python_interpreter!r}"
        raise Exception(msg)

    build_description += f" {python_version[0]}.{python_version[1:]} "
+    if len(version_parts) > 1:
+        build_description += f"(ABI {version_parts[1]}) "

    try:
        build_description += PLATFORM_IDENTIFIER_DESCRIPTIONS[platform_identifier]
@@ -222,32 +399,6 @@ def build_description_from_identifier(identifier: str) -> str:
    return build_description


-class Colors:
-    def __init__(self, *, enabled: bool) -> None:
-        self.red = "\033[31m" if enabled else ""
-        self.green = "\033[32m" if enabled else ""
-        self.yellow = "\033[33m" if enabled else ""
-        self.blue = "\033[34m" if enabled else ""
-        self.cyan = "\033[36m" if enabled else ""
-        self.bright_red = "\033[91m" if enabled else ""
-        self.bright_green = "\033[92m" if enabled else ""
-        self.white = "\033[37m\033[97m" if enabled else ""
-        self.gray = "\033[38;5;244m" if enabled else ""
-
-        self.bg_grey = "\033[48;5;235m" if enabled else ""
-
-        self.bold = "\033[1m" if enabled else ""
-        self.faint = "\033[2m" if enabled else ""
-
-        self.end = "\033[0m" if enabled else ""
-
-
-class Symbols:
-    def __init__(self, *, unicode: bool) -> None:
-        self.done = "✓" if unicode else "done"
-        self.error = "✕" if unicode else "failed"
-
-
 def file_supports_color(file_obj: IO[AnyStr]) -> bool:
    """
    Returns True if the running system's terminal supports color.
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
+import dataclasses
 import io
 import json
 import os
@@ -8,35 +7,67 @@ import shlex
 import shutil
 import subprocess
 import sys
+import textwrap
 import typing
 import uuid
 from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
-from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from enum import Enum
 from pathlib import Path, PurePath, PurePosixPath
 from types import TracebackType
-from typing import IO, Dict, Literal
+from typing import IO, Literal, Self, assert_never

-from ._compat.typing import Self
-from .typing import PathOrStr, PopenBytes
-from .util import (
-    CIProvider,
-    call,
-    detect_ci_provider,
-    parse_key_value_string,
-    strtobool,
-)
+from cibuildwheel.ci import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider
+from cibuildwheel.errors import OCIEngineTooOldError
+from cibuildwheel.logger import log
+from cibuildwheel.typing import PathOrStr
+from cibuildwheel.util.cmd import call
+from cibuildwheel.util.helpers import FlexibleVersion, parse_key_value_string, strtobool

 ContainerEngineName = Literal["docker", "podman"]


-@dataclass(frozen=True)
+# Order of the enum matters for tests. 386 shall appear before amd64.
+class OCIPlatform(Enum):
+    i386 = "linux/386"
+    AMD64 = "linux/amd64"
+    ARMV7 = "linux/arm/v7"
+    ARM64 = "linux/arm64"
+    PPC64LE = "linux/ppc64le"
+    RISCV64 = "linux/riscv64"
+    S390X = "linux/s390x"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def native(cls) -> Self:
+        """Return the current OCI platform, or raise ValueError if unknown."""
+        arch = platform.machine().lower()
+        mapping = {
+            "i386": cls.i386,
+            "i686": cls.i386,
+            "x86_64": cls.AMD64,
+            "amd64": cls.AMD64,
+            "armv7l": cls.ARMV7,
+            "aarch64": cls.ARM64,
+            "arm64": cls.ARM64,
+            "ppc64le": cls.PPC64LE,
+            "riscv64": cls.RISCV64,
+            "s390x": cls.S390X,
+        }
+        try:
+            return mapping[arch]
+        except KeyError as ex:
+            msg = f"Unsupported platform architecture: {arch}"
+            raise OSError(msg) from ex
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
 class OCIContainerEngineConfig:
    name: ContainerEngineName
-    create_args: tuple[str, ...] = field(default_factory=tuple)
+    _: dataclasses.KW_ONLY
+    create_args: tuple[str, ...] = dataclasses.field(default_factory=tuple)
    disable_host_mount: bool = False

-    @staticmethod
-    def from_config_string(config_string: str) -> OCIContainerEngineConfig:
+    @classmethod
+    def from_config_string(cls, config_string: str) -> Self:
        config_dict = parse_key_value_string(
            config_string,
            ["name"],
@@ -47,7 +78,7 @@ class OCIContainerEngineConfig:
            msg = f"unknown container engine {name}"
            raise ValueError(msg)

-        name = typing.cast(ContainerEngineName, name)
+        name = typing.cast("ContainerEngineName", name)
        # some flexibility in the option names to cope with TOML conventions
        create_args = config_dict.get("create_args") or config_dict.get("create-args") or []
        disable_host_mount_options = (
@@ -56,10 +87,17 @@ class OCIContainerEngineConfig:
        disable_host_mount = (
            strtobool(disable_host_mount_options[-1]) if disable_host_mount_options else False
        )
+        if "--platform" in create_args or any(arg.startswith("--platform=") for arg in create_args):
+            msg = "Using '--platform' in 'container-engine::create_args' is deprecated. It will be ignored."
+            log.warning(msg)
+            if "--platform" in create_args:
+                index = create_args.index("--platform")
+                create_args.pop(index)
+                create_args.pop(index)
+            else:
+                create_args = [arg for arg in create_args if not arg.startswith("--platform=")]

-        return OCIContainerEngineConfig(
-            name=name, create_args=tuple(create_args), disable_host_mount=disable_host_mount
-        )
+        return cls(name=name, create_args=tuple(create_args), disable_host_mount=disable_host_mount)

    def options_summary(self) -> str | dict[str, str]:
        if not self.create_args:
@@ -75,6 +113,58 @@ class OCIContainerEngineConfig:
 DEFAULT_ENGINE = OCIContainerEngineConfig("docker")


+def _check_engine_version(engine: OCIContainerEngineConfig) -> None:
+    try:
+        version_string = call(engine.name, "version", "-f", "{{json .}}", capture_stdout=True)
+        # We are using lowercase keys for all dicts so we are not affected by casing of keys
+        version_info = json.loads(
+            version_string.strip(), object_pairs_hook=lambda inp: {k.lower(): v for k, v in inp}
+        )
+        match engine.name:
+            case "docker":
+                client_api_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["client"]["apiversion"])
+                server_api_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["server"]["apiversion"])
+                # --platform support was introduced in 1.32 as experimental, 1.41 removed the experimental flag
+                version = min(client_api_version, server_api_version)
+                minimum_version = FlexibleVersion("1.41")
+                minimum_version_str = "20.10.0"  # docker version
+                error_msg = textwrap.dedent(
+                    f"""
+                    Build failed because {engine.name} is too old.
+
+                    cibuildwheel requires {engine.name}>={minimum_version_str} running API version {minimum_version}.
+                    The API version found by cibuildwheel is {version}.
+                    """
+                )
+            case "podman":
+                # podman uses the same version string for "Version" & "ApiVersion"
+                client_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["client"]["version"])
+                if "server" in version_info:
+                    server_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["server"]["version"])
+                else:
+                    server_version = client_version
+                # --platform support was introduced in v3
+                version = min(client_version, server_version)
+                minimum_version = FlexibleVersion("3")
+                error_msg = textwrap.dedent(
+                    f"""
+                    Build failed because {engine.name} is too old.
+
+                    cibuildwheel requires {engine.name}>={minimum_version}.
+                    The version found by cibuildwheel is {version}.
+                    """
+                )
+            case _:
+                assert_never(engine.name)
+
+        if version < minimum_version:
+            raise OCIEngineTooOldError(error_msg) from None
+
+    except (subprocess.CalledProcessError, KeyError, ValueError) as e:
+        msg = f"Build failed because {engine.name} is too old or is not working properly."
+        raise OCIEngineTooOldError(msg) from e
+
+
 class OCIContainer:
    """
    An object that represents a running OCI (e.g. Docker) container.
@@ -87,20 +177,28 @@ class OCIContainer:
    back to cibuildwheel.

    Example:
+        >>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(LINUX)
        >>> from cibuildwheel.oci_container import *  # NOQA
        >>> from cibuildwheel.options import _get_pinned_container_images
+        >>> import pytest
+        >>> try:
+        ...     oci_platform = OCIPlatform.native()
+        ... except OSError as ex:
+        ...     pytest.skip(str(ex))
+        >>> if oci_platform != OCIPlatform.AMD64:
+        ...     pytest.skip('only runs on amd64')
        >>> image = _get_pinned_container_images()['x86_64']['manylinux2014']
        >>> # Test the default container
-        >>> with OCIContainer(image=image) as self:
+        >>> with OCIContainer(image=image, oci_platform=oci_platform) as self:
        ...     self.call(["echo", "hello world"])
        ...     self.call(["cat", "/proc/1/cgroup"])
        ...     print(self.get_environment())
        ...     print(self.debug_info())
    """

-    UTILITY_PYTHON = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38/bin/python"
+    UTILITY_PYTHON = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39/bin/python"

-    process: PopenBytes
+    process: subprocess.Popen[bytes]
    bash_stdin: IO[bytes]
    bash_stdout: IO[bytes]

@@ -108,7 +206,7 @@ class OCIContainer:
        self,
        *,
        image: str,
-        enforce_32_bit: bool = False,
+        oci_platform: OCIPlatform,
        cwd: PathOrStr | None = None,
        engine: OCIContainerEngineConfig = DEFAULT_ENGINE,
    ):
@@ -117,14 +215,48 @@ class OCIContainer:
            raise ValueError(msg)

        self.image = image
-        self.enforce_32_bit = enforce_32_bit
+        self.oci_platform = oci_platform
        self.cwd = cwd
        self.name: str | None = None
        self.engine = engine
+        self.host_tar_format = ""
+        if sys.platform.startswith("darwin"):
+            self.host_tar_format = "--format gnutar"
+
+    def _get_platform_args(self, *, oci_platform: OCIPlatform | None = None) -> tuple[str, str]:
+        if oci_platform is None:
+            oci_platform = self.oci_platform
+
+        # we need '--pull=always' otherwise some images with the wrong platform get reused (e.g. 386 image for amd64)
+        # c.f. https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/48197#issuecomment-2282802313
+        pull = "always"
+        try:
+            image_platform = call(
+                self.engine.name,
+                "image",
+                "inspect",
+                self.image,
+                "--format",
+                (
+                    "{{.Os}}/{{.Architecture}}/{{.Variant}}"
+                    if len(oci_platform.value.split("/")) == 3
+                    else "{{.Os}}/{{.Architecture}}"
+                ),
+                capture_stdout=True,
+            ).strip()
+            if image_platform == oci_platform.value:
+                # in case the correct image is already present, don't pull
+                # this allows to run local only images
+                pull = "never"
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+            pass
+        return f"--platform={oci_platform.value}", f"--pull={pull}"

    def __enter__(self) -> Self:
        self.name = f"cibuildwheel-{uuid.uuid4()}"

+        _check_engine_version(self.engine)
+
        # work-around for Travis-CI PPC64le Docker runs since 2021:
        # this avoids network splits
        # https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/904
@@ -133,15 +265,30 @@ class OCIContainer:
        if detect_ci_provider() == CIProvider.travis_ci and platform.machine() == "ppc64le":
            network_args = ["--network=host"]

+        platform_args = self._get_platform_args()
+
        simulate_32_bit = False
-        if self.enforce_32_bit:
+        if self.oci_platform in {OCIPlatform.i386, OCIPlatform.ARMV7}:
            # If the architecture running the image is already the right one
            # or the image entrypoint takes care of enforcing this, then we don't need to
            # simulate this
-            container_machine = call(
-                self.engine.name, "run", "--rm", self.image, "uname", "-m", capture_stdout=True
-            ).strip()
-            simulate_32_bit = container_machine != "i686"
+            run_cmd = [self.engine.name, "run", "--rm"]
+            ctr_cmd = ["uname", "-m"]
+            try:
+                container_machine = call(
+                    *run_cmd, *platform_args, self.image, *ctr_cmd, capture_stdout=True
+                ).strip()
+            except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+                if self.oci_platform == OCIPlatform.i386:
+                    # The image might have been built with amd64 architecture
+                    # Let's try that
+                    platform_args = self._get_platform_args(oci_platform=OCIPlatform.AMD64)
+                    container_machine = call(
+                        *run_cmd, *platform_args, self.image, *ctr_cmd, capture_stdout=True
+                    ).strip()
+                else:
+                    raise
+            simulate_32_bit = container_machine not in {"i686", "armv7l", "armv8l"}

        shell_args = ["linux32", "/bin/bash"] if simulate_32_bit else ["/bin/bash"]

@@ -155,6 +302,7 @@ class OCIContainer:
                "--interactive",
                *(["--volume=/:/host"] if not self.engine.disable_host_mount else []),
                *network_args,
+                *platform_args,
                *self.engine.create_args,
                self.image,
                *shell_args,
@@ -221,21 +369,17 @@ class OCIContainer:
            self.name = None

    def copy_into(self, from_path: Path, to_path: PurePath) -> None:
-        # `docker cp` causes 'no space left on device' error when
-        # a container is running and the host filesystem is
-        # mounted. https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/38995
-        # Use `docker exec` instead.
-
        if from_path.is_dir():
            self.call(["mkdir", "-p", to_path])
            subprocess.run(
-                f"tar cf - . | {self.engine.name} exec -i {self.name} tar --no-same-owner -xC {shell_quote(to_path)} -f -",
+                f"tar -c {self.host_tar_format} -f - . | {self.engine.name} exec -i {self.name} tar --no-same-owner -xC {shell_quote(to_path)} -f -",
                shell=True,
                check=True,
                cwd=from_path,
            )
        else:
            exec_process: subprocess.Popen[bytes]
+            self.call(["mkdir", "-p", to_path.parent])
            with subprocess.Popen(
                [
                    self.engine.name,
@@ -250,8 +394,7 @@ class OCIContainer:
            ) as exec_process:
                assert exec_process.stdin
                with open(from_path, "rb") as from_file:
-                    # Bug in mypy, https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/15031
-                    shutil.copyfileobj(from_file, exec_process.stdin)  # type: ignore[misc]
+                    shutil.copyfileobj(from_file, exec_process.stdin)

                exec_process.stdin.close()
                exec_process.wait()
@@ -264,30 +407,7 @@ class OCIContainer:
    def copy_out(self, from_path: PurePath, to_path: Path) -> None:
        # note: we assume from_path is a dir
        to_path.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-
-        if self.engine.name == "podman":
-            subprocess.run(
-                [
-                    self.engine.name,
-                    "cp",
-                    f"{self.name}:{from_path}/.",
-                    str(to_path),
-                ],
-                check=True,
-                cwd=to_path,
-            )
-        elif self.engine.name == "docker":
-            # There is a bug in docker that prevents a simple 'cp' invocation
-            # from working https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/38995
-            command = f"{self.engine.name} exec -i {self.name} tar -cC {shell_quote(from_path)} -f - . | tar -xf -"
-            subprocess.run(
-                command,
-                shell=True,
-                check=True,
-                cwd=to_path,
-            )
-        else:
-            raise KeyError(self.engine.name)
+        call(self.engine.name, "cp", f"{self.name}:{from_path}/.", to_path)

    def glob(self, path: PurePosixPath, pattern: str) -> list[PurePosixPath]:
        glob_pattern = path.joinpath(pattern)
@@ -398,7 +518,7 @@ class OCIContainer:
                capture_output=True,
            )
        )
-        return typing.cast(Dict[str, str], env)
+        return typing.cast("dict[str, str]", env)

