Bump version: v2.23.1

Fix unit test when other warnings are present
fix: image deprecation warning (#2314 )
2025-03-15 17:58:14 +00:00 · 2025-03-15 17:54:37 +00:00 · 2025-03-15 17:54:37 +00:00 · 2025-03-15 17:54:37 +00:00 · 2025-03-15 17:54:37 +00:00 · 2025-03-01 13:27:50 +00:00
127 changed files with 4618 additions and 1729 deletions
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 version: 2

 jobs:
-  osx-python3.9:
+  osx-python3.12:
    macos:
-      xcode: 12.5.1
+      xcode: 15.4.0
+    resource_class: macos.m1.medium.gen1
    environment:
      PYTHON: python3
    steps:
@@ -17,9 +18,9 @@ jobs:
          command: venv/bin/python ./bin/run_tests.py
          no_output_timeout: 30m

-  linux-python3.9:
+  linux-python3.12:
    docker:
-      - image: circleci/python:3.9
+      - image: cimg/python:3.12
    environment:
      PYTHON: python3
      # Temporarily restrict the tests that are run on CircleCI to prevent
@@ -61,6 +62,6 @@ workflows:
  version: 2
  all-tests:
    jobs:
-      - osx-python3.9
-      - linux-python3.9
+      - osx-python3.12
+      - linux-python3.12
      - linux-aarch64
@@ -2,11 +2,15 @@
 set -o errexit
 set -o xtrace

+if [ "$(uname -s)" == "Darwin" ]; then
+  sudo softwareupdate --install-rosetta --agree-to-license
+else
+  docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
+fi
+
 $PYTHON --version
-$PYTHON -m pip --version
-$PYTHON -m virtualenv --version
-$PYTHON -m virtualenv --no-setuptools --no-wheel -p "$PYTHON" venv
-venv/bin/python -m pip install -U pip
-venv/bin/python -m pip install -e ".[dev]"
+$PYTHON -m venv venv
+venv/bin/python -m pip install -U pip dependency-groups
+venv/bin/python -m dependency_groups test | xargs venv/bin/python -m pip install -e.
 venv/bin/python -m pip freeze
 venv/bin/python --version
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@ only_if: changesInclude('.cirrus.yml') || ($CIRRUS_BRANCH == "main" && !changesI

 run_tests: &RUN_TESTS
  install_cibuildwheel_script:
-    - python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
+    - python -m pip install dependency-groups
+    - python -m dependency_groups test | xargs python -m pip install -e.
  run_cibuildwheel_tests_script:
    - python ./bin/run_tests.py

@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ linux_x86_task:
    memory: 8G

  install_pre_requirements_script:
+    - docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
    - apt install -y python3-venv python-is-python3
  <<: *RUN_TESTS

@@ -30,6 +32,7 @@ linux_aarch64_task:
    memory: 4G

  install_pre_requirements_script:
+    - docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
    - apt install -y python3-venv python-is-python3
  <<: *RUN_TESTS

@@ -50,7 +53,7 @@ windows_x86_task:

 macos_arm64_task:
  macos_instance:
-    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-sonoma-xcode
+    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-runner:sonoma

  env:
    PATH: /opt/homebrew/opt/python@3.10/libexec/bin:$PATH
@@ -60,7 +63,7 @@ macos_arm64_task:

 macos_arm64_cp38_task:
  macos_instance:
-    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-sonoma-xcode
+    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-runner:sonoma

  env:
    PATH: /opt/homebrew/opt/python@3.10/libexec/bin:$PATH
@@ -13,30 +13,30 @@ jobs:
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4

-    - name: Build SDist and wheel
-      run: pipx run build
-
-    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
-      with:
-        name: cibw-sdist
-        path: dist/*
-
-    - name: Check metadata
-      run: pipx run twine check dist/*
+    - uses: hynek/build-and-inspect-python-package@v2

  publish:
    needs: [dist]
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    if: github.event_name == 'release' && github.event.action == 'published'
-    environment: pypi
+    environment:
+      name: pypi
+      url: https://pypi.org/p/cibuildwheel
    permissions:
      id-token: write
+      attestations: write

    steps:
    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
      with:
-        pattern: cibw-*
+        name: Packages
        path: dist
-        merge-multiple: true
+
+    - name: Generate artifact attestation for sdist and wheel
+      uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@ef244123eb79f2f7a7e75d99086184180e6d0018 # v1.4.4
+      with:
+        subject-path: "dist/cibuildwheel-*"

    - uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@release/v1
+      with:
+        attestations: true
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ on:
  push:
    branches:
      - main
+      - 2.x
  pull_request:
    paths-ignore:
      - 'docs/**'
@@ -22,22 +23,23 @@ jobs:
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      id: python
      with:
        python-version: "3.x"
    - uses: pre-commit/action@v3.0.1
    - name: Check manifest
-      run: pipx run nox -s check_manifest
+      run: pipx run --python "${{ steps.python.outputs.python-path }}" nox -s check_manifest
    - name: PyLint checks
-      run: pipx run nox -s pylint -- --output-format=github
+      run: pipx run --python "${{ steps.python.outputs.python-path }}" nox -s pylint -- --output-format=github

  test:
-    name: Test cibuildwheel on ${{ matrix.os }} (${{ matrix.python_version }})
+    name: Test on ${{ matrix.os }} (${{ matrix.python_version }})
    needs: lint
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    strategy:
      matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-13, macos-14]
-        python_version: ['3.12']
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, macos-13, macos-14]
+        python_version: ['3.13']
        include:
        - os: ubuntu-latest
          python_version: '3.8'
@@ -48,17 +50,9 @@ jobs:
      name: Install Python ${{ matrix.python_version }}
      with:
        python-version: ${{ matrix.python_version }}
+        allow-prereleases: true

-    # Install podman on this CI instance for podman tests on linux
-    # Snippet from: https://github.com/redhat-actions/podman-login/blob/main/.github/workflows/example.yml
-    - name: Install latest podman
-      if: runner.os == 'Linux'
-      run: |
-        . /etc/os-release
-        echo "deb https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/devel:/kubic:/libcontainers:/stable/xUbuntu_${VERSION_ID}/ /" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/devel:kubic:libcontainers:stable.list
-        curl -sSfL "https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/devel:/kubic:/libcontainers:/stable/xUbuntu_${VERSION_ID}/Release.key" | sudo apt-key add -
-        sudo apt-get update
-        sudo apt-get -y install podman
+    - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v3

    # free some space to prevent reaching GHA disk space limits
    - name: Clean docker images
@@ -67,13 +61,18 @@ jobs:
        docker system prune -a -f
        df -h

+    # for oci_container unit tests
+    - name: Set up QEMU
+      if: runner.os == 'Linux'
+      uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
+
    - name: Install dependencies
      run: |
-        python -m pip install ".[test]"
+        uv sync --no-dev --group test

    - name: Generate a sample project
      run: |
-        python -m test.test_projects test.test_0_basic.basic_project sample_proj
+        uv run -m test.test_projects test.test_0_basic.basic_project sample_proj

    - name: Run a sample build (GitHub Action)
      uses: ./
@@ -82,13 +81,16 @@ jobs:
        output-dir: wheelhouse
      env:
        CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS: x86_64 universal2 arm64
+        CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND: 'build[uv]'
+        CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT: 1
+        CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS: 1

    - name: Run a sample build (GitHub Action, only)
      uses: ./
      with:
        package-dir: sample_proj
        output-dir: wheelhouse_only
-        only: cp312-${{ runner.os == 'Linux' && 'manylinux_x86_64' || (runner.os == 'Windows' && 'win_amd64' || 'macosx_x86_64') }}
+        only: cp312-${{ runner.os == 'Linux' && (runner.arch == 'ARM64' && 'manylinux_aarch64' || 'manylinux_x86_64') || (runner.os == 'Windows' && 'win_amd64' || 'macosx_x86_64') }}

    - name: Create custom configuration file
      shell: bash
@@ -109,7 +111,7 @@ jobs:
        output-dir: wheelhouse_config_file
        config-file: sample_proj/cibw.toml

-    - name: Check Action artefacts
+    - name: Check Action artifacts
      shell: bash
      run: |
        test $(find wheelhouse -name '*.whl' | wc -l) -ge 1
@@ -123,28 +125,82 @@ jobs:

    - name: Test cibuildwheel
      run: |
-        python ./bin/run_tests.py --run-podman
+        uv run bin/run_tests.py ${{ (runner.os == 'Linux' && runner.arch == 'X64') && '--run-podman' || '' }}

-  test-emulated:
-    name: Test emulated cibuildwheel using qemu
+  emulated-archs:
+    name: Get qemu emulated architectures
    needs: lint
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    timeout-minutes: 180
+    outputs:
+      archs: ${{ steps.archs.outputs.archs }}
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
      with:
        python-version: "3.x"
+    - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v3
    - name: Install dependencies
+      run: uv sync --no-dev --group test
+    - name: Get qemu emulated architectures
+      id: archs
      run: |
-        python -m pip install ".[test]"
+        OUTPUT=$(uv run python -c "from json import dumps; from test.utils import EMULATED_ARCHS; print(dumps(EMULATED_ARCHS))")
+        echo "${OUTPUT}"
+        echo "archs=${OUTPUT}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+
+  test-emulated:
+    name: Test Linux ${{ matrix.arch }} using qemu
+    needs: emulated-archs
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 180
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        arch: ${{ fromJSON(needs.emulated-archs.outputs.archs) }}
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      with:
+        python-version: "3.x"
+    - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v3
+    - name: Install dependencies
+      run: uv sync --no-dev --group test

    - name: Set up QEMU
-      id: qemu
      uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
-      with:
-        platforms: all

    - name: Run the emulation tests
+      run: uv run pytest --run-emulation ${{ matrix.arch }} test/test_emulation.py
+
+  test-pyodide:
+    name: Test cibuildwheel building Pyodide wheels
+    needs: lint
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    timeout-minutes: 180
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      name: Install Python 3.12
+      with:
+        python-version: '3.12'
+    - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v3
+
+    - name: Install dependencies
+      run: uv sync --no-dev --group test
+
+    - name: Generate a sample project
      run: |
-        pytest --run-emulation test/test_emulation.py
+        uv run -m test.test_projects test.test_0_basic.basic_project sample_proj
+
+    - name: Run a sample build (GitHub Action)
+      uses: ./
+      with:
+        package-dir: sample_proj
+        output-dir: wheelhouse
+      env:
+        CIBW_PLATFORM: pyodide
+
+    - name: Run tests with 'CIBW_PLATFORM' set to 'pyodide'
+      run: |
+        uv run ./bin/run_tests.py
+      env:
+        CIBW_PLATFORM: pyodide
@@ -20,11 +20,19 @@ jobs:
    if: github.repository_owner == 'pypa' || github.event_name != 'schedule'
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
+
+    # we use this step to grab a Github App auth token, so that PRs generated by this workflow
+    # run the GHA tests.
+    - uses: actions/create-github-app-token@v1
+      id: generate-token
+      if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' && github.repository == 'pypa/cibuildwheel'
+      with:
+        app_id: ${{ secrets.CIBUILDWHEEL_BOT_APP_ID }}
+        private_key: ${{ secrets.CIBUILDWHEEL_BOT_APP_PRIVATE_KEY }}
+
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4

-    - uses: wntrblm/nox@2024.04.15
-      with:
-        python-versions: "3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13"
+    - uses: wntrblm/nox@2024.10.09

    - name: "Run update: dependencies"
      run: nox --force-color -s update_constraints
@@ -33,18 +41,9 @@ jobs:
    - name: "Run update: docs user projects"
      run: nox --force-color -s update_proj -- --auth=${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}

-    # we use this step to grab a Github App auth token, so that PRs generated by this workflow
-    # run the GHA tests.
-    - uses: tibdex/github-app-token@v2
-      id: generate-token
-      if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' && github.repository == 'pypa/cibuildwheel'
-      with:
-        app_id: ${{ secrets.CIBUILDWHEEL_BOT_APP_ID }}
-        private_key: ${{ secrets.CIBUILDWHEEL_BOT_APP_PRIVATE_KEY }}
-
    - name: Create Pull Request
      if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' && github.repository == 'pypa/cibuildwheel'
-      uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v6
+      uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v7
      with:
        commit-message: Update dependencies
        title: '[Bot] Update dependencies'
@@ -53,7 +52,6 @@ jobs:

          PR generated by "Update dependencies" [workflow](https://github.com/${{github.repository}}/actions/runs/${{github.run_id}}).
        branch: update-dependencies-pr
-        committer: "cibuildwheel-bot[bot] <83877280+cibuildwheel-bot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>"
-        author: "cibuildwheel-bot[bot] <83877280+cibuildwheel-bot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>"
+        sign-commits: true
        token: ${{ steps.generate-token.outputs.token }}
        delete-branch: true
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 linux:
-  image: python:3.8
+  image: python:3.12
  services:
    - name: docker:dind
      entrypoint: ["env", "-u", "DOCKER_HOST"]
@@ -15,7 +15,9 @@ linux:
    PYTEST_ADDOPTS: -k "unit_test or test_0_basic" --suppress-no-test-exit-code
  script:
    - curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh
-    - python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
+    - docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
+    - python -m pip install dependency-groups
+    - python -m dependency_groups test | xargs python -m pip install -e. pytest-custom-exit-code
    - python ./bin/run_tests.py

 windows:
@@ -23,9 +25,21 @@ windows:
  variables:
    PYTEST_ADDOPTS: -k "unit_test or test_0_basic" --suppress-no-test-exit-code
  before_script:
-    - choco install python -y --version 3.8.6
+    - choco install python -y --version 3.12.4
  script:
-    - py -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
+    - py -m pip install dependency-groups
+    - py -m pip install -e. pytest-custom-exit-code $(py -m dependency_groups test)
    - py bin\run_tests.py
  tags:
-    - windows
+    - saas-windows-medium-amd64
+
+macos:
+  image: macos-14-xcode-15
+  variables:
+    PYTEST_ADDOPTS: -k "unit_test or test_0_basic" --suppress-no-test-exit-code
+  script:
+    - python3 -m pip install dependency-groups
+    - python3 -m dependency_groups test | xargs python3 -m pip install -e. pytest-custom-exit-code
+    - python3 ./bin/run_tests.py
+  tags:
+    - saas-macos-medium-m1
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 repos:

 - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
-  rev: v4.6.0
+  rev: v5.0.0
  hooks:
  - id: check-case-conflict
  - id: check-merge-conflict
@@ -14,14 +14,14 @@ repos:
  - id: trailing-whitespace

 - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-  rev: v0.4.4
+  rev: v0.8.0
  hooks:
  - id: ruff
    args: ["--fix", "--show-fixes"]
  - id: ruff-format

 - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy
-  rev: v1.10.0
+  rev: v1.13.0
  hooks:
  - id: mypy
    name: mypy 3.8 on cibuildwheel/
@@ -29,9 +29,12 @@ repos:
    args: ["--python-version=3.8"]
    additional_dependencies: &mypy-dependencies
      - bracex
+      - dependency-groups>=1.2
      - nox
+      - orjson
      - packaging
      - pygithub
+      - pytest
      - rich
      - tomli
      - tomli_w
@@ -40,6 +43,8 @@ repos:
      - types-jinja2
      - types-pyyaml
      - types-requests
+      - types-setuptools
+      - uv
      - validate-pyproject
  - id: mypy
    name: mypy 3.12
@@ -68,15 +73,15 @@ repos:
    files: ^docs/changelog.md$

 - repo: https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell
-  rev: v2.2.6
+  rev: v2.3.0
  hooks:
  - id: codespell
-    args: ["-L", "sur", "-w"]
+    args: ["-L", "sur,assertin", "-w"]
    exclude: ^docs/working-examples\.md$  # Autogenerated


 - repo: https://github.com/python-jsonschema/check-jsonschema
-  rev: 0.28.3
+  rev: 0.29.4
  hooks:
    - id: check-dependabot
    - id: check-github-actions
@@ -10,6 +10,4 @@ build:
    - asdf plugin add uv
    - asdf install uv latest
    - asdf global uv latest
-    - uv venv
-    - uv pip install -e.[docs]
-    - NO_COLOR=1 .venv/bin/mkdocs build --strict --site-dir $READTHEDOCS_OUTPUT/html
+    - NO_COLOR=1 uv run --no-dev --group docs mkdocs build --strict --site-dir $READTHEDOCS_OUTPUT/html
@@ -20,6 +20,14 @@ jobs:
      group: edge
      virt: vm
      env: PYTHON=python
+      # docker is outdated in the arm64-graviton2 vm focal image (19.x)
+      # we need to upgrade to get >= 24.0
+      addons:
+        apt:
+          sources:
+            - sourceline: 'deb https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu $(lsb_release -cs) stable'
+          packages:
+            - docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io

    - name: Linux | ppc64le | Python 3.9
      python: 3.9
@@ -44,11 +52,13 @@ jobs:
      python: 3.9
      services: docker
      arch: s390x
+      allow_failure: True
      env: PYTHON=python

 install:
- $PYTHON -m pip install -U pip
- $PYTHON -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
+- if [ "${TRAVIS_OS_NAME}" == "linux" ]; then docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all; fi
+- $PYTHON -m pip install -U pip dependency-groups
+- $PYTHON -m dependency_groups test | xargs $PYTHON -m pip install -e.

 script: |
  # travis_wait disable the output while waiting
@@ -56,5 +66,7 @@ script: |
  (while true; do echo "travis_keep_alive"; sleep 300; done) &
  SPINNER_PID=$!
  disown
-  $PYTHON ./bin/run_tests.py --num-processes 2
+  result=0
+  $PYTHON ./bin/run_tests.py --num-processes 2 || result=1
  kill -9 ${SPINNER_PID}
+  test ${result} -eq 0
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 This is a summary of the host Python versions and platforms covered by the different CI platforms:

-|         | 3.8                                                    | 3.9                   | 3.10      | 3.12           |
-|---------|--------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------|-----------|----------------|
-| Linux   | AppVeyor¹ / Azure Pipelines / GitLab¹ / GitHub Actions | CircleCI¹ / Travis CI | Cirrus CI | GitHub Actions |
-| macOS   | AppVeyor¹ / Azure Pipelines                            | CircleCI¹ / Travis CI | Cirrus CI | GitHub Actions |
-| Windows | AppVeyor¹ / Azure Pipelines / GitLab¹                  | Travis CI             | Cirrus CI | GitHub Actions |
+|         | 3.8                              | 3.9       | 3.10      | 3.11    | 3.12                                             |
+|---------|----------------------------------|-----------|-----------|---------|--------------------------------------------------|
+| Linux   | Azure Pipelines / GitHub Actions | Travis CI | Cirrus CI |         | AppVeyor¹ / CircleCI¹ / GitHub Actions / GitLab¹ |
+| macOS   | Azure Pipelines                  |           | Cirrus CI | GitLab¹ | AppVeyor¹ /CircleCI¹ / GitHub Actions            |
+| Windows | Azure Pipelines                  | Travis CI | Cirrus CI |         | AppVeyor¹ / GitHub Actions / GitLab¹             |

 > ¹ Runs a reduced set of tests to reduce CI load

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ cibuildwheel
 [![PyPI](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/cibuildwheel.svg)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/cibuildwheel)
 [![Documentation Status](https://readthedocs.org/projects/cibuildwheel/badge/?version=stable)](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/?badge=stable)
 [![Actions Status](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/workflows/Test/badge.svg)](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/actions)
-[![Travis Status](https://img.shields.io/travis/com/pypa/cibuildwheel/main?logo=travis)](https://travis-ci.com/pypa/cibuildwheel)
+[![Travis Status](https://img.shields.io/travis/com/pypa/cibuildwheel/main?logo=travis)](https://travis-ci.com/github/pypa/cibuildwheel)
 [![Appveyor status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/gt3vwl88yt0y3hur/branch/main?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/joerick/cibuildwheel/branch/main)
 [![CircleCI Status](https://img.shields.io/circleci/build/gh/pypa/cibuildwheel/main?logo=circleci)](https://circleci.com/gh/pypa/cibuildwheel)
 [![Azure Status](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_apis/build/status/pypa.cibuildwheel?branchName=main)](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_build/latest?definitionId=4&branchName=main)
@@ -22,26 +22,31 @@ Python wheels are great. Building them across **Mac, Linux, Windows**, on **mult
 What does it do?
 ----------------

-|                | macOS Intel | macOS Apple Silicon | Windows 64bit | Windows 32bit | Windows Arm64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux x86_64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux i686 | manylinux<br/>musllinux aarch64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux ppc64le | manylinux<br/>musllinux s390x |
-|----------------|----|-----|-----|-----|-----|----|-----|----|-----|-----|
-| CPython 3.6    | ✅ | N/A | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
-| CPython 3.7    | ✅ | N/A | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
-| CPython 3.8    | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
-| CPython 3.9    | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
-| CPython 3.10   | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
-| CPython 3.11   | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
-| CPython 3.12   | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
-| CPython 3.13³  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
-| PyPy 3.7 v7.3  | ✅ | N/A | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A |
-| PyPy 3.8 v7.3  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A |
-| PyPy 3.9 v7.3  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A |
-| PyPy 3.10 v7.3 | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A |
+While cibuildwheel itself requires a recent Python version to run (we support the last three releases), it can target the following versions to build wheels:
+
+|                | macOS Intel | macOS Apple Silicon | Windows 64bit | Windows 32bit | Windows Arm64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux x86_64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux i686 | manylinux<br/>musllinux aarch64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux ppc64le | manylinux<br/>musllinux s390x | manylinux<br/>musllinux armv7l | Pyodide |
+|----------------|----|-----|-----|-----|-----|----|-----|----|-----|-----|---|-----|
+| CPython 3.6    | ✅ | N/A | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A |
+| CPython 3.7    | ✅ | N/A | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A |
+| CPython 3.8    | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A |
+| CPython 3.9    | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A |
+| CPython 3.10   | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A |
+| CPython 3.11   | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A |
+| CPython 3.12   | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵  | ✅⁴ |
+| CPython 3.13³  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵  | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.7 v7.3  | ✅ | N/A | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.8 v7.3  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.9 v7.3  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.10 v7.3 | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.11 v7.3 | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |

 <sup>¹ PyPy is only supported for manylinux wheels.</sup><br>
 <sup>² Windows arm64 support is experimental.</sup><br>
-<sup>³ CPython 3.13 is available using the [CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#prerelease-pythons) option.</sup><br>
+<sup>³ Free-threaded mode requires opt-in using [`CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#free-threaded-support).</sup><br>
+<sup>⁴ Experimental, not yet supported on PyPI, but can be used directly in web deployment. Use `--platform pyodide` to build.</sup><br>
+<sup>⁵ manylinux armv7l support is experimental. As there are no RHEL based image for this architecture, it's using an Ubuntu based image instead.</sup><br>

- Builds manylinux, musllinux, macOS 10.9+, and Windows wheels for CPython and PyPy
+- Builds manylinux, musllinux, macOS 10.9+ (10.13+ for Python 3.12+), and Windows wheels for CPython and PyPy
 - Works on GitHub Actions, Azure Pipelines, Travis CI, AppVeyor, CircleCI, GitLab CI, and Cirrus CI
 - Bundles shared library dependencies on Linux and macOS through [auditwheel](https://github.com/pypa/auditwheel) and [delocate](https://github.com/matthew-brett/delocate)
 - Runs your library's tests against the wheel-installed version of your library
@@ -55,12 +60,12 @@ Usage

 |                 | Linux | macOS | Windows | Linux ARM | macOS ARM | Windows ARM |
 |-----------------|-------|-------|---------|-----------|-----------|-------------|
-| GitHub Actions  | ✅    | ✅    | ✅       | ✅¹       | ✅        | ✅²         |
+| GitHub Actions  | ✅    | ✅    | ✅       | ✅        | ✅        | ✅²         |
 | Azure Pipelines | ✅    | ✅    | ✅       |           | ✅        | ✅²         |
 | Travis CI       | ✅    |       | ✅      | ✅        |           |             |
 | AppVeyor        | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      |           | ✅        | ✅²         |
 | CircleCI        | ✅    | ✅    |         | ✅        | ✅        |             |
-| Gitlab CI       | ✅    |       | ✅      | ✅¹       |           |             |
+| Gitlab CI       | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅¹       | ✅        |             |
 | Cirrus CI       | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅        | ✅        |             |

 <sup>¹ [Requires emulation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/faq/#emulation), distributed separately. Other services may also support Linux ARM through emulation or third-party build hosts, but these are not tested in our CI.</sup><br>
@@ -84,7 +89,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    strategy:
      matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-13, macos-14]
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, macos-13, macos-latest]

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -93,7 +98,7 @@ jobs:
      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5

      - name: Install cibuildwheel
-        run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.18.1
+        run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.23.1

      - name: Build wheels
        run: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
@@ -160,23 +165,23 @@ Here are some repos that use cibuildwheel.
 | [scikit-learn][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The machine learning library. A complex but clean config using many of cibuildwheel's features to build a large project with Cython and C++ extensions.  |
 | [pytorch-fairseq][]               | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence Toolkit written in Python. |
 | [NumPy][]                         | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. |
+| [duckdb][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | DuckDB is an analytical in-process SQL database management system |
 | [Tornado][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library. Uses stable ABI for a small C extension. |
-| [Matplotlib][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The venerable Matplotlib, a Python library with C++ portions |
 | [NCNN][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | ncnn is a high-performance neural network inference framework optimized for the mobile platform |
+| [Matplotlib][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The venerable Matplotlib, a Python library with C++ portions |
 | [Prophet][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Tool for producing high quality forecasts for time series data that has multiple seasonality with linear or non-linear growth. |
 | [MyPy][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | The compiled version of MyPy using MyPyC. |
-| [duckdb][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | DuckDB is an in-process SQL OLAP Database Management System |
 | [Kivy][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Open source UI framework written in Python, running on Windows, Linux, macOS, Android and iOS |

 [scikit-learn]: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn
 [pytorch-fairseq]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/fairseq
 [NumPy]: https://github.com/numpy/numpy
+[duckdb]: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb
 [Tornado]: https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado
-[Matplotlib]: https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib
 [NCNN]: https://github.com/Tencent/ncnn
+[Matplotlib]: https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib
 [Prophet]: https://github.com/facebook/prophet
 [MyPy]: https://github.com/mypyc/mypy_mypyc-wheels
-[duckdb]: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb
 [Kivy]: https://github.com/kivy/kivy

 [appveyor icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/appveyor.svg
@@ -210,65 +215,58 @@ Changelog

 <!-- this section was generated by bin/update_readme_changelog.py -- do not edit manually -->

-### v2.18.1
+### v2.23.1

- 🌟 Add free-threaded Linux and Windows builds for 3.13. New identifiers `cp313t-*`, new option `CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT`/`tool.cibuildwheel.free-threaded-support` required to opt-in. [See the docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#free-threaded-support) for more information. (#1831)
- ✨ The `container-engine` is now a build (non-global) option. (#1792)
- 🛠 The build backend for cibuildwheel is now hatchling. (#1297)
- 🛠 Significant improvements and modernization to our noxfile. (#1823)
- 🛠 Use pylint's new GitHub Actions reporter instead of a custom matcher. (#1823)
- 🛠 Unpin virtualenv updates for Python 3.7+ (#1830)
- 🐛 Fix running linux tests from Windows or macOS ARM. (#1788)
- 📚 Fix our documentation build. (#1821)
+_15 March 2025_
+
+- ⚠️ Added warnings when the shorthand values `manylinux1`, `manylinux2010`, `manylinux_2_24`, and `musllinux_1_1` are used to specify the images in linux builds. The shorthand to these (unmaintainted) images will be removed in v3.0. If you want to keep using these images, explicitly opt-in using the full image URL, which can be found in [this file](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/v2.23.1/cibuildwheel/resources/pinned_docker_images.cfg). (#2312)
+- 🛠 Dependency updates, including a manylinux update which fixes an [issue with rustup](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/2303). (#2315)
+
+### v2.23.0
+
+_1 March 2025_
+
+- ✨ Adds official support for the new GitHub Actions Arm runners. In fact these worked out-of-the-box, now we include them in our tests and example configs. (#2135 via #2281)
+- ✨ Adds support for building PyPy 3.11 wheels (#2268 via #2281)
+- 🛠 Adopts the beta pypa/manylinux image for armv7l builds (#2269 via #2281)
+- 🛠 Dependency updates, including Pyodide 0.27 (#2117 and #2281)
+
+### v2.22.0
+
+_23 November 2024_
+
+- 🌟 Added a new `CIBW_ENABLE`/`enable` feature that replaces `CIBW_FREETHREADED_SUPPORT`/`free-threaded-support` and `CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS` with a system that supports both. In cibuildwheel 3, this will also include a PyPy setting and the deprecated options will be removed. (#2048)
+- 🌟 [Dependency groups](https://peps.python.org/pep-0735/) are now supported for tests. Use `CIBW_TEST_GROUPS`/`test-groups` to specify groups in `[dependency-groups]` for testing. (#2063)
+- 🌟 Support for the experimental Ubuntu-based ARMv7l manylinux image (#2052)
+- ✨ Show a warning when cibuildwheel is run from Python 3.10 or older; cibuildwheel 3.0 will require Python 3.11 or newer as host (#2050)
+- 🐛 Fix issue with stderr interfering with checking the docker version (#2074)
+- 🛠 Python 3.9 is now used in `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`/`before-all` on linux, replacing 3.8, which is now EoL (#2043)
+- 🛠 Error messages for producing a pure-Python wheel are slightly more informative (#2044)
+- 🛠 Better error when `uname -m` fails on ARM (#2049)
+- 🛠 Better error when repair fails and docs for abi3audit on Windows (#2058)
+- 🛠 Better error when `manylinux-interpreters ensure` fails (#2066)
+- 🛠 Update Pyodide to 0.26.4, and adapt to the unbundled pyodide-build (now 0.29) (#2090)
+- 🛠 Now cibuildwheel uses dependency-groups for development dependencies (#2064, #2085)
+- 📚 Docs updates and tidy ups (#2061, #2067, #2072)


-### v2.18.0
+### v2.21.3

-_12 May 2024_
+_9 October 2024_

- ✨ Adds CPython 3.13 support, under the prerelease flag [CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#prerelease-pythons). This version of cibuildwheel uses 3.13.0b1. Free-threading mode is not available yet (#1657), waiting on official binaries (planned for beta 2) and pip support.
+- 🛠 Update CPython 3.13 to 3.13.0 final release (#2032)
+- 📚 Docs updates and tidy ups (#2035)

-    _While CPython is in beta, the ABI can change, so your wheels might not be compatible with the final release. For this reason, we don't recommend distributing wheels until RC1, at which point 3.13 will be available in cibuildwheel without the flag._ (#1815)
+### v2.21.2

- ✨ Musllinux now defaults to `musllinux_1_2`. You can set the older `musllinux_1_1` via config if needed. (#1817)
- 🛠 No longer pre-seed setuptools/wheel in virtual environments (#1819)
- 🛠 Respect the constraints file when building with pip, matching build (#1818)
- 🛠 Use uv to compile our pinned dependencies, 10x faster and doesn't require special setup (#1778)
- 🐛 Fix an issue with the schema (#1788)
- 📚 Document the new delocate error checking macOS versions (#1766)
- 📚 Document Rust builds (#1816)
- 📚 Speed up our readthedocs builds with uv, 26 seconds -> 6 seconds to install dependencies (#1816)
+_2 October 2024_

+- ✨ Adds support for building 32-bit armv7l wheels on musllinux. On a Linux system with emulation set up, set [CIBW_ARCHS](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#archs) to `armv7l` on Linux to try it out if you're interested! (#2017)
+- 🐛 Fix Linux Podman builds on some systems (#2016)
+- ✨ Adds official support for running on Python 3.13 (#2026)
+- 🛠 Update CPython 3.13 to 3.13.0rc3 (#2029)

-### v2.17.0
-
-_11 March 2024_
-
- 🌟 Adds the ability to inherit configuration in TOML overrides. This makes certain configurations much simpler. If you're overriding an option like `before-build` or `environment`, and you just want to add an  extra command or environment variable, you can just append (or prepend) to the previous config. See [the docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#inherit) for more information. (#1730)
- 🌟 Adds official support for native `arm64` macOS GitHub runners. To use them, just specify `macos-14` as an `os` of your job in your workflow file. You can also keep `macos-13` in your build matrix to build `x86_64`. Check out the new [GitHub Actions example config](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/setup/#github-actions).
- ✨ You no longer need to specify `--platform` to run cibuildwheel locally! Instead it will detect your platform automatically. This was a safety feature, no longer necessary. (#1727)
- 🛠 Removed setuptools and wheel pinned versions. This only affects old-style projects without a `pyproject.toml`, projects with `pyproject.toml` are already getting fresh versions of their `build-system.requires` installed into an isolated environment. (#1725)
- 🛠 Improve how the GitHub Action passes arguments (#1757)
- 🛠 Remove a system-wide install of pipx in the GitHub Action (#1745)
- 🐛 No longer will cibuildwheel override the `PIP_CONSTRAINT` environment variable when using the `build` frontend. Instead it will be extended. (#1675)
- 🐛 Fix a bug where building and testing both `x86_86` and `arm64` wheels on the same runner caused the wrong architectures in the test environment (#1750)
- 🐛 Fix a bug that prevented testing a CPython 3.8 wheel targeting macOS 11+ on `x86_64` (#1768)
- 📚 Moved the docs onto the official PyPA domain - they're now available at https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io . (#1775)
- 📚 Docs and examples improvements (#1762, #1734)
-
-
-### v2.16.5
-
-_30 January 2024_
-
- 🐛 Fix an incompatibility with the GitHub Action and new GitHub Runner images for Windows that bundle Powershell 7.3+ (#1741)
- 🛠 Preliminary support for new `macos-14` arm64 runners (#1743)
-
-### v2.16.4
-
-_28 January 2024_
-
- 🛠 Update manylinux pins to upgrade from a problematic PyPy version. (#1737)
+Note: the default [manylinux image](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image) is **scheduled to change** from `manylinux2014` to `manylinux_2_28` in a cibuildwheel release on or after **6th May 2025** - you can set the value now to avoid getting upgraded if you want. (#1992)

 <!-- END bin/update_readme_changelog.py -->

@@ -24,11 +24,11 @@ branding:
 runs:
  using: composite
  steps:
-    # Set up a non-EOL, cibuildwheel & pipx supported Python version
+    # Set up the version of Python that supports pyodide
    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
      id: python
      with:
-        python-version: "3.8 - 3.12"
+        python-version: "3.12"
        update-environment: false

    - id: cibw
@@ -1,26 +1,29 @@
 environment:
  matrix:
-    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Ubuntu
-      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python38-x64-ubuntu"
-    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2015
-      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python38-x64-vs2015"
-    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: macos
-      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python38-x64-macos"
+    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Ubuntu2204
+      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python312-x64-ubuntu"
+    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2022
+      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python312-x64-vs2022"
+    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: macos-sonoma
+      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python312-x64-macos"

-stack: python 3.8
+stack: python 3.12

 build: off

 init:
- cmd: set PATH=C:\Python38;C:\Python38\Scripts;%PATH%
 - ps: |
      $BRANCH = if ($env:APPVEYOR_PULL_REQUEST_HEAD_REPO_BRANCH) { $env:APPVEYOR_PULL_REQUEST_HEAD_REPO_BRANCH } else { $env:APPVEYOR_REPO_BRANCH }
      if (-not ($BRANCH -eq 'main' -or $BRANCH.ToLower().StartsWith('appveyor-'))) {
-        $env:PYTEST_ADDOPTS='-k "unit_test or test_0_basic" --suppress-no-test-exit-code'
+        $env:PYTEST_ADDOPTS = '-k "unit_test or test_0_basic" --suppress-no-test-exit-code'
+      }
+      if ($IsLinux) {
+        docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
      }
-      python -m pip install -U pip

-install: python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
+install:
+  - python -m pip install -U pip
+  - python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code

 # the '-u' flag is required so the output is in the correct order.
 # See https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/24 for more info.
@@ -13,17 +13,20 @@ jobs:
      inputs:
        versionSpec: '3.8'
    - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -e ".[dev]"
+        docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
+        python -m pip install dependency-groups
+        python -m dependency_groups test | xargs python -m pip install -e.
        python ./bin/run_tests.py

 - job: macos_38
-  pool: {vmImage: 'macOS-11'}
+  pool: {vmImage: 'macOS-13'}
  steps:
    - task: UsePythonVersion@0
      inputs:
        versionSpec: '3.8'
    - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -e ".[dev]"
+        python -m pip install dependency-groups
+        python -m dependency_groups test | xargs python -m pip install -e.
        python ./bin/run_tests.py --num-processes 2

 - job: windows_38
@@ -34,5 +37,6 @@ jobs:
      inputs:
        versionSpec: '3.8'
    - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -e ".[dev]"
+        python -m pip install dependency-groups
+        python -m dependency_groups test | xargs python -m pip install -e.
        python ./bin/run_tests.py
@@ -26,6 +26,12 @@ $defs:
      - append
    default: none
    description: How to inherit the parent's value.
+  enable:
+    enum:
+      - cpython-freethreading
+      - cpython-prerelease
+      - pypy
+  description: A Python version or flavor to enable.
 additionalProperties: false
 description: cibuildwheel's settings.
 type: object
@@ -48,19 +54,21 @@ properties:
    type: string_array
  build-frontend:
    default: default
-    description: Set the tool to use to build, either "pip" (default for now) or "build"
+    description: Set the tool to use to build, either "pip" (default for now), "build", or "build[uv]"
    oneOf:
-      - enum: [pip, build, default]
+      - enum: [pip, build, "build[uv]", default]
      - type: string
        pattern: '^pip; ?args:'
      - type: string
        pattern: '^build; ?args:'
+      - type: string
+        pattern: '^build\\[uv\\]; ?args:'
      - type: object
        additionalProperties: false
        required: [name]
        properties:
          name:
-            enum: [pip, build]
+            enum: [pip, build, "build[uv]"]
          args:
            type: array
            items:
@@ -97,6 +105,13 @@ properties:
    default: pinned
    description: Specify how cibuildwheel controls the versions of the tools it uses
    type: string
+  enable:
+    description: Enable or disable certain builds.
+    oneOf:
+      - $ref: "#/$defs/enable"
+      - type: array
+        items:
+          $ref: "#/$defs/enable"
  environment:
    description: Set environment variables needed during the build.
    type: string_table
@@ -108,9 +123,13 @@ properties:
    type: boolean
    default: false
    description: The project supports free-threaded builds of Python (PEP703)
+    deprecated: Use the `enable` option instead.
  manylinux-aarch64-image:
    type: string
    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  manylinux-armv7l-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
  manylinux-i686-image:
    type: string
    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
@@ -135,6 +154,9 @@ properties:
  musllinux-aarch64-image:
    type: string
    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  musllinux-armv7l-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
  musllinux-i686-image:
    type: string
    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
@@ -159,6 +181,9 @@ properties:
  test-extras:
    description: Install your wheel for testing using `extras_require`
    type: string_array
+  test-groups:
+    description: Install extra groups when testing
+    type: string_array
  test-requires:
    description: Install Python dependencies before running the tests
    type: string_array
@@ -253,6 +278,7 @@ del non_global_options["build"]
 del non_global_options["skip"]
 del non_global_options["test-skip"]
 del non_global_options["free-threaded-support"]
+del non_global_options["enable"]

 overrides["items"]["properties"]["select"]["oneOf"] = string_array
 overrides["items"]["properties"] |= non_global_options.copy()
@@ -280,6 +306,7 @@ oses = {
    "linux": as_object(non_global_options),
    "windows": as_object(not_linux),
    "macos": as_object(not_linux),
+    "pyodide": as_object(not_linux),
 }

 oses["linux"]["properties"]["repair-wheel-command"] = {
@@ -3,27 +3,29 @@
 from __future__ import annotations

 import os
+import subprocess
 import sys
 import textwrap
 import time
 from pathlib import Path
-from subprocess import run

 import click


-def shell(cmd, *, check: bool, **kwargs):
-    return run([cmd], shell=True, check=check, **kwargs)
+def shell(cmd: str, *, check: bool, **kwargs: object) -> subprocess.CompletedProcess[str]:
+    return subprocess.run([cmd], shell=True, check=check, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[call-overload, no-any-return]


-def git_repo_has_changes():
-    unstaged_changes = shell("git diff-index --quiet HEAD --", check=False).returncode != 0
-    staged_changes = shell("git diff-index --quiet --cached HEAD --", check=False).returncode != 0
+def git_repo_has_changes() -> bool:
+    unstaged_changes: bool = shell("git diff-index --quiet HEAD --", check=False).returncode != 0
+    staged_changes: bool = (
+        shell("git diff-index --quiet --cached HEAD --", check=False).returncode != 0
+    )
    return unstaged_changes or staged_changes


@click.command()
-def main():
+def main() -> None:
    project_root = Path(__file__).parent / ".."
    os.chdir(project_root)

@@ -57,7 +59,7 @@ def main():
            PR generated by `{os.path.basename(__file__)}`.
            """
        )
-        run(
+        subprocess.run(
            [
                "gh",
                "pr",
@@ -172,7 +172,9 @@ def get_projects(
    return sorted((Project(item, github) for item in config), reverse=online)


-def render_projects(projects: Sequence[Project], *, dest_path: Path, include_info: bool = True):
+def render_projects(
+    projects: Sequence[Project], *, dest_path: Path, include_info: bool = True
+) -> str:
    io = StringIO()
    print = functools.partial(builtins.print, file=io)

@@ -203,7 +205,7 @@ def insert_projects_table(
    projects: Sequence[Project],
    input_filename: str,
    include_info: bool = True,
-):
+) -> None:
    text = file.read_text()
    projects_table = render_projects(projects, include_info=include_info, dest_path=file)

@@ -4,29 +4,29 @@ from __future__ import annotations

 import os
 import shutil
+import subprocess
 import sys
 import textwrap
 import time
 import typing
 from glob import glob
 from pathlib import Path
-from subprocess import run
 from urllib.parse import quote

 import click


-def shell(cmd, *, check: bool, **kwargs):
-    return run([cmd], shell=True, check=check, **kwargs)
+def shell(cmd: str, *, check: bool, **kwargs: object) -> subprocess.CompletedProcess[str]:
+    return subprocess.run([cmd], shell=True, check=check, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[call-overload, no-any-return]


-def git_repo_has_changes():
+def git_repo_has_changes() -> bool:
    unstaged_changes = shell("git diff-index --quiet HEAD --", check=False).returncode != 0
    staged_changes = shell("git diff-index --quiet --cached HEAD --", check=False).returncode != 0
    return unstaged_changes or staged_changes


-def generate_basic_project(path):
+def generate_basic_project(path: Path) -> None:
    sys.path.insert(0, "")
    from test.test_projects.c import new_c_project

@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ services = [
 ]


