Bump version: v3.1.2

updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.12.4 → v0.12.5](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.12.4...v0.12.5)

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

.circleci/config.yml

@@ -1,25 +1,43 @@
-version: 2
+version: 2.1
+
+commands:
+  cibw_prepare_environment:
+    description: "Prepare the environment for testing."
+    steps:
+      - run:
+          name: Prepare the environment.
+          command: bash .circleci/prepare.sh
+  cibw_run_tests:
+    description: "Runs tests, with CIBW_ENABLE=all on the main branch"
+    steps:
+      - run:
+          name: Test
+          command: |
+            if [ "${CIRCLE_BRANCH}" == "main" ]; then
+              echo "INFO: Exporting CIBW_ENABLE=all for main branch test run."
+              export CIBW_ENABLE=all
+            else
+              echo "INFO: CIBW_ENABLE not set for this branch test run."
+            fi
+
+            venv/bin/python ./bin/run_tests.py
+          no_output_timeout: 30m
 
 jobs:
-  osx-python3.9:
+  osx-python312:
     macos:
-      xcode: 12.5.1
+      xcode: 15.4.0
+    resource_class: macos.m1.medium.gen1
     environment:
       PYTHON: python3
     steps:
       - checkout
+      - cibw_prepare_environment
+      - cibw_run_tests
 
-      - run:
-          name: Prepare the environment.
-          command: bash .circleci/prepare.sh
-      - run:
-          name: Test.
-          command: venv/bin/python ./bin/run_tests.py
-          no_output_timeout: 30m
-
-  linux-python3.9:
+  linux-python312:
     docker:
-      - image: circleci/python:3.9
+      - image: cimg/python:3.12
     environment:
       PYTHON: python3
       # Temporarily restrict the tests that are run on CircleCI to prevent
@@ -28,18 +46,12 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - checkout
       - setup_remote_docker
-
-      - run:
-          name: Prepare the environment.
-          command: bash .circleci/prepare.sh
-      - run:
-          name: Test.
-          command: venv/bin/python ./bin/run_tests.py
-          no_output_timeout: 30m
+      - cibw_prepare_environment
+      - cibw_run_tests
 
   linux-aarch64:
     machine:
-       image: ubuntu-2004:2022.04.1
+       image: default
     resource_class: arm.medium
     environment:
       PYTHON: python3
@@ -48,19 +60,13 @@ jobs:
       PYTEST_ADDOPTS: -k "unit_test or main_tests or test_0_basic or test_docker_images"
     steps:
       - checkout
-
-      - run:
-          name: Prepare the environment.
-          command: bash .circleci/prepare.sh
-      - run:
-          name: Test.
-          command: venv/bin/python ./bin/run_tests.py
-          no_output_timeout: 30m
+      - cibw_prepare_environment
+      - cibw_run_tests
 
 workflows:
   version: 2
   all-tests:
     jobs:
-      - osx-python3.9
-      - linux-python3.9
+      - osx-python312
+      - linux-python312
       - linux-aarch64

.circleci/prepare.sh

@@ -2,9 +2,15 @@
 set -o errexit
 set -o xtrace
 
+if [ "$(uname -s)" == "Darwin" ]; then
+  sudo softwareupdate --install-rosetta --agree-to-license
+else
+  docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
+fi
+
 $PYTHON --version
-$PYTHON -m pip --version
-$PYTHON -m virtualenv -p "$PYTHON" venv
-venv/bin/python -m pip install -e ".[dev]"
+$PYTHON -m venv venv
+venv/bin/python -m pip install -U pip
+venv/bin/python -m pip install -e. --group test
 venv/bin/python -m pip freeze
 venv/bin/python --version

.cirrus.yml

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
+only_if: changesInclude('.cirrus.yml') || ($CIRRUS_BRANCH == "main" && !changesIncludeOnly('.github/*', 'bin/*', 'docs/*', '.circleci/*', '.travis.yml', '.pre-commit-config.yaml', '.readthedocs.yml', 'azure-pipelines.yml', 'README.md', 'mkdocs.yml', 'noxfile.py')) || $CIRRUS_BRANCH =~ 'cirrus.*'
+
 run_tests: &RUN_TESTS
   install_cibuildwheel_script:
-    - python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
+    - python -m pip install -U pip
+    - python -m pip install -e. --group test
   run_cibuildwheel_tests_script:
     - python ./bin/run_tests.py
 
-
 linux_x86_task:
   timeout_in: 120m
   compute_engine_instance:
@@ -13,9 +15,15 @@ linux_x86_task:
     platform: linux
     cpu: 8
     memory: 8G
-
+  env:
+    VENV_ROOT: ${HOME}/venv-cibuildwheel
+    PATH: ${VENV_ROOT}/bin:${PATH}
   install_pre_requirements_script:
-    - apt install -y python3-venv python-is-python3
+    - docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
+    - add-apt-repository -y ppa:deadsnakes/ppa
+    - apt-get update
+    - apt-get install -y python3.12-venv
+    - python3.12 -m venv ${VENV_ROOT}
   <<: *RUN_TESTS
 
 linux_aarch64_task:
@@ -26,14 +34,20 @@ linux_aarch64_task:
     platform: linux
     cpu: 4
     memory: 4G
-
+  env:
+    VENV_ROOT: ${HOME}/venv-cibuildwheel
+    PATH: ${VENV_ROOT}/bin:${PATH}
   install_pre_requirements_script:
-    - apt install -y python3-venv python-is-python3
+    - docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
+    - add-apt-repository -y ppa:deadsnakes/ppa
+    - apt-get update
+    - apt-get install -y python3.12-venv
+    - python3.12 -m venv ${VENV_ROOT}
   <<: *RUN_TESTS
 
 windows_x86_task:
-  # The task takes ~55 minutes while the timeout happens
-  # after 60 minutes by default, let's allow some wiggle room.
+  # The task takes ~55 minutes while the timeout happens after 60 minutes by default,
+  # let's allow some wiggle room.
   timeout_in: 120m
   windows_container:
     image: cirrusci/windowsservercore:visualstudio2022
@@ -41,32 +55,35 @@ windows_x86_task:
     memory: 8G
 
   install_pre_requirements_script:
-    - choco install -y --no-progress python3 --version 3.10.6
+    - certutil -generateSSTFromWU roots.sst
+    - certutil -addstore -f root roots.sst
+    - del roots.sst
+    - choco install -y --no-progress python3 --version 3.12.4
     - refreshenv
-    - echo PATH=%PATH% >> "%CIRRUS_ENV%"
+    - powershell -Command "$cleanPath = $env:PATH -replace ';+$', ''; Add-Content -Path $env:CIRRUS_ENV -Value ('PATH=' + $cleanPath)"
   <<: *RUN_TESTS
 
 macos_arm64_task:
   macos_instance:
-    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-monterey-xcode
-
+    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-runner:sequoia
   env:
-    PATH: /opt/homebrew/opt/python@3.10/bin:$PATH
+    VENV_ROOT: ${HOME}/venv-cibuildwheel
+    PATH: ${VENV_ROOT}/bin:${PATH}
   install_pre_requirements_script:
-    - brew install python@3.10
-    - ln -s python3 /opt/homebrew/opt/python@3.10/bin/python
+    - brew install python@3.12
+    - python3.12 -m venv ${VENV_ROOT}
   <<: *RUN_TESTS
 
 macos_arm64_cp38_task:
   macos_instance:
-    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-monterey-xcode
-
+    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-runner:sequoia
   env:
-    PATH: /opt/homebrew/opt/python@3.10/bin:$PATH
-    PYTEST_ADDOPTS: --run-cp38-universal2 -k 'test_cp38_arm64_testing_universal2_installer or test_arch_auto'
+    VENV_ROOT: ${HOME}/venv-cibuildwheel
+    PATH: ${VENV_ROOT}/bin:${PATH}
+    PYTEST_ADDOPTS: --run-cp38-universal2 -k 'test_cp38_arm64_testing_universal2_installer or test_arch_auto or test_dummy_serial'
   install_pre_requirements_script:
-    - brew install python@3.10
-    - ln -s python3 /opt/homebrew/opt/python@3.10/bin/python
+    - brew install python@3.12
+    - python3.12 -m venv ${VENV_ROOT}
     - curl -fsSLO https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.10/python-3.8.10-macos11.pkg
     - sudo installer -pkg python-3.8.10-macos11.pkg -target /
     - rm python-3.8.10-macos11.pkg

.gitattributes

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+* text=auto
+
+*.py diff=python
+*.md diff=markdown
+
+*.svg -diff

.github/CODEOWNERS

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+cibuildwheel/platforms/ios.py         @freakboy3742
+cibuildwheel/platforms/pyodide.py     @hoodmane @ryanking13 @agriyakhetarpal
+cibuildwheel/platforms/android.py     @mhsmith

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -5,3 +5,7 @@ updates:
     directory: "/"
     schedule:
       interval: "weekly"
+    groups:
+      actions:
+        patterns:
+          - "*"

.github/matchers/pylint.json

@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "problemMatcher": [
-    {
-      "severity": "warning",
-      "pattern": [
-        {
-          "regexp": "^([^:]+):(\\d+):(\\d+): ([A-DF-Z]\\d+): \\033\\[[\\d;]+m([^\\033]+).*$",
-          "file": 1,
-          "line": 2,
-          "column": 3,
-          "code": 4,
-          "message": 5
-        }
-      ],
-      "owner": "pylint-warning"
-    },
-    {
-      "severity": "error",
-      "pattern": [
-        {
-          "regexp": "^([^:]+):(\\d+):(\\d+): (E\\d+): \\033\\[[\\d;]+m([^\\033]+).*$",
-          "file": 1,
-          "line": 2,
-          "column": 3,
-          "code": 4,
-          "message": 5
-        }
-      ],
-      "owner": "pylint-error"
-    }
-  ]
-}

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -11,30 +11,32 @@ jobs:
   dist:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-    - name: Build SDist and wheel
-      run: pipx run build
-
-    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
-      with:
-        path: dist/*
-
-    - name: Check metadata
-      run: pipx run twine check dist/*
+    - uses: hynek/build-and-inspect-python-package@v2
 
   publish:
     needs: [dist]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     if: github.event_name == 'release' && github.event.action == 'published'
+    environment:
+      name: pypi
+      url: https://pypi.org/p/cibuildwheel
+    permissions:
+      id-token: write
+      attestations: write
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
+    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
       with:
-        name: artifact
+        name: Packages
         path: dist
 
-    - uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@v1.6.4
+    - name: Generate artifact attestation for sdist and wheel
+      uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@e8998f949152b193b063cb0ec769d69d929409be # v2.4.0
       with:
-        user: __token__
-        password: ${{ secrets.pypi_password }}
+        subject-path: "dist/cibuildwheel-*"
+
+    - uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@release/v1
+      with:
+        attestations: true

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -4,9 +4,27 @@ on:
   push:
     branches:
       - main
+      - 2.x
   pull_request:
+    types:
+      - opened
+      - synchronize
+      - reopened
+      - labeled
     paths-ignore:
-      - 'docs/**'
+      - .ci*
+      - bin/*
+      - docs/**
+      - examples/azure-pipelines-*
+      - examples/ci*
+      - examples/travis-ci-*
+      - .pre-commit-config.yaml
+      - .readthedocs.yml
+      - .travis.yml
+      - README.md
+      - azure-pipelines.yml
+      - mkdocs.yml
+      - noxfile.py
   workflow_dispatch:
     # allow manual runs on branches without a PR
 
@@ -16,55 +34,93 @@ concurrency:
 
 jobs:
   lint:
-    name: Linters (mypy, flake8, etc.)
+    name: Linters (mypy, ruff, etc.)
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      id: python
       with:
         python-version: "3.x"
-    - uses: pre-commit/action@v3.0.0
-    - name: Check manifest
-      run: pipx run nox -s check_manifest
+    - uses: pre-commit/action@v3.0.1
     - name: PyLint checks
-      run: |
-        echo "::add-matcher::$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/.github/matchers/pylint.json"
-        pipx run nox -s pylint
+      run: pipx run --python "${{ steps.python.outputs.python-path }}" nox -s pylint -- --output-format=github
 
   test:
-    name: Test cibuildwheel on ${{ matrix.os }}
+    name: Test on ${{ matrix.os }} (${{ matrix.python_version }})
     needs: lint
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-20.04, windows-latest, macos-11]
-        python_version: ['3.11']
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-13, macos-15]
+        python_version: ['3.13']
+        include:
+        - os: ubuntu-latest
+          python_version: '3.11'
+        - os: ubuntu-latest
+          python_version: '3.14'
     timeout-minutes: 180
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
       name: Install Python ${{ matrix.python_version }}
       with:
         python-version: ${{ matrix.python_version }}
+        allow-prereleases: true
 
-    # Install podman on this CI instance for podman tests on linux
-    # Snippet from: https://github.com/redhat-actions/podman-login/blob/main/.github/workflows/example.yml
-    - name: Install latest podman
+    - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v6
+
+    - name: Free up disk space
       if: runner.os == 'Linux'
       run: |
-        . /etc/os-release
-        echo "deb https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/devel:/kubic:/libcontainers:/stable/xUbuntu_${VERSION_ID}/ /" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/devel:kubic:libcontainers:stable.list
-        curl -sSfL "https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/devel:/kubic:/libcontainers:/stable/xUbuntu_${VERSION_ID}/Release.key" | sudo apt-key add -
-        sudo apt-get update
-        sudo apt-get -y install podman
+        docker system prune -a -f
+        sudo rm -rf $ANDROID_HOME/ndk/{26,28}.* /opt/hostedtoolcache/CodeQL \
+          /usr/local/lib/node_modules /usr/local/share/chromium \
+          /usr/local/share/powershell
+        df -h
+
+    # https://github.blog/changelog/2024-04-02-github-actions-hardware-accelerated-android-virtualization-now-available/
+    - name: Enable KVM for Android emulator
+      if: runner.os == 'Linux' && runner.arch == 'X64'
+      run: |
+          echo 'KERNEL=="kvm", GROUP="kvm", MODE="0666", OPTIONS+="static_node=kvm"' | sudo tee /etc/udev/rules.d/99-kvm4all.rules
+          sudo udevadm control --reload-rules
+          sudo udevadm trigger --name-match=kvm
+
+    # for oci_container unit tests
+    - name: Set up QEMU
+      if: runner.os == 'Linux'
+      uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
 
     - name: Install dependencies
       run: |
-        python -m pip install ".[test]"
+        uv sync --no-dev --group test
+
+    - uses: joerick/pr-labels-action@v1.0.9
+
+    - name: Set CIBW_ENABLE
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        if [[ "${{ github.ref_name }}" == "main" ]]; then
+          CIBW_ENABLE=all
+        else
+          # get the default CIBW_ENABLE value from the test module
+          CIBW_ENABLE=$(uv run --no-sync python -c 'import sys, test.utils as c; sys.stdout.write(c.DEFAULT_CIBW_ENABLE)')
+
+          # if this is a PR, check for labels
+          if [[ -n "$GITHUB_PR_LABEL_CI_PYPY" ]]; then
+            CIBW_ENABLE+=" pypy"
+          fi
+          if [[ -n "$GITHUB_PR_LABEL_CI_GRAALPY" ]]; then
+            CIBW_ENABLE+=" graalpy"
+          fi
+        fi
+        echo "CIBW_ENABLE=${CIBW_ENABLE}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
 
     - name: Generate a sample project
       run: |
-        python -m test.test_projects test.test_0_basic.basic_project sample_proj
+        uv run --no-sync -m test.test_projects test.test_0_basic.basic_project sample_proj
 
     - name: Run a sample build (GitHub Action)
       uses: ./
@@ -73,36 +129,124 @@ jobs:
         output-dir: wheelhouse
       env:
         CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS: x86_64 universal2 arm64
+        CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND: 'build[uv]'
 
-    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+    - name: Run a sample build (GitHub Action, only)
+      uses: ./
       with:
-        name: sample_wheels_action
-        path: wheelhouse
+        package-dir: sample_proj
+        output-dir: wheelhouse_only
+        only: cp313-${{ runner.os == 'Linux' && (runner.arch == 'ARM64' && 'manylinux_aarch64' || 'manylinux_x86_64') || (runner.os == 'Windows' && 'win_amd64' || 'macosx_x86_64') }}
+
+    - name: Create custom configuration file
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        cat > sample_proj/cibw.toml <<EOF
+        [tool.cibuildwheel]
+        # Only build on CPython 3.13 on native arch
+        archs = ["native"]
+        build = "cp313-*"
+        # Skip musllinux
+        skip = "*-musllinux*"
+        EOF
+
+    - name: Run a sample build (GitHub Action, config-file)
+      uses: ./
+      with:
+        package-dir: sample_proj
+        output-dir: wheelhouse_config_file
+        config-file: sample_proj/cibw.toml
+
+    - name: Check Action artifacts
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        test $(find wheelhouse -name '*.whl' | wc -l) -ge 1
+        test $(find wheelhouse_only -name '*.whl' | wc -l) -eq 1
+        test $(find wheelhouse_config_file -name '*.whl' | wc -l) -eq 1
+
+    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+      with:
+        name: cibw-wheels-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ strategy.job-index }}
+        path: wheelhouse/*.whl
 
     - name: Test cibuildwheel
       run: |
-        python ./bin/run_tests.py --run-podman
+        uv run --no-sync bin/run_tests.py ${{ (runner.os == 'Linux' && runner.arch == 'X64') && '--run-podman' || '' }}
 
-  test-emulated:
-    name: Test emulated cibuildwheel using qemu
+  emulated-archs:
+    name: Get qemu emulated architectures
     needs: lint
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    timeout-minutes: 180
+    outputs:
+      archs: ${{ steps.archs.outputs.archs }}
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
       with:
         python-version: "3.x"
+    - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v6
     - name: Install dependencies
+      run: uv sync --no-dev --group test
+    - name: Get qemu emulated architectures
+      id: archs
       run: |
-        python -m pip install ".[test]"
+        OUTPUT=$(uv run --no-sync python -c "from json import dumps; from test.utils import EMULATED_ARCHS; print(dumps(EMULATED_ARCHS))")
+        echo "${OUTPUT}"
+        echo "archs=${OUTPUT}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+
+  test-emulated:
+    name: Test Linux ${{ matrix.arch }} using qemu
+    needs: emulated-archs
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 180
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        arch: ${{ fromJSON(needs.emulated-archs.outputs.archs) }}
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      with:
+        python-version: "3.x"
+    - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v6
+    - name: Install dependencies
+      run: uv sync --no-dev --group test
 
     - name: Set up QEMU
-      id: qemu
-      uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
-      with:
-        platforms: all
+      uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
 
     - name: Run the emulation tests
+      run: uv run --no-sync pytest --run-emulation ${{ matrix.arch }} test/test_emulation.py
+
+  test-pyodide:
+    name: Test pyodide
+    needs: lint
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    timeout-minutes: 180
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      name: Install Python 3.12
+      with:
+        python-version: '3.12'
+    - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v6
+
+    - name: Install dependencies
+      run: uv sync --no-dev --group test
+
+    - name: Generate a sample project
       run: |
-        pytest --run-emulation test/test_emulation.py
+        uv run --no-sync -m test.test_projects test.test_0_basic.basic_project sample_proj
+
+    - name: Run a sample build (GitHub Action)
+      uses: ./
+      with:
+        package-dir: sample_proj
+        output-dir: wheelhouse
+      env:
+        CIBW_PLATFORM: pyodide
+
+    - name: Run tests with 'CIBW_PLATFORM' set to 'pyodide'
+      run: |
+        uv run --no-sync ./bin/run_tests.py
+      env:
+        CIBW_PLATFORM: pyodide

.github/workflows/update-dependencies.yml

@@ -18,13 +18,21 @@ jobs:
   update-dependencies:
     name: Update dependencies
     if: github.repository_owner == 'pypa' || github.event_name != 'schedule'
-    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
 
-    - uses: wntrblm/nox@2022.11.21
+    # we use this step to grab a Github App auth token, so that PRs generated by this workflow
+    # run the GHA tests.
+    - uses: actions/create-github-app-token@v2
+      id: generate-token
+      if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' && github.repository == 'pypa/cibuildwheel'
       with:
-        python-versions: "3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11"
+        app-id: ${{ secrets.CIBUILDWHEEL_BOT_APP_ID }}
+        private-key: ${{ secrets.CIBUILDWHEEL_BOT_APP_PRIVATE_KEY }}
+
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+    - uses: wntrblm/nox@2025.05.01
 
     - name: "Run update: dependencies"
       run: nox --force-color -s update_constraints
@@ -33,18 +41,9 @@ jobs:
     - name: "Run update: docs user projects"
       run: nox --force-color -s update_proj -- --auth=${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
 
-    # we use this step to grab a Github App auth token, so that PRs generated by this workflow
-    # run the GHA tests.
-    - uses: tibdex/github-app-token@v1
-      id: generate-token
-      if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' && github.repository == 'pypa/cibuildwheel'
-      with:
-        app_id: ${{ secrets.CIBUILDWHEEL_BOT_APP_ID }}
-        private_key: ${{ secrets.CIBUILDWHEEL_BOT_APP_PRIVATE_KEY }}
-
     - name: Create Pull Request
       if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' && github.repository == 'pypa/cibuildwheel'
-      uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v4
+      uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v7
       with:
         commit-message: Update dependencies
         title: '[Bot] Update dependencies'
@@ -53,7 +52,10 @@ jobs:
 
           PR generated by "Update dependencies" [workflow](https://github.com/${{github.repository}}/actions/runs/${{github.run_id}}).
         branch: update-dependencies-pr
-        committer: "cibuildwheel-bot[bot] <83877280+cibuildwheel-bot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>"
-        author: "cibuildwheel-bot[bot] <83877280+cibuildwheel-bot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>"
+        sign-commits: true
         token: ${{ steps.generate-token.outputs.token }}
         delete-branch: true
+        labels: |
+          CI: GraalPy
+          CI: PyPy
+          dependencies

.github/workflows/update-major-minor-tag.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+name: Update the vX.Y tag
+
+on:
+  release:
+    types: [released]
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      TAG_NAME:
+        description: 'Tag name that the major.minor tag will point to'
+        required: true
+
+env:
+  TAG_NAME: ${{ github.event.inputs.TAG_NAME || github.event.release.tag_name }}
+
+jobs:
+  update_tag:
+    name: Update the major.minor tag to include the ${{ github.event.inputs.TAG_NAME || github.event.release.tag_name }} changes
+    environment:
+      name: releaseNewActionVersion
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: write
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Update the ${{ env.TAG_NAME }} tag
+        id: update-major-minor-tag
+        uses: joerick/update-vX.Y-tag-action@v1.0
+        with:
+          source-tag: ${{ env.TAG_NAME }}

.gitignore

@@ -84,9 +84,7 @@ celerybeat-schedule
 
 # virtualenv
 .venv
-venv/
-venv3/
-venv2/
+venv*/
 ENV/
 env/
 env2/
@@ -112,8 +110,5 @@ all_known_setup.yaml
 # mkdocs
 site/
 
-# Virtual environments
-venv*
-
 # PyCharm
 .idea/

.gitlab-ci.yml

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 linux:
-  image: python:3.8
+  image: python:3.12
   services:
     - name: docker:dind
       entrypoint: ["env", "-u", "DOCKER_HOST"]
@@ -13,9 +13,15 @@ linux:
     # skip all but the basic tests
     # (comment the below line in a PR to debug a Gitlab-specific issue)
     PYTEST_ADDOPTS: -k "unit_test or test_0_basic" --suppress-no-test-exit-code
+  rules:
+    - if: '$CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == "main"'
+      variables:
+        CIBW_ENABLE: "all"
   script:
     - curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh
-    - python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
+    - docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
+    - python -m pip install -U pip
+    - python -m pip install -e. pytest-custom-exit-code --group test
     - python ./bin/run_tests.py
 
 windows:
@@ -23,9 +29,29 @@ windows:
   variables:
     PYTEST_ADDOPTS: -k "unit_test or test_0_basic" --suppress-no-test-exit-code
   before_script:
-    - choco install python -y --version 3.8.6
+    - choco install python -y --allow-downgrade --version 3.12.4
+  rules:
+    - if: '$CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == "main"'
+      variables:
+        CIBW_ENABLE: "all"
   script:
-    - py -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
+    - py -m pip install -U pip
+    - py -m pip install -e. pytest-custom-exit-code --group test
     - py bin\run_tests.py
   tags:
-    - windows
+    - saas-windows-medium-amd64
+
+macos:
+  image: macos-14-xcode-15
+  variables:
+    PYTEST_ADDOPTS: -k "unit_test or test_0_basic" --suppress-no-test-exit-code
+  rules:
+    - if: '$CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == "main"'
+      variables:
+        CIBW_ENABLE: "all"
+  script:
+    - python3 -m pip install -U pip
+    - python3 -m pip install -e. pytest-custom-exit-code --group test
+    - python3 ./bin/run_tests.py
+  tags:
+    - saas-macos-medium-m1

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 repos:
 
 - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
-  rev: v4.4.0
+  rev: v5.0.0
   hooks:
   - id: check-case-conflict
   - id: check-merge-conflict
@@ -13,92 +13,48 @@ repos:
   - id: mixed-line-ending
   - id: trailing-whitespace
 
-- repo: https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade
-  rev: v3.3.1
+- repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
+  rev: v0.12.5
   hooks:
-  - id: pyupgrade
-    args: ["--py37-plus"]
-    exclude: ^cibuildwheel/resources/.*py$
-
-# Autoremoves unused imports
-- repo: https://github.com/hadialqattan/pycln
-  rev: v2.1.2
-  hooks:
-  - id: pycln
-    args: [--all]
-    stages: [manual]
-
-- repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/isort
-  rev: v5.11.3
-  hooks:
-  - id: isort
-    args: ["-a", "from __future__ import annotations"]
-    exclude: ^cibuildwheel/resources/.*py$
-
-- repo: https://github.com/psf/black
-  rev: 22.12.0
-  hooks:
-  - id: black
-
-- repo: https://github.com/asottile/setup-cfg-fmt
-  rev: v2.2.0
-  hooks:
-  - id: setup-cfg-fmt
-    args: [--include-version-classifiers, --max-py-version=3.11]
+  - id: ruff
+    args: ["--fix", "--show-fixes"]
+  - id: ruff-format
 
 - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy
-  rev: v0.991
+  rev: v1.17.0
   hooks:
   - id: mypy
-    name: mypy 3.7 on cibuildwheel/
-    exclude: ^cibuildwheel/resources/.*py$
-    args: ["--python-version=3.7"]
+    name: mypy 3.11 on cibuildwheel/
+    args: ["--python-version=3.11"]
+    exclude: ^cibuildwheel/resources/_cross_venv.py$  # Requires Python 3.13 or later
     additional_dependencies: &mypy-dependencies
-      - nox
-      - packaging~=21.0
+      - bracex
+      - build
+      - dependency-groups>=1.2
+      - humanize
+      - nox>=2025.2.9
+      - orjson
+      - packaging
+      - pyelftools
       - pygithub
+      - pytest
       - rich
-      - tomli
       - tomli_w
       - types-certifi
       - types-click
-      - types-dataclasses
       - types-jinja2
       - types-pyyaml
       - types-requests
-      - bracex
-      - dataclasses
+      - types-setuptools
+      - uv
+      - validate-pyproject
   - id: mypy
-    name: mypy 3.10
-    exclude: ^cibuildwheel/resources/.*py$
-    args: ["--python-version=3.10"]
+    name: mypy 3.13
+    args: ["--python-version=3.13"]
     additional_dependencies: *mypy-dependencies
 
-- repo: https://github.com/asottile/yesqa
-  rev: v1.4.0
-  hooks:
-  - id: yesqa
-    additional_dependencies: &flake8-dependencies
-    - flake8-bugbear
-
-- repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/flake8
-  rev: 6.0.0
-  hooks:
-  - id: flake8
-    exclude: ^cibuildwheel/resources/
-    additional_dependencies: *flake8-dependencies
-
-- repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pygrep-hooks
-  rev: v1.9.0
-  hooks:
-  - id: python-check-blanket-noqa
-    stages: [manual]
-  - id: python-no-log-warn
-  - id: python-no-eval
-  - id: python-use-type-annotations
-
 - repo: https://github.com/shellcheck-py/shellcheck-py
-  rev: v0.9.0.2
+  rev: v0.10.0.1
   hooks:
   - id: shellcheck
 
@@ -108,18 +64,37 @@ repos:
     name: Disallow improper capitalization
     language: pygrep
     entry: PyBind|Numpy|Cmake|Github|PyTest
-    types:
-    - markdown
+    types: [markdown]
     exclude: ^docs/working-examples\.md$  # Autogenerated
-  - id: update-readme-changelog
-    name: Update README changelog
+  - id: cog
+    name: Cog the README
     language: python
-    entry: bin/update_readme_changelog.py
-    files: ^docs/changelog.md$
+    pass_filenames: false
+    entry: cog -c -P -r -I ./bin README.md
+    files: '^(README\.md|docs/changelog\.md|docs/options\.md|bin/readme.*)$'
+    additional_dependencies: [cogapp>=3.5]
 
 - repo: https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell
-  rev: v2.2.2
+  rev: v2.4.1
   hooks:
   - id: codespell
-    args: ["-L", "sur"]
+    args: ["-w"]
     exclude: ^docs/working-examples\.md$  # Autogenerated
+
+
+- repo: https://github.com/python-jsonschema/check-jsonschema
+  rev: 0.33.2
+  hooks:
+    - id: check-dependabot
+    - id: check-github-actions
+    - id: check-github-workflows
+    - id: check-gitlab-ci
+    # Disabled due to schema issue for now:
+    # - id: check-readthedocs
+    - id: check-travis
+    - id: check-jsonschema
+      name: Check projects
+      args: [--schemafile, docs/data/projects.schema.json]
+      files: '^docs/data/projects.yml$'
+    - id: check-metaschema
+      files: '^docs/data/projects.schema.json$'

.readthedocs.yml

@@ -2,13 +2,10 @@
 # See https://docs.readthedocs.io/en/stable/config-file/v2.html for details
 version: 2
 
-mkdocs:
-  configuration: mkdocs.yml
-
-python:
-  version: 3.8
-  install:
-    - method: pip
-      path: .
-      extra_requirements:
-        - docs
+build:
+  os: ubuntu-24.04
+  commands:
+    - asdf plugin add uv
+    - asdf install uv latest
+    - asdf global uv latest
+    - NO_COLOR=1 uv run --python 3.14 --managed-python --no-dev --group docs mkdocs build --strict --site-dir $READTHEDOCS_OUTPUT/html