    def environment_executor(self, command: Sequence[str], environment: dict[str, str]) -> str:
        # used as an EnvironmentExecutor to evaluate commands and capture output
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+import sys
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Final, Protocol
+
+from cibuildwheel import errors
+from cibuildwheel.architecture import Architecture
+from cibuildwheel.options import Options
+from cibuildwheel.platforms import android, ios, linux, macos, pyodide, windows
+from cibuildwheel.selector import BuildSelector
+from cibuildwheel.typing import GenericPythonConfiguration, PlatformName
+
+
+class PlatformModule(Protocol):
+    # note that as per PEP544, the self argument is ignored when the protocol
+    # is applied to a module
+    def all_python_configurations(self) -> Sequence[GenericPythonConfiguration]: ...
+
+    def get_python_configurations(
+        self, build_selector: BuildSelector, architectures: set[Architecture]
+    ) -> Sequence[GenericPythonConfiguration]: ...
+
+    def build(self, options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None: ...
+
+
+ALL_PLATFORM_MODULES: Final[dict[PlatformName, PlatformModule]] = {
+    "linux": linux,
+    "windows": windows,
+    "macos": macos,
+    "pyodide": pyodide,
+    "android": android,
+    "ios": ios,
+}
+
+
+def native_platform() -> PlatformName:
+    if sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
+        return "linux"
+    elif sys.platform == "darwin":
+        return "macos"
+    elif sys.platform == "win32":
+        return "windows"
+    else:
+        msg = (
+            'Unable to detect platform from "sys.platform". cibuildwheel doesn\'t '
+            "support building wheels for this platform. You might be able to build for a different "
+            "platform using the --platform argument. Check --help output for more information."
+        )
+        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
+
+
+def get_build_identifiers(
+    platform_module: PlatformModule,
+    build_selector: BuildSelector,
+    architectures: set[Architecture],
+) -> list[str]:
+    python_configurations = platform_module.get_python_configurations(build_selector, architectures)
+    return [config.identifier for config in python_configurations]
@@ -0,0 +1,757 @@
+import csv
+import hashlib
+import os
+import platform
+import re
+import shlex
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sysconfig
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Iterator, MutableMapping
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from os.path import relpath
+from pathlib import Path
+from pprint import pprint
+from runpy import run_path
+from textwrap import dedent
+from typing import Any
+
+from build import ProjectBuilder
+from build.env import IsolatedEnv
+from elftools.common.exceptions import ELFError
+from elftools.elf.elffile import ELFFile
+from filelock import FileLock
+
+from cibuildwheel import errors, platforms  # pylint: disable=cyclic-import
+from cibuildwheel.architecture import Architecture, arch_synonym
+from cibuildwheel.frontend import get_build_frontend_extra_flags, parse_config_settings
+from cibuildwheel.logger import log
+from cibuildwheel.options import BuildOptions, Options
+from cibuildwheel.selector import BuildSelector
+from cibuildwheel.util import resources
+from cibuildwheel.util.cmd import call, shell
+from cibuildwheel.util.file import CIBW_CACHE_PATH, copy_test_sources, download, move_file
+from cibuildwheel.util.helpers import prepare_command
+from cibuildwheel.util.packaging import find_compatible_wheel
+from cibuildwheel.util.python_build_standalone import create_python_build_standalone_environment
+from cibuildwheel.venv import constraint_flags, find_uv, virtualenv
+
+ANDROID_TRIPLET = {
+    "arm64_v8a": "aarch64-linux-android",
+    "x86_64": "x86_64-linux-android",
+}
+
+
+def parse_identifier(identifier: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
+    match = re.fullmatch(r"cp(\d)(\d+)-android_(.+)", identifier)
+    if not match:
+        msg = f"invalid Android identifier: '{identifier}'"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    major, minor, arch = match.groups()
+    return (f"{major}.{minor}", arch)
+
+
+def android_triplet(identifier: str) -> str:
+    return ANDROID_TRIPLET[parse_identifier(identifier)[1]]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class PythonConfiguration:
+    version: str
+    identifier: str
+    url: str
+
+    @property
+    def arch(self) -> str:
+        return parse_identifier(self.identifier)[1]
+
+
+def all_python_configurations() -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
+    return [PythonConfiguration(**item) for item in resources.read_python_configs("android")]
+
+
+def get_python_configurations(
+    build_selector: BuildSelector, architectures: set[Architecture]
+) -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
+    return [
+        c
+        for c in all_python_configurations()
+        if c.arch in architectures and build_selector(c.identifier)
+    ]
+
+
+def shell_prepared(command: str, *, build_options: BuildOptions, env: dict[str, str]) -> None:
+    shell(
+        prepare_command(command, project=".", package=build_options.package_dir),
+        env=env,
+    )
+
+
+def before_all(options: Options, python_configurations: list[PythonConfiguration]) -> None:
+    before_all_options = options.build_options(python_configurations[0].identifier)
+    if before_all_options.before_all:
+        log.step("Running before_all...")
+        shell_prepared(
+            before_all_options.before_all,
+            build_options=before_all_options,
+            env=before_all_options.environment.as_dictionary(os.environ),
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class BuildState:
+    config: PythonConfiguration
+    options: BuildOptions
+    build_path: Path
+    python_dir: Path
+    build_env: dict[str, str]
+    android_env: dict[str, str]
+
+
+def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    if "ANDROID_HOME" not in os.environ:
+        msg = (
+            "ANDROID_HOME environment variable is not set. For instructions, see "
+            "https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/platforms/#android"
+        )
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+    configs = get_python_configurations(
+        options.globals.build_selector, options.globals.architectures
+    )
+    if not configs:
+        return
+
+    try:
+        before_all(options, configs)
+
+        built_wheels: list[Path] = []
+        for config in configs:
+            log.build_start(config.identifier)
+            build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
+            build_path = tmp_path / config.identifier
+            build_path.mkdir()
+            python_dir = setup_target_python(config, build_path)
+            build_env, android_env = setup_env(config, build_options, build_path, python_dir)
+            state = BuildState(
+                config, build_options, build_path, python_dir, build_env, android_env
+            )
+
+            compatible_wheel = find_compatible_wheel(built_wheels, config.identifier)
+            if compatible_wheel:
+                print(
+                    f"\nFound previously built wheel {compatible_wheel.name} that is "
+                    f"compatible with {config.identifier}. Skipping build step..."
+                )
+                repaired_wheel = compatible_wheel
+            else:
+                before_build(state)
+                built_wheel = build_wheel(state)
+                repaired_wheel = repair_wheel(state, built_wheel)
+
+            test_wheel(state, repaired_wheel, build_frontend=build_options.build_frontend.name)
+
+            output_wheel: Path | None = None
+            if compatible_wheel is None:
+                output_wheel = move_file(
+                    repaired_wheel, build_options.output_dir / repaired_wheel.name
+                )
+                built_wheels.append(output_wheel)
+
+            shutil.rmtree(build_path)
+            log.build_end(output_wheel)
+
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
+        msg = f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout or ''}"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg) from error
+
+
+def setup_target_python(config: PythonConfiguration, build_path: Path) -> Path:
+    log.step("Installing target Python...")
+    python_tgz = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / config.url.rpartition("/")[-1]
+    with FileLock(f"{python_tgz}.lock"):
+        if not python_tgz.exists():
+            download(config.url, python_tgz)
+
+    python_dir = build_path / "python"
+    python_dir.mkdir()
+    shutil.unpack_archive(python_tgz, python_dir)
+    return python_dir
+
+
+def setup_env(
+    config: PythonConfiguration, build_options: BuildOptions, build_path: Path, python_dir: Path
+) -> tuple[dict[str, str], dict[str, str]]:
+    """
+    Returns two environment dicts, both pointing at the same virtual environment:
+
+    * build_env, which uses the environment normally.
+    * android_env, which uses the environment while simulating running on Android.
+    """
+    log.step("Setting up build environment...")
+    build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend.name
+    use_uv = build_frontend in {"build[uv]", "uv"}
+    uv_path = find_uv()
+    if use_uv and uv_path is None:
+        msg = "uv not found"
+        raise AssertionError(msg)
+    pip = ["pip"] if not use_uv else [str(uv_path), "pip"]
+
+    # Create virtual environment
+    python_exe = create_python_build_standalone_environment(
+        config.version, build_path, CIBW_CACHE_PATH
+    )
+    venv_dir = build_path / "venv"
+    dependency_constraint = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
+        version=config.version, tmp_dir=build_path
+    )
+    build_env = virtualenv(
+        config.version, python_exe, venv_dir, dependency_constraint, use_uv=use_uv
+    )
+    create_cmake_toolchain(config, build_path, python_dir, build_env)
+
+    # Apply custom environment variables, and check environment is still valid
+    build_env = build_options.environment.as_dictionary(build_env)
+    build_env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
+    for command in ["python"] if use_uv else ["python", "pip"]:
+        command_path = call("which", command, env=build_env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
+        if command_path != f"{venv_dir}/bin/{command}":
+            msg = (
+                f"{command} available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you "
+                f"have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry "
+                f"or insert {command} above it."
+            )
+            raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+        call(command, "--version", env=build_env)
+
+    # Construct an altered environment which simulates running on Android.
+    android_env = setup_android_env(config, python_dir, venv_dir, build_env)
+
+    # Install build tools
+    if build_frontend not in {"build", "build[uv]", "uv"}:
+        msg = "Android requires the build frontend to be 'build' or 'uv'"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    call(*pip, "install", "build", *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint), env=build_env)
+
+    # Build-time requirements must be queried within android_env, because
+    # `get_requires_for_build` can run arbitrary code in setup.py scripts, which may be
+    # affected by the target platform. However, the requirements must be installed
+    # within build_env, because they're going to run on the build machine.
+    #
+    # The `build` CLI doesn't support this combination, so we use its API to query the
+    # requirements, and then install them ourselves with pip. We'll later run `build` in
+    # the same environment, passing the `--no-isolation` option.
+    class AndroidEnv(IsolatedEnv):
+        @property
+        def python_executable(self) -> str:
+            return f"{venv_dir}/bin/python"
+
+        def make_extra_environ(self) -> dict[str, str]:
+            return android_env
+
+    pb = ProjectBuilder.from_isolated_env(AndroidEnv(), build_options.package_dir)
+    if pb.build_system_requires:
+        call(*pip, "install", *pb.build_system_requires, env=build_env)
+
+    requires_for_build = pb.get_requires_for_build(
+        "wheel", parse_config_settings(build_options.config_settings)
+    )
+    if requires_for_build:
+        call(*pip, "install", *requires_for_build, env=build_env)
+
+    return build_env, android_env
+
+
+def create_cmake_toolchain(
+    config: PythonConfiguration, build_path: Path, python_dir: Path, build_env: dict[str, str]
+) -> None:
+    toolchain_path = build_path / "toolchain.cmake"
+    build_env["CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE"] = str(toolchain_path)
+    with open(toolchain_path, "w", encoding="UTF-8") as toolchain_file:
+        print(
+            dedent(
+                f"""\
+                # To support as many build systems as possible, we use environment
+                # variables as the single source of truth for compiler flags and paths,
+                # so they don't need to be specified here.
+
+                set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME Android)
+                set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR {android_triplet(config.identifier).split("-")[0]})
+
+                # Inhibit all of CMake's own NDK handling code.
+                set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_VERSION 1)
+
+                # Tell CMake where to look for headers and libraries.
+                set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH "{python_dir}/prefix")
+                set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PROGRAM NEVER)
+                set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_LIBRARY ONLY)
+                set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_INCLUDE ONLY)
+                set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PACKAGE BOTH)
+
+                # Allow CMake to run Python in the simulated Android environment when
+                # policy CMP0190 is active.
+                set(CMAKE_CROSSCOMPILING_EMULATOR /bin/sh -c [["$0" "$@"]])
+                """
+            ),
+            file=toolchain_file,
+        )
+
+
+def localize_sysconfigdata(
+    python_dir: Path, build_env: dict[str, str], sysconfigdata_path: Path
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    sysconfigdata: dict[str, Any] = run_path(str(sysconfigdata_path))["build_time_vars"]
+    with sysconfigdata_path.open("w", encoding="UTF-8") as f:
+        f.write("# Generated by cibuildwheel\n")
+        f.write("build_time_vars = ")
+        sysconfigdata = localized_vars(build_env, sysconfigdata, python_dir / "prefix")
+        pprint(sysconfigdata, stream=f, compact=True)
+        return sysconfigdata
+
+
+def localized_vars(
+    build_env: dict[str, str], orig_vars: dict[str, Any], prefix: Path
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    orig_prefix = orig_vars["prefix"]
+    localized_vars_ = {}
+    for key, value in orig_vars.items():
+        # The host's sysconfigdata will include references to build-time paths.
+        # Update these to refer to the current prefix.
+        final = value
+        if isinstance(final, str):
+            final = final.replace(orig_prefix, str(prefix))
+
+        if key == "ANDROID_API_LEVEL":
+            if api_level := build_env.get(key):
+                final = int(api_level)
+
+        # Build systems vary in whether FLAGS variables are read from sysconfig, and if so,
+        # whether they're replaced by environment variables or combined with them. Even
+        # setuptools has changed its behavior here
+        # (https://github.com/pypa/setuptools/issues/4836).
+        #
+        # Ensure consistency by clearing the sysconfig variables and letting the environment
+        # variables take effect alone. This will also work for any non-Python build systems
+        # which the build script may call.
+        elif key in ["CFLAGS", "CXXFLAGS", "LDFLAGS"]:
+            final = ""
+
+        # These variables contain an embedded copy of LDFLAGS.
+        elif key in ["LDSHARED", "LDCXXSHARED"]:
+            final = final.removesuffix(" " + orig_vars["LDFLAGS"])
+
+        localized_vars_[key] = final
+
+    return localized_vars_
+
+
+def setup_android_env(
+    config: PythonConfiguration, python_dir: Path, venv_dir: Path, build_env: dict[str, str]
+) -> dict[str, str]:
+    site_packages = next(venv_dir.glob("lib/python*/site-packages"))
+    for suffix in ["pth", "py"]:
+        shutil.copy(resources.PATH / f"_cross_venv.{suffix}", site_packages)
+
+    sysconfigdata_path = Path(
+        shutil.copy(
+            next(python_dir.glob("prefix/lib/python*/_sysconfigdata_*.py")),
+            site_packages,
+        )
+    )
+    sysconfigdata = localize_sysconfigdata(python_dir, build_env, sysconfigdata_path)
+
+    # Activate the code in _cross_venv.py.
+    android_env = build_env.copy()
+    android_env["CIBW_HOST_TRIPLET"] = android_triplet(config.identifier)
+
+    # Get the environment variables needed to build for Android (CC, CFLAGS, etc). These are
+    # generated by https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Android/android-env.sh.
+    env_output = call(python_dir / "android.py", "env", env=build_env, capture_stdout=True)
+
+    # shlex.split should produce a sequence alternating between:
+    #   * the word "export"
+    #   * a key=value string, without quotes
+    for i, token in enumerate(shlex.split(env_output)):
+        if i % 2 == 0:
+            assert token == "export", token
+        else:
+            key, sep, value = token.partition("=")
+            assert sep == "=", token
+            android_env[key] = value
+
+    # localized_vars cleared the CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS in the sysconfigdata, but most
+    # packages take their optimization flags from these variables. Pass these flags via
+    # environment variables instead.
+    #
+    # We don't enable debug information, because it significantly increases binary size,
+    # and most Android app developers don't have the NDK installed, so they would have no
+    # way to strip it.
+    opt = " ".join(word for word in sysconfigdata["OPT"].split() if not word.startswith("-g"))
+    for key in ["CFLAGS", "CXXFLAGS"]:
+        android_env[key] += " " + opt
+
+    # Cargo target linker needs to be specified after CC is set
+    setup_rust(config, python_dir, android_env)
+
+    # Format the environment so it can be pasted into a shell when debugging.
+    for key, value in sorted(android_env.items()):
+        if os.environ.get(key) != value:
+            print(f"export {key}={shlex.quote(value)}")
+
+    return android_env
+
+
+def setup_rust(
+    config: PythonConfiguration,
+    python_dir: Path,
+    env: MutableMapping[str, str],
+) -> None:
+    cargo_target = android_triplet(config.identifier)
+
+    # CARGO_BUILD_TARGET is the variable used by Cargo and setuptools_rust
+    env["CARGO_BUILD_TARGET"] = cargo_target
+
+    # The linker needs to be specified after CC is set by android-env.sh
+    cargo_target_linker_env_name = f"CARGO_TARGET_{cargo_target.upper().replace('-', '_')}_LINKER"
+    # CC has already been set by calling android.py (it calls android-env.sh)
+    env[cargo_target_linker_env_name] = env["CC"]
+
+    # All Python extension modules must be explicitly linked against libpython3.x.so when building for Android.
+    # See: https://peps.python.org/pep-0738/#linkage
+    # For projects using PyO3, this requires setting PYO3_CROSS_LIB_DIR to the directory containing libpython3.x.so.
+    # See: https://pyo3.rs/v0.27.1/building-and-distribution.html#cross-compiling
+    env["PYO3_CROSS_LIB_DIR"] = str(python_dir / "prefix" / "lib")
+
+    venv_bin = Path(env["VIRTUAL_ENV"]) / "bin"
+    for tool in ["cargo", "rustup"]:
+        shim_path = venv_bin / tool
+        shutil.copy(resources.PATH / "_rust_shim.py", shim_path)
+        shim_path.chmod(0o755)
+
+
+def before_build(state: BuildState) -> None:
+    if state.options.before_build:
+        log.step("Running before_build...")
+        shell_prepared(
+            state.options.before_build,
+            build_options=state.options,
+            env=state.build_env,
+        )
+
+
+def build_wheel(state: BuildState) -> Path:
+    log.step("Building wheel...")
+    built_wheel_dir = state.build_path / "built_wheel"
+    match state.options.build_frontend.name:
+        case "build" | "build[uv]":
+            call(
+                "python",
+                "-m",
+                "build",
+                state.options.package_dir,
+                "--wheel",
+                "--no-isolation",
+                "--skip-dependency-check",
+                f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                *get_build_frontend_extra_flags(
+                    state.options.build_frontend,
+                    state.options.build_verbosity,
+                    state.options.config_settings,
+                    py38=False,
+                ),
+                env=state.android_env,
+            )
+        case "uv":
+            uv_path = find_uv()
+            assert uv_path is not None
+            call(
+                uv_path,
+                "build",
+                state.options.package_dir,
+                "--wheel",
+                "--no-build-isolation",
+                f"--out-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                *get_build_frontend_extra_flags(
+                    state.options.build_frontend,
+                    state.options.build_verbosity,
+                    state.options.config_settings,
+                    py38=False,
+                ),
+                env=state.android_env,
+            )
+        case x:
+            msg = f"Invalid build backend {x!r}"
+            raise AssertionError(msg)
+
+    built_wheels = list(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+    if len(built_wheels) != 1:
+        msg = f"{built_wheel_dir} contains {len(built_wheels)} wheels; expected 1"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    built_wheel = built_wheels[0]
+
+    if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
+        raise errors.NonPlatformWheelError()
+    return built_wheel
+
+
+def repair_wheel(state: BuildState, built_wheel: Path) -> Path:
+    log.step("Repairing wheel...")
+    repaired_wheel_dir = state.build_path / "repaired_wheel"
+    repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir()
+
+    if state.options.repair_command:
+        shell(
+            prepare_command(
+                state.options.repair_command,
+                wheel=built_wheel,
+                dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir,
+                package=state.options.package_dir,
+                project=".",
+            ),
+            env=state.build_env,
+        )
+    else:
+        repair_default(state.android_env, built_wheel, repaired_wheel_dir)
+
+    repaired_wheels = list(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+    if len(repaired_wheels) == 0:
+        raise errors.RepairStepProducedNoWheelError()
+    if len(repaired_wheels) != 1:
+        msg = f"{repaired_wheel_dir} contains {len(repaired_wheels)} wheels; expected 1"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    repaired_wheel = repaired_wheels[0]
+
+    if repaired_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
+        raise errors.NonPlatformWheelError()
+    return repaired_wheel
+
+
+def repair_default(
+    android_env: dict[str, str], built_wheel: Path, repaired_wheel_dir: Path
+) -> None:
+    """
+    Adds libc++ to the wheel if anything links against it. In the future this should be
+    moved to auditwheel and generalized to support more libraries.
+    """
+    if (match := re.search(r"^(.+?)-", built_wheel.name)) is None:
+        msg = f"Failed to parse wheel filename: {built_wheel.name}"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    wheel_name = match[1]
+
+    unpacked_dir = repaired_wheel_dir / "unpacked"
+    unpacked_dir.mkdir()
+    shutil.unpack_archive(built_wheel, unpacked_dir, format="zip")
+
+    # Some build systems are inconsistent about name normalization, so don't assume the
+    # dist-info name is identical to the wheel name.
+    record_paths = list(unpacked_dir.glob("*.dist-info/RECORD"))
+    if len(record_paths) != 1:
+        msg = f"{built_wheel.name} contains {len(record_paths)} dist-info/RECORD files; expected 1"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+    old_soname = "libc++_shared.so"
+    paths_to_patch = []
+    for path, elffile in elf_file_filter(
+        unpacked_dir / filename
+        for filename, *_ in csv.reader(record_paths[0].read_text().splitlines())
+    ):
+        if (dynamic := elffile.get_section_by_name(".dynamic")) and any(  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
+            tag.entry.d_tag == "DT_NEEDED" and tag.needed == old_soname
+            for tag in dynamic.iter_tags()
+        ):
+            paths_to_patch.append(path)
+
+    if not paths_to_patch:
+        shutil.copyfile(built_wheel, repaired_wheel_dir / built_wheel.name)
+    else:
+        # Android doesn't support DT_RPATH, but supports DT_RUNPATH since API level 24
+        # (https://github.com/aosp-mirror/platform_bionic/blob/master/android-changes-for-ndk-developers.md).
+        if int(sysconfig_print('get_config_vars()["ANDROID_API_LEVEL"]', android_env)) < 24:
+            msg = f"Adding {old_soname} requires ANDROID_API_LEVEL to be at least 24"
+            raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+        toolchain = Path(android_env["CC"]).parent.parent
+        src_path = toolchain / f"sysroot/usr/lib/{android_env['CIBW_HOST_TRIPLET']}/{old_soname}"
+
+        # Use the same library location as auditwheel would.
+        libs_dir = unpacked_dir / (wheel_name + ".libs")
+        libs_dir.mkdir()
+        new_soname = soname_with_hash(src_path)
+        dst_path = libs_dir / new_soname
+        shutil.copyfile(src_path, dst_path)
+        call(which("patchelf"), "--set-soname", new_soname, dst_path)
+
+        for path in paths_to_patch:
+            call(which("patchelf"), "--replace-needed", old_soname, new_soname, path)
+            call(
+                which("patchelf"),
+                "--set-rpath",
+                f"${{ORIGIN}}/{relpath(libs_dir, path.parent)}",
+                path,
+            )
+        call(which("wheel"), "pack", unpacked_dir, "-d", repaired_wheel_dir)
+
+
+# If cibuildwheel was called without activating its environment, its scripts directory
+# will not be on the PATH.
+def which(cmd: str) -> str:
+    scripts_dir = sysconfig.get_path("scripts")
+    result = shutil.which(cmd, path=scripts_dir + os.pathsep + os.environ["PATH"])
+    if result is None:
+        msg = f"Couldn't find {cmd!r} in {scripts_dir} or on the PATH"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    return result
+
+
+def elf_file_filter(paths: Iterable[Path]) -> Iterator[tuple[Path, ELFFile]]:
+    """Filter through an iterator of filenames and load up only ELF files"""
+    for path in paths:
+        if not path.name.endswith(".py"):
+            try:
+                with open(path, "rb") as f:
+                    candidate = ELFFile(f)  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
+                    yield path, candidate
+            except ELFError:
+                pass  # Not an ELF file
+
+
+def soname_with_hash(src_path: Path) -> str:
+    """Return the same library filename as auditwheel would"""
+    shorthash = hashlib.sha256(src_path.read_bytes()).hexdigest()[:8]
+    src_name = src_path.name
+    base, ext = src_name.split(".", 1)
+    if not base.endswith(f"-{shorthash}"):
+        return f"{base}-{shorthash}.{ext}"
+    else:
+        return src_name
+
+
+def test_wheel(state: BuildState, wheel: Path, *, build_frontend: str) -> None:
+    test_command = state.options.test_command
+    if not (test_command and state.options.test_selector(state.config.identifier)):
+        return
+
+    log.step("Testing wheel...")
+    use_uv = build_frontend == "build[uv]"
+    uv_path = find_uv()
+    if use_uv and uv_path is None:
+        msg = "uv not found"
+        raise AssertionError(msg)
+    pip = ["pip"] if not use_uv else [str(uv_path), "pip"]
+
+    native_arch = arch_synonym(platform.machine(), platforms.native_platform(), "android")
+    if state.config.arch != native_arch:
+        log.warning(
+            f"Skipping tests for {state.config.arch}, as the build machine only "
+            f"supports {native_arch}"
+        )
+        return
+
+    if state.options.before_test:
+        shell_prepared(
+            state.options.before_test,
+            build_options=state.options,
+            env=state.build_env,
+        )
+
+    platform_args = (
+        ["--python-platform", android_triplet(state.config.identifier)]
+        if use_uv
+        else [
+            "--platform",
+            sysconfig_print("get_platform()", state.android_env).replace("-", "_"),
+        ]
+    )
+
+    # Install the wheel and test-requires.
+    site_packages_dir = state.build_path / "site-packages"
+    site_packages_dir.mkdir()
+    call(
+        *pip,
+        "install",
+        "--only-binary=:all:",
+        *platform_args,
+        "--target",
+        site_packages_dir,
+        f"{wheel}{state.options.test_extras}",
+        *state.options.test_requires,
+        env=state.android_env,
+    )
+
+    # Copy test-sources.
+    cwd_dir = state.build_path / "cwd"
+    cwd_dir.mkdir()
+    if state.options.test_sources:
+        copy_test_sources(state.options.test_sources, Path.cwd(), cwd_dir)
+    else:
+        (cwd_dir / "test_fail.py").write_text(
+            resources.TEST_FAIL_CWD_FILE.read_text(),
+        )
+
+    # Android doesn't support placeholders in the test command.
+    if any(("{" + placeholder + "}") in test_command for placeholder in ("project", "package")):
+        msg = (
+            f"Test command {test_command!r} with a "
+            "'{project}' or '{package}' placeholder is not supported on Android, "
+            "because the source directory is not visible on the emulator."
+        )
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+    # Parse test-command.
+    test_args = shlex.split(test_command)
+    if test_args[0] in {"python", "python3"} and any(arg in test_args for arg in ("-c", "-m")):
+        # Forward the args to the CPython testbed script. We require '-c' or '-m'
+        # to be in the command, because without those flags, the testbed script
+        # will prepend '-m test', which will run Python's own test suite.
+        del test_args[0]
+    elif test_args[0] == "pytest":
+        # We transform some commands into the `python -m` form, but this is deprecated.
+        msg = (
+            f"Test command {test_command!r} is not supported on Android. "
+            "cibuildwheel will try to execute it as if it started with 'python -m'. "
+            "If this works, all you need to do is add that to your test command."
+        )
+        log.warning(msg)
+        test_args.insert(0, "-m")
+    else:
+        msg = (
+            f"Test command {test_command!r} is not supported on Android. "
+            f"Command must begin with 'python' or 'python3', and contain '-m' or '-c'."
+        )
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+    # By default, run on a testbed managed emulator running the newest supported
+    # Android version. However, if the user specifies a --managed or --connected
+    # test execution argument, that argument takes precedence.
+    test_runtime_args = state.options.test_runtime.args
+
+    if any(arg.startswith(("--managed", "--connected")) for arg in test_runtime_args):
+        emulator_args = []
+    else:
+        emulator_args = ["--managed", "maxVersion"]
+
+    # Run the test app.
+    call(
+        state.python_dir / "android.py",
+        "test",
+        "--site-packages",
+        site_packages_dir,
+        "--cwd",
+        cwd_dir,
+        *emulator_args,
+        *(["-v"] if state.options.build_verbosity > 0 else []),
+        *test_runtime_args,
+        "--",
+        *test_args,
+        env=state.build_env,
+    )
+
+
+def sysconfig_print(method_call: str, env: dict[str, str]) -> str:
+    return call(
+        "python",
+        "-c",
+        f'import sysconfig; print(sysconfig.{method_call}, end="")',
+        env=env,
+        capture_stdout=True,
+    )
@@ -0,0 +1,725 @@
+import dataclasses
+import os
+import platform
+import shlex
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import textwrap
+from collections.abc import Sequence, Set
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import assert_never
+
+from filelock import FileLock
+
+from cibuildwheel import errors
+from cibuildwheel.architecture import Architecture
+from cibuildwheel.environment import ParsedEnvironment
+from cibuildwheel.frontend import BuildFrontendName, get_build_frontend_extra_flags
+from cibuildwheel.logger import log
+from cibuildwheel.options import Options
+from cibuildwheel.platforms.macos import install_cpython as install_build_cpython
+from cibuildwheel.selector import BuildSelector
+from cibuildwheel.util import resources
+from cibuildwheel.util.cmd import call, shell, split_command
+from cibuildwheel.util.file import CIBW_CACHE_PATH, copy_test_sources, download, move_file
+from cibuildwheel.util.helpers import prepare_command, unwrap_preserving_paragraphs
+from cibuildwheel.util.packaging import find_compatible_wheel
+from cibuildwheel.venv import constraint_flags, virtualenv
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, kw_only=True)
+class PythonConfiguration:
+    version: str
+    identifier: str
+    url: str
+    build_url: str
+
+    @property
+    def sdk(self) -> str:
+        return self.multiarch.rsplit("-", 1)[1]
+
+    @property
+    def arch(self) -> str:
+        return self.multiarch.rsplit("-", 1)[0]
+
+    @property
+    def multiarch(self) -> str:
+        # The multiarch identifier, as reported by `sys.implementation._multiarch`
+        return "-".join(self.identifier.split("-ios_")[1].rsplit("_", 1))
+
+    @property
+    def is_simulator(self) -> bool:
+        return self.identifier.endswith("_iphonesimulator")
+
+    @property
+    def xcframework_slice(self) -> str:
+        "XCframeworks include binaries for multiple ABIs; which ABI section should be used?"
+        return "ios-arm64_x86_64-simulator" if self.is_simulator else "ios-arm64"
+
+
+def all_python_configurations() -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
+    # iOS builds are always cross builds; we need to install a macOS Python as
+    # well. Rather than duplicate the location of the URL of macOS installers,
+    # load the macos configurations, determine the macOS configuration that
+    # matches the platform we're building, and embed that URL in the parsed iOS
+    # configuration.
+    macos_python_configs = resources.read_python_configs("macos")
+
+    def build_url(config_dict: dict[str, str]) -> str:
+        # The iOS identifier will be something like cp313-ios_arm64_iphoneos.
+        # Drop the iphoneos suffix, then replace ios with macosx to yield
+        # cp313-macosx_arm64, which will be a macOS build identifier.
+        modified_ios_identifier = config_dict["identifier"].rsplit("_", 1)[0]
+        macos_identifier = modified_ios_identifier.replace("ios", "macosx")
+        matching = [
+            config for config in macos_python_configs if config["identifier"] == macos_identifier
+        ]
+        return matching[0]["url"]
+
+    # Load the platform configuration
+    full_python_configs = resources.read_python_configs("ios")
+    # Build the configurations, annotating with macOS URL details.
+    return [
+        PythonConfiguration(
+            **item,
+            build_url=build_url(item),
+        )
+        for item in full_python_configs
+    ]
+
+
+def get_python_configurations(
+    build_selector: BuildSelector,
+    architectures: Set[Architecture],
+) -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
+    python_configurations = all_python_configurations()
+
+    # Filter out configs that don't match any of the selected architectures
+    python_configurations = [
+        c
+        for c in python_configurations
+        if any(c.identifier.endswith(f"-ios_{a.value}") for a in architectures)
+    ]
+
+    # Skip builds as required by BUILD/SKIP
+    python_configurations = [c for c in python_configurations if build_selector(c.identifier)]
+
+    return python_configurations
+
+
+def install_target_cpython(tmp: Path, config: PythonConfiguration, free_threading: bool) -> Path:
+    if free_threading:
+        msg = "Free threading builds aren't available for iOS (yet)"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+    # Install an iOS build of CPython
+    ios_python_tar_gz = config.url.rsplit("/", 1)[-1]
+    extension = ".tar.gz"
+    assert ios_python_tar_gz.endswith(extension)
+    installation_path = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / ios_python_tar_gz[: -len(extension)]
+    with FileLock(str(installation_path) + ".lock"):
+        if not installation_path.exists():
+            downloaded_tar_gz = tmp / ios_python_tar_gz
+            download(config.url, downloaded_tar_gz)
+            installation_path.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+            call("tar", "-C", installation_path, "-xf", downloaded_tar_gz)
+            downloaded_tar_gz.unlink()
+
+    return installation_path
+
+
+def cross_virtualenv(
+    *,
+    py_version: str,
+    target_python: Path,
+    multiarch: str,
+    build_python: Path,
+    venv_path: Path,
+    dependency_constraint: Path | None,
+    xbuild_tools: Sequence[str] | None,
+) -> dict[str, str]:
+    """Create a cross-compilation virtual environment.
+
+    In a cross-compilation environment, the *target* is the platform where the
+    code will ultimately run, and the *build* is the platform where you're
+    running the compilation. When building iOS wheels, iOS is the target machine
+    and macOS is the build machine. The terminology around these machines varies
+    between build tools (configure uses "host" and "build"; cmake uses "target" and
+    "build host").
+
+    A cross-compilation virtualenv is an environment that is based on the
+    *build* python (so that binaries can execute); but it modifies the
+    environment at startup so that any request for platform details (such as
+    `sys.platform` or `sysconfig.get_platform()`) return details of the target
+    platform. It also applies a loader patch so that any virtualenv created by
+    the cross-compilation environment will also be a cross-compilation
+    environment.
+
+    :param py_version: The Python version (major.minor) in use
+    :param target_python: The path to the python binary for the target platform
+    :param multiarch: The multiarch tag for the target platform (i.e., the value
+        of `sys.implementation._multiarch`)
+    :param build_python: The path to the python binary for the build platform
+    :param venv_path: The path where the cross virtual environment should be
+        created.
+    :param dependency_constraint: A path to a constraint file that should be
+        used when constraining dependencies in the environment.
+    :param xbuild_tools: A list of executable names (without paths) that are
+        on the path, but must be preserved in the cross environment.
+    """
+    # Create an initial macOS virtual environment
+    env = virtualenv(
+        py_version,
+        build_python,
+        venv_path,
+        dependency_constraint,
+        use_uv=False,
+    )
+
+    # Convert the macOS virtual environment into an iOS virtual environment
+    # using the cross-platform conversion script in the iOS distribution.
+
+    # target_python is the path to the Python binary;
+    # determine the root of the XCframework slice that is being used.
+    slice_path = target_python.parent.parent
+    call(
+        "python",
+        str(slice_path / f"platform-config/{multiarch}/make_cross_venv.py"),
+        str(venv_path),
+        env=env,
+        cwd=venv_path,
+    )
+
+    # When running on macOS, it's easy for the build environment to leak into
+    # the target environment, especially when building for ARM64 (because the
+    # build architecture is the same as the target architecture). The primary
+    # culprit for this is Homebrew libraries leaking in as dependencies for iOS
+    # libraries.
+    #
+    # To prevent problems, set the PATH to isolate the build environment from
+    # sources that could introduce incompatible binaries.
+    #
+    # However, there may be some tools on the path that are needed for the
+    # build. Find their location on the path, and link the underlying binaries
+    # (fully resolving symlinks) to a "safe" location that will *only* contain
+    # those tools. This avoids needing to add *all* of Homebrew to the path just
+    # to get access to (for example) cmake for build purposes. A value of None
+    # means the user hasn't provided a list of xbuild tools.
+    xbuild_tools_path = venv_path / "cibw_xbuild_tools"
+    xbuild_tools_path.mkdir()
+    if xbuild_tools is None:
+        log.warning(
+            textwrap.dedent(
+                """
+                Your project configuration does not define any cross-build tools.
+
+                iOS builds use an isolated build environment; if your build process requires any
+                third-party tools (such as cmake, ninja, or rustc), you must explicitly declare
+                that those tools are required using xbuild-tools/CIBW_XBUILD_TOOLS. This will
+                likely manifest as a "somebuildtool: command not found" error.
+
+                If the build succeeds, you can silence this warning by setting adding
+                `xbuild-tools = []` to your pyproject.toml configuration, or exporting
+                CIBW_XBUILD_TOOLS as an empty string into your environment.
+                """
+            )
+        )
+    else:
+        for tool in xbuild_tools:
+            tool_path = shutil.which(tool)
+            if tool_path is None:
+                msg = f"Could not find a {tool!r} executable on the path."
+                raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+            # Link the binary into the safe tools directory
+            original = Path(tool_path).resolve()
+            print(f"{tool!r} will be included in the cross-build environment (using {original})")
+            (xbuild_tools_path / tool).symlink_to(original)
+
+    env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(
+        [
+            # The target python's binary directory
+            str(target_python.parent),
+            # The cross-platform environment's binary directory
+            str(venv_path / "bin"),
+            # The directory of cross-build tools
+            str(xbuild_tools_path),
+            # The bare minimum Apple system paths.
+            "/usr/bin",
+            "/bin",
+            "/usr/sbin",
+            "/sbin",
+            "/Library/Apple/usr/bin",
+        ]
+    )
+    # Also unset DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH to ensure that no macOS libraries will be
+    # found and linked.
+    env.pop("DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH", None)
+
+    return env
+
+
+def setup_python(
+    tmp: Path,
+    *,
+    python_configuration: PythonConfiguration,
+    dependency_constraint: Path | None,
+    environment: ParsedEnvironment,
+    build_frontend: BuildFrontendName,
+    xbuild_tools: Sequence[str] | None,
+) -> tuple[Path, dict[str, str]]:
+    # Not using set because mypy can't narrow it
+    if build_frontend == "build[uv]" or build_frontend == "uv":  # noqa: PLR1714
+        msg = "uv doesn't support iOS"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+    # An iOS environment requires 2 python installs - one for the build machine
+    # (macOS), and one for the target (iOS). We'll only ever interact with the
+    # *target* python, but the build Python needs to exist to act as the base
+    # for a cross venv.
+    tmp.mkdir()
+    implementation_id = python_configuration.identifier.split("-")[0]
+    log.step(f"Installing Build Python {implementation_id}...")
+    if implementation_id.startswith("cp"):
+        free_threading = "t-ios" in python_configuration.identifier
+        build_python = install_build_cpython(
+            tmp,
+            python_configuration.version,
+            python_configuration.build_url,
+            free_threading,
+        )
+    else:
+        msg = f"Unknown Python implementation: {implementation_id}"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+    assert build_python.exists(), (
+        f"{build_python.name} not found, has {list(build_python.parent.iterdir())}"
+    )
+
+    log.step(f"Installing Target Python {implementation_id}...")
+    target_install_path = install_target_cpython(tmp, python_configuration, free_threading)
+    target_python = (
+        target_install_path
+        / "Python.xcframework"
+        / python_configuration.xcframework_slice
+        / "bin"
+        / f"python{python_configuration.version}"
+    )
+
+    assert target_python.exists(), (
+        f"{target_python.name} not found, has {list(target_install_path.iterdir())}"
+    )
+
+    log.step("Creating cross build environment...")
+
+    venv_path = tmp / "venv"
+    env = cross_virtualenv(
+        py_version=python_configuration.version,
+        target_python=target_python,
+        multiarch=python_configuration.multiarch,
+        build_python=build_python,
+        venv_path=venv_path,
+        dependency_constraint=dependency_constraint,
+        xbuild_tools=xbuild_tools,
+    )
+    venv_bin_path = venv_path / "bin"
+    assert venv_bin_path.exists()
+
+    # We version pip ourselves, so we don't care about pip version checking
+    env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
+
+    # upgrade pip to the version matching our constraints
+    # if necessary, reinstall it to ensure that it's available on PATH as 'pip'
+    pip = ["python", "-m", "pip"]
+    call(
+        *pip,
+        "install",
+        "--upgrade",
+        "pip",
+        *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
+        env=env,
+        cwd=venv_path,
+    )
+
+    # Apply our environment after pip is ready
+    env = environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=env)
+
+    # Check what Python version we're on
+    which_python = call("which", "python", env=env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
+    print(which_python)
+    if which_python != str(venv_bin_path / "python"):
+        msg = (
+            "cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. "
+            "If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's "
+            "entry or insert python above it."
+        )
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    call("python", "--version", env=env)
+
+    # Check what pip version we're on
+    assert (venv_bin_path / "pip").exists()
+    which_pip = call("which", "pip", env=env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
+    print(which_pip)
+    if which_pip != str(venv_bin_path / "pip"):
+        msg = (
+            "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. "
+            "If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's "
+            "entry or insert pip above it."
+        )
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    call("pip", "--version", env=env)
+
+    # Ensure that IPHONEOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET is set in the environment
+    env.setdefault("IPHONEOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET", "13.0")
+
+    log.step("Installing build tools...")
+    match build_frontend:
+        case "pip":
+            # No additional build tools required
+            pass
+        case "build":
+            call(
+                "pip",
+                "install",
+                "--upgrade",
+                "build[virtualenv]",
+                *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
+                env=env,
+            )
+        case _:
+            assert_never(build_frontend)
+
+    return target_install_path, env
+
+
+def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    if sys.platform != "darwin":
+        msg = "iOS binaries can only be built on macOS"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+    python_configurations = get_python_configurations(
+        build_selector=options.globals.build_selector,
+        architectures=options.globals.architectures,
+    )
+
+    if not python_configurations:
+        return
+
+    try:
+        before_all_options_identifier = python_configurations[0].identifier
+        before_all_options = options.build_options(before_all_options_identifier)
+
+        if before_all_options.before_all:
+            log.step("Running before_all...")
+            env = before_all_options.environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=os.environ)
+            env.setdefault("IPHONEOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET", "13.0")
+            before_all_prepared = prepare_command(
+                before_all_options.before_all,
+                project=".",
+                package=before_all_options.package_dir,
+            )
+            shell(before_all_prepared, env=env)
+
+        built_wheels: list[Path] = []
+
+        for config in python_configurations:
+            build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
+            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend
+            # uv doesn't support iOS
+            # Not using set because mypy can't narrow it
+            if build_frontend.name == "build[uv]" or build_frontend.name == "uv":  # noqa: PLR1714
+                msg = "uv doesn't support iOS"
+                raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+            log.build_start(config.identifier)
+
+            identifier_tmp_dir = tmp_path / config.identifier
+            identifier_tmp_dir.mkdir()
+            built_wheel_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "built_wheel"
+            repaired_wheel_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "repaired_wheel"
+
+            constraints_path = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
+                version=config.version, tmp_dir=identifier_tmp_dir
+            )
+
+            target_install_path, env = setup_python(
+                identifier_tmp_dir / "build",
+                python_configuration=config,
+                dependency_constraint=constraints_path,
+                environment=build_options.environment,
+                build_frontend=build_frontend.name,
+                xbuild_tools=build_options.xbuild_tools,
+            )
+
+            compatible_wheel = find_compatible_wheel(built_wheels, config.identifier)
+            if compatible_wheel:
+                log.step_end()
+                print(
+                    f"\nFound previously built wheel {compatible_wheel.name} "
+                    f"that is compatible with {config.identifier}. "
+                    "Skipping build step..."
+                )
+                test_wheel = compatible_wheel
+            else:
+                if build_options.before_build:
+                    log.step("Running before_build...")
+                    before_build_prepared = prepare_command(
+                        build_options.before_build,
+                        project=".",
+                        package=build_options.package_dir,
+                    )
+                    shell(before_build_prepared, env=env)
+
+                log.step("Building wheel...")
+                built_wheel_dir.mkdir()
+
+                extra_flags = get_build_frontend_extra_flags(
+                    build_frontend,
+                    build_options.build_verbosity,
+                    build_options.config_settings,
+                    py38=False,
+                )
+
+                match build_frontend.name:
+                    case "pip":
+                        # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to
+                        # fetch package from pypi.org. See
+                        # https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
+                        call(
+                            "python",
+                            "-m",
+                            "pip",
+                            "wheel",
+                            build_options.package_dir.resolve(),
+                            f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            "--no-deps",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                            env=env,
+                        )
+                    case "build":
+                        call(
+                            "python",
+                            "-m",
+                            "build",
+                            build_options.package_dir,
+                            "--wheel",
+                            f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                            env=env,
+                        )
+                    case _:
+                        assert_never(build_frontend)
+
+                built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+
+                if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
+                    raise errors.NonPlatformWheelError()
+
+                repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir()
+                if build_options.repair_command:
+                    log.step("Repairing wheel...")
+
+                    repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(
+                        build_options.repair_command,
+                        wheel=built_wheel,
+                        dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir,
+                        package=build_options.package_dir,
+                        project=".",
+                    )
+                    shell(repair_command_prepared, env=env)
+                else:
+                    shutil.move(str(built_wheel), repaired_wheel_dir)
+
+                try:
+                    repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+                except StopIteration:
+                    raise errors.RepairStepProducedNoWheelError() from None
+
+                if repaired_wheel.name in {wheel.name for wheel in built_wheels}:
+                    raise errors.AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)
+
+                test_wheel = repaired_wheel
+
+                log.step_end()
+
+            if build_options.test_command and build_options.test_selector(config.identifier):
+                if not config.is_simulator:
+                    log.step("Skipping tests on non-simulator SDK")
+                elif config.arch != os.uname().machine:
+                    log.step("Skipping tests on non-native simulator architecture")
+                else:
+                    test_env = build_options.test_environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=env)
+
+                    if build_options.before_test:
+                        before_test_prepared = prepare_command(
+                            build_options.before_test,
+                            project=".",
+                            package=build_options.package_dir,
+                        )
+                        shell(before_test_prepared, env=test_env)
+
+                    log.step("Setting up test harness...")
+                    # Clone the testbed project into the build directory
+                    testbed_path = identifier_tmp_dir / "testbed"
+                    call(
+                        "python",
+                        target_install_path / "testbed",
+                        "clone",
+                        testbed_path,
+                        env=test_env,
+                    )
+
+                    testbed_app_path = testbed_path / "iOSTestbed" / "app"
+
+                    # Copy the test sources to the testbed app
+                    if build_options.test_sources:
+                        copy_test_sources(
+                            build_options.test_sources,
+                            Path.cwd(),
+                            testbed_app_path,
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        (testbed_app_path / "test_fail.py").write_text(
+                            resources.TEST_FAIL_CWD_FILE.read_text()
+                        )
+
+                    log.step("Installing test requirements...")
+                    # Install the compiled wheel (with any test extras), plus
+                    # the test requirements. Use the --platform tag to force
+                    # the installation of iOS wheels; this requires the use of
+                    # --only-binary=:all:
+                    ios_version = test_env["IPHONEOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET"]
+                    platform_tag = f"ios_{ios_version.replace('.', '_')}_{config.arch}_{config.sdk}"
+
+                    call(
+                        "python",
+                        "-m",
+                        "pip",
+                        "install",
+                        "--only-binary=:all:",
+                        "--platform",
+                        platform_tag,
+                        "--target",
+                        testbed_path / "iOSTestbed" / "app_packages",
+                        f"{test_wheel}{build_options.test_extras}",
+                        *build_options.test_requires,
+                        env=test_env,
+                    )
+
+                    log.step("Running test suite...")
+
+                    # iOS doesn't support placeholders in the test command,
+                    # because the source dir isn't visible on the simulator.
+                    if (
+                        "{project}" in build_options.test_command
+                        or "{package}" in build_options.test_command
+                    ):
+                        msg = unwrap_preserving_paragraphs(
+                            f"""
+                            iOS tests configured with a test command that uses the "{{project}}" or
+                            "{{package}}" placeholder. iOS tests cannot use placeholders, because the
+                            source directory is not visible on the simulator.
+
+                            In addition, iOS tests must run as a Python module, so the test command
+                            must begin with 'python -m'.
+
+                            Test command: {build_options.test_command!r}
+                            """
+                        )
+                        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+                    test_command_list = shlex.split(build_options.test_command)
+                    try:
+                        for test_command_parts in split_command(test_command_list):
+                            match test_command_parts:
+                                case ["python", "-m", *rest]:
+                                    final_command = rest
+                                case ["pytest", *rest]:
+                                    # pytest works exactly the same as a module, so we
+                                    # can just run it as a module.
+                                    msg = unwrap_preserving_paragraphs(f"""
+                                        iOS tests configured with a test command which doesn't start
+                                        with 'python -m'. iOS tests must execute python modules - other
+                                        entrypoints are not supported.
+
+                                        cibuildwheel will try to execute it as if it started with
+                                        'python -m'. If this works, all you need to do is add that to
+                                        your test command.
+
+                                        Test command: {build_options.test_command!r}
+                                    """)
+                                    log.warning(msg)
+                                    final_command = ["pytest", *rest]
+                                case _:
+                                    msg = unwrap_preserving_paragraphs(
+                                        f"""
+                                            iOS tests configured with a test command which doesn't start
+                                            with 'python -m'. iOS tests must execute python modules - other
+                                            entrypoints are not supported.
+
+                                            Test command: {build_options.test_command!r}
+                                        """
+                                    )
+                                    raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+                            test_runtime_args = build_options.test_runtime.args
+
+                            # 2025-10: The GitHub Actions macos-15 runner has a known issue where
+                            # the default simulator won't start due to a disk performance issue;
+                            # see https://github.com/actions/runner-images/issues/12777 for details.
+                            # In the meantime, if it looks like we're running on a GitHub Actions
+                            # macos-15 runner, use a simulator that is known to work, unless the
+                            # user explicitly specifies a simulator.
+                            os_version, _, arch = platform.mac_ver()
+                            if (
+                                "GITHUB_ACTIONS" in os.environ
+                                and os_version.startswith("15.")
+                                and arch == "arm64"
+                                and not any(
+                                    arg.startswith("--simulator") for arg in test_runtime_args
+                                )
+                            ):
+                                test_runtime_args = [
+                                    "--simulator",
+                                    "iPhone 16e,OS=18.5",
+                                    *test_runtime_args,
+                                ]
+
+                            call(
+                                "python",
+                                testbed_path,
+                                "run",
+                                *(["--verbose"] if build_options.build_verbosity > 0 else []),
+                                *test_runtime_args,
+                                "--",
+                                *final_command,
+                                env=test_env,
+                            )
+                    except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+                        # catches the first test command failure in the loop,
+                        # implementing short-circuiting
+                        log.step_end(success=False)
+                        log.error(f"Test suite failed on {config.identifier}")
+                        sys.exit(1)
+
+                    log.step_end()
+
+            # We're all done here; move it to output (overwrite existing)
+            output_wheel: Path | None = None
+            if compatible_wheel is None:
+                output_wheel = build_options.output_dir.joinpath(repaired_wheel.name)
+                moved_wheel = move_file(repaired_wheel, output_wheel)
+                if moved_wheel != output_wheel.resolve():
+                    log.warning(
+                        f"{repaired_wheel} was moved to {moved_wheel} instead of {output_wheel}"
+                    )
+                built_wheels.append(output_wheel)
+
+            # Clean up
+            shutil.rmtree(identifier_tmp_dir)
+
+            log.build_end(output_wheel)
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
+        msg = f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout or ''}"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg) from error
@@ -1,35 +1,40 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
+import contextlib
+import dataclasses
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import textwrap
+from collections import OrderedDict
 from collections.abc import Iterable, Iterator, Sequence, Set
-from dataclasses import dataclass
 from pathlib import Path, PurePath, PurePosixPath
-from typing import OrderedDict, Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, assert_never

-from ._compat.typing import assert_never
-from .architecture import Architecture
-from .logger import log
-from .oci_container import OCIContainer, OCIContainerEngineConfig
-from .options import BuildOptions, Options
-from .typing import PathOrStr
-from .util import (
-    AlreadyBuiltWheelError,
-    BuildFrontendConfig,
-    BuildSelector,
-    NonPlatformWheelError,
-    find_compatible_wheel,
-    get_build_verbosity_extra_flags,
-    prepare_command,
-    read_python_configs,
-    split_config_settings,
-    test_fail_cwd_file,
-    unwrap,
-)
+from cibuildwheel import errors
+from cibuildwheel.architecture import Architecture
+from cibuildwheel.frontend import get_build_frontend_extra_flags
+from cibuildwheel.logger import log
+from cibuildwheel.oci_container import OCIContainer, OCIContainerEngineConfig, OCIPlatform
+from cibuildwheel.options import BuildOptions, Options
+from cibuildwheel.selector import BuildSelector
+from cibuildwheel.util import resources
+from cibuildwheel.util.file import copy_test_sources
+from cibuildwheel.util.helpers import prepare_command, unwrap
+from cibuildwheel.util.packaging import find_compatible_wheel
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from cibuildwheel.typing import PathOrStr
+
+ARCHITECTURE_OCI_PLATFORM_MAP = {
+    Architecture.x86_64: OCIPlatform.AMD64,
+    Architecture.i686: OCIPlatform.i386,
+    Architecture.aarch64: OCIPlatform.ARM64,
+    Architecture.ppc64le: OCIPlatform.PPC64LE,
+    Architecture.s390x: OCIPlatform.S390X,
+    Architecture.armv7l: OCIPlatform.ARMV7,
+    Architecture.riscv64: OCIPlatform.RISCV64,
+}


-@dataclass(frozen=True)
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, kw_only=True)
 class PythonConfiguration:
    version: str
    identifier: str
@@ -40,7 +45,7 @@ class PythonConfiguration:
        return PurePosixPath(self.path_str)


-@dataclass(frozen=True)
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, kw_only=True)
 class BuildStep:
    platform_configs: list[PythonConfiguration]
    platform_tag: str
@@ -48,13 +53,16 @@ class BuildStep:
    container_image: str


+def all_python_configurations() -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
+    config_dicts = resources.read_python_configs("linux")
+    return [PythonConfiguration(**item) for item in config_dicts]
+
+
 def get_python_configurations(
    build_selector: BuildSelector,
    architectures: Set[Architecture],
 ) -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
-    full_python_configs = read_python_configs("linux")
-
-    python_configurations = [PythonConfiguration(**item) for item in full_python_configs]
+    python_configurations = all_python_configurations()

    # return all configurations whose arch is in our `architectures` set,
    # and match the build/skip rules
@@ -93,7 +101,7 @@ def get_build_steps(
    Groups PythonConfigurations into BuildSteps. Each BuildStep represents a
    separate container instance.
    """
-    steps = OrderedDict[Tuple[str, str, str, OCIContainerEngineConfig], BuildStep]()
+    steps = OrderedDict[tuple[str, str, str, OCIContainerEngineConfig], BuildStep]()

    for config in python_configurations:
        _, platform_tag = config.identifier.split("-", 1)
@@ -123,33 +131,36 @@ def check_all_python_exist(
    *, platform_configs: Iterable[PythonConfiguration], container: OCIContainer
 ) -> None:
    exist = True
-    has_manylinux_interpreters = True
+    has_manylinux_interpreters = False
    messages = []

-    try:
+    with contextlib.suppress(subprocess.CalledProcessError):
        # use capture_output to keep quiet
        container.call(["manylinux-interpreters", "--help"], capture_output=True)
-    except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
-        has_manylinux_interpreters = False
+        has_manylinux_interpreters = True

    for config in platform_configs:
        python_path = config.path / "bin" / "python"
-        try:
-            if has_manylinux_interpreters:
+        if has_manylinux_interpreters:
+            try:
                container.call(["manylinux-interpreters", "ensure", config.path.name])
-            container.call(["test", "-x", python_path])
-        except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
-            messages.append(
-                f"  '{python_path}' executable doesn't exist in image '{container.image}' to build '{config.identifier}'."
-            )
-            exist = False
+            except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+                messages.append(
+                    f"  'manylinux-interpreters ensure {config.path.name}' needed to build '{config.identifier}' failed in container running image '{container.image}'."
+                    " Either the installation failed or this interpreter is not available in that image. Please check the logs."
+                )
+                exist = False
+        else:
+            try:
+                container.call(["test", "-x", python_path])
+            except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+                messages.append(
+                    f"  '{python_path}' executable doesn't exist in image '{container.image}' to build '{config.identifier}'."
+                )
+                exist = False
    if not exist:
        message = "\n".join(messages)
-        print(
-            f"cibuildwheel:\n{message}",
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
-        sys.exit(1)
+        raise errors.FatalError(message)


 def build_in_container(
@@ -159,6 +170,7 @@ def build_in_container(
    container: OCIContainer,
    container_project_path: PurePath,
    container_package_dir: PurePath,
+    local_tmp_dir: Path,
 ) -> None:
    container_output_dir = PurePosixPath("/output")

@@ -174,7 +186,7 @@ def build_in_container(
        log.step("Running before_all...")

        env = container.get_environment()
-        env["PATH"] = f'/opt/python/cp38-cp38/bin:{env["PATH"]}'
+        env["PATH"] = f"/opt/python/cp39-cp39/bin:{env['PATH']}"
        env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
        env["PIP_ROOT_USER_ACTION"] = "ignore"
        env = before_all_options.environment.as_dictionary(
@@ -192,48 +204,50 @@ def build_in_container(

    for config in platform_configs:
        log.build_start(config.identifier)
+        local_identifier_tmp_dir = local_tmp_dir / config.identifier
        build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
-        build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend or BuildFrontendConfig("pip")
-
-        dependency_constraint_flags: list[PathOrStr] = []
-
-        if build_options.dependency_constraints:
-            constraints_file = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
-                config.version
-            )
-            container_constraints_file = PurePosixPath("/constraints.txt")
-
-            container.copy_into(constraints_file, container_constraints_file)
-            dependency_constraint_flags = ["-c", container_constraints_file]
+        build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend
+        use_uv = build_frontend.name in {"build[uv]", "uv"}
+        pip = ["uv", "pip"] if use_uv else ["pip"]

        log.step("Setting up build environment...")