-def ci_service_for_config_file(config_file):
+def ci_service_for_config_file(config_file: str) -> CIService:
    filename = Path(config_file).name

    try:
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ def run_example_ci_configs(config_files=None):
            dst_config_file.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
            shutil.copyfile(src_config_file, dst_config_file)

-        run(["git", "add", example_project], check=True)
+        subprocess.run(["git", "add", example_project], check=True)
        message = textwrap.dedent(
            f"""\
            Test example minimal configs
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ def run_example_ci_configs(config_files=None):
            Time: {timestamp}
            """
        )
-        run(["git", "commit", "--no-verify", "--message", message], check=True)
+        subprocess.run(["git", "commit", "--no-verify", "--message", message], check=True)
        shell(f"git subtree --prefix={example_project} push origin {branch_name}", check=True)

        print("---")
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
    # unit tests
    unit_test_args = [sys.executable, "-m", "pytest", "unit_test"]

-    if sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
+    if sys.platform.startswith("linux") and os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "linux") == "linux":
        # run the docker unit tests only on Linux
        unit_test_args += ["--run-docker"]

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ from dataclasses import dataclass
 from pathlib import Path

 import requests
+from packaging.version import Version

 DIR = Path(__file__).parent.resolve()
 RESOURCES = DIR.parent / "cibuildwheel/resources"
@@ -53,6 +54,8 @@ images = [
    Image("manylinux_2_28", "s390x", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_s390x", None),
    Image("manylinux_2_28", "pypy_x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64", None),
    Image("manylinux_2_28", "pypy_aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64", None),
+    # manylinux_2_31 images
+    Image("manylinux_2_31", "armv7l", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_31_armv7l", None),
    # musllinux_1_1 images
    Image("musllinux_1_1", "x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_x86_64", None),
    Image("musllinux_1_1", "i686", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_i686", None),
@@ -65,6 +68,7 @@ images = [
    Image("musllinux_1_2", "aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_aarch64", None),
    Image("musllinux_1_2", "ppc64le", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_ppc64le", None),
    Image("musllinux_1_2", "s390x", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_s390x", None),
+    Image("musllinux_1_2", "armv7l", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_armv7l", None),
 ]

 config = configparser.ConfigParser()
@@ -90,6 +94,21 @@ for image in images:
            for (name, info) in tags_dict.items()
            if info["manifest_digest"] == latest_tag["manifest_digest"]
        )
+    elif image.image_name.startswith("ghcr.io/"):
+        repository = image.image_name[8:]
+        response = requests.get(
+            "https://ghcr.io/token", params={"scope": f"repository:{repository}:pull"}
+        )
+        response.raise_for_status()
+        token = response.json()["token"]
+        response = requests.get(
+            f"https://ghcr.io/v2/{repository}/tags/list",
+            headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"},
+        )
+        response.raise_for_status()
+        ghcr_tags = [(Version(tag), tag) for tag in response.json()["tags"] if tag != "latest"]
+        ghcr_tags.sort(reverse=True)
+        tag_name = ghcr_tags[0][1]
    else:
        response = requests.get(f"https://hub.docker.com/v2/repositories/{image.image_name}/tags")
        response.raise_for_status()
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ except ImportError:
    )


-def main():
+def main() -> None:
    subprocess.run(["mkdocs", "build"], check=True)

    hti = Html2Image(custom_flags=["--force-device-scale-factor=2"])
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import difflib
+import logging
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Final
+
+import click
+import packaging.specifiers
+import requests
+import rich
+from packaging.version import InvalidVersion, Version
+from rich.logging import RichHandler
+from rich.syntax import Syntax
+
+from cibuildwheel._compat import tomllib
+
+log = logging.getLogger("cibw")
+
+# Looking up the dir instead of using utils.resources_dir
+# since we want to write to it.
+DIR: Final[Path] = Path(__file__).parent.parent.resolve()
+RESOURCES_DIR: Final[Path] = DIR / "cibuildwheel/resources"
+
+NODEJS_DIST: Final[str] = "https://nodejs.org/dist/"
+NODEJS_INDEX: Final[str] = f"{NODEJS_DIST}index.json"
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, order=True)
+class VersionTuple:
+    version: Version
+    version_string: str
+
+
+def parse_nodejs_index() -> list[VersionTuple]:
+    versions: list[VersionTuple] = []
+    response = requests.get(NODEJS_INDEX)
+    response.raise_for_status()
+    versions_info = response.json()
+    for version_info in versions_info:
+        version_string = version_info.get("version", "???")
+        if not version_info.get("lts", False):
+            log.debug("Ignoring non LTS release %r", version_string)
+            continue
+        if "linux-x64" not in version_info.get("files", []):
+            log.warning(
+                "Ignoring release %r which does not include a linux-x64 binary", version_string
+            )
+            continue
+        try:
+            version = Version(version_string)
+            if version.is_devrelease:
+                log.info("Ignoring development release %r", str(version))
+                continue
+            if version.is_prerelease:
+                log.info("Ignoring pre-release %r", str(version))
+                continue
+            versions.append(VersionTuple(version, version_string))
+        except InvalidVersion:
+            log.warning("Ignoring release %r", version_string)
+    versions.sort(reverse=True)
+    return versions
+
+
+@click.command()
+@click.option("--force", is_flag=True)
+@click.option(
+    "--level", default="INFO", type=click.Choice(["WARNING", "INFO", "DEBUG"], case_sensitive=False)
+)
+def update_nodejs(force: bool, level: str) -> None:
+    logging.basicConfig(
+        level="INFO",
+        format="%(message)s",
+        datefmt="[%X]",
+        handlers=[RichHandler(rich_tracebacks=True, markup=True)],
+    )
+    log.setLevel(level)
+
+    toml_file_path = RESOURCES_DIR / "nodejs.toml"
+
+    original_toml = toml_file_path.read_text()
+    with toml_file_path.open("rb") as f:
+        nodejs_data = tomllib.load(f)
+
+    nodejs_data.pop("url")
+
+    major_versions = [VersionTuple(Version(key), key) for key in nodejs_data]
+    major_versions.sort(reverse=True)
+
+    versions = parse_nodejs_index()
+
+    # update existing versions, 1 per LTS
+    for major_version in major_versions:
+        current = Version(nodejs_data[major_version.version_string])
+        specifier = packaging.specifiers.SpecifierSet(
+            specifiers=f"=={major_version.version.major}.*"
+        )
+        for version in versions:
+            if specifier.contains(version.version) and version.version > current:
+                nodejs_data[major_version.version_string] = version.version_string
+                break
+
+    # check for a new major LTS to insert
+    if versions and versions[0].version.major > major_versions[0].version.major:
+        major_versions.insert(
+            0,
+            VersionTuple(Version(str(versions[0].version.major)), f"v{versions[0].version.major}"),
+        )
+        nodejs_data[major_versions[0].version_string] = versions[0].version_string
+
+    versions_toml = "\n".join(
+        f'{major_version.version_string} = "{nodejs_data[major_version.version_string]}"'
+        for major_version in major_versions
+    )
+    result_toml = f'url = "{NODEJS_DIST}"\n{versions_toml}\n'
+
+    rich.print()  # spacer
+
+    if original_toml == result_toml:
+        rich.print("[green]Check complete, nodejs version unchanged.")
+        return
+
+    rich.print("nodejs version updated.")
+    rich.print("Changes:")
+    rich.print()
+
+    toml_relpath = toml_file_path.relative_to(DIR).as_posix()
+    diff_lines = difflib.unified_diff(
+        original_toml.splitlines(keepends=True),
+        result_toml.splitlines(keepends=True),
+        fromfile=toml_relpath,
+        tofile=toml_relpath,
+    )
+    rich.print(Syntax("".join(diff_lines), "diff", theme="ansi_light"))
+    rich.print()
+
+    if force:
+        toml_file_path.write_text(result_toml)
+        rich.print("[green]TOML file updated.")
+    else:
+        rich.print("[yellow]File left unchanged. Use --force flag to update.")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    update_nodejs()
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ README_CHANGELOG_SECTION = re.compile(
 )


-def main():
+def main() -> None:
    changelog_text = CHANGELOG_FILE.read_text()
    readme_text = README_FILE.read_text()

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class VersionTuple:
    version_string: str


-def git_ls_remote_versions(url) -> list[VersionTuple]:
+def git_ls_remote_versions(url: str) -> list[VersionTuple]:
    versions: list[VersionTuple] = []
    tags = subprocess.run(
        ["git", "ls-remote", "--tags", url], check=True, text=True, capture_output=True
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 from __future__ import annotations

-__version__ = "2.18.1"
+__version__ = "2.23.1"
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 from __future__ import annotations

 import argparse
+import dataclasses
 import os
 import shutil
 import sys
 import tarfile
 import textwrap
+import traceback
 import typing
 from collections.abc import Iterable, Sequence, Set
 from pathlib import Path
@@ -15,8 +17,10 @@ from typing import Protocol
 import cibuildwheel
 import cibuildwheel.linux
 import cibuildwheel.macos
+import cibuildwheel.pyodide
 import cibuildwheel.util
 import cibuildwheel.windows
+from cibuildwheel import errors
 from cibuildwheel._compat.typing import assert_never
 from cibuildwheel.architecture import Architecture, allowed_architectures_check
 from cibuildwheel.logger import log
@@ -30,10 +34,38 @@ from cibuildwheel.util import (
    chdir,
    detect_ci_provider,
    fix_ansi_codes_for_github_actions,
+    strtobool,
 )


+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class GlobalOptions:
+    print_traceback_on_error: bool = True  # decides what happens when errors are hit.
+
+
 def main() -> None:
+    global_options = GlobalOptions()
+    try:
+        main_inner(global_options)
+    except errors.FatalError as e:
+        message = e.args[0]
+        if log.step_active:
+            log.step_end_with_error(message)
+        else:
+            print(f"cibuildwheel: {message}", file=sys.stderr)
+
+        if global_options.print_traceback_on_error:
+            traceback.print_exc(file=sys.stderr)
+
+        sys.exit(e.return_code)
+
+
+def main_inner(global_options: GlobalOptions) -> None:
+    """
+    `main_inner` is the same as `main`, but it raises FatalError exceptions
+    rather than exiting directly.
+    """
+
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
        description="Build wheels for all the platforms.",
        epilog="""
@@ -45,7 +77,7 @@ def main() -> None:

    parser.add_argument(
        "--platform",
-        choices=["auto", "linux", "macos", "windows"],
+        choices=["auto", "linux", "macos", "windows", "pyodide"],
        default=None,
        help="""
            Platform to build for. Use this option to override the
@@ -131,8 +163,17 @@ def main() -> None:
        help="Enable pre-release Python versions if available.",
    )

+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--debug-traceback",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=strtobool(os.environ.get("CIBW_DEBUG_TRACEBACK", "0")),
+        help="Print a full traceback for all errors",
+    )
+
    args = CommandLineArguments(**vars(parser.parse_args()))

+    global_options.print_traceback_on_error = args.debug_traceback
+
    args.package_dir = args.package_dir.resolve()

    # This are always relative to the base directory, even in SDist builds
@@ -176,11 +217,10 @@ def _compute_platform_only(only: str) -> PlatformName:
        return "macos"
    if "win_" in only or "win32" in only:
        return "windows"
-    print(
-        f"Invalid --only='{only}', must be a build selector with a known platform",
-        file=sys.stderr,
-    )
-    sys.exit(2)
+    if "pyodide_" in only:
+        return "pyodide"
+    msg = f"Invalid --only='{only}', must be a build selector with a known platform"
+    raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)


 def _compute_platform_auto() -> PlatformName:
@@ -191,34 +231,27 @@ def _compute_platform_auto() -> PlatformName:
    elif sys.platform == "win32":
        return "windows"
    else:
-        print(
+        msg = (
            'cibuildwheel: Unable to detect platform from "sys.platform". cibuildwheel doesn\'t '
            "support building wheels for this platform. You might be able to build for a different "
-            "platform using the --platform argument. Check --help output for more information.",
-            file=sys.stderr,
+            "platform using the --platform argument. Check --help output for more information."
        )
-        sys.exit(2)
+        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)


 def _compute_platform(args: CommandLineArguments) -> PlatformName:
-    platform_option_value = args.platform or os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "auto")
+    platform_option_value = args.platform or os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "") or "auto"

    if args.only and args.platform is not None:
-        print(
-            "--platform cannot be specified with --only, it is computed from --only",
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
-        sys.exit(2)
+        msg = "--platform cannot be specified with --only, it is computed from --only"
+        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
    if args.only and args.archs is not None:
-        print(
-            "--arch cannot be specified with --only, it is computed from --only",
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
-        sys.exit(2)
+        msg = "--arch cannot be specified with --only, it is computed from --only"
+        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)

    if platform_option_value not in PLATFORMS | {"auto"}:
-        print(f"cibuildwheel: Unsupported platform: {platform_option_value}", file=sys.stderr)
-        sys.exit(2)
+        msg = f"Unsupported platform: {platform_option_value}"
+        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)

    if args.only:
        return _compute_platform_only(args.only)
@@ -238,7 +271,6 @@ class PlatformModule(Protocol):
    def build(self, options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None: ...


-# pylint: disable-next=inconsistent-return-statements
 def get_platform_module(platform: PlatformName) -> PlatformModule:
    if platform == "linux":
        return cibuildwheel.linux
@@ -246,11 +278,18 @@ def get_platform_module(platform: PlatformName) -> PlatformModule:
        return cibuildwheel.windows
    if platform == "macos":
        return cibuildwheel.macos
+    if platform == "pyodide":
+        return cibuildwheel.pyodide
    assert_never(platform)


 def build_in_directory(args: CommandLineArguments) -> None:
    platform: PlatformName = _compute_platform(args)
+    if platform == "pyodide" and sys.platform == "win32":
+        msg = "cibuildwheel: Building for pyodide is not supported on Windows"
+        print(msg, file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(2)
+
    options = compute_options(platform=platform, command_line_arguments=args, env=os.environ)

    package_dir = options.globals.package_dir
@@ -258,9 +297,8 @@ def build_in_directory(args: CommandLineArguments) -> None:

    if not any(package_dir.joinpath(name).exists() for name in package_files):
        names = ", ".join(sorted(package_files, reverse=True))
-        msg = f"cibuildwheel: Could not find any of {{{names}}} at root of package"
-        print(msg, file=sys.stderr)
-        sys.exit(2)
+        msg = f"Could not find any of {{{names}}} at root of package"
+        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)

    platform_module = get_platform_module(platform)
    identifiers = get_build_identifiers(
@@ -280,7 +318,7 @@ def build_in_directory(args: CommandLineArguments) -> None:
    # Python is buffering by default when running on the CI platforms, giving
    # problems interleaving subprocess call output with unflushed calls to
    # 'print'
-    sys.stdout = Unbuffered(sys.stdout)  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    sys.stdout = Unbuffered(sys.stdout)

    # create the cache dir before it gets printed & builds performed
    CIBW_CACHE_PATH.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
@@ -291,16 +329,14 @@ def build_in_directory(args: CommandLineArguments) -> None:
        options.check_for_invalid_configuration(identifiers)
        allowed_architectures_check(platform, options.globals.architectures)
    except ValueError as err:
-        print("cibuildwheel:", *err.args, file=sys.stderr)
-        sys.exit(4)
+        raise errors.DeprecationError(*err.args) from err

    if not identifiers:
-        print(
-            f"cibuildwheel: No build identifiers selected: {options.globals.build_selector}",
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
-        if not args.allow_empty:
-            sys.exit(3)
+        message = f"No build identifiers selected: {options.globals.build_selector}"
+        if options.globals.allow_empty:
+            print(f"cibuildwheel: {message}", file=sys.stderr)
+        else:
+            raise errors.NothingToDoError(message)

    output_dir = options.globals.output_dir

@@ -344,18 +380,19 @@ def print_preamble(platform: str, options: Options, identifiers: Sequence[str])

    print()
    print(f"Cache folder: {CIBW_CACHE_PATH}")
+    print()

    warnings = detect_warnings(options=options, identifiers=identifiers)
-    if warnings:
-        print("\nWarnings:")
-        for warning in warnings:
-            print("  " + warning)
+    for warning in warnings:
+        log.warning(warning)

-    print("\nHere we go!\n")
+    print("Here we go!\n")


 def get_build_identifiers(
-    platform_module: PlatformModule, build_selector: BuildSelector, architectures: Set[Architecture]
+    platform_module: PlatformModule,
+    build_selector: BuildSelector,
+    architectures: Set[Architecture],
 ) -> list[str]:
    python_configurations = platform_module.get_python_configurations(build_selector, architectures)
    return [config.identifier for config in python_configurations]
@@ -364,6 +401,16 @@ def get_build_identifiers(
 def detect_warnings(*, options: Options, identifiers: Iterable[str]) -> list[str]:
    warnings = []

+    python_version_deprecation = ((3, 11), 3)
+    if sys.version_info[:2] < python_version_deprecation[0]:
+        python_version = ".".join(map(str, python_version_deprecation[0]))
+        msg = (
+            f"cibuildwheel {python_version_deprecation[1]} will require Python {python_version}+, "
+            "please upgrade the Python version used to run cibuildwheel. "
+            "This does not affect the versions you can target when building wheels. See: https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/#what-does-it-do"
+        )
+        warnings.append(msg)
+
    # warn about deprecated {python} and {pip}
    for option_name in ["test_command", "before_build"]:
        option_values = [getattr(options.build_options(i), option_name) for i in identifiers]
@@ -372,7 +419,7 @@ def detect_warnings(*, options: Options, identifiers: Iterable[str]) -> list[str
            # Reminder: in an f-string, double braces means literal single brace
            msg = (
                f"{option_name}: '{{python}}' and '{{pip}}' are no longer needed, "
-                "and will be removed in a future release. Simply use 'python' or 'pip' instead."
+                "and will be removed in cibuildwheel 3. Simply use 'python' or 'pip' instead."
            )
            warnings.append(msg)

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ else:
    from typing import NotRequired, Self, assert_never

 __all__ = (
-    "assert_never",
    "NotRequired",
    "Self",
+    "assert_never",
 )
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ PRETTY_NAMES: Final[dict[PlatformName, str]] = {
    "linux": "Linux",
    "macos": "macOS",
    "windows": "Windows",
+    "pyodide": "Pyodide",
 }

 ARCH_SYNONYMS: Final[list[dict[PlatformName, str | None]]] = [
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@ class Architecture(Enum):
    aarch64 = "aarch64"
    ppc64le = "ppc64le"
    s390x = "s390x"
+    armv7l = "armv7l"

    # mac archs
    universal2 = "universal2"
@@ -46,6 +48,9 @@ class Architecture(Enum):
    AMD64 = "AMD64"
    ARM64 = "ARM64"

+    # WebAssembly
+    wasm32 = "wasm32"
+
    # Allow this to be sorted
    def __lt__(self, other: Architecture) -> bool:
        return self.value < other.value
@@ -60,7 +65,9 @@ class Architecture(Enum):
            if arch_str == "auto":
                result |= Architecture.auto_archs(platform=platform)
            elif arch_str == "native":
-                result.add(Architecture(platform_module.machine()))
+                native_arch = Architecture.native_arch(platform=platform)
+                if native_arch:
+                    result.add(native_arch)
            elif arch_str == "all":
                result |= Architecture.all_archs(platform=platform)
            elif arch_str == "auto64":
@@ -72,8 +79,9 @@ class Architecture(Enum):
        return result

    @staticmethod
-    def auto_archs(platform: PlatformName) -> set[Architecture]:
-        native_machine = platform_module.machine()
+    def native_arch(platform: PlatformName) -> Architecture | None:
+        if platform == "pyodide":
+            return Architecture.wasm32

        # Cross-platform support. Used for --print-build-identifiers or docker builds.
        host_platform: PlatformName = (
@@ -82,6 +90,7 @@ class Architecture(Enum):
            else ("macos" if sys.platform.startswith("darwin") else "linux")
        )

+        native_machine = platform_module.machine()
        native_architecture = Architecture(native_machine)

        # we might need to rename the native arch to the machine we're running
@@ -93,11 +102,18 @@ class Architecture(Enum):

                    if synonym is None:
                        # can't build anything on this platform
-                        return set()
+                        return None

                    native_architecture = Architecture(synonym)

-        result = {native_architecture}
+        return native_architecture
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def auto_archs(platform: PlatformName) -> set[Architecture]:
+        native_arch = Architecture.native_arch(platform)
+        if native_arch is None:
+            return set()  # can't build anything on this platform
+        result = {native_arch}

        if platform == "linux" and Architecture.x86_64 in result:
            # x86_64 machines can run i686 containers
@@ -117,24 +133,24 @@ class Architecture(Enum):
                Architecture.aarch64,
                Architecture.ppc64le,
                Architecture.s390x,
+                Architecture.armv7l,
            },
            "macos": {Architecture.x86_64, Architecture.arm64, Architecture.universal2},
            "windows": {Architecture.x86, Architecture.AMD64, Architecture.ARM64},
+            "pyodide": {Architecture.wasm32},
        }
        return all_archs_map[platform]

    @staticmethod
-    # pylint: disable-next=inconsistent-return-statements
    def bitness_archs(platform: PlatformName, bitness: Literal["64", "32"]) -> set[Architecture]:
-        archs_32 = {Architecture.i686, Architecture.x86}
+        archs_32 = {Architecture.i686, Architecture.x86, Architecture.armv7l}
        auto_archs = Architecture.auto_archs(platform)

        if bitness == "64":
            return auto_archs - archs_32
-        elif bitness == "32":
+        if bitness == "32":
            return auto_archs & archs_32
-        else:
-            assert_never(bitness)
+        assert_never(bitness)


 def allowed_architectures_check(
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+"""
+Errors that can cause the build to fail. Each subclass of FatalError has
+a different return code, by defining them all here, we can ensure that they're
+semantically clear and unique.
+"""
+
+import textwrap
+
+
+class FatalError(BaseException):
+    """
+    Raising an error of this type will cause the message to be printed to
+    stderr and the process to be terminated. Within cibuildwheel, raising this
+    exception produces a better error message, and optional traceback.
+    """
+
+    return_code: int = 1
+
+
+class ConfigurationError(FatalError):
+    return_code = 2
+
+
+class NothingToDoError(FatalError):
+    return_code = 3
+
+
+class DeprecationError(FatalError):
+    return_code = 4
+
+
+class NonPlatformWheelError(FatalError):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        message = textwrap.dedent(
+            """
+            Build failed because a pure Python wheel was generated.
+
+            If you intend to build a pure-Python wheel, you don't need
+            cibuildwheel - use `pip wheel .`, `pipx run build --wheel`, `uv
+            build --wheel`, etc. instead. You only need cibuildwheel if you
+            have compiled (not Python) code in your wheels making them depend
+            on the platform.
+
+            If you expected a platform wheel, check your project configuration,
+            or run cibuildwheel with CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY=1 to view build logs.
+            """
+        )
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.return_code = 5
+
+
+class AlreadyBuiltWheelError(FatalError):
+    def __init__(self, wheel_name: str) -> None:
+        message = textwrap.dedent(
+            f"""
+            Build failed because a wheel named {wheel_name} was already generated in the current run.
+
+            If you expected another wheel to be generated, check your project configuration, or run
+            cibuildwheel with CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY=1 to view build logs.
+            """
+        )
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.return_code = 6
+
+
+class OCIEngineTooOldError(FatalError):
+    def __init__(self, message: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.return_code = 7
+
+
+class RepairStepProducedNoWheelError(FatalError):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        message = textwrap.dedent(
+            """
+            Build failed because the repair step completed successfully but
+            did not produce a wheel.
+
+            Your `repair-wheel-command` is expected to place the repaired
+            wheel in the {dest_dir} directory. See the documentation for
+            example configurations:
+
+            https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#repair-wheel-command
+            """
+        )
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.return_code = 8
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 from __future__ import annotations

+import contextlib
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import textwrap
@@ -8,17 +9,18 @@ from dataclasses import dataclass
 from pathlib import Path, PurePath, PurePosixPath
 from typing import OrderedDict, Tuple

+from packaging.version import Version
+
+from . import errors
 from ._compat.typing import assert_never
 from .architecture import Architecture
 from .logger import log
-from .oci_container import OCIContainer, OCIContainerEngineConfig
+from .oci_container import OCIContainer, OCIContainerEngineConfig, OCIPlatform
 from .options import BuildOptions, Options
 from .typing import PathOrStr
 from .util import (
-    AlreadyBuiltWheelError,
    BuildFrontendConfig,
    BuildSelector,
-    NonPlatformWheelError,
    find_compatible_wheel,
    get_build_verbosity_extra_flags,
    prepare_command,
@@ -28,6 +30,15 @@ from .util import (
    unwrap,
 )

+ARCHITECTURE_OCI_PLATFORM_MAP = {
+    Architecture.x86_64: OCIPlatform.AMD64,
+    Architecture.i686: OCIPlatform.i386,
+    Architecture.aarch64: OCIPlatform.ARM64,
+    Architecture.ppc64le: OCIPlatform.PPC64LE,
+    Architecture.s390x: OCIPlatform.S390X,
+    Architecture.armv7l: OCIPlatform.ARMV7,
+}
+

@dataclass(frozen=True)
 class PythonConfiguration:
@@ -123,33 +134,36 @@ def check_all_python_exist(
    *, platform_configs: Iterable[PythonConfiguration], container: OCIContainer
 ) -> None:
    exist = True
-    has_manylinux_interpreters = True
+    has_manylinux_interpreters = False
    messages = []

-    try:
+    with contextlib.suppress(subprocess.CalledProcessError):
        # use capture_output to keep quiet
        container.call(["manylinux-interpreters", "--help"], capture_output=True)
-    except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
-        has_manylinux_interpreters = False
+        has_manylinux_interpreters = True

    for config in platform_configs:
        python_path = config.path / "bin" / "python"
-        try:
-            if has_manylinux_interpreters:
+        if has_manylinux_interpreters:
+            try:
                container.call(["manylinux-interpreters", "ensure", config.path.name])
-            container.call(["test", "-x", python_path])
-        except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
-            messages.append(
-                f"  '{python_path}' executable doesn't exist in image '{container.image}' to build '{config.identifier}'."
-            )
-            exist = False
+            except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+                messages.append(
+                    f"  'manylinux-interpreters ensure {config.path.name}' needed to build '{config.identifier}' failed in container running image '{container.image}'."
+                    " Either the installation failed or this interpreter is not available in that image. Please check the logs."
+                )
+                exist = False
+        else:
+            try:
+                container.call(["test", "-x", python_path])
+            except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+                messages.append(
+                    f"  '{python_path}' executable doesn't exist in image '{container.image}' to build '{config.identifier}'."
+                )
+                exist = False
    if not exist:
        message = "\n".join(messages)
-        print(
-            f"cibuildwheel:\n{message}",
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
-        sys.exit(1)
+        raise errors.FatalError(message)


 def build_in_container(
@@ -174,7 +188,7 @@ def build_in_container(
        log.step("Running before_all...")

        env = container.get_environment()
-        env["PATH"] = f'/opt/python/cp38-cp38/bin:{env["PATH"]}'
+        env["PATH"] = f'/opt/python/cp39-cp39/bin:{env["PATH"]}'
        env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
        env["PIP_ROOT_USER_ACTION"] = "ignore"
        env = before_all_options.environment.as_dictionary(
@@ -194,9 +208,13 @@ def build_in_container(
        log.build_start(config.identifier)
        build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
        build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend or BuildFrontendConfig("pip")
+        use_uv = build_frontend.name == "build[uv]" and Version(config.version) >= Version("3.8")
+        pip = ["uv", "pip"] if use_uv else ["pip"]

        dependency_constraint_flags: list[PathOrStr] = []

+        log.step("Setting up build environment...")
+
        if build_options.dependency_constraints:
            constraints_file = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
                config.version
@@ -206,8 +224,6 @@ def build_in_container(
            container.copy_into(constraints_file, container_constraints_file)
            dependency_constraint_flags = ["-c", container_constraints_file]

-        log.step("Setting up build environment...")
-
        env = container.get_environment()
        env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
        env["PIP_ROOT_USER_ACTION"] = "ignore"
@@ -221,19 +237,19 @@ def build_in_container(
        # check config python is still on PATH
        which_python = container.call(["which", "python"], env=env, capture_output=True).strip()
        if PurePosixPath(which_python) != python_bin / "python":
-            print(
-                "cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it.",
-                file=sys.stderr,
-            )
-            sys.exit(1)
+            msg = "python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it."
+            raise errors.FatalError(msg)

-        which_pip = container.call(["which", "pip"], env=env, capture_output=True).strip()
-        if PurePosixPath(which_pip) != python_bin / "pip":
-            print(
-                "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.",
-                file=sys.stderr,
-            )
-            sys.exit(1)
+        if use_uv:
+            which_uv = container.call(["which", "uv"], env=env, capture_output=True).strip()
+            if not which_uv:
+                msg = "uv not found on PATH. You must use a supported manylinux or musllinux environment with uv."
+                raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+        else:
+            which_pip = container.call(["which", "pip"], env=env, capture_output=True).strip()
+            if PurePosixPath(which_pip) != python_bin / "pip":
+                msg = "pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it."
+                raise errors.FatalError(msg)

        compatible_wheel = find_compatible_wheel(built_wheels, config.identifier)
        if compatible_wheel:
@@ -277,10 +293,12 @@ def build_in_container(
                    ],
                    env=env,
                )
-            elif build_frontend.name == "build":
+            elif build_frontend.name == "build" or build_frontend.name == "build[uv]":
                if not 0 <= build_options.build_verbosity < 2:
                    msg = f"build_verbosity {build_options.build_verbosity} is not supported for build frontend. Ignoring."
                    log.warning(msg)
+                if use_uv and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags and "-n" not in extra_flags:
+                    extra_flags += ["--installer=uv"]
                container.call(
                    [
                        "python",
@@ -303,7 +321,7 @@ def build_in_container(
            container.call(["mkdir", "-p", repaired_wheel_dir])

            if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
-                raise NonPlatformWheelError()
+                raise errors.NonPlatformWheelError()

            if build_options.repair_command:
                log.step("Repairing wheel...")
@@ -316,30 +334,41 @@ def build_in_container(

            repaired_wheels = container.glob(repaired_wheel_dir, "*.whl")

+            if not repaired_wheels:
+                raise errors.RepairStepProducedNoWheelError()
+
            for repaired_wheel in repaired_wheels:
                if repaired_wheel.name in {wheel.name for wheel in built_wheels}:
-                    raise AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)
+                    raise errors.AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)

        if build_options.test_command and build_options.test_selector(config.identifier):
            log.step("Testing wheel...")

            # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
            # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
-            container.call(["pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env)
+            if not use_uv:
+                container.call(
+                    ["pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env
+                )

            testing_temp_dir = PurePosixPath(
                container.call(["mktemp", "-d"], capture_output=True).strip()
            )
            venv_dir = testing_temp_dir / "venv"

-            container.call(["python", "-m", "virtualenv", "--no-download", venv_dir], env=env)
+            if use_uv:
+                container.call(["uv", "venv", venv_dir, "--python", python_bin / "python"], env=env)
+            else:
+                # Use embedded dependencies from virtualenv to ensure determinism
+                venv_args = ["--no-periodic-update", "--pip=embed"]
+                # In Python<3.12, setuptools & wheel are installed as well
+                if Version(config.version) < Version("3.12"):
+                    venv_args.extend(("--setuptools=embed", "--wheel=embed"))
+                container.call(["python", "-m", "virtualenv", *venv_args, venv_dir], env=env)

            virtualenv_env = env.copy()
            virtualenv_env["PATH"] = f"{venv_dir / 'bin'}:{virtualenv_env['PATH']}"
-
-            # TODO remove me once virtualenv provides pip>=24.1b1
-            if config.version == "3.13":
-                container.call(["pip", "install", "pip>=24.1b1"], env=virtualenv_env)
+            virtualenv_env["VIRTUAL_ENV"] = str(venv_dir)

            if build_options.before_test:
                before_test_prepared = prepare_command(
@@ -357,13 +386,13 @@ def build_in_container(
            # Let's just pick the first one.
            wheel_to_test = repaired_wheels[0]
            container.call(
-                ["pip", "install", str(wheel_to_test) + build_options.test_extras],
+                [*pip, "install", str(wheel_to_test) + build_options.test_extras],
                env=virtualenv_env,
            )

            # Install any requirements to run the tests
            if build_options.test_requires:
-                container.call(["pip", "install", *build_options.test_requires], env=virtualenv_env)
+                container.call([*pip, "install", *build_options.test_requires], env=virtualenv_env)

            # Run the tests from a different directory
            test_command_prepared = prepare_command(
@@ -419,31 +448,29 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:  # noqa: ARG001
                check=True,
                stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL,
            )
-        except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
-            print(
-                unwrap(
-                    f"""
-                    cibuildwheel: {build_step.container_engine.name} not found. An
-                    OCI exe like Docker or Podman is required to run Linux builds.
-                    If you're building on Travis CI, add `services: [docker]` to
-                    your .travis.yml. If you're building on Circle CI in Linux,
-                    add a `setup_remote_docker` step to your .circleci/config.yml.
-                    If you're building on Cirrus CI, use `docker_builder` task.
-                    """
-                ),
-                file=sys.stderr,
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
+            msg = unwrap(
+                f"""
+                cibuildwheel: {build_step.container_engine.name} not found. An
+                OCI exe like Docker or Podman is required to run Linux builds.
+                If you're building on Travis CI, add `services: [docker]` to
+                your .travis.yml. If you're building on Circle CI in Linux,
+                add a `setup_remote_docker` step to your .circleci/config.yml.
+                If you're building on Cirrus CI, use `docker_builder` task.
+                """
            )
-            sys.exit(2)
+            raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg) from error

        try:
            ids_to_build = [x.identifier for x in build_step.platform_configs]
            log.step(f"Starting container image {build_step.container_image}...")

            print(f"info: This container will host the build for {', '.join(ids_to_build)}...")
+            architecture = Architecture(build_step.platform_tag.split("_", 1)[1])

            with OCIContainer(
                image=build_step.container_image,
-                enforce_32_bit=build_step.platform_tag.endswith("i686"),
+                oci_platform=ARCHITECTURE_OCI_PLATFORM_MAP[architecture],
                cwd=container_project_path,
                engine=build_step.container_engine,
            ) as container:
@@ -456,11 +483,9 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:  # noqa: ARG001
                )

        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
-            log.step_end_with_error(
-                f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout}"
-            )
            troubleshoot(options, error)
-            sys.exit(1)
+            msg = f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout or ''}"
+            raise errors.FatalError(msg) from error


 def _matches_prepared_command(error_cmd: Sequence[str], command_template: str) -> bool:
@@ -479,7 +504,6 @@ def troubleshoot(options: Options, error: Exception) -> None:
        )  # TODO allow matching of overrides too?
    ):
        # the wheel build step or the repair step failed
-        print("Checking for common errors...")
        so_files = list(options.globals.package_dir.glob("**/*.so"))

        if so_files:
@@ -23,17 +23,20 @@ PLATFORM_IDENTIFIER_DESCRIPTIONS: Final[dict[str, str]] = {
    "manylinux_aarch64": "manylinux aarch64",
    "manylinux_ppc64le": "manylinux ppc64le",
    "manylinux_s390x": "manylinux s390x",
+    "manylinux_armv7l": "manylinux armv7l",
    "musllinux_x86_64": "musllinux x86_64",
    "musllinux_i686": "musllinux i686",
    "musllinux_aarch64": "musllinux aarch64",
    "musllinux_ppc64le": "musllinux ppc64le",
-    "musllinux_s390x": "manylinux s390x",
+    "musllinux_s390x": "musllinux s390x",
+    "musllinux_armv7l": "musllinux armv7l",
    "win32": "Windows 32bit",
    "win_amd64": "Windows 64bit",
    "win_arm64": "Windows on ARM 64bit",
    "macosx_x86_64": "macOS x86_64",
    "macosx_universal2": "macOS Universal 2 - x86_64 and arm64",
    "macosx_arm64": "macOS arm64 - Apple Silicon",
+    "pyodide_wasm32": "Pyodide",
 }


@@ -151,6 +154,10 @@ class Logger:
            c = self.colors
            print(f"{c.bright_red}Error{c.end}: {error}\n", file=sys.stderr)

+    @property
+    def step_active(self) -> bool:
+        return self.step_start_time is not None
+
    def _start_fold_group(self, name: str) -> None:
        self._end_fold_group()
        self.active_fold_group_name = name
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations

-import contextlib
 import functools
+import inspect
 import os
 import platform
 import re
@@ -15,7 +15,9 @@ from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Literal, Tuple

 from filelock import FileLock
+from packaging.version import Version

+from . import errors
 from ._compat.typing import assert_never
 from .architecture import Architecture
 from .environment import ParsedEnvironment
@@ -24,18 +26,20 @@ from .options import Options
 from .typing import PathOrStr
 from .util import (
    CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
-    AlreadyBuiltWheelError,
    BuildFrontendConfig,
    BuildFrontendName,
    BuildSelector,
-    NonPlatformWheelError,
    call,
+    combine_constraints,
    detect_ci_provider,
    download,
    find_compatible_wheel,
+    find_uv,
+    free_thread_enable_313,
    get_build_verbosity_extra_flags,
    get_pip_version,
    install_certifi_script,
+    move_file,
    prepare_command,
    read_python_configs,
    shell,
@@ -46,6 +50,7 @@ from .util import (
 )


+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
 def get_macos_version() -> tuple[int, int]:
    """
    Returns the macOS major/minor version, as a tuple, e.g. (10, 15) or (11, 0)
@@ -57,9 +62,29 @@ def get_macos_version() -> tuple[int, int]:
    """
    version_str, _, _ = platform.mac_ver()
    version = tuple(map(int, version_str.split(".")[:2]))
+    if (10, 15) < version < (11, 0):
+        # When built against an older macOS SDK, Python will report macOS 10.16
+        # instead of the real version.
+        version_str = call(
+            sys.executable,
+            "-sS",
+            "-c",
+            "import platform; print(platform.mac_ver()[0])",
+            env={"SYSTEM_VERSION_COMPAT": "0"},
+            capture_stdout=True,
+        )
+        version = tuple(map(int, version_str.split(".")[:2]))
    return typing.cast(Tuple[int, int], version)


+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+def get_test_macosx_deployment_target() -> str:
+    version = get_macos_version()
+    if version >= (11, 0):
+        return f"{version[0]}.0"
+    return f"{version[0]}.{version[1]}"
+
+
 def get_macos_sdks() -> list[str]:
    output = call("xcodebuild", "-showsdks", capture_stdout=True)
    return [m.group(1) for m in re.finditer(r"-sdk (macosx\S+)", output)]
@@ -114,35 +139,48 @@ def get_python_configurations(
    return python_configurations


-def install_cpython(tmp: Path, version: str, url: str) -> Path:
-    installation_path = Path(f"/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/{version}")
+def install_cpython(tmp: Path, version: str, url: str, free_threading: bool) -> Path:
+    ft = "T" if free_threading else ""
+    installation_path = Path(f"/Library/Frameworks/Python{ft}.framework/Versions/{version}")
    with FileLock(CIBW_CACHE_PATH / f"cpython{version}.lock"):
        installed_system_packages = call("pkgutil", "--pkgs", capture_stdout=True).splitlines()
        # if this version of python isn't installed, get it from python.org and install
-        python_package_identifier = f"org.python.Python.PythonFramework-{version}"
+        python_package_identifier = f"org.python.Python.Python{ft}Framework-{version}"
        if python_package_identifier not in installed_system_packages:
            if detect_ci_provider() is None:
                # if running locally, we don't want to install CPython with sudo
                # let the user know & provide a link to the installer
-                print(
-                    f"Error: CPython {version} is not installed.\n"
-                    "cibuildwheel will not perform system-wide installs when running outside of CI.\n"
-                    f"To build locally, install CPython {version} on this machine, or, disable this version of Python using CIBW_SKIP=cp{version.replace('.', '')}-macosx_*\n"
-                    f"\nDownload link: {url}",
-                    file=sys.stderr,
+                msg = inspect.cleandoc(
+                    f"""
+                        Error: CPython {version} is not installed.
+                        cibuildwheel will not perform system-wide installs when running outside of CI.
+                        To build locally, install CPython {version} on this machine, or, disable this
+                        version of Python using CIBW_SKIP=cp{version.replace('.', '')}-macosx_*
+                        For portable builds, cibuildwheel needs the official builds from python.org.
+                        Download link: {url}
+                    """
                )
-                raise SystemExit(1)
+                raise errors.FatalError(msg)
            pkg_path = tmp / "Python.pkg"
            # download the pkg
            download(url, pkg_path)
            # install
-            call("sudo", "installer", "-pkg", pkg_path, "-target", "/")
+            args = []
+            if version.startswith("3.13"):
+                # Python 3.13 is the first version to have a free-threading option
+                args += ["-applyChoiceChangesXML", str(free_thread_enable_313.resolve())]
+            call("sudo", "installer", "-pkg", pkg_path, *args, "-target", "/")
            pkg_path.unlink()
            env = os.environ.copy()
            env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
-            call(installation_path / "bin" / "python3", install_certifi_script, env=env)

-    return installation_path / "bin" / "python3"
+            if free_threading:
+                call(installation_path / f"bin/python{version}t", "-m", "ensurepip", env=env)
+                call(installation_path / f"bin/python{version}t", install_certifi_script, env=env)
+            else:
+                call(installation_path / "bin/python3", install_certifi_script, env=env)
+
+    return installation_path / "bin" / (f"python{version}t" if free_threading else "python3")


 def install_pypy(tmp: Path, url: str) -> Path:
@@ -160,29 +198,50 @@ def install_pypy(tmp: Path, url: str) -> Path:
    return installation_path / "bin" / "pypy3"


+def can_use_uv(python_configuration: PythonConfiguration) -> bool:
+    conditions = (Version(python_configuration.version) >= Version("3.8"),)
+    return all(conditions)
+
+
 def setup_python(
    tmp: Path,
    python_configuration: PythonConfiguration,
    dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr],
    environment: ParsedEnvironment,
    build_frontend: BuildFrontendName,
-) -> dict[str, str]:
+) -> tuple[Path, dict[str, str]]:
+    if build_frontend == "build[uv]" and not can_use_uv(python_configuration):
+        build_frontend = "build"
+
+    uv_path = find_uv()
+    use_uv = build_frontend == "build[uv]"
+
    tmp.mkdir()
    implementation_id = python_configuration.identifier.split("-")[0]
    log.step(f"Installing Python {implementation_id}...")
    if implementation_id.startswith("cp"):
-        base_python = install_cpython(tmp, python_configuration.version, python_configuration.url)
+        free_threading = "t-macos" in python_configuration.identifier
+        base_python = install_cpython(
+            tmp, python_configuration.version, python_configuration.url, free_threading
+        )
+
    elif implementation_id.startswith("pp"):
        base_python = install_pypy(tmp, python_configuration.url)
    else:
        msg = "Unknown Python implementation"
        raise ValueError(msg)
-    assert base_python.exists()
+    assert (
+        base_python.exists()
+    ), f"{base_python.name} not found, has {list(base_python.parent.iterdir())}"

    log.step("Setting up build environment...")
    venv_path = tmp / "venv"
    env = virtualenv(
-        python_configuration.version, base_python, venv_path, dependency_constraint_flags
+        python_configuration.version,
+        base_python,
+        venv_path,
+        dependency_constraint_flags,
+        use_uv=use_uv,
    )
    venv_bin_path = venv_path / "bin"
    assert venv_bin_path.exists()
@@ -199,43 +258,43 @@ def setup_python(