.travis.yml

@@ -1,28 +1,34 @@
 os: linux
-dist: focal
+dist: jammy
 language: python
 
 branches:
   only:
   - main
 
+# only build the main branch or PR that explicitely want to test with Travis CI
+if: (type = "push") OR (commit_message =~ /travis-ci/)
+
 jobs:
   include:
-    - name: Linux | x86_64 + i686 | Python 3.7
-      python: 3.7
+    - name: Linux | x86_64 + i686 | Python 3.12
+      python: 3.12
       services: docker
-      env: PYTHON=python
+      env:
+        - PYTHON=python
+        # a build using CIBW_ENABLE=all does not fit into Travis' time limit,
+        # so only the defaults are tested
 
-    - name: Linux | arm64 | Python 3.7
-      python: 3.7
+    - name: Linux | arm64 | Python 3.12
+      python: 3.12
       services: docker
-      arch: arm64-graviton2
-      group: edge
-      virt: vm
-      env: PYTHON=python
+      arch: arm64
+      env:
+        - PYTHON=python
+        - CIBW_ENABLE=all
 
-    - name: Linux | ppc64le | Python 3.7
-      python: 3.7
+    - name: Linux | ppc64le | Python 3.12
+      python: 3.12
       services: docker
       arch: ppc64le
       allow_failure: True
@@ -31,26 +37,35 @@ jobs:
         # skip test_manylinuxXXXX_only, it uses too much disk space
         # c.f. https://travis-ci.community/t/running-out-of-disk-space-quota-when-using-docker-on-ppc64le/11634
         - PYTEST_ADDOPTS='-k "not test_manylinuxXXXX_only"'
+        - CIBW_ENABLE=all
 
-    - name: Windows | x86_64 | Python 3.7
+    - name: Windows | x86_64 | Python 3.12
       os: windows
       language: shell
       before_install:
-        - choco upgrade python3 -y --version 3.7.9 --limit-output
-        # Update root certificates to fix SSL error; see http://www.chawn.com/RootCerts.htm
-        - powershell "md C:\temp\certs; CertUtil -generateSSTFromWU C:\temp\certs\RootStore.sst; Get-ChildItem -Path C:\\temp\certs\Rootstore.sst | Import-Certificate -CertStoreLocation Cert:\\LocalMachine\\Root\\ | out-null"
+        # http://woshub.com/updating-trusted-root-certificates-in-windows-10
+        - certutil -generateSSTFromWU roots.sst
+        - powershell -Command 'Get-ChildItem -Path roots.sst | Import-Certificate -CertStoreLocation Cert:\LocalMachine\Root'
+        - rm -f roots.sst
+        - choco upgrade python3 -y --version 3.12.8 --limit-output --params "/InstallDir:C:\\Python312"
       env:
-        - PYTHON=C:\\Python37\\python
+        - PYTHON=C:\\Python312\\python
+        # a build using CIBW_ENABLE=all does not fit into Travis' time limit,
+        # so only the defaults are tested
 
-    - name: Linux | s390x | Python 3.7
-      python: 3.7
+    - name: Linux | s390x | Python 3.12
+      python: 3.12
       services: docker
       arch: s390x
-      env: PYTHON=python
+      allow_failure: True
+      env:
+        - PYTHON=python
+        - CIBW_ENABLE=all
 
 install:
+- if [ "${TRAVIS_OS_NAME}" == "linux" ]; then docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all; fi
 - $PYTHON -m pip install -U pip
-- $PYTHON -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
+- $PYTHON -m pip install -e. --group test
 
 script: |
   # travis_wait disable the output while waiting
@@ -58,5 +73,7 @@ script: |
   (while true; do echo "travis_keep_alive"; sleep 300; done) &
   SPINNER_PID=$!
   disown
-  $PYTHON ./bin/run_tests.py
+  result=0
+  $PYTHON ./bin/run_tests.py --num-processes 2 || result=1
   kill -9 ${SPINNER_PID}
+  test ${result} -eq 0

CI.md

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-This is a summary of the Python versions and platforms covered by the different CI platforms:
+This is a summary of the host Python versions and platforms covered by the different CI platforms:
 
-|         | 3.7                   | 3.8                      | 3.9      | 3.10      | 3.11           |
-|---------|-----------------------|--------------------------|----------|-----------|----------------|
-| Linux   | AppVeyor¹ / Travis CI | Azure Pipelines / GitLab | CircleCI | Cirrus CI | GitHub Actions |
-| macOS   | AppVeyor¹ / Travis CI | Azure Pipelines          | CircleCI | Cirrus CI | GitHub Actions |
-| Windows | AppVeyor¹ / Travis CI | Azure Pipelines          |          | Cirrus CI | GitHub Actions |
+|         | 3.11                             | 3.12                                        | 3.13           |
+|---------|----------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|----------------|
+| Linux   | Azure Pipelines / GitHub Actions | CircleCI¹ / Cirrus CI / GitLab¹ / Travis CI | GitHub Actions |
+| macOS   | Azure Pipelines                  | CircleCI¹ / Cirrus CI / GitLab¹             | GitHub Actions |
+| Windows | Azure Pipelines                  | Cirrus CI / GitLab¹ / Travis CI             | GitHub Actions |
 
-> ¹ AppVeyor only runs the "basic" test to reduce load.
+> ¹ Runs a reduced set of tests to reduce CI load
 
-Non-x86 architectures are covered on Travis CI using Python 3.7.
+Non-x86 architectures are covered on Travis CI using Python 3.12.

LICENSE

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 This project is licensed under the 'BSD 2-clause license'.
 
-Copyright (c) 2017-2019, Joe Rickerby and contributors. All rights reserved.
+Copyright (c) 2017-2025, Joe Rickerby and contributors. All rights reserved.
 
 Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

MANIFEST.in

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-recursive-include cibuildwheel *.cfg
-recursive-include cibuildwheel *.in
-recursive-include cibuildwheel *.py
-recursive-include cibuildwheel *.toml
-recursive-include cibuildwheel *.txt
-recursive-include cibuildwheel *.typed

README.md

@@ -2,70 +2,73 @@ cibuildwheel
 ============
 
 [![PyPI](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/cibuildwheel.svg)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/cibuildwheel)
-[![Documentation Status](https://readthedocs.org/projects/cibuildwheel/badge/?version=stable)](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/?badge=stable)
+[![Documentation Status](https://readthedocs.org/projects/cibuildwheel/badge/?version=stable)](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/?badge=stable)
 [![Actions Status](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/workflows/Test/badge.svg)](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/actions)
-[![Travis Status](https://img.shields.io/travis/com/pypa/cibuildwheel/main?logo=travis)](https://travis-ci.com/pypa/cibuildwheel)
-[![Appveyor status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/gt3vwl88yt0y3hur/branch/main?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/joerick/cibuildwheel/branch/main)
+[![Travis Status](https://img.shields.io/travis/com/pypa/cibuildwheel/main?logo=travis)](https://travis-ci.com/github/pypa/cibuildwheel)
 [![CircleCI Status](https://img.shields.io/circleci/build/gh/pypa/cibuildwheel/main?logo=circleci)](https://circleci.com/gh/pypa/cibuildwheel)
 [![Azure Status](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_apis/build/status/pypa.cibuildwheel?branchName=main)](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_build/latest?definitionId=4&branchName=main)
-[![Cirrus CI Status](https://img.shields.io/cirrus/github/pypa/cibuildwheel/main?logo=cirrusci)](https://cirrus-ci.com/github/pypa/cibuildwheel)
 
 
-[Documentation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.org)
+[Documentation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io)
 
 <!--intro-start-->
 
 Python wheels are great. Building them across **Mac, Linux, Windows**, on **multiple versions of Python**, is not.
 
-`cibuildwheel` is here to help. `cibuildwheel` runs on your CI server - currently it supports GitHub Actions, Azure Pipelines, Travis CI, AppVeyor, CircleCI, and GitLab CI - and it builds and tests your wheels across all of your platforms.
+`cibuildwheel` is here to help. `cibuildwheel` runs on your CI server - currently it supports GitHub Actions, Azure Pipelines, Travis CI, CircleCI, and GitLab CI - and it builds and tests your wheels across all of your platforms.
 
 
 What does it do?
 ----------------
 
-|   | macOS Intel | macOS Apple Silicon | Windows 64bit | Windows 32bit | Windows Arm64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux x86_64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux i686 | manylinux<br/>musllinux aarch64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux ppc64le | manylinux<br/>musllinux s390x |
-|---------------|----|-----|-----|-----|-----|----|-----|----|-----|-----|
-| CPython 3.6   | ✅ | N/A | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
-| CPython 3.7   | ✅ | N/A | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
-| CPython 3.8   | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
-| CPython 3.9   | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅³ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
-| CPython 3.10  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
-| CPython 3.11  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
-| PyPy 3.7 v7.3 | ✅ | N/A | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A |
-| PyPy 3.8 v7.3 | ✅ | N/A | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A |
-| PyPy 3.9 v7.3 | ✅ | N/A | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A |
+While cibuildwheel itself requires a recent Python version to run (we support the last three releases), it can target the following versions to build wheels:
 
-<sup>¹ PyPy is only supported for manylinux wheels.</sup><br>
+|                    | macOS Intel | macOS Apple Silicon | Windows 64bit | Windows 32bit | Windows Arm64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux x86_64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux i686 | manylinux<br/>musllinux aarch64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux ppc64le | manylinux<br/>musllinux s390x | manylinux<br/>musllinux armv7l | Android | iOS | Pyodide |
+|--------------------|----|-----|----|-----|-----|----|-----|----|-----|-----|---|-----|-----|-----|
+| CPython 3.8        | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| CPython 3.9        | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| CPython 3.10       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| CPython 3.11       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| CPython 3.12       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵  | N/A | N/A | ✅⁴ |
+| CPython 3.13³      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵  | ✅ | ✅ | N/A |
+| CPython 3.14       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵  | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.8 v7.3      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.9 v7.3      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.10 v7.3     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.11 v7.3     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| GraalPy 3.11 v24.2 | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | N/A  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+
+<sup>¹ PyPy & GraalPy are only supported for manylinux wheels.</sup><br>
 <sup>² Windows arm64 support is experimental.</sup><br>
-<sup>³ Alpine 3.14 and very briefly 3.15's default python3 [was not able to load](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/934) musllinux wheels. This has been fixed; please upgrade the python package if using Alpine from before the fix.</sup><br>
+<sup>³ Free-threaded mode requires opt-in on 3.13 using [`enable`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable).</sup><br>
+<sup>⁴ Experimental, not yet supported on PyPI, but can be used directly in web deployment. Use `--platform pyodide` to build.</sup><br>
+<sup>⁵ manylinux armv7l support is experimental. As there are no RHEL based image for this architecture, it's using an Ubuntu based image instead.</sup><br>
 
-- Builds manylinux, musllinux, macOS 10.9+, and Windows wheels for CPython and PyPy
-- Works on GitHub Actions, Azure Pipelines, Travis CI, AppVeyor, CircleCI, GitLab CI, and Cirrus CI
+- Builds manylinux, musllinux, macOS 10.9+ (10.13+ for Python 3.12+), and Windows wheels for CPython, PyPy, and GraalPy
+- Works on GitHub Actions, Azure Pipelines, Travis CI, CircleCI, GitLab CI, and Cirrus CI
 - Bundles shared library dependencies on Linux and macOS through [auditwheel](https://github.com/pypa/auditwheel) and [delocate](https://github.com/matthew-brett/delocate)
 - Runs your library's tests against the wheel-installed version of your library
 
-See the [cibuildwheel 1 documentation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/1.x/) if you need to build unsupported versions of Python, such as Python 2.
+See the [cibuildwheel 1 documentation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/1.x/) if you need to build unsupported versions of Python, such as Python 2.
 
 Usage
 -----
 
 `cibuildwheel` runs inside a CI service. Supported platforms depend on which service you're using:
 
-|                 | Linux | macOS | Windows | Linux ARM | macOS ARM | Windows ARM |
-|-----------------|-------|-------|---------|-----------|-----------|-------------|
-| GitHub Actions  | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅¹       | ✅²       | ✅⁴         |
-| Azure Pipelines | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      |           | ✅²       | ✅⁴         |
-| Travis CI       | ✅    |       | ✅      | ✅        |           |             |
-| AppVeyor        | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      |           | ✅²       | ✅⁴         |
-| CircleCI        | ✅    | ✅    |         | ✅        | ✅²       |             |
-| Gitlab CI       | ✅    |       | ✅      | ✅¹       |           |             |
-| Cirrus CI       | ✅    | ✅³   | ✅      | ✅        | ✅        |             |
-
-<sup>¹ [Requires emulation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#emulation), distributed separately. Other services may also support Linux ARM through emulation or third-party build hosts, but these are not tested in our CI.</sup><br>
-<sup>² [Uses cross-compilation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#universal2). It is not possible to test `arm64` and the `arm64` part of a `universal2` wheel on this CI platform.</sup><br>
-<sup>³ [Uses cross-compilation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#universal2). Thanks to Rosetta 2 emulation, it is possible to test `x86_64` and both parts of a `universal2` wheel on this CI platform.</sup><br>
-<sup>⁴ [Uses cross-compilation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#windows-arm64). It is not possible to test `arm64` on this CI platform.</sup>
+|                 | Linux | macOS | Windows | Linux ARM | macOS ARM | Windows ARM | Android | iOS |
+|-----------------|-------|-------|---------|-----------|-----------|-------------|---------|-----|
+| GitHub Actions  | ✅    | ✅    | ✅       | ✅        | ✅        | ✅²         | ✅⁴      | ✅³  |
+| Azure Pipelines | ✅    | ✅    | ✅       |           | ✅        | ✅²         | ✅⁴      | ✅³  |
+| Travis CI       | ✅    |       | ✅      | ✅        |           |             | ✅⁴      |     |
+| CircleCI        | ✅    | ✅    |         | ✅        | ✅        |             | ✅⁴      | ✅³  |
+| Gitlab CI       | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅¹       | ✅        |             | ✅⁴      | ✅³  |
+| Cirrus CI       | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅        | ✅        |             | ✅⁴      |      |
 
+<sup>¹ [Requires emulation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/faq/#emulation), distributed separately. Other services may also support Linux ARM through emulation or third-party build hosts, but these are not tested in our CI.</sup><br>
+<sup>² [Uses cross-compilation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/faq/#windows-arm64). It is not possible to test `arm64` on this CI platform.</sup><br>
+<sup>³ Requires a macOS runner; runs tests on the simulator for the runner's architecture.</sup><br>
+<sup>⁴ Building for Android requires the runner to be Linux x86_64, macOS ARM64 or macOS x86_64. Testing has [additional requirements](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/platforms/#android).</sup><br>
 <!--intro-end-->
 
 Example setup
@@ -73,6 +76,7 @@ Example setup
 
 To build manylinux, musllinux, macOS, and Windows wheels on GitHub Actions, you could use this `.github/workflows/wheels.yml`:
 
+<!--generic-github-start-->
 ```yaml
 name: Build
 
@@ -84,29 +88,32 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-20.04, windows-2019, macOS-11]
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-13, macos-latest]
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
       # Used to host cibuildwheel
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v3
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
 
       - name: Install cibuildwheel
-        run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.11.4
+        run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.2
 
       - name: Build wheels
         run: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
         # to supply options, put them in 'env', like:
         # env:
         #   CIBW_SOME_OPTION: value
+        #   ...
 
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
+          name: cibw-wheels-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ strategy.job-index }}
           path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl
 ```
+<!--generic-github-end-->
 
-For more information, including PyPI deployment, and the use of other CI services or the dedicated GitHub Action, check out the [documentation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.org) and the [examples](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/tree/main/examples).
+For more information, including PyPI deployment, and the use of other CI services or the dedicated GitHub Action, check out the [documentation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io) and the [examples](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/tree/main/examples).
 
 How it works
 ------------
@@ -115,35 +122,49 @@ The following diagram summarises the steps that cibuildwheel takes on each platf
 
 ![](docs/data/how-it-works.png)
 
-<sup>Explore an interactive version of this diagram [in the docs](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/#how-it-works).</sup>
+<sup>Explore an interactive version of this diagram [in the docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/#how-it-works).</sup>
 
-Options
--------
+
+<!--[[[cog from readme_options_table import get_table; print(get_table()) ]]]-->
+
+<!-- This table is auto-generated from docs/options.md by bin/readme_options_table.py -->
 
 |   | Option | Description |
-|---|--------|-------------|
-| **Build selection** | [`CIBW_PLATFORM`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#platform)  | Override the auto-detected target platform |
-|   | [`CIBW_BUILD`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#build-skip)  <br> [`CIBW_SKIP`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#build-skip)  | Choose the Python versions to build |
-|   | [`CIBW_ARCHS`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#archs)  | Change the architectures built on your machine by default. |
-|   | [`CIBW_PROJECT_REQUIRES_PYTHON`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#requires-python)  | Manually set the Python compatibility of your project |
-|   | [`CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#prerelease-pythons)  | Enable building with pre-release versions of Python if available |
-| **Build customization** | [`CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#build-frontend)  | Set the tool to use to build, either "pip" (default for now) or "build" |
-|   | [`CIBW_ENVIRONMENT`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#environment)  | Set environment variables needed during the build |
-|   | [`CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_PASS_LINUX`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#environment-pass)  | Set environment variables on the host to pass-through to the container during the build. |
-|   | [`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#before-all)  | Execute a shell command on the build system before any wheels are built. |
-|   | [`CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#before-build)  | Execute a shell command preparing each wheel's build |
-|   | [`CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#repair-wheel-command)  | Execute a shell command to repair each built wheel |
-|   | [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_*_IMAGE`<br/>`CIBW_MUSLLINUX_*_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image)  | Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux Docker images |
-|   | [`CIBW_CONTAINER_ENGINE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#container-engine)  | Specify which container engine to use when building Linux wheels |
-|   | [`CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#dependency-versions)  | Specify how cibuildwheel controls the versions of the tools it uses |
-| **Testing** | [`CIBW_TEST_COMMAND`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#test-command)  | Execute a shell command to test each built wheel |
-|   | [`CIBW_BEFORE_TEST`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#before-test)  | Execute a shell command before testing each wheel |
-|   | [`CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#test-requires)  | Install Python dependencies before running the tests |
-|   | [`CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#test-extras)  | Install your wheel for testing using extras_require |
-|   | [`CIBW_TEST_SKIP`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#test-skip)  | Skip running tests on some builds |
-| **Other** | [`CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#build-verbosity)  | Increase/decrease the output of pip wheel |
+|---|---|---|
+| **Build selection** | [`platform`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#platform) | Override the auto-detected target platform |
+|  | [`build`<br>`skip`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-skip) | Choose the Python versions to build |
+|  | [`archs`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#archs) | Change the architectures built on your machine by default. |
+|  | [`project-requires-python`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#requires-python) | Manually set the Python compatibility of your project |
+|  | [`enable`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) | Enable building with extra categories of selectors present. |
+|  | [`allow-empty`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#allow-empty) | Suppress the error code if no wheels match the specified build identifiers |
+| **Build customization** | [`build-frontend`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-frontend) | Set the tool to use to build, either "build" (default), "build\[uv\]", or "pip" |
+|  | [`config-settings`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#config-settings) | Specify config-settings for the build backend. |
+|  | [`environment`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#environment) | Set environment variables |
+|  | [`environment-pass`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#environment-pass) | Set environment variables on the host to pass-through to the container. |
+|  | [`before-all`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#before-all) | Execute a shell command on the build system before any wheels are built. |
+|  | [`before-build`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#before-build) | Execute a shell command preparing each wheel's build |
+|  | [`xbuild-tools`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#xbuild-tools) | Binaries on the path that should be included in an isolated cross-build environment. |
+|  | [`repair-wheel-command`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#repair-wheel-command) | Execute a shell command to repair each built wheel |
+|  | [`manylinux-*-image`<br>`musllinux-*-image`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image) | Specify manylinux / musllinux container images |
+|  | [`container-engine`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#container-engine) | Specify the container engine to use when building Linux wheels |
+|  | [`dependency-versions`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#dependency-versions) | Control the versions of the tools cibuildwheel uses |
+|  | [`pyodide-version`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#pyodide-version) | Specify the Pyodide version to use for `pyodide` platform builds |
+| **Testing** | [`test-command`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-command) | The command to test each built wheel |
+|  | [`before-test`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#before-test) | Execute a shell command before testing each wheel |
+|  | [`test-sources`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-sources) | Paths that are copied into the working directory of the tests |
+|  | [`test-requires`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-requires) | Install Python dependencies before running the tests |
+|  | [`test-extras`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-extras) | Install your wheel for testing using `extras_require` |
+|  | [`test-groups`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-groups) | Specify test dependencies from your project's `dependency-groups` |
+|  | [`test-skip`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-skip) | Skip running tests on some builds |
+|  | [`test-environment`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-environment) | Set environment variables for the test environment |
+| **Debugging** | [`debug-keep-container`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#debug-keep-container) | Keep the container after running for debugging. |
+|  | [`debug-traceback`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#debug-traceback) | Print full traceback when errors occur. |
+|  | [`build-verbosity`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-verbosity) | Increase/decrease the output of the build |
 
-These options can be specified in a pyproject.toml file, as well; see [configuration](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#configuration).
+
+<!--[[[end]]] (sum: FxE3nIgFiY) -->
+
+These options can be specified in a pyproject.toml file, or as environment variables, see [configuration docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/configuration/).
 
 Working examples
 ----------------
@@ -157,28 +178,27 @@ Here are some repos that use cibuildwheel.
 | Name                              | CI | OS | Notes |
 |-----------------------------------|----|----|:------|
 | [scikit-learn][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The machine learning library. A complex but clean config using many of cibuildwheel's features to build a large project with Cython and C++ extensions.  |
-| [NumPy][]                         | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. |
-| [Tornado][]                       | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library, originally developed at FriendFeed. |
 | [pytorch-fairseq][]               | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence Toolkit written in Python. |
-| [Matplotlib][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The venerable Matplotlib, a Python library with C++ portions |
+| [duckdb][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | DuckDB is an analytical in-process SQL database management system |
+| [NumPy][]                         | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. |
+| [Tornado][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library. Uses stable ABI for a small C extension. |
 | [NCNN][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | ncnn is a high-performance neural network inference framework optimized for the mobile platform |
-| [Kivy][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Open source UI framework written in Python, running on Windows, Linux, macOS, Android and iOS |
-| [Prophet][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Tool for producing high quality forecasts for time series data that has multiple seasonality with linear or non-linear growth. |
+| [Matplotlib][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The venerable Matplotlib, a Python library with C++ portions |
 | [MyPy][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | The compiled version of MyPy using MyPyC. |
-| [pydantic][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Data parsing and validation using Python type hints |
+| [Prophet][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Tool for producing high quality forecasts for time series data that has multiple seasonality with linear or non-linear growth. |
+| [Kivy][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Open source UI framework written in Python, running on Windows, Linux, macOS, Android and iOS |
 
 [scikit-learn]: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn
+[pytorch-fairseq]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/fairseq
+[duckdb]: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb
 [NumPy]: https://github.com/numpy/numpy
 [Tornado]: https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado
-[pytorch-fairseq]: https://github.com/pytorch/fairseq
-[Matplotlib]: https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib
 [NCNN]: https://github.com/Tencent/ncnn
-[Kivy]: https://github.com/kivy/kivy
-[Prophet]: https://github.com/facebook/prophet
+[Matplotlib]: https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib
 [MyPy]: https://github.com/mypyc/mypy_mypyc-wheels
-[pydantic]: https://github.com/samuelcolvin/pydantic
+[Prophet]: https://github.com/facebook/prophet
+[Kivy]: https://github.com/kivy/kivy
 
-[appveyor icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/appveyor.svg
 [github icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/github.svg
 [azurepipelines icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/azurepipelines.svg
 [circleci icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/circleci.svg
@@ -191,7 +211,7 @@ Here are some repos that use cibuildwheel.
 
 <!-- END bin/projects.py -->
 
-> ℹ️ That's just a handful, there are many more! Check out the [Working Examples](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/working-examples) page in the docs.
+> ℹ️ That's just a handful, there are many more! Check out the [Working Examples](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/working-examples) page in the docs.
 
 Legal note
 ----------
@@ -205,84 +225,130 @@ This is similar to static linking, so it might have some license implications. C
 Changelog
 =========
 
-<!-- START bin/update_readme_changelog.py -->
+<!-- [[[cog from readme_changelog import mini_changelog; print(mini_changelog()) ]]] -->
 
-<!-- this section was generated by bin/update_readme_changelog.py -- do not edit manually -->
+### v3.1.2
 
-### v2.11.4
+_29 July 2025_
 
-_24 Dec 2022_
+- ⚠️  Add an error if `CIBW_FREE_THREADING_SUPPORT` is set; you are likely missing 3.13t wheels, please use the `enable`/`CIBW_ENABLE` (#2520)
+- 🛠 `riscv64` now enabled if you target that architecture, it's now supported on PyPI (#2509)
+- 🛠 Add warning when using `cpython-experimental-riscv64` (no longer needed) (#2526, #2528)
+- 🛠 iOS versions bumped, fixing issues with 3.14 (now RC 1) (#2530)
+- 🐛 Fix bug in Android running wheel from our GitHub Action (#2517)
+- 🐛 Fix warning when using `test-skip` of `"*-macosx_universal2:arm64"` (#2522)
+- 🐛 Fix incorrect number of wheels reported in logs, again (#2517)
+- 📚 We welcome our Android platform maintainer (#2516)
 
-- 🐛 Fix a bug that caused missing wheels on Windows when a test was skipped using CIBW_TEST_SKIP (#1377)
-- 🛠 Updates CPython 3.11 to 3.11.1 (#1371)
-- 🛠 Updates PyPy to 7.3.10, except on macOS which remains on 7.3.9 due to a bug on that platform. (#1371)
-- 📚 Added a reference to abi3audit to the docs (#1347)
 
-### v2.11.3
+### v3.1.1
 
-_5 Dec 2022_
+_24 July 2025_
 
-- ✨ Improves the 'build options' log output that's printed at the start of each run (#1352)
-- ✨ Added a friendly error message to a common misconfiguration of the `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND` option - not specifying path using the `{project}` placeholder (#1336)
-- 🛠 The GitHub Action now uses Powershell on Windows to avoid occasional incompabilities with bash (#1346)
+- 🐛 Fix a bug showing an incorrect wheel count at the end of execution, and misrepresenting test-only runs in the GitHub Action summary (#2512)
+- 📚 Docs fix (#2510)
 
-### v2.11.2
+### v3.1.0
 
-_26 October 2022_
+_23 July 2025_
 
-- 🛠 Updates CPython 3.11 to 3.11.0 - final release (#1327)
-- 🛠 Simplify the default macOS repair command (#1322)
-- 🛠 Fix the default `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` on arm64 (#1312)
-- 🛠 Hide irrelevant pip warnings on linux (#1311)
-- 🐛 Fix a bug that caused the stdout and stderr of commands in containers to be in the wrong order Previously, stdout could appear after stderr. (#1324)
-- 📚 Added [a FAQ entry](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#macos-building-cpython-38-wheels-on-arm64) describing how to perform native builds of CPython 3.8 wheels on Apple Silicon. (#1323)
-- 📚 Other docs improvements
 
-### v2.11.1
+- 🌟 CPython 3.14 wheels are now built by default - without the `"cpython-prerelease"` `enable` set. It's time to build and upload these wheels to PyPI! This release includes CPython 3.14.0rc1, which is guaranteed to be ABI compatible with the final release. (#2507) Free-threading is no longer experimental in 3.14, so you have to skip it explicitly with `'cp31?t-*'` if you don't support it yet. (#2503)
+- 🌟 Adds the ability to [build wheels for Android](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/platforms/#android)! Set the [`platform` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#platform) to `android` on Linux or macOS to try it out! (#2349)
+- 🌟 Adds Pyodide 0.28, which builds 3.13 wheels (#2487)
+- ✨ Support for 32-bit `manylinux_2_28` (now a consistent default) and `manylinux_2_34` added (#2500)
+- 🛠 Improved summary, will also use markdown summary output on GHA (#2469)
+- 🛠 The riscv64 images now have a working default (as they are now part of pypy/manylinux), but are still experimental (and behind an `enable`) since you can't push them to PyPI yet (#2506)
+- 🛠 Fixed a typo in the 3.9 MUSL riscv64 identifier (`cp39-musllinux_ricv64` -> `cp39-musllinux_riscv64`) (#2490)
+- 🛠 Mistyping `--only` now shows the correct possibilities, and even suggests near matches on Python 3.14+ (#2499)
+- 🛠 Only support one output from the repair step on linux like other platforms; auditwheel fixed this over four years ago! (#2478)
+- 🛠 We now use pattern matching extensively (#2434)
+- 📚 We now have platform maintainers for our special platforms and interpreters! (#2481)
 
-_13 October 2022_
 
-- 🛠 Updates to the latest manylinux images, and updates CPython 3.10 to 3.10.8.
 