+        dependency_constraint_flags: list[PathOrStr] = []
+        local_constraints_file = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
+            version=config.version,
+            tmp_dir=local_identifier_tmp_dir,
+        )
+        if local_constraints_file:
+            container_constraints_file = PurePosixPath("/constraints.txt")
+            container.copy_into(local_constraints_file, container_constraints_file)
+            dependency_constraint_flags = ["-c", container_constraints_file]
+
        env = container.get_environment()
        env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
        env["PIP_ROOT_USER_ACTION"] = "ignore"

        # put this config's python top of the list
        python_bin = config.path / "bin"
-        env["PATH"] = f'{python_bin}:{env["PATH"]}'
+        env["PATH"] = f"{python_bin}:{env['PATH']}"

        env = build_options.environment.as_dictionary(env, executor=container.environment_executor)

        # check config python is still on PATH
        which_python = container.call(["which", "python"], env=env, capture_output=True).strip()
        if PurePosixPath(which_python) != python_bin / "python":
-            print(
-                "cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it.",
-                file=sys.stderr,
-            )
-            sys.exit(1)
+            msg = "python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it."
+            raise errors.FatalError(msg)

-        which_pip = container.call(["which", "pip"], env=env, capture_output=True).strip()
-        if PurePosixPath(which_pip) != python_bin / "pip":
-            print(
-                "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.",
-                file=sys.stderr,
-            )
-            sys.exit(1)
+        if use_uv:
+            which_uv = container.call(["which", "uv"], env=env, capture_output=True).strip()
+            if not which_uv:
+                msg = "uv not found on PATH. You must use a supported manylinux or musllinux environment with uv."
+                raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+        else:
+            which_pip = container.call(["which", "pip"], env=env, capture_output=True).strip()
+            if PurePosixPath(which_pip) != python_bin / "pip":
+                msg = "pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it."
+                raise errors.FatalError(msg)

        compatible_wheel = find_compatible_wheel(built_wheels, config.identifier)
        if compatible_wheel:
@@ -241,7 +255,7 @@ def build_in_container(
            print(
                f"\nFound previously built wheel {compatible_wheel.name}, that's compatible with {config.identifier}. Skipping build step..."
            )
-            repaired_wheels = [compatible_wheel]
+            repaired_wheel = compatible_wheel
        else:
            if build_options.before_build:
                log.step("Running before_build...")
@@ -259,42 +273,58 @@ def build_in_container(
            container.call(["rm", "-rf", built_wheel_dir])
            container.call(["mkdir", "-p", built_wheel_dir])

-            extra_flags = split_config_settings(build_options.config_settings, build_frontend.name)
-            extra_flags += build_frontend.args
+            extra_flags = get_build_frontend_extra_flags(
+                build_frontend,
+                build_options.build_verbosity,
+                build_options.config_settings,
+                py38=config.identifier[1:].startswith("p38"),
+            )

-            if build_frontend.name == "pip":
-                extra_flags += get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(build_options.build_verbosity)
-                container.call(
-                    [
-                        "python",
-                        "-m",
-                        "pip",
-                        "wheel",
-                        container_package_dir,
-                        f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                        "--no-deps",
-                        *extra_flags,
-                    ],
-                    env=env,
-                )
-            elif build_frontend.name == "build":
-                if not 0 <= build_options.build_verbosity < 2:
-                    msg = f"build_verbosity {build_options.build_verbosity} is not supported for build frontend. Ignoring."
-                    log.warning(msg)
-                container.call(
-                    [
-                        "python",
-                        "-m",
-                        "build",
-                        container_package_dir,
-                        "--wheel",
-                        f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                        *extra_flags,
-                    ],
-                    env=env,
-                )
-            else:
-                assert_never(build_frontend)
+            match build_frontend.name:
+                case "pip":
+                    container.call(
+                        [
+                            "python",
+                            "-m",
+                            "pip",
+                            "wheel",
+                            container_package_dir,
+                            f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            "--no-deps",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                        ],
+                        env=env,
+                    )
+                case "build" | "build[uv]":
+                    if use_uv and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags and "-n" not in extra_flags:
+                        extra_flags += ["--installer=uv"]
+                    container.call(
+                        [
+                            "python",
+                            "-m",
+                            "build",
+                            container_package_dir,
+                            "--wheel",
+                            f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                        ],
+                        env=env,
+                    )
+                case "uv":
+                    container.call(
+                        [
+                            "uv",
+                            "build",
+                            f"--python={python_bin / 'python'}",
+                            container_package_dir,
+                            "--wheel",
+                            f"--out-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                        ],
+                        env=env,
+                    )
+                case _:
+                    assert_never(build_frontend)

            built_wheel = container.glob(built_wheel_dir, "*.whl")[0]

@@ -303,43 +333,62 @@ def build_in_container(
            container.call(["mkdir", "-p", repaired_wheel_dir])

            if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
-                raise NonPlatformWheelError()
+                raise errors.NonPlatformWheelError()

            if build_options.repair_command:
                log.step("Repairing wheel...")
                repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(
-                    build_options.repair_command, wheel=built_wheel, dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir
+                    build_options.repair_command,
+                    wheel=built_wheel,
+                    dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir,
+                    package=container_package_dir,
+                    project=container_project_path,
                )
                container.call(["sh", "-c", repair_command_prepared], env=env)
            else:
                container.call(["mv", built_wheel, repaired_wheel_dir])

-            repaired_wheels = container.glob(repaired_wheel_dir, "*.whl")
+            match container.glob(repaired_wheel_dir, "*.whl"):
+                case []:
+                    raise errors.RepairStepProducedNoWheelError()
+                case [repaired_wheel]:
+                    pass
+                case too_many:
+                    raise errors.RepairStepProducedMultipleWheelsError([p.name for p in too_many])

-            for repaired_wheel in repaired_wheels:
-                if repaired_wheel.name in {wheel.name for wheel in built_wheels}:
-                    raise AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)
+            if repaired_wheel.name in {wheel.name for wheel in built_wheels}:
+                raise errors.AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)

        if build_options.test_command and build_options.test_selector(config.identifier):
            log.step("Testing wheel...")

            # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
            # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
-            container.call(["pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env)
+            if not use_uv:
+                container.call(
+                    ["pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env
+                )

            testing_temp_dir = PurePosixPath(
                container.call(["mktemp", "-d"], capture_output=True).strip()
            )
            venv_dir = testing_temp_dir / "venv"

-            container.call(["python", "-m", "virtualenv", "--no-download", venv_dir], env=env)
+            if use_uv:
+                container.call(["uv", "venv", venv_dir, "--python", python_bin / "python"], env=env)
+            else:
+                # Use embedded dependencies from virtualenv to ensure determinism
+                venv_args = ["--no-periodic-update", "--pip=embed", "--no-setuptools"]
+                if "38" in config.identifier:
+                    venv_args.append("--no-wheel")
+                container.call(["python", "-m", "virtualenv", *venv_args, venv_dir], env=env)

            virtualenv_env = env.copy()
            virtualenv_env["PATH"] = f"{venv_dir / 'bin'}:{virtualenv_env['PATH']}"
-
-            # TODO remove me once virtualenv provides pip>=24.1b1
-            if config.version == "3.13":
-                container.call(["pip", "install", "pip>=24.1b1"], env=virtualenv_env)
+            virtualenv_env["VIRTUAL_ENV"] = str(venv_dir)
+            virtualenv_env = build_options.test_environment.as_dictionary(
+                prev_environment=virtualenv_env
+            )

            if build_options.before_test:
                before_test_prepared = prepare_command(
@@ -350,46 +399,52 @@ def build_in_container(
                container.call(["sh", "-c", before_test_prepared], env=virtualenv_env)

            # Install the wheel we just built
-            # Note: If auditwheel produced two wheels, it's because the earlier produced wheel
-            # conforms to multiple manylinux standards. These multiple versions of the wheel are
-            # functionally the same, differing only in name, wheel metadata, and possibly include
-            # different external shared libraries. so it doesn't matter which one we run the tests on.
-            # Let's just pick the first one.
-            wheel_to_test = repaired_wheels[0]
            container.call(
-                ["pip", "install", str(wheel_to_test) + build_options.test_extras],
+                [*pip, "install", str(repaired_wheel) + build_options.test_extras],
                env=virtualenv_env,
            )

            # Install any requirements to run the tests
            if build_options.test_requires:
-                container.call(["pip", "install", *build_options.test_requires], env=virtualenv_env)
+                container.call([*pip, "install", *build_options.test_requires], env=virtualenv_env)

            # Run the tests from a different directory
            test_command_prepared = prepare_command(
                build_options.test_command,
                project=container_project_path,
                package=container_package_dir,
-                wheel=wheel_to_test,
+                wheel=repaired_wheel,
            )
+
            test_cwd = testing_temp_dir / "test_cwd"
            container.call(["mkdir", "-p", test_cwd])
-            container.copy_into(test_fail_cwd_file, test_cwd / "test_fail.py")
+
+            if build_options.test_sources:
+                copy_test_sources(
+                    build_options.test_sources,
+                    Path.cwd(),
+                    test_cwd,
+                    copy_into=container.copy_into,
+                )
+            else:
+                # Use the test_fail.py file to raise a nice error if the user
+                # tries to run tests in the cwd
+                container.copy_into(resources.TEST_FAIL_CWD_FILE, test_cwd / "test_fail.py")

            container.call(["sh", "-c", test_command_prepared], cwd=test_cwd, env=virtualenv_env)

            # clean up test environment
            container.call(["rm", "-rf", testing_temp_dir])

-        # move repaired wheels to output
+        # move repaired wheel to output
+        output_wheel: Path | None = None
        if compatible_wheel is None:
            container.call(["mkdir", "-p", container_output_dir])
-            container.call(["mv", *repaired_wheels, container_output_dir])
-            built_wheels.extend(
-                container_output_dir / repaired_wheel.name for repaired_wheel in repaired_wheels
-            )
+            container.call(["mv", repaired_wheel, container_output_dir])
+            built_wheels.append(container_output_dir / repaired_wheel.name)
+            output_wheel = options.globals.output_dir / repaired_wheel.name

-        log.build_end()
+        log.build_end(output_wheel)

    log.step("Copying wheels back to host...")
    # copy the output back into the host
@@ -397,7 +452,7 @@ def build_in_container(
    log.step_end()


-def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:  # noqa: ARG001
+def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
    python_configurations = get_python_configurations(
        options.globals.build_selector, options.globals.architectures
    )
@@ -419,31 +474,29 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:  # noqa: ARG001
                check=True,
                stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL,
            )
-        except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
-            print(
-                unwrap(
-                    f"""
-                    cibuildwheel: {build_step.container_engine.name} not found. An
-                    OCI exe like Docker or Podman is required to run Linux builds.
-                    If you're building on Travis CI, add `services: [docker]` to
-                    your .travis.yml. If you're building on Circle CI in Linux,
-                    add a `setup_remote_docker` step to your .circleci/config.yml.
-                    If you're building on Cirrus CI, use `docker_builder` task.
-                    """
-                ),
-                file=sys.stderr,
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
+            msg = unwrap(
+                f"""
+                {build_step.container_engine.name} not found. An OCI exe like
+                Docker or Podman is required to run Linux builds. If you're
+                building on Travis CI, add `services: [docker]` to your
+                .travis.yml. If you're building on Circle CI in Linux, add a
+                `setup_remote_docker` step to your .circleci/config.yml. If
+                you're building on Cirrus CI, use `docker_builder` task.
+                """
            )
-            sys.exit(2)
+            raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg) from error

        try:
            ids_to_build = [x.identifier for x in build_step.platform_configs]
            log.step(f"Starting container image {build_step.container_image}...")

            print(f"info: This container will host the build for {', '.join(ids_to_build)}...")
+            architecture = Architecture(build_step.platform_tag.split("_", 1)[1])

            with OCIContainer(
                image=build_step.container_image,
-                enforce_32_bit=build_step.platform_tag.endswith("i686"),
+                oci_platform=ARCHITECTURE_OCI_PLATFORM_MAP[architecture],
                cwd=container_project_path,
                engine=build_step.container_engine,
            ) as container:
@@ -453,14 +506,13 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:  # noqa: ARG001
                    container=container,
                    container_project_path=container_project_path,
                    container_package_dir=container_package_dir,
+                    local_tmp_dir=tmp_path,
                )

        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
-            log.step_end_with_error(
-                f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout}"
-            )
            troubleshoot(options, error)
-            sys.exit(1)
+            msg = f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout or ''}"
+            raise errors.FatalError(msg) from error


 def _matches_prepared_command(error_cmd: Sequence[str], command_template: str) -> bool:
@@ -473,13 +525,13 @@ def _matches_prepared_command(error_cmd: Sequence[str], command_template: str) -
 def troubleshoot(options: Options, error: Exception) -> None:
    if isinstance(error, subprocess.CalledProcessError) and (
        error.cmd[0:4] == ["python", "-m", "pip", "wheel"]
+        or error.cmd[0:2] == ["uv", "build"]
        or error.cmd[0:3] == ["python", "-m", "build"]
        or _matches_prepared_command(
            error.cmd, options.build_options(None).repair_command
        )  # TODO allow matching of overrides too?
    ):
        # the wheel build step or the repair step failed
-        print("Checking for common errors...")
        so_files = list(options.globals.package_dir.glob("**/*.so"))

        if so_files:
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import contextlib
+import dataclasses
 import functools
+import inspect
 import os
 import platform
 import re
@@ -9,43 +8,30 @@ import shutil
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import typing
-from collections.abc import Sequence, Set
-from dataclasses import dataclass
+from collections.abc import Set
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Literal, Tuple
+from typing import Literal, assert_never

 from filelock import FileLock
+from packaging.version import Version

-from ._compat.typing import assert_never
-from .architecture import Architecture
-from .environment import ParsedEnvironment
-from .logger import log
-from .options import Options
-from .typing import PathOrStr
-from .util import (
-    CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
-    AlreadyBuiltWheelError,
-    BuildFrontendConfig,
-    BuildFrontendName,
-    BuildSelector,
-    NonPlatformWheelError,
-    call,
-    detect_ci_provider,
-    download,
-    find_compatible_wheel,
-    get_build_verbosity_extra_flags,
-    get_pip_version,
-    install_certifi_script,
-    prepare_command,
-    read_python_configs,
-    shell,
-    split_config_settings,
-    test_fail_cwd_file,
-    unwrap,
-    virtualenv,
-)
+from cibuildwheel import errors
+from cibuildwheel.architecture import Architecture
+from cibuildwheel.ci import detect_ci_provider
+from cibuildwheel.environment import ParsedEnvironment
+from cibuildwheel.frontend import BuildFrontendName, get_build_frontend_extra_flags
+from cibuildwheel.logger import log
+from cibuildwheel.options import Options
+from cibuildwheel.selector import BuildSelector
+from cibuildwheel.util import resources
+from cibuildwheel.util.cmd import call, shell
+from cibuildwheel.util.file import CIBW_CACHE_PATH, copy_test_sources, download, move_file
+from cibuildwheel.util.helpers import prepare_command, unwrap
+from cibuildwheel.util.packaging import find_compatible_wheel, get_pip_version
+from cibuildwheel.venv import constraint_flags, find_uv, virtualenv


+@functools.cache
 def get_macos_version() -> tuple[int, int]:
    """
    Returns the macOS major/minor version, as a tuple, e.g. (10, 15) or (11, 0)
@@ -57,7 +43,27 @@ def get_macos_version() -> tuple[int, int]:
    """
    version_str, _, _ = platform.mac_ver()
    version = tuple(map(int, version_str.split(".")[:2]))
-    return typing.cast(Tuple[int, int], version)
+    if (10, 15) < version < (11, 0):
+        # When built against an older macOS SDK, Python will report macOS 10.16
+        # instead of the real version.
+        version_str = call(
+            sys.executable,
+            "-sS",
+            "-c",
+            "import platform; print(platform.mac_ver()[0])",
+            env={"SYSTEM_VERSION_COMPAT": "0"},
+            capture_stdout=True,
+        )
+        version = tuple(map(int, version_str.split(".")[:2]))
+    return typing.cast("tuple[int, int]", version)
+
+
+@functools.cache
+def get_test_macosx_deployment_target() -> str:
+    version = get_macos_version()
+    if version >= (11, 0):
+        return f"{version[0]}.0"
+    return f"{version[0]}.{version[1]}"


 def get_macos_sdks() -> list[str]:
@@ -65,19 +71,22 @@ def get_macos_sdks() -> list[str]:
    return [m.group(1) for m in re.finditer(r"-sdk (macosx\S+)", output)]


-@dataclass(frozen=True)
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, kw_only=True)
 class PythonConfiguration:
    version: str
    identifier: str
    url: str


+def all_python_configurations() -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
+    config_dicts = resources.read_python_configs("macos")
+    return [PythonConfiguration(**item) for item in config_dicts]
+
+
 def get_python_configurations(
    build_selector: BuildSelector, architectures: Set[Architecture]
 ) -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
-    full_python_configs = read_python_configs("macos")
-
-    python_configurations = [PythonConfiguration(**item) for item in full_python_configs]
+    python_configurations = all_python_configurations()

    # filter out configs that don't match any of the selected architectures
    python_configurations = [
@@ -89,7 +98,7 @@ def get_python_configurations(
    # skip builds as required by BUILD/SKIP
    python_configurations = [c for c in python_configurations if build_selector(c.identifier)]

-    # filter-out some cross-compilation configs with PyPy:
+    # filter-out some cross-compilation configs with PyPy and GraalPy:
    # can't build arm64 on x86_64
    # rosetta allows to build x86_64 on arm64
    if platform.machine() == "x86_64":
@@ -97,7 +106,7 @@ def get_python_configurations(
        python_configurations = [
            c
            for c in python_configurations
-            if not (c.identifier.startswith("pp") and c.identifier.endswith("arm64"))
+            if not (c.identifier.startswith(("pp", "gp")) and c.identifier.endswith("arm64"))
        ]
        removed_elements = python_configurations_before - set(python_configurations)
        if removed_elements:
@@ -105,7 +114,7 @@ def get_python_configurations(
            log.quiet(
                unwrap(
                    f"""
-                    Note: {ids}  {'was' if len(removed_elements) == 1 else 'were'}
+                    Note: {ids}  {"was" if len(removed_elements) == 1 else "were"}
                    selected, but can't be built on x86_64 so will be skipped automatically.
                    """
                )
@@ -114,35 +123,55 @@ def get_python_configurations(
    return python_configurations


-def install_cpython(tmp: Path, version: str, url: str) -> Path:
-    installation_path = Path(f"/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/{version}")
+def install_cpython(_tmp: Path, version: str, url: str, free_threading: bool) -> Path:
+    ft = "T" if free_threading else ""
+    installation_path = Path(f"/Library/Frameworks/Python{ft}.framework/Versions/{version}")
    with FileLock(CIBW_CACHE_PATH / f"cpython{version}.lock"):
        installed_system_packages = call("pkgutil", "--pkgs", capture_stdout=True).splitlines()
        # if this version of python isn't installed, get it from python.org and install
-        python_package_identifier = f"org.python.Python.PythonFramework-{version}"
+        python_package_identifier = f"org.python.Python.Python{ft}Framework-{version}"
        if python_package_identifier not in installed_system_packages:
            if detect_ci_provider() is None:
                # if running locally, we don't want to install CPython with sudo
                # let the user know & provide a link to the installer
-                print(
-                    f"Error: CPython {version} is not installed.\n"
-                    "cibuildwheel will not perform system-wide installs when running outside of CI.\n"
-                    f"To build locally, install CPython {version} on this machine, or, disable this version of Python using CIBW_SKIP=cp{version.replace('.', '')}-macosx_*\n"
-                    f"\nDownload link: {url}",
-                    file=sys.stderr,
+                msg = inspect.cleandoc(
+                    f"""
+                        Framework CPython {version} not detected as installed in:
+                            {installation_path}
+                        cibuildwheel will not perform system-wide installs when running outside of CI.
+                        To build locally, install CPython {version} on this machine, or, disable this
+                        version of Python using CIBW_SKIP=cp{version.replace(".", "")}-macosx_*
+                        For portable builds, cibuildwheel needs the official builds from python.org.
+                        Download link: {url}
+                    """
                )
-                raise SystemExit(1)
-            pkg_path = tmp / "Python.pkg"
-            # download the pkg
-            download(url, pkg_path)
-            # install
-            call("sudo", "installer", "-pkg", pkg_path, "-target", "/")
+                raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+            python_filename = url.rsplit("/", maxsplit=1)[-1]
+            pkg_path = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / "cpython-installer" / python_filename
+            if not pkg_path.exists():
+                download(url, pkg_path)
+            args = []
+            if version.startswith("3.13"):
+                # Python 3.13 is the first version to have a free-threading option
+                args += ["-applyChoiceChangesXML", str(resources.FREE_THREAD_ENABLE_313.resolve())]
+            elif version.startswith("3.14"):
+                args += ["-applyChoiceChangesXML", str(resources.FREE_THREAD_ENABLE_314.resolve())]
+            call("sudo", "installer", "-pkg", pkg_path, *args, "-target", "/")
            pkg_path.unlink()
            env = os.environ.copy()
            env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
-            call(installation_path / "bin" / "python3", install_certifi_script, env=env)

-    return installation_path / "bin" / "python3"
+            if free_threading:
+                call(installation_path / f"bin/python{version}t", "-m", "ensurepip", env=env)
+                call(
+                    installation_path / f"bin/python{version}t",
+                    resources.INSTALL_CERTIFI_SCRIPT,
+                    env=env,
+                )
+            else:
+                call(installation_path / "bin/python3", resources.INSTALL_CERTIFI_SCRIPT, env=env)
+
+    return installation_path / "bin" / (f"python{version}t" if free_threading else "python3")


 def install_pypy(tmp: Path, url: str) -> Path:
@@ -160,29 +189,60 @@ def install_pypy(tmp: Path, url: str) -> Path:
    return installation_path / "bin" / "pypy3"


+def install_graalpy(tmp: Path, url: str) -> Path:
+    graalpy_archive = url.rsplit("/", 1)[-1]
+    extension = ".tar.gz"
+    assert graalpy_archive.endswith(extension)
+    installation_path = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / graalpy_archive[: -len(extension)]
+    with FileLock(str(installation_path) + ".lock"):
+        if not installation_path.exists():
+            downloaded_archive = tmp / graalpy_archive
+            download(url, downloaded_archive)
+            installation_path.mkdir(parents=True)
+            # GraalPy top-folder name is inconsistent with archive name
+            call("tar", "-C", installation_path, "--strip-components=1", "-xzf", downloaded_archive)
+            downloaded_archive.unlink()
+    return installation_path / "bin" / "graalpy"
+
+
 def setup_python(
    tmp: Path,
    python_configuration: PythonConfiguration,
-    dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr],
+    dependency_constraint: Path | None,
    environment: ParsedEnvironment,
    build_frontend: BuildFrontendName,
-) -> dict[str, str]:
+) -> tuple[Path, dict[str, str]]:
+    uv_path = find_uv()
+    use_uv = build_frontend in {"build[uv]", "uv"}
+
    tmp.mkdir()
    implementation_id = python_configuration.identifier.split("-")[0]
    log.step(f"Installing Python {implementation_id}...")
    if implementation_id.startswith("cp"):
-        base_python = install_cpython(tmp, python_configuration.version, python_configuration.url)
+        free_threading = "t-macos" in python_configuration.identifier
+        base_python = install_cpython(
+            tmp, python_configuration.version, python_configuration.url, free_threading
+        )
+
    elif implementation_id.startswith("pp"):
        base_python = install_pypy(tmp, python_configuration.url)
+    elif implementation_id.startswith("gp"):
+        base_python = install_graalpy(tmp, python_configuration.url)
    else:
        msg = "Unknown Python implementation"
        raise ValueError(msg)
-    assert base_python.exists()
+    assert base_python.exists(), (
+        f"{base_python.name} not found, has {list(base_python.parent.iterdir())}"
+    )

    log.step("Setting up build environment...")
    venv_path = tmp / "venv"
    env = virtualenv(
-        python_configuration.version, base_python, venv_path, dependency_constraint_flags
+        python_configuration.version,
+        base_python,
+        venv_path,
+        dependency_constraint,
+        use_uv=use_uv,
    )
    venv_bin_path = venv_path / "bin"
    assert venv_bin_path.exists()
@@ -193,49 +253,34 @@ def setup_python(
    # https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/issues/620
    # Also see https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/9516
    env.pop("__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__", None)
+    # uv uses this over the current environment's python, so remove it to avoid confusion
+    env.pop("PYTHON_VERSION", None)
+    env.pop("PYTHON_ARCH", None)
+    env.pop("UV_PYTHON", None)

    # we version pip ourselves, so we don't care about pip version checking
    env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"

-    # upgrade pip to the version matching our constraints
-    # if necessary, reinstall it to ensure that it's available on PATH as 'pip'
-    call(
-        "python",
-        "-m",
-        "pip",
-        "install",
-        "--upgrade",
-        "pip",
-        *dependency_constraint_flags,
-        env=env,
-        cwd=venv_path,
-    )
-
    # Apply our environment after pip is ready
    env = environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=env)

-    # check what pip version we're on
-    assert (venv_bin_path / "pip").exists()
-    call("which", "pip", env=env)
-    call("pip", "--version", env=env)
-    which_pip = call("which", "pip", env=env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
-    if which_pip != str(venv_bin_path / "pip"):
-        print(
-            "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.",
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
-        sys.exit(1)
-
    # check what Python version we're on
-    call("which", "python", env=env)
-    call("python", "--version", env=env)
    which_python = call("which", "python", env=env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
+    print(which_python)
    if which_python != str(venv_bin_path / "python"):
-        print(
-            "cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it.",
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
-        sys.exit(1)
+        msg = "python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it."
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    call("python", "--version", env=env)
+
+    # check what pip version we're on
+    if not use_uv:
+        assert (venv_bin_path / "pip").exists()
+        which_pip = call("which", "pip", env=env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
+        print(which_pip)
+        if which_pip != str(venv_bin_path / "pip"):
+            msg = "pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it."
+            raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+        call("pip", "--version", env=env)

    config_is_arm64 = python_configuration.identifier.endswith("arm64")
    config_is_universal2 = python_configuration.identifier.endswith("universal2")
@@ -243,23 +288,42 @@ def setup_python(
    # Set MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET, if the user didn't set it.
    # For arm64, the minimal deployment target is 11.0.
    # On x86_64 (or universal2), use 10.9 as a default.
-    # PyPy defaults to 10.7, causing inconsistencies if it's left unset.
-    env.setdefault("MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET", "11.0" if config_is_arm64 else "10.9")
+    # CPython 3.12.6+ needs 10.13.
+    # CPython 3.14.0 needs 10.15.
+    if config_is_arm64:
+        default_target = "11.0"
+    elif Version(python_configuration.version) >= Version("3.14"):
+        default_target = "10.15"
+    elif Version(python_configuration.version) >= Version("3.12"):
+        default_target = "10.13"
+    elif python_configuration.identifier.startswith("pp") and Version(
+        python_configuration.version
+    ) >= Version("3.9"):
+        default_target = "10.15"
+    else:
+        default_target = "10.9"
+    env.setdefault("MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET", default_target)

-    if python_configuration.version not in {"3.6", "3.7"}:
-        if config_is_arm64:
-            # macOS 11 is the first OS with arm64 support, so the wheels
-            # have that as a minimum.
-            env.setdefault("_PYTHON_HOST_PLATFORM", "macosx-11.0-arm64")
-            env.setdefault("ARCHFLAGS", "-arch arm64")
-        elif config_is_universal2:
-            env.setdefault("_PYTHON_HOST_PLATFORM", "macosx-10.9-universal2")
-            env.setdefault("ARCHFLAGS", "-arch arm64 -arch x86_64")
-        elif python_configuration.identifier.endswith("x86_64"):
-            # even on the macos11.0 Python installer, on the x86_64 side it's
-            # compatible back to 10.9.
-            env.setdefault("_PYTHON_HOST_PLATFORM", "macosx-10.9-x86_64")
-            env.setdefault("ARCHFLAGS", "-arch x86_64")
+    # This is a floor, it can't be set lower than the default_target.
+    if Version(env["MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET"]) < Version(default_target):
+        log.warning(
+            f"Bumping MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET ({env['MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET']}) to the minimum required ({default_target})."
+        )
+        env["MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET"] = default_target
+
+    if config_is_arm64:
+        # macOS 11 is the first OS with arm64 support, so the wheels
+        # have that as a minimum.
+        env.setdefault("_PYTHON_HOST_PLATFORM", "macosx-11.0-arm64")
+        env.setdefault("ARCHFLAGS", "-arch arm64")
+    elif config_is_universal2:
+        env.setdefault("_PYTHON_HOST_PLATFORM", "macosx-10.9-universal2")
+        env.setdefault("ARCHFLAGS", "-arch arm64 -arch x86_64")
+    elif python_configuration.identifier.endswith("x86_64"):
+        # even on the macos11.0 Python installer, on the x86_64 side it's
+        # compatible back to 10.9.
+        env.setdefault("_PYTHON_HOST_PLATFORM", "macosx-10.9-x86_64")
+        env.setdefault("ARCHFLAGS", "-arch x86_64")

    building_arm64 = config_is_arm64 or config_is_universal2
    if building_arm64 and get_macos_version() < (10, 16) and "SDKROOT" not in env:
@@ -284,29 +348,57 @@ def setup_python(
            env.setdefault("SDKROOT", arm64_compatible_sdks[0])

    log.step("Installing build tools...")
-    if build_frontend == "pip":
-        call(
-            "pip",
-            "install",
-            "--upgrade",
-            "delocate",
-            *dependency_constraint_flags,
-            env=env,
-        )
-    elif build_frontend == "build":
-        call(
-            "pip",
-            "install",
-            "--upgrade",
-            "delocate",
-            "build[virtualenv]",
-            *dependency_constraint_flags,
-            env=env,
-        )
-    else:
-        assert_never(build_frontend)
+    match build_frontend:
+        case "pip":
+            call(
+                "pip",
+                "install",
+                "--upgrade",
+                "delocate",
+                *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
+                env=env,
+            )
+        case "build":
+            call(
+                "pip",
+                "install",
+                "--upgrade",
+                "delocate",
+                "build[virtualenv]",
+                *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
+                env=env,
+            )
+        case "build[uv]":
+            assert uv_path is not None
+            call(
+                uv_path,
+                "pip",
+                "install",
+                "--python",
+                which_python,
+                "--upgrade",
+                "delocate",
+                "build[virtualenv, uv]",
+                *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
+                env=env,
+            )
+        case "uv":
+            assert uv_path is not None
+            call(
+                uv_path,
+                "pip",
+                "install",
+                "--python",
+                which_python,
+                "--upgrade",
+                "delocate",
+                *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
+                env=env,
+            )
+        case _:
+            assert_never(build_frontend)