    # upgrade pip to the version matching our constraints
    # if necessary, reinstall it to ensure that it's available on PATH as 'pip'
-    call(
-        "python",
-        "-m",
-        "pip",
-        "install",
-        "--upgrade",
-        "pip",
-        *dependency_constraint_flags,
-        env=env,
-        cwd=venv_path,
-    )
+    if build_frontend == "build[uv]":
+        assert uv_path is not None
+        pip = [str(uv_path), "pip"]
+    else:
+        pip = ["python", "-m", "pip"]
+
+    if not use_uv:
+        call(
+            *pip,
+            "install",
+            "--upgrade",
+            "pip",
+            *dependency_constraint_flags,
+            env=env,
+            cwd=venv_path,
+        )

    # Apply our environment after pip is ready
    env = environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=env)

-    # check what pip version we're on
-    assert (venv_bin_path / "pip").exists()
-    call("which", "pip", env=env)
-    call("pip", "--version", env=env)
-    which_pip = call("which", "pip", env=env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
-    if which_pip != str(venv_bin_path / "pip"):
-        print(
-            "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.",
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
-        sys.exit(1)
-
    # check what Python version we're on
-    call("which", "python", env=env)
-    call("python", "--version", env=env)
    which_python = call("which", "python", env=env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
+    print(which_python)
    if which_python != str(venv_bin_path / "python"):
-        print(
-            "cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it.",
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
-        sys.exit(1)
+        msg = "cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it."
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    call("python", "--version", env=env)
+
+    # check what pip version we're on
+    if not use_uv:
+        assert (venv_bin_path / "pip").exists()
+        which_pip = call("which", "pip", env=env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
+        print(which_pip)
+        if which_pip != str(venv_bin_path / "pip"):
+            msg = "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it."
+            raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+        call("pip", "--version", env=env)

    config_is_arm64 = python_configuration.identifier.endswith("arm64")
    config_is_universal2 = python_configuration.identifier.endswith("universal2")
@@ -243,8 +302,25 @@ def setup_python(
    # Set MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET, if the user didn't set it.
    # For arm64, the minimal deployment target is 11.0.
    # On x86_64 (or universal2), use 10.9 as a default.
-    # PyPy defaults to 10.7, causing inconsistencies if it's left unset.
-    env.setdefault("MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET", "11.0" if config_is_arm64 else "10.9")
+    # CPython 3.12.6+ needs 10.13.
+    if config_is_arm64:
+        default_target = "11.0"
+    elif Version(python_configuration.version) >= Version("3.12"):
+        default_target = "10.13"
+    elif python_configuration.identifier.startswith("pp") and Version(
+        python_configuration.version
+    ) >= Version("3.9"):
+        default_target = "10.15"
+    else:
+        default_target = "10.9"
+    env.setdefault("MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET", default_target)
+
+    # This is a floor, it can't be set lower than the default_target.
+    if Version(env["MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET"]) < Version(default_target):
+        log.warning(
+            f"Bumping MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET ({env['MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET']}) to the minimum required ({default_target})."
+        )
+        env["MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET"] = default_target

    if python_configuration.version not in {"3.6", "3.7"}:
        if config_is_arm64:
@@ -303,10 +379,22 @@ def setup_python(
            *dependency_constraint_flags,
            env=env,
        )
+    elif build_frontend == "build[uv]":
+        assert uv_path is not None
+        call(
+            uv_path,
+            "pip",
+            "install",
+            "--upgrade",
+            "delocate",
+            "build[virtualenv, uv]",
+            *dependency_constraint_flags,
+            env=env,
+        )
    else:
        assert_never(build_frontend)

-    return env
+    return base_python, env


 def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
@@ -335,6 +423,12 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
        for config in python_configurations:
            build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend or BuildFrontendConfig("pip")
+            use_uv = build_frontend.name == "build[uv]" and can_use_uv(config)
+            uv_path = find_uv()
+            if use_uv and uv_path is None:
+                msg = "uv not found"
+                raise AssertionError(msg)
+            pip = ["pip"] if not use_uv else [str(uv_path), "pip"]
            log.build_start(config.identifier)

            identifier_tmp_dir = tmp_path / config.identifier
@@ -352,13 +446,15 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                    build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(config.version),
                ]

-            env = setup_python(
+            base_python, env = setup_python(
                identifier_tmp_dir / "build",
                config,
                dependency_constraint_flags,
                build_options.environment,
                build_frontend.name,
            )
+            if not use_uv:
+                pip_version = get_pip_version(env)

            compatible_wheel = find_compatible_wheel(built_wheels, config.identifier)
            if compatible_wheel:
@@ -384,15 +480,14 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                extra_flags += build_frontend.args

                build_env = env.copy()
-                build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = get_pip_version(env)
+                if not use_uv:
+                    build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = pip_version
                if build_options.dependency_constraints:
                    constraint_path = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
                        config.version
                    )
-                    user_constraints = build_env.get("PIP_CONSTRAINT")
-                    our_constraints = constraint_path.as_uri()
-                    build_env["PIP_CONSTRAINT"] = " ".join(
-                        c for c in [user_constraints, our_constraints] if c
+                    combine_constraints(
+                        build_env, constraint_path, identifier_tmp_dir if use_uv else None
                    )

                if build_frontend.name == "pip":
@@ -410,10 +505,12 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                        *extra_flags,
                        env=build_env,
                    )
-                elif build_frontend.name == "build":
+                elif build_frontend.name == "build" or build_frontend.name == "build[uv]":
                    if not 0 <= build_options.build_verbosity < 2:
                        msg = f"build_verbosity {build_options.build_verbosity} is not supported for build frontend. Ignoring."
                        log.warning(msg)
+                    if use_uv and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags and "-n" not in extra_flags:
+                        extra_flags.append("--installer=uv")
                    call(
                        "python",
                        "-m",
@@ -432,7 +529,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir()

                if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
-                    raise NonPlatformWheelError()
+                    raise errors.NonPlatformWheelError()

                if build_options.repair_command:
                    log.step("Repairing wheel...")
@@ -454,10 +551,13 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                else:
                    shutil.move(str(built_wheel), repaired_wheel_dir)

-                repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+                try:
+                    repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+                except StopIteration:
+                    raise errors.RepairStepProducedNoWheelError() from None

                if repaired_wheel.name in {wheel.name for wheel in built_wheels}:
-                    raise AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)
+                    raise errors.AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)

                log.step_end()

@@ -543,15 +643,18 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:

                    # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
                    # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
-                    call("pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags, env=env)
+                    if not use_uv:
+                        call("pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags, env=env)

                    venv_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / f"venv-test-{testing_arch}"

                    arch_prefix = []
+                    uv_arch_args = []
                    if testing_arch != machine_arch:
                        if machine_arch == "arm64" and testing_arch == "x86_64":
                            # rosetta2 will provide the emulation with just the arch prefix.
                            arch_prefix = ["arch", "-x86_64"]
+                            uv_arch_args = ["--python-platform", "x86_64-apple-darwin"]
                        else:
                            msg = f"don't know how to emulate {testing_arch} on {machine_arch}"
                            raise RuntimeError(msg)
@@ -560,25 +663,31 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                    call_with_arch = functools.partial(call, *arch_prefix)
                    shell_with_arch = functools.partial(call, *arch_prefix, "/bin/sh", "-c")

-                    # Use --no-download to ensure determinism by using seed libraries
-                    # built into virtualenv
-                    call_with_arch("python", "-m", "virtualenv", "--no-download", venv_dir, env=env)
+                    if use_uv:
+                        pip_install = functools.partial(call, *pip, "install", *uv_arch_args)
+                        call("uv", "venv", venv_dir, f"--python={base_python}", env=env)
+                    else:
+                        pip_install = functools.partial(call_with_arch, *pip, "install")
+                        # Use pip version from the initial env to ensure determinism
+                        venv_args = ["--no-periodic-update", f"--pip={pip_version}"]
+                        # In Python<3.12, setuptools & wheel are installed as well, use virtualenv embedded ones
+                        if Version(config.version) < Version("3.12"):
+                            venv_args.extend(("--setuptools=embed", "--wheel=embed"))
+                        call_with_arch("python", "-m", "virtualenv", *venv_args, venv_dir, env=env)

                    virtualenv_env = env.copy()
+                    virtualenv_env["MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET"] = get_test_macosx_deployment_target()
                    virtualenv_env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(
                        [
                            str(venv_dir / "bin"),
                            virtualenv_env["PATH"],
                        ]
                    )
+                    virtualenv_env["VIRTUAL_ENV"] = str(venv_dir)

                    # check that we are using the Python from the virtual environment
                    call_with_arch("which", "python", env=virtualenv_env)

-                    # TODO remove me once virtualenv provides pip>=24.1b1
-                    if config.version == "3.13":
-                        call("python", "-m", "pip", "install", "pip>=24.1b1", env=virtualenv_env)
-
                    if build_options.before_test:
                        before_test_prepared = prepare_command(
                            build_options.before_test,
@@ -605,18 +714,14 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                    else:
                        virtualenv_env_install_wheel = virtualenv_env

-                    call_with_arch(
-                        "pip",
-                        "install",
+                    pip_install(
                        f"{repaired_wheel}{build_options.test_extras}",
                        env=virtualenv_env_install_wheel,
                    )

                    # test the wheel
                    if build_options.test_requires:
-                        call_with_arch(
-                            "pip",
-                            "install",
+                        pip_install(
                            *build_options.test_requires,
                            env=virtualenv_env_install_wheel,
                        )
@@ -639,18 +744,18 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:

            # we're all done here; move it to output (overwrite existing)
            if compatible_wheel is None:
-                with contextlib.suppress(FileNotFoundError):
-                    (build_options.output_dir / repaired_wheel.name).unlink()
-
-                shutil.move(str(repaired_wheel), build_options.output_dir)
-                built_wheels.append(build_options.output_dir / repaired_wheel.name)
+                output_wheel = build_options.output_dir.joinpath(repaired_wheel.name)
+                moved_wheel = move_file(repaired_wheel, output_wheel)
+                if moved_wheel != output_wheel.resolve():
+                    log.warning(
+                        "{repaired_wheel} was moved to {moved_wheel} instead of {output_wheel}"
+                    )
+                built_wheels.append(output_wheel)

            # clean up
            shutil.rmtree(identifier_tmp_dir)

            log.build_end()
    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
-        log.step_end_with_error(
-            f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout}"
-        )
-        sys.exit(1)
+        msg = f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout or ''}"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg) from error
@@ -8,18 +8,23 @@ import shlex
 import shutil
 import subprocess
 import sys
+import textwrap
 import typing
 import uuid
 from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from enum import Enum
 from pathlib import Path, PurePath, PurePosixPath
 from types import TracebackType
 from typing import IO, Dict, Literal

-from ._compat.typing import Self
+from ._compat.typing import Self, assert_never
+from .errors import OCIEngineTooOldError
+from .logger import log
 from .typing import PathOrStr, PopenBytes
 from .util import (
    CIProvider,
+    FlexibleVersion,
    call,
    detect_ci_provider,
    parse_key_value_string,
@@ -29,6 +34,16 @@ from .util import (
 ContainerEngineName = Literal["docker", "podman"]


+# Order of the enum matters for tests. 386 shall appear before amd64.
+class OCIPlatform(Enum):
+    i386 = "linux/386"
+    AMD64 = "linux/amd64"
+    ARMV7 = "linux/arm/v7"
+    ARM64 = "linux/arm64"
+    PPC64LE = "linux/ppc64le"
+    S390X = "linux/s390x"
+
+
@dataclass(frozen=True)
 class OCIContainerEngineConfig:
    name: ContainerEngineName
@@ -56,6 +71,15 @@ class OCIContainerEngineConfig:
        disable_host_mount = (
            strtobool(disable_host_mount_options[-1]) if disable_host_mount_options else False
        )
+        if "--platform" in create_args or any(arg.startswith("--platform=") for arg in create_args):
+            msg = "Using '--platform' in 'container-engine::create_args' is deprecated. It will be ignored."
+            log.warning(msg)
+            if "--platform" in create_args:
+                index = create_args.index("--platform")
+                create_args.pop(index)
+                create_args.pop(index)
+            else:
+                create_args = [arg for arg in create_args if not arg.startswith("--platform=")]

        return OCIContainerEngineConfig(
            name=name, create_args=tuple(create_args), disable_host_mount=disable_host_mount
@@ -75,6 +99,52 @@ class OCIContainerEngineConfig:
 DEFAULT_ENGINE = OCIContainerEngineConfig("docker")


+def _check_engine_version(engine: OCIContainerEngineConfig) -> None:
+    try:
+        version_string = call(engine.name, "version", "-f", "{{json .}}", capture_stdout=True)
+        version_info = json.loads(version_string.strip())
+        if engine.name == "docker":
+            client_api_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["Client"]["ApiVersion"])
+            server_api_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["Server"]["ApiVersion"])
+            # --platform support was introduced in 1.32 as experimental, 1.41 removed the experimental flag
+            version = min(client_api_version, server_api_version)
+            minimum_version = FlexibleVersion("1.41")
+            minimum_version_str = "20.10.0"  # docker version
+            error_msg = textwrap.dedent(
+                f"""
+                Build failed because {engine.name} is too old.
+
+                cibuildwheel requires {engine.name}>={minimum_version_str} running API version {minimum_version}.
+                The API version found by cibuildwheel is {version}.
+                """
+            )
+        elif engine.name == "podman":
+            # podman uses the same version string for "Version" & "ApiVersion"
+            client_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["Client"]["Version"])
+            if "Server" in version_info:
+                server_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["Server"]["Version"])
+            else:
+                server_version = client_version
+            # --platform support was introduced in v3
+            version = min(client_version, server_version)
+            minimum_version = FlexibleVersion("3")
+            error_msg = textwrap.dedent(
+                f"""
+                Build failed because {engine.name} is too old.
+
+                cibuildwheel requires {engine.name}>={minimum_version}.
+                The version found by cibuildwheel is {version}.
+                """
+            )
+        else:
+            assert_never(engine.name)
+        if version < minimum_version:
+            raise OCIEngineTooOldError(error_msg) from None
+    except (subprocess.CalledProcessError, KeyError, ValueError) as e:
+        msg = f"Build failed because {engine.name} is too old or is not working properly."
+        raise OCIEngineTooOldError(msg) from e
+
+
 class OCIContainer:
    """
    An object that represents a running OCI (e.g. Docker) container.
@@ -98,7 +168,7 @@ class OCIContainer:
        ...     print(self.debug_info())
    """

-    UTILITY_PYTHON = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38/bin/python"
+    UTILITY_PYTHON = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39/bin/python"

    process: PopenBytes
    bash_stdin: IO[bytes]
@@ -108,7 +178,7 @@ class OCIContainer:
        self,
        *,
        image: str,
-        enforce_32_bit: bool = False,
+        oci_platform: OCIPlatform,
        cwd: PathOrStr | None = None,
        engine: OCIContainerEngineConfig = DEFAULT_ENGINE,
    ):
@@ -117,14 +187,48 @@ class OCIContainer:
            raise ValueError(msg)

        self.image = image
-        self.enforce_32_bit = enforce_32_bit
+        self.oci_platform = oci_platform
        self.cwd = cwd
        self.name: str | None = None
        self.engine = engine
+        self.host_tar_format = ""
+        if sys.platform.startswith("darwin"):
+            self.host_tar_format = "--format gnutar"
+
+    def _get_platform_args(self, *, oci_platform: OCIPlatform | None = None) -> tuple[str, str]:
+        if oci_platform is None:
+            oci_platform = self.oci_platform
+
+        # we need '--pull=always' otherwise some images with the wrong platform get re-used (e.g. 386 image for amd64)
+        # c.f. https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/48197#issuecomment-2282802313
+        pull = "always"
+        try:
+            image_platform = call(
+                self.engine.name,
+                "image",
+                "inspect",
+                self.image,
+                "--format",
+                (
+                    "{{.Os}}/{{.Architecture}}/{{.Variant}}"
+                    if len(oci_platform.value.split("/")) == 3
+                    else "{{.Os}}/{{.Architecture}}"
+                ),
+                capture_stdout=True,
+            ).strip()
+            if image_platform == oci_platform.value:
+                # in case the correct image is already present, don't pull
+                # this allows to run local only images
+                pull = "never"
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+            pass
+        return f"--platform={oci_platform.value}", f"--pull={pull}"

    def __enter__(self) -> Self:
        self.name = f"cibuildwheel-{uuid.uuid4()}"

+        _check_engine_version(self.engine)
+
        # work-around for Travis-CI PPC64le Docker runs since 2021:
        # this avoids network splits
        # https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/904
@@ -133,15 +237,30 @@ class OCIContainer:
        if detect_ci_provider() == CIProvider.travis_ci and platform.machine() == "ppc64le":
            network_args = ["--network=host"]

+        platform_args = self._get_platform_args()
+
        simulate_32_bit = False
-        if self.enforce_32_bit:
+        if self.oci_platform in {OCIPlatform.i386, OCIPlatform.ARMV7}:
            # If the architecture running the image is already the right one
            # or the image entrypoint takes care of enforcing this, then we don't need to
            # simulate this
-            container_machine = call(
-                self.engine.name, "run", "--rm", self.image, "uname", "-m", capture_stdout=True
-            ).strip()
-            simulate_32_bit = container_machine != "i686"
+            run_cmd = [self.engine.name, "run", "--rm"]
+            ctr_cmd = ["uname", "-m"]
+            try:
+                container_machine = call(
+                    *run_cmd, *platform_args, self.image, *ctr_cmd, capture_stdout=True
+                ).strip()
+            except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+                if self.oci_platform == OCIPlatform.i386:
+                    # The image might have been built with amd64 architecture
+                    # Let's try that
+                    platform_args = self._get_platform_args(oci_platform=OCIPlatform.AMD64)
+                    container_machine = call(
+                        *run_cmd, *platform_args, self.image, *ctr_cmd, capture_stdout=True
+                    ).strip()
+                else:
+                    raise
+            simulate_32_bit = container_machine not in {"i686", "armv7l", "armv8l"}

        shell_args = ["linux32", "/bin/bash"] if simulate_32_bit else ["/bin/bash"]

@@ -155,6 +274,7 @@ class OCIContainer:
                "--interactive",
                *(["--volume=/:/host"] if not self.engine.disable_host_mount else []),
                *network_args,
+                *platform_args,
                *self.engine.create_args,
                self.image,
                *shell_args,
@@ -221,15 +341,10 @@ class OCIContainer:
            self.name = None

    def copy_into(self, from_path: Path, to_path: PurePath) -> None:
-        # `docker cp` causes 'no space left on device' error when
-        # a container is running and the host filesystem is
-        # mounted. https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/38995
-        # Use `docker exec` instead.
-
        if from_path.is_dir():
            self.call(["mkdir", "-p", to_path])
            subprocess.run(
-                f"tar cf - . | {self.engine.name} exec -i {self.name} tar --no-same-owner -xC {shell_quote(to_path)} -f -",
+                f"tar -c {self.host_tar_format} -f - . | {self.engine.name} exec -i {self.name} tar --no-same-owner -xC {shell_quote(to_path)} -f -",
                shell=True,
                check=True,
                cwd=from_path,
@@ -250,8 +365,7 @@ class OCIContainer:
            ) as exec_process:
                assert exec_process.stdin
                with open(from_path, "rb") as from_file:
-                    # Bug in mypy, https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/15031
-                    shutil.copyfileobj(from_file, exec_process.stdin)  # type: ignore[misc]
+                    shutil.copyfileobj(from_file, exec_process.stdin)

                exec_process.stdin.close()
                exec_process.wait()
@@ -264,30 +378,7 @@ class OCIContainer:
    def copy_out(self, from_path: PurePath, to_path: Path) -> None:
        # note: we assume from_path is a dir
        to_path.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-
-        if self.engine.name == "podman":
-            subprocess.run(
-                [
-                    self.engine.name,
-                    "cp",
-                    f"{self.name}:{from_path}/.",
-                    str(to_path),
-                ],
-                check=True,
-                cwd=to_path,
-            )
-        elif self.engine.name == "docker":
-            # There is a bug in docker that prevents a simple 'cp' invocation
-            # from working https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/38995
-            command = f"{self.engine.name} exec -i {self.name} tar -cC {shell_quote(from_path)} -f - . | tar -xf -"
-            subprocess.run(
-                command,
-                shell=True,
-                check=True,
-                cwd=to_path,
-            )
-        else:
-            raise KeyError(self.engine.name)
+        call(self.engine.name, "cp", f"{self.name}:{from_path}/.", to_path)

    def glob(self, path: PurePosixPath, pattern: str) -> list[PurePosixPath]:
        glob_pattern = path.joinpath(pattern)
@@ -8,22 +8,21 @@ import difflib
 import enum
 import functools
 import shlex
-import sys
 import textwrap
-import traceback
-from collections.abc import Callable, Generator, Iterable, Iterator, Set
+from collections.abc import Generator, Iterable, Set
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Literal, Mapping, Sequence, TypedDict, Union  # noqa: TID251
+from typing import Any, Literal, Mapping, Sequence, Union  # noqa: TID251

 from packaging.specifiers import SpecifierSet

+from . import errors
 from ._compat import tomllib
-from ._compat.typing import NotRequired, assert_never
+from ._compat.typing import assert_never
 from .architecture import Architecture
 from .environment import EnvironmentParseError, ParsedEnvironment, parse_environment
 from .logger import log
 from .oci_container import OCIContainerEngineConfig
-from .projectfiles import get_requires_python_str
+from .projectfiles import get_requires_python_str, resolve_dependency_groups
 from .typing import PLATFORMS, PlatformName
 from .util import (
    MANYLINUX_ARCHS,
@@ -31,9 +30,10 @@ from .util import (
    BuildFrontendConfig,
    BuildSelector,
    DependencyConstraints,
+    EnableGroups,
    TestSelector,
-    cached_property,
    format_safe,
+    read_python_configs,
    resources_dir,
    selector_matches,
    strtobool,
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ class CommandLineArguments:
    print_build_identifiers: bool
    allow_empty: bool
    prerelease_pythons: bool
+    debug_traceback: bool

    @staticmethod
    def defaults() -> CommandLineArguments:
@@ -65,6 +66,7 @@ class CommandLineArguments:
            package_dir=Path("."),
            prerelease_pythons=False,
            print_build_identifiers=False,
+            debug_traceback=False,
        )


@@ -75,6 +77,7 @@ class GlobalOptions:
    build_selector: BuildSelector
    test_selector: TestSelector
    architectures: set[Architecture]
+    allow_empty: bool


@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
@@ -91,6 +94,7 @@ class BuildOptions:
    before_test: str | None
    test_requires: list[str]
    test_extras: str
+    test_groups: list[str]
    build_verbosity: int
    build_frontend: BuildFrontendConfig | None
    config_settings: str
@@ -117,13 +121,16 @@ class BuildOptions:
        return self.globals.architectures


-Setting = Union[Mapping[str, str], Sequence[str], str, int, bool]
+SettingLeaf = Union[str, int, bool]
+SettingList = Sequence[SettingLeaf]
+SettingTable = Mapping[str, Union[SettingLeaf, SettingList]]
+SettingValue = Union[SettingTable, SettingList, SettingLeaf]


@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
 class Override:
    select_pattern: str
-    options: dict[str, Setting]
+    options: dict[str, SettingValue]
    inherit: dict[str, InheritRule]


@@ -136,22 +143,123 @@ DISALLOWED_OPTIONS = {
 }


-class TableFmt(TypedDict):
-    # a format string, used with '.format', with `k` and `v` parameters
-    # e.g. "{k}={v}"
-    item: str
-    # the string that is inserted between items
-    # e.g. " "
-    sep: str
-    # a quoting function that, if supplied, is called to quote each value
-    # e.g. shlex.quote
-    quote: NotRequired[Callable[[str], str]]
-
-
-class ConfigOptionError(KeyError):
+class OptionsReaderError(errors.ConfigurationError):
    pass


+class OptionFormat:
+    """
+    Base class for option format specifiers. These objects describe how values
+    can be parsed from rich TOML values and how they're merged together.
+    """
+
+    class NotSupported(Exception):
+        pass
+
+    def format_list(self, value: SettingList) -> str:  # noqa: ARG002
+        raise OptionFormat.NotSupported
+
+    def format_table(self, table: SettingTable) -> str:  # noqa: ARG002
+        raise OptionFormat.NotSupported
+
+    def merge_values(self, before: str, after: str) -> str:  # noqa: ARG002
+        raise OptionFormat.NotSupported
+
+
+class ListFormat(OptionFormat):
+    """
+    A format that joins lists with a separator.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, sep: str) -> None:
+        self.sep = sep
+
+    def format_list(self, value: SettingList) -> str:
+        return self.sep.join(str(v) for v in value)
+
+    def merge_values(self, before: str, after: str) -> str:
+        return f"{before}{self.sep}{after}"
+
+
+class ShlexTableFormat(OptionFormat):
+    """
+    The standard table format uses shlex.quote to quote values and shlex.split
+    to unquote and split them. When merging values, keys in before are
+    replaced by keys in after.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, sep: str = " ", pair_sep: str = "=", allow_merge: bool = True) -> None:
+        self.sep = sep
+        self.pair_sep = pair_sep
+        self.allow_merge = allow_merge
+
+    def format_table(self, table: SettingTable) -> str:
+        assignments: list[tuple[str, str]] = []
+
+        for k, v in table.items():
+            if shlex.split(k) != [k]:
+                msg = f"Invalid table key: {k}"
+                raise OptionsReaderError(msg)
+
+            if isinstance(v, str):
+                assignments.append((k, v))
+            elif isinstance(v, Sequence):
+                for inner_v in v:
+                    assignments.append((k, str(inner_v)))
+            else:
+                assignments.append((k, str(v)))
+
+        return self.sep.join(f"{k}{self.pair_sep}{shlex.quote(v)}" for k, v in assignments)
+
+    def merge_values(self, before: str, after: str) -> str:
+        if not self.allow_merge:
+            raise OptionFormat.NotSupported
+
+        before_dict = self.parse_table(before)
+        after_dict = self.parse_table(after)
+
+        return self.format_table({**before_dict, **after_dict})
+
+    def parse_table(self, table: str) -> Mapping[str, str | Sequence[str]]:
+        assignments: list[tuple[str, str]] = []
+
+        for assignment_str in shlex.split(table):
+            key, sep, value = assignment_str.partition(self.pair_sep)
+
+            if not sep:
+                msg = f"malformed option with value {assignment_str!r}"
+                raise OptionsReaderError(msg)
+
+            assignments.append((key, value))
+
+        result: dict[str, str | list[str]] = {}
+
+        for key, value in assignments:
+            if key in result:
+                existing_value = result[key]
+                if isinstance(existing_value, list):
+                    result[key] = [*existing_value, value]
+                else:
+                    result[key] = [existing_value, value]
+            else:
+                result[key] = value
+
+        return result
+
+
+class EnvironmentFormat(OptionFormat):
+    """
+    The environment format accepts a table of environment variables, where the
+    values may contain variables or command substitutions.
+    """
+
+    def format_table(self, table: SettingTable) -> str:
+        return " ".join(f'{k}="{v}"' for k, v in table.items())
+
+    def merge_values(self, before: str, after: str) -> str:
+        return f"{before} {after}"
+
+
 class InheritRule(enum.Enum):
    NONE = enum.auto()
    APPEND = enum.auto()
@@ -159,10 +267,9 @@ class InheritRule(enum.Enum):


 def _resolve_cascade(
-    *pairs: tuple[Setting | None, InheritRule],
+    *pairs: tuple[SettingValue | None, InheritRule],
    ignore_empty: bool = False,
-    list_sep: str | None = None,
-    table_format: TableFmt | None = None,
+    option_format: OptionFormat | None = None,
 ) -> str:
    """
    Given a cascade of values with inherit rules, resolve them into a single
@@ -185,13 +292,6 @@ def _resolve_cascade(

    result: str | None = None

-    if table_format is not None:
-        merge_sep = table_format["sep"]
-    elif list_sep is not None:
-        merge_sep = list_sep
-    else:
-        merge_sep = None
-
    for value, rule in pairs:
        if value is None:
            continue
@@ -199,14 +299,9 @@ def _resolve_cascade(
        if ignore_empty and not value and value is not False:
            continue

-        value_string = _stringify_setting(value, list_sep, table_format)
+        value_string = _stringify_setting(value, option_format=option_format)

-        result = _merge_values(
-            result,
-            value_string,
-            rule=rule,
-            merge_sep=merge_sep,
-        )
+        result = _apply_inherit_rule(result, value_string, rule=rule, option_format=option_format)

    if result is None:
        msg = "a setting should at least have a default value"
@@ -215,8 +310,9 @@ def _resolve_cascade(
    return result


-# pylint: disable-next=inconsistent-return-statements
-def _merge_values(before: str | None, after: str, rule: InheritRule, merge_sep: str | None) -> str:
+def _apply_inherit_rule(
+    before: str | None, after: str, rule: InheritRule, option_format: OptionFormat | None
+) -> str:
    if rule == InheritRule.NONE:
        return after

@@ -229,34 +325,39 @@ def _merge_values(before: str | None, after: str, rule: InheritRule, merge_sep:
        # if after is an empty string, we shouldn't add any separator
        return before

-    if not merge_sep:
+    if not option_format:
        msg = f"Don't know how to merge {before!r} and {after!r} with {rule}"
-        raise ConfigOptionError(msg)
+        raise OptionsReaderError(msg)

    if rule == InheritRule.APPEND:
-        return f"{before}{merge_sep}{after}"
-    elif rule == InheritRule.PREPEND:
-        return f"{after}{merge_sep}{before}"
-    else:
-        assert_never(rule)
+        return option_format.merge_values(before, after)
+    if rule == InheritRule.PREPEND:
+        return option_format.merge_values(after, before)
+
+    assert_never(rule)


 def _stringify_setting(
-    setting: Setting, list_sep: str | None, table_format: TableFmt | None
+    setting: SettingValue,
+    option_format: OptionFormat | None,
 ) -> str:
    if isinstance(setting, Mapping):
-        if table_format is None:
+        try:
+            if option_format is None:
+                raise OptionFormat.NotSupported
+            return option_format.format_table(setting)
+        except OptionFormat.NotSupported:
            msg = f"Error converting {setting!r} to a string: this setting doesn't accept a table"
-            raise ConfigOptionError(msg)
-        return table_format["sep"].join(
-            item for k, v in setting.items() for item in _inner_fmt(k, v, table_format)
-        )
+            raise OptionsReaderError(msg) from None

    if not isinstance(setting, str) and isinstance(setting, Sequence):
-        if list_sep is None:
+        try:
+            if option_format is None:
+                raise OptionFormat.NotSupported
+            return option_format.format_list(setting)
+        except OptionFormat.NotSupported:
            msg = f"Error converting {setting!r} to a string: this setting doesn't accept a list"
-            raise ConfigOptionError(msg)
-        return list_sep.join(setting)
+            raise OptionsReaderError(msg) from None

    if isinstance(setting, (bool, int)):
        return str(setting)
@@ -322,14 +423,14 @@ class OptionsReader:
        if config_overrides is not None:
            if not isinstance(config_overrides, list):
                msg = "'tool.cibuildwheel.overrides' must be a list"
-                raise ConfigOptionError(msg)
+                raise OptionsReaderError(msg)

            for config_override in config_overrides:
                select = config_override.pop("select", None)

                if not select:
                    msg = "'select' must be set in an override"
-                    raise ConfigOptionError(msg)
+                    raise OptionsReaderError(msg)

                if isinstance(select, list):
                    select = " ".join(select)
@@ -339,7 +440,7 @@ class OptionsReader:
                    i in {"none", "append", "prepend"} for i in inherit.values()
                ):
                    msg = "'inherit' must be a dict containing only {'none', 'append', 'prepend'} values"
-                    raise ConfigOptionError(msg)
+                    raise OptionsReaderError(msg)

                inherit_enum = {k: InheritRule[v.upper()] for k, v in inherit.items()}

@@ -357,7 +458,7 @@ class OptionsReader:
            matches = difflib.get_close_matches(name, allowed_option_names, 1, 0.7)
            if matches:
                msg += f" Perhaps you meant {matches[0]!r}?"
-            raise ConfigOptionError(msg)
+            raise OptionsReaderError(msg)

    def _validate_platform_option(self, name: str) -> None:
        """
@@ -367,7 +468,7 @@ class OptionsReader:
        disallowed_platform_options = self.disallow.get(self.platform, set())
        if name in disallowed_platform_options:
            msg = f"{name!r} is not allowed in {disallowed_platform_options}"
-            raise ConfigOptionError(msg)
+            raise OptionsReaderError(msg)

        allowed_option_names = self.default_options.keys() | self.default_platform_options.keys()

@@ -376,7 +477,7 @@ class OptionsReader:
            matches = difflib.get_close_matches(name, allowed_option_names, 1, 0.7)
            if matches:
                msg += f" Perhaps you meant {matches[0]!r}?"
-            raise ConfigOptionError(msg)
+            raise OptionsReaderError(msg)

    def _load_file(self, filename: Path) -> tuple[dict[str, Any], dict[str, Any]]:
        """
@@ -411,9 +512,9 @@ class OptionsReader:
        name: str,
        *,
        env_plat: bool = True,
-        list_sep: str | None = None,
-        table_format: TableFmt | None = None,
+        option_format: OptionFormat | None = None,
        ignore_empty: bool = False,
+        env_rule: InheritRule = InheritRule.NONE,
    ) -> str:
        """
        Get and return the value for the named option from environment,
@@ -428,7 +529,7 @@ class OptionsReader:

        if name not in self.default_options and name not in self.default_platform_options:
            msg = f"{name!r} must be in cibuildwheel/resources/defaults.toml file to be accessed."
-            raise ConfigOptionError(msg)
+            raise OptionsReaderError(msg)

        # Environment variable form
        envvar = f"CIBW_{name.upper().replace('-', '_')}"
@@ -445,49 +546,44 @@ class OptionsReader:
                (o.options.get(name), o.inherit.get(name, InheritRule.NONE))
                for o in self.active_config_overrides
            ],
-            (self.env.get(envvar), InheritRule.NONE),
-            (self.env.get(plat_envvar) if env_plat else None, InheritRule.NONE),
+            (self.env.get(envvar), env_rule),
+            (self.env.get(plat_envvar) if env_plat else None, env_rule),
            ignore_empty=ignore_empty,
-            list_sep=list_sep,
-            table_format=table_format,
+            option_format=option_format,
        )


-def _inner_fmt(k: str, v: Any, table: TableFmt) -> Iterator[str]:
-    quote_function = table.get("quote", lambda a: a)
-
-    if isinstance(v, list):
-        for inner_v in v:
-            qv = quote_function(inner_v)
-            yield table["item"].format(k=k, v=qv)
-    elif isinstance(v, bool):
-        qv = quote_function(str(v))
-        yield table["item"].format(k=k, v=qv)
-    else:
-        qv = quote_function(v)
-        yield table["item"].format(k=k, v=qv)
-
-
 class Options:
+    pyproject_toml: dict[str, Any] | None
+
    def __init__(
        self,
        platform: PlatformName,
        command_line_arguments: CommandLineArguments,
        env: Mapping[str, str],
-        read_config_file: bool = True,
+        defaults: bool = False,
    ):
        self.platform = platform
        self.command_line_arguments = command_line_arguments
        self.env = env
+        self._defaults = defaults
+        self._image_warnings: set[str] = set()

        self.reader = OptionsReader(
-            self.config_file_path if read_config_file else None,
+            None if defaults else self.config_file_path,
            platform=platform,
            env=env,
            disallow=DISALLOWED_OPTIONS,
        )

-    @property
+        self.package_dir = Path(command_line_arguments.package_dir)
+        try:
+            with self.package_dir.joinpath("pyproject.toml").open("rb") as f:
+                self.pyproject_toml = tomllib.load(f)
+        except FileNotFoundError:
+            self.pyproject_toml = None
+
+    @functools.cached_property
    def config_file_path(self) -> Path | None:
        args = self.command_line_arguments

@@ -501,20 +597,28 @@ class Options:

        return None

-    @cached_property
+    @functools.cached_property
    def package_requires_python_str(self) -> str | None:
-        args = self.command_line_arguments
-        return get_requires_python_str(Path(args.package_dir))
+        return get_requires_python_str(self.package_dir, self.pyproject_toml)

-    @property
+    @functools.cached_property
    def globals(self) -> GlobalOptions:
        args = self.command_line_arguments
        package_dir = args.package_dir
        output_dir = args.output_dir

-        build_config = self.reader.get("build", env_plat=False, list_sep=" ") or "*"
-        skip_config = self.reader.get("skip", env_plat=False, list_sep=" ")
-        test_skip = self.reader.get("test-skip", env_plat=False, list_sep=" ")
+        build_config = (
+            self.reader.get("build", env_plat=False, option_format=ListFormat(sep=" ")) or "*"
+        )
+        skip_config = self.reader.get("skip", env_plat=False, option_format=ListFormat(sep=" "))
+        test_skip = self.reader.get("test-skip", env_plat=False, option_format=ListFormat(sep=" "))
+
+        allow_empty = args.allow_empty or strtobool(self.env.get("CIBW_ALLOW_EMPTY", "0"))
+
+        enable_groups = self.reader.get(
+            "enable", env_plat=False, option_format=ListFormat(sep=" "), env_rule=InheritRule.APPEND
+        )
+        enable = {EnableGroups(group) for group in enable_groups.split()}

        free_threaded_support = strtobool(
            self.reader.get("free-threaded-support", env_plat=False, ignore_empty=True)
@@ -524,6 +628,19 @@ class Options:
            self.env.get("CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS", "0")
        )

+        if free_threaded_support or prerelease_pythons:
+            msg = (
+                "free-threaded-support and prerelease-pythons should be specified by enable instead"
+            )
+            if enable:
+                raise OptionsReaderError(msg)
+            log.warning(msg)
+
+        if free_threaded_support:
+            enable.add(EnableGroups.CPythonFreeThreading)
+        if prerelease_pythons:
+            enable.add(EnableGroups.CPythonPrerelease)
+
        # This is not supported in tool.cibuildwheel, as it comes from a standard location.
        # Passing this in as an environment variable will override pyproject.toml, setup.cfg, or setup.py
        requires_python_str: str | None = (
@@ -531,7 +648,7 @@ class Options:
        )
        requires_python = None if requires_python_str is None else SpecifierSet(requires_python_str)

-        archs_config_str = args.archs or self.reader.get("archs", list_sep=" ")
+        archs_config_str = args.archs or self.reader.get("archs", option_format=ListFormat(sep=" "))
        architectures = Architecture.parse_config(archs_config_str, platform=self.platform)

        # Process `--only`
@@ -539,56 +656,91 @@ class Options:
            build_config = args.only
            skip_config = ""
            architectures = Architecture.all_archs(self.platform)
-            prerelease_pythons = True
-            free_threaded_support = True
+            enable = set(EnableGroups)

        build_selector = BuildSelector(
            build_config=build_config,
            skip_config=skip_config,
            requires_python=requires_python,
-            prerelease_pythons=prerelease_pythons,
-            free_threaded_support=free_threaded_support,
+            enable=frozenset(
+                enable | {EnableGroups.PyPy}
+            ),  # For backwards compatibility, we are adding PyPy for now
        )
        test_selector = TestSelector(skip_config=test_skip)

+        all_configs = read_python_configs(self.platform)
+        all_pypy_ids = {
+            config["identifier"] for config in all_configs if config["identifier"].startswith("pp")
+        }
+        if (
+            not self._defaults
+            and EnableGroups.PyPy not in enable
+            and any(build_selector(build_id) for build_id in all_pypy_ids)
+        ):
+            msg = "PyPy builds will be disabled by default in version 3. Enabling PyPy builds should be specified by enable"
+            log.warning(msg)
+
        return GlobalOptions(
            package_dir=package_dir,
            output_dir=output_dir,
            build_selector=build_selector,
            test_selector=test_selector,
            architectures=architectures,
+            allow_empty=allow_empty,
        )

+    def _check_pinned_image(self, value: str, pinned_images: Mapping[str, str]) -> None:
+        if (
+            value in {"manylinux1", "manylinux2010", "manylinux_2_24", "musllinux_1_1"}
+            and value not in self._image_warnings
+        ):
+            self._image_warnings.add(value)
+            msg = (
+                f"Deprecated image {value!r}. This value will not work"
+                " in a future version of cibuildwheel. Either upgrade to a supported"
+                " image or continue using the deprecated image by pinning directly"
+                f" to {pinned_images[value]!r}."
+            )
+            log.warning(msg)
+
    def build_options(self, identifier: str | None) -> BuildOptions:
        """
        Compute BuildOptions for a single run configuration.
        """

        with self.reader.identifier(identifier):
-            before_all = self.reader.get("before-all", list_sep=" && ")
+            before_all = self.reader.get("before-all", option_format=ListFormat(sep=" && "))