-### v2.11.0
+### v3.0.1
 
-_13 October 2022_
+_5 July 2025_
 
-- 🌟 Adds support for cross-compiling Windows ARM64 wheels. To use this feature, add `ARM64` to the [CIBW_ARCHS](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#archs) option on a Windows Intel runner. (#1144)
-- ✨ Adds support for building Linux aarch64 wheels on Circle CI. (#1307)
-- ✨ Adds support for building Windows wheels on Gitlab CI. (#1295)
-- ✨ Adds support for building Linux aarch64 wheels under emulation on Gitlab CI. (#1295)
-- ✨ Adds the ability to test `cp38-macosx_arm64` wheels on a native arm64 runner. To do this, you'll need to preinstall the (experimental) [universal2 version of CPython 3.8](https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.10/python-3.8.10-macos11.pkg) on your arm64 runner before invoking cibuildwheel. Note: it is not recommended to build x86_64 wheels with this setup, your wheels will have limited compatibility wrt macOS versions. (#1283)
-- 🛠 Improved error messages when using custom Docker images and Python cannot be found at the correct path. (#1298)
-- 📚 Sample configs for Azure Pipelines and Travis CI updated (#1296)
-- 📚 Other docs improvements - including more information about using Homebrew for build dependencies (#1290)
+- 🛠 Updates CPython 3.14 prerelease to 3.14.0b3 (#2471)
+- ✨ Adds a CPython 3.14 prerelease iOS build (only when prerelease builds are [enabled](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable)) (#2475)
 
-<!-- END bin/update_readme_changelog.py -->
+### v3.0.0
+
+_11 June 2025_
+
+See @henryiii's [release post](https://iscinumpy.dev/post/cibuildwheel-3-0-0/) for more info on new features!
+
+- 🌟 Adds the ability to [build wheels for iOS](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/platforms/#ios)! Set the [`platform` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#platform) to `ios` on a Mac with the iOS toolchain to try it out! (#2286, #2363, #2432)
+- 🌟 Adds support for the GraalPy interpreter! Enable for your project using the [`enable` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable). (#1538, #2411, #2414)
+- ✨ Adds CPython 3.14 support, under the [`enable` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) `cpython-prerelease`. This version of cibuildwheel uses 3.14.0b2. (#2390)
+
+    _While CPython is in beta, the ABI can change, so your wheels might not be compatible with the final release. For this reason, we don't recommend distributing wheels until RC1, at which point 3.14 will be available in cibuildwheel without the flag._ (#2390)
+
+- ✨ Adds the [test-sources option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-sources), which copies files and folders into the temporary working directory we run tests from. (#2062, #2284, #2420, #2437)
+
+    This is particularly important for iOS builds, which do not support placeholders in the `test-command`, but can also be useful for other platforms.
+
+- ✨ Adds [`dependency-versions`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#dependency-versions) inline syntax (#2122)
+- ✨ Improves support for Pyodide builds and adds the experimental [`pyodide-version`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#pyodide-version) option, which allows you to specify the version of Pyodide to use for builds. (#2002)
+- ✨ Add `pyodide-prerelease` [enable](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) option, with an early build of 0.28 (Python 3.13). (#2431)
+- ✨ Adds the [`test-environment`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-environment) option, which allows you to set environment variables for the test command. (#2388)
+- ✨ Adds the [`xbuild-tools`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#xbuild-tools) option, which allows you to specify tools safe for cross-compilation. Currently only used on iOS; will be useful for Android in the future. (#2317)
+- 🛠 The default [manylinux image](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image) has changed from `manylinux2014` to `manylinux_2_28`. (#2330)
+- 🛠 EOL images `manylinux1`, `manylinux2010`, `manylinux_2_24` and `musllinux_1_1` can no longer be specified by their shortname. The full OCI name can still be used for these images, if you wish. (#2316)
+- 🛠 Invokes `build` rather than `pip wheel` to build wheels by default. You can control this via the [`build-frontend`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-frontend) option. You might notice that you can see your build log output now! (#2321)
+- 🛠 Build verbosity settings have been reworked to have consistent meanings between build backends when non-zero. (#2339)
+- 🛠 Removed the `CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS` and `CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT` options - these have been folded into the [`enable`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) option instead. (#2095)
+- 🛠 Build environments no longer have setuptools and wheel preinstalled. (#2329)
+- 🛠 Use the standard Schema line for the integrated JSONSchema. (#2433)
+- ⚠️ Dropped support for building Python 3.6 and 3.7 wheels. If you need to build wheels for these versions, use cibuildwheel v2.23.3 or earlier. (#2282)
+- ⚠️ The minimum Python version required to run cibuildwheel is now Python 3.11. You can still build wheels for Python 3.8 and newer. (#1912)
+- ⚠️ 32-bit Linux wheels no longer built by default - the [arch](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#archs) was removed from `"auto"`. It now requires explicit `"auto32"`. Note that modern manylinux images (like the new default, `manylinux_2_28`) do not have 32-bit versions. (#2458)
+- ⚠️ PyPy wheels no longer built by default, due to a change to our options system. To continue building PyPy wheels, you'll now need to set the [`enable` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) to `pypy` or `pypy-eol`. (#2095)
+- ⚠️ Dropped official support for Appveyor. If it was working for you before, it will probably continue to do so, but we can't be sure, because our CI doesn't run there anymore. (#2386)
+- 📚 A reorganisation of the docs, and numerous updates. (#2280)
+- 📚 Use Python 3.14 color output in docs CLI output. (#2407)
+- 📚 Docs now primarily use the pyproject.toml name of options, rather than the environment variable name. (#2389)
+- 📚 README table now matches docs and auto-updates. (#2427, #2428)
+
+<!-- [[[end]]] (sum: sVC5DNuhaF) -->
 
 ---
 
 That's the last few versions.
 
-ℹ️ **Want more changelog? Head over to [the changelog page in the docs](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/changelog/).**
+ℹ️ **Want more changelog? Head over to [the changelog page in the docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/changelog/).**
 
 ---
 
 Contributing
 ============
 
-For more info on how to contribute to cibuildwheel, see the [docs](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/).
+For more info on how to contribute to cibuildwheel, see the [docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/contributing/).
 
 Everyone interacting with the cibuildwheel project via codebase, issue tracker, chat rooms, or otherwise is expected to follow the [PSF Code of Conduct](https://github.com/pypa/.github/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md).
 
 Maintainers
 -----------
 
+Core:
+
 - Joe Rickerby [@joerick](https://github.com/joerick)
 - Yannick Jadoul [@YannickJadoul](https://github.com/YannickJadoul)
 - Matthieu Darbois [@mayeut](https://github.com/mayeut)
 - Henry Schreiner [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii)
 - Grzegorz Bokota [@Czaki](https://github.com/Czaki)
 
+Platform maintainers:
+
+- Russell Keith-Magee [@freakboy3742](https://github.com/freakboy3742) (iOS)
+- Agriya Khetarpal [@agriyakhetarpal](https://github.com/agriyakhetarpal) (Pyodide)
+- Hood Chatham [@hoodmane](https://github.com/hoodmane) (Pyodide)
+- Gyeongjae Choi [@ryanking13](https://github.com/ryanking13) (Pyodide)
+- Tim Felgentreff [@timfel](https://github.com/timfel) (GraalPy)
+- Malcolm Smith [@mhsmith](https://github.com/mhsmith) (Android)
+
 Credits
 -------
 
@@ -305,4 +371,4 @@ See also
 
 Another very similar tool to consider is [matthew-brett/multibuild](http://github.com/matthew-brett/multibuild). `multibuild` is a shell script toolbox for building a wheel on various platforms. It is used as a basis to build some of the big data science tools, like SciPy.
 
-If you are building Rust wheels, you can get by without some of the tricks required to make GLIBC work via manylinux; this is especially relevant for cross-compiling, which is easy with Rust. See [maturin-action](https://github.com/messense/maturin-action) for a tool that is optimized for building Rust wheels and cross-compiling.
+If you are building Rust wheels, you can get by without some of the tricks required to make GLIBC work via manylinux; this is especially relevant for cross-compiling, which is easy with Rust. See [maturin-action](https://github.com/PyO3/maturin-action) for a tool that is optimized for building Rust wheels and cross-compiling.

action.yml

@@ -24,36 +24,68 @@ branding:
 runs:
   using: composite
   steps:
-    # Set up a non-EOL, cibuildwheel & pipx supported Python version
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
       id: python
       with:
-        python-version: "3.7 - 3.11"
+        python-version: "3.11 - 3.13"
         update-environment: false
 
+    - id: cibw
+      run: |
+        # Install cibuildwheel
+        "${{ steps.python.outputs.python-path }}" -u << "EOF"
+        import os
+        import shutil
+        import sys
+        import venv
+
+        from pathlib import Path
+        from subprocess import run
+
+
+        class EnvBuilder(venv.EnvBuilder):
+            def __init__(self):
+                super().__init__()
+
+            def setup_scripts(self, context):
+                pass
+
+            def post_setup(self, context):
+                super().post_setup(context)
+                self.bin_path = Path(context.env_exe).parent
+                run([sys.executable, "-m", "pip", "--python", context.env_exe, "install", r"${{ github.action_path }}"], check=True)
+
+
+        print("::group::Install cibuildwheel")
+        venv_path = Path(r"${{ runner.temp }}") / "cibw"
+        if venv_path.exists():
+            shutil.rmtree(venv_path)
+        builder = EnvBuilder()
+        builder.create(venv_path)
+        cibw_path = [path for path in builder.bin_path.glob("cibuildwheel*") if path.stem == "cibuildwheel"][0]
+        with open(os.environ["GITHUB_OUTPUT"], "at") as f:
+            f.write(f"cibw-path={cibw_path}\n")
+        print("::endgroup::")
+        EOF
+      shell: bash
+
     # Redirecting stderr to stdout to fix interleaving issue in Actions.
     - run: >
-        pipx run
-        --python '${{ steps.python.outputs.python-path }}'
-        --spec '${{ github.action_path }}'
-        cibuildwheel
+        "${{ steps.cibw.outputs.cibw-path }}"
         "${{ inputs.package-dir }}"
-        --output-dir "${{ inputs.output-dir }}"
-        --config-file "${{ inputs.config-file }}"
-        --only "${{ inputs.only }}"
+        ${{ inputs.output-dir != ''  && format('--output-dir "{0}"', inputs.output-dir) || ''}}
+        ${{ inputs.config-file != '' && format('--config-file "{0}"', inputs.config-file) || ''}}
+        ${{ inputs.only != ''        && format('--only "{0}"', inputs.only) || ''}}
         2>&1
       shell: bash
       if: runner.os != 'Windows'
 
     # Windows needs powershell to interact nicely with Meson
     - run: >
-        pipx run
-        --python "${{ steps.python.outputs.python-path }}"
-        --spec "${{ github.action_path }}"
-        cibuildwheel
+        & "${{ steps.cibw.outputs.cibw-path }}"
         "${{ inputs.package-dir }}"
-        --output-dir '"${{ inputs.output-dir }}"'
-        --config-file '"${{ inputs.config-file }}"'
-        --only '"${{ inputs.only }}"'
+        ${{ inputs.output-dir != ''  && format('--output-dir "{0}"', inputs.output-dir) || ''}}
+        ${{ inputs.config-file != '' && format('--config-file "{0}"', inputs.config-file) || ''}}
+        ${{ inputs.only != ''        && format('--only "{0}"', inputs.only) || ''}}
       shell: pwsh
       if: runner.os == 'Windows'

appveyor.yml

@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-environment:
-  matrix:
-    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Ubuntu
-      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python37-x64-ubuntu"
-    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2015
-      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python37-x64-vs2015"
-    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: macos-mojave
-      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python37-x64-macos-mojave"
-
-stack: python 3.7
-
-build: off
-
-init:
-- cmd: set PATH=C:\Python37;C:\Python37\Scripts;%PATH%
-- ps: |
-      $BRANCH = if ($env:APPVEYOR_PULL_REQUEST_HEAD_REPO_BRANCH) { $env:APPVEYOR_PULL_REQUEST_HEAD_REPO_BRANCH } else { $env:APPVEYOR_REPO_BRANCH }
-      if (-not ($BRANCH -eq 'main' -or $BRANCH.ToLower().StartsWith('appveyor-'))) {
-        $env:PYTEST_ADDOPTS='-k "unit_test or test_0_basic" --suppress-no-test-exit-code'
-      }
-      python -m pip install -U pip
-
-install: python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
-
-# the '-u' flag is required so the output is in the correct order.
-# See https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/24 for more info.
-test_script: python -u ./bin/run_tests.py
-
-branches:
-  only:
-    - main
-
-skip_commits:
-  files:
-    - docs/*

azure-pipelines.yml

@@ -1,32 +1,77 @@
+pr:
+  paths:
+    exclude:
+      - .github/**
+      - bin/*
+      - docs/**
+      - examples/github-*
+      - examples/ci*
+      - examples/travis-ci-*
+      - .ci*
+      - .pre-commit-config.yaml
+      - .readthedocs.yml
+      - .travis.yml
+      - README.md
+      - mkdocs.yml
+      - noxfile.py
+
 jobs:
-- job: linux_38
+- job: linux_311
+  timeoutInMinutes: 180
+  pool: {vmImage: 'ubuntu-latest'}
+  steps:
+    - task: UsePythonVersion@0
+      inputs:
+        versionSpec: '3.11'
+    - task: JavaToolInstaller@0
+      inputs:
+        versionSpec: '17'
+        jdkArchitectureOption: 'x64'
+        jdkSourceOption: 'PreInstalled'
+    - bash: |
+        docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
+        python -m pip install -U pip
+        python -m pip install -e. --group test
+        if [ "$(Build.SourceBranch)" = "refs/heads/main" ]; then
+          echo "INFO: Exporting CIBW_ENABLE=all for main branch test run."
+          export CIBW_ENABLE=all
+        else
+          echo "INFO: CIBW_ENABLE not set for this branch ($(Build.SourceBranch))."
+        fi
+        python ./bin/run_tests.py
+
+- job: macos_311
+  pool: {vmImage: 'macOS-latest'}
   timeoutInMinutes: 120
-  pool: {vmImage: 'Ubuntu-20.04'}
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
       inputs:
-        versionSpec: '3.8'
+        versionSpec: '3.11'
     - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -e ".[dev]"
+        python -m pip install -U pip
+        python -m pip install -e. --group test
+        if [ "$(Build.SourceBranch)" = "refs/heads/main" ]; then
+          echo "INFO: Exporting CIBW_ENABLE=all for main branch test run."
+          export CIBW_ENABLE=all
+        else
+          echo "INFO: CIBW_ENABLE not set for this branch ($(Build.SourceBranch))."
+        fi
         python ./bin/run_tests.py
 
-- job: macos_38
-  pool: {vmImage: 'macOS-11'}
-  steps:
-    - task: UsePythonVersion@0
-      inputs:
-        versionSpec: '3.8'
-    - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -e ".[dev]"
-        python ./bin/run_tests.py
-
-- job: windows_38
-  pool: {vmImage: 'windows-2019'}
+- job: windows_311
+  pool: {vmImage: 'windows-latest'}
   timeoutInMinutes: 180
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
       inputs:
-        versionSpec: '3.8'
+        versionSpec: '3.11'
     - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -e ".[dev]"
+        python -m pip install -U pip
+        python -m pip install -e. --group test
+        if [ "$(Build.SourceBranch)" = "refs/heads/main" ]; then
+          echo "INFO: Exporting CIBW_ENABLE=all for main branch test run."
+          export CIBW_ENABLE=all
+        else
+          echo "INFO: CIBW_ENABLE not set for this branch ($(Build.SourceBranch))."
+        fi
         python ./bin/run_tests.py

bin/bump_version.py

@@ -1,30 +1,29 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
+# /// script
+# dependencies = ["click", "packaging"]
+# ///
 
-from __future__ import annotations
 
-import glob
 import os
 import subprocess
 import sys
+import tomllib
 import urllib.parse
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import click
 from packaging.version import InvalidVersion, Version
 
-import cibuildwheel
-
 config = [
     # file path, version find/replace format
+    ("pyproject.toml", 'version = "{}"'),
     ("README.md", "cibuildwheel=={}"),
     ("cibuildwheel/__init__.py", '__version__ = "{}"'),
     ("docs/faq.md", "cibuildwheel=={}"),
     ("docs/faq.md", "cibuildwheel@v{}"),
-    ("docs/setup.md", "cibuildwheel=={}"),
     ("examples/*", "cibuildwheel=={}"),
     ("examples/*", "cibuildwheel@v{}"),
-    ("setup.cfg", "version = {}"),
 ]
 
 RED = "\u001b[31m"
@@ -34,7 +33,8 @@ OFF = "\u001b[0m"
 
 @click.command()
 def bump_version() -> None:
-    current_version = cibuildwheel.__version__
+    with open("pyproject.toml", "rb") as f:
+        current_version = tomllib.load(f)["project"]["version"]
 
     try:
         commit_date_str = subprocess.run(
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ def bump_version() -> None:
         print(e)
         print("Failed to get previous version tag information.")
 
-    git_changes_result = subprocess.run(["git diff-index --quiet HEAD --"], shell=True)
+    git_changes_result = subprocess.run(["git diff-index --quiet HEAD --"], shell=True, check=False)
     repo_has_uncommitted_changes = git_changes_result.returncode != 0
 
     if repo_has_uncommitted_changes:
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ def bump_version() -> None:
         sys.exit(1)
 
     # fmt: off
-    print(              'Current version:', current_version)  # noqa: E201 whitespace
+    print(              'Current version:', current_version)
     new_version = input('    New version: ').strip()
     # fmt: on
 
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ def bump_version() -> None:
     actions = []
 
     for path_pattern, version_pattern in config:
-        paths = [Path(p) for p in glob.glob(path_pattern)]
+        paths = list(Path().glob(path_pattern))
 
         if not paths:
             print(f"error: Pattern {path_pattern} didn't match any files")
@@ -129,8 +129,8 @@ def bump_version() -> None:
         contents = contents.replace(find, replace)
         path.write_text(contents, encoding="utf8")
 
-    print("Files updated. If you want to update the changelog as part of this")
-    print("commit, do that now.")
+    print("Files updated. If you want to update docs/changelog.md as part of")
+    print("this commit, do that now.")
     print()
 
     while input('Type "done" to continue: ').strip().lower() != "done":
@@ -142,7 +142,8 @@ def bump_version() -> None:
             "pre-commit",
             "run",
             "--files=docs/changelog.md",
-        ]
+        ],
+        check=False,
     )
 
     # run pre-commit to check that no errors occurred on the second run
@@ -180,7 +181,7 @@ def bump_version() -> None:
     print()
 
     print("Push the new version to GitHub with:")
-    print("    git push && git push --tags")
+    print(f"    git push && git push origin v{new_version}")
     print()
 
     release_url = "https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/releases/new?" + urllib.parse.urlencode(

bin/dev_run_test

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-CIBW_PLATFORM=linux pytest "$@"

bin/generate_pyodide_constraints.py

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+import sys
+import textwrap
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import click
+
+from cibuildwheel.extra import get_pyodide_xbuildenv_info
+
+
+@click.command()
+@click.argument(
+    "pyodide-version",
+    type=str,
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--output-file",
+    type=click.Path(),
+    default=None,
+    help="Output file to write the constraints to. If not provided, the constraints will be printed to stdout.",
+)
+def generate_pyodide_constraints(pyodide_version: str, output_file: str | None = None) -> None:
+    """
+    Generate constraints for a specific Pyodide version. The constraints are
+    generated based on the Pyodide version's xbuildenv info, which is retrieved
+    from the Pyodide repository.
+
+    These constraints should then be 'pinned' using `uv pip compile`.
+
+    Example usage:
+
+        bin/generate_pyodide_constraints.py 0.27.0
+    """
+    xbuildenv_info = get_pyodide_xbuildenv_info()
+    try:
+        pyodide_version_xbuildenv_info = xbuildenv_info["releases"][pyodide_version]
+    except KeyError as e:
+        msg = f"Pyodide version {pyodide_version} not found in xbuildenv info. Versions available: {', '.join(xbuildenv_info['releases'].keys())}"
+        raise click.BadParameter(msg) from e
+
+    pyodide_build_min_version = pyodide_version_xbuildenv_info.get("min_pyodide_build_version")
+    pyodide_build_max_version = pyodide_version_xbuildenv_info.get("max_pyodide_build_version")
+
+    pyodide_build_specifier_parts: list[str] = []
+
+    if pyodide_build_min_version:
+        pyodide_build_specifier_parts.append(f">={pyodide_build_min_version}")
+    if pyodide_build_max_version:
+        pyodide_build_specifier_parts.append(f"<={pyodide_build_max_version}")
+
+    pyodide_build_specifier = ",".join(pyodide_build_specifier_parts)
+
+    constraints_txt = textwrap.dedent(f"""
+        pip
+        build[virtualenv]
+        pyodide-build{pyodide_build_specifier}
+        click<8.2
+    """)
+
+    if output_file is None:
+        print(constraints_txt)
+    else:
+        Path(output_file).write_text(constraints_txt)
+        print(f"Constraints written to {output_file}", file=sys.stderr)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    generate_pyodide_constraints()

bin/generate_schema.py

@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env -S uv run -q
+
+# /// script
+# dependencies = ["pyyaml"]
+# ///
+
+import argparse
+import copy
+import functools
+import json
+import sys
+from typing import Any
+
+import yaml
+
+make_parser = functools.partial(argparse.ArgumentParser, allow_abbrev=False)
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 14):
+    make_parser = functools.partial(make_parser, color=True, suggest_on_error=True)
+parser = make_parser()
+parser.add_argument("--schemastore", action="store_true", help="Generate schema_store version")
+args = parser.parse_args()
+
+starter = """
+$schema: http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#
+$id: https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/cibuildwheel/resources/cibuildwheel.schema.json
+$defs:
+  inherit:
+    enum:
+      - none
+      - prepend
+      - append
+    default: none
+    description: How to inherit the parent's value.
+  enable:
+    enum:
+      - cpython-experimental-riscv64
+      - cpython-freethreading
+      - cpython-prerelease
+      - graalpy
+      - pyodide-prerelease
+      - pypy
+      - pypy-eol
+  description: A Python version or flavor to enable.
+additionalProperties: false
+description: cibuildwheel's settings.
+type: object
+properties:
+  archs:
+    description: Change the architectures built on your machine by default.
+    type: string_array
+  before-all:
+    description: Execute a shell command on the build system before any wheels are built.
+    type: string_array
+  before-build:
+    description: Execute a shell command preparing each wheel's build.
+    type: string_array
+  before-test:
+    description: Execute a shell command before testing each wheel.
+    type: string_array
+  build:
+    default: ['*']
+    description: Choose the Python versions to build.
+    type: string_array
+  build-frontend:
+    default: default
+    description: Set the tool to use to build, either "build" (default), "build[uv]", or "pip"
+    oneOf:
+      - enum: [pip, build, "build[uv]", default]
+      - type: string
+        pattern: '^pip; ?args:'
+      - type: string
+        pattern: '^build; ?args:'
+      - type: string
+        pattern: '^build\\[uv\\]; ?args:'
+      - type: object
+        additionalProperties: false
+        required: [name]
+        properties:
+          name:
+            enum: [pip, build, "build[uv]"]
+          args:
+            type: array
+            items:
+              type: string
+  build-verbosity:
+    type: integer
+    minimum: -3
+    maximum: 3
+    default: 0
+    description: Increase/decrease the output of pip wheel.
+  config-settings:
+    description: Specify config-settings for the build backend.
+    type: string_table_array
+  container-engine:
+    oneOf:
+      - enum: [docker, podman]
+      - type: string
+        pattern: '^docker; ?(create_args|disable_host_mount):'
+      - type: string
+        pattern: '^podman; ?(create_args|disable_host_mount):'
+      - type: object
+        additionalProperties: false
+        required: [name]
+        properties:
+          name:
+            enum: [docker, podman]
+          create-args:
+            type: array
+            items:
+              type: string
+          disable-host-mount:
+            type: boolean
+  dependency-versions:
+    default: pinned
+    description: Specify how cibuildwheel controls the versions of the tools it uses
+    oneOf:
+      - enum: [pinned, latest]
+      - type: string
+        description: Path to a file containing dependency versions, or inline package specifications, starting with "packages:"
+        not:
+          enum: [pinned, latest]
+      - type: object
+        additionalProperties: false
+        properties:
+          file:
+            type: string
+      - type: object
+        additionalProperties: false
+        properties:
+          packages:
+            type: array
+            items:
+              type: string
+  enable:
+    description: Enable or disable certain builds.
+    oneOf:
+      - $ref: "#/$defs/enable"
+      - type: array
+        items:
+          $ref: "#/$defs/enable"
+  environment:
+    description: Set environment variables needed during the build.
+    type: string_table
+  environment-pass:
+    description: Set environment variables on the host to pass-through to the container
+      during the build.
+    type: string_array
+  manylinux-aarch64-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  manylinux-armv7l-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  manylinux-i686-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  manylinux-ppc64le-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  manylinux-pypy_aarch64-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  manylinux-pypy_i686-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  manylinux-pypy_x86_64-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  manylinux-riscv64-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  manylinux-s390x-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  manylinux-x86_64-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  musllinux-aarch64-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  musllinux-armv7l-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  musllinux-i686-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  musllinux-ppc64le-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  musllinux-riscv64-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  musllinux-s390x-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  musllinux-x86_64-image:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
+  xbuild-tools:
+    description: Binaries on the path that should be included in an isolated cross-build environment
+    type: string_array
+  pyodide-version:
+    type: string
+    description: Specify the version of Pyodide to use
+  repair-wheel-command:
+    description: Execute a shell command to repair each built wheel.
+    type: string_array
+  skip:
+    description: Choose the Python versions to skip.
+    type: string_array
+  test-command:
+    description: Execute a shell command to test each built wheel.
+    type: string_array
+  test-extras:
+    description: Install your wheel for testing using `extras_require`
+    type: string_array
+  test-sources:
+    description: Test files that are required by the test environment
+    type: string_array
+  test-groups:
+    description: Install extra groups when testing
+    type: string_array
+  test-requires:
+    description: Install Python dependencies before running the tests
+    type: string_array
+  test-skip:
+    description: Skip running tests on some builds.
+    type: string_array
+  test-environment:
+    description: Set environment variables for the test environment
+    type: string_table
+"""
+
+schema = yaml.safe_load(starter)
+
+string_array = yaml.safe_load(
+    """
+- type: string
+- type: array
+  items:
+    type: string
+"""
+)
+
+string_table_array = yaml.safe_load(
+    """
+- type: string
+- type: object
+  additionalProperties: false
+  patternProperties:
+    .+:
+      oneOf:
+        - type: string
+        - type: array
+          items:
+            type: string
+"""
+)
+
+string_table = yaml.safe_load(
+    """
+- type: string
+- type: object
+  additionalProperties: false
+  patternProperties:
+    .+:
+      type: string
+"""
+)
+
+for value in schema["properties"].values():
+    match value:
+        case {"type": "string_array"}:
+            del value["type"]
+            value["oneOf"] = string_array
+        case {"type": "string_table"}:
+            del value["type"]
+            value["oneOf"] = string_table
+        case {"type": "string_table_array"}:
+            del value["type"]
+            value["oneOf"] = string_table_array
+
+overrides = yaml.safe_load(
+    """
+type: array
+description: An overrides array
+items:
+  type: object
+  required: ["select"]
+  minProperties: 2
+  additionalProperties: false
+  properties:
+    select: {}
+    inherit:
+      type: object
+      additionalProperties: false
+      properties:
+        before-all: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
+        before-build: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
+        xbuild-tools: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
+        before-test: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
+        config-settings: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
+        container-engine: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
+        environment: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
+        environment-pass: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
+        repair-wheel-command: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
+        test-command: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
+        test-extras: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
+        test-sources: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
+        test-requires: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
+        test-environment: {"$ref": "#/$defs/inherit"}
+"""
+)
+
+for key, value in schema["properties"].items():
+    value["title"] = f"CIBW_{key.replace('-', '_').upper()}"
+
+non_global_options = {k: {"$ref": f"#/properties/{k}"} for k in schema["properties"]}
+del non_global_options["build"]
+del non_global_options["skip"]
+del non_global_options["test-skip"]
+del non_global_options["enable"]
+
+overrides["items"]["properties"]["select"]["oneOf"] = string_array
+overrides["items"]["properties"] |= non_global_options.copy()
+
+del overrides["items"]["properties"]["archs"]
+
+not_linux = non_global_options.copy()
+
+del not_linux["environment-pass"]
+del not_linux["container-engine"]
+for key in list(not_linux):
+    if "linux-" in key:
+        del not_linux[key]
+
+
+def as_object(d: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    return {
+        "type": "object",
+        "additionalProperties": False,
+        "properties": copy.deepcopy(d),
+    }
+
+
+oses = {
+    "linux": as_object(non_global_options),
+    "windows": as_object(not_linux),
+    "macos": as_object(not_linux),
+    "pyodide": as_object(not_linux),
+    "android": as_object(not_linux),
+    "ios": as_object(not_linux),
+}
+
+oses["linux"]["properties"]["repair-wheel-command"] = {
+    **schema["properties"]["repair-wheel-command"],
+    "default": "auditwheel repair -w {dest_dir} {wheel}",
+}
+oses["macos"]["properties"]["repair-wheel-command"] = {
+    **schema["properties"]["repair-wheel-command"],
+    "default": "delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} -v {wheel}",
+}
+
+del oses["linux"]["properties"]["dependency-versions"]
+
+schema["properties"]["overrides"] = overrides
+schema["properties"] |= oses
+
+if args.schemastore:
+    schema["$id"] = "https://json.schemastore.org/partial-cibuildwheel.json"
+    schema["description"] = (
+        "cibuildwheel's settings. Generated with ./bin/generate_schema.py --schemastore from cibuildwheel."
+    )
+
+print(json.dumps(schema, indent=2))

bin/inspect_all_known_projects.py

@@ -11,12 +11,9 @@ This will cache the results to all_known_setup.yaml; you can reprint
 the results without the `--online` setting.
 """
 
-
-from __future__ import annotations
-
 import ast
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Iterator
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Iterator
 
 import click
 import yaml
@@ -97,7 +94,7 @@ class MaybeRemote:
         with open(filename, "w") as f:
             yaml.safe_dump(self.contents, f, default_flow_style=False)
 
-    def on_each(self, repos: list[str]) -> Iterator[tuple[str, str, str | None]]:
+    def on_each(self, repos: Iterable[str]) -> Iterator[tuple[str, str, str | None]]:
         for repo in repos:
             print(f"[bold]{repo}:")
             for filename in sorted(self.contents, reverse=True):

bin/make_dependency_update_pr.py

@@ -1,29 +1,30 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
-from __future__ import annotations
 
 import os
+import subprocess
 import sys
 import textwrap
 import time
 from pathlib import Path
-from subprocess import run
 
 import click
 
 
-def shell(cmd, **kwargs):
-    return run([cmd], shell=True, **kwargs)
+def shell(cmd: str, *, check: bool, **kwargs: object) -> subprocess.CompletedProcess[str]:
+    return subprocess.run([cmd], shell=True, check=check, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[call-overload, no-any-return]
 
 
-def git_repo_has_changes():
-    unstaged_changes = shell("git diff-index --quiet HEAD --").returncode != 0
-    staged_changes = shell("git diff-index --quiet --cached HEAD --").returncode != 0
+def git_repo_has_changes() -> bool:
+    unstaged_changes: bool = shell("git diff-index --quiet HEAD --", check=False).returncode != 0
+    staged_changes: bool = (
+        shell("git diff-index --quiet --cached HEAD --", check=False).returncode != 0
+    )
     return unstaged_changes or staged_changes
 
 
 @click.command()
-def main():
+def main() -> None:
     project_root = Path(__file__).parent / ".."
     os.chdir(project_root)
 
@@ -54,10 +55,10 @@ def main():
             f"""
             Update the versions of our dependencies.
 