-    return env
+    return base_python, env


 def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
@@ -334,7 +426,13 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:

        for config in python_configurations:
            build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
-            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend or BuildFrontendConfig("pip")
+            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend
+            use_uv = build_frontend.name in {"build[uv]", "uv"}
+            uv_path = find_uv()
+            if use_uv and uv_path is None:
+                msg = "uv not found"
+                raise AssertionError(msg)
+            pip = ["pip"] if not use_uv else [str(uv_path), "pip"]
            log.build_start(config.identifier)

            identifier_tmp_dir = tmp_path / config.identifier
@@ -345,20 +443,18 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
            config_is_arm64 = config.identifier.endswith("arm64")
            config_is_universal2 = config.identifier.endswith("universal2")

-            dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr] = []
-            if build_options.dependency_constraints:
-                dependency_constraint_flags = [
-                    "-c",
-                    build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(config.version),
-                ]
+            constraints_path = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
+                version=config.version, tmp_dir=identifier_tmp_dir
+            )

-            env = setup_python(
+            base_python, env = setup_python(
                identifier_tmp_dir / "build",
                config,
-                dependency_constraint_flags,
+                constraints_path,
                build_options.environment,
                build_frontend.name,
            )
+            pip_version = None if use_uv else get_pip_version(env)

            compatible_wheel = find_compatible_wheel(built_wheels, config.identifier)
            if compatible_wheel:
@@ -378,61 +474,68 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                log.step("Building wheel...")
                built_wheel_dir.mkdir()

-                extra_flags = split_config_settings(
-                    build_options.config_settings, build_frontend.name
+                extra_flags = get_build_frontend_extra_flags(
+                    build_frontend,
+                    build_options.build_verbosity,
+                    build_options.config_settings,
+                    py38=config.identifier[1:].startswith("p38"),
                )
-                extra_flags += build_frontend.args

                build_env = env.copy()
-                build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = get_pip_version(env)
-                if build_options.dependency_constraints:
-                    constraint_path = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
-                        config.version
-                    )
-                    user_constraints = build_env.get("PIP_CONSTRAINT")
-                    our_constraints = constraint_path.as_uri()
-                    build_env["PIP_CONSTRAINT"] = " ".join(
-                        c for c in [user_constraints, our_constraints] if c
-                    )

-                if build_frontend.name == "pip":
-                    extra_flags += get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(build_options.build_verbosity)
-                    # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
-                    # see https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
-                    call(
-                        "python",
-                        "-m",
-                        "pip",
-                        "wheel",
-                        build_options.package_dir.resolve(),
-                        f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                        "--no-deps",
-                        *extra_flags,
-                        env=build_env,
-                    )
-                elif build_frontend.name == "build":
-                    if not 0 <= build_options.build_verbosity < 2:
-                        msg = f"build_verbosity {build_options.build_verbosity} is not supported for build frontend. Ignoring."
-                        log.warning(msg)
-                    call(
-                        "python",
-                        "-m",
-                        "build",
-                        build_options.package_dir,
-                        "--wheel",
-                        f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                        *extra_flags,
-                        env=build_env,
-                    )
-                else:
-                    assert_never(build_frontend)
+                match build_frontend.name:
+                    case "pip":
+                        # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
+                        # see https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
+                        call(
+                            "python",
+                            "-m",
+                            "pip",
+                            "wheel",
+                            build_options.package_dir.resolve(),
+                            f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            "--no-deps",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                            env=build_env,
+                        )
+                    case "build" | "build[uv]":
+                        if (
+                            use_uv
+                            and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags
+                            and "-n" not in extra_flags
+                        ):
+                            extra_flags.append("--installer=uv")
+                        call(
+                            "python",
+                            "-m",
+                            "build",
+                            build_options.package_dir,
+                            "--wheel",
+                            f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                            env=build_env,
+                        )
+                    case "uv":
+                        assert uv_path is not None
+                        call(
+                            uv_path,
+                            "build",
+                            f"--python={base_python}",
+                            build_options.package_dir,
+                            "--wheel",
+                            f"--out-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                            env=build_env,
+                        )
+                    case _:
+                        assert_never(build_frontend)

                built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))

                repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir()

                if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
-                    raise NonPlatformWheelError()
+                    raise errors.NonPlatformWheelError()

                if build_options.repair_command:
                    log.step("Repairing wheel...")
@@ -449,15 +552,20 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                        wheel=built_wheel,
                        dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir,
                        delocate_archs=delocate_archs,
+                        package=build_options.package_dir,
+                        project=".",
                    )
                    shell(repair_command_prepared, env=env)
                else:
                    shutil.move(str(built_wheel), repaired_wheel_dir)

-                repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+                try:
+                    repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+                except StopIteration:
+                    raise errors.RepairStepProducedNoWheelError() from None

                if repaired_wheel.name in {wheel.name for wheel in built_wheels}:
-                    raise AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)
+                    raise errors.AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)

                log.step_end()

@@ -541,17 +649,13 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                        else f"Testing wheel on {testing_arch}..."
                    )

-                    # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
-                    # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
-                    call("pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags, env=env)
-
-                    venv_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / f"venv-test-{testing_arch}"
-
                    arch_prefix = []
+                    uv_arch_args = []
                    if testing_arch != machine_arch:
                        if machine_arch == "arm64" and testing_arch == "x86_64":
                            # rosetta2 will provide the emulation with just the arch prefix.
                            arch_prefix = ["arch", "-x86_64"]
+                            uv_arch_args = ["--python-platform", "x86_64-apple-darwin"]
                        else:
                            msg = f"don't know how to emulate {testing_arch} on {machine_arch}"
                            raise RuntimeError(msg)
@@ -560,25 +664,32 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                    call_with_arch = functools.partial(call, *arch_prefix)
                    shell_with_arch = functools.partial(call, *arch_prefix, "/bin/sh", "-c")

-                    # Use --no-download to ensure determinism by using seed libraries
-                    # built into virtualenv
-                    call_with_arch("python", "-m", "virtualenv", "--no-download", venv_dir, env=env)
+                    # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
+                    # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
+                    venv_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / f"venv-test-{testing_arch}"
+                    virtualenv_env = virtualenv(
+                        config.version,
+                        base_python,
+                        venv_dir,
+                        None,
+                        use_uv=use_uv,
+                        env=env,
+                        pip_version=pip_version,
+                    )
+                    if use_uv:
+                        pip_install = functools.partial(call, *pip, "install", *uv_arch_args)
+                    else:
+                        pip_install = functools.partial(call_with_arch, *pip, "install")

-                    virtualenv_env = env.copy()
-                    virtualenv_env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(
-                        [
-                            str(venv_dir / "bin"),
-                            virtualenv_env["PATH"],
-                        ]
+                    virtualenv_env["MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET"] = get_test_macosx_deployment_target()
+
+                    virtualenv_env = build_options.test_environment.as_dictionary(
+                        prev_environment=virtualenv_env
                    )

                    # check that we are using the Python from the virtual environment
                    call_with_arch("which", "python", env=virtualenv_env)

-                    # TODO remove me once virtualenv provides pip>=24.1b1
-                    if config.version == "3.13":
-                        call("python", "-m", "pip", "install", "pip>=24.1b1", env=virtualenv_env)
-
                    if build_options.before_test:
                        before_test_prepared = prepare_command(
                            build_options.before_test,
@@ -605,18 +716,14 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                    else:
                        virtualenv_env_install_wheel = virtualenv_env

-                    call_with_arch(
-                        "pip",
-                        "install",
+                    pip_install(
                        f"{repaired_wheel}{build_options.test_extras}",
                        env=virtualenv_env_install_wheel,
                    )

                    # test the wheel
                    if build_options.test_requires:
-                        call_with_arch(
-                            "pip",
-                            "install",
+                        pip_install(
                            *build_options.test_requires,
                            env=virtualenv_env_install_wheel,
                        )
@@ -626,31 +733,48 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                    # and not the repo code)
                    test_command_prepared = prepare_command(
                        build_options.test_command,
-                        project=Path(".").resolve(),
+                        project=Path.cwd(),
                        package=build_options.package_dir.resolve(),
                        wheel=repaired_wheel,
                    )

                    test_cwd = identifier_tmp_dir / "test_cwd"
-                    test_cwd.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
-                    (test_cwd / "test_fail.py").write_text(test_fail_cwd_file.read_text())
+
+                    if build_options.test_sources:
+                        # only create test_cwd if it doesn't already exist - it
+                        # may have been created during a previous `testing_arch`
+                        if not test_cwd.exists():
+                            test_cwd.mkdir()
+                            copy_test_sources(
+                                build_options.test_sources,
+                                Path.cwd(),
+                                test_cwd,
+                            )
+                    else:
+                        # Use the test_fail.py file to raise a nice error if the user
+                        # tries to run tests in the cwd
+                        test_cwd.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
+                        (test_cwd / "test_fail.py").write_text(
+                            resources.TEST_FAIL_CWD_FILE.read_text()
+                        )

                    shell_with_arch(test_command_prepared, cwd=test_cwd, env=virtualenv_env)

            # we're all done here; move it to output (overwrite existing)
+            output_wheel = None
            if compatible_wheel is None:
-                with contextlib.suppress(FileNotFoundError):
-                    (build_options.output_dir / repaired_wheel.name).unlink()
-
-                shutil.move(str(repaired_wheel), build_options.output_dir)
-                built_wheels.append(build_options.output_dir / repaired_wheel.name)
+                output_wheel = build_options.output_dir.joinpath(repaired_wheel.name)
+                moved_wheel = move_file(repaired_wheel, output_wheel)
+                if moved_wheel != output_wheel.resolve():
+                    log.warning(
+                        f"{repaired_wheel} was moved to {moved_wheel} instead of {output_wheel}"
+                    )
+                built_wheels.append(output_wheel)

            # clean up
            shutil.rmtree(identifier_tmp_dir)

-            log.build_end()
+            log.build_end(output_wheel)
    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
-        log.step_end_with_error(
-            f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout}"
-        )
-        sys.exit(1)
+        msg = f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout or ''}"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg) from error
@@ -0,0 +1,555 @@
+import dataclasses
+import functools
+import json
+import os
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import tomllib
+import typing
+from collections.abc import Set
+from pathlib import Path
+from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory
+from typing import Final, TypedDict
+
+from filelock import FileLock
+
+from cibuildwheel import errors
+from cibuildwheel.architecture import Architecture
+from cibuildwheel.environment import ParsedEnvironment
+from cibuildwheel.frontend import get_build_frontend_extra_flags
+from cibuildwheel.logger import log
+from cibuildwheel.options import Options
+from cibuildwheel.selector import BuildSelector
+from cibuildwheel.util import resources
+from cibuildwheel.util.cmd import call, shell
+from cibuildwheel.util.file import (
+    CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
+    copy_test_sources,
+    download,
+    extract_tar,
+    extract_zip,
+    move_file,
+)
+from cibuildwheel.util.helpers import prepare_command, unwrap, unwrap_preserving_paragraphs
+from cibuildwheel.util.packaging import find_compatible_wheel, get_pip_version
+from cibuildwheel.util.python_build_standalone import (
+    PythonBuildStandaloneError,
+    create_python_build_standalone_environment,
+)
+from cibuildwheel.venv import constraint_flags, virtualenv
+
+IS_WIN: Final[bool] = sys.platform.startswith("win")
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, kw_only=True)
+class PythonConfiguration:
+    version: str
+    identifier: str
+    default_pyodide_version: str
+    node_version: str
+
+
+class PyodideXBuildEnvInfoVersionRange(TypedDict):
+    min: str | None
+    max: str | None
+
+
+class PyodideXBuildEnvInfo(TypedDict):
+    version: str
+    python: str
+    emscripten: str
+    pyodide_build: PyodideXBuildEnvInfoVersionRange
+    compatible: bool
+
+
+@functools.cache
+def ensure_node(major_version: str) -> Path:
+    with resources.NODEJS.open("rb") as f:
+        loaded_file = tomllib.load(f)
+    version = str(loaded_file[major_version])
+    base_url = str(loaded_file["url"])
+    ext = "zip" if IS_WIN else "tar.xz"
+    platform = "win" if IS_WIN else ("darwin" if sys.platform.startswith("darwin") else "linux")
+    linux_arch = Architecture.native_arch("linux")
+    assert linux_arch is not None
+    arch = {"x86_64": "x64", "i686": "x86", "aarch64": "arm64"}.get(
+        linux_arch.value, linux_arch.value
+    )
+    name = f"node-{version}-{platform}-{arch}"
+    path = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / name
+    with FileLock(str(path) + ".lock"):
+        if not path.exists():
+            url = f"{base_url}{version}/{name}.{ext}"
+            with TemporaryDirectory() as tmp_path:
+                archive = Path(tmp_path) / f"{name}.{ext}"
+                download(url, archive)
+                if ext == "zip":
+                    extract_zip(archive, path.parent)
+                else:
+                    extract_tar(archive, path.parent)
+    assert path.exists()
+    if not IS_WIN:
+        return path / "bin"
+    return path
+
+
+def install_emscripten(tmp: Path, version: str) -> Path:
+    url = f"https://github.com/emscripten-core/emsdk/archive/refs/tags/{version}.zip"
+    installation_path = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / f"emsdk-{version}"
+    emsdk_path = installation_path / f"emsdk-{version}/emsdk"
+    emcc_path = installation_path / f"emsdk-{version}/upstream/emscripten/emcc"
+    with FileLock(f"{installation_path}.lock"):
+        if installation_path.exists():
+            return emcc_path
+        emsdk_zip = tmp / "emsdk.zip"
+        download(url, emsdk_zip)
+        installation_path.mkdir()
+        extract_zip(emsdk_zip, installation_path)
+        call(emsdk_path, "install", version)
+        call(emsdk_path, "activate", version)
+
+    return emcc_path
+
+
+def get_all_xbuildenv_version_info(env: dict[str, str]) -> list[PyodideXBuildEnvInfo]:
+    xbuildenvs_info_str = call(
+        "pyodide",
+        "xbuildenv",
+        "search",
+        "--json",
+        "--all",
+        env=env,
+        cwd=CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
+        capture_stdout=True,
+    ).strip()
+
+    xbuildenvs_info = json.loads(xbuildenvs_info_str)
+
+    if "environments" not in xbuildenvs_info:
+        msg = f"Invalid xbuildenvs info, got {xbuildenvs_info}"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    return typing.cast("list[PyodideXBuildEnvInfo]", xbuildenvs_info["environments"])
+
+
+def get_xbuildenv_version_info(
+    env: dict[str, str], version: str, pyodide_build_version: str
+) -> PyodideXBuildEnvInfo:
+    xbuildenvs_info = get_all_xbuildenv_version_info(env)
+    for xbuildenv_info in xbuildenvs_info:
+        if xbuildenv_info["version"] == version:
+            return xbuildenv_info
+
+    msg = unwrap(f"""
+        Could not find Pyodide cross-build environment version {version} in the available
+        versions as reported by pyodide-build v{pyodide_build_version}.
+        Available pyodide xbuildenv versions are:
+        {", ".join(e["version"] for e in xbuildenvs_info if e["compatible"])}
+    """)
+    raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+
+# The default pyodide xbuildenv version that's specified in
+# build-platforms.toml is compatible with the pyodide-build version that's
+# pinned in the bundled constraints file. But if the user changes
+# pyodide-version and/or dependency-constraints in the cibuildwheel config, we
+# need to check if the xbuildenv version is compatible with the pyodide-build
+# version.
+def validate_pyodide_build_version(
+    xbuildenv_info: PyodideXBuildEnvInfo, pyodide_build_version: str
+) -> None:
+    """
+    Validate the Pyodide version is compatible with the installed
+    pyodide-build version.
+    """
+
+    pyodide_version = xbuildenv_info["version"]
+
+    if not xbuildenv_info["compatible"]:
+        msg = unwrap_preserving_paragraphs(f"""
+            The Pyodide xbuildenv version {pyodide_version} is not compatible
+            with the pyodide-build version {pyodide_build_version}. Please use
+            the 'pyodide xbuildenv search --all' command to find a compatible
+            version.
+
+            Set the pyodide-build version using the `dependency-constraints`
+            option, or set the Pyodide xbuildenv version using the
+            `pyodide-version` option.
+        """)
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+
+def install_xbuildenv(env: dict[str, str], pyodide_build_version: str, pyodide_version: str) -> str:
+    """Install a particular Pyodide xbuildenv version and set a path to the Pyodide root."""
+    # Since pyodide-build was unvendored from Pyodide v0.27.0, the versions of
+    # pyodide-build are uncoupled from the versions of Pyodide. So, we specify
+    # both the pyodide-build version and the Pyodide version in the temp path.
+    xbuildenv_cache_path = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / f"pyodide-build-{pyodide_build_version}"
+    pyodide_root = xbuildenv_cache_path / pyodide_version / "xbuildenv" / "pyodide-root"
+
+    with FileLock(CIBW_CACHE_PATH / "xbuildenv.lock"):
+        if pyodide_root.exists():
+            return str(pyodide_root)
+
+        # We don't want to mutate env but we need to delete any existing
+        # PYODIDE_ROOT so copy it first.
+        env = dict(env)
+        env.pop("PYODIDE_ROOT", None)
+
+        # Install the xbuildenv
+        call(
+            "pyodide",
+            "xbuildenv",
+            "install",
+            "--path",
+            str(xbuildenv_cache_path),
+            pyodide_version,
+            env=env,
+            cwd=CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
+        )
+        assert pyodide_root.exists()
+
+    return str(pyodide_root)
+
+
+def get_base_python(tmp: Path, python_configuration: PythonConfiguration) -> Path:
+    try:
+        return create_python_build_standalone_environment(
+            python_version=python_configuration.version,
+            temp_dir=tmp,
+            cache_dir=CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
+        )
+    except PythonBuildStandaloneError as e:
+        msg = unwrap(f"""
+            Failed to create a Python build environment:
+            {e}
+        """)
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg) from e
+
+
+def setup_python(
+    tmp: Path,
+    python_configuration: PythonConfiguration,
+    constraints_path: Path | None,
+    environment: ParsedEnvironment,
+    user_pyodide_version: str | None,
+) -> dict[str, str]:
+    log.step("Installing a base python environment...")
+    base_python = get_base_python(tmp / "base", python_configuration)
+
+    log.step("Setting up build environment...")
+    pyodide_version = user_pyodide_version or python_configuration.default_pyodide_version
+    venv_path = tmp / "venv"
+    env = virtualenv(python_configuration.version, base_python, venv_path, None, use_uv=False)
+    venv_bin_path = venv_path / "bin"
+    assert venv_bin_path.exists()
+    env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
+
+    # upgrade pip to the version matching our constraints
+    # if necessary, reinstall it to ensure that it's available on PATH as 'pip'
+    call(
+        "python",
+        "-m",
+        "pip",
+        "install",
+        "--upgrade",
+        "pip",
+        *constraint_flags(constraints_path),
+        env=env,
+        cwd=venv_path,
+    )
+
+    env = environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=env)
+
+    # check what Python version we're on
+    which_python = call("which", "python", env=env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
+    print(which_python)
+    if which_python != str(venv_bin_path / "python"):
+        msg = "python available on PATH doesn't match our venv instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it."
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    call("python", "--version", env=env)
+
+    # check what pip version we're on
+    assert (venv_bin_path / "pip").exists()
+    which_pip = call("which", "pip", env=env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
+    print(which_pip)
+    if which_pip != str(venv_bin_path / "pip"):
+        msg = "pip available on PATH doesn't match our venv instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it."
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    call("pip", "--version", env=env)
+
+    log.step("Installing build tools...")
+    call(
+        "pip",
+        "install",
+        "--upgrade",
+        "pyodide-build",
+        *constraint_flags(constraints_path),
+        env=env,
+    )
+
+    pyodide_build_version = call(
+        "python",
+        "-c",
+        "from importlib.metadata import version; print(version('pyodide-build'))",
+        env=env,
+        capture_stdout=True,
+    ).strip()
+
+    xbuildenv_info = get_xbuildenv_version_info(env, pyodide_version, pyodide_build_version)
+    validate_pyodide_build_version(
+        xbuildenv_info=xbuildenv_info,
+        pyodide_build_version=pyodide_build_version,
+    )
+
+    emscripten_version = xbuildenv_info["emscripten"]
+    log.step(f"Installing Emscripten version: {emscripten_version} ...")
+    emcc_path = install_emscripten(tmp, emscripten_version)
+
+    env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join([str(emcc_path.parent), env["PATH"]])
+
+    log.step(f"Installing Pyodide xbuildenv version: {pyodide_version} ...")
+    env["PYODIDE_ROOT"] = install_xbuildenv(env, pyodide_build_version, pyodide_version)
+
+    return env
+
+
+def all_python_configurations() -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
+    full_python_configs = resources.read_python_configs("pyodide")
+    return [PythonConfiguration(**item) for item in full_python_configs]
+
+
+def get_python_configurations(
+    build_selector: BuildSelector,
+    architectures: Set[Architecture],  # noqa: ARG001
+) -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
+    return [c for c in all_python_configurations() if build_selector(c.identifier)]
+
+
+def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    python_configurations = get_python_configurations(
+        options.globals.build_selector, options.globals.architectures
+    )
+
+    if not python_configurations:
+        return
+
+    try:
+        before_all_options_identifier = python_configurations[0].identifier
+        before_all_options = options.build_options(before_all_options_identifier)
+
+        if before_all_options.before_all:
+            log.step("Running before_all...")
+            env = before_all_options.environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=os.environ)
+            before_all_prepared = prepare_command(
+                before_all_options.before_all, project=".", package=before_all_options.package_dir
+            )
+            shell(before_all_prepared, env=env)
+
+        built_wheels: list[Path] = []
+
+        for config in python_configurations:
+            build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
+            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend
+
+            if build_frontend.name == "pip":
+                msg = "The pyodide platform doesn't support pip frontend"
+                raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+            log.build_start(config.identifier)
+
+            identifier_tmp_dir = tmp_path / config.identifier
+
+            built_wheel_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "built_wheel"
+            repaired_wheel_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "repaired_wheel"
+            identifier_tmp_dir.mkdir()
+            built_wheel_dir.mkdir()
+            repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir()
+
+            constraints_path = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
+                version=config.version, variant="pyodide", tmp_dir=identifier_tmp_dir
+            )
+
+            env = setup_python(
+                tmp=identifier_tmp_dir / "build",
+                python_configuration=config,
+                constraints_path=constraints_path,
+                environment=build_options.environment,
+                user_pyodide_version=build_options.pyodide_version,
+            )
+            pip_version = get_pip_version(env)
+            # The Pyodide command line runner mounts all directories in the host
+            # filesystem into the Pyodide file system, except for the custom
+            # file systems /dev, /lib, /proc, and /tmp. Mounting the mount
+            # points for alternate file systems causes some mysterious failure
+            # of the process (it just quits without any clear error).
+            #
+            # Because of this, by default Pyodide can't see anything under /tmp.
+            # This environment variable tells it also to mount our temp
+            # directory.
+            oldmounts = ""
+            extra_mounts = [str(identifier_tmp_dir)]
+            if Path.cwd().is_relative_to("/tmp"):
+                extra_mounts.append(str(Path.cwd()))
+
+            if "_PYODIDE_EXTRA_MOUNTS" in env:
+                oldmounts = env["_PYODIDE_EXTRA_MOUNTS"] + ":"
+            env["_PYODIDE_EXTRA_MOUNTS"] = oldmounts + ":".join(extra_mounts)
+
+            compatible_wheel = find_compatible_wheel(built_wheels, config.identifier)
+            if compatible_wheel:
+                log.step_end()
+                print(
+                    f"\nFound previously built wheel {compatible_wheel.name}, that's compatible with {config.identifier}. Skipping build step..."
+                )
+                built_wheel = compatible_wheel
+            else:
+                if build_options.before_build:
+                    log.step("Running before_build...")
+                    before_build_prepared = prepare_command(
+                        build_options.before_build, project=".", package=build_options.package_dir
+                    )
+                    shell(before_build_prepared, env=env)
+
+                log.step("Building wheel...")
+
+                extra_flags = get_build_frontend_extra_flags(
+                    build_frontend,
+                    build_options.build_verbosity,
+                    build_options.config_settings,
+                    py38=False,
+                )
+
+                call(
+                    "pyodide",
+                    "build",
+                    build_options.package_dir,
+                    f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                    *extra_flags,
+                    env=env,
+                )
+                built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+
+                if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
+                    raise errors.NonPlatformWheelError()
+
+                if build_options.repair_command:
+                    log.step("Repairing wheel...")
+
+                    repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(
+                        build_options.repair_command,
+                        wheel=built_wheel,
+                        dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir,
+                        package=build_options.package_dir,
+                        project=".",
+                    )
+                    shell(repair_command_prepared, env=env)
+                    log.step_end()
+                else:
+                    shutil.move(str(built_wheel), repaired_wheel_dir)
+
+                repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+
+                if repaired_wheel.name in {wheel.name for wheel in built_wheels}:
+                    raise errors.AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)
+
+            if build_options.test_command and build_options.test_selector(config.identifier):
+                log.step("Testing wheel...")
+
+                venv_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "venv-test"
+                # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
+                # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
+
+                virtualenv_env = env.copy()
+                virtualenv_env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(
+                    [
+                        str(ensure_node(config.node_version)),
+                        virtualenv_env["PATH"],
+                    ]
+                )
+
+                # pyodide venv uses virtualenv under the hood
+                # use the pip embedded with virtualenv & disable network updates
+                virtualenv_create_env = virtualenv_env.copy()
+                virtualenv_create_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = pip_version
+                virtualenv_create_env["VIRTUALENV_NO_PERIODIC_UPDATE"] = "1"
+
+                call("pyodide", "venv", venv_dir, env=virtualenv_create_env)
+
+                virtualenv_env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(
+                    [
+                        str(venv_dir / "bin"),
+                        virtualenv_env["PATH"],
+                    ]
+                )
+                virtualenv_env["VIRTUAL_ENV"] = str(venv_dir)
+
+                virtualenv_env = build_options.test_environment.as_dictionary(
+                    prev_environment=virtualenv_env
+                )
+
+                # check that we are using the Python from the virtual environment
+                call("which", "python", env=virtualenv_env)
+
+                if build_options.before_test:
+                    before_test_prepared = prepare_command(
+                        build_options.before_test,
+                        project=".",
+                        package=build_options.package_dir,
+                        wheel=repaired_wheel,
+                    )
+                    shell(before_test_prepared, env=virtualenv_env)
+
+                # install the wheel
+                call(
+                    "pip",
+                    "install",
+                    f"{repaired_wheel}{build_options.test_extras}",
+                    env=virtualenv_env,
+                )
+
+                # test the wheel
+                if build_options.test_requires:
+                    call("pip", "install", *build_options.test_requires, env=virtualenv_env)
+
+                # run the tests from a temp dir, with an absolute path in the command
+                # (this ensures that Python runs the tests against the installed wheel
+                # and not the repo code)
+                test_command_prepared = prepare_command(
+                    build_options.test_command,
+                    project=Path.cwd(),
+                    package=build_options.package_dir.resolve(),
+                )
+
+                test_cwd = identifier_tmp_dir / "test_cwd"
+                test_cwd.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
+
+                if build_options.test_sources:
+                    copy_test_sources(
+                        build_options.test_sources,
+                        Path.cwd(),
+                        test_cwd,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    # Use the test_fail.py file to raise a nice error if the user
+                    # tries to run tests in the cwd
+                    (test_cwd / "test_fail.py").write_text(resources.TEST_FAIL_CWD_FILE.read_text())
+
+                shell(test_command_prepared, cwd=test_cwd, env=virtualenv_env)
+
+            # we're all done here; move it to output (overwrite existing)
+            output_wheel: Path | None = None
+            if compatible_wheel is None:
+                output_wheel = build_options.output_dir.joinpath(repaired_wheel.name)
+                moved_wheel = move_file(repaired_wheel, output_wheel)
+                if moved_wheel != output_wheel.resolve():
+                    log.warning(
+                        f"{repaired_wheel} was moved to {moved_wheel} instead of {output_wheel}"
+                    )
+                built_wheels.append(output_wheel)
+            log.build_end(output_wheel)
+
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
+        msg = f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout or ''}"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg) from error
@@ -1,47 +1,36 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
+import dataclasses
+import json
 import os
 import platform as platform_module
 import shutil
 import subprocess
-import sys
 import textwrap
 from collections.abc import MutableMapping, Sequence, Set
-from contextlib import suppress
-from dataclasses import dataclass
-from functools import lru_cache
+from functools import cache
 from pathlib import Path
-from zipfile import ZipFile
+from typing import assert_never

 from filelock import FileLock
-from packaging.version import Version

-from ._compat.typing import assert_never
-from .architecture import Architecture
-from .environment import ParsedEnvironment
-from .logger import log
-from .options import Options
-from .typing import PathOrStr
-from .util import (
+from cibuildwheel import errors
+from cibuildwheel.architecture import Architecture
+from cibuildwheel.environment import ParsedEnvironment
+from cibuildwheel.frontend import BuildFrontendName, get_build_frontend_extra_flags
+from cibuildwheel.logger import log
+from cibuildwheel.options import Options
+from cibuildwheel.selector import BuildSelector
+from cibuildwheel.util import resources
+from cibuildwheel.util.cmd import call, shell
+from cibuildwheel.util.file import (
    CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
-    AlreadyBuiltWheelError,
-    BuildFrontendConfig,
-    BuildFrontendName,
-    BuildSelector,
-    NonPlatformWheelError,
-    call,
+    copy_test_sources,
    download,
-    find_compatible_wheel,
-    get_build_verbosity_extra_flags,
-    get_pip_version,
-    prepare_command,
-    read_python_configs,
-    shell,
-    split_config_settings,
-    test_fail_cwd_file,
-    unwrap,
-    virtualenv,
+    extract_zip,
+    move_file,
 )
+from cibuildwheel.util.helpers import prepare_command, unwrap
+from cibuildwheel.util.packaging import find_compatible_wheel, get_pip_version
+from cibuildwheel.venv import constraint_flags, find_uv, virtualenv


 def get_nuget_args(
@@ -68,21 +57,31 @@ def get_nuget_args(
    ]


-@dataclass(frozen=True)
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, kw_only=True)
 class PythonConfiguration:
    version: str
-    arch: str
    identifier: str
    url: str | None = None

+    @property
+    def arch(self) -> str:
+        return {
+            "win32": "32",
+            "win_amd64": "64",
+            "win_arm64": "ARM64",
+        }[self.identifier.split("-")[-1]]
+
+
+def all_python_configurations() -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
+    config_dicts = resources.read_python_configs("windows")
+    return [PythonConfiguration(**item) for item in config_dicts]
+

 def get_python_configurations(
    build_selector: BuildSelector,
    architectures: Set[Architecture],
 ) -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
-    full_python_configs = read_python_configs("windows")
-
-    python_configurations = [PythonConfiguration(**item) for item in full_python_configs]
+    python_configurations = all_python_configurations()

    map_arch = {"32": Architecture.x86, "64": Architecture.AMD64, "ARM64": Architecture.ARM64}

@@ -96,12 +95,7 @@ def get_python_configurations(
    return python_configurations


-def extract_zip(zip_src: Path, dest: Path) -> None:
-    with ZipFile(zip_src) as zip_:
-        zip_.extractall(dest)
-
-
-@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+@cache
 def _ensure_nuget() -> Path:
    nuget = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / "nuget.exe"
    with FileLock(str(nuget) + ".lock"):
@@ -143,6 +137,20 @@ def install_pypy(tmp: Path, arch: str, url: str) -> Path:
    return installation_path / "python.exe"


+def install_graalpy(tmp: Path, url: str) -> Path:
+    zip_filename = url.rsplit("/", 1)[-1]
+    extension = ".zip"
+    assert zip_filename.endswith(extension)
+    installation_path = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / zip_filename[: -len(extension)]
+    with FileLock(str(installation_path) + ".lock"):
+        if not installation_path.exists():
+            graalpy_zip = tmp / zip_filename
+            download(url, graalpy_zip)
+            # Extract to the parent directory because the zip file still contains a directory
+            extract_zip(graalpy_zip, installation_path.parent)
+    return installation_path / "bin" / "graalpy.exe"
+
+
 def setup_setuptools_cross_compile(
    tmp: Path,
    python_configuration: PythonConfiguration,
@@ -157,6 +165,16 @@ def setup_setuptools_cross_compile(
    # set the platform name
    map_plat = {"32": "win32", "64": "win-amd64", "ARM64": "win-arm64"}
    plat_name = map_plat[python_configuration.arch]
+
+    # Set environment variable so that setuptools._distutils.get_platform()
+    # identifies the target, not the host
+    vscmd_arg_tgt_arch = {"32": "x86", "64": "x64", "ARM64": "arm64"}
+    current_tgt_arch = vscmd_arg_tgt_arch[python_configuration.arch]
+    if (env.get("VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH") or current_tgt_arch) != current_tgt_arch:
+        msg = f"VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH must be set to {current_tgt_arch!r}, got {env['VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH']!r}. If you're setting up MSVC yourself (e.g. using vcvarsall.bat or msvc-dev-cmd), make sure to target the right architecture. Alternatively, run cibuildwheel without configuring MSVC, and let the build backend handle it."
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    env["VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH"] = current_tgt_arch
+
    # (This file must be default/locale encoding, so we can't pass 'encoding')
    distutils_cfg.write_text(
        textwrap.dedent(
@@ -220,13 +238,18 @@ def setup_rust_cross_compile(
        )


+def can_use_uv(python_configuration: PythonConfiguration) -> bool:
+    conditions = (not python_configuration.identifier.startswith("pp38-"),)
+    return all(conditions)
+
+
 def setup_python(
    tmp: Path,
    python_configuration: PythonConfiguration,
-    dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr],
+    dependency_constraint: Path | None,
    environment: ParsedEnvironment,
    build_frontend: BuildFrontendName,
-) -> dict[str, str]:
+) -> tuple[Path, dict[str, str]]:
    tmp.mkdir()
    implementation_id = python_configuration.identifier.split("-")[0]
    python_libs_base = None
@@ -244,100 +267,125 @@ def setup_python(
    elif implementation_id.startswith("pp"):
        assert python_configuration.url is not None
        base_python = install_pypy(tmp, python_configuration.arch, python_configuration.url)
+    elif implementation_id.startswith("gp"):
+        base_python = install_graalpy(tmp, python_configuration.url or "")
    else:
        msg = "Unknown Python implementation"
        raise ValueError(msg)
    assert base_python.exists()