-            environment_config = self.reader.get(
-                "environment", table_format={"item": '{k}="{v}"', "sep": " "}
+            environment_config = self.reader.get("environment", option_format=EnvironmentFormat())
+            environment_pass = self.reader.get(
+                "environment-pass", option_format=ListFormat(sep=" ")
+            ).split()
+            before_build = self.reader.get("before-build", option_format=ListFormat(sep=" && "))
+            repair_command = self.reader.get(
+                "repair-wheel-command", option_format=ListFormat(sep=" && ")
            )
-            environment_pass = self.reader.get("environment-pass", list_sep=" ").split()
-            before_build = self.reader.get("before-build", list_sep=" && ")
-            repair_command = self.reader.get("repair-wheel-command", list_sep=" && ")
            config_settings = self.reader.get(
-                "config-settings",
-                table_format={"item": "{k}={v}", "sep": " ", "quote": shlex.quote},
+                "config-settings", option_format=ShlexTableFormat(sep=" ", pair_sep="=")
            )

            dependency_versions = self.reader.get("dependency-versions")
-            test_command = self.reader.get("test-command", list_sep=" && ")
-            before_test = self.reader.get("before-test", list_sep=" && ")
-            test_requires = self.reader.get("test-requires", list_sep=" ").split()
-            test_extras = self.reader.get("test-extras", list_sep=",")
+            test_command = self.reader.get("test-command", option_format=ListFormat(sep=" && "))
+            before_test = self.reader.get("before-test", option_format=ListFormat(sep=" && "))
+            test_requires = self.reader.get(
+                "test-requires", option_format=ListFormat(sep=" ")
+            ).split()
+            test_extras = self.reader.get("test-extras", option_format=ListFormat(sep=","))
+            test_groups_str = self.reader.get("test-groups", option_format=ListFormat(sep=" "))
+            test_groups = [x for x in test_groups_str.split() if x]
+            test_requirements_from_groups = resolve_dependency_groups(
+                self.pyproject_toml, *test_groups
+            )
            build_verbosity_str = self.reader.get("build-verbosity")

            build_frontend_str = self.reader.get(
                "build-frontend",
                env_plat=False,
-                table_format={"item": "{k}:{v}", "sep": "; ", "quote": shlex.quote},
+                option_format=ShlexTableFormat(sep="; ", pair_sep=":", allow_merge=False),
            )
            build_frontend: BuildFrontendConfig | None
            if not build_frontend_str or build_frontend_str == "default":
@@ -597,18 +749,14 @@ class Options:
                try:
                    build_frontend = BuildFrontendConfig.from_config_string(build_frontend_str)
                except ValueError as e:
-                    print(f"cibuildwheel: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
-                    sys.exit(2)
+                    msg = f"Failed to parse build frontend. {e}"
+                    raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg) from e

            try:
                environment = parse_environment(environment_config)
-            except (EnvironmentParseError, ValueError):
-                print(
-                    f"cibuildwheel: Malformed environment option {environment_config!r}",
-                    file=sys.stderr,
-                )
-                traceback.print_exc(None, sys.stderr)
-                sys.exit(2)
+            except (EnvironmentParseError, ValueError) as e:
+                msg = f"Malformed environment option {environment_config!r}"
+                raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg) from e

            # Pass through environment variables
            if self.platform == "linux":
@@ -652,6 +800,7 @@ class Options:
                        # default to manylinux2014
                        image = pinned_images["manylinux2014"]
                    elif config_value in pinned_images:
+                        self._check_pinned_image(config_value, pinned_images)
                        image = pinned_images[config_value]
                    else:
                        image = config_value
@@ -666,6 +815,7 @@ class Options:
                    if not config_value:
                        image = pinned_images["musllinux_1_2"]
                    elif config_value in pinned_images:
+                        self._check_pinned_image(config_value, pinned_images)
                        image = pinned_images[config_value]
                    else:
                        image = config_value
@@ -674,21 +824,21 @@ class Options:

            container_engine_str = self.reader.get(
                "container-engine",
-                table_format={"item": "{k}:{v}", "sep": "; ", "quote": shlex.quote},
+                option_format=ShlexTableFormat(sep="; ", pair_sep=":", allow_merge=False),
            )

            try:
                container_engine = OCIContainerEngineConfig.from_config_string(container_engine_str)
            except ValueError as e:
-                msg = f"cibuildwheel: Failed to parse container config. {e}"
-                print(msg, file=sys.stderr)
-                sys.exit(2)
+                msg = f"Failed to parse container config. {e}"
+                raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg) from e

            return BuildOptions(
                globals=self.globals,
                test_command=test_command,
-                test_requires=test_requires,
+                test_requires=[*test_requires, *test_requirements_from_groups],
                test_extras=test_extras,
+                test_groups=test_groups,
                before_test=before_test,
                before_build=before_build,
                before_all=before_all,
@@ -726,13 +876,13 @@ class Options:
        deprecated_selectors("CIBW_SKIP", build_selector.skip_config)
        deprecated_selectors("CIBW_TEST_SKIP", test_selector.skip_config)

-    @cached_property
+    @functools.cached_property
    def defaults(self) -> Options:
        return Options(
            platform=self.platform,
            command_line_arguments=CommandLineArguments.defaults(),
            env={},
-            read_config_file=False,
+            defaults=True,
        )

    def summary(self, identifiers: Iterable[str]) -> str:
@@ -862,6 +1012,6 @@ def _get_pinned_container_images() -> Mapping[str, Mapping[str, str]]:
 def deprecated_selectors(name: str, selector: str, *, error: bool = False) -> None:
    if "p2" in selector or "p35" in selector:
        msg = f"cibuildwheel 2.x no longer supports Python < 3.6. Please use the 1.x series or update {name}"
-        print(msg, file=sys.stderr)
        if error:
-            sys.exit(4)
+            raise errors.DeprecationError(msg)
+        log.warning(msg)
@@ -4,8 +4,9 @@ import ast
 import configparser
 import contextlib
 from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any

-from ._compat import tomllib
+import dependency_groups


 def get_parent(node: ast.AST | None, depth: int = 1) -> ast.AST | None:
@@ -39,10 +40,8 @@ def is_main(parent: ast.AST | None) -> bool:
    if len(mains) != 1:
        return False
    consts = {x for x in values if isinstance(x, ast.Name) and x.id == "__name__"}
-    if len(consts) != 1:
-        return False

-    return True
+    return len(consts) == 1


 class Analyzer(ast.NodeVisitor):
@@ -86,15 +85,12 @@ def setup_py_python_requires(content: str) -> str | None:
        return None


-def get_requires_python_str(package_dir: Path) -> str | None:
+def get_requires_python_str(package_dir: Path, pyproject_toml: dict[str, Any] | None) -> str | None:
    """Return the python requires string from the most canonical source available, or None"""

    # Read in from pyproject.toml:project.requires-python
-    with contextlib.suppress(FileNotFoundError):
-        with (package_dir / "pyproject.toml").open("rb") as f1:
-            info = tomllib.load(f1)
-        with contextlib.suppress(KeyError, IndexError, TypeError):
-            return str(info["project"]["requires-python"])
+    with contextlib.suppress(KeyError, IndexError, TypeError):
+        return str((pyproject_toml or {})["project"]["requires-python"])

    # Read in from setup.cfg:options.python_requires
    config = configparser.ConfigParser()
@@ -108,3 +104,26 @@ def get_requires_python_str(package_dir: Path) -> str | None:
        return setup_py_python_requires(f2.read())

    return None
+
+
+def resolve_dependency_groups(
+    pyproject_toml: dict[str, Any] | None, *groups: str
+) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    """
+    Get the packages in dependency-groups for a package.
+    """
+
+    if not groups:
+        return ()
+
+    if pyproject_toml is None:
+        msg = f"Didn't find a pyproject.toml, so can't read [dependency-groups] {groups!r} from it!"
+        raise FileNotFoundError(msg)
+
+    try:
+        dependency_groups_toml = pyproject_toml["dependency-groups"]
+    except KeyError:
+        msg = f"Didn't find [dependency-groups] in pyproject.toml, which is needed to resolve {groups!r}."
+        raise KeyError(msg) from None
+
+    return dependency_groups.resolve(dependency_groups_toml, *groups)
@@ -0,0 +1,407 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import shutil
+import sys
+from collections.abc import Sequence, Set
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from filelock import FileLock
+
+from . import errors
+from .architecture import Architecture
+from .environment import ParsedEnvironment
+from .logger import log
+from .options import Options
+from .typing import PathOrStr
+from .util import (
+    CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
+    BuildFrontendConfig,
+    BuildSelector,
+    call,
+    combine_constraints,
+    download,
+    ensure_node,
+    extract_zip,
+    find_compatible_wheel,
+    get_pip_version,
+    move_file,
+    prepare_command,
+    read_python_configs,
+    shell,
+    split_config_settings,
+    test_fail_cwd_file,
+    virtualenv,
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class PythonConfiguration:
+    version: str
+    identifier: str
+    pyodide_version: str
+    pyodide_build_version: str
+    emscripten_version: str
+    node_version: str
+
+
+def install_emscripten(tmp: Path, version: str) -> Path:
+    # We don't need to match the emsdk version to the version we install, but
+    # we do for stability
+    url = f"https://github.com/emscripten-core/emsdk/archive/refs/tags/{version}.zip"
+    installation_path = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / f"emsdk-{version}"
+    emsdk_path = installation_path / f"emsdk-{version}/emsdk"
+    emcc_path = installation_path / f"emsdk-{version}/upstream/emscripten/emcc"
+    with FileLock(f"{installation_path}.lock"):
+        if installation_path.exists():
+            return emcc_path
+        emsdk_zip = tmp / "emsdk.zip"
+        download(url, emsdk_zip)
+        installation_path.mkdir()
+        extract_zip(emsdk_zip, installation_path)
+        call(emsdk_path, "install", version)
+        call(emsdk_path, "activate", version)
+
+    return emcc_path
+
+
+def install_xbuildenv(env: dict[str, str], pyodide_build_version: str, pyodide_version: str) -> str:
+    """Install a particular Pyodide xbuildenv version and set a path to the Pyodide root."""
+    # Since pyodide-build was unvendored from Pyodide v0.27.0, the versions of pyodide-build are
+    # not guaranteed to match the versions of Pyodide or be in sync with them. Hence, we shall
+    # specify the pyodide-build version in the root path, which will set up the xbuildenv for
+    # the requested Pyodide version.
+    pyodide_root = (
+        CIBW_CACHE_PATH
+        / f".pyodide-xbuildenv-{pyodide_build_version}/{pyodide_version}/xbuildenv/pyodide-root"
+    )
+    with FileLock(CIBW_CACHE_PATH / "xbuildenv.lock"):
+        if pyodide_root.exists():
+            return str(pyodide_root)
+
+        # We don't want to mutate env but we need to delete any existing
+        # PYODIDE_ROOT so copy it first.
+        env = dict(env)
+        env.pop("PYODIDE_ROOT", None)
+        call(
+            "pyodide",
+            "xbuildenv",
+            "install",
+            pyodide_version,
+            env=env,
+            cwd=CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
+        )
+    return str(pyodide_root)
+
+
+def get_base_python(identifier: str) -> Path:
+    implementation_id = identifier.split("-")[0]
+    majorminor = implementation_id[len("cp") :]
+    version_info = (int(majorminor[0]), int(majorminor[1:]))
+    if version_info == sys.version_info[:2]:
+        return Path(sys.executable)
+
+    major_minor = ".".join(str(v) for v in version_info)
+    python_name = f"python{major_minor}"
+    which_python = shutil.which(python_name)
+    if which_python is None:
+        msg = f"CPython {major_minor} is not installed."
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    return Path(which_python)
+
+
+def setup_python(
+    tmp: Path,
+    python_configuration: PythonConfiguration,
+    dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr],
+    environment: ParsedEnvironment,
+) -> dict[str, str]:
+    base_python = get_base_python(python_configuration.identifier)
+
+    log.step("Setting up build environment...")
+    venv_path = tmp / "venv"
+    env = virtualenv(python_configuration.version, base_python, venv_path, [], use_uv=False)
+    venv_bin_path = venv_path / "bin"
+    assert venv_bin_path.exists()
+    env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
+
+    # upgrade pip to the version matching our constraints
+    # if necessary, reinstall it to ensure that it's available on PATH as 'pip'
+    call(
+        "python",
+        "-m",
+        "pip",
+        "install",
+        "--upgrade",
+        "pip",
+        *dependency_constraint_flags,
+        env=env,
+        cwd=venv_path,
+    )
+
+    env = environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=env)
+
+    # check what Python version we're on
+    which_python = call("which", "python", env=env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
+    print(which_python)
+    if which_python != str(venv_bin_path / "python"):
+        msg = "python available on PATH doesn't match our venv instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it."
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    call("python", "--version", env=env)
+
+    # check what pip version we're on
+    assert (venv_bin_path / "pip").exists()
+    which_pip = call("which", "pip", env=env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
+    print(which_pip)
+    if which_pip != str(venv_bin_path / "pip"):
+        msg = "pip available on PATH doesn't match our venv instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it."
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    call("pip", "--version", env=env)
+
+    log.step("Installing build tools...")
+    call(
+        "pip",
+        "install",
+        "--upgrade",
+        "auditwheel-emscripten",
+        "build[virtualenv]",
+        "pyodide-build",
+        *dependency_constraint_flags,
+        env=env,
+    )
+
+    log.step(f"Installing Emscripten version: {python_configuration.emscripten_version} ...")
+    emcc_path = install_emscripten(tmp, python_configuration.emscripten_version)
+
+    env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join([str(emcc_path.parent), env["PATH"]])
+
+    log.step(f"Installing Pyodide xbuildenv version: {python_configuration.pyodide_version} ...")
+    env["PYODIDE_ROOT"] = install_xbuildenv(
+        env, python_configuration.pyodide_build_version, python_configuration.pyodide_version
+    )
+
+    return env
+
+
+def get_python_configurations(
+    build_selector: BuildSelector,
+    architectures: Set[Architecture],  # noqa: ARG001
+) -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
+    full_python_configs = read_python_configs("pyodide")
+
+    python_configurations = [PythonConfiguration(**item) for item in full_python_configs]
+    python_configurations = [c for c in python_configurations if build_selector(c.identifier)]
+    return python_configurations
+
+
+def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    python_configurations = get_python_configurations(
+        options.globals.build_selector, options.globals.architectures
+    )
+
+    if not python_configurations:
+        return
+
+    try:
+        before_all_options_identifier = python_configurations[0].identifier
+        before_all_options = options.build_options(before_all_options_identifier)
+
+        if before_all_options.before_all:
+            log.step("Running before_all...")
+            env = before_all_options.environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=os.environ)
+            before_all_prepared = prepare_command(
+                before_all_options.before_all, project=".", package=before_all_options.package_dir
+            )
+            shell(before_all_prepared, env=env)
+
+        built_wheels: list[Path] = []
+
+        for config in python_configurations:
+            build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
+            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend or BuildFrontendConfig("build")
+
+            if build_frontend.name == "pip":
+                msg = "The pyodide platform doesn't support pip frontend"
+                raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+            log.build_start(config.identifier)
+
+            identifier_tmp_dir = tmp_path / config.identifier
+            built_wheel_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "built_wheel"
+            repaired_wheel_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "repaired_wheel"
+            identifier_tmp_dir.mkdir()
+            built_wheel_dir.mkdir()
+            repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir()
+
+            dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr] = []
+            if build_options.dependency_constraints:
+                constraints_path = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
+                    config.version, variant="pyodide"
+                )
+                dependency_constraint_flags = ["-c", constraints_path]
+
+            env = setup_python(
+                identifier_tmp_dir / "build",
+                config,
+                dependency_constraint_flags,
+                build_options.environment,
+            )
+            pip_version = get_pip_version(env)
+            # The Pyodide command line runner mounts all directories in the host
+            # filesystem into the Pyodide file system, except for the custom
+            # file systems /dev, /lib, /proc, and /tmp. Mounting the mount
+            # points for alternate file systems causes some mysterious failure
+            # of the process (it just quits without any clear error).
+            #
+            # Because of this, by default Pyodide can't see anything under /tmp.
+            # This environment variable tells it also to mount our temp
+            # directory.
+            oldmounts = ""
+            extra_mounts = [str(identifier_tmp_dir)]
+            if str(Path(".").resolve()).startswith("/tmp"):
+                extra_mounts.append(str(Path(".").resolve()))
+
+            if "_PYODIDE_EXTRA_MOUNTS" in env:
+                oldmounts = env["_PYODIDE_EXTRA_MOUNTS"] + ":"
+            env["_PYODIDE_EXTRA_MOUNTS"] = oldmounts + ":".join(extra_mounts)
+
+            compatible_wheel = find_compatible_wheel(built_wheels, config.identifier)
+            if compatible_wheel:
+                log.step_end()
+                print(
+                    f"\nFound previously built wheel {compatible_wheel.name}, that's compatible with {config.identifier}. Skipping build step..."
+                )
+                built_wheel = compatible_wheel
+            else:
+                if build_options.before_build:
+                    log.step("Running before_build...")
+                    before_build_prepared = prepare_command(
+                        build_options.before_build, project=".", package=build_options.package_dir
+                    )
+                    shell(before_build_prepared, env=env)
+
+                log.step("Building wheel...")
+
+                extra_flags = split_config_settings(build_options.config_settings, "build")
+                extra_flags += build_frontend.args
+
+                if not 0 <= build_options.build_verbosity < 2:
+                    msg = f"build_verbosity {build_options.build_verbosity} is not supported for build frontend. Ignoring."
+                    log.warning(msg)
+
+                build_env = env.copy()
+                if build_options.dependency_constraints:
+                    combine_constraints(build_env, constraints_path, identifier_tmp_dir)
+                build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = pip_version
+                call(
+                    "pyodide",
+                    "build",
+                    build_options.package_dir,
+                    f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                    *extra_flags,
+                    env=build_env,
+                )
+                built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+
+                if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
+                    raise errors.NonPlatformWheelError()
+
+                if build_options.repair_command:
+                    log.step("Repairing wheel...")
+
+                    repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(
+                        build_options.repair_command,
+                        wheel=built_wheel,
+                        dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir,
+                    )
+                    shell(repair_command_prepared, env=env)
+                else:
+                    shutil.move(str(built_wheel), repaired_wheel_dir)
+
+                repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+
+                if repaired_wheel.name in {wheel.name for wheel in built_wheels}:
+                    raise errors.AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)
+
+            if build_options.test_command and build_options.test_selector(config.identifier):
+                log.step("Testing wheel...")
+
+                venv_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "venv-test"
+                # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
+                # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
+
+                virtualenv_env = env.copy()
+                virtualenv_env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(
+                    [
+                        str(ensure_node(config.node_version)),
+                        virtualenv_env["PATH"],
+                    ]
+                )
+
+                # pyodide venv uses virtualenv under the hood
+                # use the pip embedded with virtualenv & disable network updates
+                virtualenv_create_env = virtualenv_env.copy()
+                virtualenv_create_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = pip_version
+                virtualenv_create_env["VIRTUALENV_NO_PERIODIC_UPDATE"] = "1"
+
+                call("pyodide", "venv", venv_dir, env=virtualenv_create_env)
+
+                virtualenv_env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(
+                    [
+                        str(venv_dir / "bin"),
+                        virtualenv_env["PATH"],
+                    ]
+                )
+                virtualenv_env["VIRTUAL_ENV"] = str(venv_dir)
+
+                # check that we are using the Python from the virtual environment
+                call("which", "python", env=virtualenv_env)
+
+                if build_options.before_test:
+                    before_test_prepared = prepare_command(
+                        build_options.before_test,
+                        project=".",
+                        package=build_options.package_dir,
+                    )
+                    shell(before_test_prepared, env=virtualenv_env)
+
+                # install the wheel
+                call(
+                    "pip",
+                    "install",
+                    f"{repaired_wheel}{build_options.test_extras}",
+                    env=virtualenv_env,
+                )
+
+                # test the wheel
+                if build_options.test_requires:
+                    call("pip", "install", *build_options.test_requires, env=virtualenv_env)
+
+                # run the tests from a temp dir, with an absolute path in the command
+                # (this ensures that Python runs the tests against the installed wheel
+                # and not the repo code)
+                test_command_prepared = prepare_command(
+                    build_options.test_command,
+                    project=Path(".").resolve(),
+                    package=build_options.package_dir.resolve(),
+                )
+
+                test_cwd = identifier_tmp_dir / "test_cwd"
+                test_cwd.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
+                (test_cwd / "test_fail.py").write_text(test_fail_cwd_file.read_text())
+
+                shell(test_command_prepared, cwd=test_cwd, env=virtualenv_env)
+
+            # we're all done here; move it to output (overwrite existing)
+            if compatible_wheel is None:
+                output_wheel = build_options.output_dir.joinpath(repaired_wheel.name)
+                moved_wheel = move_file(repaired_wheel, output_wheel)
+                if moved_wheel != output_wheel.resolve():
+                    log.warning(
+                        "{repaired_wheel} was moved to {moved_wheel} instead of {output_wheel}"
+                    )
+                built_wheels.append(output_wheel)
+
+    finally:
+        pass
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ python_configurations = [
  { identifier = "pp38-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/pp38-pypy38_pp73" },
  { identifier = "pp39-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/pp39-pypy39_pp73" },
  { identifier = "pp310-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/pp310-pypy310_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "pp311-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/pp311-pypy311_pp73" },
  { identifier = "cp36-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
  { identifier = "cp37-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
  { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
@@ -49,14 +50,25 @@ python_configurations = [
  { identifier = "cp312-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
  { identifier = "cp313-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
  { identifier = "cp313t-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
+  { identifier = "cp36-manylinux_armv7l", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
+  { identifier = "cp37-manylinux_armv7l", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_armv7l", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_armv7l", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_armv7l", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-manylinux_armv7l", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-manylinux_armv7l", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-manylinux_armv7l", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-manylinux_armv7l", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
  { identifier = "pp37-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/pp37-pypy37_pp73" },
  { identifier = "pp38-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/pp38-pypy38_pp73" },
  { identifier = "pp39-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/pp39-pypy39_pp73" },
  { identifier = "pp310-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/pp310-pypy310_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "pp311-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/pp311-pypy311_pp73" },
  { identifier = "pp37-manylinux_i686", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/pp37-pypy37_pp73" },
  { identifier = "pp38-manylinux_i686", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/pp38-pypy38_pp73" },
  { identifier = "pp39-manylinux_i686", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/pp39-pypy39_pp73" },
  { identifier = "pp310-manylinux_i686", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/pp310-pypy310_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "pp311-manylinux_i686", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/pp311-pypy311_pp73" },
  { identifier = "cp36-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
  { identifier = "cp37-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
  { identifier = "cp38-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
@@ -102,6 +114,15 @@ python_configurations = [
  { identifier = "cp312-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
  { identifier = "cp313-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
  { identifier = "cp313t-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
+  { identifier = "cp36-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
+  { identifier = "cp37-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
 ]

 [macos]
@@ -120,19 +141,24 @@ python_configurations = [
  { identifier = "cp311-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.11", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.11.9/python-3.11.9-macos11.pkg" },
  { identifier = "cp311-macosx_arm64", version = "3.11", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.11.9/python-3.11.9-macos11.pkg" },
  { identifier = "cp311-macosx_universal2", version = "3.11", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.11.9/python-3.11.9-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp312-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.3/python-3.12.3-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp312-macosx_arm64", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.3/python-3.12.3-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp312-macosx_universal2", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.3/python-3.12.3-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.0/python-3.13.0b1-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.0/python-3.13.0b1-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.0/python-3.13.0b1-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.9/python-3.12.9-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-macosx_arm64", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.9/python-3.12.9-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-macosx_universal2", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.9/python-3.12.9-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.2/python-3.13.2-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.2/python-3.13.2-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.2/python-3.13.2-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.2/python-3.13.2-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.2/python-3.13.2-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.2/python-3.13.2-macos11.pkg" },
  { identifier = "pp37-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.7", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.7-v7.3.9-osx64.tar.bz2" },
  { identifier = "pp38-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.8", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
  { identifier = "pp38-macosx_arm64", version = "3.8", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
  { identifier = "pp39-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.9", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.16-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
  { identifier = "pp39-macosx_arm64", version = "3.9", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.16-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
-  { identifier = "pp310-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.10", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.16-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
-  { identifier = "pp310-macosx_arm64", version = "3.10", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.16-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "pp310-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.10", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.19-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "pp310-macosx_arm64", version = "3.10", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.19-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "pp311-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.11", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.11-v7.3.19-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "pp311-macosx_arm64", version = "3.11", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.11-v7.3.19-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
 ]

 [windows]
@@ -149,20 +175,26 @@ python_configurations = [
  { identifier = "cp310-win_amd64", version = "3.10.11", arch = "64" },
  { identifier = "cp311-win32", version = "3.11.9", arch = "32" },
  { identifier = "cp311-win_amd64", version = "3.11.9", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp312-win32", version = "3.12.3", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp312-win_amd64", version = "3.12.3", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-win32", version = "3.13.0-b1", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-win32", version = "3.13.0-b1", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-win_amd64", version = "3.13.0-b1", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-win_amd64", version = "3.13.0-b1", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-win32", version = "3.12.9", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-win_amd64", version = "3.12.9", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-win32", version = "3.13.2", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-win32", version = "3.13.2", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-win_amd64", version = "3.13.2", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-win_amd64", version = "3.13.2", arch = "64" },
  { identifier = "cp39-win_arm64", version = "3.9.10", arch = "ARM64" },
  { identifier = "cp310-win_arm64", version = "3.10.11", arch = "ARM64" },
  { identifier = "cp311-win_arm64", version = "3.11.9", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp312-win_arm64", version = "3.12.3", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp313-win_arm64", version = "3.13.0-b1", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp313t-win_arm64", version = "3.13.0-b1", arch = "ARM64" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-win_arm64", version = "3.12.9", arch = "ARM64" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-win_arm64", version = "3.13.2", arch = "ARM64" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-win_arm64", version = "3.13.2", arch = "ARM64" },
  { identifier = "pp37-win_amd64", version = "3.7", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.7-v7.3.9-win64.zip" },
  { identifier = "pp38-win_amd64", version = "3.8", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-win64.zip" },
  { identifier = "pp39-win_amd64", version = "3.9", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.16-win64.zip" },
-  { identifier = "pp310-win_amd64", version = "3.10", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.16-win64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "pp310-win_amd64", version = "3.10", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.19-win64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "pp311-win_amd64", version = "3.11", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.11-v7.3.19-win64.zip" },
+]
+
+[pyodide]
+python_configurations = [
+  { identifier = "cp312-pyodide_wasm32", version = "3.12", pyodide_version = "0.27.0", pyodide_build_version = "0.29.2", emscripten_version = "3.1.58", node_version = "v20" },
 ]
@@ -10,7 +10,16 @@
      ],
      "default": "none",
      "description": "How to inherit the parent's value."
-    }
+    },
+    "enable": {
+      "enum": [
+        "cpython-eol",
+        "cpython-freethreading",
+        "cpython-prerelease",
+        "pypy-eol"
+      ]
+    },
+    "description": "A Python version or flavor to enable."
  },
  "additionalProperties": false,
  "description": "cibuildwheel's settings.",
@@ -96,12 +105,13 @@
    },
    "build-frontend": {
      "default": "default",
-      "description": "Set the tool to use to build, either \"pip\" (default for now) or \"build\"",
+      "description": "Set the tool to use to build, either \"pip\" (default for now), \"build\", or \"build[uv]\"",
      "oneOf": [
        {
          "enum": [
            "pip",
            "build",
+            "build[uv]",
            "default"
          ]
        },
@@ -113,6 +123,10 @@
          "type": "string",
          "pattern": "^build; ?args:"
        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "pattern": "^build\\[uv\\]; ?args:"
+        },
        {
          "type": "object",
          "additionalProperties": false,
@@ -123,7 +137,8 @@
            "name": {
              "enum": [
                "pip",
-                "build"
+                "build",
+                "build[uv]"
              ]
            },
            "args": {
@@ -222,6 +237,21 @@
      "type": "string",
      "title": "CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS"
    },
+    "enable": {
+      "description": "Enable or disable certain builds.",
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/enable"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "$ref": "#/$defs/enable"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "CIBW_ENABLE"
+    },
    "environment": {
      "description": "Set environment variables needed during the build.",
      "oneOf": [
@@ -266,6 +296,11 @@
      "description": "Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images",
      "title": "CIBW_MANYLINUX_AARCH64_IMAGE"
    },
+    "manylinux-armv7l-image": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images",
+      "title": "CIBW_MANYLINUX_ARMV7L_IMAGE"
+    },
    "manylinux-i686-image": {
      "type": "string",
      "description": "Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images",
@@ -306,6 +341,11 @@
      "description": "Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images",
      "title": "CIBW_MUSLLINUX_AARCH64_IMAGE"
    },
+    "musllinux-armv7l-image": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images",
+      "title": "CIBW_MUSLLINUX_ARMV7L_IMAGE"
+    },
    "musllinux-i686-image": {
      "type": "string",
      "description": "Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images",
@@ -386,6 +426,21 @@
      ],
      "title": "CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS"
    },
+    "test-groups": {
+      "description": "Install extra groups when testing",
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "CIBW_TEST_GROUPS"
+    },
    "test-requires": {
      "description": "Install Python dependencies before running the tests",
      "oneOf": [
@@ -512,6 +567,9 @@
          "manylinux-aarch64-image": {
            "$ref": "#/properties/manylinux-aarch64-image"
          },
+          "manylinux-armv7l-image": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/manylinux-armv7l-image"
+          },
          "manylinux-i686-image": {
            "$ref": "#/properties/manylinux-i686-image"
          },
@@ -536,6 +594,9 @@
          "musllinux-aarch64-image": {
            "$ref": "#/properties/musllinux-aarch64-image"
          },
+          "musllinux-armv7l-image": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/musllinux-armv7l-image"
+          },
          "musllinux-i686-image": {
            "$ref": "#/properties/musllinux-i686-image"
          },
@@ -557,6 +618,9 @@
          "test-extras": {
            "$ref": "#/properties/test-extras"
          },
+          "test-groups": {
+            "$ref": "#/properties/test-groups"
+          },
          "test-requires": {
            "$ref": "#/properties/test-requires"
          }
@@ -600,6 +664,9 @@
        "manylinux-aarch64-image": {
          "$ref": "#/properties/manylinux-aarch64-image"
        },
+        "manylinux-armv7l-image": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/manylinux-armv7l-image"
+        },
        "manylinux-i686-image": {
          "$ref": "#/properties/manylinux-i686-image"
        },
@@ -624,6 +691,9 @@
        "musllinux-aarch64-image": {
          "$ref": "#/properties/musllinux-aarch64-image"
        },
+        "musllinux-armv7l-image": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/musllinux-armv7l-image"
+        },
        "musllinux-i686-image": {
          "$ref": "#/properties/musllinux-i686-image"
        },
@@ -658,6 +728,9 @@
        "test-extras": {
          "$ref": "#/properties/test-extras"
        },
+        "test-groups": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-groups"
+        },
        "test-requires": {
          "$ref": "#/properties/test-requires"
        }
@@ -703,6 +776,9 @@
        "test-extras": {
          "$ref": "#/properties/test-extras"
        },
+        "test-groups": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-groups"
+        },
        "test-requires": {
          "$ref": "#/properties/test-requires"
        }
@@ -761,6 +837,57 @@
        "test-extras": {
          "$ref": "#/properties/test-extras"
        },
+        "test-groups": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-groups"
+        },
+        "test-requires": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-requires"
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "pyodide": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "archs": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/archs"
+        },
+        "before-all": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/before-all"
+        },
+        "before-build": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/before-build"
+        },
+        "before-test": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/before-test"
+        },
+        "build-frontend": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/build-frontend"
+        },
+        "build-verbosity": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/build-verbosity"
+        },
+        "config-settings": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/config-settings"
+        },
+        "dependency-versions": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/dependency-versions"
+        },
+        "environment": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/environment"
+        },
+        "repair-wheel-command": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/repair-wheel-command"
+        },
+        "test-command": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-command"
+        },
+        "test-extras": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-extras"
+        },
+        "test-groups": {
+          "$ref": "#/properties/test-groups"
+        },
        "test-requires": {
          "$ref": "#/properties/test-requires"
        }
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+# This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
+#    nox -s update_constraints
+annotated-types==0.7.0
+    # via pydantic
+anyio==4.8.0
+    # via httpx
+auditwheel-emscripten==0.0.16
+    # via pyodide-build
+build==1.2.2.post1
+    # via
+    #   -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
+    #   pyodide-build
+certifi==2025.1.31
+    # via
+    #   httpcore
+    #   httpx
+    #   requests
+charset-normalizer==3.4.1
+    # via requests
+click==8.1.8
+    # via typer
+cmake==3.31.6
+    # via pyodide-build
+distlib==0.3.9
+    # via virtualenv
+filelock==3.17.0
+    # via virtualenv
+h11==0.14.0
+    # via httpcore
+httpcore==1.0.7
+    # via httpx
+httpx==0.28.1
+    # via unearth
+idna==3.10
+    # via
+    #   anyio
+    #   httpx
+    #   requests
+leb128==1.0.8
+    # via auditwheel-emscripten
+markdown-it-py==3.0.0
+    # via rich
+mdurl==0.1.2
+    # via markdown-it-py
+packaging==24.2
+    # via
+    #   auditwheel-emscripten
+    #   build
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   unearth
+pip==25.0.1
+    # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
+platformdirs==4.3.6
+    # via virtualenv
+pydantic==2.10.6
+    # via
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   pyodide-lock
+pydantic-core==2.27.2
+    # via pydantic
+pygments==2.19.1
+    # via rich
+pyodide-build==0.29.2
+    # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
+pyodide-cli==0.2.4
+    # via
+    #   auditwheel-emscripten
+    #   pyodide-build
+pyodide-lock==0.1.0a7
+    # via pyodide-build
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
+    # via build
+requests==2.32.3
+    # via pyodide-build
+resolvelib==1.1.0
+    # via pyodide-build
+rich==13.9.4
+    # via
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   pyodide-cli
+    #   typer
+ruamel-yaml==0.18.10
+    # via pyodide-build
+ruamel-yaml-clib==0.2.12
+    # via ruamel-yaml
+shellingham==1.5.4
+    # via typer
+sniffio==1.3.1
+    # via anyio
+typer==0.15.2
+    # via
+    #   auditwheel-emscripten
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   pyodide-cli
+typing-extensions==4.12.2
+    # via
+    #   anyio
+    #   pydantic
+    #   pydantic-core
+    #   typer
+unearth==0.17.2
+    # via pyodide-build
+urllib3==2.3.0
+    # via requests
+virtualenv==20.29.3
+    # via
+    #   build
+    #   pyodide-build
+wheel==0.45.1
+    # via
+    #   auditwheel-emscripten
+    #   pyodide-build
@@ -2,33 +2,33 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
    # via macholib
-build==1.2.1
+build==1.2.2.post1
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-delocate==0.11.0
+delocate==0.13.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.8
+distlib==0.3.9
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.14.0
+filelock==3.17.0
    # via virtualenv
-importlib-metadata==7.1.0
+importlib-metadata==8.6.1
    # via build
 macholib==1.16.3
    # via delocate
-packaging==24.0
+packaging==24.2
    # via
    #   build
    #   delocate
-pip==24.0
+pip==25.0.1
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.2.2
+platformdirs==4.3.6
    # via virtualenv
-pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
-tomli==2.0.1
+tomli==2.2.1
    # via build
-typing-extensions==4.11.0
+typing-extensions==4.12.2
    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.26.2
+virtualenv==20.29.3
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-zipp==3.18.2
+zipp==3.21.0
    # via importlib-metadata
@@ -2,27 +2,27 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
    # via macholib
-build==1.2.1
+build==1.2.2.post1
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-delocate==0.11.0
+delocate==0.13.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.8
+distlib==0.3.9
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.14.0
+filelock==3.17.0
    # via virtualenv
 macholib==1.16.3
    # via delocate
-packaging==24.0
+packaging==24.2
    # via
    #   build
    #   delocate
-pip==24.0
+pip==25.0.1
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.2.2
+platformdirs==4.3.6
    # via virtualenv
-pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
-typing-extensions==4.11.0
+typing-extensions==4.12.2
    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.26.2
+virtualenv==20.29.3
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
@@ -2,27 +2,27 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
    # via macholib
-build==1.2.1
+build==1.2.2.post1
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-delocate==0.11.0
+delocate==0.13.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.8
+distlib==0.3.9
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.14.0
+filelock==3.17.0
    # via virtualenv
 macholib==1.16.3
    # via delocate
-packaging==24.0
+packaging==24.2
    # via
    #   build
    #   delocate
-pip==24.0
+pip==25.0.1
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.2.2
+platformdirs==4.3.6
    # via virtualenv
-pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
-typing-extensions==4.11.0
+typing-extensions==4.12.2
    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.26.2
+virtualenv==20.29.3
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
@@ -2,27 +2,27 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
    # via macholib
-build==1.2.1
+build==1.2.2.post1
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-delocate==0.11.0
+delocate==0.13.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.8
+distlib==0.3.9
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.14.0
+filelock==3.17.0
    # via virtualenv
 macholib==1.16.3
    # via delocate
-packaging==24.0
+packaging==24.2
    # via
    #   build
    #   delocate
-pip==24.1b1
+pip==25.0.1
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.2.2
+platformdirs==4.3.6
    # via virtualenv
-pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
-typing-extensions==4.11.0
+typing-extensions==4.12.2
    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.26.2
+virtualenv==20.29.3
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ altgraph==0.17.4
    # via macholib
 build==1.1.1
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-delocate==0.11.0
+delocate==0.12.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.8
+distlib==0.3.9
    # via virtualenv
 filelock==3.12.2
    # via virtualenv
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ pip==24.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 platformdirs==4.0.0
    # via virtualenv
-pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
 tomli==2.0.1
    # via build
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ typing-extensions==4.7.1
    #   delocate
    #   importlib-metadata
    #   platformdirs
-virtualenv==20.26.2
+virtualenv==20.26.6
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
 zipp==3.15.0
    # via importlib-metadata
@@ -2,33 +2,33 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
    # via macholib
-build==1.2.1
+build==1.2.2.post1
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-delocate==0.11.0
+delocate==0.12.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.8
+distlib==0.3.9
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.14.0
+filelock==3.16.1
    # via virtualenv
-importlib-metadata==7.1.0
+importlib-metadata==8.5.0
    # via build
 macholib==1.16.3
    # via delocate
-packaging==24.0
+packaging==24.2
    # via
    #   build
    #   delocate
-pip==24.0
+pip==25.0.1
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.2.2
+platformdirs==4.3.6
    # via virtualenv
-pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
-tomli==2.0.1
+tomli==2.2.1
    # via build
-typing-extensions==4.11.0
+typing-extensions==4.12.2
    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.26.2
+virtualenv==20.29.3
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-zipp==3.18.2
+zipp==3.20.2
    # via importlib-metadata
@@ -2,33 +2,33 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
    # via macholib
-build==1.2.1
+build==1.2.2.post1
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-delocate==0.11.0
+delocate==0.13.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.8
+distlib==0.3.9
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.14.0
+filelock==3.17.0
    # via virtualenv
-importlib-metadata==7.1.0
+importlib-metadata==8.6.1
    # via build
 macholib==1.16.3
    # via delocate
-packaging==24.0
+packaging==24.2
    # via
    #   build
    #   delocate
-pip==24.0
+pip==25.0.1
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.2.2
+platformdirs==4.3.6
    # via virtualenv
-pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
-tomli==2.0.1
+tomli==2.2.1
    # via build
-typing-extensions==4.11.0
+typing-extensions==4.12.2
    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.26.2
+virtualenv==20.29.3
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-zipp==3.18.2
+zipp==3.21.0
    # via importlib-metadata
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-pip>=24.1b1 ; python_version >= '3.13'
-pip ; python_version < '3.13'
+pip
 build
 delocate
 virtualenv
@@ -2,27 +2,27 @@
 #    nox -s update_constraints
 altgraph==0.17.4
    # via macholib
-build==1.2.1
+build==1.2.2.post1
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-delocate==0.11.0
+delocate==0.13.0
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.8
+distlib==0.3.9
    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.14.0
+filelock==3.17.0
    # via virtualenv
 macholib==1.16.3
    # via delocate
-packaging==24.0
+packaging==24.2
    # via
    #   build
    #   delocate
-pip==24.0
+pip==25.0.1
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==4.2.2
+platformdirs==4.3.6
    # via virtualenv
-pyproject-hooks==1.1.0
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
    # via build
-typing-extensions==4.11.0
+typing-extensions==4.12.2
    # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.26.2
+virtualenv==20.29.3
    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ build = "*"
 skip = ""
 test-skip = ""
 free-threaded-support = false
+enable = []

 archs = ["auto"]
 build-frontend = "default"
@@ -20,6 +21,7 @@ test-command = ""
 before-test = ""
 test-requires = []
 test-extras = []
+test-groups = []

 container-engine = "docker"

@@ -28,6 +30,7 @@ manylinux-i686-image = "manylinux2014"
 manylinux-aarch64-image = "manylinux2014"
 manylinux-ppc64le-image = "manylinux2014"
 manylinux-s390x-image = "manylinux2014"
+manylinux-armv7l-image = "manylinux_2_31"
 manylinux-pypy_x86_64-image = "manylinux2014"
 manylinux-pypy_i686-image = "manylinux2014"
 manylinux-pypy_aarch64-image = "manylinux2014"
@@ -37,6 +40,7 @@ musllinux-i686-image = "musllinux_1_2"
 musllinux-aarch64-image = "musllinux_1_2"
 musllinux-ppc64le-image = "musllinux_1_2"
 musllinux-s390x-image = "musllinux_1_2"
+musllinux-armv7l-image = "musllinux_1_2"


 [tool.cibuildwheel.linux]
@@ -46,3 +50,5 @@ repair-wheel-command = "auditwheel repair -w {dest_dir} {wheel}"
 repair-wheel-command = "delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} -v {wheel}"

 [tool.cibuildwheel.windows]
+
+[tool.cibuildwheel.pyodide]
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<array>
+        <dict>
+                <key>attributeSetting</key>
+                <integer>1</integer>
+                <key>choiceAttribute</key>
+                <string>selected</string>
+                <key>choiceIdentifier</key>
+                <string>org.python.Python.PythonTFramework-3.13</string>
+        </dict>
+</array>
+</plist>
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+url = "https://nodejs.org/dist/"
+v22 = "v22.14.0"
+v20 = "v20.18.3"
@@ -1,54 +1,58 @@
 [x86_64]
 manylinux1 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_x86_64:2024-04-29-76807b8
 manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64:2022-08-05-4535177
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2024-05-13-0983f6f
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2025.03.09-1
 manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64:2022-12-26-0d38463
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2024-05-13-0983f6f
-musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_x86_64:2024-05-13-0983f6f
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64:2024-05-13-0983f6f
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2025.03.09-1
+musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_x86_64:2024.10.26-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64:2025.03.09-1

 [i686]
 manylinux1 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_i686:2024-04-29-76807b8
 manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686:2022-08-05-4535177
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2024-05-13-0983f6f
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2025.03.09-1
 manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_i686:2022-12-26-0d38463
-musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_i686:2024-05-13-0983f6f
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686:2024-05-13-0983f6f
+musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_i686:2024.10.26-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686:2025.03.09-1

 [pypy_x86_64]
 manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64:2022-08-05-4535177
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2024-05-13-0983f6f
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2025.03.09-1
 manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64:2022-12-26-0d38463
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2024-05-13-0983f6f
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2025.03.09-1

 [pypy_i686]
 manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686:2022-08-05-4535177
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2024-05-13-0983f6f
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2025.03.09-1
 manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_i686:2022-12-26-0d38463

 [aarch64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2024-05-13-0983f6f
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2025.03.09-1
 manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_aarch64:2022-12-26-0d38463
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2024-05-13-0983f6f
-musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_aarch64:2024-05-13-0983f6f
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_aarch64:2024-05-13-0983f6f
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2025.03.09-1
+musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_aarch64:2024.10.26-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_aarch64:2025.03.09-1