-            PR generated by `{os.path.basename(__file__)}`.
+            PR generated by `{Path(__file__).name}`.
             """
         )
-        run(
+        subprocess.run(
             [
                 "gh",
                 "pr",
@@ -73,7 +74,7 @@ def main():
         print("Done.")
     finally:
         # remove any local changes
-        shell("git checkout -- .")
+        shell("git checkout -- .", check=True)
         shell(f"git checkout {previous_branch}", check=True)
         shell(f"git branch -D --force {branch_name}", check=True)
 

bin/projects.py

@@ -1,5 +1,13 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
+# /// script
+# dependencies = [
+#   "click",
+#   "pyyaml",
+#   "pygithub",
+# ]
+# ///
+
 """
 Convert a yaml project list into a nice table.
 
@@ -9,24 +17,22 @@ Suggested usage:
     git diff
 """
 
-from __future__ import annotations
-
 import builtins
 import functools
 import textwrap
 import urllib.request
 import xml.dom.minidom
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Mapping, Sequence
 from datetime import datetime
 from io import StringIO
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, TextIO
+from typing import Any, Self, TextIO
 
 import click
 import yaml
 from github import Github, GithubException
 
 ICONS = (
-    "appveyor",
     "github",
     "azurepipelines",
     "circleci",
@@ -42,7 +48,7 @@ ICONS = (
 class Project:
     NAME: int = 0
 
-    def __init__(self, config: dict[str, Any], github: Github | None = None):
+    def __init__(self, config: Mapping[str, Any], github: Github | None = None):
         try:
             self.name: str = config["name"]
             self.gh: str = config["gh"]
@@ -76,7 +82,7 @@ class Project:
         name_len = len(self.name) + 4
         self.__class__.NAME = max(self.__class__.NAME, name_len)
 
-    def __lt__(self, other: Project) -> bool:
+    def __lt__(self, other: Self) -> bool:
         if self.online:
             return self.num_stars < other.num_stars
         else:
@@ -86,8 +92,8 @@ class Project:
     def header(cls) -> str:
         return textwrap.dedent(
             f"""\
-                | {'Name':{cls.NAME}} | CI | OS | Notes |
-                |{'':-^{cls.NAME+2  }}|----|----|:------|"""
+                | {"Name":{cls.NAME}} | CI | OS | Notes |
+                |{"":-^{cls.NAME + 2}}|----|----|:------|"""
         )
 
     @property
@@ -129,6 +135,7 @@ def fetch_icon(icon_name: str) -> None:
 
     document = xml.dom.minidom.parseString(original_svg_data)
     svgElement = document.documentElement
+    assert svgElement is not None
     assert svgElement.nodeName == "svg"
     svgElement.setAttribute("width", "16px")
     svgElement.setAttribute("fill", "#606060")
@@ -149,7 +156,7 @@ def path_for_icon(icon_name: str, relative_to: Path | None = None) -> Path:
 
 
 def get_projects(
-    config: list[dict[str, Any]],
+    config: Iterable[Mapping[str, Any]],
     *,
     online: bool = True,
     auth: str | None = None,
@@ -163,7 +170,9 @@ def get_projects(
     return sorted((Project(item, github) for item in config), reverse=online)
 
 
-def render_projects(projects: list[Project], *, dest_path: Path, include_info: bool = True):
+def render_projects(
+    projects: Sequence[Project], *, dest_path: Path, include_info: bool = True
+) -> str:
     io = StringIO()
     print = functools.partial(builtins.print, file=io)
 
@@ -191,10 +200,10 @@ def render_projects(projects: list[Project], *, dest_path: Path, include_info: b
 def insert_projects_table(
     file: Path,
     *,
-    projects: list[Project],
+    projects: Sequence[Project],
     input_filename: str,
     include_info: bool = True,
-):
+) -> None:
     text = file.read_text()
     projects_table = render_projects(projects, include_info=include_info, dest_path=file)
 
@@ -208,7 +217,7 @@ def insert_projects_table(
 
     generated_note = f"<!-- this section is generated by bin/projects.py. Don't edit it directly, instead, edit {input_filename} -->"
     new_text = (
-        f"{text[:start + len(start_str)]}\n{generated_note}\n\n{projects_table}\n{text[end:]}"
+        f"{text[: start + len(start_str)]}\n{generated_note}\n\n{projects_table}\n{text[end:]}"
     )
 
     file.write_text(new_text)

bin/readme_changelog.py

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+import re
+from pathlib import Path
+
+PROJECT_ROOT = Path(__file__).parent / ".."
+CHANGELOG_FILE = PROJECT_ROOT / "docs" / "changelog.md"
+
+# https://regexr.com/622ds
+FIRST_5_CHANGELOG_ENTRIES_REGEX = re.compile(r"""(^###.*?(?=###)){5}""", re.DOTALL | re.MULTILINE)
+
+
+def mini_changelog() -> str:
+    changelog_text = CHANGELOG_FILE.read_text()
+
+    mini_changelog_match = FIRST_5_CHANGELOG_ENTRIES_REGEX.search(changelog_text)
+    assert mini_changelog_match, "Failed to find the first few changelog entries"
+
+    return f"\n{mini_changelog_match.group(0).strip()}\n"
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    print(mini_changelog())

bin/readme_options_table.py

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+import dataclasses
+import re
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Final
+
+DIR: Final[Path] = Path(__file__).parent.parent.resolve()
+OPTIONS_MD: Final[Path] = DIR / "docs" / "options.md"
+
+SECTION_HEADER_REGEX = re.compile(r"^## (?P<name>.*?)$", re.MULTILINE)
+
+# https://regexr.com/8f1ff
+OPTION_HEADER_REGEX = re.compile(
+    r"^### (?P<name>.*?){.*#(?P<id>\S+).*}\n+> ?(?P<desc>.*)$", re.MULTILINE
+)
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(kw_only=True)
+class Option:
+    name: str
+    id: str
+    desc: str
+    section: str
+
+
+def get_table() -> str:
+    options_md = OPTIONS_MD.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+
+    sections = SECTION_HEADER_REGEX.split(options_md)[1:]
+
+    options = []
+
+    for section_name, section_content in zip(sections[0::2], sections[1::2], strict=True):
+        for match in OPTION_HEADER_REGEX.finditer(section_content):
+            option = Option(
+                name=match.group("name").strip(),
+                id=match.group("id").strip(),
+                desc=match.group("desc").strip(),
+                section=section_name.strip(),
+            )
+            options.append(option)
+
+    table_md = "\n<!-- This table is auto-generated from docs/options.md by bin/readme_options_table.py -->\n\n"
+    table_md += "|   | Option | Description |\n"
+    table_md += "|---|---|---|\n"
+    last_section: str | None = None
+
+    for option in options:
+        cells: list[str] = []
+
+        cells.append(f"**{option.section}**" if option.section != last_section else "")
+        last_section = option.section
+
+        url = f"https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#{option.id}"
+        name = option.name.replace(", ", "<br>")  # Replace commas with line breaks
+        cells.append(f"[{name}]({url})")
+
+        cells.append(option.desc)
+
+        table_md += "| " + " | ".join(cells) + " |\n"
+    table_md += "\n"
+
+    return table_md
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    print(get_table())

bin/run_example_ci_configs.py

@@ -1,46 +1,46 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
-from __future__ import annotations
 
 import os
 import shutil
+import subprocess
 import sys
 import textwrap
 import time
-from collections import namedtuple
-from glob import glob
+import typing
 from pathlib import Path
-from subprocess import run
 from urllib.parse import quote
 
 import click
 
-
-def shell(cmd, **kwargs):
-    return run([cmd], shell=True, **kwargs)
+DIR = Path(__file__).parent.resolve()
 
 
-def git_repo_has_changes():
-    unstaged_changes = shell("git diff-index --quiet HEAD --").returncode != 0
-    staged_changes = shell("git diff-index --quiet --cached HEAD --").returncode != 0
+def shell(cmd: str, *, check: bool, **kwargs: object) -> subprocess.CompletedProcess[str]:
+    return subprocess.run([cmd], shell=True, check=check, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[call-overload, no-any-return]
+
+
+def git_repo_has_changes() -> bool:
+    unstaged_changes = shell("git diff-index --quiet HEAD --", check=False).returncode != 0
+    staged_changes = shell("git diff-index --quiet --cached HEAD --", check=False).returncode != 0
     return unstaged_changes or staged_changes
 
 
-def generate_basic_project(path):
+def generate_basic_project(path: Path) -> None:
     sys.path.insert(0, "")
-    from test.test_projects.c import new_c_project
+    from test.test_projects.c import new_c_project  # noqa: PLC0415
 
     project = new_c_project()
     project.generate(path)
 
 
-CIService = namedtuple("CIService", "name dst_config_path badge_md")
+class CIService(typing.NamedTuple):
+    name: str
+    dst_config_path: str
+    badge_md: str
+
+
 services = [
-    CIService(
-        name="appveyor",
-        dst_config_path="appveyor.yml",
-        badge_md="[![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/gt3vwl88yt0y3hur/branch/{branch}?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/joerick/cibuildwheel/branch/{branch})",
-    ),
     CIService(
         name="azure-pipelines",
         dst_config_path="azure-pipelines.yml",
@@ -74,9 +74,8 @@ services = [
 ]
 
 
-def ci_service_for_config_file(config_file):
-    filename = Path(config_file).name
-
+def ci_service_for_config_file(config_file: Path) -> CIService:
+    filename = config_file.name
     try:
         return next(s for s in services if filename.startswith(s.name))
     except StopIteration:
@@ -93,16 +92,16 @@ def run_example_ci_configs(config_files=None):
     """
 
     if len(config_files) == 0:
-        config_files = glob("examples/*-minimal.yml")
+        config_files = Path("examples").glob("*-minimal.yml")
 
     # check each CI service has at most 1 config file
-    configs_by_service = {}
+    configs_by_service = set()
     for config_file in config_files:
         service = ci_service_for_config_file(config_file)
         if service.name in configs_by_service:
             msg = "You cannot specify more than one config per CI service"
             raise Exception(msg)
-        configs_by_service[service.name] = config_file
+        configs_by_service.add(service.name)
 
     if git_repo_has_changes():
         print("Your git repo has uncommitted changes. Commit or stash before continuing.")
@@ -123,23 +122,22 @@ def run_example_ci_configs(config_files=None):
 
         for config_file in config_files:
             service = ci_service_for_config_file(config_file)
-            src_config_file = Path(config_file)
             dst_config_file = example_project / service.dst_config_path
 
             dst_config_file.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-            shutil.copyfile(src_config_file, dst_config_file)
+            shutil.copyfile(config_file, dst_config_file)
 
-        run(["git", "add", example_project], check=True)
+        subprocess.run(["git", "add", example_project], check=True)
         message = textwrap.dedent(
             f"""\
             Test example minimal configs
 
-            Testing files: {config_files}
+            Testing files: {[str(f) for f in config_files]}
             Generated from branch: {previous_branch}
             Time: {timestamp}
             """
         )
-        run(["git", "commit", "--no-verify", "--message", message], check=True)
+        subprocess.run(["git", "commit", "--no-verify", "--message", message], check=True)
         shell(f"git subtree --prefix={example_project} push origin {branch_name}", check=True)
 
         print("---")
@@ -163,12 +161,11 @@ def run_example_ci_configs(config_files=None):
     finally:
         # remove any local changes
         shutil.rmtree(example_project, ignore_errors=True)
-        shell("git checkout -- .")
+        shell("git checkout -- .", check=True)
         shell(f"git checkout {previous_branch}", check=True)
         shell(f"git branch -D --force {branch_name}", check=True)
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    os.chdir(os.path.dirname(__file__))
-    os.chdir("..")
+    os.chdir(DIR)
     run_example_ci_configs(standalone_mode=True)

bin/run_tests.py

@@ -1,18 +1,32 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
-from __future__ import annotations
 
 import argparse
+import functools
 import os
 import subprocess
 import sys
 from pathlib import Path
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    if sys.version_info < (3, 13):
+        default_cpu_count = os.cpu_count() or 2
+    else:
+        default_cpu_count = os.process_cpu_count() or 2
+
+    make_parser = functools.partial(argparse.ArgumentParser, allow_abbrev=False)
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 14):
+        make_parser = functools.partial(make_parser, color=True, suggest_on_error=True)
+    parser = make_parser()
     parser.add_argument(
         "--run-podman", action="store_true", default=False, help="run podman tests (linux only)"
     )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--num-processes",
+        action="store",
+        default=default_cpu_count,
+        help="number of processes to use for testing",
+    )
     args = parser.parse_args()
 
     # move cwd to the project root
@@ -21,29 +35,60 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     # unit tests
     unit_test_args = [sys.executable, "-m", "pytest", "unit_test"]
 
-    if sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
+    if sys.platform.startswith("linux") and os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "linux") == "linux":
         # run the docker unit tests only on Linux
         unit_test_args += ["--run-docker"]
 
         if args.run_podman:
             unit_test_args += ["--run-podman"]
 
+    print(
+        "\n\n================================== UNIT TESTS ==================================",
+        flush=True,
+    )
     subprocess.run(unit_test_args, check=True)
 
-    # integration tests
-    integration_test_args = [
+    # Run the serial integration tests without multiple processes
+    serial_integration_test_args = [
         sys.executable,
         "-m",
         "pytest",
-        "--numprocesses=2",
+        "-m",
+        "serial",
         "-x",
         "--durations",
         "0",
         "--timeout=2400",
         "test",
+        "-vv",
+    ]
+    print(
+        "\n\n=========================== SERIAL INTEGRATION TESTS ===========================",
+        flush=True,
+    )
+    subprocess.run(serial_integration_test_args, check=True)
+
+    # Non-serial integration tests
+    integration_test_args = [
+        sys.executable,
+        "-m",
+        "pytest",
+        "-m",
+        "not serial",
+        f"--numprocesses={args.num_processes}",
+        "-x",
+        "--durations",
+        "0",
+        "--timeout=2400",
+        "test",
+        "-vv",
     ]
 
     if sys.platform.startswith("linux") and args.run_podman:
         integration_test_args += ["--run-podman"]
 
+    print(
+        "\n\n========================= NON-SERIAL INTEGRATION TESTS =========================",
+        flush=True,
+    )
     subprocess.run(integration_test_args, check=True)

bin/sample_build.py

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
-from __future__ import annotations
 
 import argparse
+import functools
 import os
 import subprocess
 import sys
@@ -13,7 +13,10 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     # move cwd to the project root
     os.chdir(Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1])
 
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Runs a sample build")
+    make_parser = functools.partial(argparse.ArgumentParser, allow_abbrev=False)
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 14):
+        make_parser = functools.partial(make_parser, color=True, suggest_on_error=True)
+    parser = make_parser(description="Runs a sample build")
     parser.add_argument("project_python_path", nargs="?", default="test.test_0_basic.basic_project")
 
     options = parser.parse_args()
@@ -24,4 +27,8 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         check=True,
     )
 
-    sys.exit(subprocess.run([sys.executable, "-m", "cibuildwheel"], cwd=project_dir).returncode)
+    sys.exit(
+        subprocess.run(
+            [sys.executable, "-m", "cibuildwheel"], cwd=project_dir, check=False
+        ).returncode
+    )

bin/update_docker.py

@@ -1,64 +1,82 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-from __future__ import annotations
 
 import configparser
-from dataclasses import dataclass
+import dataclasses
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import requests
+from packaging.version import Version
 
 DIR = Path(__file__).parent.resolve()
 RESOURCES = DIR.parent / "cibuildwheel/resources"
 
 
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
 class Image:
     manylinux_version: str
-    platform: str
+    platforms: list[str]
     image_name: str
-    tag: str | None  # Set this to pin the image
+    tag: str | None = None  # Set this to pin the image
+    use_platform_suffix: bool = False
+
+
+class PyPAImage(Image):
+    def __init__(self, manylinux_version: str, platforms: list[str], tag: str | None = None):
+        image_name = f"quay.io/pypa/{manylinux_version}"
+        super().__init__(manylinux_version, platforms, image_name, tag, True)
 
 
 images = [
-    # manylinux1 images
-    Image("manylinux1", "x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_x86_64", None),
-    Image("manylinux1", "i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_i686", None),
-    # manylinux2010 images
-    Image("manylinux2010", "x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64", None),
-    Image("manylinux2010", "i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686", None),
-    Image("manylinux2010", "pypy_x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64", None),
-    Image("manylinux2010", "pypy_i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686", None),
     # manylinux2014 images
-    Image("manylinux2014", "x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64", None),
-    Image("manylinux2014", "i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686", None),
-    Image("manylinux2014", "aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64", None),
-    Image("manylinux2014", "ppc64le", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le", None),
-    Image("manylinux2014", "s390x", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x", None),
-    Image("manylinux2014", "pypy_x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64", None),
-    Image("manylinux2014", "pypy_i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686", None),
-    Image("manylinux2014", "pypy_aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64", None),
-    # manylinux_2_24 images
-    Image("manylinux_2_24", "x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64", None),
-    Image("manylinux_2_24", "i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_i686", None),
-    Image("manylinux_2_24", "aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_aarch64", None),
-    Image("manylinux_2_24", "ppc64le", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_ppc64le", None),
-    Image("manylinux_2_24", "s390x", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_s390x", None),
-    Image("manylinux_2_24", "pypy_x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64", None),
-    Image("manylinux_2_24", "pypy_i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_i686", None),
-    Image("manylinux_2_24", "pypy_aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_aarch64", None),
+    PyPAImage(
+        "manylinux2014",
+        [
+            "x86_64",
+            "i686",
+            "aarch64",
+            "ppc64le",
+            "s390x",
+            "pypy_x86_64",
+            "pypy_i686",
+            "pypy_aarch64",
+        ],
+    ),
     # manylinux_2_28 images
-    Image("manylinux_2_28", "x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64", None),
-    Image("manylinux_2_28", "aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64", None),
-    Image("manylinux_2_28", "ppc64le", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_ppc64le", None),
-    Image("manylinux_2_28", "s390x", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_s390x", None),
-    Image("manylinux_2_28", "pypy_x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64", None),
-    Image("manylinux_2_28", "pypy_aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64", None),
-    # musllinux_1_1 images
-    Image("musllinux_1_1", "x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_x86_64", None),
-    Image("musllinux_1_1", "i686", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_i686", None),
-    Image("musllinux_1_1", "aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_aarch64", None),
-    Image("musllinux_1_1", "ppc64le", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_ppc64le", None),
-    Image("musllinux_1_1", "s390x", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_s390x", None),
+    PyPAImage(
+        "manylinux_2_28",
+        [
+            "x86_64",
+            "i686",
+            "aarch64",
+            "ppc64le",
+            "s390x",
+            "pypy_x86_64",
+            "pypy_i686",
+            "pypy_aarch64",
+        ],
+    ),
+    # manylinux_2_31 images
+    PyPAImage("manylinux_2_31", ["armv7l"]),
+    # manylinux_2_34 images
+    PyPAImage(
+        "manylinux_2_34",
+        [
+            "x86_64",
+            "i686",
+            "aarch64",
+            "ppc64le",
+            "s390x",
+            "pypy_x86_64",
+            "pypy_i686",
+            "pypy_aarch64",
+        ],
+    ),
+    # manylinux_2_39 images
+    PyPAImage("manylinux_2_39", ["riscv64"]),
+    # musllinux_1_2 images
+    PyPAImage(
+        "musllinux_1_2", ["x86_64", "i686", "aarch64", "ppc64le", "s390x", "armv7l", "riscv64"]
+    ),
 ]
 
 config = configparser.ConfigParser()
@@ -84,6 +102,21 @@ for image in images:
             for (name, info) in tags_dict.items()
             if info["manifest_digest"] == latest_tag["manifest_digest"]
         )
+    elif image.image_name.startswith("ghcr.io/"):
+        repository = image.image_name[8:]
+        response = requests.get(
+            "https://ghcr.io/token", params={"scope": f"repository:{repository}:pull"}
+        )
+        response.raise_for_status()
+        token = response.json()["token"]
+        response = requests.get(
+            f"https://ghcr.io/v2/{repository}/tags/list",
+            headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"},
+        )
+        response.raise_for_status()
+        ghcr_tags = [(Version(tag), tag) for tag in response.json()["tags"] if tag != "latest"]
+        ghcr_tags.sort(reverse=True)
+        tag_name = ghcr_tags[0][1]
     else:
         response = requests.get(f"https://hub.docker.com/v2/repositories/{image.image_name}/tags")
         response.raise_for_status()
@@ -99,10 +132,13 @@ for image in images:
         )
         tag_name = pinned_tag["name"]
 
-    if not config.has_section(image.platform):
-        config[image.platform] = {}
-
-    config[image.platform][image.manylinux_version] = f"{image.image_name}:{tag_name}"
+    for platform in image.platforms:
+        if not config.has_section(platform):
+            config[platform] = {}
+        suffix = ""
+        if image.use_platform_suffix:
+            suffix = f"_{platform.removeprefix('pypy_')}"
+        config[platform][image.manylinux_version] = f"{image.image_name}{suffix}:{tag_name}"
 
 with open(RESOURCES / "pinned_docker_images.cfg", "w") as f:
     config.write(f)

bin/update_how_it_works_image.py

@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
-from __future__ import annotations
 
 import subprocess
 import sys
 from pathlib import Path
 
 try:
-    from html2image import Html2Image  # type: ignore[import]
+    from html2image import Html2Image  # type: ignore[import-not-found]
 except ImportError:
     sys.exit(
         """
@@ -18,8 +17,8 @@ except ImportError:
     )
 
 
-def main():
-    subprocess.run(["mkdocs", "build"])
+def main() -> None:
+    subprocess.run(["mkdocs", "build"], check=True)
 
     hti = Html2Image(custom_flags=["--force-device-scale-factor=2"])
 
@@ -42,8 +41,7 @@ def main():
     )
 
     dest_path = Path("docs/data/how-it-works.png")
-    if dest_path.exists():
-        dest_path.unlink()
+    dest_path.unlink(missing_ok=True)
 
     Path(screenshot).rename(dest_path)
 

bin/update_nodejs.py

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+
+import dataclasses
+import difflib
+import logging
+import tomllib
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Final
+
+import click
+import packaging.specifiers
+import requests
+import rich
+from packaging.version import InvalidVersion, Version
+from rich.logging import RichHandler
+from rich.syntax import Syntax
+
+log = logging.getLogger("cibw")
+
+# Looking up the dir instead of using utils.resources_dir
+# since we want to write to it.
+DIR: Final[Path] = Path(__file__).parent.parent.resolve()
+RESOURCES_DIR: Final[Path] = DIR / "cibuildwheel/resources"
+
+NODEJS_DIST: Final[str] = "https://nodejs.org/dist/"
+NODEJS_INDEX: Final[str] = f"{NODEJS_DIST}index.json"
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, order=True)
+class VersionTuple:
+    version: Version
+    version_string: str
+
+
+def parse_nodejs_index() -> list[VersionTuple]:
+    versions: list[VersionTuple] = []
+    response = requests.get(NODEJS_INDEX)
+    response.raise_for_status()
+    versions_info = response.json()
+    for version_info in versions_info:
+        version_string = version_info.get("version", "???")
+        if not version_info.get("lts", False):
+            log.debug("Ignoring non LTS release %r", version_string)
+            continue
+        if "linux-x64" not in version_info.get("files", []):
+            log.warning(
+                "Ignoring release %r which does not include a linux-x64 binary", version_string
+            )
+            continue
+        try:
+            version = Version(version_string)
+            if version.is_devrelease:
+                log.info("Ignoring development release %r", str(version))
+                continue
+            if version.is_prerelease:
+                log.info("Ignoring pre-release %r", str(version))
+                continue
+            versions.append(VersionTuple(version, version_string))
+        except InvalidVersion:
+            log.warning("Ignoring release %r", version_string)
+    versions.sort(reverse=True)
+    return versions
+
+
+@click.command()
+@click.option("--force", is_flag=True)
+@click.option(
+    "--level", default="INFO", type=click.Choice(["WARNING", "INFO", "DEBUG"], case_sensitive=False)
+)
+def update_nodejs(force: bool, level: str) -> None:
+    logging.basicConfig(
+        level="INFO",
+        format="%(message)s",
+        datefmt="[%X]",
+        handlers=[RichHandler(rich_tracebacks=True, markup=True)],
+    )
+    log.setLevel(level)
+
+    toml_file_path = RESOURCES_DIR / "nodejs.toml"
+
+    original_toml = toml_file_path.read_text()
+    with toml_file_path.open("rb") as f:
+        nodejs_data = tomllib.load(f)
+
+    nodejs_data.pop("url")
+
+    major_versions = [VersionTuple(Version(key), key) for key in nodejs_data]
+    major_versions.sort(reverse=True)
+
+    versions = parse_nodejs_index()
+
+    # update existing versions, 1 per LTS
+    for major_version in major_versions:
+        current = Version(nodejs_data[major_version.version_string])
+        specifier = packaging.specifiers.SpecifierSet(
+            specifiers=f"=={major_version.version.major}.*"
+        )
+        for version in versions:
+            if specifier.contains(version.version) and version.version > current:
+                nodejs_data[major_version.version_string] = version.version_string
+                break
+
+    # check for a new major LTS to insert
+    if versions and versions[0].version.major > major_versions[0].version.major:
+        major_versions.insert(
+            0,
+            VersionTuple(Version(str(versions[0].version.major)), f"v{versions[0].version.major}"),
+        )
+        nodejs_data[major_versions[0].version_string] = versions[0].version_string
+
+    versions_toml = "\n".join(
+        f'{major_version.version_string} = "{nodejs_data[major_version.version_string]}"'
+        for major_version in major_versions
+    )
+    result_toml = f'url = "{NODEJS_DIST}"\n{versions_toml}\n'
+
+    rich.print()  # spacer
+
+    if original_toml == result_toml:
+        rich.print("[green]Check complete, nodejs version unchanged.")
+        return
+
+    rich.print("nodejs version updated.")
+    rich.print("Changes:")
+    rich.print()
+
+    toml_relpath = toml_file_path.relative_to(DIR).as_posix()
+    diff_lines = difflib.unified_diff(
+        original_toml.splitlines(keepends=True),
+        result_toml.splitlines(keepends=True),
+        fromfile=toml_relpath,
+        tofile=toml_relpath,
+    )
+    rich.print(Syntax("".join(diff_lines), "diff", theme="ansi_light"))
+    rich.print()
+
+    if force:
+        toml_file_path.write_text(result_toml)
+        rich.print("[green]TOML file updated.")
+    else:
+        rich.print("[yellow]File left unchanged. Use --force flag to update.")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    update_nodejs()

bin/update_python_build_standalone.py

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+import json
+
+from cibuildwheel.extra import github_api_request
+from cibuildwheel.util.python_build_standalone import (
+    PythonBuildStandaloneAsset,
+    PythonBuildStandaloneReleaseData,
+)
+from cibuildwheel.util.resources import PYTHON_BUILD_STANDALONE_RELEASES
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    """
+    This script updates the vendored list of release assets to the latest
+    version of astral-sh/python-build-standalone.
+    """
+
+    # Get the latest release tag from the GitHub API
+    latest_release = github_api_request("repos/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/latest")
+    latest_tag = latest_release["tag_name"]
+
+    # Get the list of assets for the latest release
+    github_assets = github_api_request(
+        f"repos/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/tags/{latest_tag}"
+    )["assets"]
+
+    assets = [
+        PythonBuildStandaloneAsset(name=ga["name"], url=ga["browser_download_url"])
+        for ga in github_assets
+        if ga["name"].endswith("install_only.tar.gz")
+    ]
+
+    # Try to keep output order stable
+    assets = sorted(assets, key=lambda x: x["name"])
+
+    # Write the assets to the JSON file. One day, we might need to support
+    # multiple releases, but for now, we only support the latest one
+    json_file_contents = PythonBuildStandaloneReleaseData(
+        releases=[
+            {
+                "tag": latest_tag,
+                "assets": assets,
+            }
+        ]
+    )
+
+    with PYTHON_BUILD_STANDALONE_RELEASES.open("w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+        json.dump(json_file_contents, f, indent=2)
+        # Add a trailing newline, our pre-commit hook requires it
+        f.write("\n")
+
+    print(
+        f"Updated {PYTHON_BUILD_STANDALONE_RELEASES.name} with {len(assets)} assets for tag {latest_tag}"
+    )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

bin/update_pythons.py

@@ -1,30 +1,27 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
-from __future__ import annotations
 
 import copy
 import difflib
 import logging
-import sys
+import operator
+import re
+import tomllib
+from collections.abc import Mapping, MutableMapping
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Union
+from typing import Any, Final, Literal, TypedDict
+from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
 
 import click
 import requests
 import rich
-
-if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
-    import tomllib
-else:
-    import tomli as tomllib
-
 from packaging.specifiers import Specifier
 from packaging.version import Version
 from rich.logging import RichHandler
 from rich.syntax import Syntax
 
-from cibuildwheel.extra import dump_python_configurations
-from cibuildwheel.typing import Final, Literal, TypedDict
+from cibuildwheel.extra import dump_python_configurations, get_pyodide_xbuildenv_info
+from cibuildwheel.platforms.android import android_triplet
 
 log = logging.getLogger("cibw")
 
@@ -50,13 +47,32 @@ class ConfigWinPP(TypedDict):
     url: str
 
 
-class ConfigMacOS(TypedDict):
+class ConfigWinGP(TypedDict):
     identifier: str
     version: str
     url: str
 
 
-AnyConfig = Union[ConfigWinCP, ConfigWinPP, ConfigMacOS]
+class ConfigApple(TypedDict):
+    identifier: str
+    version: str
+    url: str
+
+
+class ConfigAndroid(TypedDict):
+    identifier: str
+    version: str
+    url: str
+
+
+class ConfigPyodide(TypedDict):
+    identifier: str
+    version: str
+    default_pyodide_version: str
+    node_version: str
+
+
+AnyConfig = ConfigWinCP | ConfigWinPP | ConfigWinGP | ConfigApple | ConfigAndroid | ConfigPyodide
 