+    if build_frontend == "build[uv]" and not can_use_uv(python_configuration):
+        build_frontend = "build"
+
+    use_uv = build_frontend in {"build[uv]", "uv"}
+    uv_path = find_uv()
+
    log.step("Setting up build environment...")
    venv_path = tmp / "venv"
    env = virtualenv(
-        python_configuration.version, base_python, venv_path, dependency_constraint_flags
+        python_configuration.version,
+        base_python,
+        venv_path,
+        dependency_constraint,
+        use_uv=use_uv,
    )

    # set up environment variables for run_with_env
    env["PYTHON_VERSION"] = python_configuration.version
    env["PYTHON_ARCH"] = python_configuration.arch
-    env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
-
-    # pip older than 21.3 builds executables such as pip.exe for x64 platform.
-    # The first re-install of pip updates pip module but builds pip.exe using
-    # the old pip which still generates x64 executable. But the second
-    # re-install uses updated pip and correctly builds pip.exe for the target.
-    # This can be removed once ARM64 Pythons (currently 3.9 and 3.10) bundle
-    # pip versions newer than 21.3.
-    if python_configuration.arch == "ARM64" and Version(get_pip_version(env)) < Version("21.3"):
-        call(
-            "python",
-            "-m",
-            "pip",
-            "install",
-            "--force-reinstall",
-            "--upgrade",
-            "pip",
-            *dependency_constraint_flags,
-            env=env,
-            cwd=venv_path,
-        )
-
-    # upgrade pip to the version matching our constraints
-    # if necessary, reinstall it to ensure that it's available on PATH as 'pip.exe'
-    call(
-        "python",
-        "-m",
-        "pip",
-        "install",
-        "--upgrade",
-        "pip",
-        *dependency_constraint_flags,
-        env=env,
-        cwd=venv_path,
-    )
+    env.pop("UV_PYTHON", None)
+    if not use_uv:
+        env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"

    # update env with results from CIBW_ENVIRONMENT
    env = environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=env)

    # check what Python version we're on
-    call("where", "python", env=env)
+    where_python = call("where", "python", env=env, capture_stdout=True).splitlines()[0].strip()
+    print(where_python)
+    if where_python != str(venv_path / "Scripts" / "python.exe"):
+        msg = "python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it."
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
    call("python", "--version", env=env)
    call("python", "-c", "\"import struct; print(struct.calcsize('P') * 8)\"", env=env)
-    where_python = call("where", "python", env=env, capture_stdout=True).splitlines()[0].strip()
-    if where_python != str(venv_path / "Scripts" / "python.exe"):
-        print(
-            "cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it.",
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
-        sys.exit(1)

    # check what pip version we're on
-    assert (venv_path / "Scripts" / "pip.exe").exists()
-    where_pip = call("where", "pip", env=env, capture_stdout=True).splitlines()[0].strip()
-    if where_pip.strip() != str(venv_path / "Scripts" / "pip.exe"):
-        print(
-            "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.",
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
-        sys.exit(1)
-
-    call("pip", "--version", env=env)
+    if not use_uv:
+        assert (venv_path / "Scripts" / "pip.exe").exists()
+        where_pip = call("where", "pip", env=env, capture_stdout=True).splitlines()[0].strip()
+        print(where_pip)
+        if where_pip.strip() != str(venv_path / "Scripts" / "pip.exe"):
+            msg = "pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it."
+            raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+        call("pip", "--version", env=env)

    log.step("Installing build tools...")
-    if build_frontend == "build":
-        call(
-            "pip",
-            "install",
-            "--upgrade",
-            "build[virtualenv]",
-            *dependency_constraint_flags,
-            env=env,
-        )
+    match build_frontend:
+        case "build":
+            call(
+                "pip",
+                "install",
+                "--upgrade",
+                "build[virtualenv]",
+                *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
+                env=env,
+            )
+        case "build[uv]":
+            assert uv_path is not None
+            call(
+                uv_path,
+                "pip",
+                "install",
+                "--python",
+                where_python,
+                "--upgrade",
+                "build[virtualenv]",
+                *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
+                env=env,
+            )

    if python_libs_base:
        # Set up the environment for various backends to enable cross-compilation
        setup_setuptools_cross_compile(tmp, python_configuration, python_libs_base, env)
        setup_rust_cross_compile(tmp, python_configuration, python_libs_base, env)

-    return env
+    if implementation_id.startswith("gp311"):
+        # GraalPy 24 fails to discover compilers, setup the relevant environment
+        # variables. Adapted from
+        # https://github.com/microsoft/vswhere/wiki/Start-Developer-Command-Prompt
+        # Remove when GraalPy 24.x is dropped.
+        vcpath = call(
+            Path(os.environ["PROGRAMFILES(X86)"])
+            / "Microsoft Visual Studio"
+            / "Installer"
+            / "vswhere.exe",
+            "-products",
+            "*",
+            "-latest",
+            "-property",
+            "installationPath",
+            capture_stdout=True,
+        ).strip()
+        log.notice(f"Discovering Visual Studio for GraalPy at {vcpath}")
+        vcvars_file = tmp / "vcvars.json"
+        call(
+            f"{vcpath}\\Common7\\Tools\\vsdevcmd.bat",
+            "-no_logo",
+            "-arch=amd64",
+            "-host_arch=amd64",
+            "&&",
+            "python",
+            "-c",
+            # this command needs to be one line for Windows reasons
+            "import sys, json, pathlib, os; pathlib.Path(sys.argv[1]).write_text(json.dumps(dict(os.environ)))",
+            vcvars_file,
+            env=env,
+        )
+        with open(vcvars_file, encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            vcvars = json.load(f)
+        env.update(vcvars)
+
+    return base_python, env


 def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
@@ -348,6 +396,8 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
    if not python_configurations:
        return

+    uv_path = find_uv()
+
    try:
        before_all_options_identifier = python_configurations[0].identifier
        before_all_options = options.build_options(before_all_options_identifier)
@@ -364,7 +414,8 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:

        for config in python_configurations:
            build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
-            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend or BuildFrontendConfig("pip")
+            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend
+            use_uv = build_frontend.name in {"build[uv]", "uv"} and can_use_uv(config)
            log.build_start(config.identifier)

            identifier_tmp_dir = tmp_path / config.identifier
@@ -372,21 +423,20 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
            built_wheel_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "built_wheel"
            repaired_wheel_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "repaired_wheel"

-            dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr] = []
-            if build_options.dependency_constraints:
-                dependency_constraint_flags = [
-                    "-c",
-                    build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(config.version),
-                ]
+            constraints_path = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
+                version=config.version,
+                tmp_dir=identifier_tmp_dir,
+            )

            # install Python
-            env = setup_python(
+            base_python, env = setup_python(
                identifier_tmp_dir / "build",
                config,
-                dependency_constraint_flags,
+                constraints_path,
                build_options.environment,
                build_frontend.name,
            )
+            pip_version = None if use_uv else get_pip_version(env)

            compatible_wheel = find_compatible_wheel(built_wheels, config.identifier)
            if compatible_wheel:
@@ -409,64 +459,76 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                log.step("Building wheel...")
                built_wheel_dir.mkdir()

-                extra_flags = split_config_settings(
-                    build_options.config_settings, build_frontend.name
+                extra_flags = get_build_frontend_extra_flags(
+                    build_frontend,
+                    build_options.build_verbosity,
+                    build_options.config_settings,
+                    py38=config.identifier[1:].startswith("p38"),
                )
-                extra_flags += build_frontend.args

-                build_env = env.copy()
-                build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = get_pip_version(env)
-                if build_options.dependency_constraints:
-                    constraints_path = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
-                        config.version
+                if (
+                    config.identifier.startswith("gp311")
+                    and build_frontend.name == "build"
+                    and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags
+                    and "-n" not in extra_flags
+                ):
+                    # GraalPy 24 fails to discover its standard library when a venv is created
+                    # from a virtualenv seeded executable. See
+                    # https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/issues/491 and remove this once
+                    # GraalPy 24 is dropped.
+                    log.notice(
+                        "Disabling build isolation to workaround GraalPy bug. If the build fails, consider using pip or build[uv] as build frontend."
                    )
-                    # Bug in pip <= 21.1.3 - we can't have a space in the
-                    # constraints file, and pip doesn't support drive letters
-                    # in uhi.  After probably pip 21.2, we can use uri. For
-                    # now, use a temporary file.
-                    if " " in str(constraints_path):
-                        assert " " not in str(identifier_tmp_dir)
-                        tmp_file = identifier_tmp_dir / "constraints.txt"
-                        tmp_file.write_bytes(constraints_path.read_bytes())
-                        constraints_path = tmp_file
+                    shell("graalpy -m pip install setuptools wheel", env=env)
+                    extra_flags = [*extra_flags, "-n"]

-                    our_constraints = str(constraints_path)
-                    user_constraints = build_env.get("PIP_CONSTRAINT")
-                    build_env["PIP_CONSTRAINT"] = " ".join(
-                        c for c in [our_constraints, user_constraints] if c
-                    )
+                match build_frontend.name:
+                    case "pip":
+                        # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
+                        # see https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
+                        call(
+                            "python",
+                            "-m",
+                            "pip",
+                            "wheel",
+                            options.globals.package_dir.resolve(),
+                            f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            "--no-deps",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                            env=env,
+                        )
+                    case "build" | "build[uv]":
+                        if (
+                            use_uv
+                            and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags
+                            and "-n" not in extra_flags
+                        ):
+                            extra_flags.append("--installer=uv")

-                if build_frontend.name == "pip":
-                    extra_flags += get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(build_options.build_verbosity)
-                    # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
-                    # see https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
-                    call(
-                        "python",
-                        "-m",
-                        "pip",
-                        "wheel",
-                        options.globals.package_dir.resolve(),
-                        f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                        "--no-deps",
-                        *extra_flags,
-                        env=build_env,
-                    )
-                elif build_frontend.name == "build":
-                    if not 0 <= build_options.build_verbosity < 2:
-                        msg = f"build_verbosity {build_options.build_verbosity} is not supported for build frontend. Ignoring."
-                        log.warning(msg)
-                    call(
-                        "python",
-                        "-m",
-                        "build",
-                        build_options.package_dir,
-                        "--wheel",
-                        f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                        *extra_flags,
-                        env=build_env,
-                    )
-                else:
-                    assert_never(build_frontend)
+                        call(
+                            "python",
+                            "-m",
+                            "build",
+                            build_options.package_dir,
+                            "--wheel",
+                            f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                            env=env,
+                        )
+                    case "uv":
+                        assert uv_path is not None
+                        call(
+                            uv_path,
+                            "build",
+                            f"--python={base_python}",
+                            build_options.package_dir,
+                            "--wheel",
+                            f"--out-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                            env=env,
+                        )
+                    case _:
+                        assert_never(build_frontend)

                built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))

@@ -474,7 +536,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir()

                if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
-                    raise NonPlatformWheelError()
+                    raise errors.NonPlatformWheelError()

                if build_options.repair_command:
                    log.step("Repairing wheel...")
@@ -482,15 +544,20 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                        build_options.repair_command,
                        wheel=built_wheel,
                        dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir,
+                        package=build_options.package_dir,
+                        project=".",
                    )
                    shell(repair_command_prepared, env=env)
                else:
                    shutil.move(str(built_wheel), repaired_wheel_dir)

-                repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+                try:
+                    repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+                except StopIteration:
+                    raise errors.RepairStepProducedNoWheelError() from None

                if repaired_wheel.name in {wheel.name for wheel in built_wheels}:
-                    raise AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)
+                    raise errors.AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)

            test_selected = options.globals.test_selector(config.identifier)
            if test_selected and config.arch == "ARM64" != platform_module.machine():
@@ -508,28 +575,24 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                log.step("Testing wheel...")
                # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
                # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
-                call("pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags, env=env)
                venv_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "venv-test"
+                virtualenv_env = virtualenv(
+                    config.version,
+                    base_python,
+                    venv_dir,
+                    None,
+                    use_uv=use_uv,
+                    env=env,
+                    pip_version=pip_version,
+                )

-                # Use --no-download to ensure determinism by using seed libraries
-                # built into virtualenv
-                call("python", "-m", "virtualenv", "--no-download", venv_dir, env=env)
-
-                virtualenv_env = env.copy()
-                virtualenv_env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(
-                    [
-                        str(venv_dir / "Scripts"),
-                        virtualenv_env["PATH"],
-                    ]
+                virtualenv_env = build_options.test_environment.as_dictionary(
+                    prev_environment=virtualenv_env
                )

                # check that we are using the Python from the virtual environment
                call("where", "python", env=virtualenv_env)

-                # TODO remove me once virtualenv provides pip>=24.1b1
-                if config.version.startswith("3.13."):
-                    call("python", "-m", "pip", "install", "--pre", "-U", "pip", env=virtualenv_env)
-
                if build_options.before_test:
                    before_test_prepared = prepare_command(
                        build_options.before_test,
@@ -538,9 +601,16 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                    )
                    shell(before_test_prepared, env=virtualenv_env)

+                pip: Sequence[Path | str]
+                if use_uv:
+                    assert uv_path is not None
+                    pip = [uv_path, "pip"]
+                else:
+                    pip = ["pip"]
+
                # install the wheel
                call(
-                    "pip",
+                    *pip,
                    "install",
                    str(repaired_wheel) + build_options.test_extras,
                    env=virtualenv_env,
@@ -548,39 +618,50 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:

                # test the wheel
                if build_options.test_requires:
-                    call("pip", "install", *build_options.test_requires, env=virtualenv_env)
+                    call(*pip, "install", *build_options.test_requires, env=virtualenv_env)

                # run the tests from a temp dir, with an absolute path in the command
                # (this ensures that Python runs the tests against the installed wheel
                # and not the repo code)
+                test_cwd = identifier_tmp_dir / "test_cwd"
+                test_cwd.mkdir()
+
+                if build_options.test_sources:
+                    copy_test_sources(
+                        build_options.test_sources,
+                        Path.cwd(),
+                        test_cwd,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    # Use the test_fail.py file to raise a nice error if the user
+                    # tries to run tests in the cwd
+                    (test_cwd / "test_fail.py").write_text(resources.TEST_FAIL_CWD_FILE.read_text())
+
                test_command_prepared = prepare_command(
                    build_options.test_command,
-                    project=Path(".").resolve(),
+                    project=Path.cwd(),
                    package=options.globals.package_dir.resolve(),
                    wheel=repaired_wheel,
                )
-                test_cwd = identifier_tmp_dir / "test_cwd"
-                test_cwd.mkdir()
-                (test_cwd / "test_fail.py").write_text(test_fail_cwd_file.read_text())
-
                shell(test_command_prepared, cwd=test_cwd, env=virtualenv_env)

            # we're all done here; move it to output (remove if already exists)
+            output_wheel = None
            if compatible_wheel is None:
-                with suppress(FileNotFoundError):
-                    (build_options.output_dir / repaired_wheel.name).unlink()
-
-                shutil.move(str(repaired_wheel), build_options.output_dir)
-                built_wheels.append(build_options.output_dir / repaired_wheel.name)
+                output_wheel = build_options.output_dir.joinpath(repaired_wheel.name)
+                moved_wheel = move_file(repaired_wheel, output_wheel)
+                if moved_wheel != output_wheel.resolve():
+                    log.warning(
+                        f"{repaired_wheel} was moved to {moved_wheel} instead of {output_wheel}"
+                    )
+                built_wheels.append(output_wheel)

            # clean up
            # (we ignore errors because occasionally Windows fails to unlink a file and we
            # don't want to abort a build because of that)
            shutil.rmtree(identifier_tmp_dir, ignore_errors=True)

-            log.build_end()
+            log.build_end(output_wheel)
    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
-        log.step_end_with_error(
-            f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout}"
-        )
-        sys.exit(1)
+        msg = f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout or ''}"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg) from error
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
 import ast
 import configparser
 import contextlib
 from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any

-from ._compat import tomllib
+import dependency_groups


 def get_parent(node: ast.AST | None, depth: int = 1) -> ast.AST | None:
@@ -15,34 +14,16 @@ def get_parent(node: ast.AST | None, depth: int = 1) -> ast.AST | None:


 def is_main(parent: ast.AST | None) -> bool:
-    if parent is None:
-        return False
-
-    # This would be much nicer with 3.10's pattern matching!
-    if not isinstance(parent, ast.If):
-        return False
-    if not isinstance(parent.test, ast.Compare):
-        return False
-
-    try:
-        (op,) = parent.test.ops
-        (comp,) = parent.test.comparators
-    except ValueError:
-        return False
-
-    if not isinstance(op, ast.Eq):
-        return False
-
-    values = {comp, parent.test.left}
-
-    mains = {x for x in values if isinstance(x, ast.Constant) and x.value == "__main__"}
-    if len(mains) != 1:
-        return False
-    consts = {x for x in values if isinstance(x, ast.Name) and x.id == "__name__"}
-    if len(consts) != 1:
-        return False
-
-    return True
+    match parent:
+        case ast.If(test=ast.Compare(left=left, ops=[ast.Eq()], comparators=[comp])):
+            values = {left, comp}
+            mains = {x for x in values if isinstance(x, ast.Constant) and x.value == "__main__"}
+            if len(mains) != 1:
+                return False
+            consts = {x for x in values if isinstance(x, ast.Name) and x.id == "__name__"}
+            return len(consts) == 1
+        case _:
+            return False


 class Analyzer(ast.NodeVisitor):
@@ -68,12 +49,10 @@ class Analyzer(ast.NodeVisitor):
            parent is not None and get_parent(parent) is None and is_main(get_parent(node, 3))
        )

-        if (
-            node.arg == "python_requires"
-            and isinstance(node.value, ast.Constant)
-            and (unnested or name_main_unnested)
-        ):
-            self.requires_python = node.value.value
+        match node:
+            case ast.keyword(arg="python_requires", value=ast.Constant(value=str() as version)):
+                if unnested or name_main_unnested:
+                    self.requires_python = version


 def setup_py_python_requires(content: str) -> str | None:
@@ -86,15 +65,12 @@ def setup_py_python_requires(content: str) -> str | None:
        return None


-def get_requires_python_str(package_dir: Path) -> str | None:
+def get_requires_python_str(package_dir: Path, pyproject_toml: dict[str, Any] | None) -> str | None:
    """Return the python requires string from the most canonical source available, or None"""

    # Read in from pyproject.toml:project.requires-python
-    with contextlib.suppress(FileNotFoundError):
-        with (package_dir / "pyproject.toml").open("rb") as f1:
-            info = tomllib.load(f1)
-        with contextlib.suppress(KeyError, IndexError, TypeError):
-            return str(info["project"]["requires-python"])
+    with contextlib.suppress(KeyError, IndexError, TypeError):
+        return str((pyproject_toml or {})["project"]["requires-python"])

    # Read in from setup.cfg:options.python_requires
    config = configparser.ConfigParser()
@@ -108,3 +84,26 @@ def get_requires_python_str(package_dir: Path) -> str | None:
        return setup_py_python_requires(f2.read())

    return None
+
+
+def resolve_dependency_groups(
+    pyproject_toml: dict[str, Any] | None, *groups: str
+) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    """
+    Get the packages in dependency-groups for a package.
+    """
+
+    if not groups:
+        return ()
+
+    if pyproject_toml is None:
+        msg = f"Didn't find a pyproject.toml, so can't read [dependency-groups] {groups!r} from it!"
+        raise FileNotFoundError(msg)
+
+    try:
+        dependency_groups_toml = pyproject_toml["dependency-groups"]
+    except KeyError:
+        msg = f"Didn't find [dependency-groups] in pyproject.toml, which is needed to resolve {groups!r}."
+        raise KeyError(msg) from None
+
+    return dependency_groups.resolve(dependency_groups_toml, *groups)
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+import _cross_venv; _cross_venv.initialize()
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+# This module is copied into the site-packages directory of an Android build environment, and
+# activated via a .pth file when we want the environment to simulate Android.
+
+import os
+import platform
+import re
+import sys
+import sysconfig
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
+
+
+def initialize() -> None:
+    if not (host_triplet := os.environ.get("CIBW_HOST_TRIPLET")):
+        return
+
+    # os ######################################################################
+    def cross_os_uname() -> os.uname_result:
+        return os.uname_result(
+            (
+                "Linux",
+                "localhost",
+                # The Linux kernel version and release are unlikely to be significant, but return
+                # realistic values anyway (from an API level 24 emulator).
+                "3.18.91+",
+                "#1 SMP PREEMPT Tue Jan 9 20:35:43 UTC 2018",
+                host_triplet.split("-")[0],
+            )
+        )
+
+    os.name = "posix"
+    os.uname = cross_os_uname
+
+    # platform ################################################################
+    #
+    # We can't determine the user-visible Android version number from the API level, so return a
+    # string which will work fine for display, but will fail to parse as a version number.
+    def cross_android_ver(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> platform.AndroidVer:
+        return platform.AndroidVer(
+            release=f"API level {cross_getandroidapilevel()}",
+            api_level=cross_getandroidapilevel(),
+            manufacturer="Google",
+            model="sdk_gphone64",
+            device="emu64",
+            is_emulator=True,
+        )
+
+    # platform.uname, platform.system etc. are all implemented in terms of platform.android_ver.
+    platform.android_ver = cross_android_ver
+
+    # sys #####################################################################
+    def cross_getandroidapilevel() -> int:
+        api_level = sysconfig.get_config_var("ANDROID_API_LEVEL")
+        assert isinstance(api_level, int)
+        return api_level
+
+    # Some packages may recognize sys.cross_compiling from the crossenv tool.
+    sys.cross_compiling = True  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    sys.getandroidapilevel = cross_getandroidapilevel  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    sys.implementation._multiarch = host_triplet  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    sys.platform = "android"
+
+    # Determine the abiflags from the sysconfigdata filename.
+    sysconfigdata_path = next(Path(__file__).parent.glob("_sysconfigdata_*.py"))
+    abiflags_match = re.match(r"_sysconfigdata_(.*?)_", sysconfigdata_path.name)
+    assert abiflags_match is not None
+    sys.abiflags = abiflags_match[1]
+
+    # sysconfig ###############################################################
+    #
+    # Load the sysconfigdata file, generating its name from sys.abiflags,
+    # sys.platform, and sys.implementation._multiarch.
+    sysconfig._init_config_vars()  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+    # We don't change the actual sys.base_prefix and base_exec_prefix, because that
+    # could have unpredictable effects. Instead, we change the sysconfig variables
+    # used by sysconfig.get_paths().
+    vars = sysconfig.get_config_vars()
+    try:
+        host_prefix = vars["host_prefix"]  # This variable was added in Python 3.14.
+    except KeyError:
+        host_prefix = vars["exec_prefix"]
+    vars["installed_base"] = vars["installed_platbase"] = host_prefix
+
+    # sysconfig.get_platform, which determines the wheel tag, is implemented in terms of
+    # sys.platform, sysconfig.get_config_var("ANDROID_API_LEVEL") (see localized_vars in
+    # android.py), and os.uname.
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+import os
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    # CIBW_HOST_TRIPLET is set in the android_env to the Android target triplet.
+    target = os.environ.get("CIBW_HOST_TRIPLET")
+
+    cmd_name = Path(sys.argv[0]).name
+
+    # Find the real command in PATH, excluding the current script's directory
+    path_env = os.environ.get("PATH", "")
+    script_dir = Path(__file__).resolve().parent
+
+    paths = path_env.split(os.pathsep)
+    # Filter out the script directory to avoid recursion
+    filtered_paths = [p for p in paths if Path(p).resolve() != script_dir]
+    filtered_path_env = os.pathsep.join(filtered_paths)
+
+    real_cmd = shutil.which(cmd_name, path=filtered_path_env)
+
+    if not real_cmd:
+        sys.stderr.write(f"cibuildwheel: Error: Could not find system {cmd_name}\n")
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    # If we have a target (i.e. we are in the android_env), try to install it.
+    if target:
+        # Check if rustup is available to install the target
+        rustup_path = shutil.which("rustup", path=filtered_path_env)
+
+        if rustup_path:
+            try:
+                # We call rustup to ensure the target is installed.
+                subprocess.run(
+                    [rustup_path, "target", "add", target],
+                    check=True,
+                    stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL,
+                    stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+                    text=True,
+                )
+            except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+                sys.stderr.write(
+                    f"cibuildwheel: Error: Failed to install Rust target {target}: {e.stderr}\n"
+                )
+                sys.exit(1)
+
+    # Execute the real command
+    os.execv(real_cmd, [real_cmd, *sys.argv[1:]])
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 [linux]
 python_configurations = [
-  { identifier = "cp36-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
-  { identifier = "cp37-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
  { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
  { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
  { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
@@ -9,8 +7,8 @@ python_configurations = [
  { identifier = "cp312-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
  { identifier = "cp313-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
  { identifier = "cp313t-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
-  { identifier = "cp36-manylinux_i686", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
-  { identifier = "cp37-manylinux_i686", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314t" },
  { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_i686", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
  { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_i686", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
  { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_i686", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
@@ -18,12 +16,14 @@ python_configurations = [
  { identifier = "cp312-manylinux_i686", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
  { identifier = "cp313-manylinux_i686", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
  { identifier = "cp313t-manylinux_i686", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
-  { identifier = "pp37-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/pp37-pypy37_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-manylinux_i686", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-manylinux_i686", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314t" },
  { identifier = "pp38-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/pp38-pypy38_pp73" },
  { identifier = "pp39-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/pp39-pypy39_pp73" },
  { identifier = "pp310-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/pp310-pypy310_pp73" },
-  { identifier = "cp36-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
-  { identifier = "cp37-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "pp311-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/pp311-pypy311_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "gp311_242-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/graalpy311-graalpy242_311_native" },
+  { identifier = "gp312_250-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/graalpy312-graalpy250_312_native" },
  { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
  { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
  { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ python_configurations = [
  { identifier = "cp312-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
  { identifier = "cp313-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
  { identifier = "cp313t-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
-  { identifier = "cp36-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
-  { identifier = "cp37-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314t" },
  { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
  { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
  { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ python_configurations = [
  { identifier = "cp312-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
  { identifier = "cp313-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
  { identifier = "cp313t-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
-  { identifier = "cp36-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
-  { identifier = "cp37-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314t" },
  { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
  { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
  { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
@@ -49,16 +49,36 @@ python_configurations = [
  { identifier = "cp312-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
  { identifier = "cp313-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
  { identifier = "cp313t-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
-  { identifier = "pp37-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/pp37-pypy37_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314t" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_armv7l", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_armv7l", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_armv7l", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-manylinux_armv7l", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-manylinux_armv7l", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-manylinux_armv7l", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-manylinux_armv7l", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-manylinux_armv7l", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-manylinux_armv7l", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314t" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_riscv64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_riscv64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_riscv64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-manylinux_riscv64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-manylinux_riscv64", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-manylinux_riscv64", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-manylinux_riscv64", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-manylinux_riscv64", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-manylinux_riscv64", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314t" },
  { identifier = "pp38-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/pp38-pypy38_pp73" },
  { identifier = "pp39-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/pp39-pypy39_pp73" },
  { identifier = "pp310-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/pp310-pypy310_pp73" },
-  { identifier = "pp37-manylinux_i686", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/pp37-pypy37_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "pp311-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/pp311-pypy311_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "gp311_242-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/graalpy311-graalpy242_311_native" },
+  { identifier = "gp312_250-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/graalpy312-graalpy250_312_native" },
  { identifier = "pp38-manylinux_i686", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/pp38-pypy38_pp73" },
  { identifier = "pp39-manylinux_i686", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/pp39-pypy39_pp73" },
  { identifier = "pp310-manylinux_i686", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/pp310-pypy310_pp73" },
-  { identifier = "cp36-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
-  { identifier = "cp37-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "pp311-manylinux_i686", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/pp311-pypy311_pp73" },
  { identifier = "cp38-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
  { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
  { identifier = "cp310-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
@@ -66,8 +86,8 @@ python_configurations = [
  { identifier = "cp312-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
  { identifier = "cp313-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
  { identifier = "cp313t-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
-  { identifier = "cp36-musllinux_i686", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
-  { identifier = "cp37-musllinux_i686", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314t" },
  { identifier = "cp38-musllinux_i686", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
  { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_i686", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
  { identifier = "cp310-musllinux_i686", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
@@ -75,8 +95,8 @@ python_configurations = [
  { identifier = "cp312-musllinux_i686", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
  { identifier = "cp313-musllinux_i686", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
  { identifier = "cp313t-musllinux_i686", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
-  { identifier = "cp36-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
-  { identifier = "cp37-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-musllinux_i686", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-musllinux_i686", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314t" },
  { identifier = "cp38-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
  { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
  { identifier = "cp310-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
@@ -84,8 +104,8 @@ python_configurations = [
  { identifier = "cp312-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
  { identifier = "cp313-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
  { identifier = "cp313t-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
-  { identifier = "cp36-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
-  { identifier = "cp37-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314t" },
  { identifier = "cp38-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
  { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
  { identifier = "cp310-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
@@ -93,8 +113,8 @@ python_configurations = [
  { identifier = "cp312-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
  { identifier = "cp313-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
  { identifier = "cp313t-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
-  { identifier = "cp36-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
-  { identifier = "cp37-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314t" },
  { identifier = "cp38-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
  { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
  { identifier = "cp310-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
@@ -102,12 +122,30 @@ python_configurations = [
  { identifier = "cp312-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
  { identifier = "cp313-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
  { identifier = "cp313t-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314t" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314t" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-musllinux_riscv64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_riscv64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-musllinux_riscv64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-musllinux_riscv64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-musllinux_riscv64", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-musllinux_riscv64", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-musllinux_riscv64", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-musllinux_riscv64", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-musllinux_riscv64", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314t" },
 ]

 [macos]
 python_configurations = [
-  { identifier = "cp36-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.6", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.6.8/python-3.6.8-macosx10.9.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp37-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.7", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.7.9/python-3.7.9-macosx10.9.pkg" },
  { identifier = "cp38-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.8", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.10/python-3.8.10-macosx10.9.pkg" },
  { identifier = "cp38-macosx_arm64", version = "3.8", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.10/python-3.8.10-macosx10.9.pkg" },
  { identifier = "cp38-macosx_universal2", version = "3.8", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.10/python-3.8.10-macosx10.9.pkg" },
@@ -120,49 +158,91 @@ python_configurations = [
  { identifier = "cp311-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.11", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.11.9/python-3.11.9-macos11.pkg" },
  { identifier = "cp311-macosx_arm64", version = "3.11", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.11.9/python-3.11.9-macos11.pkg" },
  { identifier = "cp311-macosx_universal2", version = "3.11", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.11.9/python-3.11.9-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp312-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.3/python-3.12.3-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp312-macosx_arm64", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.3/python-3.12.3-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp312-macosx_universal2", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.3/python-3.12.3-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.0/python-3.13.0b1-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.0/python-3.13.0b1-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.0/python-3.13.0b1-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "pp37-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.7", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.7-v7.3.9-osx64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.10/python-3.12.10-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-macosx_arm64", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.10/python-3.12.10-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-macosx_universal2", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.10/python-3.12.10-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.12/python-3.13.12-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.12/python-3.13.12-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.12/python-3.13.12-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.12/python-3.13.12-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.12/python-3.13.12-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.12/python-3.13.12-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.3/python-3.14.3-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_arm64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.3/python-3.14.3-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_universal2", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.3/python-3.14.3-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.3/python-3.14.3-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_arm64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.3/python-3.14.3-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_universal2", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.3/python-3.14.3-macos11.pkg" },
  { identifier = "pp38-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.8", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
  { identifier = "pp38-macosx_arm64", version = "3.8", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
  { identifier = "pp39-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.9", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.16-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
  { identifier = "pp39-macosx_arm64", version = "3.9", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.16-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
-  { identifier = "pp310-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.10", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.16-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
-  { identifier = "pp310-macosx_arm64", version = "3.10", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.16-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "pp310-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.10", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.19-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "pp310-macosx_arm64", version = "3.10", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.19-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "pp311-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.11", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.11-v7.3.21-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "pp311-macosx_arm64", version = "3.11", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.11-v7.3.21-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "gp311_242-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.11", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-24.2.2/graalpy-24.2.2-macos-amd64.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "gp311_242-macosx_arm64", version = "3.11", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-24.2.2/graalpy-24.2.2-macos-aarch64.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "gp312_250-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.12", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-25.0.1/graalpy-25.0.1-macos-amd64.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "gp312_250-macosx_arm64", version = "3.12", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-25.0.2/graalpy-25.0.2-macos-aarch64.tar.gz" },
 ]