 [ppc64le]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le:2024-05-13-0983f6f
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le:2025.03.09-1
 manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_ppc64le:2022-12-26-0d38463
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_ppc64le:2024-05-13-0983f6f
-musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_ppc64le:2024-05-13-0983f6f
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_ppc64le:2024-05-13-0983f6f
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_ppc64le:2025.03.09-1
+musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_ppc64le:2024.10.26-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_ppc64le:2025.03.09-1

 [s390x]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x:2024-05-13-0983f6f
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x:2025.03.09-1
 manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_s390x:2022-12-26-0d38463
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_s390x:2024-05-13-0983f6f
-musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_s390x:2024-05-13-0983f6f
-musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_s390x:2024-05-13-0983f6f
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_s390x:2025.03.09-1
+musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_s390x:2024.10.26-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_s390x:2025.03.09-1

 [pypy_aarch64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2024-05-13-0983f6f
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2025.03.09-1
 manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_aarch64:2022-12-26-0d38463
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2024-05-13-0983f6f
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2025.03.09-1
+
+[armv7l]
+manylinux_2_31 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_31_armv7l:2025.03.09-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_armv7l:2025.03.09-1

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 py36 = { version = "20.21.1", url = "https://github.com/pypa/get-virtualenv/blob/20.21.1/public/virtualenv.pyz?raw=true" }
-default = { version = "20.26.2", url = "https://github.com/pypa/get-virtualenv/blob/20.26.2/public/virtualenv.pyz?raw=true" }
+default = { version = "20.29.3", url = "https://github.com/pypa/get-virtualenv/blob/20.29.3/public/virtualenv.pyz?raw=true" }
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ __all__ = (
    "PLATFORMS",
    "PathOrStr",
    "PlatformName",
-    "PLATFORMS",
    "PopenBytes",
 )

@@ -22,8 +21,8 @@ else:
    PathOrStr = Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"]


-PlatformName = Literal["linux", "macos", "windows"]
-PLATFORMS: Final[set[PlatformName]] = {"linux", "macos", "windows"}
+PlatformName = Literal["linux", "macos", "windows", "pyodide"]
+PLATFORMS: Final[set[PlatformName]] = {"linux", "macos", "windows", "pyodide"}


 class GenericPythonConfiguration(Protocol):
@@ -1,26 +1,31 @@
 from __future__ import annotations

 import contextlib
+import enum
 import fnmatch
 import itertools
 import os
 import re
 import shlex
+import shutil
 import ssl
 import subprocess
 import sys
+import tarfile
 import textwrap
 import time
 import typing
 import urllib.request
 from collections import defaultdict
-from collections.abc import Generator, Iterable, Mapping, Sequence
+from collections.abc import Generator, Iterable, Mapping, MutableMapping, Sequence
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from enum import Enum
-from functools import cached_property, lru_cache
+from functools import lru_cache, total_ordering
 from pathlib import Path, PurePath
+from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory
 from time import sleep
-from typing import Any, ClassVar, Final, Literal, TextIO, TypeVar
+from typing import Any, Final, Literal, TextIO, TypeVar
+from zipfile import ZipFile

 import bracex
 import certifi
@@ -32,32 +37,48 @@ from packaging.version import Version
 from platformdirs import user_cache_path

 from ._compat import tomllib
+from .architecture import Architecture
+from .errors import FatalError
 from .typing import PathOrStr, PlatformName

 __all__ = [
-    "resources_dir",
    "MANYLINUX_ARCHS",
+    "EnableGroups",
    "call",
-    "shell",
-    "find_compatible_wheel",
-    "format_safe",
-    "prepare_command",
-    "get_build_verbosity_extra_flags",
-    "read_python_configs",
-    "selector_matches",
-    "strtobool",
-    "cached_property",
    "chdir",
+    "combine_constraints",
+    "find_compatible_wheel",
+    "find_uv",
+    "format_safe",
+    "get_build_verbosity_extra_flags",
+    "prepare_command",
+    "read_python_configs",
+    "resources_dir",
+    "selector_matches",
+    "shell",
    "split_config_settings",
+    "strtobool",
 ]

 resources_dir: Final[Path] = Path(__file__).parent / "resources"

 install_certifi_script: Final[Path] = resources_dir / "install_certifi.py"

+free_thread_enable_313: Final[Path] = resources_dir / "free-threaded-enable-313.xml"
+
 test_fail_cwd_file: Final[Path] = resources_dir / "testing_temp_dir_file.py"


+class EnableGroups(enum.Enum):
+    """
+    Groups of build selectors that are not enabled by default.
+    """
+
+    CPythonFreeThreading = "cpython-freethreading"
+    CPythonPrerelease = "cpython-prerelease"
+    PyPy = "pypy"
+
+
 MANYLINUX_ARCHS: Final[tuple[str, ...]] = (
    "x86_64",
    "i686",
@@ -65,6 +86,7 @@ MANYLINUX_ARCHS: Final[tuple[str, ...]] = (
    "aarch64",
    "ppc64le",
    "s390x",
+    "armv7l",
    "pypy_aarch64",
    "pypy_i686",
 )
@@ -75,6 +97,7 @@ MUSLLINUX_ARCHS: Final[tuple[str, ...]] = (
    "aarch64",
    "ppc64le",
    "s390x",
+    "armv7l",
 )

 DEFAULT_CIBW_CACHE_PATH: Final[Path] = user_cache_path(appname="cibuildwheel", appauthor="pypa")
@@ -118,13 +141,32 @@ def call(
    args_ = [str(arg) for arg in args]
    # print the command executing for the logs
    print("+ " + " ".join(shlex.quote(a) for a in args_))
-    kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {}
-    if capture_stdout:
-        kwargs["universal_newlines"] = True
-        kwargs["stdout"] = subprocess.PIPE
-    result = subprocess.run(args_, check=True, shell=IS_WIN, env=env, cwd=cwd, **kwargs)
+    # workaround platform behaviour differences outlined
+    # in https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/52803
+    path_env = env if env is not None else os.environ
+    path = path_env.get("PATH", None)
+    executable = shutil.which(args_[0], path=path)
+    if executable is None:
+        msg = f"Couldn't find {args_[0]!r} in PATH {path!r}"
+        raise FatalError(msg)
+    args_[0] = executable
+    try:
+        result = subprocess.run(
+            args_,
+            check=True,
+            shell=IS_WIN,
+            env=env,
+            cwd=cwd,
+            capture_output=capture_stdout,
+            text=capture_stdout,
+        )
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+        if capture_stdout:
+            sys.stderr.write(e.stderr)
+        raise
    if not capture_stdout:
        return None
+    sys.stderr.write(result.stderr)
    return typing.cast(str, result.stdout)


@@ -195,7 +237,9 @@ def get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(level: int) -> list[str]:
        return []


-def split_config_settings(config_settings: str, frontend: Literal["pip", "build"]) -> list[str]:
+def split_config_settings(
+    config_settings: str, frontend: Literal["pip", "build", "build[uv]"]
+) -> list[str]:
    config_settings_list = shlex.split(config_settings)
    s = "s" if frontend == "pip" else ""
    return [f"--config-setting{s}={setting}" for setting in config_settings_list]
@@ -236,12 +280,7 @@ class BuildSelector:
    build_config: str
    skip_config: str
    requires_python: SpecifierSet | None = None
-
-    # a pattern that skips prerelease versions, when include_prereleases is False.
-    PRERELEASE_SKIP: ClassVar[str] = "cp313-* cp313t-*"
-    prerelease_pythons: bool = False
-
-    free_threaded_support: bool = False
+    enable: frozenset[EnableGroups] = frozenset()

    def __call__(self, build_id: str) -> bool:
        # Filter build selectors by python_requires if set
@@ -255,12 +294,16 @@ class BuildSelector:
            if not self.requires_python.contains(version):
                return False

-        # filter out the prerelease pythons if self.prerelease_pythons is False
-        if not self.prerelease_pythons and selector_matches(self.PRERELEASE_SKIP, build_id):
+        # filter out groups that are not enabled
+        if EnableGroups.CPythonFreeThreading not in self.enable and selector_matches(
+            "cp3??t-*", build_id
+        ):
            return False
-
-        # filter out free threaded pythons if self.free_threaded_support is False
-        if not self.free_threaded_support and selector_matches("*t-*", build_id):
+        if EnableGroups.CPythonPrerelease not in self.enable and selector_matches(
+            "cp314*", build_id
+        ):
+            return False
+        if EnableGroups.PyPy not in self.enable and selector_matches("pp*", build_id):
            return False

        should_build = selector_matches(self.build_config, build_id)
@@ -273,8 +316,7 @@ class BuildSelector:
            "build_config": self.build_config,
            "skip_config": self.skip_config,
            "requires_python": str(self.requires_python),
-            "prerelease_pythons": self.prerelease_pythons,
-            "free_threaded_support": self.free_threaded_support,
+            "enable": sorted(group.value for group in self.enable),
        }


@@ -334,6 +376,55 @@ def download(url: str, dest: Path) -> None:
            sleep(3)


+def extract_zip(zip_src: Path, dest: Path) -> None:
+    with ZipFile(zip_src) as zip_:
+        for zinfo in zip_.filelist:
+            zip_.extract(zinfo, dest)
+
+            # Set permissions to the same values as they were set in the archive
+            # We have to do this manually due to
+            # https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/59999
+            # But some files in the zipfile seem to have external_attr with 0
+            # permissions. In that case just use the default value???
+            permissions = (zinfo.external_attr >> 16) & 0o777
+            if permissions != 0:
+                dest.joinpath(zinfo.filename).chmod(permissions)
+
+
+def extract_tar(tar_src: Path, dest: Path) -> None:
+    with tarfile.open(tar_src) as tar_:
+        tar_.extraction_filter = getattr(tarfile, "tar_filter", (lambda member, _: member))
+        tar_.extractall(dest)
+
+
+def move_file(src_file: Path, dst_file: Path) -> Path:
+    """Moves a file safely while avoiding potential semantic confusion:
+
+    1. `dst_file` must point to the target filename, not a directory
+    2. `dst_file` will be overwritten if it already exists
+    3. any missing parent directories will be created
+
+    Returns the fully resolved Path of the resulting file.
+
+    Raises:
+        NotADirectoryError: If any part of the intermediate path to `dst_file` is an existing file
+        IsADirectoryError: If `dst_file` points directly to an existing directory
+    """
+    src_file = src_file.resolve(strict=True)
+    dst_file = dst_file.resolve()
+
+    if dst_file.is_dir():
+        msg = "dst_file must be a valid target filename, not an existing directory."
+        raise IsADirectoryError(msg)
+    dst_file.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+    dst_file.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    # using shutil.move() as Path.rename() is not guaranteed to work across filesystem boundaries
+    # explicit str() needed for Python 3.8
+    resulting_file = shutil.move(str(src_file), str(dst_file))
+    return Path(resulting_file).resolve(strict=True)
+
+
 class DependencyConstraints:
    def __init__(self, base_file_path: Path):
        assert base_file_path.exists()
@@ -343,12 +434,14 @@ class DependencyConstraints:
    def with_defaults() -> DependencyConstraints:
        return DependencyConstraints(base_file_path=resources_dir / "constraints.txt")

-    def get_for_python_version(self, version: str) -> Path:
+    def get_for_python_version(
+        self, version: str, *, variant: Literal["python", "pyodide"] = "python"
+    ) -> Path:
        version_parts = version.split(".")

        # try to find a version-specific dependency file e.g. if
        # ./constraints.txt is the base, look for ./constraints-python36.txt
-        specific_stem = self.base_file_path.stem + f"-python{version_parts[0]}{version_parts[1]}"
+        specific_stem = self.base_file_path.stem + f"-{variant}{version_parts[0]}{version_parts[1]}"
        specific_name = specific_stem + self.base_file_path.suffix
        specific_file_path = self.base_file_path.with_name(specific_name)

@@ -373,7 +466,7 @@ class DependencyConstraints:
            return self.base_file_path.name


-BuildFrontendName = Literal["pip", "build"]
+BuildFrontendName = Literal["pip", "build", "build[uv]"]


@dataclass(frozen=True)
@@ -385,8 +478,8 @@ class BuildFrontendConfig:
    def from_config_string(config_string: str) -> BuildFrontendConfig:
        config_dict = parse_key_value_string(config_string, ["name"], ["args"])
        name = " ".join(config_dict["name"])
-        if name not in {"pip", "build"}:
-            msg = f"Unrecognised build frontend {name}, only 'pip' and 'build' are supported"
+        if name not in {"pip", "build", "build[uv]"}:
+            msg = f"Unrecognised build frontend {name!r}, only 'pip', 'build', and 'build[uv]' are supported"
            raise ValueError(msg)

        name = typing.cast(BuildFrontendName, name)
@@ -401,37 +494,6 @@ class BuildFrontendConfig:
            return {"name": self.name, "args": repr(self.args)}


-class NonPlatformWheelError(Exception):
-    def __init__(self) -> None:
-        message = textwrap.dedent(
-            """
-            cibuildwheel: Build failed because a pure Python wheel was generated.
-
-            If you intend to build a pure-Python wheel, you don't need cibuildwheel - use
-            `pip wheel -w DEST_DIR .` instead.
-
-            If you expected a platform wheel, check your project configuration, or run
-            cibuildwheel with CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY=1 to view build logs.
-            """
-        )
-
-        super().__init__(message)
-
-
-class AlreadyBuiltWheelError(Exception):
-    def __init__(self, wheel_name: str) -> None:
-        message = textwrap.dedent(
-            f"""
-            cibuildwheel: Build failed because a wheel named {wheel_name} was already generated in the current run.
-
-            If you expected another wheel to be generated, check your project configuration, or run
-            cibuildwheel with CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY=1 to view build logs.
-            """
-        )
-
-        super().__init__(message)
-
-
 def strtobool(val: str) -> bool:
    return val.lower() in {"y", "yes", "t", "true", "on", "1"}

@@ -534,6 +596,38 @@ def get_pip_version(env: Mapping[str, str]) -> str:
    return pip_version


+@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+def ensure_node(major_version: str) -> Path:
+    input_file = resources_dir / "nodejs.toml"
+    with input_file.open("rb") as f:
+        loaded_file = tomllib.load(f)
+    version = str(loaded_file[major_version])
+    base_url = str(loaded_file["url"])
+    ext = "zip" if IS_WIN else "tar.xz"
+    platform = "win" if IS_WIN else ("darwin" if sys.platform.startswith("darwin") else "linux")
+    linux_arch = Architecture.native_arch("linux")
+    assert linux_arch is not None
+    arch = {"x86_64": "x64", "i686": "x86", "aarch64": "arm64"}.get(
+        linux_arch.value, linux_arch.value
+    )
+    name = f"node-{version}-{platform}-{arch}"
+    path = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / name
+    with FileLock(str(path) + ".lock"):
+        if not path.exists():
+            url = f"{base_url}{version}/{name}.{ext}"
+            with TemporaryDirectory() as tmp_path:
+                archive = Path(tmp_path) / f"{name}.{ext}"
+                download(url, archive)
+                if ext == "zip":
+                    extract_zip(archive, path.parent)
+                else:
+                    extract_tar(archive, path.parent)
+    assert path.exists()
+    if not IS_WIN:
+        return path / "bin"
+    return path
+
+
@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
 def _ensure_virtualenv(version: str) -> Path:
    version_parts = version.split(".")
@@ -599,48 +693,64 @@ def _parse_constraints_for_virtualenv(


 def virtualenv(
-    version: str, python: Path, venv_path: Path, dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr]
+    version: str,
+    python: Path,
+    venv_path: Path,
+    dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr],
+    *,
+    use_uv: bool,
 ) -> dict[str, str]:
+    """
+    Create a virtual environment. If `use_uv` is True,
+    dependency_constraint_flags are ignored since nothing is installed in the
+    venv. Otherwise, pip is installed, and setuptools + wheel if Python < 3.12.
+    """
    assert python.exists()
-    virtualenv_app = _ensure_virtualenv(version)
-    allowed_seed_packages = ["pip", "setuptools", "wheel"]
-    constraints = _parse_constraints_for_virtualenv(
-        allowed_seed_packages, dependency_constraint_flags
-    )
-    additional_flags: list[str] = []
-    for package in allowed_seed_packages:
-        if package in constraints:
-            additional_flags.append(f"--{package}={constraints[package]}")
-        else:
-            additional_flags.append(f"--no-{package}")

-    # Using symlinks to pre-installed seed packages is really the fastest way to get a virtual
-    # environment. The initial cost is a bit higher but reusing is much faster.
-    # Windows does not always allow symlinks so just disabling for now.
-    # Requires pip>=19.3 so disabling for "embed" because this means we don't know what's the
-    # version of pip that will end-up installed.
-    # c.f. https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/latest/cli_interface.html#section-seeder
-    if (
-        not IS_WIN
-        and constraints["pip"] != "embed"
-        and Version(constraints["pip"]) >= Version("19.3")
-    ):
-        additional_flags.append("--symlink-app-data")
+    if use_uv:
+        call("uv", "venv", venv_path, "--python", python)
+    else:
+        virtualenv_app = _ensure_virtualenv(version)
+        allowed_seed_packages = ["pip", "setuptools", "wheel"]
+        constraints = _parse_constraints_for_virtualenv(
+            allowed_seed_packages, dependency_constraint_flags
+        )
+        additional_flags: list[str] = []
+        for package in allowed_seed_packages:
+            if package in constraints:
+                additional_flags.append(f"--{package}={constraints[package]}")
+            else:
+                additional_flags.append(f"--no-{package}")
+
+        # Using symlinks to pre-installed seed packages is really the fastest way to get a virtual
+        # environment. The initial cost is a bit higher but reusing is much faster.
+        # Windows does not always allow symlinks so just disabling for now.
+        # Requires pip>=19.3 so disabling for "embed" because this means we don't know what's the
+        # version of pip that will end-up installed.
+        # c.f. https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/latest/cli_interface.html#section-seeder
+        if (
+            not IS_WIN
+            and constraints["pip"] != "embed"
+            and Version(constraints["pip"]) >= Version("19.3")
+        ):
+            additional_flags.append("--symlink-app-data")
+
+        call(
+            sys.executable,
+            "-sS",  # just the stdlib, https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/issues/2133#issuecomment-1003710125
+            virtualenv_app,
+            "--activators=",
+            "--no-periodic-update",
+            *additional_flags,
+            "--python",
+            python,
+            venv_path,
+        )

-    call(
-        sys.executable,
-        "-sS",  # just the stdlib, https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/issues/2133#issuecomment-1003710125
-        virtualenv_app,
-        "--activators=",
-        "--no-periodic-update",
-        *additional_flags,
-        "--python",
-        python,
-        venv_path,
-    )
    paths = [str(venv_path), str(venv_path / "Scripts")] if IS_WIN else [str(venv_path / "bin")]
    env = os.environ.copy()
    env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join([*paths, env["PATH"]])
+    env["VIRTUAL_ENV"] = str(venv_path)
    return env


@@ -782,3 +892,90 @@ def parse_key_value_string(
        result[field_name] += values

    return dict(result)
+
+
+def find_uv() -> Path | None:
+    # Prefer uv in our environment
+    with contextlib.suppress(ImportError, FileNotFoundError):
+        # pylint: disable-next=import-outside-toplevel
+        from uv import find_uv_bin
+
+        return Path(find_uv_bin())
+
+    uv_on_path = shutil.which("uv")
+    return Path(uv_on_path) if uv_on_path else None
+
+
+def combine_constraints(
+    env: MutableMapping[str, str], /, constraints_path: Path, tmp_dir: Path | None
+) -> None:
+    """
+    This will workaround a bug in pip<=21.1.1 or uv<=0.2.0 if a tmp_dir is given.
+    If set to None, this will use the modern URI method.
+    """
+
+    if tmp_dir:
+        if " " in str(constraints_path):
+            assert " " not in str(tmp_dir)
+            tmp_file = tmp_dir / "constraints.txt"
+            tmp_file.write_bytes(constraints_path.read_bytes())
+            constraints_path = tmp_file
+        our_constraints = str(constraints_path)
+    else:
+        our_constraints = (
+            constraints_path.as_uri() if " " in str(constraints_path) else str(constraints_path)
+        )
+
+    user_constraints = env.get("PIP_CONSTRAINT")
+
+    env["UV_CONSTRAINT"] = env["PIP_CONSTRAINT"] = " ".join(
+        c for c in [our_constraints, user_constraints] if c
+    )
+
+
+@total_ordering
+class FlexibleVersion:
+    version_str: str
+    version_parts: tuple[int, ...]
+    suffix: str
+
+    def __init__(self, version_str: str) -> None:
+        self.version_str = version_str
+
+        # Split into numeric parts and the optional suffix
+        match = re.match(r"^[v]?(\d+(\.\d+)*)(.*)$", version_str)
+        if not match:
+            msg = f"Invalid version string: {version_str}"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        version_part, _, suffix = match.groups()
+
+        # Convert numeric version part into a tuple of integers
+        self.version_parts = tuple(map(int, version_part.split(".")))
+        self.suffix = suffix.strip() if suffix else ""
+
+        # Normalize by removing trailing zeros
+        self.version_parts = self._remove_trailing_zeros(self.version_parts)
+
+    def _remove_trailing_zeros(self, parts: tuple[int, ...]) -> tuple[int, ...]:
+        # Remove trailing zeros for accurate comparisons
+        # without this, "3.0" would be considered greater than "3"
+        while parts and parts[-1] == 0:
+            parts = parts[:-1]
+        return parts
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, FlexibleVersion):
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+        return (self.version_parts, self.suffix) == (other.version_parts, other.suffix)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, FlexibleVersion):
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+        return (self.version_parts, self.suffix) < (other.version_parts, other.suffix)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"FlexibleVersion('{self.version_str}')"
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self.version_str
@@ -4,18 +4,16 @@ import os
 import platform as platform_module
 import shutil
 import subprocess
-import sys
 import textwrap
 from collections.abc import MutableMapping, Sequence, Set
-from contextlib import suppress
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from functools import lru_cache
 from pathlib import Path
-from zipfile import ZipFile

 from filelock import FileLock
 from packaging.version import Version

+from . import errors
 from ._compat.typing import assert_never
 from .architecture import Architecture
 from .environment import ParsedEnvironment
@@ -24,16 +22,18 @@ from .options import Options
 from .typing import PathOrStr
 from .util import (
    CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
-    AlreadyBuiltWheelError,
    BuildFrontendConfig,
    BuildFrontendName,
    BuildSelector,
-    NonPlatformWheelError,
    call,
+    combine_constraints,
    download,
+    extract_zip,
    find_compatible_wheel,
+    find_uv,
    get_build_verbosity_extra_flags,
    get_pip_version,
+    move_file,
    prepare_command,
    read_python_configs,
    shell,
@@ -96,11 +96,6 @@ def get_python_configurations(
    return python_configurations


-def extract_zip(zip_src: Path, dest: Path) -> None:
-    with ZipFile(zip_src) as zip_:
-        zip_.extractall(dest)
-
-
@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
 def _ensure_nuget() -> Path:
    nuget = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / "nuget.exe"
@@ -157,6 +152,16 @@ def setup_setuptools_cross_compile(
    # set the platform name
    map_plat = {"32": "win32", "64": "win-amd64", "ARM64": "win-arm64"}
    plat_name = map_plat[python_configuration.arch]
+
+    # Set environment variable so that setuptools._distutils.get_platform()
+    # identifies the target, not the host
+    vscmd_arg_tgt_arch = {"32": "x86", "64": "x64", "ARM64": "arm64"}
+    current_tgt_arch = vscmd_arg_tgt_arch[python_configuration.arch]
+    if (env.get("VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH") or current_tgt_arch) != current_tgt_arch:
+        msg = f"VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH must be set to {current_tgt_arch!r}, got {env['VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH']!r}. If you're setting up MSVC yourself (e.g. using vcvarsall.bat or msvc-dev-cmd), make sure to target the right architecture. Alternatively, run cibuildwheel without configuring MSVC, and let the build backend handle it."
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    env["VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH"] = current_tgt_arch
+
    # (This file must be default/locale encoding, so we can't pass 'encoding')
    distutils_cfg.write_text(
        textwrap.dedent(
@@ -220,13 +225,21 @@ def setup_rust_cross_compile(
        )


+def can_use_uv(python_configuration: PythonConfiguration) -> bool:
+    conditions = (
+        Version(python_configuration.version) >= Version("3.8"),
+        not python_configuration.identifier.startswith("pp38-"),
+    )
+    return all(conditions)
+
+
 def setup_python(
    tmp: Path,
    python_configuration: PythonConfiguration,
    dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr],
    environment: ParsedEnvironment,
    build_frontend: BuildFrontendName,
-) -> dict[str, str]:
+) -> tuple[Path, dict[str, str]]:
    tmp.mkdir()
    implementation_id = python_configuration.identifier.split("-")[0]
    python_libs_base = None
@@ -249,10 +262,20 @@ def setup_python(
        raise ValueError(msg)
    assert base_python.exists()

+    if build_frontend == "build[uv]" and not can_use_uv(python_configuration):
+        build_frontend = "build"
+
+    use_uv = build_frontend == "build[uv]"
+    uv_path = find_uv()
+
    log.step("Setting up build environment...")
    venv_path = tmp / "venv"
    env = virtualenv(
-        python_configuration.version, base_python, venv_path, dependency_constraint_flags
+        python_configuration.version,
+        base_python,
+        venv_path,
+        dependency_constraint_flags,
+        use_uv=use_uv,
    )

    # set up environment variables for run_with_env
@@ -260,19 +283,14 @@ def setup_python(
    env["PYTHON_ARCH"] = python_configuration.arch
    env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"

-    # pip older than 21.3 builds executables such as pip.exe for x64 platform.
-    # The first re-install of pip updates pip module but builds pip.exe using
-    # the old pip which still generates x64 executable. But the second
-    # re-install uses updated pip and correctly builds pip.exe for the target.
-    # This can be removed once ARM64 Pythons (currently 3.9 and 3.10) bundle
-    # pip versions newer than 21.3.
-    if python_configuration.arch == "ARM64" and Version(get_pip_version(env)) < Version("21.3"):
+    # upgrade pip to the version matching our constraints
+    # if necessary, reinstall it to ensure that it's available on PATH as 'pip.exe'
+    if not use_uv:
        call(
            "python",
            "-m",
            "pip",
            "install",
-            "--force-reinstall",
            "--upgrade",
            "pip",
            *dependency_constraint_flags,
@@ -280,46 +298,27 @@ def setup_python(
            cwd=venv_path,
        )

-    # upgrade pip to the version matching our constraints
-    # if necessary, reinstall it to ensure that it's available on PATH as 'pip.exe'
-    call(
-        "python",
-        "-m",
-        "pip",
-        "install",
-        "--upgrade",
-        "pip",
-        *dependency_constraint_flags,
-        env=env,
-        cwd=venv_path,
-    )
-
    # update env with results from CIBW_ENVIRONMENT
    env = environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=env)

    # check what Python version we're on
-    call("where", "python", env=env)
+    where_python = call("where", "python", env=env, capture_stdout=True).splitlines()[0].strip()
+    print(where_python)
+    if where_python != str(venv_path / "Scripts" / "python.exe"):
+        msg = "python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it."
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
    call("python", "--version", env=env)
    call("python", "-c", "\"import struct; print(struct.calcsize('P') * 8)\"", env=env)
-    where_python = call("where", "python", env=env, capture_stdout=True).splitlines()[0].strip()
-    if where_python != str(venv_path / "Scripts" / "python.exe"):
-        print(
-            "cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it.",
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
-        sys.exit(1)

    # check what pip version we're on
-    assert (venv_path / "Scripts" / "pip.exe").exists()
-    where_pip = call("where", "pip", env=env, capture_stdout=True).splitlines()[0].strip()
-    if where_pip.strip() != str(venv_path / "Scripts" / "pip.exe"):
-        print(
-            "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.",
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
-        sys.exit(1)
-
-    call("pip", "--version", env=env)
+    if not use_uv:
+        assert (venv_path / "Scripts" / "pip.exe").exists()
+        where_pip = call("where", "pip", env=env, capture_stdout=True).splitlines()[0].strip()
+        print(where_pip)
+        if where_pip.strip() != str(venv_path / "Scripts" / "pip.exe"):
+            msg = "pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it."
+            raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+        call("pip", "--version", env=env)

    log.step("Installing build tools...")
    if build_frontend == "build":
@@ -331,13 +330,24 @@ def setup_python(
            *dependency_constraint_flags,
            env=env,
        )
+    elif build_frontend == "build[uv]":
+        assert uv_path is not None
+        call(
+            uv_path,
+            "pip",
+            "install",
+            "--upgrade",
+            "build[virtualenv]",
+            *dependency_constraint_flags,
+            env=env,
+        )

    if python_libs_base:
        # Set up the environment for various backends to enable cross-compilation
        setup_setuptools_cross_compile(tmp, python_configuration, python_libs_base, env)
        setup_rust_cross_compile(tmp, python_configuration, python_libs_base, env)

-    return env
+    return base_python, env


 def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
@@ -365,6 +375,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
        for config in python_configurations:
            build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend or BuildFrontendConfig("pip")
+            use_uv = build_frontend.name == "build[uv]" and can_use_uv(config)
            log.build_start(config.identifier)

            identifier_tmp_dir = tmp_path / config.identifier
@@ -380,13 +391,15 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                ]

            # install Python
-            env = setup_python(
+            base_python, env = setup_python(
                identifier_tmp_dir / "build",
                config,
                dependency_constraint_flags,
                build_options.environment,
                build_frontend.name,
            )
+            if not use_uv:
+                pip_version = get_pip_version(env)

            compatible_wheel = find_compatible_wheel(built_wheels, config.identifier)
            if compatible_wheel:
@@ -415,26 +428,14 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                extra_flags += build_frontend.args

                build_env = env.copy()
-                build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = get_pip_version(env)
+                if not use_uv:
+                    build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = pip_version
+
                if build_options.dependency_constraints:
                    constraints_path = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
                        config.version
                    )
-                    # Bug in pip <= 21.1.3 - we can't have a space in the
-                    # constraints file, and pip doesn't support drive letters
-                    # in uhi.  After probably pip 21.2, we can use uri. For
-                    # now, use a temporary file.
-                    if " " in str(constraints_path):
-                        assert " " not in str(identifier_tmp_dir)
-                        tmp_file = identifier_tmp_dir / "constraints.txt"
-                        tmp_file.write_bytes(constraints_path.read_bytes())
-                        constraints_path = tmp_file
-
-                    our_constraints = str(constraints_path)
-                    user_constraints = build_env.get("PIP_CONSTRAINT")
-                    build_env["PIP_CONSTRAINT"] = " ".join(
-                        c for c in [our_constraints, user_constraints] if c
-                    )
+                    combine_constraints(build_env, constraints_path, identifier_tmp_dir)

                if build_frontend.name == "pip":
                    extra_flags += get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(build_options.build_verbosity)
@@ -451,10 +452,12 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                        *extra_flags,
                        env=build_env,
                    )
-                elif build_frontend.name == "build":
+                elif build_frontend.name == "build" or build_frontend.name == "build[uv]":
                    if not 0 <= build_options.build_verbosity < 2:
                        msg = f"build_verbosity {build_options.build_verbosity} is not supported for build frontend. Ignoring."
                        log.warning(msg)
+                    if use_uv and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags and "-n" not in extra_flags:
+                        extra_flags.append("--installer=uv")
                    call(
                        "python",
                        "-m",
@@ -474,7 +477,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir()

                if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
-                    raise NonPlatformWheelError()
+                    raise errors.NonPlatformWheelError()

                if build_options.repair_command:
                    log.step("Repairing wheel...")
@@ -487,10 +490,13 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                else:
                    shutil.move(str(built_wheel), repaired_wheel_dir)

-                repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+                try:
+                    repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+                except StopIteration:
+                    raise errors.RepairStepProducedNoWheelError() from None

                if repaired_wheel.name in {wheel.name for wheel in built_wheels}:
-                    raise AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)
+                    raise errors.AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)

            test_selected = options.globals.test_selector(config.identifier)
            if test_selected and config.arch == "ARM64" != platform_module.machine():
@@ -508,12 +514,20 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                log.step("Testing wheel...")
                # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
                # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
-                call("pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags, env=env)
+                if not use_uv:
+                    call("pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags, env=env)
+
                venv_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "venv-test"

-                # Use --no-download to ensure determinism by using seed libraries
-                # built into virtualenv
-                call("python", "-m", "virtualenv", "--no-download", venv_dir, env=env)
+                if use_uv:
+                    call("uv", "venv", venv_dir, f"--python={base_python}", env=env)
+                else:
+                    # Use pip version from the initial env to ensure determinism
+                    venv_args = ["--no-periodic-update", f"--pip={pip_version}"]
+                    # In Python<3.12, setuptools & wheel are installed as well, use virtualenv embedded ones
+                    if Version(config.version) < Version("3.12"):
+                        venv_args.extend(("--setuptools=embed", "--wheel=embed"))
+                    call("python", "-m", "virtualenv", *venv_args, venv_dir, env=env)

                virtualenv_env = env.copy()
                virtualenv_env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(
@@ -522,14 +536,11 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                        virtualenv_env["PATH"],
                    ]
                )
+                virtualenv_env["VIRTUAL_ENV"] = str(venv_dir)

                # check that we are using the Python from the virtual environment
                call("where", "python", env=virtualenv_env)

-                # TODO remove me once virtualenv provides pip>=24.1b1
-                if config.version.startswith("3.13."):
-                    call("python", "-m", "pip", "install", "--pre", "-U", "pip", env=virtualenv_env)
-
                if build_options.before_test:
                    before_test_prepared = prepare_command(
                        build_options.before_test,
@@ -538,9 +549,11 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                    )
                    shell(before_test_prepared, env=virtualenv_env)

+                pip = ["uv", "pip"] if use_uv else ["pip"]
+
                # install the wheel
                call(
-                    "pip",
+                    *pip,
                    "install",
                    str(repaired_wheel) + build_options.test_extras,
                    env=virtualenv_env,
@@ -548,7 +561,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:

                # test the wheel
                if build_options.test_requires:
-                    call("pip", "install", *build_options.test_requires, env=virtualenv_env)
+                    call(*pip, "install", *build_options.test_requires, env=virtualenv_env)

                # run the tests from a temp dir, with an absolute path in the command
                # (this ensures that Python runs the tests against the installed wheel
@@ -567,11 +580,13 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:

            # we're all done here; move it to output (remove if already exists)
            if compatible_wheel is None:
-                with suppress(FileNotFoundError):
-                    (build_options.output_dir / repaired_wheel.name).unlink()
-
-                shutil.move(str(repaired_wheel), build_options.output_dir)
-                built_wheels.append(build_options.output_dir / repaired_wheel.name)
+                output_wheel = build_options.output_dir.joinpath(repaired_wheel.name)
+                moved_wheel = move_file(repaired_wheel, output_wheel)
+                if moved_wheel != output_wheel.resolve():
+                    log.warning(
+                        "{repaired_wheel} was moved to {moved_wheel} instead of {output_wheel}"
+                    )
+                built_wheels.append(output_wheel)

            # clean up
            # (we ignore errors because occasionally Windows fails to unlink a file and we
@@ -580,7 +595,5 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:

            log.build_end()
    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
-        log.step_end_with_error(
-            f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout}"
-        )
-        sys.exit(1)
+        msg = f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout or ''}"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg) from error
@@ -4,8 +4,141 @@ title: Changelog

 # Changelog

+### v2.23.1
+
+_15 March 2025_
+
+- ⚠️ Added warnings when the shorthand values `manylinux1`, `manylinux2010`, `manylinux_2_24`, and `musllinux_1_1` are used to specify the images in linux builds. The shorthand to these (unmaintainted) images will be removed in v3.0. If you want to keep using these images, explicitly opt-in using the full image URL, which can be found in [this file](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/v2.23.1/cibuildwheel/resources/pinned_docker_images.cfg). (#2312)
+- 🛠 Dependency updates, including a manylinux update which fixes an [issue with rustup](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/2303). (#2315)
+
+### v2.23.0
+
+_1 March 2025_
+
+- ✨ Adds official support for the new GitHub Actions Arm runners. In fact these worked out-of-the-box, now we include them in our tests and example configs. (#2135 via #2281)
+- ✨ Adds support for building PyPy 3.11 wheels (#2268 via #2281)
+- 🛠 Adopts the beta pypa/manylinux image for armv7l builds (#2269 via #2281)
+- 🛠 Dependency updates, including Pyodide 0.27 (#2117 and #2281)
+
+### v2.22.0
+
+_23 November 2024_
+
+- 🌟 Added a new `CIBW_ENABLE`/`enable` feature that replaces `CIBW_FREETHREADED_SUPPORT`/`free-threaded-support` and `CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS` with a system that supports both. In cibuildwheel 3, this will also include a PyPy setting and the deprecated options will be removed. (#2048)
+- 🌟 [Dependency groups](https://peps.python.org/pep-0735/) are now supported for tests. Use `CIBW_TEST_GROUPS`/`test-groups` to specify groups in `[dependency-groups]` for testing. (#2063)
+- 🌟 Support for the experimental Ubuntu-based ARMv7l manylinux image (#2052)
+- ✨ Show a warning when cibuildwheel is run from Python 3.10 or older; cibuildwheel 3.0 will require Python 3.11 or newer as host (#2050)
+- 🐛 Fix issue with stderr interfering with checking the docker version (#2074)
+- 🛠 Python 3.9 is now used in `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`/`before-all` on linux, replacing 3.8, which is now EoL (#2043)
+- 🛠 Error messages for producing a pure-Python wheel are slightly more informative (#2044)
+- 🛠 Better error when `uname -m` fails on ARM (#2049)
+- 🛠 Better error when repair fails and docs for abi3audit on Windows (#2058)
+- 🛠 Better error when `manylinux-interpreters ensure` fails (#2066)
+- 🛠 Update Pyodide to 0.26.4, and adapt to the unbundled pyodide-build (now 0.29) (#2090)
+- 🛠 Now cibuildwheel uses dependency-groups for development dependencies (#2064, #2085)
+- 📚 Docs updates and tidy ups (#2061, #2067, #2072)
+
+
+### v2.21.3
+
+_9 October 2024_
+
+- 🛠 Update CPython 3.13 to 3.13.0 final release (#2032)
+- 📚 Docs updates and tidy ups (#2035)
+
+### v2.21.2
+
+_2 October 2024_
+
+- ✨ Adds support for building 32-bit armv7l wheels on musllinux. On a Linux system with emulation set up, set [CIBW_ARCHS](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#archs) to `armv7l` on Linux to try it out if you're interested! (#2017)
+- 🐛 Fix Linux Podman builds on some systems (#2016)
+- ✨ Adds official support for running on Python 3.13 (#2026)
+- 🛠 Update CPython 3.13 to 3.13.0rc3 (#2029)
+
+Note: the default [manylinux image](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image) is **scheduled to change** from `manylinux2014` to `manylinux_2_28` in a cibuildwheel release on or after **6th May 2025** - you can set the value now to avoid getting upgraded if you want. (#1992)
+
+### v2.21.1
+
+_16 September 2024_
+
+- 🐛 Fix a bug in the Linux build, where files copied to the container would have invalid ownership permissions (#2007)
+- 🐛 Fix a bug on Windows where cibuildwheel would call upon `uv` to install dependencies for versions of CPython that it does not support (#2005)
+- 🐛 Fix a bug where `uv 0.4.10` would not use the right Python when testing on Linux. (#2008)
+- 🛠 Bump our documentation pins, fixes an issue with a missing package (#2011)
+
+### v2.21.0
+
+_13 September 2024_
+
+- ⚠️ Update CPython 3.12 to 3.12.6, which changes the macOS minimum deployment target on CPython 3.12 from macOS 10.9 to macOS 10.13 (#1998)
+- 🛠 Changes the behaviour when inheriting `config-settings` in TOML overrides - rather than extending each key, which is rarely useful, individual keys will override previously set values. (#1803)
+- 🛠 Update CPython 3.13 to 3.13.0rc2 (#1998)
+- ✨ Adds support for multiarch OCI images (#1961)
+- 🐛 Fixes some bugs building Linux wheels on macOS. (#1961)
+- ⚠️ Changes the minimum version of Docker/Podman to Docker API version 1.43, Podman API version 3. The only mainstream runner this should affect is Travis Graviton2 runners - if so you can [upgrade your version of Docker](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/1961#issuecomment-2304060019). (#1961)
+
+
+### v2.20.0
+
+_4 August 2024_
+
+- 🌟 CPython 3.13 wheels are now built by default - without the `CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS` flag. It's time to build and upload these wheels to PyPI! This release includes CPython 3.13.0rc1, which is guaranteed to be ABI compatible with the final release. Free-threading is still behind a flag/config option. (#1950)
+- ✨ Provide a `CIBW_ALLOW_EMPTY` environment variable as an alternative to the command line flag. (#1937)
+- 🐛 Don't use uv on PyPy3.8 on Windows, it stopped working starting in 0.2.25. Note that PyPy 3.8 is EoL. (#1868)
+- 🛠 Set the `VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH` variable based on target arch. (#1876)
+- 🛠 Undo cleaner output on pytest 8-8.2 now that 8.3 is out. (#1943)
+- 📚 Update examples to use Python 3.12 on host  (cibuildwheel will require Python 3.11+ on the host machine starting in October 2024) (#1919)
+
+
+### v2.19.2
+
+_2 July 2024_
+
+- 🐛 Update manylinux2014 pins to versions that support past-EoL CentOS 7 mirrors. (#1917)
+- 🐛 Support `--no-isolation` with `build[uv]` build-frontend. (#1889)
+- 🛠 Provide attestations for releases at <https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/attestations>. (#1916)
+- 🛠 Provide CPython 3.13.0b3. (#1913)
+- 🛠 Remove some workarounds now that pip 21.1 is available. (#1891, #1892)
+- 📚 Remove nosetest from our docs. (#1821)
+- 📚 Document the macOS ARM workaround for 3.8 on GHA. (#1871)
+- 📚 GitLab CI + macOS is now a supported platform with an example. (#1911)
+
+
+### v2.19.1
+
+_13 June 2024_
+
+- 🐛 Don't require setup-python on GHA for Pyodide (#1868)
+- 🐛 Specify full python path for uv (fixes issue in 0.2.10 & 0.2.11) (#1881)
+- 🛠 Update for pip 24.1b2 on CPython 3.13. (#1879)
+- 🛠 Fix a warning in our schema generation script. (#1866)
+- 🛠 Cleaner output on pytest 8-8.2. (#1865)
+
+
+### v2.19.0
+
+_10 June 2024_
+
+See the [release post](https://iscinumpy.dev/post/cibuildwheel-2-19-0/) for more info on new features!
+
+- 🌟 Add Pyodide platform. Set with `--platform pyodide` or `CIBW_PLATFORM: pyodide` on Linux with a host Python 3.12 to build WebAssembly wheels. Not accepted on PyPI currently, but usable directly in a website using Pyodide, for live docs, etc. (#1456, #1859)
+- 🌟 Add `build[uv]` backend, which will take a pre-existing uv install (or install `cibuildwheel[uv]`) and use `uv` for all environment setup and installs on Python 3.8+. This is significantly faster in most cases. (#1856)
+- ✨ Add free-threaded macOS builds and update CPython to 3.13.0b2. (#1854)
+- 🐛 Issue copying a wheel to a non-existent output dir fixed. (#1851, #1862)
+- 🐛 Better determinism for the test environment seeding. (#1835)
+- 🛠 `VIRTUAL_ENV` variable now set. (#1842)
+- 🛠 Remove a pip<21.3 workaround. (#1842)
+- 🛠 Error handling was refactored to use exceptions. (#1719)
+- 🛠 Hardcoded paths in tests avoided. (#1834)
+- 🛠 Single Python tests made more generic. (#1835)
+- 🛠 Sped up our ci by splitting up emulation tests. (#1839)
+
+
+
 ### v2.18.1

+_20 May 2024_
+
 - 🌟 Add free-threaded Linux and Windows builds for 3.13. New identifiers `cp313t-*`, new option `CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT`/`tool.cibuildwheel.free-threaded-support` required to opt-in. [See the docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#free-threaded-support) for more information. (#1831)
 - ✨ The `container-engine` is now a build (non-global) option. (#1792)
 - 🛠 The build backend for cibuildwheel is now hatchling. (#1297)
@@ -17,11 +17,11 @@ Everyone contributing to the cibuildwheel project is expected to follow the [PSF
 - `cibuildwheel` should wrap the complexity of wheel building.
 - The user interface to `cibuildwheel` is the build script (e.g. `.travis.yml`). Feature additions should not increase the complexity of this script.
 - Options should be environment variables (these lend themselves better to YML config files). They should be prefixed with `CIBW_`.
- Options should be generalise to all platforms. If platform-specific options are required, they should be namespaced e.g. `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_MACOS`
+- Options should be generalised to all platforms. If platform-specific options are required, they should be namespaced e.g. `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_MACOS`

 Other notes:

- The platforms are very similar, until they're not. I'd rather have straight-forward code than totally DRY code, so let's keep airy platform abstractions to a minimum.
+- The platforms are very similar, until they're not. I'd rather have straightforward code than totally DRY code, so let's keep airy platform abstractions to a minimum.
 - I might want to break the options into a shared config file one day, so that config is more easily shared. That has motivated some of the design decisions.