 
 # The following set of "Versions" classes allow the initial call to the APIs to
@@ -64,8 +80,7 @@ AnyConfig = Union[ConfigWinCP, ConfigWinPP, ConfigMacOS]
 
 
 class WindowsVersions:
-    def __init__(self, arch_str: ArchStr) -> None:
-
+    def __init__(self, arch_str: ArchStr, free_threaded: bool) -> None:
         response = requests.get("https://api.nuget.org/v3/index.json")
         response.raise_for_status()
         api_info = response.json()
@@ -79,7 +94,11 @@ class WindowsVersions:
 
         self.arch_str = arch_str
         self.arch = ARCH_DICT[arch_str]
+        self.free_threaded = free_threaded
+
         package = PACKAGE_DICT[arch_str]
+        if free_threaded:
+            package = f"{package}-freethreaded"
 
         response = requests.get(f"{endpoint}{package}/index.json")
         response.raise_for_status()
@@ -88,20 +107,20 @@ class WindowsVersions:
         self.version_dict = {Version(v): v for v in cp_info["versions"]}
 
     def update_version_windows(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigWinCP | None:
-
         # Specifier.filter selects all non pre-releases that match the spec,
         # unless there are only pre-releases, then it selects pre-releases
         # instead (like pip)
         unsorted_versions = spec.filter(self.version_dict)
         versions = sorted(unsorted_versions, reverse=True)
 
-        log.debug(f"Windows {self.arch} {spec} has {', '.join(str(v) for v in versions)}")
+        log.debug("Windows %s %s has %s", self.arch, spec, ", ".join(str(v) for v in versions))
 
         if not versions:
             return None
 
+        flags = "t" if self.free_threaded else ""
         version = versions[0]
-        identifier = f"cp{version.major}{version.minor}-{self.arch}"
+        identifier = f"cp{version.major}{version.minor}{flags}-{self.arch}"
         return ConfigWinCP(
             identifier=identifier,
             version=self.version_dict[version],
@@ -109,9 +128,78 @@ class WindowsVersions:
         )
 
 
+class GraalPyVersions:
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        response = requests.get("https://api.github.com/repos/oracle/graalpython/releases")
+        response.raise_for_status()
+
+        releases = response.json()
+        gp_version_re = re.compile(r"-(\d+\.\d+\.\d+)$")
+        cp_version_re = re.compile(r"Python (\d+\.\d+(?:\.\d+)?)")
+        for release in releases:
+            m = gp_version_re.search(release["tag_name"])
+            if m:
+                release["graalpy_version"] = Version(m.group(1))
+            m = cp_version_re.search(release["body"])
+            if m:
+                release["python_version"] = Version(m.group(1))
+
+        self.releases = [r for r in releases if "graalpy_version" in r and "python_version" in r]
+
+    def update_version(self, identifier: str, spec: Specifier) -> AnyConfig:
+        if "x86_64" in identifier or "amd64" in identifier:
+            arch = "x86_64"
+        elif "arm64" in identifier or "aarch64" in identifier:
+            arch = "aarch64"
+        else:
+            msg = f"{identifier} not supported yet on GraalPy"
+            raise RuntimeError(msg)
+
+        gpspec_str = identifier.split("-")[0].split("_")[1]
+        gpspec = Specifier("==24.2.*") if gpspec_str == "242" else Specifier(f"=={gpspec_str}.*")
+
+        releases = [r for r in self.releases if spec.contains(r["python_version"])]
+        releases = [r for r in self.releases if gpspec.contains(r["graalpy_version"])]
+        releases = sorted(releases, key=lambda r: r["graalpy_version"])
+
+        if not releases:
+            msg = f"GraalPy {arch} not found for {spec}!"
+            raise RuntimeError(msg)
+
+        release = releases[-1]
+        version = release["python_version"]
+        gpversion = release["graalpy_version"]
+
+        if "macosx" in identifier:
+            arch = "x86_64" if "x86_64" in identifier else "arm64"
+            config = ConfigApple
+            platform = "macos"
+        elif "win" in identifier:
+            arch = "aarch64" if "arm64" in identifier else "x86_64"
+            config = ConfigWinGP
+            platform = "windows"
+        else:
+            msg = "GraalPy provides downloads for macOS and Windows and is included for manylinux"
+            raise RuntimeError(msg)
+
+        arch = "amd64" if arch == "x86_64" else "aarch64"
+        ext = "zip" if "win" in identifier else "tar.gz"
+        (url,) = (
+            rf["browser_download_url"]
+            for rf in release["assets"]
+            if rf["name"].endswith(f"{platform}-{arch}.{ext}")
+            and rf["name"].startswith(f"graalpy-{gpversion.major}")
+        )
+
+        return config(
+            identifier=identifier,
+            version=f"{version.major}.{version.minor}",
+            url=url,
+        )
+
+
 class PyPyVersions:
     def __init__(self, arch_str: ArchStr):
-
         response = requests.get("https://downloads.python.org/pypy/versions.json")
         response.raise_for_status()
 
@@ -127,7 +215,7 @@ class PyPyVersions:
         ]
         self.arch = arch_str
 
-    def get_arch_file(self, release: dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+    def get_arch_file(self, release: Mapping[str, Any]) -> str:
         urls: list[str] = [
             rf["download_url"]
             for rf in release["files"]
@@ -137,7 +225,7 @@ class PyPyVersions:
 
     def update_version_windows(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigWinCP:
         releases = [r for r in self.releases if spec.contains(r["python_version"])]
-        releases = sorted(releases, key=lambda r: r["pypy_version"])  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+        releases = sorted(releases, key=operator.itemgetter("pypy_version"))
         releases = [r for r in releases if self.get_arch_file(r)]
 
         if not releases:
@@ -158,13 +246,13 @@ class PyPyVersions:
             url=url,
         )
 
-    def update_version_macos(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigMacOS:
-        if self.arch != "64":
-            msg = "Other archs not supported yet on macOS"
+    def update_version_macos(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigApple:
+        if self.arch not in {"64", "ARM64"}:
+            msg = f"'{self.arch}' arch not supported yet on macOS"
             raise RuntimeError(msg)
 
         releases = [r for r in self.releases if spec.contains(r["python_version"])]
-        releases = sorted(releases, key=lambda r: r["pypy_version"])  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+        releases = sorted(releases, key=operator.itemgetter("pypy_version"))
 
         if not releases:
             msg = f"PyPy macOS {self.arch} not found for {spec}!"
@@ -172,15 +260,17 @@ class PyPyVersions:
 
         release = releases[-1]
         version = release["python_version"]
-        identifier = f"pp{version.major}{version.minor}-macosx_x86_64"
+        arch = "x86_64" if self.arch == "64" else self.arch.lower()
+        identifier = f"pp{version.major}{version.minor}-macosx_{arch}"
 
+        arch = "x64" if self.arch == "64" else self.arch.lower()
         (url,) = (
             rf["download_url"]
             for rf in release["files"]
-            if "" in rf["platform"] == "darwin" and rf["arch"] == "x64"
+            if "" in rf["platform"] == "darwin" and rf["arch"] == arch
         )
 
-        return ConfigMacOS(
+        return ConfigApple(
             identifier=identifier,
             version=f"{version.major}.{version.minor}",
             url=url,
@@ -189,7 +279,6 @@ class PyPyVersions:
 
 class CPythonVersions:
     def __init__(self) -> None:
-
         response = requests.get(
             "https://www.python.org/api/v2/downloads/release/?is_published=true"
         )
@@ -199,24 +288,25 @@ class CPythonVersions:
 
         self.versions_dict: dict[Version, int] = {}
         for release in releases_info:
-            # Removing the prefix, Python 3.9 would use: release["name"].removeprefix("Python ")
-            version = Version(release["name"][7:])
+            # Skip the pymanager releases
+            if not release["slug"].startswith("python"):
+                continue
+
+            # Removing the prefix
+            version = Version(release["name"].removeprefix("Python "))
 
             uri = int(release["resource_uri"].rstrip("/").split("/")[-1])
             self.versions_dict[version] = uri
 
     def update_version_macos(
         self, identifier: str, version: Version, spec: Specifier
-    ) -> ConfigMacOS | None:
-
+    ) -> ConfigApple | None:
         # see note above on Specifier.filter
         unsorted_versions = spec.filter(self.versions_dict)
         sorted_versions = sorted(unsorted_versions, reverse=True)
 
-        if version <= Version("3.8.9999"):
-            file_ident = "macosx10.9.pkg"
-        else:
-            file_ident = "macos11.pkg"
+        macver = "x10.9" if version <= Version("3.8.9999") else "11"
+        file_ident = f"macos{macver}.pkg"
 
         for new_version in sorted_versions:
             # Find the first patch version that contains the requested file
@@ -229,7 +319,7 @@ class CPythonVersions:
 
             urls = [rf["url"] for rf in file_info if file_ident in rf["url"]]
             if urls:
-                return ConfigMacOS(
+                return ConfigApple(
                     identifier=identifier,
                     version=f"{new_version.major}.{new_version.minor}",
                     url=urls[0],
@@ -238,51 +328,189 @@ class CPythonVersions:
         return None
 
 
+class AndroidVersions:
+    # This should be replaced with official python.org downloads once they're available.
+    MAVEN_URL = "https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/chaquo/python/python"
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        response = requests.get(f"{self.MAVEN_URL}/maven-metadata.xml")
+        response.raise_for_status()
+        root = ET.fromstring(response.text)
+
+        self.versions: list[Version] = []
+        for version_elem in root.findall("./versioning/versions/version"):
+            version_str = version_elem.text
+            assert isinstance(version_str, str), version_str
+            self.versions.append(Version(version_str))
+
+    def update_version_android(
+        self, identifier: str, version: Version, spec: Specifier
+    ) -> ConfigAndroid | None:
+        sorted_versions = sorted(spec.filter(self.versions), reverse=True)
+
+        # Return a config using the highest version for the given specifier.
+        if sorted_versions:
+            max_version = sorted_versions[0]
+            triplet = android_triplet(identifier)
+            return ConfigAndroid(
+                identifier=identifier,
+                version=str(version),
+                url=f"{self.MAVEN_URL}/{max_version}/python-{max_version}-{triplet}.tar.gz",
+            )
+        else:
+            return None
+
+
+class CPythonIOSVersions:
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        response = requests.get(
+            "https://api.github.com/repos/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases",
+            headers={
+                "Accept": "application/vnd.github+json",
+                "X-Github-Api-Version": "2022-11-28",
+            },
+        )
+        response.raise_for_status()
+
+        releases_info = response.json()
+        self.versions_dict: dict[Version, dict[int, str]] = {}
+
+        # Each release has a name like "3.13-b4"
+        for release in releases_info:
+            py_version, build = release["name"].split("-")
+            version = Version(py_version)
+            self.versions_dict.setdefault(version, {})
+
+            # There are several release assets associated with each release;
+            # The name of the asset will be something like
+            # "Python-3.11-iOS-support.b4.tar.gz". Store all builds that are
+            # "-iOS-support" builds, retaining the download URL.
+            for asset in release["assets"]:
+                filename, build, _, _ = asset["name"].rsplit(".", 3)
+                if filename.endswith("-iOS-support"):
+                    self.versions_dict[version][int(build[1:])] = asset["browser_download_url"]
+
+    def update_version_ios(self, identifier: str, version: Version) -> ConfigApple | None:
+        # Return a config using the highest build number for the given version.
+        urls = [url for _, url in sorted(self.versions_dict.get(version, {}).items())]
+        if urls:
+            return ConfigApple(
+                identifier=identifier,
+                version=str(version),
+                url=urls[-1],
+            )
+
+        return None
+
+
+class PyodideVersions:
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        xbuildenv_info = get_pyodide_xbuildenv_info()
+        self.releases = xbuildenv_info["releases"]
+
+    def update_version_pyodide(
+        self, identifier: str, version: Version, spec: Specifier, node_version: str
+    ) -> ConfigPyodide | None:
+        # get releases that match the python version
+        releases = [
+            r for r in self.releases.values() if spec.contains(Version(r["python_version"]))
+        ]
+        # sort by version, latest first
+        releases.sort(key=lambda r: Version(r["version"]), reverse=True)
+
+        if not releases:
+            msg = f"Pyodide not found for {spec}!"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        final_releases = [r for r in releases if not Version(r["version"]).is_prerelease]
+
+        # prefer a final release if available, otherwise use the latest
+        # pre-release
+        release = final_releases[0] if final_releases else releases[0]
+
+        return ConfigPyodide(
+            identifier=identifier,
+            version=str(version),
+            default_pyodide_version=release["version"],
+            node_version=node_version,
+        )
+
+
 # This is a universal interface to all the above Versions classes. Given an
 # identifier, it updates a config dict.
 
 
 class AllVersions:
     def __init__(self) -> None:
-        self.windows_32 = WindowsVersions("32")
-        self.windows_64 = WindowsVersions("64")
-        self.windows_arm64 = WindowsVersions("ARM64")
+        self.windows_32 = WindowsVersions("32", False)
+        self.windows_t_32 = WindowsVersions("32", True)
+        self.windows_64 = WindowsVersions("64", False)
+        self.windows_t_64 = WindowsVersions("64", True)
+        self.windows_arm64 = WindowsVersions("ARM64", False)
+        self.windows_t_arm64 = WindowsVersions("ARM64", True)
         self.windows_pypy_64 = PyPyVersions("64")
 
         self.macos_cpython = CPythonVersions()
         self.macos_pypy = PyPyVersions("64")
+        self.macos_pypy_arm64 = PyPyVersions("ARM64")
 
-    def update_config(self, config: dict[str, str]) -> None:
+        self.android = AndroidVersions()
+        self.ios_cpython = CPythonIOSVersions()
+
+        self.graalpy = GraalPyVersions()
+
+        self.pyodide = PyodideVersions()
+
+    def update_config(self, config: MutableMapping[str, str]) -> None:
         identifier = config["identifier"]
         version = Version(config["version"])
         spec = Specifier(f"=={version.major}.{version.minor}.*")
-        log.info(f"Reading in '{identifier}' -> {spec} @ {version}")
+        log.info("Reading in %r -> %s @ %s", str(identifier), spec, version)
         orig_config = copy.copy(config)
         config_update: AnyConfig | None = None
 
         # We need to use ** in update due to MyPy (probably a bug)
-        if "macos" in identifier:
+        if "macosx" in identifier:
             if identifier.startswith("cp"):
                 config_update = self.macos_cpython.update_version_macos(identifier, version, spec)
             elif identifier.startswith("pp"):
-                config_update = self.macos_pypy.update_version_macos(spec)
-        elif "win32" in identifier:
-            if identifier.startswith("cp"):
-                config_update = self.windows_32.update_version_windows(spec)
+                if "macosx_x86_64" in identifier:
+                    config_update = self.macos_pypy.update_version_macos(spec)
+                elif "macosx_arm64" in identifier:
+                    config_update = self.macos_pypy_arm64.update_version_macos(spec)
+            elif identifier.startswith("gp"):
+                config_update = self.graalpy.update_version(identifier, spec)
+        elif "t-win32" in identifier and identifier.startswith("cp"):
+            config_update = self.windows_t_32.update_version_windows(spec)
+        elif "win32" in identifier and identifier.startswith("cp"):
+            config_update = self.windows_32.update_version_windows(spec)
+        elif "t-win_amd64" in identifier and identifier.startswith("cp"):
+            config_update = self.windows_t_64.update_version_windows(spec)
         elif "win_amd64" in identifier:
             if identifier.startswith("cp"):
                 config_update = self.windows_64.update_version_windows(spec)
             elif identifier.startswith("pp"):
                 config_update = self.windows_pypy_64.update_version_windows(spec)
-        elif "win_arm64" in identifier:
-            if identifier.startswith("cp"):
-                config_update = self.windows_arm64.update_version_windows(spec)
+            elif identifier.startswith("gp"):
+                config_update = self.graalpy.update_version(identifier, spec)
+        elif "t-win_arm64" in identifier and identifier.startswith("cp"):
+            config_update = self.windows_t_arm64.update_version_windows(spec)
+        elif "win_arm64" in identifier and identifier.startswith("cp"):
+            config_update = self.windows_arm64.update_version_windows(spec)
+        elif "android" in identifier:
+            config_update = self.android.update_version_android(identifier, version, spec)
+        elif "ios" in identifier:
+            config_update = self.ios_cpython.update_version_ios(identifier, version)
+        elif "pyodide" in identifier:
+            config_update = self.pyodide.update_version_pyodide(
+                identifier, version, spec, config["node_version"]
+            )
 
         assert config_update is not None, f"{identifier} not found!"
         config.update(**config_update)
 
         if config != orig_config:
-            log.info(f"  Updated {orig_config} to {config}")
+            log.info("  Updated %s to %s", orig_config, config)
 
 
 @click.command()
@@ -291,7 +519,6 @@ class AllVersions:
     "--level", default="INFO", type=click.Choice(["WARNING", "INFO", "DEBUG"], case_sensitive=False)
 )
 def update_pythons(force: bool, level: str) -> None:
-
     logging.basicConfig(
         level="INFO",
         format="%(message)s",
@@ -307,11 +534,9 @@ def update_pythons(force: bool, level: str) -> None:
     with toml_file_path.open("rb") as f:
         configs = tomllib.load(f)
 
-    for config in configs["windows"]["python_configurations"]:
-        all_versions.update_config(config)
-
-    for config in configs["macos"]["python_configurations"]:
-        all_versions.update_config(config)
+    for platform in ["windows", "macos", "android", "ios", "pyodide"]:
+        for config in configs[platform]["python_configurations"]:
+            all_versions.update_config(config)
 
     result_toml = dump_python_configurations(configs)
 

bin/update_readme_changelog.py

@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import re
-import sys
-from pathlib import Path
-
-PROJECT_ROOT = Path(__file__).parent / ".."
-CHANGELOG_FILE = PROJECT_ROOT / "docs" / "changelog.md"
-README_FILE = PROJECT_ROOT / "README.md"
-
-# https://regexr.com/622ds
-FIRST_5_CHANGELOG_ENTRIES_REGEX = re.compile(r"""(^###.*?(?=###)){5}""", re.DOTALL | re.MULTILINE)
-
-# https://regexr.com/622e5
-README_CHANGELOG_SECTION = re.compile(
-    r"""(?<=<!-- START bin\/update_readme_changelog.py -->\n).*(?=<!-- END bin\/update_readme_changelog.py -->)""",
-    re.DOTALL,
-)
-
-
-def main():
-    changelog_text = CHANGELOG_FILE.read_text()
-    readme_text = README_FILE.read_text()
-
-    mini_changelog_match = FIRST_5_CHANGELOG_ENTRIES_REGEX.search(changelog_text)
-    assert mini_changelog_match, "Failed to find the first few changelog entries"
-
-    mini_changelog = "\n".join(
-        [
-            "",
-            "<!-- this section was generated by bin/update_readme_changelog.py -- do not edit manually -->",
-            "",
-            mini_changelog_match.group(0).strip(),
-            "",
-            "",
-        ]
-    )
-
-    if not re.search(README_CHANGELOG_SECTION, readme_text):
-        sys.exit("Changelog section not found in README")
-
-    readme_text = re.sub(README_CHANGELOG_SECTION, mini_changelog, readme_text)
-    README_FILE.write_text(readme_text)
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    main()

bin/update_virtualenv.py

@@ -1,28 +1,20 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
-from __future__ import annotations
 
+import dataclasses
 import difflib
 import logging
 import subprocess
-import sys
-from dataclasses import dataclass
+import tomllib
 from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Final
 
 import click
 import rich
-
-if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
-    import tomllib
-else:
-    import tomli as tomllib
-
 from packaging.version import InvalidVersion, Version
 from rich.logging import RichHandler
 from rich.syntax import Syntax
 
-from cibuildwheel.typing import Final
-
 log = logging.getLogger("cibw")
 
 # Looking up the dir instead of using utils.resources_dir
@@ -31,18 +23,18 @@ DIR: Final[Path] = Path(__file__).parent.parent.resolve()
 RESOURCES_DIR: Final[Path] = DIR / "cibuildwheel/resources"
 
 GET_VIRTUALENV_GITHUB: Final[str] = "https://github.com/pypa/get-virtualenv"
-GET_VIRTUALENV_URL_TEMPLATE: Final[
-    str
-] = f"{GET_VIRTUALENV_GITHUB}/blob/{{version}}/public/virtualenv.pyz?raw=true"
+GET_VIRTUALENV_URL_TEMPLATE: Final[str] = (
+    f"{GET_VIRTUALENV_GITHUB}/blob/{{version}}/public/virtualenv.pyz?raw=true"
+)
 
 
-@dataclass(frozen=True, order=True)
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, order=True)
 class VersionTuple:
     version: Version
     version_string: str
 
 
-def git_ls_remote_versions(url) -> list[VersionTuple]:
+def git_ls_remote_versions(url: str) -> list[VersionTuple]:
     versions: list[VersionTuple] = []
     tags = subprocess.run(
         ["git", "ls-remote", "--tags", url], check=True, text=True, capture_output=True
@@ -54,14 +46,14 @@ def git_ls_remote_versions(url) -> list[VersionTuple]:
         try:
             version = Version(version_string)
             if version.is_devrelease:
-                log.info(f"Ignoring development release '{version}'")
+                log.info("Ignoring development release %r", str(version))
                 continue
             if version.is_prerelease:
-                log.info(f"Ignoring pre-release '{version}'")
+                log.info("Ignoring pre-release %r", str(version))
                 continue
             versions.append(VersionTuple(version, version_string))
         except InvalidVersion:
-            log.warning(f"Ignoring ref '{ref}'")
+            log.warning("Ignoring ref %r", ref)
     versions.sort(reverse=True)
     return versions
 
@@ -72,7 +64,6 @@ def git_ls_remote_versions(url) -> list[VersionTuple]:
     "--level", default="INFO", type=click.Choice(["WARNING", "INFO", "DEBUG"], case_sensitive=False)
 )
 def update_virtualenv(force: bool, level: str) -> None:
-
     logging.basicConfig(
         level="INFO",
         format="%(message)s",
@@ -85,15 +76,20 @@ def update_virtualenv(force: bool, level: str) -> None:
 
     original_toml = toml_file_path.read_text()
     with toml_file_path.open("rb") as f:
-        loaded_file = tomllib.load(f)
-    version = str(loaded_file["version"])
+        configurations = tomllib.load(f)
+    default = configurations.pop("default")
+    version = str(default["version"])
     versions = git_ls_remote_versions(GET_VIRTUALENV_GITHUB)
     if versions[0].version > Version(version):
         version = versions[0].version_string
 
-    result_toml = (
-        f'version = "{version}"\n'
-        f'url = "{GET_VIRTUALENV_URL_TEMPLATE.format(version=version)}"\n'
+    configurations["default"] = {
+        "version": version,
+        "url": GET_VIRTUALENV_URL_TEMPLATE.format(version=version),
+    }
+    result_toml = "".join(
+        f'{key} = {{ version = "{value["version"]}", url = "{value["url"]}" }}\n'
+        for key, value in configurations.items()
     )
 
     rich.print()  # spacer

cibuildwheel/__init__.py

@@ -1,3 +1 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-__version__ = "2.11.4"
+__version__ = "3.1.2"

cibuildwheel/__main__.py

@@ -1,37 +1,89 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
 import argparse
+import contextlib
+import dataclasses
+import functools
 import os
 import shutil
 import sys
 import tarfile
 import textwrap
+import traceback
 import typing
+from collections.abc import Generator, Iterable, Sequence
 from pathlib import Path
 from tempfile import mkdtemp
+from typing import Any, Literal, TextIO
 
 import cibuildwheel
-import cibuildwheel.linux
-import cibuildwheel.macos
 import cibuildwheel.util
-import cibuildwheel.windows
+from cibuildwheel import errors
 from cibuildwheel.architecture import Architecture, allowed_architectures_check
+from cibuildwheel.ci import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider, fix_ansi_codes_for_github_actions
 from cibuildwheel.logger import log
 from cibuildwheel.options import CommandLineArguments, Options, compute_options
-from cibuildwheel.typing import PLATFORMS, PlatformName, assert_never
-from cibuildwheel.util import (
-    CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
-    BuildSelector,
-    CIProvider,
-    Unbuffered,
-    chdir,
-    detect_ci_provider,
-    fix_ansi_codes_for_github_actions,
-)
+from cibuildwheel.platforms import ALL_PLATFORM_MODULES, get_build_identifiers, native_platform
+from cibuildwheel.selector import BuildSelector, EnableGroup, selector_matches
+from cibuildwheel.typing import PLATFORMS, PlatformName
+from cibuildwheel.util.file import CIBW_CACHE_PATH
+from cibuildwheel.util.helpers import strtobool
+from cibuildwheel.util.resources import read_all_configs
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class GlobalOptions:
+    print_traceback_on_error: bool = True  # decides what happens when errors are hit.
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
+class FileReport:
+    name: str
+    size: str
+
+
+# Taken from https://stackoverflow.com/a/107717
+class Unbuffered:
+    def __init__(self, stream: TextIO) -> None:
+        self.stream = stream
+
+    def write(self, data: str) -> None:
+        self.stream.write(data)
+        self.stream.flush()
+
+    def writelines(self, data: Iterable[str]) -> None:
+        self.stream.writelines(data)
+        self.stream.flush()
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr: str) -> Any:
+        return getattr(self.stream, attr)
 
 
 def main() -> None:
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+    global_options = GlobalOptions()
+    try:
+        main_inner(global_options)
+    except errors.FatalError as e:
+        message = e.args[0]
+        if log.step_active:
+            log.step_end_with_error(message)
+        else:
+            log.error(message)
+
+        if global_options.print_traceback_on_error:
+            traceback.print_exc(file=sys.stderr)
+
+        sys.exit(e.return_code)
+
+
+def main_inner(global_options: GlobalOptions) -> None:
+    """
+    `main_inner` is the same as `main`, but it raises FatalError exceptions
+    rather than exiting directly.
+    """
+
+    make_parser = functools.partial(argparse.ArgumentParser, allow_abbrev=False)
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 14):
+        make_parser = functools.partial(make_parser, color=True, suggest_on_error=True)
+    parser = make_parser(
         description="Build wheels for all the platforms.",
         epilog="""
             Most options are supplied via environment variables or in
@@ -42,14 +94,14 @@ def main() -> None:
 
     parser.add_argument(
         "--platform",
-        choices=["auto", "linux", "macos", "windows"],
+        choices=["auto", "linux", "macos", "windows", "pyodide", "android", "ios"],
         default=None,
         help="""
-            Platform to build for. Use this option to override the
-            auto-detected platform or to run cibuildwheel on your development
-            machine. Specifying "macos" or "windows" only works on that
-            operating system, but "linux" works on all three, as long as
-            Docker/Podman is installed. Default: auto.
+            Platform to build for. Use this option to override the auto-detected
+            platform. Specifying "macos" or "windows" only works on that
+            operating system. "linux" works on any desktop OS, as long as
+            Docker/Podman is installed. "pyodide" and "android" only work on
+            Linux and macOS. "ios" only works on macOS. Default: auto.
         """,
     )
 
@@ -67,9 +119,22 @@ def main() -> None:
         """,
     )
 
+    enable_groups_str = ", ".join(g.value for g in EnableGroup)
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--enable",
+        action="append",
+        default=[],
+        metavar="GROUP",
+        help=f"""
+            Enable an additional category of builds. Use multiple times to select multiple groups. Choices: {enable_groups_str}.
+        """,
+    )
+
     parser.add_argument(
         "--only",
         default=None,
+        choices=[v["identifier"] for vv in read_all_configs().values() for v in vv],
+        metavar="IDENTIFIER",
         help="""
             Force a single wheel build when given an identifier. Overrides
             CIBW_BUILD/CIBW_SKIP. --platform and --arch cannot be specified
@@ -97,7 +162,7 @@ def main() -> None:
     parser.add_argument(
         "package_dir",
         metavar="PACKAGE",
-        default=Path("."),
+        default=Path(),
         type=Path,
         nargs="?",
         help="""
@@ -124,13 +189,16 @@ def main() -> None:
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--prerelease-pythons",
+        "--debug-traceback",
         action="store_true",
-        help="Enable pre-release Python versions if available.",
+        default=strtobool(os.environ.get("CIBW_DEBUG_TRACEBACK", "0")),
+        help="Print a full traceback for all errors",
     )
 
     args = CommandLineArguments(**vars(parser.parse_args()))
 
+    global_options.print_traceback_on_error = args.debug_traceback
+
     args.package_dir = args.package_dir.resolve()
 
     # This are always relative to the base directory, even in SDist builds
@@ -157,7 +225,7 @@ def main() -> None:
         # This is now the new package dir
         args.package_dir = project_dir.resolve()
 
-        with chdir(temp_dir):
+        with contextlib.chdir(project_dir):
             build_in_directory(args)
     finally:
         # avoid https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/86962 by performing
@@ -167,69 +235,50 @@ def main() -> None:
             log.warning(f"Can't delete temporary folder '{temp_dir}'")
 
 
-def build_in_directory(args: CommandLineArguments) -> None:
-    platform_option_value = args.platform or os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "auto")
-    platform: PlatformName
+def _compute_platform_only(only: str) -> PlatformName:
+    if "linux_" in only:
+        return "linux"
+    if "macosx_" in only:
+        return "macos"
+    if "win_" in only or "win32" in only:
+        return "windows"
+    if "pyodide_" in only:
+        return "pyodide"
+    if "android_" in only:
+        return "android"
+    if "ios_" in only:
+        return "ios"
+    msg = f"Invalid --only='{only}', must be a build selector with a known platform"
+    raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
+
+
+def _compute_platform(args: CommandLineArguments) -> PlatformName:
+    platform_option_value = args.platform or os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "") or "auto"
+
+    if args.only and args.platform is not None:
+        msg = "--platform cannot be specified with --only, it is computed from --only"
+        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
+    if args.only and args.archs is not None:
+        msg = "--arch cannot be specified with --only, it is computed from --only"
+        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
+
+    if platform_option_value not in PLATFORMS | {"auto"}:
+        msg = f"Unsupported platform: {platform_option_value}"
+        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
 
     if args.only:
-        if "linux_" in args.only:
-            platform = "linux"
-        elif "macosx_" in args.only:
-            platform = "macos"
-        elif "win_" in args.only or "win32" in args.only:
-            platform = "windows"
-        else:
-            print(
-                f"Invalid --only='{args.only}', must be a build selector with a known platform",
-                file=sys.stderr,
-            )
-            sys.exit(2)
-        if args.platform is not None:
-            print(
-                "--platform cannot be specified with --only, it is computed from --only",
-                file=sys.stderr,
-            )
-            sys.exit(2)
-        if args.archs is not None:
-            print(
-                "--arch cannot be specified with --only, it is computed from --only",
-                file=sys.stderr,
-            )
-            sys.exit(2)
+        return _compute_platform_only(args.only)
     elif platform_option_value != "auto":
-        if platform_option_value not in PLATFORMS:
-            print(f"cibuildwheel: Unsupported platform: {platform_option_value}", file=sys.stderr)
-            sys.exit(2)
+        return typing.cast(PlatformName, platform_option_value)
 