 [windows]
 python_configurations = [
-  { identifier = "cp36-win32", version = "3.6.8", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp36-win_amd64", version = "3.6.8", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp37-win32", version = "3.7.9", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp37-win_amd64", version = "3.7.9", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp38-win32", version = "3.8.10", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp38-win_amd64", version = "3.8.10", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp39-win32", version = "3.9.13", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp39-win_amd64", version = "3.9.13", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp310-win32", version = "3.10.11", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp310-win_amd64", version = "3.10.11", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp311-win32", version = "3.11.9", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp311-win_amd64", version = "3.11.9", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp312-win32", version = "3.12.3", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp312-win_amd64", version = "3.12.3", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-win32", version = "3.13.0-b1", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-win32", version = "3.13.0-b1", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-win_amd64", version = "3.13.0-b1", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-win_amd64", version = "3.13.0-b1", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp39-win_arm64", version = "3.9.10", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp310-win_arm64", version = "3.10.11", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp311-win_arm64", version = "3.11.9", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp312-win_arm64", version = "3.12.3", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-win_arm64", version = "3.13.0-b1", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-win_arm64", version = "3.13.0-b1", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "pp37-win_amd64", version = "3.7", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.7-v7.3.9-win64.zip" },
-  { identifier = "pp38-win_amd64", version = "3.8", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-win64.zip" },
-  { identifier = "pp39-win_amd64", version = "3.9", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.16-win64.zip" },
-  { identifier = "pp310-win_amd64", version = "3.10", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.16-win64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-win32", version = "3.8.10" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-win_amd64", version = "3.8.10" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-win32", version = "3.9.13" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-win_amd64", version = "3.9.13" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-win32", version = "3.10.11" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-win_amd64", version = "3.10.11" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-win32", version = "3.11.9" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-win_amd64", version = "3.11.9" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-win32", version = "3.12.10" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-win_amd64", version = "3.12.10" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-win32", version = "3.13.12" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-win32", version = "3.13.12" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-win_amd64", version = "3.13.12" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-win_amd64", version = "3.13.12" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-win32", version = "3.14.3" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-win32", version = "3.14.3" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-win_amd64", version = "3.14.3" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-win_amd64", version = "3.14.3" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-win_arm64", version = "3.9.10" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-win_arm64", version = "3.10.11" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-win_arm64", version = "3.11.9" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-win_arm64", version = "3.12.10" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-win_arm64", version = "3.13.12" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-win_arm64", version = "3.13.12" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-win_arm64", version = "3.14.3" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-win_arm64", version = "3.14.3" },
+  { identifier = "pp38-win_amd64", version = "3.8", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-win64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "pp39-win_amd64", version = "3.9", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.16-win64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "pp310-win_amd64", version = "3.10", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.19-win64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "pp311-win_amd64", version = "3.11", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.11-v7.3.21-win64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "gp311_242-win_amd64", version = "3.11", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-24.2.2/graalpy-24.2.2-windows-amd64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "gp312_250-win_amd64", version = "3.12", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-25.0.2/graalpy-25.0.2-windows-amd64.zip" },
+]
+
+[pyodide]
+python_configurations = [
+  { identifier = "cp312-pyodide_wasm32", version = "3.12", default_pyodide_version = "0.27.7", node_version = "v22" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-pyodide_wasm32", version = "3.13", default_pyodide_version = "0.29.3", node_version = "v22" },
+]
+
+[android]
+python_configurations = [
+  { identifier = "cp313-android_arm64_v8a", version = "3.13", url = "https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/chaquo/python/python/3.13.12/python-3.13.12-aarch64-linux-android.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-android_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/chaquo/python/python/3.13.12/python-3.13.12-x86_64-linux-android.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-android_arm64_v8a", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.3/python-3.14.3-aarch64-linux-android.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-android_x86_64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.3/python-3.14.3-x86_64-linux-android.tar.gz" },
+]
+
+[ios]
+python_configurations = [
+  { identifier = "cp313-ios_arm64_iphoneos", version = "3.13", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.13-b13/Python-3.13-iOS-support.b13.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.13", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.13-b13/Python-3.13-iOS-support.b13.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.13", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.13-b13/Python-3.13-iOS-support.b13.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-ios_arm64_iphoneos", version = "3.14", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.14-b9/Python-3.14-iOS-support.b9.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.14", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.14-b9/Python-3.14-iOS-support.b9.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.14", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.14-b9/Python-3.14-iOS-support.b9.tar.gz" },
 ]
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema",
+  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
  "$id": "https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/cibuildwheel/resources/cibuildwheel.schema.json",
  "$defs": {
    "inherit": {
@@ -10,7 +10,18 @@
      ],
      "default": "none",
      "description": "How to inherit the parent's value."
-    }
+    },
+    "enable": {
+      "enum": [
+        "cpython-freethreading",
+        "cpython-prerelease",
+        "graalpy",
+        "pyodide-prerelease",
+        "pypy",
+        "pypy-eol"
+      ]
+    },
+    "description": "A Python version or flavor to enable."
  },
  "additionalProperties": false,
  "description": "cibuildwheel's settings.",
@@ -96,12 +107,14 @@
    },
    "build-frontend": {
      "default": "default",
-      "description": "Set the tool to use to build, either \"pip\" (default for now) or \"build\"",
+      "description": "Set the tool to use to build, either \"build\" (default), \"build[uv]\", \"uv\", or \"pip\"",
      "oneOf": [
        {
          "enum": [
            "pip",
            "build",
+            "build[uv]",
+            "uv",
            "default"
          ]
        },
@@ -113,6 +126,14 @@
          "type": "string",
          "pattern": "^build; ?args:"
        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "pattern": "^build\\[uv\\]; ?args:"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "pattern": "^uv; ?args:"
+        },
        {
          "type": "object",
          "additionalProperties": false,
@@ -123,7 +144,9 @@
            "name": {
              "enum": [
                "pip",
-                "build"
+                "build",
+                "build[uv]",
+                "uv"
              ]
            },
            "args": {
@@ -219,9 +242,62 @@
    "dependency-versions": {
      "default": "pinned",
      "description": "Specify how cibuildwheel controls the versions of the tools it uses",
-      "type": "string",
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "enum": [
+            "pinned",
+            "latest"
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "description": "Path to a file containing dependency versions, or inline package specifications, starting with \"packages:\"",
+          "not": {
+            "enum": [
+              "pinned",
+              "latest"
+            ]
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "properties": {
+            "file": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "properties": {
+            "packages": {
+              "type": "array",
+              "items": {
+                "type": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      ],
      "title": "CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS"
    },
+    "enable": {
+      "description": "Enable or disable certain builds.",
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/enable"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "$ref": "#/$defs/enable"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "CIBW_ENABLE"
+    },
    "environment": {
      "description": "Set environment variables needed during the build.",
      "oneOf": [
@@ -255,17 +331,16 @@
      ],
      "title": "CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_PASS"
    },
-    "free-threaded-support": {
-      "type": "boolean",
-      "default": false,
-      "description": "The project supports free-threaded builds of Python (PEP703)",
-      "title": "CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT"
-    },
    "manylinux-aarch64-image": {
      "type": "string",
      "description": "Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images",
      "title": "CIBW_MANYLINUX_AARCH64_IMAGE"
    },
+    "manylinux-armv7l-image": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images",
+      "title": "CIBW_MANYLINUX_ARMV7L_IMAGE"
+    },
    "manylinux-i686-image": {
      "type": "string",
      "description": "Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images",
@@ -291,6 +366,11 @@
      "description": "Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images",
      "title": "CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_X86_64_IMAGE"
    },
+    "manylinux-riscv64-image": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images",
+      "title": "CIBW_MANYLINUX_RISCV64_IMAGE"
+    },
    "manylinux-s390x-image": {
      "type": "string",
      "description": "Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images",
@@ -306,6 +386,11 @@
      "description": "Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images",
      "title": "CIBW_MUSLLINUX_AARCH64_IMAGE"
    },
+    "musllinux-armv7l-image": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images",
+      "title": "CIBW_MUSLLINUX_ARMV7L_IMAGE"
+    },
    "musllinux-i686-image": {
      "type": "string",
      "description": "Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images",
@@ -316,6 +401,11 @@
      "description": "Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images",
      "title": "CIBW_MUSLLINUX_PPC64LE_IMAGE"
    },
+    "musllinux-riscv64-image": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images",
+      "title": "CIBW_MUSLLINUX_RISCV64_IMAGE"
+    },
    "musllinux-s390x-image": {
      "type": "string",
      "description": "Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images",
@@ -326,6 +416,26 @@
      "description": "Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images",
      "title": "CIBW_MUSLLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE"
    },
+    "xbuild-tools": {
+      "description": "Binaries on the path that should be included in an isolated cross-build environment",
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "CIBW_XBUILD_TOOLS"
+    },
+    "pyodide-version": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "Specify the version of Pyodide to use",
+      "title": "CIBW_PYODIDE_VERSION"
+    },
    "repair-wheel-command": {
      "description": "Execute a shell command to repair each built wheel.",
      "oneOf": [
@@ -386,6 +496,36 @@
      ],
      "title": "CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS"
    },
+    "test-sources": {
+      "description": "Test files that are required by the test environment",
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "CIBW_TEST_SOURCES"
+    },
+    "test-groups": {
+      "description": "Install extra groups when testing",
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "CIBW_TEST_GROUPS"
+    },
    "test-requires": {
      "description": "Install Python dependencies before running the tests",
      "oneOf": [
@@ -416,6 +556,57 @@
      ],
      "title": "CIBW_TEST_SKIP"
    },
+    "test-environment": {
+      "description": "Set environment variables for the test environment",
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "patternProperties": {
+            ".+": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "CIBW_TEST_ENVIRONMENT"
+    },
+    "test-runtime": {
+      "description": "Additional configuration for the test runner",
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "pattern": "^$"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "additionalProperties": false
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "pattern": "args:"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "required": [
+            "args"
+          ],
+          "properties": {
+            "args": {
+              "type": "array",
+              "items": {
+                "type": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "CIBW_TEST_RUNTIME"
+    },
    "overrides": {
      "type": "array",
      "description": "An overrides array",
@@ -450,6 +641,9 @@
              "before-build": {
                "$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"
              },
+              "xbuild-tools": {
+                "$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"
+              },
              "before-test": {
                "$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"
              },
@@ -474,8 +668,17 @@
              "test-extras": {
                "$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"
              },
+              "test-sources": {
+                "$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"
+              },
              "test-requires": {
                "$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"
+              },
+              "test-environment": {
+                "$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"
+              },
+              "test-runtime": {
+                "$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"
              }
            }
          },
@@ -512,6 +715,9 @@
          "manylinux-aarch64-image": {
            "$ref": "#/properties/manylinux-aarch64-image"
          },
+          "manylinux-armv7l-image": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/manylinux-armv7l-image"
+          },
          "manylinux-i686-image": {
            "$ref": "#/properties/manylinux-i686-image"
          },
@@ -527,6 +733,9 @@
          "manylinux-pypy_x86_64-image": {
            "$ref": "#/properties/manylinux-pypy_x86_64-image"
          },
+          "manylinux-riscv64-image": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/manylinux-riscv64-image"
+          },
          "manylinux-s390x-image": {
            "$ref": "#/properties/manylinux-s390x-image"
          },
@@ -536,18 +745,30 @@
          "musllinux-aarch64-image": {
            "$ref": "#/properties/musllinux-aarch64-image"
          },
+          "musllinux-armv7l-image": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/musllinux-armv7l-image"
+          },
          "musllinux-i686-image": {
            "$ref": "#/properties/musllinux-i686-image"
          },
          "musllinux-ppc64le-image": {
            "$ref": "#/properties/musllinux-ppc64le-image"
          },
+          "musllinux-riscv64-image": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/musllinux-riscv64-image"
+          },
          "musllinux-s390x-image": {
            "$ref": "#/properties/musllinux-s390x-image"
          },
          "musllinux-x86_64-image": {
            "$ref": "#/properties/musllinux-x86_64-image"
          },
+          "xbuild-tools": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/xbuild-tools"
+          },
+          "pyodide-version": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/pyodide-version"
+          },
          "repair-wheel-command": {
            "$ref": "#/properties/repair-wheel-command"
          },
@@ -557,8 +778,20 @@
          "test-extras": {
            "$ref": "#/properties/test-extras"
          },
+          "test-sources": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/test-sources"
+          },
+          "test-groups": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/test-groups"
+          },
          "test-requires": {
            "$ref": "#/properties/test-requires"
+          },
+          "test-environment": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/test-environment"
+          },
+          "test-runtime": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/test-runtime"
          }
        }
      }
@@ -600,6 +833,9 @@
        "manylinux-aarch64-image": {
          "$ref": "#/properties/manylinux-aarch64-image"
        },
+        "manylinux-armv7l-image": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/manylinux-armv7l-image"
+        },
        "manylinux-i686-image": {
          "$ref": "#/properties/manylinux-i686-image"
        },
@@ -615,6 +851,9 @@
        "manylinux-pypy_x86_64-image": {
          "$ref": "#/properties/manylinux-pypy_x86_64-image"
        },
+        "manylinux-riscv64-image": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/manylinux-riscv64-image"
+        },
        "manylinux-s390x-image": {
          "$ref": "#/properties/manylinux-s390x-image"
        },
@@ -624,18 +863,30 @@
        "musllinux-aarch64-image": {
          "$ref": "#/properties/musllinux-aarch64-image"
        },
+        "musllinux-armv7l-image": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/musllinux-armv7l-image"
+        },
        "musllinux-i686-image": {
          "$ref": "#/properties/musllinux-i686-image"
        },
        "musllinux-ppc64le-image": {
          "$ref": "#/properties/musllinux-ppc64le-image"
        },
+        "musllinux-riscv64-image": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/musllinux-riscv64-image"
+        },
        "musllinux-s390x-image": {
          "$ref": "#/properties/musllinux-s390x-image"
        },
        "musllinux-x86_64-image": {
          "$ref": "#/properties/musllinux-x86_64-image"
        },
+        "xbuild-tools": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/xbuild-tools"
+        },
+        "pyodide-version": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/pyodide-version"
+        },
        "repair-wheel-command": {
          "description": "Execute a shell command to repair each built wheel.",
          "oneOf": [
@@ -658,8 +909,20 @@
        "test-extras": {
          "$ref": "#/properties/test-extras"
        },
+        "test-sources": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-sources"
+        },
+        "test-groups": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-groups"
+        },
        "test-requires": {
          "$ref": "#/properties/test-requires"
+        },
+        "test-environment": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-environment"
+        },
+        "test-runtime": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-runtime"
        }
      }
    },
@@ -694,6 +957,12 @@
        "environment": {
          "$ref": "#/properties/environment"
        },
+        "xbuild-tools": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/xbuild-tools"
+        },
+        "pyodide-version": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/pyodide-version"
+        },
        "repair-wheel-command": {
          "$ref": "#/properties/repair-wheel-command"
        },
@@ -703,8 +972,20 @@
        "test-extras": {
          "$ref": "#/properties/test-extras"
        },
+        "test-sources": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-sources"
+        },
+        "test-groups": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-groups"
+        },
        "test-requires": {
          "$ref": "#/properties/test-requires"
+        },
+        "test-environment": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-environment"
+        },
+        "test-runtime": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-runtime"
        }
      }
    },
@@ -739,6 +1020,12 @@
        "environment": {
          "$ref": "#/properties/environment"
        },
+        "xbuild-tools": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/xbuild-tools"
+        },
+        "pyodide-version": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/pyodide-version"
+        },
        "repair-wheel-command": {
          "description": "Execute a shell command to repair each built wheel.",
          "oneOf": [
@@ -761,8 +1048,209 @@
        "test-extras": {
          "$ref": "#/properties/test-extras"
        },
+        "test-sources": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-sources"
+        },
+        "test-groups": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-groups"
+        },
        "test-requires": {
          "$ref": "#/properties/test-requires"
+        },
+        "test-environment": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-environment"
+        },
+        "test-runtime": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-runtime"
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "pyodide": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "archs": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/archs"
+        },
+        "before-all": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/before-all"
+        },
+        "before-build": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/before-build"
+        },
+        "before-test": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/before-test"
+        },
+        "build-frontend": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/build-frontend"
+        },
+        "build-verbosity": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/build-verbosity"
+        },
+        "config-settings": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/config-settings"
+        },
+        "dependency-versions": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/dependency-versions"
+        },
+        "environment": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/environment"
+        },
+        "xbuild-tools": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/xbuild-tools"
+        },
+        "pyodide-version": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/pyodide-version"
+        },
+        "repair-wheel-command": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/repair-wheel-command"
+        },
+        "test-command": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-command"
+        },
+        "test-extras": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-extras"
+        },
+        "test-sources": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-sources"
+        },
+        "test-groups": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-groups"
+        },
+        "test-requires": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-requires"
+        },
+        "test-environment": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-environment"
+        },
+        "test-runtime": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-runtime"
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "android": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "archs": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/archs"
+        },
+        "before-all": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/before-all"
+        },
+        "before-build": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/before-build"
+        },
+        "before-test": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/before-test"
+        },
+        "build-frontend": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/build-frontend"
+        },
+        "build-verbosity": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/build-verbosity"
+        },
+        "config-settings": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/config-settings"
+        },
+        "dependency-versions": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/dependency-versions"
+        },
+        "environment": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/environment"
+        },
+        "xbuild-tools": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/xbuild-tools"
+        },
+        "pyodide-version": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/pyodide-version"
+        },
+        "repair-wheel-command": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/repair-wheel-command"
+        },
+        "test-command": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-command"
+        },
+        "test-extras": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-extras"
+        },
+        "test-sources": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-sources"
+        },
+        "test-groups": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-groups"
+        },
+        "test-requires": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-requires"
+        },
+        "test-environment": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-environment"
+        },
+        "test-runtime": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-runtime"
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "ios": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "archs": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/archs"
+        },
+        "before-all": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/before-all"
+        },
+        "before-build": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/before-build"
+        },
+        "before-test": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/before-test"
+        },
+        "build-frontend": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/build-frontend"
+        },
+        "build-verbosity": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/build-verbosity"
+        },
+        "config-settings": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/config-settings"
+        },
+        "dependency-versions": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/dependency-versions"
+        },
+        "environment": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/environment"
+        },
+        "xbuild-tools": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/xbuild-tools"
+        },
+        "pyodide-version": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/pyodide-version"
+        },
+        "repair-wheel-command": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/repair-wheel-command"
+        },
+        "test-command": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-command"
+        },
+        "test-extras": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-extras"
+        },
+        "test-sources": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-sources"
+        },
+        "test-groups": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-groups"
+        },
+        "test-requires": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-requires"
+        },
+        "test-environment": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-environment"
+        },
+        "test-runtime": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-runtime"
        }
      }
    }
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+# This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
+#    nox -s update_constraints
+annotated-types==0.7.0
+    # via pydantic
+auditwheel-emscripten==0.2.3
+    # via pyodide-build
+build==1.2.2.post1
+    # via
+    #   -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
+    #   pyodide-build
+certifi==2026.2.25
+    # via requests
+charset-normalizer==3.4.6
+    # via requests
+click==8.1.8
+    # via
+    #   -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   pyodide-cli
+distlib==0.4.0
+    # via virtualenv
+filelock==3.25.2
+    # via
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
+idna==3.11
+    # via requests
+leb128==1.0.9
+    # via auditwheel-emscripten
+markdown-it-py==4.0.0
+    # via rich
+mdurl==0.1.2
+    # via markdown-it-py
+packaging==26.0
+    # via
+    #   auditwheel-emscripten
+    #   build
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   wheel
+pip==26.0.1
+    # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
+platformdirs==4.9.4
+    # via
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
+pydantic==2.12.5
+    # via
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   pyodide-lock
+pydantic-core==2.41.5
+    # via pydantic
+pygments==2.19.2
+    # via rich
+pyodide-build==0.33.0
+    # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
+pyodide-cli==0.5.0
+    # via
+    #   auditwheel-emscripten
+    #   pyodide-build
+pyodide-lock==0.1.2
+    # via pyodide-build
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
+    # via build
+python-discovery==1.2.0
+    # via virtualenv
+requests==2.32.5
+    # via pyodide-build
+rich==14.3.3
+    # via
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   pyodide-cli
+ruamel-yaml==0.19.1
+    # via pyodide-build
+typing-extensions==4.15.0
+    # via
+    #   pydantic
+    #   pydantic-core
+    #   typing-inspection
+typing-inspection==0.4.2
+    # via pydantic
+urllib3==2.6.3
+    # via requests
+virtualenv==21.2.0
+    # via
+    #   build
+    #   pyodide-build
+wheel==0.46.3
+    # via
+    #   auditwheel-emscripten
+    #   pyodide-build
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+# This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
+#    nox -s update_constraints
+annotated-types==0.7.0
+    # via pydantic
+auditwheel-emscripten==0.2.3
+    # via pyodide-build
+build==1.2.2.post1
+    # via
+    #   -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
+    #   pyodide-build
+certifi==2026.2.25
+    # via requests
+charset-normalizer==3.4.6
+    # via requests
+click==8.1.8
+    # via
+    #   -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   pyodide-cli
+distlib==0.4.0
+    # via virtualenv
+filelock==3.25.2
+    # via
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
+idna==3.11
+    # via requests
+leb128==1.0.9
+    # via auditwheel-emscripten
+markdown-it-py==4.0.0
+    # via rich
+mdurl==0.1.2
+    # via markdown-it-py
+packaging==26.0
+    # via
+    #   auditwheel-emscripten
+    #   build
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   wheel
+pip==26.0.1
+    # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
+platformdirs==4.9.4
+    # via
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
+pydantic==2.12.5
+    # via
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   pyodide-lock
+pydantic-core==2.41.5
+    # via pydantic
+pygments==2.19.2
+    # via rich
+pyodide-build==0.33.0
+    # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
+pyodide-cli==0.5.0
+    # via
+    #   auditwheel-emscripten
+    #   pyodide-build
+pyodide-lock==0.1.2
+    # via pyodide-build
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
+    # via build
+python-discovery==1.2.0
+    # via virtualenv
+requests==2.32.5
+    # via pyodide-build
+rich==14.3.3
+    # via
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   pyodide-cli
+ruamel-yaml==0.19.1
+    # via pyodide-build
+typing-extensions==4.15.0
+    # via
+    #   pydantic
+    #   pydantic-core
+    #   typing-inspection
+typing-inspection==0.4.2
+    # via pydantic
+urllib3==2.6.3
+    # via requests
+virtualenv==21.2.0
+    # via
+    #   build
+    #   pyodide-build
+wheel==0.46.3
+    # via
+    #   auditwheel-emscripten
+    #   pyodide-build
@@ -1,34 +1,42 @@
 # This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
 #    nox -s update_constraints
-altgraph==0.17.4
+altgraph==0.17.5
    # via macholib
-build==1.2.1
+build==1.4.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-delocate==0.11.0
+delocate==0.13.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.8
+distlib==0.4.0
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.14.0
-    # via virtualenv
-importlib-metadata==7.1.0
+filelock==3.25.2
+    # via
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
+importlib-metadata==9.0.0
    # via build
-macholib==1.16.3
+macholib==1.16.4
    # via delocate
-packaging==24.0
+packaging==26.0
    # via
    #   build
    #   delocate
-pip==24.0
+pip==26.0.1
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.2.2
+platformdirs==4.9.4
+    # via
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
+    # via build
+python-discovery==1.2.0
    # via virtualenv
-pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
+tomli==2.4.0
    # via build
-tomli==2.0.1
-    # via build
-typing-extensions==4.11.0
-    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.26.2
+typing-extensions==4.15.0
+    # via
+    #   delocate
+    #   virtualenv
+virtualenv==21.2.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-zipp==3.18.2
+zipp==3.23.0
    # via importlib-metadata
@@ -1,28 +1,34 @@
 # This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
 #    nox -s update_constraints
-altgraph==0.17.4
+altgraph==0.17.5
    # via macholib
-build==1.2.1
+build==1.4.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-delocate==0.11.0
+delocate==0.13.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.8
+distlib==0.4.0
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.14.0
-    # via virtualenv
-macholib==1.16.3
+filelock==3.25.2
+    # via
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
+macholib==1.16.4
    # via delocate
-packaging==24.0
+packaging==26.0
    # via
    #   build
    #   delocate
-pip==24.0
+pip==26.0.1
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.2.2
-    # via virtualenv
-pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
+platformdirs==4.9.4
+    # via
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
-typing-extensions==4.11.0
+python-discovery==1.2.0
+    # via virtualenv
+typing-extensions==4.15.0
    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.26.2
+virtualenv==21.2.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
@@ -1,28 +1,34 @@
 # This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
 #    nox -s update_constraints
-altgraph==0.17.4
+altgraph==0.17.5
    # via macholib
-build==1.2.1
+build==1.4.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-delocate==0.11.0
+delocate==0.13.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.8
+distlib==0.4.0
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.14.0
-    # via virtualenv
-macholib==1.16.3
+filelock==3.25.2
+    # via
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
+macholib==1.16.4
    # via delocate
-packaging==24.0
+packaging==26.0
    # via
    #   build
    #   delocate
-pip==24.0
+pip==26.0.1
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.2.2
-    # via virtualenv
-pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
+platformdirs==4.9.4
+    # via
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
-typing-extensions==4.11.0
+python-discovery==1.2.0
+    # via virtualenv
+typing-extensions==4.15.0
    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.26.2
+virtualenv==21.2.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
@@ -1,28 +1,34 @@
 # This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
 #    nox -s update_constraints
-altgraph==0.17.4
+altgraph==0.17.5
    # via macholib
-build==1.2.1
+build==1.4.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-delocate==0.11.0
+delocate==0.13.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.8
+distlib==0.4.0
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.14.0
-    # via virtualenv
-macholib==1.16.3
+filelock==3.25.2
+    # via
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
+macholib==1.16.4
    # via delocate
-packaging==24.0
+packaging==26.0
    # via
    #   build
    #   delocate
-pip==24.1b1
+pip==26.0.1
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.2.2
-    # via virtualenv
-pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
+platformdirs==4.9.4
+    # via
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
-typing-extensions==4.11.0
+python-discovery==1.2.0
+    # via virtualenv
+typing-extensions==4.15.0
    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.26.2
+virtualenv==21.2.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
@@ -1,39 +1,34 @@
 # This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
 #    nox -s update_constraints
-altgraph==0.17.4
+altgraph==0.17.5
    # via macholib
-build==1.1.1
+build==1.4.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-delocate==0.11.0
+delocate==0.13.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.8
+distlib==0.4.0
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.12.2
-    # via virtualenv
-importlib-metadata==6.7.0
+filelock==3.25.2
    # via
-    #   build
+    #   python-discovery
    #   virtualenv
-macholib==1.16.3
+macholib==1.16.4
    # via delocate
-packaging==24.0
+packaging==26.0
    # via
    #   build
    #   delocate
-pip==24.0
+pip==26.0.1
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.0.0
-    # via virtualenv
-pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
-    # via build
-tomli==2.0.1
-    # via build
-typing-extensions==4.7.1
+platformdirs==4.9.4
    # via
-    #   delocate
-    #   importlib-metadata
-    #   platformdirs
-virtualenv==20.26.2
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
+    # via build
+python-discovery==1.2.0
+    # via virtualenv
+typing-extensions==4.15.0
+    # via delocate
+virtualenv==21.2.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-zipp==3.15.0
-    # via importlib-metadata
@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-#
-# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with python 3.6
-# To update, run:
-#
-#    nox -s update_constraints-3.6
-#
-build==0.9.0
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-delocate==0.10.2
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.8
-    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.4.1
-    # via virtualenv
-importlib-metadata==4.8.3
-    # via
-    #   build
-    #   pep517
-    #   virtualenv
-importlib-resources==5.4.0
-    # via virtualenv
-packaging==21.3
-    # via build
-pep517==0.13.1
-    # via build
-platformdirs==2.4.0
-    # via virtualenv
-pyparsing==3.1.1
-    # via packaging
-tomli==1.2.3
-    # via
-    #   build
-    #   pep517
-typing-extensions==4.1.1
-    # via
-    #   delocate
-    #   importlib-metadata
-virtualenv==20.17.1
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-wheel==0.37.1
-    # via delocate
-zipp==3.6.0
-    # via
-    #   importlib-metadata
-    #   importlib-resources
-    #   pep517
-
-# The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
-pip==21.3.1
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-setuptools==59.6.0
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
@@ -1,34 +1,42 @@
 # This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
 #    nox -s update_constraints
-altgraph==0.17.4
+altgraph==0.17.5
    # via macholib
-build==1.2.1
+build==1.2.2.post1
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-delocate==0.11.0
+delocate==0.12.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.8
+distlib==0.4.0
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.14.0
-    # via virtualenv
-importlib-metadata==7.1.0
+filelock==3.16.1
+    # via
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
+importlib-metadata==8.5.0
    # via build
-macholib==1.16.3
+macholib==1.16.4
    # via delocate
-packaging==24.0
+packaging==26.0
    # via
    #   build
    #   delocate
-pip==24.0
+pip==25.0.1
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.2.2
+platformdirs==4.3.6
+    # via
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
+    # via build
+python-discovery==1.2.0
    # via virtualenv
-pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
+tomli==2.4.0
    # via build
-tomli==2.0.1
-    # via build
-typing-extensions==4.11.0
-    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.26.2
+typing-extensions==4.13.2
+    # via
+    #   delocate
+    #   virtualenv
+virtualenv==21.2.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-zipp==3.18.2
+zipp==3.20.2
    # via importlib-metadata
@@ -1,34 +1,42 @@
 # This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
 #    nox -s update_constraints
-altgraph==0.17.4
+altgraph==0.17.5
    # via macholib
-build==1.2.1
+build==1.4.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-delocate==0.11.0
+delocate==0.13.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.8
+distlib==0.4.0
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.14.0
-    # via virtualenv
-importlib-metadata==7.1.0
+filelock==3.19.1
+    # via
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
+importlib-metadata==8.7.1
    # via build
-macholib==1.16.3
+macholib==1.16.4
    # via delocate
-packaging==24.0
+packaging==26.0
    # via
    #   build
    #   delocate
-pip==24.0
+pip==26.0.1
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.2.2
+platformdirs==4.4.0
+    # via
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
+    # via build
+python-discovery==1.2.0
    # via virtualenv
-pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
+tomli==2.4.0
    # via build
-tomli==2.0.1
-    # via build
-typing-extensions==4.11.0
-    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.26.2
+typing-extensions==4.15.0
+    # via
+    #   delocate
+    #   virtualenv
+virtualenv==21.2.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-zipp==3.18.2
+zipp==3.23.0
    # via importlib-metadata
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-pip>=24.1b1 ; python_version >= '3.13'
-pip ; python_version < '3.13'
+pip
 build
 delocate
 virtualenv
@@ -1,28 +1,34 @@
 # This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
 #    nox -s update_constraints
-altgraph==0.17.4
+altgraph==0.17.5
    # via macholib
-build==1.2.1
+build==1.4.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-delocate==0.11.0
+delocate==0.13.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.8
+distlib==0.4.0
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.14.0
-    # via virtualenv
-macholib==1.16.3
+filelock==3.25.2
+    # via
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
+macholib==1.16.4
    # via delocate
-packaging==24.0
+packaging==26.0
    # via
    #   build
    #   delocate
-pip==24.0
+pip==26.0.1
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.2.2
-    # via virtualenv
-pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
+platformdirs==4.9.4
+    # via
+    #   python-discovery
+    #   virtualenv
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
-typing-extensions==4.11.0
+python-discovery==1.2.0
+    # via virtualenv
+typing-extensions==4.15.0
    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.26.2
+virtualenv==21.2.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 build = "*"
 skip = ""
 test-skip = ""
-free-threaded-support = false
+enable = []

 archs = ["auto"]
 build-frontend = "default"
@@ -14,29 +14,41 @@ build-verbosity = 0

 before-all = ""
 before-build = ""
+# TOML doesn't support explicit NULLs; use ["\u0000"] as a sentinel value.
+xbuild-tools = ["\u0000"]
 repair-wheel-command = ""

 test-command = ""
 before-test = ""
+test-sources = []
 test-requires = []
 test-extras = []
+test-groups = []
+test-environment = {}
+test-runtime = {}

 container-engine = "docker"

-manylinux-x86_64-image = "manylinux2014"
-manylinux-i686-image = "manylinux2014"
-manylinux-aarch64-image = "manylinux2014"
-manylinux-ppc64le-image = "manylinux2014"
-manylinux-s390x-image = "manylinux2014"
-manylinux-pypy_x86_64-image = "manylinux2014"
-manylinux-pypy_i686-image = "manylinux2014"
-manylinux-pypy_aarch64-image = "manylinux2014"
+pyodide-version = ""
+
+manylinux-x86_64-image = "manylinux_2_28"
+manylinux-i686-image = "manylinux_2_28"
+manylinux-aarch64-image = "manylinux_2_28"
+manylinux-ppc64le-image = "manylinux_2_28"
+manylinux-s390x-image = "manylinux_2_28"
+manylinux-armv7l-image = "manylinux_2_31"
+manylinux-riscv64-image = "manylinux_2_39"
+manylinux-pypy_x86_64-image = "manylinux_2_28"
+manylinux-pypy_i686-image = "manylinux_2_28"
+manylinux-pypy_aarch64-image = "manylinux_2_28"

 musllinux-x86_64-image = "musllinux_1_2"
 musllinux-i686-image = "musllinux_1_2"
 musllinux-aarch64-image = "musllinux_1_2"
 musllinux-ppc64le-image = "musllinux_1_2"
 musllinux-s390x-image = "musllinux_1_2"
+musllinux-armv7l-image = "musllinux_1_2"
+musllinux-riscv64-image = "musllinux_1_2"


 [tool.cibuildwheel.linux]
@@ -46,3 +58,9 @@ repair-wheel-command = "auditwheel repair -w {dest_dir} {wheel}"
 repair-wheel-command = "delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} -v {wheel}"

 [tool.cibuildwheel.windows]
+
+[tool.cibuildwheel.android]
+
+[tool.cibuildwheel.ios]
+
+[tool.cibuildwheel.pyodide]
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<array>
+        <dict>
+                <key>attributeSetting</key>
+                <integer>1</integer>
+                <key>choiceAttribute</key>
+                <string>selected</string>
+                <key>choiceIdentifier</key>
+                <string>org.python.Python.PythonTFramework-3.13</string>
+        </dict>
+</array>
+</plist>
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<array>
+        <dict>
+                <key>attributeSetting</key>
+                <integer>1</integer>
+                <key>choiceAttribute</key>
+                <string>selected</string>
+                <key>choiceIdentifier</key>
+                <string>org.python.Python.PythonTFramework-3.14</string>
+        </dict>
+</array>
+</plist>
@@ -26,14 +26,14 @@ STAT_0o775 = (
 )


-def main():
+def main() -> None:
    openssl_dir, openssl_cafile = os.path.split(ssl.get_default_verify_paths().openssl_cafile)
    print(" -- pip install --upgrade certifi")
    subprocess.check_call(
        [sys.executable, "-E", "-s", "-m", "pip", "install", "--upgrade", "certifi"]
    )

-    import certifi
+    import certifi  # noqa: PLC0415

    # change working directory to the default SSL directory
    os.chdir(openssl_dir)
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+url = "https://nodejs.org/dist/"
+v24 = "v24.14.0"
+v22 = "v22.22.1"
+v20 = "v20.20.1"
@@ -1,54 +1,54 @@
 [x86_64]
-manylinux1 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_x86_64:2024-04-29-76807b8
-manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64:2022-08-05-4535177
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2024-05-13-0983f6f
-manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64:2022-12-26-0d38463
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2024-05-13-0983f6f
-musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_x86_64:2024-05-13-0983f6f
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64:2024-05-13-0983f6f
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2026.03.20-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2026.03.20-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_x86_64:2026.03.20-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64:2026.03.20-1

 [i686]
-manylinux1 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_i686:2024-04-29-76807b8
-manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686:2022-08-05-4535177
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2024-05-13-0983f6f
-manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_i686:2022-12-26-0d38463
-musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_i686:2024-05-13-0983f6f
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686:2024-05-13-0983f6f
-
-[pypy_x86_64]
-manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64:2022-08-05-4535177
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2024-05-13-0983f6f
-manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64:2022-12-26-0d38463
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2024-05-13-0983f6f
-
-[pypy_i686]
-manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686:2022-08-05-4535177
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2024-05-13-0983f6f
-manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_i686:2022-12-26-0d38463
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2026.03.20-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686:2026.03.20-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_i686:2026.03.20-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686:2026.03.20-1

 [aarch64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2024-05-13-0983f6f
-manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_aarch64:2022-12-26-0d38463
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2024-05-13-0983f6f
-musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_aarch64:2024-05-13-0983f6f
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_aarch64:2024-05-13-0983f6f
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2026.03.20-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2026.03.20-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_aarch64:2026.03.20-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_aarch64:2026.03.20-1

 [ppc64le]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le:2024-05-13-0983f6f
-manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_ppc64le:2022-12-26-0d38463
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_ppc64le:2024-05-13-0983f6f
-musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_ppc64le:2024-05-13-0983f6f
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_ppc64le:2024-05-13-0983f6f
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le:2026.03.20-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_ppc64le:2026.03.20-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_ppc64le:2026.03.20-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_ppc64le:2026.03.20-1

 [s390x]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x:2024-05-13-0983f6f
-manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_s390x:2022-12-26-0d38463
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_s390x:2024-05-13-0983f6f
-musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_s390x:2024-05-13-0983f6f
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_s390x:2024-05-13-0983f6f
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x:2026.03.20-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_s390x:2026.03.20-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_s390x:2026.03.20-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_s390x:2026.03.20-1
+
+[pypy_x86_64]
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2026.03.20-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2026.03.20-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_x86_64:2026.03.20-1
+
+[pypy_i686]
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2026.03.20-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686:2026.03.20-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_i686:2026.03.20-1

 [pypy_aarch64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2024-05-13-0983f6f
-manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_aarch64:2022-12-26-0d38463
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2024-05-13-0983f6f
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2026.03.20-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2026.03.20-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_aarch64:2026.03.20-1
+
+[armv7l]
+manylinux_2_31 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_31_armv7l:2026.03.20-1
+manylinux_2_35 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_35_armv7l:2026.03.20-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_armv7l:2026.03.20-1
+
+[riscv64]
+manylinux_2_39 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_39_riscv64:2026.03.20-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_riscv64:2026.03.20-1

@@ -0,0 +1,725 @@
+{
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+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.14.3%2B20260320-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.3+20260320-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.14.3%2B20260320-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.3+20260320-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.14.3%2B20260320-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.3+20260320-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.14.3%2B20260320-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.3+20260320-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.14.3%2B20260320-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.3+20260320-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.14.3%2B20260320-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.3+20260320-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.14.3%2B20260320-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.3+20260320-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.14.3%2B20260320-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.3+20260320-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.14.3%2B20260320-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.3+20260320-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.14.3%2B20260320-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.3+20260320-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.14.3%2B20260320-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.3+20260320-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.14.3%2B20260320-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.3+20260320-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.14.3%2B20260320-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.3+20260320-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.14.3%2B20260320-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.3+20260320-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.14.3%2B20260320-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.3+20260320-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.14.3%2B20260320-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-aarch64-apple-darwin-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-aarch64-apple-darwin-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-aarch64-pc-windows-msvc-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-aarch64-pc-windows-msvc-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-aarch64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-aarch64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-aarch64-unknown-linux-musl-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-aarch64-unknown-linux-musl-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-aarch64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-aarch64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-i686-pc-windows-msvc-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-i686-pc-windows-msvc-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64-apple-darwin-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64-apple-darwin-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-freethreaded-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.15.0a7+20260320-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20260320/cpython-3.15.0a7%2B20260320-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  ]
+}
@@ -1,17 +1,36 @@
 # this file is copied to the testing cwd, to raise the below error message if
 # pytest/unittest is run from there.