 ### cibuildwheel's relationship with build errors
@@ -82,14 +82,11 @@ A few notes-

 - Running the macOS integration tests requires _system installs_ of Python from python.org for all the versions that are tested. We won't attempt to install these when running locally, but you can do so manually using the URL in the error message that is printed when the install is not found.

-#### Making a venv
+#### Running pytest directly

-More advanced users might prefer to invoke pytest directly-
+More advanced users might prefer to invoke pytest directly. Set up a [dev environment](#setting-up-a-dev-environment), then,

 ```bash
-python3 -m venv .venv
-source .venv/bin/activate
-pip install -e .[dev]
 # run the unit tests
 pytest unit_test
 # run the whole integration test suite
@@ -102,23 +99,44 @@ CIBW_PLATFORM=linux pytest test -k test_build_frontend_args

 ### Linting, docs

-Most developer tasks have a nox interface. This allows you to very simply run tasks without worrying about setting up a development environment (as shown below). This is a slower than setting up a development environment and reusing it, but has the (important) benefit of being highly reproducible; an earlier run does not affect a current run, or anything else on your machine.
+Most developer tasks have a nox interface. This allows you to very simply run tasks without worrying about setting up a development environment (as shown below). This is slower than setting up a development environment and reusing it, but has the (important) benefit of being highly reproducible; an earlier run does not affect a current run, or anything else on your machine.

 You can see a list of sessions by typing `nox -l`; here are a few common ones:

 ```console
 nox -s lint                    # Run the linters (default)
 nox -s tests [-- PYTEST-ARGS]  # Run the tests   (default)
-nox -s docs -- serve           # Build and serve the documentation
+nox -s docs                    # Build and serve the documentation
 nox -s build                   # Make SDist and wheel
 ```

-More advanced users can run the update scripts. `update_pins` should work directly, but `update_constraints` needs all versions of Python installed. If you don't want to do that locally, a fast way to run it to use docker to run nox:
+More advanced users can run the update scripts:

 ```console
-docker run --rm -itv $PWD:/src -w /src quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64:latest pipx run nox -s update_constraints
+nox -s update_constraints # update all constraints files in cibuildwheel/resources
+nox -s update_pins        # update tools, python interpreters & docker images used by cibuildwheel
 ```

+### Setting up a dev environment
+
+A dev environment isn't required for any of the `nox` tasks above. However, a dev environment is still useful, to be able to point an editor at, and a few other jobs.
+
+cibuildwheel uses dependency groups. Set up a dev environment with UV by doing
+
+```bash
+uv sync
+```
+
+Or, if you're not using `uv`, you can do:
+
+```bash
+python3 -m venv .venv
+source .venv/bin/activate
+pipx run dependency-groups dev | xargs pip install -e.
+```
+
+Your virtualenv is at `.venv`.
+
 ## Maintainer notes

 ### Testing sample configs
@@ -177,7 +195,7 @@ Then, increment the project version number using:
 bin/bump_version.py
 ```

-You'll be prompted to enter the new version number. Update the changelog when prompted. The script will create a 'bump version' commit and version tag.
+(or `nox -s bump_version`) You'll be prompted to enter the new version number. Update the changelog when prompted. The script will create a 'bump version' commit and version tag.

 Finally, cut the release and push to GitHub.

@@ -186,3 +204,5 @@ git push && git push --tags
 ```

 Then head to https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/releases and create a GitHub release from the new tag, pasting in the changelog entry. Once the release is created inside GitHub, a CI job will create the assets and upload them to PyPI.
+
+If there were any schema updates, run `pipx run ./bin/generate_schema.py --schemastore > partial-cibuildwheel.json` and contribute the changes to SchemaStore.
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Building Python wheels with modern C++ standards (C++11 and later) requires a fe


 ## manylinux1 and C++14
-The old `manylinux1` image (based on CentOS 5) contains a version of GCC and libstdc++ that only supports C++11 and earlier standards. There are however ways to compile wheels with the C++14 standard (and later): https://github.com/pypa/manylinux/issues/118
+The past end-of-life `manylinux1` image (based on CentOS 5) contains a version of GCC and libstdc++ that only supports C++11 and earlier standards. There are however ways to compile wheels with the C++14 standard (and later): https://github.com/pypa/manylinux/issues/118

 `manylinux2010` and `manylinux2014` are newer and support all C++ standards (up to C++17).

@@ -18,9 +18,8 @@ OS X/macOS allows you to specify a so-called "deployment target" version that wi

 However, to enable modern C++ standards, the deployment target needs to be set high enough (since older OS X/macOS versions did not have the necessary modern C++ standard library).

-To get C++11 and C++14 support, `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` needs to be set to (at least) `"10.9"`. By default, `cibuildwheel` already does this, building 64-bit-only wheels for macOS 10.9 and later.

-To get C++17 support, Xcode 9.3+ is needed, requiring at least macOS 10.13 on the build machine. To use C++17 library features and link against the C++ runtime library, set `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` to `"10.13"` or `"10.14"` (or higher) - macOS 10.13 offers partial C++17 support (e.g., the filesystem header is in experimental, offering `#include <experimental/filesystem>` instead of `#include <filesystem>`); macOS 10.14 has full C++17 support.
+To get C++17 support, Xcode 9.3+ is needed, requiring at least macOS 10.13 on the build machine. To use C++17 library features and link against the C++ runtime library, set `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` to `"10.13"` or `"10.14"` (or higher) - macOS 10.13 offers partial C++17 support (e.g., the filesystem header is in experimental, offering `#include <experimental/filesystem>` instead of `#include <filesystem>`); macOS 10.14 has full C++17 support. CPython 3.12+ require 10.13+ anyway.

 However, if only C++17 compiler and standard template library (STL) features are used (not needing a C++17 runtime) it might be possible to set `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` to a lower value, such as `"10.9"`. To find out if this is the case, try compiling and running with a lower `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET`: if C++17 features are used that require a more recent deployment target, building the wheel should fail.

@@ -657,3 +657,10 @@
      C++ framework. Uses cibuildwheel to deploy on as many operating
      systems and Python versions as possible with only one dependency
      (any NumPy).
+
+- name: streaming-form-data
+  gh: siddhantgoel/streaming-form-data
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+  pypi: streaming-form-data
+  notes: Streaming parser for multipart/form-data written in Cython
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ This requires setting this GitHub workflow in your project's PyPI settings (for

 You should use Dependabot to keep the publish action up to date. In the above
 example, the same name (the default, "artifact" is used for all upload-artifact
-runs, so we can just download all of the in one step into a common directory.
+runs, so we can just download all of them in one step into a common directory.

 See
 [`examples/github-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/examples/github-deploy.yml)
@@ -258,6 +258,16 @@ h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
  font-size: 80%;
 }

+.rst-content table.docutils td code,
+.rst-content table.docutils th code,
+.rst-content table.field-list td code,
+.rst-content table.field-list th code,
+.wy-table td code,
+.wy-table th code {
+  /* table elements are already made smaller, the code styling on top of that makes the text too small */
+  font-size: 82.5%;
+}
+

 /* expand all the toctree entries */
 .wy-menu-vertical .toctree-l1.current .toctree-l2>ul,
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ title: Tips and tricks

 Linux wheels are built in [`manylinux`/`musllinux` containers](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux) to provide binary compatible wheels on Linux, according to [PEP 600](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0600/) / [PEP 656](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0656/). Because of this, when building with `cibuildwheel` on Linux, a few things should be taken into account:

-   Programs and libraries are not installed on the CI runner host, but rather should be installed inside the container - using `yum` for `manylinux2010` or `manylinux2014`, `apt-get` for `manylinux_2_24`, `dnf` for `manylinux_2_28` and `apk` for `musllinux_1_1` or `musllinux_1_2`, or manually. The same goes for environment variables that are potentially needed to customize the wheel building.
+-   Programs and libraries are not installed on the CI runner host, but rather should be installed inside the container - using `yum` for `manylinux2010` or `manylinux2014`, `apt-get` for `manylinux_2_24`/`manylinux_2_31`, `dnf` for `manylinux_2_28` and `apk` for `musllinux_1_1` or `musllinux_1_2`, or manually. The same goes for environment variables that are potentially needed to customize the wheel building.

    `cibuildwheel` supports this by providing the [`CIBW_ENVIRONMENT`](options.md#environment) and [`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`](options.md#before-all) options to setup the build environment inside the running container.

@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ myextension = Extension(

 ### Automatic updates using Dependabot {: #automatic-updates}

-Selecting a moving target (like the latest release) is generally a bad idea in CI. If something breaks, you can't tell whether it was your code or an upstream update that caused the breakage, and in a worse-case scenario, it could occur during a release.
+Selecting a moving target (like the latest release) is generally a bad idea in CI. If something breaks, you can't tell whether it was your code or an upstream update that caused the breakage, and in a worst-case scenario, it could occur during a release.

 There are two suggested methods for keeping cibuildwheel up to date that instead involve scheduled pull requests using GitHub's Dependabot.

@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ There are two suggested methods for keeping cibuildwheel up to date that instead
 If you use GitHub Actions for builds, you can use cibuildwheel as an action:

 ```yaml
-uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.18.1
+uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.23.1
 ```

 This is a composite step that just runs cibuildwheel using pipx. You can set command-line options as `with:` parameters, and use `env:` as normal.
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ The second option, and the only one that supports other CI systems, is using a `

 ```bash
 # requirements-cibw.txt
-cibuildwheel==2.18.1
+cibuildwheel==2.23.1
 ```

 Then your install step would have `python -m pip install -r requirements-cibw.txt` in it. Your `.github/dependabot.yml` file could look like this:
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ This will also try to update other pins in all requirement files, so be sure you
 ### Alternatives to cibuildwheel options {: #cibw-options-alternatives}

 cibuildwheel provides lots of opportunities to configure the build
-environment. However, you  might consider adding this build configuration into
+environment. However, you might consider adding this build configuration into
 the package itself - in general, this is preferred, because users of your
 package 'sdist' will also benefit.

@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ Solutions to this vary, but the simplest is to use pipx:
 # most runners have pipx preinstalled, but in case you don't
 python3 -m pip install pipx

-pipx run cibuildwheel==2.18.1 --output-dir wheelhouse
+pipx run cibuildwheel==2.23.1 --output-dir wheelhouse
 pipx run twine upload wheelhouse/*.whl
 ```

@@ -363,16 +363,25 @@ If you're building on an arm64 runner, you might notice something strange about

 This is fine for simple C extensions, but for more complicated builds on arm64 it becomes an issue.

-So, if the cross-compilation is an issue for you, there is an 'experimental' installer available that's built natively for arm64.
-
-To use this installer and perform native CPython 3.8 building, before invoking cibuildwheel, install the universal2 version of Python on your arm64 runner, something like:
+So, if you want to build macOS arm64 wheels on an arm64 runner (e.g., `macos-14`) on Python 3.8, before invoking cibuildwheel, you should install a native arm64 Python 3.8 interpreter on the runner:


-```bash
-curl -o /tmp/Python38.pkg https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.10/python-3.8.10-macos11.pkg
-sudo installer -pkg /tmp/Python38.pkg -target /
-sh "/Applications/Python 3.8/Install Certificates.command"
-```
+!!! tab "GitHub Actions"
+
+    ```yaml
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      with:
+        python-version: 3.8
+      if: runner.os == 'macOS' && runner.arch == 'ARM64'
+    ```
+
+!!! tab "Generic"
+
+    ```bash
+    curl -o /tmp/Python38.pkg https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.10/python-3.8.10-macos11.pkg
+    sudo installer -pkg /tmp/Python38.pkg -target /
+    sh "/Applications/Python 3.8/Install Certificates.command"
+    ```

 Then cibuildwheel will detect that it's installed and use it instead. However, you probably don't want to build x86_64 wheels on this Python, unless you're happy with them only supporting macOS 11+.

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ from typing import Any
 def define_env(env: Any) -> None:
    "Hook function for mkdocs-macros"

-    @env.macro
+    @env.macro  # type: ignore[misc]
    def subprocess_run(*args: str) -> str:
        "Run a subprocess and return the stdout"
        env = os.environ.copy()
@@ -91,9 +91,9 @@ You can configure cibuildwheel with a config file, such as `pyproject.toml`.
 Options have the same names as the environment variable overrides, but are
 placed in `[tool.cibuildwheel]` and are lower case, with dashes, following
 common [TOML][] practice. Anything placed in subsections `linux`, `windows`,
-or `macos` will only affect those platforms. Lists can be used instead of
-strings for items that are naturally a list. Multiline strings also work just
-like in the environment variables. Environment variables will take
+`macos`, or `pyodide` will only affect those platforms. Lists can be used
+instead of strings for items that are naturally a list. Multiline strings also
+work just like in the environment variables. Environment variables will take
 precedence if defined.

 The example above using environment variables could have been written like this:
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ environment variables will completely override any TOML configuration.

 > Override the auto-detected target platform

-Options: `auto` `linux` `macos` `windows`
+Options: `auto` `linux` `macos` `windows` `pyodide`

 Default: `auto`

@@ -255,6 +255,7 @@ Default: `auto`

 - For `linux`, you need [Docker or Podman](#container-engine) running, on Linux, macOS, or Windows.
 - For `macos` and `windows`, you need to be running on the respective system, with a working compiler toolchain installed - Xcode Command Line tools for macOS, and MSVC for Windows.
+- For `pyodide` you need to be on an x86-64 linux runner and `python3.12` must be available in `PATH`.

 This option can also be set using the [command-line option](#command-line) `--platform`. This option is not available in the `pyproject.toml` config.

@@ -287,28 +288,42 @@ When setting the options, you can use shell-style globbing syntax, as per [fnmat

 <div class="build-id-table-marker"></div>

-|               | macOS                                                                  | Windows                                             | Linux Intel                                                                                         | Linux Other                                                                                                                                                     |
-|---------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
-| Python 3.6    | cp36-macosx_x86_64                                                     | cp36-win_amd64<br/>cp36-win32                       | cp36-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp36-manylinux_i686<br/>cp36-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp36-musllinux_i686     | cp36-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp36-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp36-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp36-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp36-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp36-musllinux_s390x       |
-| Python 3.7    | cp37-macosx_x86_64                                                     | cp37-win_amd64<br/>cp37-win32                       | cp37-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp37-manylinux_i686<br/>cp37-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp37-musllinux_i686     | cp37-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp37-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp37-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp37-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp37-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp37-musllinux_s390x       |
-| Python 3.8    | cp38-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp38-macosx_universal2<br/>cp38-macosx_arm64    | cp38-win_amd64<br/>cp38-win32                       | cp38-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp38-manylinux_i686<br/>cp38-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp38-musllinux_i686     | cp38-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp38-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp38-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp38-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp38-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp38-musllinux_s390x       |
-| Python 3.9    | cp39-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp39-macosx_universal2<br/>cp39-macosx_arm64    | cp39-win_amd64<br/>cp39-win32<br/>cp39-win_arm64    | cp39-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp39-manylinux_i686<br/>cp39-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp39-musllinux_i686     | cp39-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp39-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp39-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp39-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp39-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp39-musllinux_s390x       |
-| Python 3.10   | cp310-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp310-macosx_universal2<br/>cp310-macosx_arm64 | cp310-win_amd64<br/>cp310-win32<br/>cp310-win_arm64 | cp310-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp310-manylinux_i686<br/>cp310-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp310-musllinux_i686 | cp310-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp310-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp310-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp310-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp310-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp310-musllinux_s390x |
-| Python 3.11   | cp311-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp311-macosx_universal2<br/>cp311-macosx_arm64 | cp311-win_amd64<br/>cp311-win32<br/>cp311-win_arm64 | cp311-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp311-manylinux_i686<br/>cp311-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp311-musllinux_i686 | cp311-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp311-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp311-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp311-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp311-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp311-musllinux_s390x |
-| Python 3.12   | cp312-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp312-macosx_universal2<br/>cp312-macosx_arm64 | cp312-win_amd64<br/>cp312-win32<br/>cp312-win_arm64 | cp312-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp312-manylinux_i686<br/>cp312-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp312-musllinux_i686 | cp312-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp312-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp312-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp312-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp312-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp312-musllinux_s390x |
-| Python 3.13   | cp313-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp313-macosx_universal2<br/>cp313-macosx_arm64 | cp313-win_amd64<br/>cp313-win32<br/>cp313-win_arm64 | cp313-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp313-manylinux_i686<br/>cp313-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp313-musllinux_i686 | cp313-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp313-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp313-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp313-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp313-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp313-musllinux_s390x |
-| PyPy3.7 v7.3  | pp37-macosx_x86_64                                                     | pp37-win_amd64                                      | pp37-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp37-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp37-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                          |
-| PyPy3.8 v7.3  | pp38-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp38-macosx_arm64                               | pp38-win_amd64                                      | pp38-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp38-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp38-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                          |
-| PyPy3.9 v7.3  | pp39-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp39-macosx_arm64                               | pp39-win_amd64                                      | pp39-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp39-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp39-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                          |
-| PyPy3.10 v7.3 | pp310-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp310-macosx_arm64                             | pp310-win_amd64                                     | pp310-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp310-manylinux_i686                                                     | pp310-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                         |
+|               | macOS                                                                  | Windows                                             | Linux Intel                                                                                         | Linux Other                                                                                                                                                                                                           |
+|---------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Python 3.6    | cp36-macosx_x86_64                                                     | cp36-win_amd64<br/>cp36-win32                       | cp36-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp36-manylinux_i686<br/>cp36-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp36-musllinux_i686     | cp36-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp36-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp36-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp36-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp36-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp36-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp36-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp36-musllinux_armv7l         |
+| Python 3.7    | cp37-macosx_x86_64                                                     | cp37-win_amd64<br/>cp37-win32                       | cp37-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp37-manylinux_i686<br/>cp37-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp37-musllinux_i686     | cp37-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp37-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp37-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp37-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp37-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp37-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp37-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp37-musllinux_armv7l         |
+| Python 3.8    | cp38-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp38-macosx_universal2<br/>cp38-macosx_arm64    | cp38-win_amd64<br/>cp38-win32                       | cp38-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp38-manylinux_i686<br/>cp38-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp38-musllinux_i686     | cp38-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp38-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp38-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp38-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp38-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp38-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp38-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp38-musllinux_armv7l         |
+| Python 3.9    | cp39-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp39-macosx_universal2<br/>cp39-macosx_arm64    | cp39-win_amd64<br/>cp39-win32<br/>cp39-win_arm64    | cp39-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp39-manylinux_i686<br/>cp39-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp39-musllinux_i686     | cp39-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp39-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp39-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp39-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp39-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp39-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp39-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp39-musllinux_armv7l         |
+| Python 3.10   | cp310-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp310-macosx_universal2<br/>cp310-macosx_arm64 | cp310-win_amd64<br/>cp310-win32<br/>cp310-win_arm64 | cp310-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp310-manylinux_i686<br/>cp310-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp310-musllinux_i686 | cp310-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp310-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp310-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp310-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp310-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp310-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp310-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp310-musllinux_armv7l |
+| Python 3.11   | cp311-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp311-macosx_universal2<br/>cp311-macosx_arm64 | cp311-win_amd64<br/>cp311-win32<br/>cp311-win_arm64 | cp311-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp311-manylinux_i686<br/>cp311-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp311-musllinux_i686 | cp311-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp311-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp311-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp311-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp311-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp311-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp311-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp311-musllinux_armv7l |
+| Python 3.12   | cp312-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp312-macosx_universal2<br/>cp312-macosx_arm64 | cp312-win_amd64<br/>cp312-win32<br/>cp312-win_arm64 | cp312-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp312-manylinux_i686<br/>cp312-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp312-musllinux_i686 | cp312-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp312-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp312-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp312-musllinux_armv7l<br/>cp312-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp312-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp312-musllinux_armv7l                             |
+| Python 3.13   | cp313-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp313-macosx_universal2<br/>cp313-macosx_arm64 | cp313-win_amd64<br/>cp313-win32<br/>cp313-win_arm64 | cp313-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp313-manylinux_i686<br/>cp313-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp313-musllinux_i686 | cp313-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp313-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp313-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp313-manylinux_armv7l<br/>cp313-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp313-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp313-musllinux_s390x<br/>cp313-musllinux_armv7l |
+| PyPy3.7 v7.3  | pp37-macosx_x86_64                                                     | pp37-win_amd64                                      | pp37-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp37-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp37-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                |
+| PyPy3.8 v7.3  | pp38-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp38-macosx_arm64                               | pp38-win_amd64                                      | pp38-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp38-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp38-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                |
+| PyPy3.9 v7.3  | pp39-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp39-macosx_arm64                               | pp39-win_amd64                                      | pp39-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp39-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp39-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                                |
+| PyPy3.10 v7.3 | pp310-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp310-macosx_arm64                             | pp310-win_amd64                                     | pp310-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp310-manylinux_i686                                                     | pp310-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                               |
+| PyPy3.11 v7.3 | pp311-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp311-macosx_arm64                             | pp311-win_amd64                                     | pp311-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp311-manylinux_i686                                                     | pp311-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                                                                               |

 The list of supported and currently selected build identifiers can also be retrieved by passing the `--print-build-identifiers` flag to cibuildwheel.
 The format is `python_tag-platform_tag`, with tags similar to those in [PEP 425](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0425/#details).

-For CPython, the minimally supported macOS version is 10.9; for PyPy 3.7, macOS 10.13 or higher is required.
+The lowest value you can set `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` is as follows:
+
+| Arch  | Python version range | Minimum target |
+|-------|----------------------|----------------|
+| Intel | CPython 3.6-3.11     | 10.9           |
+| Intel | CPython 3.12+        | 10.13          |
+| AS    | CPython or PyPy      | 11             |
+| Intel | PyPy 3.7-3.8         | 10.13          |
+| Intel | PyPy 3.9+            | 10.15          |
+
+If you set the value lower, cibuildwheel will cap it to the lowest supported value for each target as needed.

 Windows arm64 platform support is experimental.

+For an experimental WebAssembly build with `--platform pyodide`,
+`cp312-pyodide_wasm32` is the only platform identifier.
+
 See the [cibuildwheel 1 documentation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/1.x/) for past end-of-life versions of Python, and PyPy2.7.

 #### Examples
@@ -408,52 +423,6 @@ See the [cibuildwheel 1 documentation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/1.x/) for
  }
 </style>

-### `CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT` {: #free-threaded-support}
-
-> Choose whether free-threaded variants should be built
-
-[PEP 703](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0703) introduced variants of CPython that can be built without the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL).
-Those variants are also known as free-threaded / no-gil.
-
-Building for free-threaded variants is disabled by default.
-
-Building can be enabled by setting this option to `true`. The free-threaded compatible wheels will be built in addition to the standard wheels.
-
-This option doesn't support overrides.
-If you need to enable/disable it per platform or python version, set this option to `true` and use [`CIBW_BUILD`](#build-skip)/[`CIBW_SKIP`](#build-skip) options to filter the builds.
-
-The build identifiers for those variants have a `t` suffix in their `python_tag` (e.g. `cp313t-manylinux_x86_64`)
-
-!!! note
-    This feature is experimental: [What’s New In Python 3.13](https://docs.python.org/3.13/whatsnew/3.13.html#free-threaded-cpython)
-
-#### Examples
-
-!!! tab examples "Environment variables"
-
-    ```yaml
-    # Enable free-threaded support
-    CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT: 1
-
-    # Skip building free-threaded compatible wheels on Windows
-    CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT: 1
-    CIBW_SKIP: *t-win*
-    ```
-
-    It is generally recommended to use `free-threaded-support` in a config file as you can statically declare that you
-    support free-threaded builds.
-
-!!! tab examples "pyproject.toml"
-
-    ```toml
-    [tool.cibuildwheel]
-    # Enable free-threaded support
-    free-threaded-support = true
-
-    # Skip building free-threaded compatible wheels on Windows
-    free-threaded-support = true
-    skip = "*t-win*"
-    ```

 ### `CIBW_ARCHS` {: #archs}
 > Change the architectures built on your machine by default.
@@ -471,9 +440,10 @@ machine, provided the cross-compiling tools are installed.

 Options:

- Linux: `x86_64` `i686` `aarch64` `ppc64le` `s390x`
+- Linux: `x86_64` `i686` `aarch64` `ppc64le` `s390x` `armv7l`
 - macOS: `x86_64` `arm64` `universal2`
 - Windows: `AMD64` `x86` `ARM64`
+- Pyodide: `wasm32`
 - `auto`: The default archs for your machine - see the table below.
    - `auto64`: Just the 64-bit auto archs
    - `auto32`: Just the 32-bit auto archs
@@ -588,24 +558,53 @@ the package is compatible with all versions of Python that it can build.
    CIBW_PROJECT_REQUIRES_PYTHON: ">=3.6"
    ```

-###  `CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS` {: #prerelease-pythons}
-> Enable building with pre-release versions of Python if available
+###  `CIBW_ENABLE` {: #enable}
+> Enable building with extra categories of selectors present.
+
+This option lets you opt-in to non-default builds, like pre-releases and
+free-threaded Python. These are not included by default to give a nice default
+for new users, but can be added to the selectors available here. The allowed
+values are:
+
+
+- `cypython-prerelease`: Enables beta versions of Pythons if any are available
+  (May-July, approximately). For backward compatibility, `CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS`
+  is also supported until cibuildwheel 3.
+- `cpython-freethreading`: [PEP 703](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0703)
+  introduced variants of CPython that can be built without the Global
+  Interpreter Lock (GIL).  Those variants are also known as free-threaded /
+  no-gil. This will enable building these wheels while they are experimental.
+  The build identifiers for those variants have a `t` suffix in their
+  `python_tag` (e.g. `cp313t-manylinux_x86_64`).  For backward compatibility,
+  `CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT` is also supported until cibuildwheel 3.
+- `pypy`: Enable PyPy. For backward compatibility, this is always enabled until
+  cibuildwheel 3 is released.

-During the beta period, when new versions of Python are being tested,
-cibuildwheel will often gain early support for beta releases. If you would
-like to test wheel building with these versions, you can enable this flag.

 !!! caution
-    This option is provided for testing purposes only. It is not
-    recommended to distribute wheels built when `CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS` is
-    set, such as uploading to PyPI.  Please _do not_ upload these wheels to
-    PyPI, as they are not guaranteed to work with the final Python release.
-    Once Python is ABI stable and enters the release candidate phase, that
-    version of Python will become available without this flag.
+    `cpython-prerelease` is provided for testing purposes only. It is not
+    recommended to distribute wheels built with beta releases, such as
+    uploading to PyPI.  Please _do not_ upload these wheels to PyPI, as they are
+    not guaranteed to work with the final Python release.  Once Python is ABI
+    stable and enters the release candidate phase, that version of Python will
+    become available without this flag.

-Default: Off (0) if Python is available in beta phase. No effect otherwise.
+!!! note
+    Free threading is experimental: [What’s New In Python 3.13](https://docs.python.org/3.13/whatsnew/3.13.html#free-threaded-cpython)
+
+Default: empty (`pypy` is always injected).
+
+This option doesn't support overrides or platform specific variants; it is
+intended as a way to acknowledge that a project is aware that these extra
+selectors exist.  If you need to enable/disable it per platform or python
+version, set this option to `true` and use
+[`CIBW_BUILD`](#build-skip)/[`CIBW_SKIP`](#build-skip) options to filter the
+builds.
+
+Unlike all other cibuildwheel options, the environment variable setting will
+only add to the TOML config; you can't remove an enable by setting an empty or
+partial list in environment variables; use `CIBW_SKIP` instead.

-This option can also be set using the [command-line option](#command-line) `--prerelease-pythons`. This option is not available in the `pyproject.toml` config.

 #### Examples

@@ -613,13 +612,64 @@ This option can also be set using the [command-line option](#command-line) `--pr

    ```yaml
    # Include latest Python beta
-    CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS: True
+    CIBW_ENABLE: cpython-prerelease
+
+    # Include free-threaded support
+    CIBW_ENABLE: cpython-freethreading
+
+    # Include both
+    CIBW_ENABLE: cpython-prerelease cpython-freethreading
+
+    # Skip building free-threaded compatible wheels on Windows
+    CIBW_ENABLE: cpython-freethreading
+    CIBW_SKIP: *t-win*
+    ```
+
+    It is generally recommended to use `cpython-freethreading` in a config
+    file as you can statically declare that you support free-threaded builds.
+
+!!! tab examples "pyproject.toml"
+
+    ```toml
+    [tool.cibuildwheel]
+    # Enable free-threaded support
+    enable = ["cpython-freethreading"]
+
+    # Skip building free-threaded compatible wheels on Windows
+    enable = ["cpython-freethreading"]
+    skip = "*t-win*"
+    ```
+
+    It is generally not recommended to use `cpython-prerelease` in a config file,
+    as it's intended for testing pre-releases for a 2-3 month period only.
+
+
+### `CIBW_ALLOW_EMPTY` {: #allow-empty}
+> Suppress the error code if no wheels match the specified build identifiers
+
+When none of the specified build identifiers match any available versions,
+cibuildwheel will typically return error code 3, indicating that there are
+no wheels to build. Enabling this option will suppress this error, allowing
+the build process to complete without signaling an error.
+
+Default: Off (0). Error code 3 is returned when no builds are selected.
+
+This option can also be set using the [command-line option](#command-line)
+`--allow-empty`. This option is not available in the `pyproject.toml` config.
+
+#### Examples
+
+!!! tab examples "Environment variables"
+
+    ```yaml
+    # Prevent an error code if the build does not match any wheels
+    CIBW_ALLOW_EMPTY: True
    ```

 ## Build customization

 ### `CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND` {: #build-frontend}
-> Set the tool to use to build, either "pip" (default for now) or "build"
+> Set the tool to use to build, either "pip" (default for now), "build", or "build\[uv\]"

 Options:

@@ -631,17 +681,36 @@ Default: `pip`
 Choose which build frontend to use. Can either be "pip", which will run
 `python -m pip wheel`, or "build", which will run `python -m build --wheel`.

+You can also use "build\[uv\]", which will use an external [uv][] everywhere
+possible, both through `--installer=uv` passed to build, as well as when making
+all build and test environments. This will generally speed up cibuildwheel.
+Make sure you have an external uv on Windows and macOS, either by
+pre-installing it, or installing cibuildwheel with the uv extra,
+`cibuildwheel[uv]`. `uv` will not be used for Python 3.6 or Python 3.7. You
+cannot use uv currently on Windows for ARM or for musllinux on s390x as
+binaries are not provided by uv. Legacy dependencies like setuptools on Python
+< 3.12 and pip are not installed if using uv.
+
+Pyodide ignores this setting, as only "build" is supported.
+
 You can specify extra arguments to pass to `pip wheel` or `build` using the
 optional `args` option.

 !!! tip
-    Until v2.0.0, [pip] was the only way to build wheels, and is still the
+    Until v2.0.0, [pip][] was the only way to build wheels, and is still the
    default. However, we expect that at some point in the future, cibuildwheel
-    will change the default to [build], in line with the PyPA's recommendation.
+    will change the default to [build][], in line with the PyPA's recommendation.
    If you want to try `build` before this, you can use this option.

+!!! warning
+    If you are using `build[uv]` and are passing `--no-isolation` or `-n`, we
+    will detect this and avoid passing `--installer=uv` to build, but still
+    install all packages with uv. We do not currently detect combined short
+    options, like `-xn`!
+
 [pip]: https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/cli/pip_wheel/
 [build]: https://github.com/pypa/build/
+[uv]: https://github.com/astral-sh/uv

 #### Examples

@@ -656,6 +725,12 @@ optional `args` option.

    # supply an extra argument to 'pip wheel'
    CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND: "pip; args: --no-build-isolation"
+
+    # Use uv and build
+    CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND: "build[uv]"
+
+    # Use uv and build with an argument
+    CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND: "build[uv]; args: --no-isolation"
    ```

 !!! tab examples "pyproject.toml"
@@ -670,6 +745,12 @@ optional `args` option.

    # supply an extra argument to 'pip wheel'
    build-frontend = { name = "pip", args = ["--no-build-isolation"] }
+
+    # Use uv and build
+    build-frontend = "build[uv]"
+
+    # Use uv and build with an argument
+    build-frontend = { name = "build[uv]", args = ["--no-isolation"] }
    ```

 ### `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS` {: #config-settings}
@@ -684,7 +765,7 @@ a table of items, including arrays.
    single values.

 Platform-specific environment variables also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_MACOS` | `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_LINUX`
+`CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_MACOS` | `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_LINUX` | `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS_PYODIDE`


 #### Examples
@@ -715,7 +796,7 @@ You can use `$PATH` syntax to insert other variables, or the `$(pwd)` syntax to
 To specify more than one environment variable, separate the assignments by spaces.

 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_MACOS` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_LINUX`
+`CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_MACOS` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_LINUX` | `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_PYODIDE`

 #### Examples

@@ -788,7 +869,7 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
    In configuration mode, you can use a [TOML][] table instead of a raw string as shown above.

 !!! note
-    cibuildwheel always defines the environment variable `CIBUILDWHEEL=1`. This can be useful for [building wheels with optional extensions](faq.md#building-packages-with-optional-c-extensions).
+    cibuildwheel always defines the environment variable `CIBUILDWHEEL=1`. This can be useful for [building wheels with optional extensions](faq.md#optional-extensions).

 !!! note
    To do its work, cibuildwheel sets the variables `VIRTUALENV_PIP`, `DIST_EXTRA_CONFIG`, `SETUPTOOLS_EXT_SUFFIX`, `PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK`, `PIP_ROOT_USER_ACTION`, and it extends the variables `PATH` and `PIP_CONSTRAINT`. Your assignments to these options might be replaced or extended.
@@ -847,7 +928,7 @@ On linux, overriding it triggers a new container launch. It cannot be overridden
 on macOS and Windows.

 Platform-specific environment variables also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_LINUX`
+`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_LINUX` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_PYODIDE`

 !!! note

@@ -895,9 +976,9 @@ Platform-specific environment variables also available:<br/>

    In configuration files, you can use a TOML array, and each line will be run sequentially - joined with `&&`.

-Note that manylinux_2_24 builds occur inside a Debian9 docker, where
+Note that manylinux_2_24/manylinux_2_31 builds occur inside a debian derivative docker container, where
 manylinux2010 and manylinux2014 builds occur inside a CentOS one. So for
-`manylinux_2_24` the `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_LINUX` command must use `apt-get -y`
+`manylinux_2_24`/`manylinux_2_31` the `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_LINUX` command must use `apt-get -y`
 instead.

 ### `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD` {: #before-build}
@@ -912,7 +993,7 @@ The active Python binary can be accessed using `python`, and pip with `pip`; cib
 The command is run in a shell, so you can write things like `cmd1 && cmd2`.

 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
- `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_LINUX`
+ `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_LINUX` | `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_PYODIDE`

 #### Examples

@@ -993,6 +1074,7 @@ Default:
 - on Linux: `'auditwheel repair -w {dest_dir} {wheel}'`
 - on macOS: `'delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} -v {wheel}'`
 - on Windows: `''`
+- on Pyodide: `''`

 A shell command to repair a built wheel by copying external library dependencies into the wheel tree and relinking them.
 The command is run on each built wheel (except for pure Python ones) before testing it.
@@ -1006,7 +1088,7 @@ The following placeholders must be used inside the command and will be replaced
 The command is run in a shell, so you can run multiple commands like `cmd1 && cmd2`.

 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_MACOS` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_LINUX`
+`CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_MACOS` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_LINUX` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_PYODIDE`

 !!! tip
    cibuildwheel doesn't yet ship a default repair command for Windows.
@@ -1017,6 +1099,12 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>

    [Delvewheel]: https://github.com/adang1345/delvewheel

+!!! tip
+    When using `--platform pyodide`, `pyodide build` is used to do the build,
+    which already uses `auditwheel-emscripten` to repair the wheel, so the default
+    repair command is empty. If there is a way to do this in two steps in the future,
+    this could change.
+
 #### Examples

 !!! tab examples "Environment variables"
@@ -1045,6 +1133,7 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
      delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} -v {wheel} &&
      pipx run abi3audit --strict --report {wheel}
    CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_WINDOWS: >
+      copy {wheel} {dest_dir} &&
      pipx run abi3audit --strict --report {wheel}
    ```

@@ -1083,7 +1172,10 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
      "pipx run abi3audit --strict --report {wheel}",
    ]
    [tool.cibuildwheel.windows]
-    repair-wheel-command = "pipx run abi3audit --strict --report {wheel}"
+    repair-wheel-command = [
+      "copy {wheel} {dest_dir}",
+      "pipx run abi3audit --strict --report {wheel}",
+    ]
    ```

    In configuration mode, you can use an inline array, and the items will be joined with `&&`.
@@ -1092,28 +1184,36 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
 <div class="link-target" id="manylinux-image"></div>

 ### `CIBW_MANYLINUX_*_IMAGE`, `CIBW_MUSLLINUX_*_IMAGE` {: #linux-image}
-> Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images

-The available options are (default value):
+> Specify manylinux / musllinux container images

- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64))
- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686))
- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_X86_64_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64))
- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_AARCH64_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64))
- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_PPC64LE_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le))
- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_S390X_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x))
- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_AARCH64_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64))
- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_I686_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686))
- `CIBW_MUSLLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64))
- `CIBW_MUSLLINUX_I686_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686))
- `CIBW_MUSLLINUX_AARCH64_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_aarch64`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_aarch64))
- `CIBW_MUSLLINUX_PPC64LE_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_ppc64le`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_ppc64le))
- `CIBW_MUSLLINUX_S390X_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_s390x`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_s390x))
+The available options are:

-Set an alternative Docker image to be used for building [manylinux / musllinux](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux) wheels.
+| Option                            | Default                                                        | Future default*                                                 |
+|-----------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------|
+| CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE       | [`manylinux2014`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64)   | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64)  |
+| CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE         | [`manylinux2014`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686)     |                                                                 |
+| CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_X86_64_IMAGE  | [`manylinux2014`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64)   | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64)  |
+| CIBW_MANYLINUX_AARCH64_IMAGE      | [`manylinux2014`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64)  | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64) |
+| CIBW_MANYLINUX_PPC64LE_IMAGE      | [`manylinux2014`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le)  | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_ppc64le) |
+| CIBW_MANYLINUX_S390X_IMAGE        | [`manylinux2014`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x)    | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_s390x)   |
+| CIBW_MANYLINUX_ARMV7L_IMAGE       | [`manylinux_2_31`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_31_armv7l) |                                                                 |
+| CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_AARCH64_IMAGE | [`manylinux2014`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64)  | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64) |
+| CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_I686_IMAGE    | [`manylinux2014`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686)     |                                                                 |
+| CIBW_MUSLLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE       | [`musllinux_1_2`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64)   |                                                                 |
+| CIBW_MUSLLINUX_I686_IMAGE         | [`musllinux_1_2`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686)     |                                                                 |
+| CIBW_MUSLLINUX_AARCH64_IMAGE      | [`musllinux_1_2`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_aarch64)  |                                                                 |
+| CIBW_MUSLLINUX_PPC64LE_IMAGE      | [`musllinux_1_2`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_ppc64le)  |                                                                 |
+| CIBW_MUSLLINUX_S390X_IMAGE        | [`musllinux_1_2`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_s390x)    |                                                                 |
+| CIBW_MUSLLINUX_ARMV7L_IMAGE       | [`musllinux_1_2`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_armv7l)   |                                                                 |

-For `CIBW_MANYLINUX_*_IMAGE`, the value of this option can either be set to `manylinux1`, `manylinux2010`, `manylinux2014`, `manylinux_2_24` or `manylinux_2_28` to use a pinned version of the [official manylinux images](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux). Alternatively, set these options to any other valid Docker image name. For PyPy, the `manylinux1` image is not available. For architectures other
+<small>* The default is scheduled to change in a cibuildwheel release on or after 6th May 2025 - if you don't want the new default, you should set the value to `manylinux2014`.</small>
+
+Set the Docker image to be used for building [manylinux / musllinux](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux) wheels.
+
+For `CIBW_MANYLINUX_*_IMAGE`, except `CIBW_MANYLINUX_ARMV7L_IMAGE`, the value of this option can either be set to `manylinux1`, `manylinux2010`, `manylinux2014`, `manylinux_2_24` or `manylinux_2_28` to use a pinned version of the [official manylinux images](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux). Alternatively, set these options to any other valid Docker image name. For PyPy, the `manylinux1` image is not available. For architectures other
 than x86 (x86\_64 and i686) `manylinux2014`, `manylinux_2_24` or `manylinux_2_28` must be used, because the first version of the manylinux specification that supports additional architectures is `manylinux2014`. `manylinux_2_28` is not supported for `i686` architecture.
+For `CIBW_MANYLINUX_ARMV7L_IMAGE`, the value of this option can either be set to `manylinux_2_31` or a custom image. Support is experimental for now. The `manylinux_2_31` value is only available for `armv7`.