-        platform = typing.cast(PlatformName, platform_option_value)
-    else:
-        ci_provider = detect_ci_provider()
-        if ci_provider is None:
-            print(
-                textwrap.dedent(
-                    """
-                    cibuildwheel: Unable to detect platform. cibuildwheel should run on your CI server;
-                    Travis CI, AppVeyor, Azure Pipelines, GitHub Actions, CircleCI, Gitlab, and Cirrus CI
-                    are supported. You can run on your development machine or other CI providers
-                    using the --platform argument. Check --help output for more information.
-                    """
-                ),
-                file=sys.stderr,
-            )
-            sys.exit(2)
-        if sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
-            platform = "linux"
-        elif sys.platform == "darwin":
-            platform = "macos"
-        elif sys.platform == "win32":
-            platform = "windows"
-        else:
-            print(
-                'cibuildwheel: Unable to detect platform from "sys.platform" in a CI environment. You can run '
-                "cibuildwheel using the --platform argument. Check --help output for more information.",
-                file=sys.stderr,
-            )
-            sys.exit(2)
+    return native_platform()
+
+
+def build_in_directory(args: CommandLineArguments) -> None:
+    platform: PlatformName = _compute_platform(args)
+    if platform == "pyodide" and sys.platform == "win32":
+        msg = "Building for pyodide is not supported on Windows"
+        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
 
     options = compute_options(platform=platform, command_line_arguments=args, env=os.environ)
 
@@ -238,12 +287,12 @@ def build_in_directory(args: CommandLineArguments) -> None:
 
     if not any(package_dir.joinpath(name).exists() for name in package_files):
         names = ", ".join(sorted(package_files, reverse=True))
-        msg = f"cibuildwheel: Could not find any of {{{names}}} at root of package"
-        print(msg, file=sys.stderr)
-        sys.exit(2)
+        msg = f"Could not find any of {{{names}}} at root of package"
+        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
 
+    platform_module = ALL_PLATFORM_MODULES[platform]
     identifiers = get_build_identifiers(
-        platform=platform,
+        platform_module=platform_module,
         build_selector=options.globals.build_selector,
         architectures=options.globals.architectures,
     )
@@ -256,8 +305,10 @@ def build_in_directory(args: CommandLineArguments) -> None:
     # Add CIBUILDWHEEL environment variable
     os.environ["CIBUILDWHEEL"] = "1"
 
-    # Python is buffering by default when running on the CI platforms, giving problems interleaving subprocess call output with unflushed calls to 'print'
-    sys.stdout = Unbuffered(sys.stdout)  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    # Python is buffering by default when running on the CI platforms, giving
+    # problems interleaving subprocess call output with unflushed calls to
+    # 'print'
+    sys.stdout = Unbuffered(sys.stdout)
 
     # create the cache dir before it gets printed & builds performed
     CIBW_CACHE_PATH.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
@@ -268,35 +319,23 @@ def build_in_directory(args: CommandLineArguments) -> None:
         options.check_for_invalid_configuration(identifiers)
         allowed_architectures_check(platform, options.globals.architectures)
     except ValueError as err:
-        print("cibuildwheel:", *err.args, file=sys.stderr)
-        sys.exit(4)
+        raise errors.DeprecationError(*err.args) from err
 
     if not identifiers:
-        print(
-            f"cibuildwheel: No build identifiers selected: {options.globals.build_selector}",
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
-        if not args.allow_empty:
-            sys.exit(3)
+        message = f"No build identifiers selected: {options.globals.build_selector}"
+        if options.globals.allow_empty:
+            print(f"cibuildwheel: {message}", file=sys.stderr)
+        else:
+            raise errors.NothingToDoError(message)
 
     output_dir = options.globals.output_dir
 
-    if not output_dir.exists():
-        output_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
+    output_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
 
     tmp_path = Path(mkdtemp(prefix="cibw-run-")).resolve(strict=True)
     try:
-        with cibuildwheel.util.print_new_wheels(
-            "\n{n} wheels produced in {m:.0f} minutes:", output_dir
-        ):
-            if platform == "linux":
-                cibuildwheel.linux.build(options, tmp_path)
-            elif platform == "windows":
-                cibuildwheel.windows.build(options, tmp_path)
-            elif platform == "macos":
-                cibuildwheel.macos.build(options, tmp_path)
-            else:
-                assert_never(platform)
+        with log.print_summary(options=options):
+            platform_module.build(options, tmp_path)
     finally:
         # avoid https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/86962 by performing
         # cleanup manually
@@ -305,7 +344,7 @@ def build_in_directory(args: CommandLineArguments) -> None:
             log.warning(f"Can't delete temporary folder '{tmp_path}'")
 
 
-def print_preamble(platform: str, options: Options, identifiers: list[str]) -> None:
+def print_preamble(platform: str, options: Options, identifiers: Sequence[str]) -> None:
     print(
         textwrap.dedent(
             """
@@ -328,56 +367,139 @@ def print_preamble(platform: str, options: Options, identifiers: list[str]) -> N
 
     print()
     print(f"Cache folder: {CIBW_CACHE_PATH}")
+    print()
 
-    warnings = detect_warnings(options=options, identifiers=identifiers)
-    if warnings:
-        print("\nWarnings:")
-        for warning in warnings:
-            print("  " + warning)
+    warnings = detect_warnings(options=options)
+    for warning in warnings:
+        log.warning(warning)
 
-    print("\nHere we go!\n")
+    error_list = list(detect_errors(options=options, identifiers=identifiers))
+    if error_list:
+        for error in error_list:
+            log.error(error)
+        msg = "\n".join(error_list)
+        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
+
+    print("Here we go!\n")
 
 
-def get_build_identifiers(
-    platform: PlatformName, build_selector: BuildSelector, architectures: set[Architecture]
-) -> list[str]:
-    python_configurations: (
-        list[cibuildwheel.linux.PythonConfiguration]
-        | list[cibuildwheel.windows.PythonConfiguration]
-        | list[cibuildwheel.macos.PythonConfiguration]
-    )
-
-    if platform == "linux":
-        python_configurations = cibuildwheel.linux.get_python_configurations(
-            build_selector, architectures
+def detect_errors(*, options: Options, identifiers: Iterable[str]) -> Generator[str, None, None]:
+    # Check for deprecated CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT environment variable
+    if "CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT" in os.environ:
+        yield (
+            "CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT environment variable is no longer supported. "
+            'Use tool.cibuildwheel.enable = ["cpython-freethreading"] in pyproject.toml '
+            "or set CIBW_ENABLE=cpython-freethreading instead."
         )
-    elif platform == "windows":
-        python_configurations = cibuildwheel.windows.get_python_configurations(
-            build_selector, architectures
-        )
-    elif platform == "macos":
-        python_configurations = cibuildwheel.macos.get_python_configurations(
-            build_selector, architectures
-        )
-    else:
-        assert_never(platform)
 
-    return [config.identifier for config in python_configurations]
-
-
-def detect_warnings(*, options: Options, identifiers: list[str]) -> list[str]:
-    warnings = []
-
-    # warn about deprecated {python} and {pip}
+    # Deprecated {python} and {pip}
     for option_name in ["test_command", "before_build"]:
         option_values = [getattr(options.build_options(i), option_name) for i in identifiers]
 
         if any(o and ("{python}" in o or "{pip}" in o) for o in option_values):
             # Reminder: in an f-string, double braces means literal single brace
-            msg = (
-                f"{option_name}: '{{python}}' and '{{pip}}' are no longer needed, "
-                "and will be removed in a future release. Simply use 'python' or 'pip' instead."
+            yield (
+                f"{option_name}: '{{python}}' and '{{pip}}' are no longer supported "
+                "and have been removed in cibuildwheel 3. Simply use 'python' or 'pip' instead."
             )
+
+
+def detect_warnings(*, options: Options) -> Generator[str, None, None]:
+    python_version_deprecation = ((3, 11), 3)
+    if sys.version_info[:2] < python_version_deprecation[0]:
+        python_version = ".".join(map(str, python_version_deprecation[0]))
+        yield (
+            f"cibuildwheel {python_version_deprecation[1]} will require Python {python_version}+, "
+            "please upgrade the Python version used to run cibuildwheel. "
+            "This does not affect the versions you can target when building wheels. See: https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/#what-does-it-do"
+        )
+
+    build_selector = options.globals.build_selector
+    test_selector = options.globals.test_selector
+
+    if EnableGroup.CPythonExperimentalRiscV64 in build_selector.enable:
+        yield (
+            "'cpython-experimental-riscv64' enable is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. "
+            "It should be removed from tool.cibuildwheel.enable in pyproject.toml "
+            "or CIBW_ENABLE environment variable."
+        )
+
+    all_valid_identifiers = [
+        config.identifier
+        for module in ALL_PLATFORM_MODULES.values()
+        for config in module.all_python_configurations()
+    ]
+
+    enabled_selector = BuildSelector(
+        build_config="*", skip_config="", enable=options.globals.build_selector.enable
+    )
+    all_enabled_identifiers = [
+        identifier for identifier in all_valid_identifiers if enabled_selector(identifier)
+    ]
+
+    yield from check_for_invalid_selectors(
+        selector_name="build",
+        selector_value=build_selector.build_config,
+        all_valid_identifiers=all_valid_identifiers,
+        all_enabled_identifiers=all_enabled_identifiers,
+    )
+    yield from check_for_invalid_selectors(
+        selector_name="skip",
+        selector_value=build_selector.skip_config,
+        all_valid_identifiers=all_valid_identifiers,
+        all_enabled_identifiers=all_enabled_identifiers,
+    )
+    yield from check_for_invalid_selectors(
+        selector_name="test_skip",
+        selector_value=test_selector.skip_config,
+        all_valid_identifiers=all_valid_identifiers,
+        all_enabled_identifiers=all_enabled_identifiers,
+    )
+
+
+def check_for_invalid_selectors(
+    *,
+    selector_name: Literal["build", "skip", "test_skip"],
+    selector_value: str,
+    all_valid_identifiers: Sequence[str],
+    all_enabled_identifiers: Sequence[str],
+) -> list[str]:
+    warnings = []
+
+    for selector in selector_value.split():
+        selector_ = selector
+        if selector_name == "test_skip":
+            # macosx_universal2 uses an additional identifier for tests which ends with ":{arch}"
+            values = selector.split(":")
+            universal2_identifiers = filter(
+                lambda x: x.endswith("-macosx_universal2"), all_valid_identifiers
+            )
+            if len(values) == 2 and any(
+                selector_matches(selector_, f"{i}:{arch}")
+                for i in universal2_identifiers
+                for arch in ["arm64", "x86_64"]
+            ):
+                # just ignore the arch part in the rest of the check
+                selector_ = values[0]
+        if not any(selector_matches(selector_, i) for i in all_enabled_identifiers):
+            msg = f"Invalid {selector_name} selector: {selector!r}. "
+            error_type: type = errors.ConfigurationError
+
+            if any(selector_matches(selector_, i) for i in all_valid_identifiers):
+                msg += "This selector matches a group that wasn't enabled. Enable it using the `enable` option or remove this selector. "
+
+            if "p2" in selector_ or "p35" in selector_:
+                msg += f"cibuildwheel 3.x no longer supports Python < 3.8. Please use the 1.x series or update `{selector_name}`. "
+                error_type = errors.DeprecationError
+            if "p36" in selector_ or "p37" in selector_:
+                msg += f"cibuildwheel 3.x no longer supports Python < 3.8. Please use the 2.x series or update `{selector_name}`. "
+                error_type = errors.DeprecationError
+
+            if selector_name == "build":
+                raise error_type(msg)
+
+            msg += "This selector will have no effect. "
+
             warnings.append(msg)
 
     return warnings

cibuildwheel/architecture.py

@@ -1,72 +1,116 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import functools
 import platform as platform_module
 import re
+import shutil
+import subprocess
 import sys
-from enum import Enum
+import typing
+from collections.abc import Set
+from enum import StrEnum, auto
+from typing import Final, Literal
 
-from .typing import Final, Literal, PlatformName, assert_never
+from cibuildwheel import errors
 
-PRETTY_NAMES: Final = {"linux": "Linux", "macos": "macOS", "windows": "Windows"}
+from .typing import PlatformName
+
+PRETTY_NAMES: Final[dict[PlatformName, str]] = {
+    "linux": "Linux",
+    "macos": "macOS",
+    "windows": "Windows",
+    "pyodide": "Pyodide",
+    "android": "Android",
+    "ios": "iOS",
+}
 
 ARCH_SYNONYMS: Final[list[dict[PlatformName, str | None]]] = [
-    {"linux": "x86_64", "macos": "x86_64", "windows": "AMD64"},
+    {"linux": "x86_64", "macos": "x86_64", "windows": "AMD64", "android": "x86_64"},
     {"linux": "i686", "macos": None, "windows": "x86"},
-    {"linux": "aarch64", "macos": "arm64", "windows": "ARM64"},
+    {"linux": "aarch64", "macos": "arm64", "windows": "ARM64", "android": "arm64_v8a"},
 ]
 
 
-@functools.total_ordering
-class Architecture(Enum):
-    value: str
+def arch_synonym(arch: str, from_platform: PlatformName, to_platform: PlatformName) -> str | None:
+    for arch_synonym_ in ARCH_SYNONYMS:
+        if arch == arch_synonym_.get(from_platform):
+            return arch_synonym_.get(to_platform, arch)
 
-    # mac/linux archs
-    x86_64 = "x86_64"
+    return arch
+
+
+def _check_aarch32_el0() -> bool:
+    """Check if running armv7l natively on aarch64 is supported"""
+    if not sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
+        return False
+    if platform_module.machine() != "aarch64":
+        return False
+    executable = shutil.which("linux32")
+    if executable is None:
+        return False
+    check = subprocess.run([executable, "uname", "-m"], check=False, capture_output=True, text=True)
+    return check.returncode == 0 and check.stdout.startswith("armv")
+
+
+@typing.final
+class Architecture(StrEnum):
+    # mac/linux/android archs
+    x86_64 = auto()
 
     # linux archs
-    i686 = "i686"
-    aarch64 = "aarch64"
-    ppc64le = "ppc64le"
-    s390x = "s390x"
+    i686 = auto()
+    aarch64 = auto()
+    ppc64le = auto()
+    s390x = auto()
+    armv7l = auto()
+    riscv64 = auto()
 
     # mac archs
-    universal2 = "universal2"
-    arm64 = "arm64"
+    universal2 = auto()
+    arm64 = auto()
 
     # windows archs
-    x86 = "x86"
+    x86 = auto()
     AMD64 = "AMD64"
     ARM64 = "ARM64"
 
-    # Allow this to be sorted
-    def __lt__(self, other: Architecture) -> bool:
-        return self.value < other.value
+    # WebAssembly
+    wasm32 = auto()
 
-    def __str__(self) -> str:
-        return self.name
+    # android archs
+    arm64_v8a = auto()
+
+    # iOS "multiarch" architectures that include both
+    # the CPU architecture and the ABI.
+    arm64_iphoneos = auto()
+    arm64_iphonesimulator = auto()
+    x86_64_iphonesimulator = auto()
 
     @staticmethod
-    def parse_config(config: str, platform: PlatformName) -> set[Architecture]:
+    def parse_config(config: str, platform: PlatformName) -> "set[Architecture]":
         result = set()
         for arch_str in re.split(r"[\s,]+", config):
-            if arch_str == "auto":
-                result |= Architecture.auto_archs(platform=platform)
-            elif arch_str == "native":
-                result.add(Architecture(platform_module.machine()))
-            elif arch_str == "all":
-                result |= Architecture.all_archs(platform=platform)
-            elif arch_str == "auto64":
-                result |= Architecture.bitness_archs(platform=platform, bitness="64")
-            elif arch_str == "auto32":
-                result |= Architecture.bitness_archs(platform=platform, bitness="32")
-            else:
-                result.add(Architecture(arch_str))
+            match arch_str:
+                case "auto":
+                    result |= Architecture.auto_archs(platform=platform)
+                case "native":
+                    if native_arch := Architecture.native_arch(platform=platform):
+                        result.add(native_arch)
+                case "all":
+                    result |= Architecture.all_archs(platform=platform)
+                case "auto64":
+                    result |= Architecture.bitness_archs(platform=platform, bitness="64")
+                case "auto32":
+                    result |= Architecture.bitness_archs(platform=platform, bitness="32")
+                case _:
+                    try:
+                        result.add(Architecture(arch_str))
+                    except ValueError as e:
+                        msg = f"Invalid architecture '{arch_str}'"
+                        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg) from e
         return result
 
     @staticmethod
-    def auto_archs(platform: PlatformName) -> set[Architecture]:
+    def native_arch(platform: PlatformName) -> "Architecture | None":
         native_machine = platform_module.machine()
+        native_architecture = Architecture(native_machine)
 
         # Cross-platform support. Used for --print-build-identifiers or docker builds.
         host_platform: PlatformName = (
@@ -75,34 +119,49 @@ class Architecture(Enum):
             else ("macos" if sys.platform.startswith("darwin") else "linux")
         )
 
-        native_architecture = Architecture(native_machine)
+        if platform == "pyodide":
+            return Architecture.wasm32
+        elif platform == "ios":
+            # Can only build for iOS on macOS. The "native" architecture is the
+            # simulator for the macOS native platform.
+            if host_platform == "macos":
+                if native_architecture == Architecture.x86_64:
+                    return Architecture.x86_64_iphonesimulator
+                else:
+                    return Architecture.arm64_iphonesimulator
+            else:
+                return None
 
         # we might need to rename the native arch to the machine we're running
         # on, as the same arch can have different names on different platforms
         if host_platform != platform:
-            for arch_synonym in ARCH_SYNONYMS:
-                if native_machine == arch_synonym.get(host_platform):
-                    synonym = arch_synonym[platform]
+            synonym = arch_synonym(native_machine, host_platform, platform)
+            if synonym is None:
+                # can't build anything on this platform
+                return None
 
-                    if synonym is None:
-                        # can't build anything on this platform
-                        return set()
+            native_architecture = Architecture(synonym)
 
-                    native_architecture = Architecture(synonym)
+        return native_architecture
 
-        result = {native_architecture}
+    @staticmethod
+    def auto_archs(platform: PlatformName) -> "set[Architecture]":
+        native_arch = Architecture.native_arch(platform)
+        if native_arch is None:
+            return set()  # can't build anything on this platform
+        result = {native_arch}
 
-        if platform == "linux" and Architecture.x86_64 in result:
-            # x86_64 machines can run i686 containers
-            result.add(Architecture.i686)
-
-        if platform == "windows" and Architecture.AMD64 in result:
-            result.add(Architecture.x86)
+        match platform:
+            case "windows" if Architecture.AMD64 in result:
+                result.add(Architecture.x86)
+            case "ios" if native_arch == Architecture.arm64_iphonesimulator:
+                # Also build the device wheel if we're on ARM64.
+                result.add(Architecture.arm64_iphoneos)
 
         return result
 
     @staticmethod
-    def all_archs(platform: PlatformName) -> set[Architecture]:
+    def all_archs(platform: PlatformName) -> "set[Architecture]":
         all_archs_map = {
             "linux": {
                 Architecture.x86_64,
@@ -110,31 +169,58 @@ class Architecture(Enum):
                 Architecture.aarch64,
                 Architecture.ppc64le,
                 Architecture.s390x,
+                Architecture.armv7l,
+                Architecture.riscv64,
             },
             "macos": {Architecture.x86_64, Architecture.arm64, Architecture.universal2},
             "windows": {Architecture.x86, Architecture.AMD64, Architecture.ARM64},
+            "pyodide": {Architecture.wasm32},
+            "android": {Architecture.x86_64, Architecture.arm64_v8a},
+            "ios": {
+                Architecture.x86_64_iphonesimulator,
+                Architecture.arm64_iphonesimulator,
+                Architecture.arm64_iphoneos,
+            },
         }
         return all_archs_map[platform]
 
     @staticmethod
-    # pylint: disable-next=inconsistent-return-statements
-    def bitness_archs(platform: PlatformName, bitness: Literal["64", "32"]) -> set[Architecture]:
-        archs_32 = {Architecture.i686, Architecture.x86}
-        auto_archs = Architecture.auto_archs(platform)
+    def bitness_archs(platform: PlatformName, bitness: Literal["64", "32"]) -> "set[Architecture]":
+        # This map maps 64-bit architectures to their 32-bit equivalents.
+        archs_map = {
+            Architecture.x86_64: Architecture.i686,
+            Architecture.AMD64: Architecture.x86,
+            Architecture.aarch64: Architecture.armv7l,
+        }
+        native_arch = Architecture.native_arch(platform)
 
-        if bitness == "64":
-            return auto_archs - archs_32
-        elif bitness == "32":
-            return auto_archs & archs_32
-        else:
-            assert_never(bitness)
+        if native_arch is None:
+            return set()  # can't build anything on this platform
+
+        if native_arch == Architecture.wasm32:
+            return {native_arch} if bitness == "32" else set()
+
+        match bitness:
+            case "64":
+                return {native_arch} if native_arch not in archs_map.values() else set()
+            case "32":
+                if native_arch in archs_map.values():
+                    return {native_arch}
+                elif native_arch in archs_map and platform in {"linux", "windows"}:
+                    if native_arch == Architecture.aarch64 and not _check_aarch32_el0():
+                        # If we're on aarch64, skip if we cannot build armv7l wheels.
+                        return set()
+                    return {archs_map[native_arch]}
+                else:
+                    return set()
+            case _:
+                typing.assert_never(bitness)
 
 
 def allowed_architectures_check(
     platform: PlatformName,
-    architectures: set[Architecture],
+    architectures: Set[Architecture],
 ) -> None:
-
     allowed_architectures = Architecture.all_archs(platform)
 
     msg = f"{PRETTY_NAMES[platform]} only supports {sorted(allowed_architectures)} at the moment."

cibuildwheel/bashlex_eval.py

@@ -1,20 +1,23 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
+import dataclasses
 import subprocess
-from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import Callable, Dict, List, Sequence
+from collections.abc import (
+    Callable,
+    Iterable,
+    Mapping,
+    Sequence,
+)
 
 import bashlex
 
 # a function that takes a command and the environment, and returns the result
-EnvironmentExecutor = Callable[[List[str], Dict[str, str]], str]
+EnvironmentExecutor = Callable[[list[str], dict[str, str]], str]
 
 
-def local_environment_executor(command: list[str], env: dict[str, str]) -> str:
+def local_environment_executor(command: Sequence[str], env: Mapping[str, str]) -> str:
     return subprocess.run(command, env=env, text=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, check=True).stdout
 
 
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, kw_only=True)
 class NodeExecutionContext:
     environment: dict[str, str]
     input: str
@@ -22,7 +25,7 @@ class NodeExecutionContext:
 
 
 def evaluate(
-    value: str, environment: dict[str, str], executor: EnvironmentExecutor | None = None
+    value: str, environment: Mapping[str, str], executor: EnvironmentExecutor | None = None
 ) -> str:
     if not value:
         # empty string evaluates to empty string
@@ -40,7 +43,9 @@ def evaluate(
     return evaluate_node(
         value_word_node,
         context=NodeExecutionContext(
-            environment=environment, input=value, executor=executor or local_environment_executor
+            environment=dict(environment),
+            input=value,
+            executor=executor or local_environment_executor,
         ),
     )
 
@@ -105,7 +110,7 @@ def evaluate_nodes_as_compound_command(
 
 
 def evaluate_nodes_as_simple_command(
-    nodes: list[bashlex.ast.node], context: NodeExecutionContext
+    nodes: Iterable[bashlex.ast.node], context: NodeExecutionContext
 ) -> str:
     command = [evaluate_node(part, context=context) for part in nodes]
     return context.executor(command, context.environment)

cibuildwheel/ci.py

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+import os
+import re
+from enum import Enum
+
+from .util.helpers import strtobool
+
+ANSI_CODE_REGEX = re.compile(r"(\033\[[0-9;]*m)")
+
+
+class CIProvider(Enum):
+    # official support
+    travis_ci = "travis"
+    circle_ci = "circle_ci"
+    azure_pipelines = "azure_pipelines"
+    github_actions = "github_actions"
+    gitlab = "gitlab"
+    cirrus_ci = "cirrus_ci"
+
+    # unofficial support
+    appveyor = "appveyor"
+
+    other = "other"
+
+
+def detect_ci_provider() -> CIProvider | None:
+    if "TRAVIS" in os.environ:
+        return CIProvider.travis_ci
+    elif "APPVEYOR" in os.environ:
+        return CIProvider.appveyor
+    elif "CIRCLECI" in os.environ:
+        return CIProvider.circle_ci
+    elif "AZURE_HTTP_USER_AGENT" in os.environ:
+        return CIProvider.azure_pipelines
+    elif "GITHUB_ACTIONS" in os.environ:
+        return CIProvider.github_actions
+    elif "GITLAB_CI" in os.environ:
+        return CIProvider.gitlab
+    elif "CIRRUS_CI" in os.environ:
+        return CIProvider.cirrus_ci
+    elif strtobool(os.environ.get("CI", "false")):
+        return CIProvider.other
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def fix_ansi_codes_for_github_actions(text: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Github Actions forgets the current ANSI style on every new line. This
+    function repeats the current ANSI style on every new line.
+    """
+
+    ansi_codes: list[str] = []
+    output = ""
+
+    for line in text.splitlines(keepends=True):
+        # add the current ANSI codes to the beginning of the line
+        output += "".join(ansi_codes) + line
+
+        # split the line at each ANSI code
+        parts = ANSI_CODE_REGEX.split(line)
+        # if there are any ANSI codes, save them
+        if len(parts) > 1:
+            # iterate over the ANSI codes in this line
+            for code in parts[1::2]:
+                if code == "\033[0m":
+                    # reset the list of ANSI codes when the clear code is found
+                    ansi_codes = []
+                else:
+                    ansi_codes.append(code)
+
+    return output
+
+
+def filter_ansi_codes(text: str, /) -> str:
+    """
+    Remove ANSI codes from text.
+    """
+
+    return ANSI_CODE_REGEX.sub("", text)

cibuildwheel/environment.py

@@ -1,13 +1,10 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
 import dataclasses
-from typing import Any, Mapping, Sequence
+from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
+from typing import Any, Protocol
 
 import bashlex
 import bashlex.errors
 
-from cibuildwheel.typing import Protocol
-
 from . import bashlex_eval
 
 
@@ -54,7 +51,7 @@ class EnvironmentAssignment(Protocol):
     def evaluated_value(
         self,
         *,
-        environment: dict[str, str],
+        environment: Mapping[str, str],
         executor: bashlex_eval.EnvironmentExecutor | None = None,
     ) -> str:
         """Returns the value of this assignment, as evaluated in the environment"""
@@ -76,12 +73,16 @@ class EnvironmentAssignmentRaw:
         return self.value
 
 
+@dataclasses.dataclass
 class EnvironmentAssignmentBash:
     """
     An environment variable, in bash syntax. The value can use bash constructs
     like "$OTHER_VAR" and "$(command arg1 arg2)".
     """
 
+    name: str
+    value: str
+
     def __init__(self, assignment: str):
         name, equals, value = assignment.partition("=")
         if not equals:
@@ -91,7 +92,7 @@ class EnvironmentAssignmentBash:
 
     def evaluated_value(
         self,
-        environment: dict[str, str],
+        environment: Mapping[str, str],
         executor: bashlex_eval.EnvironmentExecutor | None = None,
     ) -> str:
         return bashlex_eval.evaluate(self.value, environment=environment, executor=executor)
@@ -99,13 +100,8 @@ class EnvironmentAssignmentBash:
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return f"{self.name}={self.value}"
 
-    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
-        if isinstance(other, EnvironmentAssignmentBash):
-            return self.name == other.name and self.value == other.value
-        return False
 
-
-@dataclasses.dataclass
+@dataclasses.dataclass(kw_only=True)
 class ParsedEnvironment:
     assignments: list[EnvironmentAssignment]
 
@@ -117,7 +113,7 @@ class ParsedEnvironment:
         prev_environment: Mapping[str, str],
         executor: bashlex_eval.EnvironmentExecutor | None = None,
     ) -> dict[str, str]:
-        environment = dict(**prev_environment)
+        environment = {**prev_environment}
 
         for assignment in self.assignments:
             value = assignment.evaluated_value(environment=environment, executor=executor)
@@ -125,8 +121,12 @@ class ParsedEnvironment:
 
         return environment
 
-    def add(self, name: str, value: str) -> None:
-        self.assignments.append(EnvironmentAssignmentRaw(name=name, value=value))
+    def add(self, name: str, value: str, prepend: bool = False) -> None:
+        assignment = EnvironmentAssignmentRaw(name=name, value=value)
+        if prepend:
+            self.assignments.insert(0, assignment)
+        else:
+            self.assignments.append(assignment)
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({[repr(a) for a in self.assignments]!r})"

cibuildwheel/errors.py

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+"""
+Errors that can cause the build to fail. Each subclass of FatalError has
+a different return code, by defining them all here, we can ensure that they're
+semantically clear and unique.
+"""
+
+import textwrap
+
+
+class FatalError(BaseException):
+    """
+    Raising an error of this type will cause the message to be printed to
+    stderr and the process to be terminated. Within cibuildwheel, raising this
+    exception produces a better error message, and optional traceback.
+    """
+
+    return_code: int = 1
+
+
+class ConfigurationError(FatalError):
+    return_code = 2
+
+
+class NothingToDoError(FatalError):
+    return_code = 3
+
+
+class DeprecationError(FatalError):
+    return_code = 4
+
+
+class NonPlatformWheelError(FatalError):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        message = textwrap.dedent(
+            """
+            Build failed because a pure Python wheel was generated.
+
+            If you intend to build a pure-Python wheel, you don't need
+            cibuildwheel - use `pip wheel .`, `pipx run build --wheel`, `uv
+            build --wheel`, etc. instead. You only need cibuildwheel if you
+            have compiled (not Python) code in your wheels making them depend
+            on the platform.
+
+            If you expected a platform wheel, check your project configuration,
+            or run cibuildwheel with CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY=1 to view build logs.
+            """
+        )
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.return_code = 5
+
+
+class AlreadyBuiltWheelError(FatalError):
+    def __init__(self, wheel_name: str) -> None:
+        message = textwrap.dedent(
+            f"""
+            Build failed because a wheel named {wheel_name} was already generated in the current run.
+
+            If you expected another wheel to be generated, check your project configuration, or run
+            cibuildwheel with CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY=1 to view build logs.
+            """
+        )
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.return_code = 6
+
+
+class OCIEngineTooOldError(FatalError):
+    def __init__(self, message: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.return_code = 7
+
+
+class RepairStepProducedNoWheelError(FatalError):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        message = textwrap.dedent(
+            """
+            Build failed because the repair step completed successfully but
+            did not produce a wheel.
+
+            Your `repair-wheel-command` is expected to place the repaired
+            wheel in the {dest_dir} directory. See the documentation for
+            example configurations:
+
+            https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#repair-wheel-command
+            """
+        )
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.return_code = 8
+
+
+class RepairStepProducedMultipleWheelsError(FatalError):
+    def __init__(self, wheels: list[str]) -> None:
+        message = textwrap.dedent(
+            f"""
+            Build failed because the repair step completed successfully but
+            produced multiple wheels: {wheels}
+
+            Your `repair-wheel-command` is expected to place one repaired
+            wheel in the {{dest_dir}} directory. See the documentation for
+            example configurations:
+
+            https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#repair-wheel-command
+            """
+        )
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.return_code = 8

cibuildwheel/extra.py

@@ -2,21 +2,27 @@
 These are utilities for the `/bin` scripts, not for the `cibuildwheel` program.
 """
 
-from __future__ import annotations
-
+import json
+import time
+import typing
+import urllib.error
+import urllib.request
+from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
 from io import StringIO
+from typing import Any, NotRequired, Protocol
 
-from .typing import Protocol
+from cibuildwheel import __version__ as cibw_version
 
 __all__ = ("Printable", "dump_python_configurations")
 
 
 class Printable(Protocol):
-    def __str__(self) -> str:
-        ...
+    def __str__(self) -> str: ...
 