+import sys
 import unittest
+from typing import NoReturn


 class TestStringMethods(unittest.TestCase):
-    def test_fail(self):
-        self.fail(
-            "cibuildwheel executes tests from a different working directory to "
-            "your project. This ensures only your wheel is imported, preventing "
-            "Python from accessing files that haven't been packaged into the "
-            "wheel. Please specify a path to your tests when invoking pytest "
-            "using the {project} placeholder, e.g. `pytest {project}` or "
-            "`pytest {project}/tests`. cibuildwheel will replace {project} with "
-            "the path to your project."
-        )
+    def test_fail(self) -> NoReturn:
+        if sys.platform in ["android", "ios"]:
+            msg = (
+                "You tried to run tests from the testbed app's working "
+                "directory, without specifying `test-sources`. "
+                "On this platform, you must copy your test files to the testbed app by "
+                "setting the `test-sources` option in your cibuildwheel "
+                "configuration."
+            )
+        else:
+            msg = (
+                "cibuildwheel executes tests from a different working directory to "
+                "your project. This ensures only your wheel is imported, preventing "
+                "Python from accessing files that haven't been packaged into the "
+                "wheel. "
+                "\n\n"
+                "Please specify a path to your tests when invoking pytest "
+                "using the {project} placeholder, e.g. `pytest {project}` or "
+                "`pytest {project}/tests`. cibuildwheel will replace {project} with "
+                "the path to your project. "
+                "\n\n"
+                "Alternatively, you can specify your test files using the "
+                "`test-sources` option, and cibuildwheel will copy them to the "
+                "working directory for testing."
+            )
+
+        self.fail(msg)
@@ -1,2 +1 @@
-py36 = { version = "20.21.1", url = "https://github.com/pypa/get-virtualenv/blob/20.21.1/public/virtualenv.pyz?raw=true" }
-default = { version = "20.26.2", url = "https://github.com/pypa/get-virtualenv/blob/20.26.2/public/virtualenv.pyz?raw=true" }
+default = { version = "21.2.0", url = "https://github.com/pypa/get-virtualenv/releases/download/21.2.0/virtualenv.pyz" }
@@ -1,15 +1,12 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
 import json
-from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any

-DIR = Path(__file__).parent.resolve()
+from cibuildwheel.util import resources


 def get_schema(tool_name: str = "cibuildwheel") -> dict[str, Any]:
    "Get the stored complete schema for cibuildwheel settings."
    assert tool_name == "cibuildwheel", "Only cibuildwheel is supported."

-    with DIR.joinpath("resources/cibuildwheel.schema.json").open(encoding="utf-8") as f:
+    with resources.CIBUILDWHEEL_SCHEMA.open(encoding="utf-8") as f:
        return json.load(f)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+import dataclasses
+import itertools
+from enum import StrEnum
+from fnmatch import fnmatch
+from typing import Self
+
+import bracex
+from packaging.specifiers import SpecifierSet
+from packaging.version import Version
+
+
+def selector_matches(patterns: str, string: str) -> bool:
+    """
+    Returns True if `string` is matched by any of the wildcard patterns in
+    `patterns`.
+
+    Matching is according to fnmatch, but with shell-like curly brace
+    expansion. For example, 'cp{36,37}-*' would match either of 'cp36-*' or
+    'cp37-*'.
+    """
+
+    patterns_list = patterns.split()
+    expanded_patterns = itertools.chain.from_iterable(bracex.expand(p) for p in patterns_list)
+    return any(fnmatch(string, pat) for pat in expanded_patterns)
+
+
+class EnableGroup(StrEnum):
+    """
+    Groups of build selectors that are not enabled by default.
+    """
+
+    CPythonFreeThreading = "cpython-freethreading"
+    CPythonPrerelease = "cpython-prerelease"
+    GraalPy = "graalpy"
+    PyPy = "pypy"
+    PyPyEoL = "pypy-eol"
+    PyodidePrerelease = "pyodide-prerelease"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def all_groups(cls) -> frozenset[Self]:
+        # see https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/20434 for the reason to type: ignore[arg-type]
+        return frozenset(set(cls) - {cls.CPythonFreeThreading})  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def parse_option_value(cls, value: str) -> frozenset[Self]:
+        """
+        Parses a string of space-separated values into a set of EnableGroup
+        members. The string may contain group names or "all".
+        """
+        result = set()
+        for group in value.strip().split():
+            if group == "all":
+                return cls.all_groups()
+            try:
+                result.add(cls(group))
+            except ValueError:
+                msg = f"Unknown enable group: {group}"
+                raise ValueError(msg) from None
+        return frozenset(result)
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, kw_only=True)
+class BuildSelector:
+    """
+    This class holds a set of build/skip patterns. You call an instance with a
+    build identifier, and it returns True if that identifier should be
+    included. Only call this on valid identifiers, ones that have at least 2
+    numeric digits before the first dash.
+    """
+
+    build_config: str
+    skip_config: str
+    requires_python: SpecifierSet | None = None
+    enable: frozenset[EnableGroup] = frozenset()
+
+    def __call__(self, build_id: str) -> bool:
+        # Filter build selectors by python_requires if set
+        if self.requires_python is not None:
+            py_ver_str = build_id.split("-", maxsplit=1)[0].split("_", maxsplit=1)[0]
+            py_ver_str = py_ver_str.removesuffix("t")
+            major = int(py_ver_str[2])
+            minor = int(py_ver_str[3:])
+            version = Version(f"{major}.{minor}.99")
+            if not self.requires_python.contains(version):
+                return False
+
+        # filter out groups that are not enabled
+        if EnableGroup.CPythonFreeThreading not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "cp313t-*"):
+            return False
+        if EnableGroup.CPythonPrerelease not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "cp315*"):
+            return False
+        is_pypy_eol = fnmatch(build_id, "pp3?-*") or fnmatch(build_id, "pp310-*")
+        is_pypy = fnmatch(build_id, "pp*") and not is_pypy_eol
+        if EnableGroup.PyPy not in self.enable and is_pypy:
+            return False
+        if EnableGroup.PyPyEoL not in self.enable and is_pypy_eol:
+            return False
+        if EnableGroup.GraalPy not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "gp*"):
+            return False
+        # TODO: Re-enable this when we have Pyodide prereleases again (e.g., 0.29.0a1+)
+        # Python 3.13 support became stable in Pyodide 0.28.0, so it no longer needs a prerelease
+        # flag.
+        # Also update Pyodide tests in unit_test/build_selector_test.py accordingly.
+        # When re-enabling, update the pattern to match the experimental Python version in case
+        # it is bumped to Python 3.14 (likely cp314-pyodide_* but could remain as 3.13 as well).
+        # This depends on the CPython version being used in the Pyodide runtime at the time.
+        # if EnableGroup.PyodidePrerelease not in self.enable and fnmatch(
+        #     build_id, "cp313-pyodide_*"
+        # ):
+        #     return False
+
+        should_build = selector_matches(self.build_config, build_id)
+        should_skip = selector_matches(self.skip_config, build_id)
+
+        return should_build and not should_skip
+
+    def options_summary(self) -> dict[str, str | list[str]]:
+        return {
+            "build_config": self.build_config,
+            "skip_config": self.skip_config,
+            "requires_python": str(self.requires_python),
+            "enable": sorted(group.value for group in self.enable),
+        }
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, kw_only=True)
+class TestSelector:
+    """
+    A build selector that can only skip tests according to a skip pattern.
+    """
+
+    skip_config: str
+
+    def __call__(self, build_id: str) -> bool:
+        should_skip = selector_matches(self.skip_config, build_id)
+        return not should_skip
+
+    def options_summary(self) -> dict[str, str]:
+        return {"skip_config": self.skip_config}
@@ -1,29 +1,19 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
 import os
-import subprocess
 import typing
-from typing import Final, Literal, Protocol, Union
+from typing import Final, Literal, Protocol

 __all__ = (
    "PLATFORMS",
    "PathOrStr",
    "PlatformName",
-    "PLATFORMS",
-    "PopenBytes",
 )


-if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
-    PopenBytes = subprocess.Popen[bytes]
-    PathOrStr = Union[str, os.PathLike[str]]
-else:
-    PopenBytes = subprocess.Popen
-    PathOrStr = Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"]
+PathOrStr = str | os.PathLike[str]


-PlatformName = Literal["linux", "macos", "windows"]
-PLATFORMS: Final[set[PlatformName]] = {"linux", "macos", "windows"}
+PlatformName = Literal["linux", "macos", "windows", "pyodide", "android", "ios"]
+PLATFORMS: Final[frozenset[PlatformName]] = frozenset(typing.get_args(PlatformName))