 For `CIBW_MUSLLINUX_*_IMAGE`, the value of this option can either be set to `musllinux_1_1` or `musllinux_1_2` to use a pinned version of the [official musllinux images](https://github.com/pypa/musllinux). Alternatively, set these options to any other valid Docker image name.

@@ -1281,7 +1381,7 @@ here and it will be used instead.
    `./constraints.txt` if that's not found.

 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_MACOS` | `CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_WINDOWS`
+`CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_MACOS` | `CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_PYODIDE`

 !!! note
    This option does not affect the tools used on the Linux build - those versions
@@ -1339,16 +1439,13 @@ not be installed after building.
 The command is run in a shell, so you can write things like `cmd1 && cmd2`.

 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_LINUX`
+`CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_PYODIDE`

 #### Examples

 !!! tab examples "Environment variables"

    ```yaml
-    # Run the project tests against the installed wheel using `nose`
-    CIBW_TEST_COMMAND: nosetests {project}/tests
-
    # Run the package tests using `pytest`
    CIBW_TEST_COMMAND: pytest {package}/tests

@@ -1365,9 +1462,6 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>

    ```toml
    [tool.cibuildwheel]
-    # Run the project tests against the installed wheel using `nose`
-    test-command = "nosetests {project}/tests"
-
    # Run the package tests using `pytest`
    test-command = "pytest {package}/tests"

@@ -1402,7 +1496,7 @@ The active Python binary can be accessed using `python`, and pip with `pip`; cib
 The command is run in a shell, so you can write things like `cmd1 && cmd2`.

 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
- `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_LINUX`
+ `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_LINUX` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_PYODIDE`

 #### Examples

@@ -1462,7 +1556,7 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
 Space-separated list of dependencies required for running the tests.

 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_LINUX`
+`CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES_PYODIDE`

 #### Examples

@@ -1473,7 +1567,7 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
    CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES: pytest

    # Install specific versions of test dependencies
-    CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES: nose==1.3.7 moto==0.4.31
+    CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES: pytest==8.2.2 packaging==24.1
    ```

 !!! tab examples "pyproject.toml"
@@ -1485,7 +1579,7 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>

    # Install specific versions of test dependencies
    [tool.cibuildwheel]
-    test-requires = ["nose==1.3.7", "moto==0.4.31"]
+    test-requires = ["pytest==8.2.2", "packaging==24.1"]
    ```

    In configuration files, you can use an array, and the items will be joined with a space.
@@ -1502,7 +1596,7 @@ tests. This can be used to avoid having to redefine test dependencies in
 `setup.cfg` or `setup.py`.

 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_LINUX`
+`CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS_PYODIDE`

 #### Examples

@@ -1525,6 +1619,40 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>

    In configuration files, you can use an inline array, and the items will be joined with a comma.

+
+### `CIBW_TEST_GROUPS` {: #test-groups}
+> Specify test dependencies from your project's `dependency-groups`
+
+List of
+[dependency-groups](https://peps.python.org/pep-0735)
+that should be included when installing the wheel prior to running the
+tests. This can be used to avoid having to redefine test dependencies in
+`CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES` if they are already defined in `pyproject.toml`.
+
+Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
+`CIBW_TEST_GROUPS_MACOS` | `CIBW_TEST_GROUPS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_TEST_GROUPS_LINUX` | `CIBW_TEST_GROUPS_PYODIDE`
+
+#### Examples
+
+!!! tab examples "Environment variables"
+
+    ```yaml
+    # Will cause the wheel to be installed with these groups of dependencies
+    CIBW_TEST_GROUPS: "test qt"
+    ```
+
+    Separate multiple items with a space.
+
+!!! tab examples "pyproject.toml"
+
+    ```toml
+    [tool.cibuildwheel]
+    # Will cause the wheel to be installed with these groups of dependencies
+    test-groups = ["test", "qt"]
+    ```
+
+    In configuration files, you can use an inline array, and the items will be joined with a space.
+
 ### `CIBW_TEST_SKIP` {: #test-skip}
 > Skip running tests on some builds

@@ -1540,7 +1668,7 @@ This option is not supported in the overrides section in `pyproject.toml`.

    ```yaml
    # Will avoid testing on emulated architectures
-    CIBW_TEST_SKIP: "*-*linux_{aarch64,ppc64le,s390x}"
+    CIBW_TEST_SKIP: "*-*linux_{aarch64,ppc64le,s390x,armv7l}"

    # Skip trying to test arm64 builds on Intel Macs
    CIBW_TEST_SKIP: "*-macosx_arm64 *-macosx_universal2:arm64"
@@ -1551,7 +1679,7 @@ This option is not supported in the overrides section in `pyproject.toml`.
    ```toml
    [tool.cibuildwheel]
    # Will avoid testing on emulated architectures
-    test-skip = "*-*linux_{aarch64,ppc64le,s390x}"
+    test-skip = "*-*linux_{aarch64,ppc64le,s390x,armv7l}"

    # Skip trying to test arm64 builds on Intel Macs
    test-skip = "*-macosx_arm64 *-macosx_universal2:arm64"
@@ -1575,13 +1703,27 @@ Default: Off (0).
 export CIBW_DEBUG_KEEP_CONTAINER=TRUE
 ```

+### `CIBW_DEBUG_TRACEBACK`
+> Print full traceback when errors occur.
+
+Print a full traceback for the cibuildwheel process when errors occur. This
+option is provided for debugging cibuildwheel.
+
+This option can also be set using the [command-line option](#command-line) `--debug-traceback`.
+
+#### Examples
+
+```shell
+export CIBW_DEBUG_TRACEBACK=TRUE
+```
+
 ### `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY` {: #build-verbosity}
 > Increase/decrease the output of pip wheel

 A number from 1 to 3 to increase the level of verbosity (corresponding to invoking pip with `-v`, `-vv`, and `-vvv`), between -1 and -3 (`-q`, `-qq`, and `-qqq`), or just 0 (default verbosity). These flags are useful while debugging a build when the output of the actual build invoked by `pip wheel` is required. Has no effect on the `build` backend, which produces verbose output by default.

 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
-`CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_MACOS` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_LINUX`
+`CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_MACOS` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_LINUX` | `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY_PYODIDE`

 #### Examples

@@ -1601,12 +1743,25 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
    ```


-## Command line options {: #command-line}
+## Command line {: #command-line}
+
+### Options