 
-def dump_python_configurations(inp: dict[str, dict[str, list[dict[str, Printable]]]]) -> str:
+def dump_python_configurations(
+    inp: Mapping[str, Mapping[str, Sequence[Mapping[str, Printable]]]],
+) -> str:
     output = StringIO()
     for header, values in inp.items():
         output.write(f"[{header}]\n")
@@ -31,3 +37,65 @@ def dump_python_configurations(inp: dict[str, dict[str, list[dict[str, Printable
         output.write("\n")
     # Strip the final newline, to avoid two blank lines at the end.
     return output.getvalue()[:-1]
+
+
+def _json_request(request: urllib.request.Request, timeout: int = 30) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    with urllib.request.urlopen(request, timeout=timeout) as response:
+        return typing.cast(dict[str, Any], json.load(response))
+
+
+def github_api_request(path: str, *, max_retries: int = 3) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """
+    Makes a GitHub API request to the given path and returns the JSON response.
+    """
+    api_url = f"https://api.github.com/{path}"
+    headers = {
+        "Accept": "application/vnd.github.v3+json",
+        "User-Agent": f"cibuildwheel/{cibw_version}",
+    }
+    request = urllib.request.Request(api_url, headers=headers)
+
+    for retry_count in range(max_retries):
+        try:
+            return _json_request(request)
+        except (urllib.error.URLError, TimeoutError) as e:
+            # pylint: disable=E1101
+            if (
+                isinstance(e, urllib.error.HTTPError)
+                and (e.code == 403 or e.code == 429)
+                and e.headers.get("x-ratelimit-remaining") == "0"
+            ):
+                reset_time = int(e.headers.get("x-ratelimit-reset", 0))
+                wait_time = max(0, reset_time - int(e.headers.get("date", 0)))
+                print(f"Github rate limit exceeded. Waiting for {wait_time} seconds.")
+                time.sleep(wait_time)
+            else:
+                print(f"Retrying GitHub API request due to error: {e}")
+
+            if retry_count == max_retries - 1:
+                print(f"GitHub API request failed (Network error: {e}). Check network connection.")
+                raise e
+
+    # Should never be reached but to keep the type checker happy
+    msg = "Unexpected execution path in github_api_request"
+    raise RuntimeError(msg)
+
+
+class PyodideXBuildEnvRelease(typing.TypedDict):
+    version: str
+    python_version: str
+    emscripten_version: str
+    min_pyodide_build_version: NotRequired[str]
+    max_pyodide_build_version: NotRequired[str]
+
+
+class PyodideXBuildEnvInfo(typing.TypedDict):
+    releases: dict[str, PyodideXBuildEnvRelease]
+
+
+def get_pyodide_xbuildenv_info() -> PyodideXBuildEnvInfo:
+    xbuildenv_info_url = (
+        "https://pyodide.github.io/pyodide/api/pyodide-cross-build-environments.json"
+    )
+    with urllib.request.urlopen(xbuildenv_info_url) as response:
+        return typing.cast(PyodideXBuildEnvInfo, json.loads(response.read().decode("utf-8")))

cibuildwheel/frontend.py

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+import dataclasses
+import shlex
+import typing
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Literal, Self, get_args
+
+from .logger import log
+from .util.helpers import parse_key_value_string
+
+BuildFrontendName = Literal["pip", "build", "build[uv]"]
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
+class BuildFrontendConfig:
+    name: BuildFrontendName
+    args: Sequence[str] = ()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_config_string(cls, config_string: str) -> Self:
+        config_dict = parse_key_value_string(config_string, ["name"], ["args"])
+        name = " ".join(config_dict["name"])
+        if name not in get_args(BuildFrontendName):
+            names = ", ".join(repr(n) for n in get_args(BuildFrontendName))
+            msg = f"Unrecognised build frontend {name!r}, must be one of {names}"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        name = typing.cast(BuildFrontendName, name)
+
+        args = config_dict.get("args") or []
+        return cls(name=name, args=args)
+
+    def options_summary(self) -> str | dict[str, str]:
+        if not self.args:
+            return self.name
+        else:
+            return {"name": self.name, "args": repr(self.args)}
+
+
+def _get_verbosity_flags(level: int, frontend: BuildFrontendName) -> list[str]:
+    if level < 0:
+        if frontend == "pip":
+            return ["-" + -level * "q"]
+
+        msg = f"build_verbosity {level} is not supported for {frontend} frontend. Ignoring."
+        log.warning(msg)
+
+    if level > 0:
+        if frontend == "pip":
+            return ["-" + level * "v"]
+        if level > 1:
+            return ["-" + (level - 1) * "v"]
+
+    return []
+
+
+def _split_config_settings(config_settings: str) -> list[str]:
+    config_settings_list = shlex.split(config_settings)
+    return [f"-C{setting}" for setting in config_settings_list]
+
+
+# Based on build.__main__.main.
+def parse_config_settings(config_settings_str: str) -> dict[str, str | list[str]]:
+    config_settings: dict[str, str | list[str]] = {}
+    for arg in shlex.split(config_settings_str):
+        setting, _, value = arg.partition("=")
+        existing_value = config_settings.get(setting)
+        if existing_value is None:
+            config_settings[setting] = value
+        elif isinstance(existing_value, str):
+            config_settings[setting] = [existing_value, value]
+        else:
+            existing_value.append(value)
+
+    return config_settings
+
+
+def get_build_frontend_extra_flags(
+    build_frontend: BuildFrontendConfig, verbosity_level: int, config_settings: str
+) -> list[str]:
+    return [
+        *_split_config_settings(config_settings),
+        *build_frontend.args,
+        *_get_verbosity_flags(verbosity_level, build_frontend.name),
+    ]

cibuildwheel/functools_cached_property_38.py

@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-from threading import RLock
-from typing import Any, Callable, Generic, TypeVar, overload
-
-__all__ = ["cached_property"]
-
-_NOT_FOUND = object()
-
-_T = TypeVar("_T")
-
-
-class cached_property(Generic[_T]):
-    def __init__(self, func: Callable[[Any], _T]):
-        self.func = func
-        self.attrname: str | None = None
-        self.__doc__ = func.__doc__
-        self.lock = RLock()
-
-    def __set_name__(self, owner: type[Any], name: str) -> None:
-        if self.attrname is None:
-            self.attrname = name
-        elif name != self.attrname:
-            msg = f"Cannot assign the same cached_property to two different names ({self.attrname!r} and {name!r})."
-            raise TypeError(msg)
-
-    @overload
-    def __get__(self, instance: None, owner: type[Any] | None = ...) -> cached_property[_T]:
-        ...
-
-    @overload
-    def __get__(self, instance: object, owner: type[Any] | None = ...) -> _T:
-        ...
-
-    def __get__(self, instance: object | None, owner: type[Any] | None = None) -> Any:
-        if instance is None:
-            return self
-        if self.attrname is None:
-            msg = "Cannot use cached_property instance without calling __set_name__ on it."
-            raise TypeError(msg)
-        try:
-            cache = instance.__dict__
-        except AttributeError:  # not all objects have __dict__ (e.g. class defines slots)
-            msg = (
-                f"No '__dict__' attribute on {type(instance).__name__!r} "
-                f"instance to cache {self.attrname!r} property."
-            )
-            raise TypeError(msg) from None
-        val = cache.get(self.attrname, _NOT_FOUND)
-        if val is _NOT_FOUND:
-            with self.lock:
-                # check if another thread filled cache while we awaited lock
-                val = cache.get(self.attrname, _NOT_FOUND)
-                if val is _NOT_FOUND:
-                    val = self.func(instance)
-                    try:
-                        cache[self.attrname] = val
-                    except TypeError:
-                        msg = (
-                            f"The '__dict__' attribute on {type(instance).__name__!r} instance "
-                            f"does not support item assignment for caching {self.attrname!r} property."
-                        )
-                        raise TypeError(msg) from None
-        return val

cibuildwheel/logger.py

@@ -1,50 +1,125 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
 import codecs
+import contextlib
+import dataclasses
+import functools
+import hashlib
+import io
 import os
 import re
 import sys
+import textwrap
 import time
-from typing import IO, AnyStr
+from collections.abc import Generator
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import IO, TYPE_CHECKING, AnyStr, Final, Literal
 
-from cibuildwheel.typing import Final
-from cibuildwheel.util import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider
+import humanize
 
-DEFAULT_FOLD_PATTERN: Final = ("{name}", "")
-FOLD_PATTERNS: Final = {
+from .ci import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider, filter_ansi_codes
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .options import Options
+
+FoldPattern = tuple[str, str]
+DEFAULT_FOLD_PATTERN: Final[FoldPattern] = ("{name}", "")
+FOLD_PATTERNS: Final[dict[str, FoldPattern]] = {
     "azure": ("##[group]{name}", "##[endgroup]"),
     "travis": ("travis_fold:start:{identifier}\n{name}", "travis_fold:end:{identifier}"),
     "github": ("::group::{name}", "::endgroup::{name}"),
 }
 
-PLATFORM_IDENTIFIER_DESCRIPTIONS: Final = {
+PLATFORM_IDENTIFIER_DESCRIPTIONS: Final[dict[str, str]] = {
     "manylinux_x86_64": "manylinux x86_64",
     "manylinux_i686": "manylinux i686",
     "manylinux_aarch64": "manylinux aarch64",
     "manylinux_ppc64le": "manylinux ppc64le",
     "manylinux_s390x": "manylinux s390x",
+    "manylinux_armv7l": "manylinux armv7l",
+    "manylinux_riscv64": "manylinux riscv64",
     "musllinux_x86_64": "musllinux x86_64",
     "musllinux_i686": "musllinux i686",
     "musllinux_aarch64": "musllinux aarch64",
     "musllinux_ppc64le": "musllinux ppc64le",
-    "musllinux_s390x": "manylinux s390x",
+    "musllinux_s390x": "musllinux s390x",
+    "musllinux_armv7l": "musllinux armv7l",
+    "musllinux_riscv64": "musllinux riscv64",
     "win32": "Windows 32bit",
     "win_amd64": "Windows 64bit",
     "win_arm64": "Windows on ARM 64bit",
     "macosx_x86_64": "macOS x86_64",
     "macosx_universal2": "macOS Universal 2 - x86_64 and arm64",
     "macosx_arm64": "macOS arm64 - Apple Silicon",
+    "pyodide_wasm32": "Pyodide",
+    "android_arm64_v8a": "Android arm64_v8a",
+    "android_x86_64": "Android x86_64",
+    "ios_arm64_iphoneos": "iOS Device (ARM64)",
+    "ios_arm64_iphonesimulator": "iOS Simulator (ARM64)",
+    "ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator": "iOS Simulator (x86_64)",
 }
 
 
+class Colors:
+    def __init__(self, *, enabled: bool) -> None:
+        self.red = "\033[31m" if enabled else ""
+        self.green = "\033[32m" if enabled else ""
+        self.yellow = "\033[33m" if enabled else ""
+        self.blue = "\033[34m" if enabled else ""
+        self.cyan = "\033[36m" if enabled else ""
+        self.bright_red = "\033[91m" if enabled else ""
+        self.bright_green = "\033[92m" if enabled else ""
+        self.white = "\033[37m\033[97m" if enabled else ""
+        self.gray = "\033[38;5;244m" if enabled else ""
+
+        self.bg_grey = "\033[48;5;235m" if enabled else ""
+
+        self.bold = "\033[1m" if enabled else ""
+        self.faint = "\033[2m" if enabled else ""
+
+        self.end = "\033[0m" if enabled else ""
+
+
+class Symbols:
+    def __init__(self, *, unicode: bool) -> None:
+        self.done = "✓" if unicode else "done"
+        self.error = "✕" if unicode else "failed"
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(kw_only=True, frozen=True)
+class BuildInfo:
+    identifier: str
+    filename: Path | None
+    duration: float
+
+    @functools.cached_property
+    def size(self) -> str | None:
+        if self.filename is None:
+            return None
+        return humanize.naturalsize(self.filename.stat().st_size)
+
+    @functools.cached_property
+    def sha256(self) -> str | None:
+        if self.filename is None:
+            return None
+        with self.filename.open("rb") as f:
+            digest = hashlib.file_digest(f, "sha256")
+        return digest.hexdigest()
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        duration = humanize.naturaldelta(self.duration)
+        if self.filename:
+            return f"{self.identifier}: {self.filename.name} {self.size} in {duration}, SHA256={self.sha256}"
+        return f"{self.identifier}: {duration} (test only)"
+
+
 class Logger:
-    fold_mode: str
+    fold_mode: Literal["azure", "github", "travis", "disabled"]
     colors_enabled: bool
     unicode_enabled: bool
     active_build_identifier: str | None = None
     build_start_time: float | None = None
     step_start_time: float | None = None
     active_fold_group_name: str | None = None
+    summary: list[BuildInfo]
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
         if sys.platform == "win32" and hasattr(sys.stdout, "reconfigure"):
@@ -56,25 +131,28 @@ class Logger:
 
         ci_provider = detect_ci_provider()
 
-        if ci_provider == CIProvider.azure_pipelines:
-            self.fold_mode = "azure"
-            self.colors_enabled = True
+        match ci_provider:
+            case CIProvider.azure_pipelines:
+                self.fold_mode = "azure"
+                self.colors_enabled = True
 
-        elif ci_provider == CIProvider.github_actions:
-            self.fold_mode = "github"
-            self.colors_enabled = True
+            case CIProvider.github_actions:
+                self.fold_mode = "github"
+                self.colors_enabled = True
 
-        elif ci_provider == CIProvider.travis_ci:
-            self.fold_mode = "travis"
-            self.colors_enabled = True
+            case CIProvider.travis_ci:
+                self.fold_mode = "travis"
+                self.colors_enabled = True
 
-        elif ci_provider == CIProvider.appveyor:
-            self.fold_mode = "disabled"
-            self.colors_enabled = True
+            case CIProvider.appveyor:
+                self.fold_mode = "disabled"
+                self.colors_enabled = True
 
-        else:
-            self.fold_mode = "disabled"
-            self.colors_enabled = file_supports_color(sys.stdout)
+            case _:
+                self.fold_mode = "disabled"
+                self.colors_enabled = file_supports_color(sys.stdout)
+
+        self.summary = []
 
     def build_start(self, identifier: str) -> None:
         self.step_end()
@@ -88,7 +166,7 @@ class Logger:
         self.build_start_time = time.time()
         self.active_build_identifier = identifier
 
-    def build_end(self) -> None:
+    def build_end(self, filename: Path | None) -> None:
         assert self.build_start_time is not None
         assert self.active_build_identifier is not None
         self.step_end()
@@ -96,11 +174,14 @@ class Logger:
         c = self.colors
         s = self.symbols
         duration = time.time() - self.build_start_time
+        duration_str = humanize.naturaldelta(duration, minimum_unit="milliseconds")
 
         print()
-        print(
-            f"{c.green}{s.done} {c.end}{self.active_build_identifier} finished in {duration:.2f}s"
+        print(f"{c.green}{s.done} {c.end}{self.active_build_identifier} finished in {duration_str}")
+        self.summary.append(
+            BuildInfo(identifier=self.active_build_identifier, filename=filename, duration=duration)
         )
+
         self.build_start_time = None
         self.active_build_identifier = None
 
@@ -115,6 +196,7 @@ class Logger:
             c = self.colors
             s = self.symbols
             duration = time.time() - self.step_start_time
+
             if success:
                 print(f"{c.green}{s.done} {c.end}{duration:.2f}s".rjust(78))
             else:
@@ -126,26 +208,54 @@ class Logger:
         self.step_end(success=False)
         self.error(error)
 
+    def quiet(self, message: str) -> None:
+        c = self.colors
+        print(f"{c.gray}{message}{c.end}", file=sys.stderr)
+
     def notice(self, message: str) -> None:
         if self.fold_mode == "github":
-            print(f"::notice::{message}\n", file=sys.stderr)
+            print(f"::notice::cibuildwheel: {message}\n", file=sys.stderr)
         else:
             c = self.colors
-            print(f"{c.bold}Note{c.end}: {message}\n", file=sys.stderr)
+            print(f"cibuildwheel: {c.bold}note{c.end}: {message}\n", file=sys.stderr)
 
     def warning(self, message: str) -> None:
         if self.fold_mode == "github":
-            print(f"::warning::{message}\n", file=sys.stderr)
+            print(f"::warning::cibuildwheel: {message}\n", file=sys.stderr)
         else:
             c = self.colors
-            print(f"{c.yellow}Warning{c.end}: {message}\n", file=sys.stderr)
+            print(f"cibuildwheel: {c.yellow}warning{c.end}: {message}\n", file=sys.stderr)
 
     def error(self, error: BaseException | str) -> None:
         if self.fold_mode == "github":
-            print(f"::error::{error}\n", file=sys.stderr)
+            print(f"::error::cibuildwheel: {error}\n", file=sys.stderr)
         else:
             c = self.colors
-            print(f"{c.bright_red}Error{c.end}: {error}\n", file=sys.stderr)
+            print(f"cibuildwheel: {c.bright_red}error{c.end}: {error}\n", file=sys.stderr)
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def print_summary(self, *, options: "Options") -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+        start = time.time()
+        yield
+        duration = time.time() - start
+        if summary_path := os.environ.get("GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY"):
+            github_summary = self._github_step_summary(duration=duration, options=options)
+            Path(summary_path).write_text(filter_ansi_codes(github_summary), encoding="utf-8")
+
+        n_wheels = len([info for info in self.summary if info.filename])
+        s = "s" if n_wheels > 1 else ""
+        duration_str = humanize.naturaldelta(duration)
+        print()
+        self._start_fold_group(f"{n_wheels} wheel{s} produced in {duration_str}")
+        for build_info in self.summary:
+            print(" ", build_info)
+        self._end_fold_group()
+
+        self.summary = []
+
+    @property
+    def step_active(self) -> bool:
+        return self.step_start_time is not None
 
     def _start_fold_group(self, name: str) -> None:
         self._end_fold_group()
@@ -182,6 +292,72 @@ class Logger:
         # lowercase, shorten
         return identifier.lower()[:20]
 
+    def _github_step_summary(self, duration: float, options: "Options") -> str:
+        """
+        Returns the GitHub step summary, in markdown format.
+        """
+        out = io.StringIO()
+        options_summary = options.summary(
+            identifiers=[bi.identifier for bi in self.summary], skip_unset=True
+        )
+        out.write(
+            textwrap.dedent("""\
+                ### 🎡 cibuildwheel
+
+                <details>
+                <summary>
+                Build options
+                </summary>
+
+                ```yaml
+                {options_summary}
+                ```
+
+                </details>
+
+            """).format(options_summary=options_summary)
+        )
+        n_wheels = len([b for b in self.summary if b.filename])
+        wheel_rows = "\n".join(
+            "<tr>"
+            f"<td nowrap>{'<samp>' + b.filename.name + '</samp>' if b.filename else '*Test only*'}</td>"
+            f"<td nowrap>{b.size or 'N/A'}</td>"
+            f"<td nowrap><samp>{b.identifier}</samp></td>"
+            f"<td nowrap>{humanize.naturaldelta(b.duration)}</td>"
+            f"<td nowrap><samp>{b.sha256 or 'N/A'}</samp></td>"
+            "</tr>"
+            for b in self.summary
+        )
+        out.write(
+            textwrap.dedent("""\
+                <table>
+                <thead>
+                <tr>
+                <th align="left">Wheel</th>
+                <th align="left">Size</th>
+                <th align="left">Build identifier</th>
+                <th align="left">Time</th>
+                <th align="left">SHA256</th>
+                </tr>
+                </thead>
+                <tbody>
+                {wheel_rows}
+                </tbody>
+                </table>
+                <div align="right"><sup>{n} wheel{s} created in {duration_str}</sup></div>
+            """).format(
+                wheel_rows=wheel_rows,
+                n=n_wheels,
+                duration_str=humanize.naturaldelta(duration),
+                s="s" if n_wheels > 1 else "",
+            )
+        )
+
+        out.write("\n")
+        out.write("---")
+        out.write("\n")
+        return out.getvalue()
+
     @property
     def colors(self) -> Colors:
         return Colors(enabled=self.colors_enabled)
@@ -197,17 +373,22 @@ def build_description_from_identifier(identifier: str) -> str:
     build_description = ""
 
     python_interpreter = python_identifier[0:2]
-    python_version = python_identifier[2:]
+    version_parts = python_identifier[2:].split("_")
+    python_version = version_parts[0]
 
     if python_interpreter == "cp":
         build_description += "CPython"
     elif python_interpreter == "pp":
         build_description += "PyPy"
+    elif python_interpreter == "gp":
+        build_description += "GraalPy"
     else:
         msg = f"unknown python {python_interpreter!r}"
         raise Exception(msg)
 
     build_description += f" {python_version[0]}.{python_version[1:]} "
+    if len(version_parts) > 1:
+        build_description += f"(ABI {version_parts[1]}) "
 
     try:
         build_description += PLATFORM_IDENTIFIER_DESCRIPTIONS[platform_identifier]
@@ -218,32 +399,6 @@ def build_description_from_identifier(identifier: str) -> str:
     return build_description
 
 
-class Colors:
-    def __init__(self, *, enabled: bool) -> None:
-        self.red = "\033[31m" if enabled else ""
-        self.green = "\033[32m" if enabled else ""
-        self.yellow = "\033[33m" if enabled else ""
-        self.blue = "\033[34m" if enabled else ""
-        self.cyan = "\033[36m" if enabled else ""
-        self.bright_red = "\033[91m" if enabled else ""
-        self.bright_green = "\033[92m" if enabled else ""
-        self.white = "\033[37m\033[97m" if enabled else ""
-        self.gray = "\033[38;5;244m" if enabled else ""
-
-        self.bg_grey = "\033[48;5;235m" if enabled else ""
-
-        self.bold = "\033[1m" if enabled else ""
-        self.faint = "\033[2m" if enabled else ""
-
-        self.end = "\033[0m" if enabled else ""
-
-
-class Symbols:
-    def __init__(self, *, unicode: bool) -> None:
-        self.done = "✓" if unicode else "done"
-        self.error = "✕" if unicode else "failed"
-
-
 def file_supports_color(file_obj: IO[AnyStr]) -> bool:
     """
     Returns True if the running system's terminal supports color.