 class GenericPythonConfiguration(Protocol):
@@ -1,784 +0,0 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import contextlib
-import fnmatch
-import itertools
-import os
-import re
-import shlex
-import ssl
-import subprocess
-import sys
-import textwrap
-import time
-import typing
-import urllib.request
-from collections import defaultdict
-from collections.abc import Generator, Iterable, Mapping, Sequence
-from dataclasses import dataclass
-from enum import Enum
-from functools import cached_property, lru_cache
-from pathlib import Path, PurePath
-from time import sleep
-from typing import Any, ClassVar, Final, Literal, TextIO, TypeVar
-
-import bracex
-import certifi
-from filelock import FileLock
-from packaging.requirements import InvalidRequirement, Requirement
-from packaging.specifiers import SpecifierSet
-from packaging.utils import parse_wheel_filename
-from packaging.version import Version
-from platformdirs import user_cache_path
-
-from ._compat import tomllib
-from .typing import PathOrStr, PlatformName
-
-__all__ = [
-    "resources_dir",
-    "MANYLINUX_ARCHS",
-    "call",
-    "shell",
-    "find_compatible_wheel",
-    "format_safe",
-    "prepare_command",
-    "get_build_verbosity_extra_flags",
-    "read_python_configs",
-    "selector_matches",
-    "strtobool",
-    "cached_property",
-    "chdir",
-    "split_config_settings",
-]
-
-resources_dir: Final[Path] = Path(__file__).parent / "resources"
-
-install_certifi_script: Final[Path] = resources_dir / "install_certifi.py"
-
-test_fail_cwd_file: Final[Path] = resources_dir / "testing_temp_dir_file.py"
-
-
-MANYLINUX_ARCHS: Final[tuple[str, ...]] = (
-    "x86_64",
-    "i686",
-    "pypy_x86_64",
-    "aarch64",
-    "ppc64le",
-    "s390x",
-    "pypy_aarch64",
-    "pypy_i686",
-)
-
-MUSLLINUX_ARCHS: Final[tuple[str, ...]] = (
-    "x86_64",
-    "i686",
-    "aarch64",
-    "ppc64le",
-    "s390x",
-)
-
-DEFAULT_CIBW_CACHE_PATH: Final[Path] = user_cache_path(appname="cibuildwheel", appauthor="pypa")
-CIBW_CACHE_PATH: Final[Path] = Path(
-    os.environ.get("CIBW_CACHE_PATH", DEFAULT_CIBW_CACHE_PATH)
-).resolve()
-
-IS_WIN: Final[bool] = sys.platform.startswith("win")
-
-
-@typing.overload
-def call(
-    *args: PathOrStr,
-    env: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
-    cwd: PathOrStr | None = None,
-    capture_stdout: Literal[False] = ...,
-) -> None: ...
-
-
-@typing.overload
-def call(
-    *args: PathOrStr,
-    env: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
-    cwd: PathOrStr | None = None,
-    capture_stdout: Literal[True],
-) -> str: ...
-
-
-def call(
-    *args: PathOrStr,
-    env: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
-    cwd: PathOrStr | None = None,
-    capture_stdout: bool = False,
-) -> str | None:
-    """
-    Run subprocess.run, but print the commands first. Takes the commands as
-    *args. Uses shell=True on Windows due to a bug. Also converts to
-    Paths to strings, due to Windows behavior at least on older Pythons.
-    https://bugs.python.org/issue8557
-    """
-    args_ = [str(arg) for arg in args]
-    # print the command executing for the logs
-    print("+ " + " ".join(shlex.quote(a) for a in args_))
-    kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {}
-    if capture_stdout:
-        kwargs["universal_newlines"] = True
-        kwargs["stdout"] = subprocess.PIPE
-    result = subprocess.run(args_, check=True, shell=IS_WIN, env=env, cwd=cwd, **kwargs)
-    if not capture_stdout:
-        return None
-    return typing.cast(str, result.stdout)
-
-
-def shell(
-    *commands: str, env: Mapping[str, str] | None = None, cwd: PathOrStr | None = None
-) -> None:
-    command = " ".join(commands)
-    print(f"+ {command}")
-    subprocess.run(command, env=env, cwd=cwd, shell=True, check=True)
-
-
-def format_safe(template: str, **kwargs: str | os.PathLike[str]) -> str:
-    """
-    Works similarly to `template.format(**kwargs)`, except that unmatched
-    fields in `template` are passed through untouched.
-
-    >>> format_safe('{a} {b}', a='123')
-    '123 {b}'
-    >>> format_safe('{a} {b[4]:3f}', a='123')
-    '123 {b[4]:3f}'
-
-    To avoid variable expansion, precede with a single backslash e.g.
-    >>> format_safe('\\{a} {b}', a='123')
-    '{a} {b}'
-    """
-
-    result = template
-
-    for key, value in kwargs.items():
-        find_pattern = re.compile(
-            rf"""
-                (?<!\#)  # don't match if preceded by a hash
-                {{  # literal open curly bracket
-                {re.escape(key)}  # the field name
-                }}  # literal close curly bracket
-            """,
-            re.VERBOSE,
-        )
-
-        result = re.sub(
-            pattern=find_pattern,
-            repl=str(value).replace("\\", r"\\"),
-            string=result,
-        )
-
-        # transform escaped sequences into their literal equivalents
-        result = result.replace(f"#{{{key}}}", f"{{{key}}}")
-
-    return result
-
-
-def prepare_command(command: str, **kwargs: PathOrStr) -> str:
-    """
-    Preprocesses a command by expanding variables like {python}.
-
-    For example, used in the test_command option to specify the path to the
-    project's root. Unmatched syntax will mostly be allowed through.
-    """
-    return format_safe(command, python="python", pip="pip", **kwargs)
-
-
-def get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(level: int) -> list[str]:
-    if level > 0:
-        return ["-" + level * "v"]
-    elif level < 0:
-        return ["-" + -level * "q"]
-    else:
-        return []
-
-
-def split_config_settings(config_settings: str, frontend: Literal["pip", "build"]) -> list[str]:
-    config_settings_list = shlex.split(config_settings)
-    s = "s" if frontend == "pip" else ""
-    return [f"--config-setting{s}={setting}" for setting in config_settings_list]
-
-
-def read_python_configs(config: PlatformName) -> list[dict[str, str]]:
-    input_file = resources_dir / "build-platforms.toml"
-    with input_file.open("rb") as f:
-        loaded_file = tomllib.load(f)
-    results: list[dict[str, str]] = list(loaded_file[config]["python_configurations"])
-    return results
-
-
-def selector_matches(patterns: str, string: str) -> bool:
-    """
-    Returns True if `string` is matched by any of the wildcard patterns in
-    `patterns`.
-
-    Matching is according to fnmatch, but with shell-like curly brace
-    expansion. For example, 'cp{36,37}-*' would match either of 'cp36-*' or
-    'cp37-*'.
-    """
-    patterns_list = patterns.split()
-    expanded_patterns = itertools.chain.from_iterable(bracex.expand(p) for p in patterns_list)
-    return any(fnmatch.fnmatch(string, pat) for pat in expanded_patterns)
-
-
-# Once we require Python 3.10+, we can add kw_only=True
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
-class BuildSelector:
-    """
-    This class holds a set of build/skip patterns. You call an instance with a
-    build identifier, and it returns True if that identifier should be
-    included. Only call this on valid identifiers, ones that have at least 2
-    numeric digits before the first dash.
-    """
-
-    build_config: str
-    skip_config: str
-    requires_python: SpecifierSet | None = None
-
-    # a pattern that skips prerelease versions, when include_prereleases is False.
-    PRERELEASE_SKIP: ClassVar[str] = "cp313-* cp313t-*"
-    prerelease_pythons: bool = False
-
-    free_threaded_support: bool = False
-
-    def __call__(self, build_id: str) -> bool:
-        # Filter build selectors by python_requires if set
-        if self.requires_python is not None:
-            py_ver_str = build_id.split("-")[0]
-            if py_ver_str.endswith("t"):
-                py_ver_str = py_ver_str[:-1]
-            major = int(py_ver_str[2])
-            minor = int(py_ver_str[3:])
-            version = Version(f"{major}.{minor}.99")
-            if not self.requires_python.contains(version):
-                return False
-
-        # filter out the prerelease pythons if self.prerelease_pythons is False
-        if not self.prerelease_pythons and selector_matches(self.PRERELEASE_SKIP, build_id):
-            return False
-
-        # filter out free threaded pythons if self.free_threaded_support is False
-        if not self.free_threaded_support and selector_matches("*t-*", build_id):
-            return False
-
-        should_build = selector_matches(self.build_config, build_id)
-        should_skip = selector_matches(self.skip_config, build_id)
-
-        return should_build and not should_skip
-
-    def options_summary(self) -> Any:
-        return {
-            "build_config": self.build_config,
-            "skip_config": self.skip_config,
-            "requires_python": str(self.requires_python),
-            "prerelease_pythons": self.prerelease_pythons,
-            "free_threaded_support": self.free_threaded_support,
-        }
-
-
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
-class TestSelector:
-    """
-    A build selector that can only skip tests according to a skip pattern.
-    """
-
-    skip_config: str
-
-    def __call__(self, build_id: str) -> bool:
-        should_skip = selector_matches(self.skip_config, build_id)
-        return not should_skip
-
-    def options_summary(self) -> Any:
-        return {"skip_config": self.skip_config}
-
-
-# Taken from https://stackoverflow.com/a/107717
-class Unbuffered:
-    def __init__(self, stream: TextIO) -> None:
-        self.stream = stream
-
-    def write(self, data: str) -> None:
-        self.stream.write(data)
-        self.stream.flush()
-
-    def writelines(self, data: Iterable[str]) -> None:
-        self.stream.writelines(data)
-        self.stream.flush()
-
-    def __getattr__(self, attr: str) -> Any:
-        return getattr(self.stream, attr)
-
-
-def download(url: str, dest: Path) -> None:
-    print(f"+ Download {url} to {dest}")
-    dest_dir = dest.parent
-    if not dest_dir.exists():
-        dest_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
-
-    # we've had issues when relying on the host OS' CA certificates on Windows,
-    # so we use certifi (this sounds odd but requests also does this by default)
-    cafile = os.environ.get("SSL_CERT_FILE", certifi.where())
-    context = ssl.create_default_context(cafile=cafile)
-    repeat_num = 3
-    for i in range(repeat_num):
-        try:
-            with urllib.request.urlopen(url, context=context) as response:
-                dest.write_bytes(response.read())
-                return
-
-        except OSError:
-            if i == repeat_num - 1:
-                raise
-            sleep(3)
-
-
-class DependencyConstraints:
-    def __init__(self, base_file_path: Path):
-        assert base_file_path.exists()
-        self.base_file_path = base_file_path.resolve()
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def with_defaults() -> DependencyConstraints:
-        return DependencyConstraints(base_file_path=resources_dir / "constraints.txt")
-
-    def get_for_python_version(self, version: str) -> Path:
-        version_parts = version.split(".")
-
-        # try to find a version-specific dependency file e.g. if
-        # ./constraints.txt is the base, look for ./constraints-python36.txt
-        specific_stem = self.base_file_path.stem + f"-python{version_parts[0]}{version_parts[1]}"
-        specific_name = specific_stem + self.base_file_path.suffix
-        specific_file_path = self.base_file_path.with_name(specific_name)
-
-        if specific_file_path.exists():
-            return specific_file_path
-        else:
-            return self.base_file_path
-
-    def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self.base_file_path!r})"
-
-    def __eq__(self, o: object) -> bool:
-        if not isinstance(o, DependencyConstraints):
-            return False
-
-        return self.base_file_path == o.base_file_path
-
-    def options_summary(self) -> Any:
-        if self == DependencyConstraints.with_defaults():
-            return "pinned"
-        else:
-            return self.base_file_path.name
-
-
-BuildFrontendName = Literal["pip", "build"]
-
-
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
-class BuildFrontendConfig:
-    name: BuildFrontendName
-    args: Sequence[str] = ()
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def from_config_string(config_string: str) -> BuildFrontendConfig:
-        config_dict = parse_key_value_string(config_string, ["name"], ["args"])
-        name = " ".join(config_dict["name"])
-        if name not in {"pip", "build"}:
-            msg = f"Unrecognised build frontend {name}, only 'pip' and 'build' are supported"
-            raise ValueError(msg)
-
-        name = typing.cast(BuildFrontendName, name)
-
-        args = config_dict.get("args") or []
-        return BuildFrontendConfig(name=name, args=args)
-
-    def options_summary(self) -> str | dict[str, str]:
-        if not self.args:
-            return self.name
-        else:
-            return {"name": self.name, "args": repr(self.args)}
-
-
-class NonPlatformWheelError(Exception):
-    def __init__(self) -> None:
-        message = textwrap.dedent(
-            """
-            cibuildwheel: Build failed because a pure Python wheel was generated.
-
-            If you intend to build a pure-Python wheel, you don't need cibuildwheel - use
-            `pip wheel -w DEST_DIR .` instead.
-
-            If you expected a platform wheel, check your project configuration, or run
-            cibuildwheel with CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY=1 to view build logs.
-            """
-        )
-
-        super().__init__(message)
-
-
-class AlreadyBuiltWheelError(Exception):
-    def __init__(self, wheel_name: str) -> None:
-        message = textwrap.dedent(
-            f"""
-            cibuildwheel: Build failed because a wheel named {wheel_name} was already generated in the current run.
-
-            If you expected another wheel to be generated, check your project configuration, or run
-            cibuildwheel with CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY=1 to view build logs.
-            """
-        )
-
-        super().__init__(message)
-
-
-def strtobool(val: str) -> bool:
-    return val.lower() in {"y", "yes", "t", "true", "on", "1"}
-
-
-class CIProvider(Enum):
-    travis_ci = "travis"
-    appveyor = "appveyor"
-    circle_ci = "circle_ci"
-    azure_pipelines = "azure_pipelines"
-    github_actions = "github_actions"
-    gitlab = "gitlab"
-    cirrus_ci = "cirrus_ci"
-    other = "other"
-
-
-def detect_ci_provider() -> CIProvider | None:
-    if "TRAVIS" in os.environ:
-        return CIProvider.travis_ci
-    elif "APPVEYOR" in os.environ:
-        return CIProvider.appveyor
-    elif "CIRCLECI" in os.environ:
-        return CIProvider.circle_ci
-    elif "AZURE_HTTP_USER_AGENT" in os.environ:
-        return CIProvider.azure_pipelines
-    elif "GITHUB_ACTIONS" in os.environ:
-        return CIProvider.github_actions
-    elif "GITLAB_CI" in os.environ:
-        return CIProvider.gitlab
-    elif "CIRRUS_CI" in os.environ:
-        return CIProvider.cirrus_ci
-    elif strtobool(os.environ.get("CI", "false")):
-        return CIProvider.other
-    else:
-        return None
-
-
-def unwrap(text: str) -> str:
-    """
-    Unwraps multi-line text to a single line
-    """
-    # remove initial line indent
-    text = textwrap.dedent(text)
-    # remove leading/trailing whitespace
-    text = text.strip()
-    # remove consecutive whitespace
-    return re.sub(r"\s+", " ", text)
-
-
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
-class FileReport:
-    name: str
-    size: str
-
-
-@contextlib.contextmanager
-def print_new_wheels(msg: str, output_dir: Path) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
-    """
-    Prints the new items in a directory upon exiting. The message to display
-    can include {n} for number of wheels, {s} for total number of seconds,
-    and/or {m} for total number of minutes. Does not print anything if this
-    exits via exception.
-    """
-
-    start_time = time.time()
-    existing_contents = set(output_dir.iterdir())
-    yield
-    final_contents = set(output_dir.iterdir())
-
-    new_contents = [
-        FileReport(wheel.name, f"{(wheel.stat().st_size + 1023) // 1024:,d}")
-        for wheel in final_contents - existing_contents
-    ]
-
-    if not new_contents:
-        return
-
-    max_name_len = max(len(f.name) for f in new_contents)
-    max_size_len = max(len(f.size) for f in new_contents)
-    n = len(new_contents)
-    s = time.time() - start_time
-    m = s / 60
-    print(
-        msg.format(n=n, s=s, m=m),
-        *sorted(
-            f"  {f.name:<{max_name_len}s}   {f.size:>{max_size_len}s} kB" for f in new_contents
-        ),
-        sep="\n",
-    )
-
-
-def get_pip_version(env: Mapping[str, str]) -> str:
-    versions_output_text = call(
-        "python", "-m", "pip", "freeze", "--all", capture_stdout=True, env=env
-    )
-    (pip_version,) = (
-        version[5:]
-        for version in versions_output_text.strip().splitlines()
-        if version.startswith("pip==")
-    )
-    return pip_version
-
-
-@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
-def _ensure_virtualenv(version: str) -> Path:
-    version_parts = version.split(".")
-    key = f"py{version_parts[0]}{version_parts[1]}"
-    input_file = resources_dir / "virtualenv.toml"
-    with input_file.open("rb") as f:
-        loaded_file = tomllib.load(f)
-    configuration = loaded_file.get(key, loaded_file["default"])
-    version = str(configuration["version"])
-    url = str(configuration["url"])
-    path = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / f"virtualenv-{version}.pyz"
-    with FileLock(str(path) + ".lock"):
-        if not path.exists():
-            download(url, path)
-    return path
-
-
-def _parse_constraints_for_virtualenv(
-    seed_packages: list[str],
-    dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr],
-) -> dict[str, str]:
-    """
-    Parses the constraints file referenced by `dependency_constraint_flags` and returns a dict where
-    the key is the package name, and the value is the constraint version.
-    If a package version cannot be found, its value is "embed" meaning that virtualenv will install
-    its bundled version, already available locally.
-    The function does not try to be too smart and just handles basic constraints.
-    If it can't get an exact version, the real constraint will be handled by the
-    {macos|windows}.setup_python function.
-    """
-    assert len(dependency_constraint_flags) in {0, 2}
-    # only seed pip if other seed packages do not appear in a constraint file
-    constraints_dict = {"pip": "embed"}
-    if len(dependency_constraint_flags) == 2:
-        assert dependency_constraint_flags[0] == "-c"
-        constraint_path = Path(dependency_constraint_flags[1])
-        assert constraint_path.exists()
-        with constraint_path.open(encoding="utf-8") as constraint_file:
-            for line_ in constraint_file:
-                line = line_.strip()
-                if not line:
-                    continue
-                if line.startswith("#"):
-                    continue
-                try:
-                    requirement = Requirement(line)
-                    package = requirement.name
-                    if (
-                        package not in seed_packages
-                        or requirement.url is not None
-                        or requirement.marker is not None
-                        or len(requirement.extras) != 0
-                        or len(requirement.specifier) != 1
-                    ):
-                        continue
-                    specifier = next(iter(requirement.specifier))
-                    if specifier.operator != "==":
-                        continue
-                    constraints_dict[package] = specifier.version
-                except InvalidRequirement:
-                    continue
-    return constraints_dict
-
-
-def virtualenv(
-    version: str, python: Path, venv_path: Path, dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr]
-) -> dict[str, str]:
-    assert python.exists()
-    virtualenv_app = _ensure_virtualenv(version)
-    allowed_seed_packages = ["pip", "setuptools", "wheel"]
-    constraints = _parse_constraints_for_virtualenv(
-        allowed_seed_packages, dependency_constraint_flags
-    )
-    additional_flags: list[str] = []
-    for package in allowed_seed_packages:
-        if package in constraints:
-            additional_flags.append(f"--{package}={constraints[package]}")
-        else:
-            additional_flags.append(f"--no-{package}")
-
-    # Using symlinks to pre-installed seed packages is really the fastest way to get a virtual
-    # environment. The initial cost is a bit higher but reusing is much faster.
-    # Windows does not always allow symlinks so just disabling for now.
-    # Requires pip>=19.3 so disabling for "embed" because this means we don't know what's the
-    # version of pip that will end-up installed.
-    # c.f. https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/latest/cli_interface.html#section-seeder
-    if (
-        not IS_WIN
-        and constraints["pip"] != "embed"
-        and Version(constraints["pip"]) >= Version("19.3")
-    ):
-        additional_flags.append("--symlink-app-data")
-
-    call(
-        sys.executable,
-        "-sS",  # just the stdlib, https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/issues/2133#issuecomment-1003710125
-        virtualenv_app,
-        "--activators=",
-        "--no-periodic-update",
-        *additional_flags,
-        "--python",
-        python,
-        venv_path,
-    )
-    paths = [str(venv_path), str(venv_path / "Scripts")] if IS_WIN else [str(venv_path / "bin")]
-    env = os.environ.copy()
-    env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join([*paths, env["PATH"]])
-    return env
-
-
-T = TypeVar("T", bound=PurePath)
-
-
-def find_compatible_wheel(wheels: Sequence[T], identifier: str) -> T | None:
-    """
-    Finds a wheel with an abi3 or a none ABI tag in `wheels` compatible with the Python interpreter
-    specified by `identifier` that is previously built.
-    """
-
-    interpreter, platform = identifier.split("-")
-    free_threaded = interpreter.endswith("t")
-    if free_threaded:
-        interpreter = interpreter[:-1]
-    for wheel in wheels:
-        _, _, _, tags = parse_wheel_filename(wheel.name)
-        for tag in tags:
-            if tag.abi == "abi3" and not free_threaded:
-                # ABI3 wheels must start with cp3 for impl and tag
-                if not (interpreter.startswith("cp3") and tag.interpreter.startswith("cp3")):
-                    continue
-            elif tag.abi == "none":
-                # CPythonless wheels must include py3 tag
-                if tag.interpreter[:3] != "py3":
-                    continue
-            else:
-                # Other types of wheels are not detected, this is looking for previously built wheels.
-                continue
-
-            if tag.interpreter != "py3" and int(tag.interpreter[3:]) > int(interpreter[3:]):
-                # If a minor version number is given, it has to be lower than the current one.
-                continue
-
-            if platform.startswith(("manylinux", "musllinux", "macosx")):
-                # Linux, macOS require the beginning and ending match (macos/manylinux version doesn't need to)
-                os_, arch = platform.split("_", 1)
-                if not tag.platform.startswith(os_):
-                    continue
-                if not tag.platform.endswith(f"_{arch}"):
-                    continue
-            else:
-                # Windows should exactly match
-                if tag.platform != platform:
-                    continue
-
-            # If all the filters above pass, then the wheel is a previously built compatible wheel.
-            return wheel
-
-    return None
-
-
-# Can be replaced by contextlib.chdir in Python 3.11
-@contextlib.contextmanager
-def chdir(new_path: Path | str) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
-    """Non thread-safe context manager to change the current working directory."""
-
-    cwd = os.getcwd()
-    try:
-        os.chdir(new_path)
-        yield
-    finally:
-        os.chdir(cwd)
-
-
-def fix_ansi_codes_for_github_actions(text: str) -> str:
-    """
-    Github Actions forgets the current ANSI style on every new line. This
-    function repeats the current ANSI style on every new line.
-    """
-    ansi_code_regex = re.compile(r"(\033\[[0-9;]*m)")
-    ansi_codes: list[str] = []
-    output = ""
-
-    for line in text.splitlines(keepends=True):
-        # add the current ANSI codes to the beginning of the line
-        output += "".join(ansi_codes) + line
-
-        # split the line at each ANSI code
-        parts = ansi_code_regex.split(line)
-        # if there are any ANSI codes, save them
-        if len(parts) > 1:
-            # iterate over the ANSI codes in this line
-            for code in parts[1::2]:
-                if code == "\033[0m":
-                    # reset the list of ANSI codes when the clear code is found
-                    ansi_codes = []
-                else:
-                    ansi_codes.append(code)
-
-    return output
-
-
-def parse_key_value_string(
-    key_value_string: str,
-    positional_arg_names: Sequence[str] | None = None,
-    kw_arg_names: Sequence[str] | None = None,
-) -> dict[str, list[str]]:
-    """
-    Parses a string like "docker; create_args: --some-option=value another-option"
-    """
-    if positional_arg_names is None:
-        positional_arg_names = []
-    if kw_arg_names is None:
-        kw_arg_names = []
-
-    all_field_names = [*positional_arg_names, *kw_arg_names]
-
-    shlexer = shlex.shlex(key_value_string, posix=True, punctuation_chars=";")
-    shlexer.commenters = ""
-    shlexer.whitespace_split = True
-    parts = list(shlexer)
-    # parts now looks like
-    # ['docker', ';', 'create_args:', '--some-option=value', 'another-option']
-
-    # split by semicolon
-    fields = [list(group) for k, group in itertools.groupby(parts, lambda x: x == ";") if not k]
-
-    result: defaultdict[str, list[str]] = defaultdict(list)
-    for field_i, field in enumerate(fields):
-        # check to see if the option name is specified
-        field_name, sep, first_value = field[0].partition(":")
-        if sep:
-            if field_name not in all_field_names:
-                msg = f"Failed to parse {key_value_string!r}. Unknown field name {field_name!r}"
-                raise ValueError(msg)
-
-            values = ([first_value] if first_value else []) + field[1:]
-        else:
-            try:
-                field_name = positional_arg_names[field_i]
-            except IndexError:
-                msg = f"Failed to parse {key_value_string!r}. Too many positional arguments - expected a maximum of {len(positional_arg_names)}"
-                raise ValueError(msg) from None
-
-            values = field
-
-        result[field_name] += values
-
-    return dict(result)
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+import os
+import shlex
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import typing
+from collections.abc import Iterator, Mapping
+from typing import Final, Literal
+
+from cibuildwheel.errors import FatalError
+from cibuildwheel.typing import PathOrStr
+
+_IS_WIN: Final[bool] = sys.platform.startswith("win")
+
+
+@typing.overload
+def call(
+    *args: PathOrStr,
+    env: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+    cwd: PathOrStr | None = None,
+    capture_stdout: Literal[False] = ...,
+) -> None: ...
+
+
+@typing.overload
+def call(
+    *args: PathOrStr,
+    env: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+    cwd: PathOrStr | None = None,
+    capture_stdout: Literal[True],
+) -> str: ...
+
+
+def call(
+    *args: PathOrStr,
+    env: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+    cwd: PathOrStr | None = None,
+    capture_stdout: bool = False,
+) -> str | None:
+    """
+    Run subprocess.run, but print the commands first. Takes the commands as
+    *args. Uses shell=True on Windows due to a bug. Also converts to
+    Paths to strings, due to Windows behavior at least on older Pythons.
+    https://bugs.python.org/issue8557
+    """
+    args_ = [str(arg) for arg in args]
+    # print the command executing for the logs
+    print("+ " + " ".join(shlex.quote(a) for a in args_))
+    # workaround platform behaviour differences outlined
+    # in https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/52803
+    path_env = env if env is not None else os.environ
+    path = path_env.get("PATH", None)
+    executable = shutil.which(args_[0], path=path)
+    if executable is None:
+        msg = f"Couldn't find {args_[0]!r} in PATH {path!r}"
+        raise FatalError(msg)
+    args_[0] = executable
+    try:
+        result = subprocess.run(
+            args_,
+            check=True,
+            shell=_IS_WIN,
+            env=env,
+            cwd=cwd,
+            capture_output=capture_stdout,
+            text=capture_stdout,
+        )
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+        if capture_stdout:
+            sys.stderr.write(e.stderr)
+        raise
+    if not capture_stdout:
+        return None
+    sys.stderr.write(result.stderr)
+    return typing.cast("str", result.stdout)
+
+
+def shell(
+    *commands: str, env: Mapping[str, str] | None = None, cwd: PathOrStr | None = None
+) -> None:
+    command = " ".join(commands)
+    print(f"+ {command}")
+    subprocess.run(command, env=env, cwd=cwd, shell=True, check=True)
+
+
+def split_command(lst: list[str]) -> Iterator[list[str]]:
+    """
+    Split a shell-style command, as returned by shlex.split, into a sequence
+    of commands, separated by '&&'.
+    """
+    items = list[str]()
+    for item in lst:
+        if item == "&&":
+            yield items
+            items = []
+        else:
+            items.append(item)
+    yield items
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+import os
+import shutil
+import ssl
+import tarfile
+import time
+import urllib.request
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from pathlib import Path, PurePath
+from typing import Final
+from zipfile import ZipFile
+
+import certifi
+from platformdirs import user_cache_path
+
+from cibuildwheel.errors import FatalError
+
+DEFAULT_CIBW_CACHE_PATH: Final[Path] = user_cache_path(appname="cibuildwheel", appauthor="pypa")
+CIBW_CACHE_PATH: Final[Path] = Path(
+    os.environ.get("CIBW_CACHE_PATH", DEFAULT_CIBW_CACHE_PATH)
+).resolve()
+
+
+def ensure_cache_sentinel(cache_path: Path) -> None:
+    """Create a sentinel file to mark a cibuildwheel cache directory.
+
+    We help prevent accidental deletion of non-cache directories with this.
+
+    Args:
+        cache_path: The cache directory path where the sentinel should be created
+    """
+    if cache_path.exists():
+        sentinel_file = cache_path / "CACHEDIR.TAG"
+        if not sentinel_file.exists():
+            sentinel_file.write_text(
+                "Signature: 8a477f597d28d172789f06886806bc55\n"
+                "# This file is a cache directory tag created by cibuildwheel.\n"
+                "# For information about cache directory tags, see:\n"
+                "# https://www.brynosaurus.com/cachedir/",
+                encoding="utf-8",
+            )
+
+
+def download(url: str, dest: Path) -> None:
+    print(f"+ Download {url} to {dest}")
+    dest_dir = dest.parent
+    dest_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    # we've had issues when relying on the host OS' CA certificates on Windows,
+    # so we use certifi (this sounds odd but requests also does this by default)
+    cafile = os.environ.get("SSL_CERT_FILE", certifi.where())
+    context = ssl.create_default_context(cafile=cafile)
+    repeat_num = 3
+    for i in range(repeat_num):
+        try:
+            with urllib.request.urlopen(url, context=context) as response:
+                dest.write_bytes(response.read())
+                return
+
+        except OSError:
+            if i == repeat_num - 1:
+                raise
+            time.sleep(3)
+
+
+def extract_zip(zip_src: Path, dest: Path) -> None:
+    """Extracts a zip and correctly sets permissions on extracted files.
+
+    Notes:
+        - sets permissions to the same values as they were set in the archive
+        - files with no clear permissions in `external_attr` will be extracted with default values
+    """
+    with ZipFile(zip_src) as zip_:
+        for zinfo in zip_.filelist:
+            zip_.extract(zinfo, dest)
+
+            # Set permissions to the same values as they were set in the archive
+            # We have to do this manually due to https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/59999
+            permissions = (zinfo.external_attr >> 16) & 0o777
+            if permissions != 0:
+                dest.joinpath(zinfo.filename).chmod(permissions)
+
+
+def extract_tar(tar_src: Path, dest: Path) -> None:
+    """Extracts a tar file using the stdlib 'tar' filter.
+
+    See: https://docs.python.org/3/library/tarfile.html#tarfile.tar_filter for filter details
+    """
+    with tarfile.open(tar_src) as tar_:
+        tar_.extraction_filter = getattr(tarfile, "tar_filter", (lambda member, _: member))
+        tar_.extractall(dest)
+
+
+def move_file(src_file: Path, dst_file: Path) -> Path:
+    """Moves a file safely while avoiding potential semantic confusion:
+
+    1. `dst_file` must point to the target filename, not a directory
+    2. `dst_file` will be overwritten if it already exists
+    3. any missing parent directories will be created
+
+    Returns the fully resolved Path of the resulting file.
+
+    Raises:
+        NotADirectoryError: If any part of the intermediate path to `dst_file` is an existing file
+        IsADirectoryError: If `dst_file` points directly to an existing directory
+    """
+    src_file = src_file.resolve(strict=True)
+    dst_file = dst_file.resolve()
+
+    if dst_file.is_dir():
+        msg = "dst_file must be a valid target filename, not an existing directory."
+        raise IsADirectoryError(msg)
+    dst_file.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+    dst_file.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    # using shutil.move() as Path.rename() is not guaranteed to work across filesystem boundaries
+    # explicit str() needed for Python 3.8
+    resulting_file = shutil.move(str(src_file), str(dst_file))
+    return Path(resulting_file).resolve(strict=True)
+
+
+def copy_into_local(src: Path, dst: PurePath) -> None:
+    """Copy a path from src to dst, regardless of whether it's a file or a directory."""
+    # Ensure the target folder location exists
+    Path(dst.parent).mkdir(exist_ok=True, parents=True)
+
+    if src.is_dir():
+        shutil.copytree(src, dst)
+    else:
+        shutil.copy(src, dst)
+
+
+def copy_test_sources(
+    test_sources: list[str],
+    project_dir: Path,
+    test_dir: PurePath,
+    copy_into: Callable[[Path, PurePath], None] = copy_into_local,
+) -> None:
+    """Copy the list of test sources from the package to the test directory.
+
+    :param test_sources: A list of test paths, relative to the project_dir.
+    :param project_dir: The root of the project.
+    :param test_dir: The folder where test sources should be placed.
+    :param copy_into: The copy function to use. By default, does a local
+        filesystem copy; but an OCIContainer.copy_info method (or equivalent)
+        can be provided.
+    """
+    for test_path in test_sources:
+        source = project_dir.resolve() / test_path
+
+        if not source.exists():
+            msg = f"Test source {test_path} does not exist."
+            raise FatalError(msg)
+
+        copy_into(source, test_dir / test_path)
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+import dataclasses
+import itertools
+import os
+import re
+import shlex
+import textwrap
+from collections import defaultdict
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+
+from cibuildwheel.typing import PathOrStr
+
+
+def format_safe(template: str, **kwargs: str | os.PathLike[str]) -> str:
+    """
+    Works similarly to `template.format(**kwargs)`, except that unmatched
+    fields in `template` are passed through untouched.
+
+    >>> format_safe('{a} {b}', a='123')
+    '123 {b}'
+    >>> format_safe('{a} {b[4]:3f}', a='123')
+    '123 {b[4]:3f}'
+
+    To avoid variable expansion, precede with a single hash e.g.
+    >>> format_safe('#{a} {b}', a='123')
+    '{a} {b}'
+    """
+
+    result = template
+
+    for key, value in kwargs.items():
+        find_pattern = re.compile(
+            rf"""
+                (?<!\#)  # don't match if preceded by a hash
+                {{  # literal open curly bracket
+                {re.escape(key)}  # the field name
+                }}  # literal close curly bracket
+            """,
+            re.VERBOSE,
+        )
+
+        result = re.sub(
+            pattern=find_pattern,
+            repl=str(value).replace("\\", r"\\"),
+            string=result,
+        )
+
+        # transform escaped sequences into their literal equivalents
+        result = result.replace(f"#{{{key}}}", f"{{{key}}}")
+
+    return result
+
+
+def prepare_command(command: str, **kwargs: PathOrStr) -> str:
+    """
+    Preprocesses a command by expanding variables like {project}.
+
+    For example, used in the test_command option to specify the path to the
+    project's root. Unmatched syntax will mostly be allowed through.
+    """
+    return format_safe(command, **kwargs)
+
+
+def strtobool(val: str) -> bool:
+    return val.lower() in {"y", "yes", "t", "true", "on", "1"}
+
+
+def unwrap(text: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Unwraps multi-line text to a single line
+    """
+    # remove initial line indent
+    text = textwrap.dedent(text)
+    # remove leading/trailing whitespace
+    text = text.strip()
+    # remove consecutive whitespace
+    return re.sub(r"\s+", " ", text)
+
+
+def unwrap_preserving_paragraphs(text: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Unwraps multi-line text to a single line, but preserves paragraphs
+    """
+    # remove initial line indent
+    text = textwrap.dedent(text)
+    # remove leading/trailing whitespace
+    text = text.strip()
+
+    paragraphs = text.split("\n\n")
+    # remove consecutive whitespace
+    paragraphs = [re.sub(r"\s+", " ", paragraph) for paragraph in paragraphs]
+    return "\n\n".join(paragraphs)
+
+
+def parse_key_value_string(
+    key_value_string: str,
+    positional_arg_names: Sequence[str] | None = None,
+    kw_arg_names: Sequence[str] | None = None,
+) -> dict[str, list[str]]:
+    """
+    Parses a string like "docker; create_args: --some-option=value another-option"
+    """
+    if positional_arg_names is None:
+        positional_arg_names = []
+    if kw_arg_names is None:
+        kw_arg_names = []
+
+    all_field_names = [*positional_arg_names, *kw_arg_names]
+
+    shlexer = shlex.shlex(key_value_string, posix=True, punctuation_chars=";")
+    shlexer.commenters = ""
+    shlexer.whitespace_split = True
+    parts = list(shlexer)
+    # parts now looks like
+    # ['docker', ';', 'create_args:', '--some-option=value', 'another-option']
+
+    # split by semicolon
+    fields = [list(group) for k, group in itertools.groupby(parts, lambda x: x == ";") if not k]
+
+    result: defaultdict[str, list[str]] = defaultdict(list)
+    for field_i, field in enumerate(fields):
+        # check to see if the option name is specified
+        field_name, sep, first_value = field[0].partition(":")
+        if sep:
+            if field_name not in all_field_names:
+                msg = f"Failed to parse {key_value_string!r}. Unknown field name {field_name!r}"
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+
+            values = ([first_value] if first_value else []) + field[1:]
+        else:
+            try:
+                field_name = positional_arg_names[field_i]
+            except IndexError:
+                msg = f"Failed to parse {key_value_string!r}. Too many positional arguments - expected a maximum of {len(positional_arg_names)}"
+                raise ValueError(msg) from None
+
+            values = field
+
+        result[field_name] += values
+
+    return dict(result)
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(order=True)
+class FlexibleVersion:
+    version_parts: tuple[int, ...] = dataclasses.field(init=False, repr=False)
+    suffix: str = dataclasses.field(init=False, repr=False)
+    version_str: str = dataclasses.field(compare=False)
+
+    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
+        # Split into numeric parts and the optional suffix
+        match = re.match(r"^[v]?(\d+(\.\d+)*)(.*)$", self.version_str)
+        if not match:
+            msg = f"Invalid version string: {self.version_str}"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        version_part, _, suffix = match.groups()
+
+        # Convert numeric version part into a tuple of integers
+        self.version_parts = tuple(map(int, version_part.split(".")))
+        self.suffix = suffix.strip() if suffix else ""
+
+        # Normalize by removing trailing zeros
+        self.version_parts = self._remove_trailing_zeros(self.version_parts)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _remove_trailing_zeros(parts: tuple[int, ...]) -> tuple[int, ...]:
+        # Remove trailing zeros for accurate comparisons
+        # without this, "3.0" would be considered greater than "3"
+        while parts and parts[-1] == 0:
+            parts = parts[:-1]
+        return parts
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self.version_str
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+import shlex
+from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from pathlib import Path, PurePath
+from typing import Literal, Self, TypeVar
+
+from packaging.utils import parse_wheel_filename
+
+from cibuildwheel.util import resources
+from cibuildwheel.util.cmd import call
+from cibuildwheel.util.helpers import parse_key_value_string, unwrap
+
+
+@dataclass(kw_only=True)
+class DependencyConstraints:
+    base_file_path: Path | None = None
+    packages: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)
+
+    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
+        if self.packages and self.base_file_path is not None:
+            msg = "Cannot specify both a file and packages in the dependency constraints"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        if self.base_file_path is not None:
+            if not self.base_file_path.exists():
+                msg = f"Dependency constraints file not found: {self.base_file_path}"
+                raise FileNotFoundError(msg)
+            self.base_file_path = self.base_file_path.resolve()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def pinned(cls) -> Self:
+        return cls(base_file_path=resources.CONSTRAINTS)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def latest(cls) -> Self:
+        return cls()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_config_string(cls, config_string: str) -> Self:
+        if config_string == "pinned":
+            return cls.pinned()
+
+        if config_string == "latest" or not config_string:
+            return cls.latest()
+
+        if config_string.startswith(("file:", "packages:")):
+            # we only do the table-style parsing if it looks like a table,
+            # because this option used to be only a file path. We don't want
+            # to break existing configurations, whose file paths might include
+            # special characters like ':' or ' ', which would require quoting
+            # if they were to be passed as a parse_key_value_string positional
+            # argument.
+            return cls.from_table_style_config_string(config_string)
+
+        return cls(base_file_path=Path(config_string))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_table_style_config_string(cls, config_string: str) -> Self:
+        config_dict = parse_key_value_string(config_string, kw_arg_names=["file", "packages"])
+        files = config_dict.get("file")
+        packages = config_dict.get("packages") or []
+
+        if files and packages:
+            msg = "Cannot specify both a file and packages in dependency-versions"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        if files:
+            if len(files) > 1:
+                msg = unwrap("""
+                    Only one file can be specified in dependency-versions.
+                    If you intended to pass only one, perhaps you need to quote the path?
+                """)
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+
+            return cls(base_file_path=Path(files[0]))
+
+        return cls(packages=packages)
+
+    def get_for_python_version(
+        self, *, version: str, variant: Literal["python", "pyodide"] = "python", tmp_dir: Path
+    ) -> Path | None:
+        if self.packages:
+            constraint_file = tmp_dir / "constraints.txt"
+            constraint_file.write_text("\n".join(self.packages))
+            return constraint_file
+
+        if self.base_file_path is not None:
+            version_parts = version.split(".")
+
+            # try to find a version-specific dependency file e.g. if
+            # ./constraints.txt is the base, look for ./constraints-python36.txt
+            specific_stem = (
+                self.base_file_path.stem + f"-{variant}{version_parts[0]}{version_parts[1]}"
+            )
+            specific_name = specific_stem + self.base_file_path.suffix
+            specific_file_path = self.base_file_path.with_name(specific_name)
+
+            if specific_file_path.exists():
+                return specific_file_path
+            else:
+                return self.base_file_path
+
+        return None
+
+    def options_summary(self) -> str | dict[str, str]:
+        if self == DependencyConstraints.pinned():
+            return "pinned"
+        elif self.packages:
+            return {"packages": " ".join(shlex.quote(p) for p in self.packages)}
+        elif self.base_file_path is not None:
+            return self.base_file_path.name
+        else:
+            return "latest"
+
+
+def get_pip_version(env: Mapping[str, str]) -> str:
+    versions_output_text = call(
+        "python", "-m", "pip", "freeze", "--all", capture_stdout=True, env=env
+    )
+    (pip_version,) = (
+        version[5:]
+        for version in versions_output_text.strip().splitlines()
+        if version.startswith("pip==")
+    )
+    return pip_version
+
+
+T = TypeVar("T", bound=PurePath)
+
+
+def find_compatible_wheel(wheels: Sequence[T], identifier: str) -> T | None:
+    """
+    Finds a wheel with an abi3 or a none ABI tag in `wheels` compatible with the Python interpreter
+    specified by `identifier` that is previously built.
+    """
+
+    interpreter, platform = identifier.split("-", 1)
+    interpreter = interpreter.split("_")[0]
+    free_threaded = interpreter.endswith("t")
+    if free_threaded:
+        interpreter = interpreter[:-1]
+    for wheel in wheels:
+        _, _, _, tags = parse_wheel_filename(wheel.name)
+        for tag in tags:
+            if tag.abi == "abi3" and not free_threaded:
+                # ABI3 wheels must start with cp3 for impl and tag
+                if not (interpreter.startswith("cp3") and tag.interpreter.startswith("cp3")):
+                    continue
+            elif tag.abi == "none":
+                # CPythonless wheels must include py3 tag
+                if tag.interpreter[:3] != "py3":
+                    continue
+            else:
+                # Other types of wheels are not detected, this is looking for previously built wheels.
+                continue
+
+            if tag.interpreter != "py3" and int(tag.interpreter[3:]) > int(interpreter[3:]):
+                # If a minor version number is given, it has to be lower than the current one.
+                continue
+
+            if platform.startswith(("manylinux", "musllinux", "macosx", "android", "ios")):
+                # On these platforms the wheel tag includes a platform version number, which we
+                # should ignore.
+                os_, arch = platform.split("_", 1)
+                if not tag.platform.startswith(os_):
+                    continue
+                if not tag.platform.endswith(f"_{arch}"):
+                    continue
+            elif platform.startswith("pyodide"):
+                # each Pyodide version has its own platform tag
+                continue
+            # Windows should exactly match
+            elif tag.platform != platform:
+                continue
+
+            # If all the filters above pass, then the wheel is a previously built compatible wheel.
+            return wheel
+
+    return None
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+import fnmatch
+import functools
+import json
+import platform
+import typing
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from filelock import FileLock
+
+from cibuildwheel.util.file import download, extract_tar
+from cibuildwheel.util.resources import PYTHON_BUILD_STANDALONE_RELEASES
+
+
+class PythonBuildStandaloneAsset(typing.TypedDict):
+    name: str
+    url: str
+
+
+class PythonBuildStandaloneRelease(typing.TypedDict):
+    tag: str
+    assets: list[PythonBuildStandaloneAsset]
+
+
+class PythonBuildStandaloneReleaseData(typing.TypedDict):
+    releases: list[PythonBuildStandaloneRelease]
+
+
+@functools.cache
+def get_python_build_standalone_release_data() -> PythonBuildStandaloneReleaseData:
+    with open(PYTHON_BUILD_STANDALONE_RELEASES, "rb") as f:
+        return typing.cast("PythonBuildStandaloneReleaseData", json.load(f))
+
+
+class PythonBuildStandaloneError(Exception):
+    """Errors related to python-build-standalone."""
+
+
+def _get_platform_identifiers() -> tuple[str, str, str | None]:
+    """
+    Detects the current platform and returns architecture, platform, and libc
+    identifiers.
+    """
+    system = platform.system()
+    machine = platform.machine()
+    machine_lower = machine.lower()
+
+    arch_identifier: str
+    platform_identifier: str
+    libc_identifier: str | None = None
+
+    # Map Architecture
+    if machine_lower in ["x86_64", "amd64"]:
+        arch_identifier = "x86_64"
+    elif machine_lower in ["aarch64", "arm64"]:
+        arch_identifier = "aarch64"
+    else:
+        msg = f"Unsupported architecture: {system} {machine}. Cannot download appropriate Python build."
+        raise PythonBuildStandaloneError(msg)
+
+    # Map OS + Libc
+    if system == "Linux":
+        platform_identifier = "unknown-linux"
+        libc_identifier = "musl" if "musl" in (platform.libc_ver() or ("", "")) else "gnu"
+    elif system == "Darwin":
+        platform_identifier = "apple-darwin"
+    elif system == "Windows":
+        platform_identifier = "pc-windows-msvc"
+    else:
+        msg = f"Unsupported operating system: {system}. Cannot download appropriate Python build."
+        raise PythonBuildStandaloneError(msg)
+
+    print(
+        f"Detected platform: arch='{arch_identifier}', platform='{platform_identifier}', libc='{libc_identifier}'"
+    )
+    return arch_identifier, platform_identifier, libc_identifier
+
+
+def _get_pbs_asset(
+    *,
+    python_version: str,
+    arch_identifier: str,
+    platform_identifier: str,
+    libc_identifier: str | None,
+) -> tuple[str, str, str]:
+    """Finds the asset, returning (tag, filename, url)."""
+    release_data = get_python_build_standalone_release_data()
+
+    expected_suffix = f"{arch_identifier}-{platform_identifier}"
+    if libc_identifier:
+        expected_suffix += f"-{libc_identifier}"
+    expected_suffix += "-install_only.tar.gz"
+
+    asset_pattern = f"cpython-{python_version}.*-{expected_suffix}"
+    print(f"Looking for file with pattern {asset_pattern}")
+
+    for release in release_data["releases"]:
+        for asset in release["assets"]:
+            asset_name = asset["name"]
+            if not fnmatch.fnmatch(asset_name, asset_pattern):
+                continue
+
+            asset_url = asset["url"]
+            return release["tag"], asset_url, asset_name
+
+    # If loop completes without finding a match
+    msg = f"Could not find python-build-standalone release asset matching {asset_pattern!r}."
+    raise PythonBuildStandaloneError(msg)
+
+
+def _download_or_get_from_cache(asset_url: str, asset_filename: str, cache_dir: Path) -> Path:
+    with FileLock(cache_dir / (asset_filename + ".lock")):
+        asset_cache_path = cache_dir / asset_filename
+        if asset_cache_path.is_file():
+            print(f"Using cached python_build_standalone: {asset_cache_path}")
+            return asset_cache_path
+
+        print(f"Downloading python_build_standalone: {asset_url} to {asset_cache_path}")
+        download(asset_url, asset_cache_path)
+        return asset_cache_path
+
+
+def _find_python_executable(extracted_dir: Path) -> Path:
+    """Finds the python executable within the extracted directory structure."""
+    # Structure is typically 'python/bin/python' or 'python/python.exe'
+    base_install_dir = extracted_dir / "python"
+
+    if platform.system() == "Windows":
+        executable_path = base_install_dir / "python.exe"
+    else:
+        executable_path = base_install_dir / "bin" / "python"
+
+    if not executable_path.is_file():
+        msg = f"Could not locate python executable at expected path {executable_path} within {extracted_dir}."
+        raise PythonBuildStandaloneError(msg)
+
+    print(f"Found python executable: {executable_path}")
+    return executable_path.resolve()  # Return absolute path
+
+
+def create_python_build_standalone_environment(
+    python_version: str, temp_dir: Path, cache_dir: Path
+) -> Path:
+    """
+    Returns a Python environment from python-build-standalone, downloading it
+    if necessary using a cache, and expanding it into a fresh base path.
+
+    Args:
+        python_version: The Python version string (e.g., "3.12").
+        temp_dir: A directory where the Python environment will be created.
+        cache_dir: A directory to store/retrieve downloaded archives.
+
+    Returns:
+        The absolute path to the python executable within the created environment (in temp_dir).
+
+    Raises:
+        PythonBuildStandaloneError: If the platform is unsupported, the build cannot be found,
+                    download/extraction fails, or configuration is invalid.
+    """
+
+    print(f"Creating python-build-standalone environment: version={python_version}")
+
+    arch_id, platform_id, libc_id = _get_platform_identifiers()
+
+    pbs_tag, asset_url, asset_filename = _get_pbs_asset(
+        python_version=python_version,
+        arch_identifier=arch_id,
+        platform_identifier=platform_id,
+        libc_identifier=libc_id,
+    )
+
+    print(f"Using python-build-standalone release: {pbs_tag}")
+
+    archive_path = _download_or_get_from_cache(
+        asset_url=asset_url, asset_filename=asset_filename, cache_dir=cache_dir
+    )
+
+    python_base_dir = temp_dir / "pbs"
+    assert not python_base_dir.exists()
+    extract_tar(archive_path, python_base_dir)
+
+    return _find_python_executable(python_base_dir)
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+import functools
+import tomllib
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Final
+
+from cibuildwheel.typing import PlatformName
+
+PATH: Final[Path] = Path(__file__).parent.parent / "resources"
+INSTALL_CERTIFI_SCRIPT: Final[Path] = PATH / "install_certifi.py"
+FREE_THREAD_ENABLE_313: Final[Path] = PATH / "free-threaded-enable-313.xml"
+FREE_THREAD_ENABLE_314: Final[Path] = PATH / "free-threaded-enable-314.xml"
+NODEJS: Final[Path] = PATH / "nodejs.toml"
+DEFAULTS: Final[Path] = PATH / "defaults.toml"
+PINNED_DOCKER_IMAGES: Final[Path] = PATH / "pinned_docker_images.cfg"
+BUILD_PLATFORMS: Final[Path] = PATH / "build-platforms.toml"
+CONSTRAINTS: Final[Path] = PATH / "constraints.txt"
+VIRTUALENV: Final[Path] = PATH / "virtualenv.toml"
+CIBUILDWHEEL_SCHEMA: Final[Path] = PATH / "cibuildwheel.schema.json"
+PYTHON_BUILD_STANDALONE_RELEASES: Final[Path] = PATH / "python-build-standalone-releases.json"
+TEST_FAIL_CWD_FILE: Final[Path] = PATH / "testing_temp_dir_file.py"
+
+
+# this value is cached because it's used a lot in unit tests
+@functools.cache
+def read_all_configs() -> dict[str, list[dict[str, str]]]:
+    with BUILD_PLATFORMS.open("rb") as f:
+        loaded_file = tomllib.load(f)
+    return {k: list[dict[str, str]](v["python_configurations"]) for k, v in loaded_file.items()}
+
+
+def read_python_configs(config: PlatformName) -> list[dict[str, str]]:
+    return read_all_configs()[config]
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+import contextlib
+import functools
+import os
+import shutil
+import sys
+import tomllib
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Final
+
+from filelock import FileLock
+from packaging.requirements import InvalidRequirement, Requirement
+from packaging.version import Version
+
+from cibuildwheel.util import resources
+from cibuildwheel.util.cmd import call
+from cibuildwheel.util.file import CIBW_CACHE_PATH, download
+
+_IS_WIN: Final[bool] = sys.platform.startswith("win")
+
+
+@functools.cache
+def _ensure_virtualenv(version: str) -> tuple[Path, Version]:
+    version_parts = version.split(".")
+    key = f"py{version_parts[0]}{version_parts[1]}"
+    with resources.VIRTUALENV.open("rb") as f:
+        loaded_file = tomllib.load(f)
+    configuration = loaded_file.get(key, loaded_file["default"])
+    version = str(configuration["version"])
+    url = str(configuration["url"])
+    path = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / f"virtualenv-{version}.pyz"
+    with FileLock(str(path) + ".lock"):
+        if not path.exists():
+            download(url, path)
+    return (path, Version(version))
+
+
+def constraint_flags(
+    dependency_constraint: Path | None,
+) -> Sequence[str]:
+    """
+    Returns the flags to pass to pip for the given dependency constraint.
+    """
+
+    return ["-c", dependency_constraint.as_uri()] if dependency_constraint else []
+
+
+def _parse_pip_constraint_for_virtualenv(
+    constraint_path: Path | None,
+) -> str:
+    """
+    Parses the constraints file referenced by `dependency_constraint_flags` and returns a dict where
+    the key is the package name, and the value is the constraint version.
+    If a package version cannot be found, its value is "embed" meaning that virtualenv will install
+    its bundled version, already available locally.
+    The function does not try to be too smart and just handles basic constraints.
+    If it can't get an exact version, the real constraint will be handled by the
+    {macos|windows}.setup_python function.
+    """
+    if constraint_path:
+        assert constraint_path.exists()
+        with constraint_path.open(encoding="utf-8") as constraint_file:
+            for line_ in constraint_file:
+                line = line_.strip()
+                if not line:
+                    continue
+                if line.startswith("#"):
+                    continue
+                try:
+                    requirement = Requirement(line)
+                    package = requirement.name
+                    if (
+                        package != "pip"
+                        or requirement.url is not None
+                        or requirement.marker is not None
+                        or len(requirement.extras) != 0
+                        or len(requirement.specifier) != 1
+                    ):
+                        continue
+                    specifier = next(iter(requirement.specifier))
+                    if specifier.operator != "==":
+                        continue
+                    return specifier.version
+                except InvalidRequirement:
+                    continue
+    return "embed"
+
+
+def virtualenv(
+    version: str,
+    python: Path,
+    venv_path: Path,
+    dependency_constraint: Path | None,
+    *,
+    use_uv: bool,
+    env: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+    pip_version: str | None = None,
+) -> dict[str, str]:
+    """
+    Create a virtual environment. If `use_uv` is True,
+    dependency_constraint_flags are ignored since nothing is installed in the
+    venv. Otherwise, pip is installed.
+    """
+
+    # virtualenv may fail if this is a symlink.
+    python = python.resolve()
+
+    assert python.exists()
+
+    if use_uv:
+        uv_path = find_uv()
+        assert uv_path is not None
+        call(uv_path, "venv", venv_path, "--python", python)
+    else:
+        virtualenv_app, virtualenv_version = _ensure_virtualenv(version)
+        if pip_version is None:
+            pip_version = _parse_pip_constraint_for_virtualenv(dependency_constraint)
+        additional_flags = [f"--pip={pip_version}", "--no-setuptools"]
+        if virtualenv_version < Version("20.31") or Version(version) < Version("3.9"):
+            additional_flags.append("--no-wheel")
+
+        # Using symlinks to pre-installed seed packages is really the fastest way to get a virtual
+        # environment. The initial cost is a bit higher but reusing is much faster.
+        # Windows does not always allow symlinks so just disabling for now.
+        # Requires pip>=19.3 so disabling for "embed" because this means we don't know what's the
+        # version of pip that will end-up installed.
+        # c.f. https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/latest/cli_interface.html#section-seeder
+        if not _IS_WIN and pip_version != "embed" and Version(pip_version) >= Version("19.3"):
+            additional_flags.append("--symlink-app-data")
+
+        call(
+            sys.executable,
+            "-sS",  # just the stdlib, https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/issues/2133#issuecomment-1003710125
+            virtualenv_app,
+            "--activators=",
+            "--no-periodic-update",
+            *additional_flags,
+            "--python",
+            python,
+            venv_path,
+        )
+    paths = [str(venv_path), str(venv_path / "Scripts")] if _IS_WIN else [str(venv_path / "bin")]
+    venv_env = os.environ.copy() if env is None else env.copy()
+    venv_env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join([*paths, venv_env["PATH"]])
+    venv_env["VIRTUAL_ENV"] = str(venv_path)
+    if not use_uv and pip_version == "embed":
+        call(
+            "python",
+            "-m",
+            "pip",
+            "install",
+            "--upgrade",
+            "pip",
+            *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
+            env=venv_env,
+            cwd=venv_path,
+        )
+    return venv_env
+
+
+def find_uv() -> Path | None:
+    # Prefer uv in our environment
+    with contextlib.suppress(ImportError, FileNotFoundError):
+        from uv import find_uv_bin  # noqa: PLC0415
+
+        return Path(find_uv_bin())
+
+    uv_on_path = shutil.which("uv")
+    return Path(uv_on_path) if uv_on_path else None
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
				`@@ -0,0 +1 @@`
				`import _cross_venv; _cross_venv.initialize()`