 ```text
 « subprocess_run("cibuildwheel", "--help") »
 ```

+### Return codes
+
+cibuildwheel exits 0 on success, or >0 if an error occurs.
+
+Specific error codes are defined:
+
+- 2 means a configuration error
+- 3 means no builds are selected (and [`--allow-empty`](#allow-empty) wasn't passed)
+- 4 means you specified an option that has been deprecated.
+
+
 ## Placeholders

 Some options support placeholders, like `{project}`, `{package}` or `{wheel}`, that are substituted by cibuildwheel before they are used. If, for some reason, you need to write the literal name of a placeholder, e.g. literally `{project}` in a command that would ordinarily substitute `{project}`, prefix it with a hash character - `#{project}`. This is only necessary in commands where the specific string between the curly brackets would be substituted - otherwise, strings not modified.
@@ -107,6 +107,13 @@ You can override the cache folder using the ``CIBW_CACHE_PATH`` environment vari
    Download link: https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.6.8/python-3.6.8-macosx10.9.pkg
    ```

+### Pyodide (WebAssembly) builds (experimental)
+
+Pre-requisite: you need to have a matching host version of Python (unlike all
+other cibuildwheel platforms). Linux host highly recommended; macOS hosts may
+work (e.g. invoking `pytest` directly in [`CIBW_TEST_COMMAND`](options.md#test-command) is [currently failing](https://github.com/pyodide/pyodide/issues/4802)) and Windows hosts will not work.
+
+You must target pyodide with `--platform pyodide` (or use `--only` on the identifier).

 ## Configure a CI service

@@ -154,7 +161,7 @@ To build Linux, Mac, and Windows wheels using GitHub Actions, create a `.github/
          - uses: actions/checkout@v4

          - name: Build wheels
-            run: pipx run cibuildwheel==2.18.1
+            run: pipx run cibuildwheel==2.23.1

          - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
            with:
@@ -191,7 +198,7 @@ To build Linux, Mac, and Windows wheels using GitHub Actions, create a `.github/
          - uses: actions/setup-python@v5

          - name: Install cibuildwheel
-            run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.18.1
+            run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.23.1

          - name: Build wheels
            run: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
@@ -11,15 +11,15 @@ title: Working examples
 | [scikit-learn][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The machine learning library. A complex but clean config using many of cibuildwheel's features to build a large project with Cython and C++ extensions.  |
 | [pytorch-fairseq][]               | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence Toolkit written in Python. |
 | [NumPy][]                         | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. |
+| [duckdb][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | DuckDB is an analytical in-process SQL database management system |
 | [Tornado][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library. Uses stable ABI for a small C extension. |
-| [Matplotlib][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The venerable Matplotlib, a Python library with C++ portions |
 | [NCNN][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | ncnn is a high-performance neural network inference framework optimized for the mobile platform |
+| [Matplotlib][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The venerable Matplotlib, a Python library with C++ portions |
 | [Prophet][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Tool for producing high quality forecasts for time series data that has multiple seasonality with linear or non-linear growth. |
 | [MyPy][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | The compiled version of MyPy using MyPyC. |
-| [duckdb][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | DuckDB is an in-process SQL OLAP Database Management System |
 | [Kivy][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Open source UI framework written in Python, running on Windows, Linux, macOS, Android and iOS |
-| [MemRay][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] | Memray is a memory profiler for Python |
 | [Triton][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] | Self hosted runners |
+| [MemRay][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] | Memray is a memory profiler for Python |
 | [uvloop][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Ultra fast asyncio event loop. |
 | [psutil][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Cross-platform lib for process and system monitoring in Python |
 | [Google Benchmark][]              | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A microbenchmark support library |
@@ -32,19 +32,18 @@ title: Working examples
 | [twisted-iocpsupport][]           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] | A submodule of Twisted that hooks into native C APIs using Cython. |
 | [PyOxidizer][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A modern Python application packaging and distribution tool |
 | [cvxpy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A Python-embedded modeling language for convex optimization problems. |
-| [websockets][]                    | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Library for building WebSocket servers and clients. Mostly written in Python, with a small C 'speedups' extension module.  |
 | [pedalboard][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] | A Python library for working with audio data and audio plugins by wrapping the [JUCE](https://github.com/juce-framework/JUCE/) C++ framework. Uses cibuildwheel to deploy on as many operating systems and Python versions as possible with only one dependency (any NumPy).  |
+| [websockets][]                    | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Library for building WebSocket servers and clients. Mostly written in Python, with a small C 'speedups' extension module.  |
 | [River][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | 🌊 Online machine learning in Python |
 | [UltraJSON][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Ultra fast JSON decoder and encoder written in C with Python bindings |
-| [OpenSpiel][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | OpenSpiel is a collection of environments and algorithms for research in general reinforcement learning and search/planning in games. |
 | [aiortc][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | WebRTC and ORTC implementation for Python using asyncio. |
-| [Confluent client for Kafka][]    | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | setup in `tools/wheels/build-wheels.bat` |
+| [OpenSpiel][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | OpenSpiel is a collection of environments and algorithms for research in general reinforcement learning and search/planning in games. |
 | [Dependency Injector][]           | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Dependency injection framework for Python, uses Windows TravisCI |
 | [pyzmq][]                         | ![github icon][] ![circleci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for zeromq, the networking library. Uses Cython on CPython and CFFI on PyPy. ARM wheels for linux are built natively on CircleCI.  |
 | [Implicit][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes GPU support for linux wheels |
-| [vispy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Main repository for Vispy |
-| [tinyobjloader][]                 | ![azurepipelines icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tiny but powerful single file wavefront obj loader |
 | [CTranslate2][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes libraries from the [Intel oneAPI toolkit](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/tools/oneapi/base-toolkit.html) and CUDA kernels compiled for multiple GPU architectures. |
+| [tinyobjloader][]                 | ![azurepipelines icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tiny but powerful single file wavefront obj loader |
+| [vispy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Main repository for Vispy |
 | [coverage.py][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The coverage tool for Python |
 | [PyCryptodome][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A self-contained cryptographic library for Python |
 | [Line Profiler][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Line-by-line profiling for Python |
@@ -56,50 +55,52 @@ title: Working examples
 | [Wrapt][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python module for decorators, wrappers and monkey patching. |
 | [envd][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A machine learning development environment build tool |
 | [OpenColorIO][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A color management framework for visual effects and animation. |
-| [SimpleJSON][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | simplejson is a simple, fast, extensible JSON encoder/decoder for Python  |
-| [aioquic][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | QUIC and HTTP/3 implementation in Python |
 | [Psycopg 3][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A modern implementation of a PostgreSQL adapter for Python |
+| [aioquic][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | QUIC and HTTP/3 implementation in Python |
+| [SimpleJSON][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | simplejson is a simple, fast, extensible JSON encoder/decoder for Python  |
 | [ruptures][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Extensive Cython + NumPy [pyproject.toml](https://github.com/deepcharles/ruptures/blob/master/pyproject.toml) example. |
 | [OpenTimelineIO][]                | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Open Source API and interchange format for editorial timeline information. |
 | [PyTables][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python package to manage extremely large amounts of data |
-| [Parselmouth][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python interface to the Praat software package, using pybind11, C++17 and CMake, with the core Praat static library built only once and shared between wheels. |
 | [google neuroglancer][]           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | WebGL-based viewer for volumetric data |
+| [Parselmouth][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python interface to the Praat software package, using pybind11, C++17 and CMake, with the core Praat static library built only once and shared between wheels. |
 | [DeepForest][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | An Efficient, Scalable and Optimized Python Framework for Deep Forest (2021.2.1) |
 | [AutoPy][]                        | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes a Windows Travis build. |
 | [H3-py][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python bindings for H3, a hierarchical hexagonal geospatial indexing system |
 | [mosec][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] | A machine learning model serving framework powered by Rust |
-| [Picologging][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A high-performance logging library for Python. |
 | [time-machine][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Time mocking library using only the CPython C API. |
+| [Picologging][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A high-performance logging library for Python. |
 | [markupsafe][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Safely add untrusted strings to HTML/XML markup. |
 | [Rtree][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Rtree: spatial index for Python GIS |
 | [pybind11 cmake_example][]        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Example pybind11 module built with a CMake-based build system |
 | [KDEpy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Kernel Density Estimation in Python |
 | [dd-trace-py][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Uses custom alternate arch emulation on GitHub |
-| [python-rapidjson][]              | ![travisci icon][] ![gitlab icon][] ![appveyor icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python wrapper around rapidjson |
 | [tgcalls][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python `pybind11` binding to Telegram's WebRTC library with third party dependencies like `OpenSSL`, `MozJPEG`, `FFmpeg`, etc. |
-| [python-snappy][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python bindings for the snappy google library |
+| [python-rapidjson][]              | ![travisci icon][] ![gitlab icon][] ![appveyor icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python wrapper around rapidjson |
 | [pybind11 python_example][]       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Example pybind11 module built with a Python-based build system |
-| [abess][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A fast best-subset selection library. It uses cibuildwheel to build a large project with C++ extensions. |
+| [python-snappy][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python bindings for the snappy google library |
 | [sourmash][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Quickly search, compare, and analyze genomic and metagenomic data sets. |
+| [abess][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A fast best-subset selection library. It uses cibuildwheel to build a large project with C++ extensions. |
 | [cyvcf2][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | cython + htslib == fast VCF and BCF processing |
-| [matrixprofile][]                 | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python 3 library making time series data mining tasks, utilizing matrix profile algorithms, accessible to everyone. |
 | [jq.py][]                         | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for jq |
+| [matrixprofile][]                 | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python 3 library making time series data mining tasks, utilizing matrix profile algorithms, accessible to everyone. |
 | [iminuit][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Jupyter-friendly Python interface for C++ MINUIT2 |
 | [Tokenizer][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast and customizable text tokenization library with BPE and SentencePiece support |
 | [keyvi][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] | FST based key value index highly optimized for size and lookup performance, utilizes ccache action for improved runtime |
-| [PyGLM][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Fast OpenGL Mathematics (GLM) for Python |
 | [pillow-heif][]                   | ![github icon][] ![cirrusci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Bindings to libheif library with third party dependencies. Fully automated CI for tests and publishing including Apple Silicon builds. |
+| [PyGLM][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Fast OpenGL Mathematics (GLM) for Python |
 | [TgCrypto][]                      | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes a Windows Travis build. |
 | [iDynTree][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] | Uses manylinux_2_24 |
+| [streaming-form-data][]           | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Streaming parser for multipart/form-data written in Cython |
 | [bx-python][]                     | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A library that includes Cython extensions. |
-| [boost-histogram][]               | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Supports full range of wheels, including PyPy and alternate archs. |
-| [Python-WebRTC][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | a Python extension that provides bindings to WebRTC M92 |
 | [power-grid-model][]              | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python/C++ library for distribution power system analysis |
+| [boost-histogram][]               | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Supports full range of wheels, including PyPy and alternate archs. |
 | [pybase64][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast Base64 encoding/decoding in Python |
-| [fathon][]                        | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | python package for DFA (Detrended Fluctuation Analysis) and related algorithms |
+| [Python-WebRTC][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | a Python extension that provides bindings to WebRTC M92 |
+| [Confluent client for Kafka][]    | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | setup in `tools/wheels/build-wheels.bat` |
 | [Imagecodecs (fork)][]            | ![azurepipelines icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Over 20 external dependencies in compiled libraries, custom docker image, `libomp`, `openblas` and `install_name_tool` for macOS. |
-| [Arbor][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Arbor is a multi-compartment neuron simulation library; compatible with next-generation accelerators; best-practices applied to research software; focused on community-driven development. Includes a [small script](https://github.com/arbor-sim/arbor/blob/master/scripts/patchwheel.py) patching `rpath` in bundled libraries.  |
+| [fathon][]                        | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | python package for DFA (Detrended Fluctuation Analysis) and related algorithms |
 | [pybind11 scikit_build_example][] | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | An example combining scikit-build and pybind11 |
+| [Arbor][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Arbor is a multi-compartment neuron simulation library; compatible with next-generation accelerators; best-practices applied to research software; focused on community-driven development. Includes a [small script](https://github.com/arbor-sim/arbor/blob/master/scripts/patchwheel.py) patching `rpath` in bundled libraries.  |
 | [polaroid][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Full range of wheels for setuptools rust, with auto release and PyPI deploy. |
 | [clang-format][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Scikit-build wrapper around LLVM's CMake, all platforms, generic wheels. |
 | [etebase-py][]                    | ![travisci icon][] | ![linux icon][] | Python bindings to a Rust library using `setuptools-rust`, and `sccache` for improved speed. |
@@ -108,27 +109,27 @@ title: Working examples
 | [numpythia][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The interface between PYTHIA and NumPy |
 | [pyjet][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The interface between FastJet and NumPy |
 | [ril][]                           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A python binding to Rust Imaging library using maturin and Pyo3, utilizes Github Action cache to improve speed. Builds abi3 wheels. |
-| [GSD][]                           | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Cython and NumPy project with 64-bit wheels. |
 | [SiPM][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | High performance library for SiPM detectors simulation using C++17, OpenMP and AVX2 intrinsics. |
-| [CorrectionLib][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Structured JSON powered correction library for HEP, designed for the CMS experiment at CERN. |
+| [GSD][]                           | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Cython and NumPy project with 64-bit wheels. |
 | [aalink][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Async Python interface for Ableton Link. |
+| [CorrectionLib][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Structured JSON powered correction library for HEP, designed for the CMS experiment at CERN. |
 | [xmlstarlet][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python 3.6+ CFFI bindings with true MSVC build. |
-| [pyinstrument_cext][]             | ![travisci icon][] ![appveyor icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A simple C extension, without external dependencies |
 | [werpy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] | An ultra-fast python package using optimized dynamic programming to compute the Word Error Rate (WER). |
+| [pyinstrument_cext][]             | ![travisci icon][] ![appveyor icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A simple C extension, without external dependencies |
 | [pybind11 cross build example][]  | ![github icon][] ![gitlab icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Same as pybind11 cmake_example but used to demo Linux ARM + Windows + macOS builds on GitLab |

 [scikit-learn]: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn
 [pytorch-fairseq]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/fairseq
 [NumPy]: https://github.com/numpy/numpy
+[duckdb]: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb
 [Tornado]: https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado
-[Matplotlib]: https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib
 [NCNN]: https://github.com/Tencent/ncnn
+[Matplotlib]: https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib
 [Prophet]: https://github.com/facebook/prophet
 [MyPy]: https://github.com/mypyc/mypy_mypyc-wheels
-[duckdb]: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb
 [Kivy]: https://github.com/kivy/kivy
-[MemRay]: https://github.com/bloomberg/memray
 [Triton]: https://github.com/openai/triton
+[MemRay]: https://github.com/bloomberg/memray
 [uvloop]: https://github.com/MagicStack/uvloop
 [psutil]: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil
 [Google Benchmark]: https://github.com/google/benchmark
@@ -141,19 +142,18 @@ title: Working examples
 [twisted-iocpsupport]: https://github.com/twisted/twisted-iocpsupport
 [PyOxidizer]: https://github.com/indygreg/PyOxidizer
 [cvxpy]: https://github.com/cvxpy/cvxpy
-[websockets]: https://github.com/python-websockets/websockets
 [pedalboard]: https://github.com/spotify/pedalboard
+[websockets]: https://github.com/python-websockets/websockets
 [River]: https://github.com/online-ml/river
 [UltraJSON]: https://github.com/ultrajson/ultrajson
-[OpenSpiel]: https://github.com/google-deepmind/open_spiel
 [aiortc]: https://github.com/aiortc/aiortc
-[Confluent client for Kafka]: https://github.com/confluentinc/confluent-kafka-python
+[OpenSpiel]: https://github.com/google-deepmind/open_spiel
 [Dependency Injector]: https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector
 [pyzmq]: https://github.com/zeromq/pyzmq
 [Implicit]: https://github.com/benfred/implicit
-[vispy]: https://github.com/vispy/vispy
-[tinyobjloader]: https://github.com/tinyobjloader/tinyobjloader
 [CTranslate2]: https://github.com/OpenNMT/CTranslate2
+[tinyobjloader]: https://github.com/tinyobjloader/tinyobjloader
+[vispy]: https://github.com/vispy/vispy
 [coverage.py]: https://github.com/nedbat/coveragepy
 [PyCryptodome]: https://github.com/Legrandin/pycryptodome
 [Line Profiler]: https://github.com/pyutils/line_profiler
@@ -165,50 +165,52 @@ title: Working examples
 [Wrapt]: https://github.com/GrahamDumpleton/wrapt
 [envd]: https://github.com/tensorchord/envd
 [OpenColorIO]: https://github.com/AcademySoftwareFoundation/OpenColorIO
-[SimpleJSON]: https://github.com/simplejson/simplejson
-[aioquic]: https://github.com/aiortc/aioquic
 [Psycopg 3]: https://github.com/psycopg/psycopg
+[aioquic]: https://github.com/aiortc/aioquic
+[SimpleJSON]: https://github.com/simplejson/simplejson
 [ruptures]: https://github.com/deepcharles/ruptures
 [OpenTimelineIO]: https://github.com/AcademySoftwareFoundation/OpenTimelineIO
 [PyTables]: https://github.com/PyTables/PyTables
-[Parselmouth]: https://github.com/YannickJadoul/Parselmouth
 [google neuroglancer]: https://github.com/google/neuroglancer
+[Parselmouth]: https://github.com/YannickJadoul/Parselmouth
 [DeepForest]: https://github.com/LAMDA-NJU/Deep-Forest
 [AutoPy]: https://github.com/autopilot-rs/autopy
 [H3-py]: https://github.com/uber/h3-py
 [mosec]: https://github.com/mosecorg/mosec
-[Picologging]: https://github.com/microsoft/picologging
 [time-machine]: https://github.com/adamchainz/time-machine
+[Picologging]: https://github.com/microsoft/picologging
 [markupsafe]: https://github.com/pallets/markupsafe
 [Rtree]: https://github.com/Toblerity/rtree
 [pybind11 cmake_example]: https://github.com/pybind/cmake_example
 [KDEpy]: https://github.com/tommyod/KDEpy
 [dd-trace-py]: https://github.com/DataDog/dd-trace-py
-[python-rapidjson]: https://github.com/python-rapidjson/python-rapidjson
 [tgcalls]: https://github.com/MarshalX/tgcalls
-[python-snappy]: https://github.com/intake/python-snappy
+[python-rapidjson]: https://github.com/python-rapidjson/python-rapidjson
 [pybind11 python_example]: https://github.com/pybind/python_example
-[abess]: https://github.com/abess-team/abess
+[python-snappy]: https://github.com/intake/python-snappy
 [sourmash]: https://github.com/sourmash-bio/sourmash
+[abess]: https://github.com/abess-team/abess
 [cyvcf2]: https://github.com/brentp/cyvcf2
-[matrixprofile]: https://github.com/matrix-profile-foundation/matrixprofile
 [jq.py]: https://github.com/mwilliamson/jq.py
+[matrixprofile]: https://github.com/matrix-profile-foundation/matrixprofile
 [iminuit]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/iminuit
 [Tokenizer]: https://github.com/OpenNMT/Tokenizer
 [keyvi]: https://github.com/KeyviDev/keyvi
-[PyGLM]: https://github.com/Zuzu-Typ/PyGLM
 [pillow-heif]: https://github.com/bigcat88/pillow_heif
+[PyGLM]: https://github.com/Zuzu-Typ/PyGLM
 [TgCrypto]: https://github.com/pyrogram/tgcrypto
 [iDynTree]: https://github.com/robotology/idyntree
+[streaming-form-data]: https://github.com/siddhantgoel/streaming-form-data
 [bx-python]: https://github.com/bxlab/bx-python
-[boost-histogram]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/boost-histogram
-[Python-WebRTC]: https://github.com/MarshalX/python-webrtc
 [power-grid-model]: https://github.com/PowerGridModel/power-grid-model
+[boost-histogram]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/boost-histogram
 [pybase64]: https://github.com/mayeut/pybase64
-[fathon]: https://github.com/stfbnc/fathon
+[Python-WebRTC]: https://github.com/MarshalX/python-webrtc
+[Confluent client for Kafka]: https://github.com/confluentinc/confluent-kafka-python
 [Imagecodecs (fork)]: https://github.com/czaki/imagecodecs_build
-[Arbor]: https://github.com/arbor-sim/arbor
+[fathon]: https://github.com/stfbnc/fathon
 [pybind11 scikit_build_example]: https://github.com/pybind/scikit_build_example
+[Arbor]: https://github.com/arbor-sim/arbor
 [polaroid]: https://github.com/daggy1234/polaroid
 [clang-format]: https://github.com/ssciwr/clang-format-wheel
 [etebase-py]: https://github.com/etesync/etebase-py
@@ -217,13 +219,13 @@ title: Working examples
 [numpythia]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/numpythia
 [pyjet]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/pyjet
 [ril]: https://github.com/Cryptex-github/ril-py
-[GSD]: https://github.com/glotzerlab/gsd
 [SiPM]: https://github.com/EdoPro98/SimSiPM
-[CorrectionLib]: https://github.com/cms-nanoAOD/correctionlib
+[GSD]: https://github.com/glotzerlab/gsd
 [aalink]: https://github.com/artfwo/aalink
+[CorrectionLib]: https://github.com/cms-nanoAOD/correctionlib
 [xmlstarlet]: https://github.com/dimitern/xmlstarlet
-[pyinstrument_cext]: https://github.com/joerick/pyinstrument_cext
 [werpy]: https://github.com/analyticsinmotion/werpy
+[pyinstrument_cext]: https://github.com/joerick/pyinstrument_cext
 [pybind11 cross build example]: https://github.com/wbarnha/pybind_cmake_example_crossbuild

 [appveyor icon]: data/readme_icons/appveyor.svg
@@ -1,18 +1,15 @@
 environment:
  matrix:
-    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Ubuntu
-      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python37-x64-ubuntu"
-    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2015
-      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python37-x64-vs2015"
-    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: macos
-      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python37-x64-macos"
+    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Ubuntu2204
+      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "linux-x64"
+    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2022
+      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "windows-x64"
+    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: macos-sonoma
+      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "macos-x64"

-stack: python 3.7
+stack: python 3.12

-init:
- cmd: set PATH=C:\Python37;C:\Python37\Scripts;%PATH%
-
-install: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.18.1
+install: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.23.1

 build_script: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ jobs:
    - bash: |
        set -o errexit
        python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        pip3 install cibuildwheel==2.18.1
+        pip3 install cibuildwheel==2.23.1
      displayName: Install dependencies
    - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
      displayName: Build wheels
@@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ jobs:
      inputs: {pathtoPublish: 'wheelhouse'}

 - job: macos
-  pool: {vmImage: 'macOS-11'}
+  pool: {vmImage: 'macOS-13'}
  steps:
    - task: UsePythonVersion@0
    - bash: |
        set -o errexit
        python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.18.1
+        python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.23.1
      displayName: Install dependencies
    - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
      displayName: Build wheels
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ jobs:
    - bash: |
        set -o errexit
        python -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        pip install cibuildwheel==2.18.1
+        pip install cibuildwheel==2.23.1
      displayName: Install dependencies
    - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
      displayName: Build wheels
@@ -4,14 +4,14 @@ jobs:
  linux-wheels:
    working_directory: ~/linux-wheels
    docker:
-      - image: circleci/python:3.9
+      - image: cimg/python:3.12
    steps:
      - checkout
      - setup_remote_docker
      - run:
          name: Build the Linux wheels.
          command: |
-            pip3 install --user cibuildwheel==2.18.1
+            python3 -m pip install --user cibuildwheel==2.23.1
            cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
      - store_artifacts:
          path: wheelhouse/
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ jobs:
      - run:
          name: Build the Linux aarch64 wheels.
          command: |
-            python3 -m pip install --user cibuildwheel==2.18.1
+            python3 -m pip install --user cibuildwheel==2.23.1
            python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
      - store_artifacts:
          path: wheelhouse/
@@ -36,13 +36,15 @@ jobs:
  osx-wheels:
    working_directory: ~/osx-wheels
    macos:
-      xcode: 12.5.1
+      xcode: 15.4.0
+    resource_class: macos.m1.medium.gen1
    steps:
      - checkout
      - run:
          name: Build the OS X wheels.
          command: |
-            pip3 install cibuildwheel==2.18.1
+            sudo softwareupdate --install-rosetta --agree-to-license  # for python<=3.8 or x86_64/universal2 tests
+            pip3 install cibuildwheel==2.23.1
            cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
      - store_artifacts:
          path: wheelhouse/
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 build_and_store_wheels: &BUILD_AND_STORE_WHEELS
  install_cibuildwheel_script:
-    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.18.1
+    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.23.1
  run_cibuildwheel_script:
    - cibuildwheel
  wheels_artifacts:
@@ -10,11 +10,12 @@ build_and_store_wheels: &BUILD_AND_STORE_WHEELS
 macos_task:
  name: Build macOS x86_64 and arm64 wheels.
  macos_instance:
-    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-sonoma-xcode
-
+    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-runner:sonoma
  env:
-    PATH: /opt/homebrew/opt/python@3.10/libexec/bin:$PATH
+    VENV_ROOT: ${HOME}/venv-cibuildwheel
+    PATH: ${VENV_ROOT}/bin:${PATH}
    CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS: x86_64 arm64
  install_pre_requirements_script:
-    - brew install python@3.10
+    - brew install python@3.12
+    - python3.12 -m venv ${VENV_ROOT}
  <<: *BUILD_AND_STORE_WHEELS
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 build_and_store_wheels: &BUILD_AND_STORE_WHEELS
  install_cibuildwheel_script:
-    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.18.1
+    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.23.1
  run_cibuildwheel_script:
    - cibuildwheel
  wheels_artifacts:
@@ -15,9 +15,14 @@ linux_x86_task:
    platform: linux
    cpu: 4
    memory: 4G
-
+  env:
+    VENV_ROOT: ${HOME}/venv-cibuildwheel
+    PATH: ${VENV_ROOT}/bin:${PATH}
  install_pre_requirements_script:
-    - apt install -y python3-venv python-is-python3
+    - add-apt-repository -y ppa:deadsnakes/ppa
+    - apt-get update
+    - apt-get install -y python3.12-venv
+    - python3.12 -m venv ${VENV_ROOT}
  <<: *BUILD_AND_STORE_WHEELS

 linux_aarch64_task:
@@ -29,9 +34,14 @@ linux_aarch64_task:
    platform: linux
    cpu: 4
    memory: 4G
-
+  env:
+    VENV_ROOT: ${HOME}/venv-cibuildwheel
+    PATH: ${VENV_ROOT}/bin:${PATH}
  install_pre_requirements_script:
-    - apt install -y python3-venv python-is-python3
+    - add-apt-repository -y ppa:deadsnakes/ppa
+    - apt-get update
+    - apt-get install -y python3.12-venv
+    - python3.12 -m venv ${VENV_ROOT}
  <<: *BUILD_AND_STORE_WHEELS

 windows_x86_task:
@@ -42,7 +52,7 @@ windows_x86_task:
    memory: 4G

  install_pre_requirements_script:
-    - choco install -y --no-progress python3 --version 3.10.6
+    - choco install -y --no-progress python3 --version 3.12.4
    - refreshenv
    - echo PATH=%PATH% >> "%CIRRUS_ENV%"
  <<: *BUILD_AND_STORE_WHEELS
@@ -50,10 +60,11 @@ windows_x86_task:
 macos_arm64_task:
  name: Build macOS arm64 wheels.
  macos_instance:
-    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-sonoma-xcode
-
+    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-runner:sonoma
  env:
-    PATH: /opt/homebrew/opt/python@3.10/libexec/bin:$PATH
+    VENV_ROOT: ${HOME}/venv-cibuildwheel
+    PATH: ${VENV_ROOT}/bin:${PATH}
  install_pre_requirements_script:
-    - brew install python@3.10
+    - brew install python@3.12
+    - python3.12 -m venv ${VENV_ROOT}
  <<: *BUILD_AND_STORE_WHEELS
@@ -17,13 +17,13 @@ jobs:
    strategy:
      matrix:
        # macos-13 is an intel runner, macos-14 is apple silicon
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-13, macos-14]
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, macos-13, macos-14]

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Build wheels
-        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.18.1
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.23.1

      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
@@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ jobs:
    strategy:
      matrix:
        # macos-13 is an intel runner, macos-14 is apple silicon
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-13, macos-14]
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, macos-13, macos-14]

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Build wheels
-        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.18.1
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.23.1
        # env:
        #   CIBW_SOME_OPTION: value
        #    ...
@@ -9,23 +9,27 @@ jobs:
    strategy:
      matrix:
        # macos-13 is an intel runner, macos-14 is apple silicon
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-13, macos-14]
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, macos-13, macos-14]

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Set up QEMU
-        if: runner.os == 'Linux'
+        if: runner.os == 'Linux' && runner.arch == 'X64'
        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
        with:
          platforms: all

      - name: Build wheels
-        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.18.1
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.23.1
        env:
-          # configure cibuildwheel to build native archs ('auto'), and some
-          # emulated ones
-          CIBW_ARCHS_LINUX: auto aarch64 ppc64le s390x
+          # configure cibuildwheel on Linux to build native archs ('auto'),
+          # and to split the remaining architectures between the x86_64 and
+          # ARM runners
+          # armv7l can be built without QEMU on GitHub Actions ARM runners but that's
+          # not the case on all ARM64 hardware hence 'auto armv7l' for native archs
+          # on the GHA ARM64 runner
+          CIBW_ARCHS_LINUX: ${{ runner.arch == 'X64' && 'auto ppc64le s390x' || 'auto armv7l' }}

      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 linux:
-  image: python:3.8
+  image: python:3.12
  # make a docker daemon available for cibuildwheel to use
  services:
    - name: docker:dind
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ linux:
    DOCKER_TLS_CERTDIR: ""
  script:
    - curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh
-    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.18.1
+    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.23.1
    - cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
  artifacts:
    paths:
@@ -21,13 +21,25 @@ linux:
 windows:
  image: mcr.microsoft.com/windows/servercore:1809
  before_script:
-    - choco install python -y --version 3.8.6
+    - choco install python -y --version 3.12.4
    - choco install git.install -y
-    - py -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.18.1
+    - py -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.23.1
  script:
    - py -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse --platform windows
  artifacts:
    paths:
      - wheelhouse/
  tags:
-    - windows
+    - saas-windows-medium-amd64
+
+macos:
+  image: macos-14-xcode-15
+  before_script:
+    - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.23.1
+  script:
+    - python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
+  artifacts:
+    paths:
+      - wheelhouse/
+  tags:
+    - saas-macos-medium-m1
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 linux:
-  image: python:3.8
+  image: python:3.12
  # make a docker daemon available for cibuildwheel to use
  services:
    - name: docker:dind
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ linux:
    - curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh
    # Warning: This is extremely slow, be careful with how many wheels you build
    - docker run --rm --privileged multiarch/qemu-user-static --reset -p yes
-    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.18.1
+    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.23.1
    # Assuming your CI runner's default architecture is x86_64...
    - cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse --platform linux --archs aarch64
  artifacts:
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 os: linux
 dist: focal
 language: python
-python: "3.9"
+python: "3.12"

 jobs:
  include:
@@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ jobs:
    - os: windows
      language: shell
      before_install:
-        - choco upgrade python -y --version 3.8.6
-        - export PATH="/c/Python38:/c/Python38/Scripts:$PATH"
+        - choco upgrade python -y --version 3.12.4
+        - export PATH="/c/Python312:/c/Python312/Scripts:$PATH"
        # make sure it's on PATH as 'python3'
-        - ln -s /c/Python38/python.exe /c/Python38/python3.exe
+        - ln -s /c/Python312/python.exe /c/Python312/python3.exe

 install:
-  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.18.1
+  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.23.1

 script:
  # build the wheels, put them into './dist'
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 os: linux
 dist: focal
 language: python
-python: "3.9"
+python: "3.12"

 jobs:
  include:
@@ -20,13 +20,13 @@ jobs:
    - os: windows
      language: shell
      before_install:
-        - choco upgrade python -y --version 3.8.6
-        - export PATH="/c/Python38:/c/Python38/Scripts:$PATH"
+        - choco upgrade python -y --version 3.12.4
+        - export PATH="/c/Python312:/c/Python312/Scripts:$PATH"
        # make sure it's on PATH as 'python3'
-        - ln -s /c/Python38/python.exe /c/Python38/python3.exe
+        - ln -s /c/Python312/python.exe /c/Python312/python3.exe

 install:
-  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.18.1
+  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.23.1

 script:
  # build the wheels, put them into './wheelhouse'
@@ -8,17 +8,15 @@
 os: linux
 dist: focal
 language: python
-python:
-  - 3.7
-  - 3.8
+python: "3.12"

 before_install:
  - |
    if [[ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" = windows ]]; then
-        choco upgrade python -y --version 3.8.6
-        export PATH="/c/Python38:/c/Python38/Scripts:$PATH"
+        choco upgrade python -y --version 3.12.4
+        export PATH="/c/Python312:/c/Python312/Scripts:$PATH"
        # make sure it's on PATH as 'python3'
-        ln -s /c/Python38/python.exe /c/Python38/python3.exe
+        ln -s /c/Python312/python.exe /c/Python312/python3.exe
    fi

 install:
@@ -54,7 +52,7 @@ jobs:
    - stage: deploy
      name: Build and deploy Linux wheels
      services: docker
-      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.18.1 twine
+      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.23.1 twine
      script: python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
      after_success: python3 -m twine upload --skip-existing wheelhouse/*.whl
    # Deploy on windows
@@ -62,7 +60,7 @@ jobs:
      name: Build and deploy Windows wheels
      os: windows
      language: shell
-      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.18.1 twine
+      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.23.1 twine
      script: python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
      after_success: python3 -m twine upload --skip-existing wheelhouse/*.whl

@@ -21,12 +21,16 @@ def install_and_run(session: nox.Session, script: str, *args: str, **kwargs: Any
    return session.run("python", script, *args, **kwargs)


+def dep_group(group: str) -> list[str]:
+    return nox.project.load_toml("pyproject.toml")["dependency-groups"][group]  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+
@nox.session
 def tests(session: nox.Session) -> None:
    """
    Run the unit and regular tests.
    """
-    session.install("-e.[test]")
+    session.install("-e.", *dep_group("test"))
    if session.posargs:
        session.run("pytest", *session.posargs)
    else:
@@ -70,6 +74,8 @@ def update_constraints(session: nox.Session) -> None:
    Update the dependencies inplace.
    """

+    resources = Path("cibuildwheel/resources")
+
    if session.venv_backend != "uv":
        session.install("uv>=0.1.23")

@@ -79,32 +85,53 @@ def update_constraints(session: nox.Session) -> None:
        # CUSTOM_COMPILE_COMMAND is a pip-compile option that tells users how to
        # regenerate the constraints files
        env["UV_CUSTOM_COMPILE_COMMAND"] = f"nox -s {session.name}"
+        output_file = resources / f"constraints-python{python_version.replace('.', '')}.txt"
        session.run(
            "uv",
            "pip",
            "compile",
            f"--python-version={python_version}",
            "--upgrade",
-            "cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in",
-            f"--output-file=cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python{python_version.replace('.', '')}.txt",
+            resources / "constraints.in",
+            f"--output-file={output_file}",
            env=env,
        )
-    RESOURCES = DIR / "cibuildwheel" / "resources"
+
    shutil.copyfile(
-        RESOURCES / "constraints-python312.txt",
-        RESOURCES / "constraints.txt",
+        resources / "constraints-python312.txt",
+        resources / "constraints.txt",
    )

+    build_platforms = nox.project.load_toml(resources / "build-platforms.toml")
+    pyodides = build_platforms["pyodide"]["python_configurations"]
+    for pyodide in pyodides:
+        python_version = ".".join(pyodide["version"].split(".")[:2])
+        pyodide_build_version = pyodide["pyodide_build_version"]
+        output_file = resources / f"constraints-pyodide{python_version.replace('.', '')}.txt"
+        tmp_file = Path(session.create_tmp()) / "constraints-pyodide.in"
+        tmp_file.write_text(f"pip\nbuild[virtualenv]\npyodide-build=={pyodide_build_version}")
+        session.run(
+            "uv",
+            "pip",
+            "compile",
+            f"--python-version={python_version}",
+            "--upgrade",
+            tmp_file,
+            f"--output-file={output_file}",
+            env=env,
+        )
+

@nox.session
 def update_pins(session: nox.Session) -> None:
    """
    Update the python, docker and virtualenv pins version inplace.
    """
-    session.install("-e.[bin]")
+    session.install("-e.", *dep_group("bin"))
    session.run("python", "bin/update_pythons.py", "--force")
    session.run("python", "bin/update_docker.py")
    session.run("python", "bin/update_virtualenv.py", "--force")
+    session.run("python", "bin/update_nodejs.py", "--force")


@nox.session(reuse_venv=True)
@@ -143,7 +170,7 @@ def docs(session: nox.Session) -> None:
    """
    Build the docs. Will serve unless --non-interactive
    """
-    session.install("-e.[docs]")
+    session.install("-e.", *dep_group("docs"))
    session.run("mkdocs", "serve" if session.interactive else "build", "--strict", *session.posargs)


@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ build-backend = "hatchling.build"

 [project]
 name = "cibuildwheel"
-version = "2.18.1"
+version = "2.23.1"
 description = "Build Python wheels on CI with minimal configuration."
 readme = "README.md"
 license = "BSD-2-Clause"
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ classifiers = [
    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13",
    "Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython",
    "Topic :: Software Development :: Build Tools",
 ]
@@ -42,6 +43,7 @@ dependencies = [
    "bashlex!=0.13",
    "bracex",
    "certifi",
+    "dependency-groups>=1.2",
    "filelock",
    "packaging>=20.9",
    "platformdirs",
@@ -50,34 +52,7 @@ dependencies = [
 ]

 [project.optional-dependencies]
-bin = [
-    "click",
-    "packaging>=21.0",
-    "pip-tools",
-    "pygithub",
-    "pyyaml",
-    "requests",
-    "rich>=9.6",
-]
-dev = [
-    "cibuildwheel[test,bin]",
-]
-docs = [
-    "jinja2>=3.1.2",
-    "mkdocs-include-markdown-plugin==2.8.0",
-    "mkdocs-macros-plugin",
-    "mkdocs==1.3.1",
-    "pymdown-extensions",
-]
-test = [
-    "build",
-    "jinja2",
-    "pytest-timeout",
-    "pytest-xdist",
-    "pytest>=6",
-    "tomli_w",
-    "validate-pyproject",
-]
+uv = ["uv"]

 [project.scripts]
 cibuildwheel = "cibuildwheel.__main__:main"
@@ -90,6 +65,40 @@ Changelog = "https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel#changelog"
 Documentation = "https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io"
 Homepage = "https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel"

+[dependency-groups]
+bin = [
+    "click",
+    "packaging>=21.0",
+    "pip-tools",
+    "pygithub",
+    "pyyaml",
+    "requests",
+    "rich>=9.6",
+]
+docs = [
+    "jinja2>=3.1.2",
+    "mkdocs-include-markdown-plugin==6.2.2",
+    "mkdocs-macros-plugin",
+    "mkdocs==1.6.1",
+    "pymdown-extensions",
+]
+test = [
+    "build",
+    "jinja2",
+    "pytest-timeout",
+    "pytest-xdist",
+    "pytest>=6",
+    "setuptools",
+    "tomli_w",
+    "validate-pyproject",
+]
+dev = [
+    {include-group = "bin"},
+    {include-group = "docs"},
+    {include-group = "test"},
+]
+
+
 [tool.pytest.ini_options]
 minversion = "6.0"
 addopts = ["-ra", "--showlocals", "--strict-markers", "--strict-config"]
@@ -110,31 +119,20 @@ files = [
 ]
 warn_unused_configs = true

-warn_redundant_casts = true
-no_implicit_reexport = true
-strict_equality = true
-warn_unused_ignores = true
-check_untyped_defs = true
-
-disallow_subclassing_any = true
-disallow_any_generics = true
-warn_return_any = true
-no_implicit_optional = true
+strict = true
+disallow_untyped_defs = false

 enable_error_code = ["ignore-without-code", "redundant-expr", "truthy-bool"]
-warn_unreachable = true
+warn_unreachable = false

 [[tool.mypy.overrides]]
 module = "cibuildwheel.*"
 disallow_untyped_defs = true
-disallow_untyped_calls = true
-disallow_incomplete_defs = true
-disallow_untyped_decorators = true

 [[tool.mypy.overrides]]
 module = [
-    "setuptools",
-    "pytest", # ignored in pre-commit to speed up check
+    "setuptools._distutils", # needed even if only directly import setuptools._distutils.util
+    "setuptools._distutils.util",
    "bashlex",
    "bashlex.*",
    "importlib_resources",
@@ -176,13 +174,12 @@ messages_control.disable = [
  "wrong-import-position",
  "unused-argument",  # Handled by Ruff
  "broad-exception-raised",  # Could be improved eventually
+  "consider-using-in",  # MyPy can't narrow "in"
 ]

 [tool.ruff]
-target-version = "py38"
 line-length = 100

-
 [tool.ruff.lint]
 extend-select = [
  "B",           # flake8-bugbear
@@ -210,7 +207,6 @@ ignore = [
  "PLR",    # Design related pylint codes
  "E501",   # Line too long
  "RET504", "RET505", "RET508",  # else after control flow
-  "PT004",  # Rename suggested for returnless fixtures
  "PT007",  # False positive
  "PYI025", # Set as AbstractSet
  "ISC001", # Conflicts with formatter
@@ -236,3 +232,6 @@ flake8-unused-arguments.ignore-variadic-names = true

 [tool.repo-review]
 ignore = ["PC170", "PP303"]
+
+[tool.check-wheel-contents]
+ignore = ["W002"]  # requirements-*.txt are allowed to be duplicates of one another
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-e .[dev,docs]
@@ -6,14 +6,18 @@ from typing import Generator

 import pytest

-from cibuildwheel.util import detect_ci_provider
+from cibuildwheel.util import detect_ci_provider, find_uv

-from .utils import platform
+from .utils import EMULATED_ARCHS, platform


-def pytest_addoption(parser) -> None:
+def pytest_addoption(parser: pytest.Parser) -> None:
    parser.addoption(
-        "--run-emulation", action="store_true", default=False, help="run emulation tests"
+        "--run-emulation",
+        action="store",
+        default=None,
+        help="run emulation tests",
+        choices=("all", *EMULATED_ARCHS),
    )
    parser.addoption("--run-podman", action="store_true", default=False, help="run podman tests")
    parser.addoption(
@@ -24,14 +28,25 @@ def pytest_addoption(parser) -> None:
    )


-@pytest.fixture(
-    params=[{"CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND": "pip"}, {"CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND": "build"}], ids=["pip", "build"]
-)
-def build_frontend_env(request) -> dict[str, str]:
-    return request.param  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+@pytest.fixture(params=["pip", "build"])
+def build_frontend_env_nouv(request: pytest.FixtureRequest) -> dict[str, str]:
+    frontend = request.param
+    if platform == "pyodide" and frontend == "pip":
+        pytest.skip("Can't use pip as build frontend for pyodide platform")
+
+    return {"CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND": frontend}


-@pytest.fixture()
+@pytest.fixture
+def build_frontend_env(build_frontend_env_nouv: dict[str, str]) -> dict[str, str]:
+    frontend = build_frontend_env_nouv["CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND"]
+    if frontend != "build" or platform == "pyodide" or find_uv() is None:
+        return build_frontend_env_nouv
+
+    return {"CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND": "build[uv]"}
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
 def docker_cleanup() -> Generator[None, None, None]:
    def get_images() -> set[str]:
        if detect_ci_provider() is None or platform != "linux":
@@ -69,7 +69,15 @@ def test_build_identifiers(tmp_path):
    ), f"{expected_wheels} vs {build_identifiers}"


-def test_allow_empty(tmp_path):
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("add_args", "env_allow_empty"),
+    [
+        (["--allow-empty"], {}),
+        (["--allow-empty"], {"CIBW_ALLOW_EMPTY": "0"}),
+        (None, {"CIBW_ALLOW_EMPTY": "1"}),
+    ],
+)
+def test_allow_empty(tmp_path, add_args, env_allow_empty):
    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
    basic_project.generate(project_dir)

@@ -77,8 +85,8 @@ def test_allow_empty(tmp_path):
    # without error
    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(
        project_dir,
-        add_env={"CIBW_BUILD": "BUILD_NOTHING_AT_ALL"},
-        add_args=["--allow-empty"],
+        add_env={"CIBW_BUILD": "BUILD_NOTHING_AT_ALL", **env_allow_empty},
+        add_args=add_args,
    )

    # check that nothing was built
@@ -18,27 +18,16 @@ limited_api_project = test_projects.new_c_project(
        IS_CPYTHON = sys.implementation.name == "cpython"
        Py_GIL_DISABLED = sysconfig.get_config_var("Py_GIL_DISABLED")
        CAN_USE_ABI3 = IS_CPYTHON and not Py_GIL_DISABLED
-        cmdclass = {}
+        setup_options = {}
        extension_kwargs = {}
-        if CAN_USE_ABI3 and sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 8):
-            from wheel.bdist_wheel import bdist_wheel as _bdist_wheel
-
-            class bdist_wheel_abi3(_bdist_wheel):
-                def finalize_options(self):
-                    _bdist_wheel.finalize_options(self)
-                    self.root_is_pure = False
-
-                def get_tag(self):
-                    python, abi, plat = _bdist_wheel.get_tag(self)
-                    return python, "abi3", plat
-
-            cmdclass["bdist_wheel"] = bdist_wheel_abi3
-            extension_kwargs["define_macros"] = [("Py_LIMITED_API", "0x03080000")]
+        if CAN_USE_ABI3 and sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 10):
+            extension_kwargs["define_macros"] = [("Py_LIMITED_API", "0x030A0000")]
            extension_kwargs["py_limited_api"] = True
+            setup_options = {"bdist_wheel": {"py_limited_api": "cp310"}}
    """
    ),
    setup_py_extension_args_add="**extension_kwargs",
-    setup_py_setup_args_add="cmdclass=cmdclass",
+    setup_py_setup_args_add="options=setup_options",
 )

 limited_api_project.files["pyproject.toml"] = pyproject_toml
@@ -48,23 +37,32 @@ def test_abi3(tmp_path):
    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
    limited_api_project.generate(project_dir)

+    single_python_tag = "cp{}{}".format(*utils.SINGLE_PYTHON_VERSION)
+
    # build the wheels
    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(
        project_dir,
        add_env={
            # free_threaded and PyPy do not have a Py_LIMITED_API equivalent, just build one of those
-            "CIBW_BUILD": "cp3?-* cp31?-* cp313t-* pp310-*"
+            # also limit the number of builds for test performance reasons
+            "CIBW_BUILD": f"cp39-* cp310-* pp310-* {single_python_tag}-* cp313t-*"
        },
    )

    # check that the expected wheels are produced
-    expected_wheels = [
-        w.replace("cp38-cp38", "cp38-abi3")
-        for w in utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0")
-        if ("-pp310" in w or "-pp" not in w)
-        and "-cp39" not in w
-        and ("-cp313t" in w or "-cp31" not in w)
-    ]
+    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0")
+    if utils.platform == "pyodide":
+        # there's only 1 possible configuration for pyodide, the single_python_tag one
+        expected_wheels = [
+            w.replace(f"{single_python_tag}-{single_python_tag}", "cp310-abi3")
+            for w in expected_wheels
+        ]
+    else:
+        expected_wheels = [
+            w.replace("cp310-cp310", "cp310-abi3")
+            for w in expected_wheels
+            if "-cp39" in w or "-cp310" in w or "-pp310" in w or "-cp313t" in w
+        ]
    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)


@@ -183,9 +181,9 @@ def test_abi_none(tmp_path, capfd):
        project_dir,
        add_env={
            "CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES": "pytest",
-            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": "pytest {project}/test",
+            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": f"{utils.invoke_pytest()} {{project}}/test",
            # limit the number of builds for test performance reasons
-            "CIBW_BUILD": "cp38-* cp310-* cp313t-* pp310-*",
+            "CIBW_BUILD": "cp38-* cp{}{}-* cp313t-* pp310-*".format(*utils.SINGLE_PYTHON_VERSION),
        },
    )

@@ -196,4 +194,8 @@ def test_abi_none(tmp_path, capfd):
    # check that each wheel was built once, and reused
    captured = capfd.readouterr()
    assert "Building wheel..." in captured.out
-    assert "Found previously built wheel" in captured.out
+    if utils.platform == "pyodide":
+        # there's only 1 possible configuration for pyodide, we won't see the message expected on following builds
+        assert "Found previously built wheel" not in captured.out
+    else:
+        assert "Found previously built wheel" in captured.out
@@ -10,13 +10,22 @@ from . import test_projects, utils
 project_with_before_build_asserts = test_projects.new_c_project(
    setup_py_add=textwrap.dedent(
        r"""
-        # assert that the Python version as written to text_info.txt in the CIBW_BEFORE_ALL step
-        # is the same one as is currently running.
+        import os
+
        with open("text_info.txt") as f:
            stored_text = f.read()
-
        print("## stored text: " + stored_text)
        assert stored_text == "sample text 123"
+
+        # assert that the Python version as written to python_prefix.txt in the CIBW_BEFORE_ALL step
+        # is not the same one as is currently running.
+        with open('python_prefix.txt') as f:
+            stored_prefix = f.read()
+        print('stored_prefix', stored_prefix)
+        print('sys.prefix', sys.prefix)
+        #  Works around path-comparison bugs caused by short-paths on Windows e.g.
+        #  vssadm~1 instead of vssadministrator
+        assert not os.path.samefile(stored_prefix, sys.prefix)
        """
    )
 )
@@ -30,21 +39,24 @@ def test(tmp_path):
        print("dummy text", file=ff)

    # build the wheels
-    before_all_command = '''python -c "import os;open('{project}/text_info.txt', 'w').write('sample text '+os.environ.get('TEST_VAL', ''))"'''
+    before_all_command = (
+        """python -c "import os, sys;open('{project}/text_info.txt', 'w').write('sample text '+os.environ.get('TEST_VAL', ''))" && """
+        '''python -c "import sys; open('{project}/python_prefix.txt', 'w').write(sys.prefix)"'''
+    )
    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(
        project_dir,
        add_env={
            # write python version information to a temporary file, this is
            # checked in setup.py
            "CIBW_BEFORE_ALL": before_all_command,
-            "CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_LINUX": f'{before_all_command} && python -c "import sys; assert sys.version_info >= (3, 6)"',
+            "CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_LINUX": f'{before_all_command} && python -c "import sys; assert sys.version_info >= (3, 8)"',
            "CIBW_ENVIRONMENT": "TEST_VAL='123'",
        },
+        single_python=True,
    )

    # also check that we got the right wheels
-    (project_dir / "text_info.txt").unlink()
-    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0")
+    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0", single_python=True)
    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)


@@ -72,7 +84,8 @@ def test_cwd(tmp_path):
            "CIBW_BEFORE_ALL": f'''python -c "import os; assert os.getcwd() == {str(project_dir)!r}"''',
            "CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_LINUX": '''python -c "import os; assert os.getcwd() == '/project'"''',
        },
+        single_python=True,
    )

-    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0")
+    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0", single_python=True)
    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)
@@ -7,33 +7,32 @@ import pytest

 from . import test_projects, utils

+# pyodide does not support building without isolation, need to check the base_prefix
+SYS_PREFIX = f"sys.{'base_' if utils.platform == 'pyodide' else ''}prefix"
+
+
 project_with_before_build_asserts = test_projects.new_c_project(
    setup_py_add=textwrap.dedent(
-        r"""
+        rf"""
        import os

        # assert that the Python version as written to pythonversion_bb.txt in the CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD step
        # is the same one as is currently running.
-        version_file = 'c:\\pythonversion_bb.txt' if sys.platform == 'win32' else '/tmp/pythonversion_bb.txt'
-        with open(version_file) as f:
+        with open('pythonversion_bb.txt') as f:
            stored_version = f.read()
        print('stored_version', stored_version)
        print('sys.version', sys.version)
        assert stored_version == sys.version

-        # check that the executable also was written
-        executable_file = 'c:\\pythonexecutable_bb.txt' if sys.platform == 'win32' else '/tmp/pythonexecutable_bb.txt'
-        with open(executable_file) as f:
-            stored_executable = f.read()
-        print('stored_executable', stored_executable)
-        print('sys.executable', sys.executable)
+        # check that the prefix also was written
+        with open('pythonprefix_bb.txt') as f:
+            stored_prefix = f.read()
+        print('stored_prefix', stored_prefix)
+        print('{SYS_PREFIX}', {SYS_PREFIX})
+        #  Works around path-comparison bugs caused by short-paths on Windows e.g.
+        #  vssadm~1 instead of vssadministrator

-        # windows/mac are case insensitive
-        stored_path = os.path.realpath(stored_executable).lower()
-        current_path = os.path.realpath(sys.executable).lower()
-
-        # TODO: This is not valid in an virtual environment
-        assert stored_path == current_path, '{0} != {1}'.format(stored_path, current_path)
+        assert os.path.samefile(stored_prefix, {SYS_PREFIX})
        """
    )
 )
@@ -44,8 +43,8 @@ def test(tmp_path):
    project_with_before_build_asserts.generate(project_dir)

    before_build = (
-        """python -c "import sys; open('{output_dir}pythonversion_bb.txt', 'w').write(sys.version)" && """
-        '''python -c "import sys; open('{output_dir}pythonexecutable_bb.txt', 'w').write(sys.executable)"'''
+        """python -c "import sys; open('{project}/pythonversion_bb.txt', 'w').write(sys.version)" && """
+        f'''python -c "import sys; open('{{project}}/pythonprefix_bb.txt', 'w').write({SYS_PREFIX})"'''
    )

    # build the wheels
@@ -54,8 +53,7 @@ def test(tmp_path):
        add_env={
            # write python version information to a temporary file, this is
            # checked in setup.py
-            "CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD": before_build.format(output_dir="/tmp/"),
-            "CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_WINDOWS": before_build.format(output_dir=r"c:\\"),
+            "CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD": before_build,
        },
    )

@@ -88,7 +86,8 @@ def test_cwd(tmp_path):
            "CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD": f'''python -c "import os; assert os.getcwd() == {str(project_dir)!r}"''',
            "CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_LINUX": '''python -c "import os; assert os.getcwd() == '/project'"''',
        },
+        single_python=True,
    )

-    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0")
+    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0", single_python=True)
    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)
@@ -6,54 +6,67 @@ before_test_project = test_projects.new_c_project()
 before_test_project.files["test/spam_test.py"] = r"""
 import sys
 import os
+from pathlib import Path
 from unittest import TestCase

+PROJECT_DIR = Path(__file__).joinpath("..", "..").resolve()
+

 class TestBeforeTest(TestCase):
    def test_version(self):
        # assert that the Python version as written to pythonversion_bt.txt in the CIBW_BEFORE_TEST step
        # is the same one as is currently running.
        # because of use symlinks in MacOS run this test is also need
-        version_file = 'c:\\pythonversion_bt.txt' if sys.platform == 'win32' else '/tmp/pythonversion_bt.txt'
-        with open(version_file) as f:
-            stored_version = f.read()
+        stored_version = PROJECT_DIR.joinpath('pythonversion_bt.txt').read_text()
        print('stored_version', stored_version)
        print('sys.version', sys.version)
        assert stored_version == sys.version

    def test_prefix(self):
        # check that the prefix also was written
-        prefix_file = 'c:\\pythonprefix_bt.txt' if sys.platform == 'win32' else '/tmp/pythonprefix_bt.txt'
-        with open(prefix_file) as f:
-            stored_prefix = f.read()
+        stored_prefix = PROJECT_DIR.joinpath('pythonprefix_bt.txt').read_text()
        print('stored_prefix', stored_prefix)
        print('sys.prefix', sys.prefix)
        #  Works around path-comparison bugs caused by short-paths on Windows e.g.
        #  vssadm~1 instead of vssadministrator

-        assert os.stat(stored_prefix) == os.stat(sys.prefix)
+        assert os.path.samefile(stored_prefix, sys.prefix)
 """


-def test(tmp_path):
+def test(tmp_path, build_frontend_env):
    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
    before_test_project.generate(project_dir)
    test_project_dir = project_dir / "dependency"
    test_projects.new_c_project().generate(test_project_dir)

+    before_test_steps = [
+        '''python -c "import os, sys; open('{project}/pythonversion_bt.txt', 'w').write(sys.version)"''',
+        '''python -c "import os, sys; open('{project}/pythonprefix_bt.txt', 'w').write(sys.prefix)"''',
+    ]
+
+    if utils.platform == "pyodide":
+        before_test_steps.extend(
+            ["pyodide build {project}/dependency", "pip install --find-links dist/ spam"]
+        )
+    elif build_frontend_env["CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND"] in {"pip", "build"}:
+        before_test_steps.append("python -m pip install {project}/dependency")
+
+    before_test = " && ".join(before_test_steps)
+
    # build the wheels
    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(
        project_dir,
        add_env={
            # write python version information to a temporary file, this is
            # checked in setup.py
-            "CIBW_BEFORE_TEST": """python -c "import sys; open('/tmp/pythonversion_bt.txt', 'w').write(sys.version)" && python -c "import sys; open('/tmp/pythonprefix_bt.txt', 'w').write(sys.prefix)" && python -m pip install {project}/dependency""",
-            "CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_WINDOWS": """python -c "import sys; open('c:\\pythonversion_bt.txt', 'w').write(sys.version)" && python -c "import sys; open('c:\\pythonprefix_bt.txt', 'w').write(sys.prefix)" && python -m pip install {project}/dependency""",
+            "CIBW_BEFORE_TEST": before_test,
            "CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES": "pytest",
            # the 'false ||' bit is to ensure this command runs in a shell on
            # mac/linux.
-            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": "false || pytest {project}/test",
+            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": f"false || {utils.invoke_pytest()} {{project}}/test",
            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS": "pytest {project}/test",
+            **build_frontend_env,
        },
    )

@@ -6,21 +6,24 @@ from . import utils
 from .test_projects.c import new_c_project


-@pytest.mark.parametrize("frontend_name", ["pip", "build"])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "frontend_name",
+    [
+        pytest.param("pip", marks=utils.skip_if_pyodide("No pip for pyodide")),
+        "build",
+    ],
+)
 def test_build_frontend_args(tmp_path, capfd, frontend_name):
    project = new_c_project()
    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
    project.generate(project_dir)

    # the build will fail because the frontend is called with '-h' - it prints the help message
+    add_env = {"CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND": f"{frontend_name}; args: -h"}
+    if utils.platform == "pyodide":
+        add_env["TERM"] = "dumb"  # disable color / style
    with pytest.raises(subprocess.CalledProcessError):
-        utils.cibuildwheel_run(
-            project_dir,
-            add_env={
-                "CIBW_BUILD": "cp311-*",
-                "CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND": f"{frontend_name}; args: -h",
-            },
-        )
+        utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir, add_env=add_env, single_python=True)

    captured = capfd.readouterr()
    print(captured.out)
@@ -29,6 +32,8 @@ def test_build_frontend_args(tmp_path, capfd, frontend_name):
    if frontend_name == "pip":
        assert "Usage:" in captured.out
        assert "Wheel Options:" in captured.out
+    elif utils.platform == "pyodide":
+        assert "Usage: pyodide build" in captured.out
    else:
        assert "usage:" in captured.out
        assert "A simple, correct Python build frontend." in captured.out
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ from . import test_projects, utils

 project_with_skip_asserts = test_projects.new_c_project(
    setup_py_add=textwrap.dedent(
-        r"""
-        # explode if run on PyPyor Python 3.7 (these should be skipped)
+        rf"""
        if sys.implementation.name != "cpython":
            raise Exception("Only CPython shall be built")
-        if sys.version_info[0:2] == (3, 7):
-            raise Exception("CPython 3.7 should be skipped")
+        expected_version = {"({}, {})".format(*utils.SINGLE_PYTHON_VERSION)}
+        if sys.version_info[0:2] != expected_version:
+            raise Exception("CPython {{}}.{{}} should be skipped".format(*sys.version_info[0:2]))
        """
    )
 )
@@ -21,17 +21,19 @@ def test(tmp_path):
    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
    project_with_skip_asserts.generate(project_dir)

+    skip = " ".join(
+        f"cp3{minor}-*" for minor in range(6, 30) if (3, minor) != utils.SINGLE_PYTHON_VERSION
+    )
+
    # build the wheels
    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(
        project_dir,
        add_env={
            "CIBW_BUILD": "cp3*-*",
-            "CIBW_SKIP": "cp37-*",
+            "CIBW_SKIP": f"*t-* {skip}",
        },
    )

-    # check that we got the right wheels. There should be no PyPy or 3.7.
-    expected_wheels = [
-        w for w in utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0") if ("-cp3" in w) and ("-cp37" not in w)
-    ]
+    # check that we got the right wheels. There should be a single version of CPython.
+    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0", single_python=True)
    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)
@@ -21,18 +21,15 @@ def test_podman(tmp_path, capfd, request):
    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(
        project_dir,
        add_env={
-            "CIBW_BUILD": "cp310-*{manylinux,musllinux}_x86_64",
+            "CIBW_ARCHS": "native",
            "CIBW_BEFORE_ALL": "echo 'test log statement from before-all'",
            "CIBW_CONTAINER_ENGINE": "podman",
        },
+        single_python=True,
    )

    # check that the expected wheels are produced
-    expected_wheels = [
-        w
-        for w in utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0")
-        if ("-cp310-" in w) and ("x86_64" in w) and ("manylinux" in w or "musllinux" in w)
-    ]
+    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0", single_python=True, single_arch=True)
    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)

    # check that stdout is bring passed-though from container correctly
@@ -51,15 +48,16 @@ def test_create_args(tmp_path, capfd):
    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(
        project_dir,
        add_env={
-            "CIBW_BUILD": "cp310-manylinux_*",
+            "CIBW_SKIP": "*-musllinux_*",
            "CIBW_BEFORE_ALL": "echo TEST_CREATE_ARGS is set to $TEST_CREATE_ARGS",
            "CIBW_CONTAINER_ENGINE": "docker; create_args: --env=TEST_CREATE_ARGS=itworks",
        },
+        single_python=True,
    )

-    expected_wheels = [
-        w for w in utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0") if ("cp310-manylinux" in w)
-    ]
+    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels(
+        "spam", "0.1.0", musllinux_versions=[], single_python=True
+    )
    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)

    captured = capfd.readouterr()
@@ -56,76 +56,62 @@ PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit_spam(void)
 cpp_test_project.files["setup.py"] = jinja2.Template(setup_py_template)
 cpp_test_project.files["spam.cpp"] = jinja2.Template(spam_cpp_template)

-cpp11_project = cpp_test_project.copy()
-cpp11_project.template_context["extra_compile_args"] = (
-    ["/std:c++11"] if utils.platform == "windows" else ["-std=c++11"]
-)
-cpp11_project.template_context["spam_cpp_top_level_add"] = "#include <array>"
-

 def test_cpp11(tmp_path):
    # This test checks that the C++11 standard is supported
    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
-
+    cpp11_project = cpp_test_project.copy()
+    cpp11_project.template_context["extra_compile_args"] = (
+        ["/std:c++11"] if utils.platform == "windows" else ["-std=c++11"]
+    )
+    cpp11_project.template_context["spam_cpp_top_level_add"] = "#include <array>"
    cpp11_project.generate(project_dir)

-    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir)
-    expected_wheels = list(utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0"))
+    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir, single_python=True)
+    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0", single_python=True)

    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)


-cpp14_project = cpp_test_project.copy()
-cpp14_project.template_context["extra_compile_args"] = (
-    ["/std:c++14"] if utils.platform == "windows" else ["-std=c++14"]
-)
-cpp14_project.template_context["spam_cpp_top_level_add"] = "int a = 100'000;"
-
-
 def test_cpp14(tmp_path):
    # This test checks that the C++14 standard is supported
    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
-
+    cpp14_project = cpp_test_project.copy()
+    cpp14_project.template_context["extra_compile_args"] = (
+        ["/std:c++14"] if utils.platform == "windows" else ["-std=c++14"]
+    )
+    cpp14_project.template_context["spam_cpp_top_level_add"] = "int a = 100'000;"
    cpp14_project.generate(project_dir)

-    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir)
-    expected_wheels = list(utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0"))
+    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir, single_python=True)
+    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0", single_python=True)

    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)


-cpp17_project = cpp_test_project.copy()
-
-cpp17_project.template_context["extra_compile_args"] = [
-    "/std:c++17" if utils.platform == "windows" else "-std=c++17"
-]
-cpp17_project.template_context["spam_cpp_top_level_add"] = r"""
-#include <utility>
-auto a = std::pair(5.0, false);
-"""
-
-
 def test_cpp17(tmp_path):
    # This test checks that the C++17 standard is supported
    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
-
+    cpp17_project = cpp_test_project.copy()
+    cpp17_project.template_context["extra_compile_args"] = [
+        "/std:c++17" if utils.platform == "windows" else "-std=c++17"
+    ]
+    cpp17_project.template_context["spam_cpp_top_level_add"] = r"""
+    #include <utility>
+    auto a = std::pair(5.0, false);
+    """
    cpp17_project.generate(project_dir)

    if os.environ.get("APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE", "") == "Visual Studio 2015":
        pytest.skip("Visual Studio 2015 does not support C++17")

-    # Pypy's distutils sets the default compiler to 'msvc9compiler', which
-    # is too old to support cpp17.
-    add_env = {"CIBW_SKIP": "pp*"}
-
+    add_env = {}
    if utils.platform == "macos":
        add_env["MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET"] = "10.13"

-    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir, add_env=add_env)
-    expected_wheels = [
-        w
-        for w in utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0", macosx_deployment_target="10.13")
-        if "-pp" not in w
-    ]
+    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir, add_env=add_env, single_python=True)
+    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels(
+        "spam", "0.1.0", macosx_deployment_target="10.13", single_python=True
+    )

    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 from __future__ import annotations

 import subprocess
-from test import test_projects
+from contextlib import nullcontext as does_not_raise

 import pytest

+from test import test_projects
+
 from . import utils

 basic_project = test_projects.new_c_project()
@@ -30,8 +32,13 @@ def test(tmp_path, capfd):
    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
    basic_project.generate(project_dir)

-    with pytest.raises(subprocess.CalledProcessError):
-        utils.cibuildwheel_run(
+    num_builds = len(utils.cibuildwheel_get_build_identifiers(project_dir))
+    expectation = (
+        pytest.raises(subprocess.CalledProcessError) if num_builds > 1 else does_not_raise()
+    )
+
+    with expectation as exc_info:
+        result = utils.cibuildwheel_run(
            project_dir,
            add_env={
                "CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND": "python repair.py {wheel} {dest_dir}",
@@ -39,4 +46,16 @@ def test(tmp_path, capfd):
        )

    captured = capfd.readouterr()
-    assert "Build failed because a wheel named" in captured.err
+    if num_builds > 1:
+        assert exc_info is not None
+        assert "Build failed because a wheel named" in captured.err
+        assert exc_info.value.returncode == 6
+    else:
+        # We only produced one wheel (currently Pyodide)
+        # check that it has the right name
+        #
+        # As far as I can tell, this is the only full test coverage for
+        # CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND so this is useful even in the case when no
+        # error is raised
+        assert "spam-0.1.0-py2-none-pyodide" in captured.out
+        assert result[0].startswith("spam-0.1.0-py2-none-")
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import platform
 import re
 import textwrap
+from pathlib import Path

 import pytest

@@ -46,18 +47,20 @@ build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
 VERSION_REGEX = r"([\w-]+)==([^\s]+)"


-def get_versions_from_constraint_file(constraint_file):
-    constraint_file_text = constraint_file.read_text(encoding="utf8")
+def get_versions_from_constraint_file(constraint_file: Path) -> dict[str, str]:
+    constraint_file_text = constraint_file.read_text(encoding="utf-8")

    return dict(re.findall(VERSION_REGEX, constraint_file_text))


-@pytest.mark.parametrize("python_version", ["3.6", "3.8", "3.10"])
-def test_pinned_versions(tmp_path, python_version, build_frontend_env):
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("python_version", ["3.6", "3.8", "3.12"])
+def test_pinned_versions(tmp_path, python_version, build_frontend_env_nouv):
    if utils.platform == "linux":
        pytest.skip("linux doesn't pin individual tool versions, it pins manylinux images instead")
    if python_version == "3.6" and utils.platform == "macos" and platform.machine() == "arm64":
        pytest.skip("macOS arm64 does not support Python 3.6")
+    if python_version != "3.12" and utils.platform == "pyodide":
+        pytest.skip(f"pyodide does not support Python {python_version}")

    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
    project_with_expected_version_checks.generate(project_dir)
@@ -79,7 +82,7 @@ def test_pinned_versions(tmp_path, python_version, build_frontend_env):
        add_env={
            "CIBW_BUILD": build_pattern,
            "CIBW_ENVIRONMENT": cibw_environment_option,
-            **build_frontend_env,
+            **build_frontend_env_nouv,
        },
    )

@@ -93,7 +96,7 @@ def test_pinned_versions(tmp_path, python_version, build_frontend_env):
    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)


-def test_dependency_constraints_file(tmp_path, build_frontend_env):
+def test_dependency_constraints_file(tmp_path, build_frontend_env_nouv):
    if utils.platform == "linux":
        pytest.skip("linux doesn't pin individual tool versions, it pins manylinux images instead")

@@ -130,7 +133,7 @@ def test_dependency_constraints_file(tmp_path, build_frontend_env):
            "CIBW_ENVIRONMENT": cibw_environment_option,
            "CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS": str(constraints_file),
            "CIBW_SKIP": "cp36-*",
-            **build_frontend_env,
+            **build_frontend_env_nouv,
        },
    )

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import shutil
+import sys
+import textwrap
+
+import pytest
+
+from cibuildwheel.util import CIBW_CACHE_PATH, CIProvider, detect_ci_provider
+
+from . import test_projects, utils
+
+basic_project = test_projects.new_c_project()
+basic_project.files["check_node.py"] = r"""
+import sys
+import shutil
+from pathlib import Path
+from pyodide.code import run_js
+
+
+def check_node():
+    # cibuildwheel adds a pinned node version to the PATH
+    # check it's in the PATH then, check it's the one that runs Pyodide
+    cibw_cache_path = Path(sys.argv[1]).resolve(strict=True)
+    # find the node executable in PATH
+    node = shutil.which("node")
+    assert node is not None, "node is None"
+    node_path = Path(node).resolve(strict=True)
+    # it shall be in cibuildwheel cache
+    assert cibw_cache_path in node_path.parents, f"{cibw_cache_path} not a parent of {node_path}"
+    # find the path to the node executable that runs pyodide
+    node_js = run_js("globalThis.process.execPath")
+    assert node_js is not None, "node_js is None"
+    node_js_path = Path(node_js).resolve(strict=True)
+    # it shall be the one pinned by cibuildwheel
+    assert node_js_path == node_path, f"{node_js_path} != {node_path}"
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    check_node()
+"""
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("use_pyproject_toml", [True, False])
+def test_pyodide_build(tmp_path, use_pyproject_toml):
+    if sys.platform == "win32":
+        pytest.skip("emsdk doesn't work correctly on Windows")
+
+    if not shutil.which("python3.12"):
+        pytest.skip("Python 3.12 not installed")
+
+    if detect_ci_provider() == CIProvider.travis_ci:
+        pytest.skip("Python 3.12 is just a non-working pyenv shim")
+
+    if use_pyproject_toml:
+        basic_project.files["pyproject.toml"] = textwrap.dedent(
+            """
+            [build-system]
+            requires = ["setuptools"]
+            build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
+            """
+        )
+
+    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
+    basic_project.generate(project_dir)
+
+    # check for node in 1 case only to reduce CI load
+    add_env = {}
+    if use_pyproject_toml:
+        add_env["CIBW_TEST_COMMAND"] = f"python {{project}}/check_node.py {CIBW_CACHE_PATH}"
+
+    # build the wheels
+    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(
+        project_dir,
+        add_args=["--platform", "pyodide"],
+        add_env=add_env,
+    )
+
+    # check that the expected wheels are produced
+    expected_wheels = [
+        "spam-0.1.0-cp312-cp312-pyodide_2024_0_wasm32.whl",
+    ]
+
+    print("actual_wheels", actual_wheels)
+    print("expected_wheels", expected_wheels)
+
+    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 from __future__ import annotations

+import itertools
 import subprocess

 import pytest
@@ -18,9 +19,13 @@ def test_spam():


 def test(tmp_path, request):
-    if not request.config.getoption("--run-emulation"):
+    archs = request.config.getoption("--run-emulation")
+    if archs is None:
        pytest.skip("needs --run-emulation option to run")

+    if archs == "all":
+        archs = " ".join(utils.EMULATED_ARCHS)
+
    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
    project_with_a_test.generate(project_dir)

@@ -30,15 +35,14 @@ def test(tmp_path, request):
        add_env={
            "CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES": "pytest",
            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": "pytest {project}/test",
-            "CIBW_ARCHS": "aarch64 ppc64le s390x",
+            "CIBW_ARCHS": archs,
        },
    )

    # also check that we got the right wheels
-    expected_wheels = (
-        utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0", machine_arch="aarch64")
-        + utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0", machine_arch="ppc64le")
-        + utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0", machine_arch="s390x")
+    expected_wheels = itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+        utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0", machine_arch=arch, single_arch=True)
+        for arch in archs.split(" ")
    )
    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)

@@ -49,10 +49,11 @@ def test(tmp_path):
            "CIBW_ENVIRONMENT": """CIBW_TEST_VAR="a b c" CIBW_TEST_VAR_2=1 CIBW_TEST_VAR_3="$(echo 'test string 3')" PATH=$PATH:/opt/cibw_test_path""",
            "CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_WINDOWS": f'''CIBW_TEST_VAR="a b c" CIBW_TEST_VAR_2=1 CIBW_TEST_VAR_3="$({python_echo} 'test string 3')" PATH="$PATH;/opt/cibw_test_path"''',
        },
+        single_python=True,
    )

    # also check that we got the right wheels built
-    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0")
+    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0", single_python=True)
    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)


@@ -92,10 +93,18 @@ def test_overridden_path(tmp_path, capfd):

    assert len(os.listdir(output_dir)) == 0
    captured = capfd.readouterr()
-    assert "python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance" in captured.err
+    assert "python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance" in captured.err.replace(
+        "venv", "installed"
+    )


-@pytest.mark.parametrize("build_frontend", ["pip", "build"])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "build_frontend",
+    [
+        pytest.param("pip", marks=utils.skip_if_pyodide("No pip for pyodide")),
+        "build",
+    ],
+)
 def test_overridden_pip_constraint(tmp_path, build_frontend):
    """
    Verify that users can use PIP_CONSTRAINT to specify a specific version of
@@ -108,7 +117,7 @@ def test_overridden_pip_constraint(tmp_path, build_frontend):
        setup_py_add=textwrap.dedent(
            """
            import pytz
-            assert pytz.__version__ == "2022.4"
+            assert pytz.__version__ == "2022.4", f"{pytz.__version__!r} != '2022.4'"
        """
        )
    )
@@ -133,12 +142,12 @@ def test_overridden_pip_constraint(tmp_path, build_frontend):
    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(
        project_dir,
        add_env={
-            "CIBW_BUILD": "cp312-*",
            "CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND": build_frontend,
            "PIP_CONSTRAINT": str(constraints_file),
            "CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_LINUX": "PIP_CONSTRAINT=./constraints.txt",
        },
+        single_python=True,
    )

-    expected_wheels = [w for w in utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0") if "cp312" in w]
+    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0", single_python=True)
    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)
@@ -4,8 +4,10 @@ import os
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import textwrap
+from collections.abc import Mapping
 from pathlib import Path
 from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory
+
 from test.test_projects.base import TestProject

 from . import test_projects, utils
@@ -27,12 +29,18 @@ def make_sdist(project: TestProject, working_dir: Path) -> Path:
    return next(sdist_dir.glob("*.tar.gz"))


-def cibuildwheel_from_sdist_run(sdist_path, add_env=None, config_file=None):
+def cibuildwheel_from_sdist_run(
+    sdist_path: Path | str,
+    add_env: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+    config_file: str | None = None,
+) -> list[str]:
    env = os.environ.copy()

    if add_env:
        env.update(add_env)

+    env["CIBW_BUILD"] = "cp{}{}-*".format(*utils.SINGLE_PYTHON_VERSION)
+
    with TemporaryDirectory() as tmp_output_dir:
        subprocess.run(
            [
@@ -73,15 +81,11 @@ def test_simple(tmp_path):

    # build the wheels from sdist
    actual_wheels = cibuildwheel_from_sdist_run(
-        sdist_path,
-        add_env={
-            "CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD": setup_py_assertion_cmd,
-            "CIBW_BUILD": "cp39-*",
-        },
+        sdist_path, add_env={"CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD": setup_py_assertion_cmd}
    )

    # check that the expected wheels are produced
-    expected_wheels = [w for w in utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0") if "cp39" in w]
+    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0", single_python=True)
    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)


@@ -105,14 +109,10 @@ def test_external_config_file_argument(tmp_path, capfd):
    )

    # build the wheels from sdist
-    actual_wheels = cibuildwheel_from_sdist_run(
-        sdist_path,
-        add_env={"CIBW_BUILD": "cp39-*"},
-        config_file=str(config_file),
-    )
+    actual_wheels = cibuildwheel_from_sdist_run(sdist_path, config_file=str(config_file))

    # check that the expected wheels are produced
-    expected_wheels = [w for w in utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0") if "cp39" in w]
+    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0", single_python=True)
    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)

    # check that before-all was run
@@ -136,13 +136,10 @@ def test_config_in_pyproject_toml(tmp_path, capfd):
    sdist_path = make_sdist(project, sdist_dir)

    # build the wheels from sdist
-    actual_wheels = cibuildwheel_from_sdist_run(
-        sdist_path,
-        add_env={"CIBW_BUILD": "cp39-*"},
-    )
+    actual_wheels = cibuildwheel_from_sdist_run(sdist_path)

    # check that the expected wheels are produced
-    expected_wheels = [w for w in utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0") if "cp39" in w]
+    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0", single_python=True)
    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)

    # check that before-build was run
@@ -174,13 +171,11 @@ def test_internal_config_file_argument(tmp_path, capfd):

    # build the wheels from sdist, referencing the config file inside
    actual_wheels = cibuildwheel_from_sdist_run(
-        sdist_path,
-        add_env={"CIBW_BUILD": "cp39-*"},
-        config_file="{package}/wheel_build_config.toml",
+        sdist_path, config_file="{package}/wheel_build_config.toml"
    )

    # check that the expected wheels are produced
-    expected_wheels = [w for w in utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0") if "cp39" in w]
+    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0", single_python=True)
    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)

    # check that before-all was run
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More