cibuildwheel/macos.py

@@ -1,598 +0,0 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import contextlib
-import functools
-import os
-import platform
-import re
-import shutil
-import subprocess
-import sys
-from dataclasses import dataclass
-from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Sequence, Tuple, cast
-
-from filelock import FileLock
-
-from .architecture import Architecture
-from .environment import ParsedEnvironment
-from .logger import log
-from .options import Options
-from .typing import Literal, PathOrStr, assert_never
-from .util import (
-    CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
-    AlreadyBuiltWheelError,
-    BuildFrontend,
-    BuildSelector,
-    NonPlatformWheelError,
-    call,
-    detect_ci_provider,
-    download,
-    find_compatible_wheel,
-    get_build_verbosity_extra_flags,
-    get_pip_version,
-    install_certifi_script,
-    prepare_command,
-    read_python_configs,
-    shell,
-    split_config_settings,
-    test_fail_cwd_file,
-    unwrap,
-    virtualenv,
-)
-
-
-def get_macos_version() -> tuple[int, int]:
-    """
-    Returns the macOS major/minor version, as a tuple, e.g. (10, 15) or (11, 0)
-
-    These tuples can be used in comparisons, e.g.
-        (10, 14) <= (11, 0) == True
-        (10, 14) <= (10, 16) == True
-        (11, 2) <= (11, 0) != True
-    """
-    version_str, _, _ = platform.mac_ver()
-    version = tuple(map(int, version_str.split(".")[:2]))
-    return cast(Tuple[int, int], version)
-
-
-def get_macos_sdks() -> list[str]:
-    output = call("xcodebuild", "-showsdks", capture_stdout=True)
-    return [m.group(1) for m in re.finditer(r"-sdk (macosx\S+)", output)]
-
-
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
-class PythonConfiguration:
-    version: str
-    identifier: str
-    url: str
-
-
-def get_python_configurations(
-    build_selector: BuildSelector, architectures: set[Architecture]
-) -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
-
-    full_python_configs = read_python_configs("macos")
-
-    python_configurations = [PythonConfiguration(**item) for item in full_python_configs]
-
-    # filter out configs that don't match any of the selected architectures
-    python_configurations = [
-        c
-        for c in python_configurations
-        if any(c.identifier.endswith(a.value) for a in architectures)
-    ]
-
-    # skip builds as required by BUILD/SKIP
-    return [c for c in python_configurations if build_selector(c.identifier)]
-
-
-def install_cpython(tmp: Path, version: str, url: str) -> Path:
-    installation_path = Path(f"/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/{version}")
-    with FileLock(CIBW_CACHE_PATH / f"cpython{version}.lock"):
-        installed_system_packages = call("pkgutil", "--pkgs", capture_stdout=True).splitlines()
-        # if this version of python isn't installed, get it from python.org and install
-        python_package_identifier = f"org.python.Python.PythonFramework-{version}"
-        if python_package_identifier not in installed_system_packages:
-            if detect_ci_provider() is None:
-                # if running locally, we don't want to install CPython with sudo
-                # let the user know & provide a link to the installer
-                print(
-                    f"Error: CPython {version} is not installed.\n"
-                    "cibuildwheel will not perform system-wide installs when running outside of CI.\n"
-                    f"To build locally, install CPython {version} on this machine, or, disable this version of Python using CIBW_SKIP=cp{version.replace('.', '')}-macosx_*\n"
-                    f"\nDownload link: {url}",
-                    file=sys.stderr,
-                )
-                raise SystemExit(1)
-            pkg_path = tmp / "Python.pkg"
-            # download the pkg
-            download(url, pkg_path)
-            # install
-            call("sudo", "installer", "-pkg", pkg_path, "-target", "/")
-            pkg_path.unlink()
-            env = os.environ.copy()
-            env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
-            call(installation_path / "bin" / "python3", install_certifi_script, env=env)
-
-    return installation_path / "bin" / "python3"
-
-
-def install_pypy(tmp: Path, url: str) -> Path:
-    pypy_tar_bz2 = url.rsplit("/", 1)[-1]
-    extension = ".tar.bz2"
-    assert pypy_tar_bz2.endswith(extension)
-    installation_path = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / pypy_tar_bz2[: -len(extension)]
-    with FileLock(str(installation_path) + ".lock"):
-        if not installation_path.exists():
-            downloaded_tar_bz2 = tmp / pypy_tar_bz2
-            download(url, downloaded_tar_bz2)
-            installation_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-            call("tar", "-C", installation_path.parent, "-xf", downloaded_tar_bz2)
-            downloaded_tar_bz2.unlink()
-    return installation_path / "bin" / "pypy3"
-
-
-def setup_python(
-    tmp: Path,
-    python_configuration: PythonConfiguration,
-    dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr],
-    environment: ParsedEnvironment,
-    build_frontend: BuildFrontend,
-) -> dict[str, str]:
-    tmp.mkdir()
-    implementation_id = python_configuration.identifier.split("-")[0]
-    log.step(f"Installing Python {implementation_id}...")
-    if implementation_id.startswith("cp"):
-        base_python = install_cpython(tmp, python_configuration.version, python_configuration.url)
-    elif implementation_id.startswith("pp"):
-        base_python = install_pypy(tmp, python_configuration.url)
-    else:
-        msg = "Unknown Python implementation"
-        raise ValueError(msg)
-    assert base_python.exists()
-
-    log.step("Setting up build environment...")
-    venv_path = tmp / "venv"
-    env = virtualenv(base_python, venv_path, dependency_constraint_flags)
-    venv_bin_path = venv_path / "bin"
-    assert venv_bin_path.exists()
-    # Fix issue with site.py setting the wrong `sys.prefix`, `sys.exec_prefix`,
-    # `sys.path`, ... for PyPy: https://foss.heptapod.net/pypy/pypy/issues/3175
-    # Also fix an issue with the shebang of installed scripts inside the
-    # testing virtualenv- see https://github.com/theacodes/nox/issues/44 and
-    # https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/issues/620
-    # Also see https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/9516
-    env.pop("__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__", None)
-
-    # we version pip ourselves, so we don't care about pip version checking
-    env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
-
-    # upgrade pip to the version matching our constraints
-    # if necessary, reinstall it to ensure that it's available on PATH as 'pip'
-    call(
-        "python",
-        "-m",
-        "pip",
-        "install",
-        "--upgrade",
-        "pip",
-        *dependency_constraint_flags,
-        env=env,
-        cwd=venv_path,
-    )
-
-    # Apply our environment after pip is ready
-    env = environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=env)
-
-    # check what pip version we're on
-    assert (venv_bin_path / "pip").exists()
-    call("which", "pip", env=env)
-    call("pip", "--version", env=env)
-    which_pip = call("which", "pip", env=env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
-    if which_pip != str(venv_bin_path / "pip"):
-        print(
-            "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.",
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
-        sys.exit(1)
-
-    # check what Python version we're on
-    call("which", "python", env=env)
-    call("python", "--version", env=env)
-    which_python = call("which", "python", env=env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
-    if which_python != str(venv_bin_path / "python"):
-        print(
-            "cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it.",
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
-        sys.exit(1)
-
-    config_is_arm64 = python_configuration.identifier.endswith("arm64")
-    config_is_universal2 = python_configuration.identifier.endswith("universal2")
-
-    # Set MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET, if the user didn't set it.
-    # For arm64, the minimal deployment target is 11.0.
-    # On x86_64 (or universal2), use 10.9 as a default.
-    # PyPy defaults to 10.7, causing inconsistencies if it's left unset.
-    env.setdefault("MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET", "11.0" if config_is_arm64 else "10.9")
-
-    if python_configuration.version not in {"3.6", "3.7"}:
-        if config_is_arm64:
-            # macOS 11 is the first OS with arm64 support, so the wheels
-            # have that as a minimum.
-            env.setdefault("_PYTHON_HOST_PLATFORM", "macosx-11.0-arm64")
-            env.setdefault("ARCHFLAGS", "-arch arm64")
-        elif config_is_universal2:
-            env.setdefault("_PYTHON_HOST_PLATFORM", "macosx-10.9-universal2")
-            env.setdefault("ARCHFLAGS", "-arch arm64 -arch x86_64")
-        elif python_configuration.identifier.endswith("x86_64"):
-            # even on the macos11.0 Python installer, on the x86_64 side it's
-            # compatible back to 10.9.
-            env.setdefault("_PYTHON_HOST_PLATFORM", "macosx-10.9-x86_64")
-            env.setdefault("ARCHFLAGS", "-arch x86_64")
-
-    building_arm64 = config_is_arm64 or config_is_universal2
-    if building_arm64 and get_macos_version() < (10, 16) and "SDKROOT" not in env:
-        # xcode 12.2 or higher can build arm64 on macos 10.15 or below, but
-        # needs the correct SDK selected.
-        sdks = get_macos_sdks()
-
-        # Different versions of Xcode contain different SDK versions...
-        # we're happy with anything newer than macOS 11.0
-        arm64_compatible_sdks = [s for s in sdks if not s.startswith("macosx10.")]
-
-        if not arm64_compatible_sdks:
-            log.warning(
-                unwrap(
-                    """
-                    SDK for building arm64-compatible wheels not found. You need Xcode 12.2 or later
-                    to build universal2 or arm64 wheels.
-                    """
-                )
-            )
-        else:
-            env.setdefault("SDKROOT", arm64_compatible_sdks[0])
-
-    log.step("Installing build tools...")
-    if build_frontend == "pip":
-        call(
-            "pip",
-            "install",
-            "--upgrade",
-            "setuptools",
-            "wheel",
-            "delocate",
-            *dependency_constraint_flags,
-            env=env,
-        )
-    elif build_frontend == "build":
-        call(
-            "pip",
-            "install",
-            "--upgrade",
-            "delocate",
-            "build[virtualenv]",
-            *dependency_constraint_flags,
-            env=env,
-        )
-    else:
-        assert_never(build_frontend)
-
-    return env
-
-
-def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    python_configurations = get_python_configurations(
-        options.globals.build_selector, options.globals.architectures
-    )
-
-    if not python_configurations:
-        return
-
-    try:
-        before_all_options_identifier = python_configurations[0].identifier
-        before_all_options = options.build_options(before_all_options_identifier)
-
-        if before_all_options.before_all:
-            log.step("Running before_all...")
-            env = before_all_options.environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=os.environ)
-            env.setdefault("MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET", "10.9")
-            before_all_prepared = prepare_command(
-                before_all_options.before_all, project=".", package=before_all_options.package_dir
-            )
-            shell(before_all_prepared, env=env)
-
-        built_wheels: list[Path] = []
-
-        for config in python_configurations:
-            build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
-            log.build_start(config.identifier)
-
-            identifier_tmp_dir = tmp_path / config.identifier
-            identifier_tmp_dir.mkdir()
-            built_wheel_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "built_wheel"
-            repaired_wheel_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "repaired_wheel"
-
-            config_is_arm64 = config.identifier.endswith("arm64")
-            config_is_universal2 = config.identifier.endswith("universal2")
-
-            dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr] = []
-            if build_options.dependency_constraints:
-                dependency_constraint_flags = [
-                    "-c",
-                    build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(config.version),
-                ]
-
-            env = setup_python(
-                identifier_tmp_dir / "build",
-                config,
-                dependency_constraint_flags,
-                build_options.environment,
-                build_options.build_frontend,
-            )
-
-            compatible_wheel = find_compatible_wheel(built_wheels, config.identifier)
-            if compatible_wheel:
-                log.step_end()
-                print(
-                    f"\nFound previously built wheel {compatible_wheel.name}, that's compatible with {config.identifier}. Skipping build step..."
-                )
-                repaired_wheel = compatible_wheel
-            else:
-                if build_options.before_build:
-                    log.step("Running before_build...")
-                    before_build_prepared = prepare_command(
-                        build_options.before_build, project=".", package=build_options.package_dir
-                    )
-                    shell(before_build_prepared, env=env)
-
-                log.step("Building wheel...")
-                built_wheel_dir.mkdir()
-
-                verbosity_flags = get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(build_options.build_verbosity)
-                extra_flags = split_config_settings(build_options.config_settings)
-
-                if build_options.build_frontend == "pip":
-                    extra_flags += verbosity_flags
-                    # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
-                    # see https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
-                    call(
-                        "python",
-                        "-m",
-                        "pip",
-                        "wheel",
-                        build_options.package_dir.resolve(),
-                        f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                        "--no-deps",
-                        *extra_flags,
-                        env=env,
-                    )
-                elif build_options.build_frontend == "build":
-                    verbosity_setting = " ".join(verbosity_flags)
-                    extra_flags += (f"--config-setting={verbosity_setting}",)
-                    build_env = env.copy()
-                    if build_options.dependency_constraints:
-                        constraint_path = (
-                            build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
-                                config.version
-                            )
-                        )
-                        build_env["PIP_CONSTRAINT"] = constraint_path.as_uri()
-                    build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = get_pip_version(env)
-                    call(
-                        "python",
-                        "-m",
-                        "build",
-                        build_options.package_dir,
-                        "--wheel",
-                        f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                        *extra_flags,
-                        env=build_env,
-                    )
-                else:
-                    assert_never(build_options.build_frontend)
-
-                built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
-
-                repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir()
-
-                if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
-                    raise NonPlatformWheelError()
-
-                if build_options.repair_command:
-                    log.step("Repairing wheel...")
-
-                    if config_is_universal2:
-                        delocate_archs = "x86_64,arm64"
-                    elif config_is_arm64:
-                        delocate_archs = "arm64"
-                    else:
-                        delocate_archs = "x86_64"
-
-                    repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(
-                        build_options.repair_command,
-                        wheel=built_wheel,
-                        dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir,
-                        delocate_archs=delocate_archs,
-                    )
-                    shell(repair_command_prepared, env=env)
-                else:
-                    shutil.move(str(built_wheel), repaired_wheel_dir)
-
-                repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
-
-                if repaired_wheel.name in {wheel.name for wheel in built_wheels}:
-                    raise AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)
-
-                log.step_end()
-
-            if build_options.test_command and build_options.test_selector(config.identifier):
-                machine_arch = platform.machine()
-                python_arch = call(
-                    "python",
-                    "-sSc",
-                    "import platform; print(platform.machine())",
-                    env=env,
-                    capture_stdout=True,
-                ).strip()
-                testing_archs: list[Literal["x86_64", "arm64"]]
-
-                if config_is_arm64:
-                    testing_archs = ["arm64"]
-                elif config_is_universal2:
-                    testing_archs = ["x86_64", "arm64"]
-                else:
-                    testing_archs = ["x86_64"]
-
-                for testing_arch in testing_archs:
-                    if config_is_universal2:
-                        arch_specific_identifier = f"{config.identifier}:{testing_arch}"
-                        if not build_options.test_selector(arch_specific_identifier):
-                            continue
-
-                    if machine_arch == "x86_64" and testing_arch == "arm64":
-                        if config_is_arm64:
-                            log.warning(
-                                unwrap(
-                                    """
-                                    While arm64 wheels can be built on x86_64, they cannot be
-                                    tested. The ability to test the arm64 wheels will be added in a
-                                    future release of cibuildwheel, once Apple Silicon CI runners
-                                    are widely available. To silence this warning, set
-                                    `CIBW_TEST_SKIP: *-macosx_arm64`.
-                                    """
-                                )
-                            )
-                        elif config_is_universal2:
-                            log.warning(
-                                unwrap(
-                                    """
-                                    While universal2 wheels can be built on x86_64, the arm64 part
-                                    of them cannot currently be tested. The ability to test the
-                                    arm64 part of a universal2 wheel will be added in a future
-                                    release of cibuildwheel, once Apple Silicon CI runners are
-                                    widely available. To silence this warning, set
-                                    `CIBW_TEST_SKIP: *-macosx_universal2:arm64`.
-                                    """
-                                )
-                            )
-                        else:
-                            msg = "unreachable"
-                            raise RuntimeError(msg)
-
-                        # skip this test
-                        continue
-
-                    is_cp38 = config.identifier.startswith("cp38-")
-                    if testing_arch == "arm64" and is_cp38 and python_arch != "arm64":
-                        log.warning(
-                            unwrap(
-                                """
-                                While cibuildwheel can build CPython 3.8 universal2/arm64 wheels, we
-                                cannot test the arm64 part of them, even when running on an Apple
-                                Silicon machine. This is because we use the x86_64 installer of
-                                CPython 3.8. See the discussion in
-                                https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/1169 for the details. To
-                                silence this warning, set `CIBW_TEST_SKIP: cp38-macosx_*:arm64`.
-                                """
-                            )
-                        )
-
-                        # skip this test
-                        continue
-
-                    log.step(
-                        "Testing wheel..."
-                        if testing_arch == machine_arch
-                        else f"Testing wheel on {testing_arch}..."
-                    )
-
-                    # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
-                    # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
-                    call("pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags, env=env)
-
-                    venv_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "venv-test"
-
-                    arch_prefix = []
-                    if testing_arch != machine_arch:
-                        if machine_arch == "arm64" and testing_arch == "x86_64":
-                            # rosetta2 will provide the emulation with just the arch prefix.
-                            arch_prefix = ["arch", "-x86_64"]
-                        else:
-                            msg = f"don't know how to emulate {testing_arch} on {machine_arch}"
-                            raise RuntimeError(msg)
-
-                    # define a custom 'call' function that adds the arch prefix each time
-                    call_with_arch = functools.partial(call, *arch_prefix)
-                    shell_with_arch = functools.partial(call, *arch_prefix, "/bin/sh", "-c")
-
-                    # Use --no-download to ensure determinism by using seed libraries
-                    # built into virtualenv
-                    call_with_arch("python", "-m", "virtualenv", "--no-download", venv_dir, env=env)
-
-                    virtualenv_env = env.copy()
-                    virtualenv_env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(
-                        [
-                            str(venv_dir / "bin"),
-                            virtualenv_env["PATH"],
-                        ]
-                    )
-
-                    # check that we are using the Python from the virtual environment
-                    call_with_arch("which", "python", env=virtualenv_env)
-
-                    if build_options.before_test:
-                        before_test_prepared = prepare_command(
-                            build_options.before_test,
-                            project=".",
-                            package=build_options.package_dir,
-                        )
-                        shell_with_arch(before_test_prepared, env=virtualenv_env)
-
-                    # install the wheel
-                    call_with_arch(
-                        "pip",
-                        "install",
-                        f"{repaired_wheel}{build_options.test_extras}",
-                        env=virtualenv_env,
-                    )
-
-                    # test the wheel
-                    if build_options.test_requires:
-                        call_with_arch(
-                            "pip", "install", *build_options.test_requires, env=virtualenv_env
-                        )
-
-                    # run the tests from a temp dir, with an absolute path in the command
-                    # (this ensures that Python runs the tests against the installed wheel
-                    # and not the repo code)
-                    test_command_prepared = prepare_command(
-                        build_options.test_command,
-                        project=Path(".").resolve(),
-                        package=build_options.package_dir.resolve(),
-                    )
-
-                    test_cwd = identifier_tmp_dir / "test_cwd"
-                    test_cwd.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
-                    (test_cwd / "test_fail.py").write_text(test_fail_cwd_file.read_text())
-
-                    shell_with_arch(test_command_prepared, cwd=test_cwd, env=virtualenv_env)
-
-            # we're all done here; move it to output (overwrite existing)
-            if compatible_wheel is None:
-                with contextlib.suppress(FileNotFoundError):
-                    (build_options.output_dir / repaired_wheel.name).unlink()
-
-                shutil.move(str(repaired_wheel), build_options.output_dir)
-                built_wheels.append(build_options.output_dir / repaired_wheel.name)
-
-            # clean up
-            shutil.rmtree(identifier_tmp_dir)
-
-            log.build_end()
-    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
-        log.step_end_with_error(
-            f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout}"
-        )
-        sys.exit(1)

cibuildwheel/oci_container.py

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
+import dataclasses
 import io
 import json
 import os
@@ -8,16 +7,137 @@ import shlex
 import shutil
 import subprocess
 import sys
+import textwrap
+import typing
 import uuid
+from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
+from enum import Enum
 from pathlib import Path, PurePath, PurePosixPath
 from types import TracebackType
-from typing import IO, Dict, Sequence, cast
+from typing import IO, Literal, Self, assert_never
 
-from cibuildwheel.util import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider
+from .ci import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider
+from .errors import OCIEngineTooOldError
+from .logger import log
+from .typing import PathOrStr
+from .util.cmd import call
+from .util.helpers import FlexibleVersion, parse_key_value_string, strtobool
 
-from .typing import Literal, PathOrStr, PopenBytes
+ContainerEngineName = Literal["docker", "podman"]
 
-ContainerEngine = Literal["docker", "podman"]
+
+# Order of the enum matters for tests. 386 shall appear before amd64.
+class OCIPlatform(Enum):
+    i386 = "linux/386"
+    AMD64 = "linux/amd64"
+    ARMV7 = "linux/arm/v7"
+    ARM64 = "linux/arm64"
+    PPC64LE = "linux/ppc64le"
+    RISCV64 = "linux/riscv64"
+    S390X = "linux/s390x"
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
+class OCIContainerEngineConfig:
+    name: ContainerEngineName
+    _: dataclasses.KW_ONLY
+    create_args: tuple[str, ...] = dataclasses.field(default_factory=tuple)
+    disable_host_mount: bool = False
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_config_string(cls, config_string: str) -> Self:
+        config_dict = parse_key_value_string(
+            config_string,
+            ["name"],
+            ["create_args", "create-args", "disable_host_mount", "disable-host-mount"],
+        )
+        name = " ".join(config_dict["name"])
+        if name not in {"docker", "podman"}:
+            msg = f"unknown container engine {name}"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        name = typing.cast(ContainerEngineName, name)
+        # some flexibility in the option names to cope with TOML conventions
+        create_args = config_dict.get("create_args") or config_dict.get("create-args") or []
+        disable_host_mount_options = (
+            config_dict.get("disable_host_mount") or config_dict.get("disable-host-mount") or []
+        )
+        disable_host_mount = (
+            strtobool(disable_host_mount_options[-1]) if disable_host_mount_options else False
+        )
+        if "--platform" in create_args or any(arg.startswith("--platform=") for arg in create_args):
+            msg = "Using '--platform' in 'container-engine::create_args' is deprecated. It will be ignored."
+            log.warning(msg)
+            if "--platform" in create_args:
+                index = create_args.index("--platform")
+                create_args.pop(index)
+                create_args.pop(index)
+            else:
+                create_args = [arg for arg in create_args if not arg.startswith("--platform=")]
+
+        return cls(name=name, create_args=tuple(create_args), disable_host_mount=disable_host_mount)
+
+    def options_summary(self) -> str | dict[str, str]:
+        if not self.create_args:
+            return self.name
+        else:
+            return {
+                "name": self.name,
+                "create_args": repr(self.create_args),
+                "disable_host_mount": str(self.disable_host_mount),
+            }
+
+
+DEFAULT_ENGINE = OCIContainerEngineConfig("docker")
+
+
+def _check_engine_version(engine: OCIContainerEngineConfig) -> None:
+    try:
+        version_string = call(engine.name, "version", "-f", "{{json .}}", capture_stdout=True)
+        version_info = json.loads(version_string.strip())
+        match engine.name:
+            case "docker":
+                client_api_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["Client"]["ApiVersion"])
+                server_api_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["Server"]["ApiVersion"])
+                # --platform support was introduced in 1.32 as experimental, 1.41 removed the experimental flag
+                version = min(client_api_version, server_api_version)
+                minimum_version = FlexibleVersion("1.41")
+                minimum_version_str = "20.10.0"  # docker version
+                error_msg = textwrap.dedent(
+                    f"""
+                    Build failed because {engine.name} is too old.
+
+                    cibuildwheel requires {engine.name}>={minimum_version_str} running API version {minimum_version}.
+                    The API version found by cibuildwheel is {version}.
+                    """
+                )
+            case "podman":
+                # podman uses the same version string for "Version" & "ApiVersion"
+                client_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["Client"]["Version"])
+                if "Server" in version_info:
+                    server_version = FlexibleVersion(version_info["Server"]["Version"])
+                else:
+                    server_version = client_version
+                # --platform support was introduced in v3
+                version = min(client_version, server_version)
+                minimum_version = FlexibleVersion("3")
+                error_msg = textwrap.dedent(
+                    f"""
+                    Build failed because {engine.name} is too old.
+
+                    cibuildwheel requires {engine.name}>={minimum_version}.
+                    The version found by cibuildwheel is {version}.
+                    """
+                )
+            case _:
+                assert_never(engine.name)
+
+        if version < minimum_version:
+            raise OCIEngineTooOldError(error_msg) from None
+
+    except (subprocess.CalledProcessError, KeyError, ValueError) as e:
+        msg = f"Build failed because {engine.name} is too old or is not working properly."
+        raise OCIEngineTooOldError(msg) from e
 
 
 class OCIContainer:
@@ -43,9 +163,9 @@ class OCIContainer:
         ...     print(self.debug_info())
     """
 
-    UTILITY_PYTHON = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38/bin/python"
+    UTILITY_PYTHON = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39/bin/python"
 
-    process: PopenBytes
+    process: subprocess.Popen[bytes]
     bash_stdin: IO[bytes]
     bash_stdout: IO[bytes]
 
@@ -53,24 +173,57 @@ class OCIContainer:
         self,
         *,
         image: str,
-        simulate_32_bit: bool = False,
+        oci_platform: OCIPlatform,
         cwd: PathOrStr | None = None,
-        engine: ContainerEngine = "docker",
+        engine: OCIContainerEngineConfig = DEFAULT_ENGINE,
     ):
         if not image:
             msg = "Must have a non-empty image to run."
             raise ValueError(msg)
 
         self.image = image
-        self.simulate_32_bit = simulate_32_bit
+        self.oci_platform = oci_platform
         self.cwd = cwd
         self.name: str | None = None
         self.engine = engine
+        self.host_tar_format = ""
+        if sys.platform.startswith("darwin"):
+            self.host_tar_format = "--format gnutar"
 
-    def __enter__(self) -> OCIContainer:
+    def _get_platform_args(self, *, oci_platform: OCIPlatform | None = None) -> tuple[str, str]:
+        if oci_platform is None:
+            oci_platform = self.oci_platform
 
+        # we need '--pull=always' otherwise some images with the wrong platform get reused (e.g. 386 image for amd64)
+        # c.f. https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/48197#issuecomment-2282802313
+        pull = "always"
+        try:
+            image_platform = call(
+                self.engine.name,
+                "image",
+                "inspect",
+                self.image,
+                "--format",
+                (
+                    "{{.Os}}/{{.Architecture}}/{{.Variant}}"
+                    if len(oci_platform.value.split("/")) == 3
+                    else "{{.Os}}/{{.Architecture}}"
+                ),
+                capture_stdout=True,
+            ).strip()
+            if image_platform == oci_platform.value:
+                # in case the correct image is already present, don't pull
+                # this allows to run local only images
+                pull = "never"
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+            pass
+        return f"--platform={oci_platform.value}", f"--pull={pull}"
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> Self:
         self.name = f"cibuildwheel-{uuid.uuid4()}"
 
+        _check_engine_version(self.engine)
+
         # work-around for Travis-CI PPC64le Docker runs since 2021:
         # this avoids network splits
         # https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/904
@@ -79,17 +232,45 @@ class OCIContainer:
         if detect_ci_provider() == CIProvider.travis_ci and platform.machine() == "ppc64le":
             network_args = ["--network=host"]
 
-        shell_args = ["linux32", "/bin/bash"] if self.simulate_32_bit else ["/bin/bash"]
+        platform_args = self._get_platform_args()
+
+        simulate_32_bit = False
+        if self.oci_platform in {OCIPlatform.i386, OCIPlatform.ARMV7}:
+            # If the architecture running the image is already the right one
+            # or the image entrypoint takes care of enforcing this, then we don't need to
+            # simulate this
+            run_cmd = [self.engine.name, "run", "--rm"]
+            ctr_cmd = ["uname", "-m"]
+            try:
+                container_machine = call(
+                    *run_cmd, *platform_args, self.image, *ctr_cmd, capture_stdout=True
+                ).strip()
+            except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+                if self.oci_platform == OCIPlatform.i386:
+                    # The image might have been built with amd64 architecture
+                    # Let's try that
+                    platform_args = self._get_platform_args(oci_platform=OCIPlatform.AMD64)
+                    container_machine = call(
+                        *run_cmd, *platform_args, self.image, *ctr_cmd, capture_stdout=True
+                    ).strip()
+                else:
+                    raise
+            simulate_32_bit = container_machine not in {"i686", "armv7l", "armv8l"}
+
+        shell_args = ["linux32", "/bin/bash"] if simulate_32_bit else ["/bin/bash"]
 
         subprocess.run(
             [
-                self.engine,
+                self.engine.name,
                 "create",
                 "--env=CIBUILDWHEEL",
+                "--env=SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH",
                 f"--name={self.name}",
                 "--interactive",
-                "--volume=/:/host",  # ignored on CircleCI
+                *(["--volume=/:/host"] if not self.engine.disable_host_mount else []),
                 *network_args,
+                *platform_args,
+                *self.engine.create_args,
                 self.image,
                 *shell_args,
             ],
@@ -98,7 +279,7 @@ class OCIContainer:
 
         self.process = subprocess.Popen(
             [
-                self.engine,
+                self.engine.name,
                 "start",
                 "--attach",
                 "--interactive",
@@ -108,7 +289,8 @@ class OCIContainer:
             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
         )
 
-        assert self.process.stdin and self.process.stdout
+        assert self.process.stdin
+        assert self.process.stdout
         self.bash_stdin = self.process.stdin
         self.bash_stdout = self.process.stdout
 
@@ -129,14 +311,13 @@ class OCIContainer:
         exc_val: BaseException | None,
         exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
     ) -> None:
-
         self.bash_stdin.write(b"exit 0\n")
         self.bash_stdin.flush()
         self.process.wait(timeout=30)
         self.bash_stdin.close()
         self.bash_stdout.close()
 
-        if self.engine == "podman":
+        if self.engine.name == "podman":
             # This works around what seems to be a race condition in the podman
             # backend. The full reason is not understood. See PR #966 for a
             # discussion on possible causes and attempts to remove this line.
@@ -145,31 +326,30 @@ class OCIContainer:
 
         assert isinstance(self.name, str)
 
-        subprocess.run(
-            [self.engine, "rm", "--force", "-v", self.name],
-            stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL,
-            check=False,
-        )
-        self.name = None
+        keep_container = strtobool(os.environ.get("CIBW_DEBUG_KEEP_CONTAINER", ""))
+        if not keep_container:
+            subprocess.run(
+                [self.engine.name, "rm", "--force", "-v", self.name],
+                stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL,
+                check=False,
+            )
+            self.name = None
 
     def copy_into(self, from_path: Path, to_path: PurePath) -> None:
-        # `docker cp` causes 'no space left on device' error when
-        # a container is running and the host filesystem is
-        # mounted. https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/38995
-        # Use `docker exec` instead.
-
         if from_path.is_dir():
             self.call(["mkdir", "-p", to_path])
             subprocess.run(
-                f"tar cf - . | {self.engine} exec -i {self.name} tar --no-same-owner -xC {shell_quote(to_path)} -f -",
+                f"tar -c {self.host_tar_format} -f - . | {self.engine.name} exec -i {self.name} tar --no-same-owner -xC {shell_quote(to_path)} -f -",
                 shell=True,
                 check=True,
                 cwd=from_path,
             )
         else:
+            exec_process: subprocess.Popen[bytes]
+            self.call(["mkdir", "-p", to_path.parent])
             with subprocess.Popen(
                 [
-                    self.engine,
+                    self.engine.name,
                     "exec",
                     "-i",
                     str(self.name),
@@ -179,8 +359,7 @@ class OCIContainer:
                 ],
                 stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
             ) as exec_process:
-                exec_process.stdin = cast(IO[bytes], exec_process.stdin)
-
+                assert exec_process.stdin
                 with open(from_path, "rb") as from_file:
                     shutil.copyfileobj(from_file, exec_process.stdin)
 
@@ -195,30 +374,7 @@ class OCIContainer:
     def copy_out(self, from_path: PurePath, to_path: Path) -> None:
         # note: we assume from_path is a dir
         to_path.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-
-        if self.engine == "podman":
-            subprocess.run(
-                [
-                    self.engine,
-                    "cp",
-                    f"{self.name}:{from_path}/.",
-                    str(to_path),
-                ],
-                check=True,
-                cwd=to_path,
-            )
-        elif self.engine == "docker":
-            # There is a bug in docker that prevents a simple 'cp' invocation
-            # from working https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/38995
-            command = f"{self.engine} exec -i {self.name} tar -cC {shell_quote(from_path)} -f - . | tar -xf -"
-            subprocess.run(
-                command,
-                shell=True,
-                check=True,
-                cwd=to_path,
-            )
-        else:
-            raise KeyError(self.engine)
+        call(self.engine.name, "cp", f"{self.name}:{from_path}/.", to_path)
 
     def glob(self, path: PurePosixPath, pattern: str) -> list[PurePosixPath]:
         glob_pattern = path.joinpath(pattern)
@@ -239,11 +395,10 @@ class OCIContainer:
     def call(
         self,
         args: Sequence[PathOrStr],
-        env: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+        env: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
         capture_output: bool = False,
         cwd: PathOrStr | None = None,
     ) -> str:
-
         if cwd is None:
             # Podman does not start the a container in a specific working dir
             # so we always need to specify it when making calls.
@@ -330,17 +485,17 @@ class OCIContainer:
                 capture_output=True,
             )
         )
-        return cast(Dict[str, str], env)
+        return typing.cast(dict[str, str], env)
 
-    def environment_executor(self, command: list[str], environment: dict[str, str]) -> str:
+    def environment_executor(self, command: Sequence[str], environment: dict[str, str]) -> str:
         # used as an EnvironmentExecutor to evaluate commands and capture output
         return self.call(command, env=environment, capture_output=True)
 
     def debug_info(self) -> str:
-        if self.engine == "podman":
-            command = f"{self.engine} info --debug"
+        if self.engine.name == "podman":
+            command = f"{self.engine.name} info --debug"
         else:
-            command = f"{self.engine} info"
+            command = f"{self.engine.name} info"
         completed = subprocess.run(
             command,
             shell=True,

cibuildwheel/platforms/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Final, Protocol
+
+from cibuildwheel import errors
+from cibuildwheel.architecture import Architecture
+from cibuildwheel.options import Options
+from cibuildwheel.platforms import android, ios, linux, macos, pyodide, windows
+from cibuildwheel.selector import BuildSelector
+from cibuildwheel.typing import GenericPythonConfiguration, PlatformName
+
+
+class PlatformModule(Protocol):
+    # note that as per PEP544, the self argument is ignored when the protocol
+    # is applied to a module
+    def all_python_configurations(self) -> Sequence[GenericPythonConfiguration]: ...
+
+    def get_python_configurations(
+        self, build_selector: BuildSelector, architectures: set[Architecture]
+    ) -> Sequence[GenericPythonConfiguration]: ...
+
+    def build(self, options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None: ...
+
+
+ALL_PLATFORM_MODULES: Final[dict[PlatformName, PlatformModule]] = {
+    "linux": linux,
+    "windows": windows,
+    "macos": macos,
+    "pyodide": pyodide,
+    "android": android,
+    "ios": ios,
+}
+
+
+def native_platform() -> PlatformName:
+    if sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
+        return "linux"
+    elif sys.platform == "darwin":
+        return "macos"
+    elif sys.platform == "win32":
+        return "windows"
+    else:
+        msg = (
+            'Unable to detect platform from "sys.platform". cibuildwheel doesn\'t '
+            "support building wheels for this platform. You might be able to build for a different "
+            "platform using the --platform argument. Check --help output for more information."
+        )
+        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
+
+
+def get_build_identifiers(
+    platform_module: PlatformModule,
+    build_selector: BuildSelector,
+    architectures: set[Architecture],
+) -> list[str]:
+    python_configurations = platform_module.get_python_configurations(build_selector, architectures)
+    return [config.identifier for config in python_configurations]

cibuildwheel/platforms/android.py

@@ -0,0 +1,645 @@
+import csv
+import hashlib
+import os
+import platform
+import re
+import shlex
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sys
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Iterator
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from os.path import relpath
+from pathlib import Path
+from pprint import pprint
+from runpy import run_path
+from textwrap import dedent
+from typing import Any
+
+from build import ProjectBuilder
+from build.env import IsolatedEnv
+from elftools.common.exceptions import ELFError
+from elftools.elf.elffile import ELFFile
+from filelock import FileLock
+
+from .. import errors, platforms  # pylint: disable=cyclic-import
+from ..architecture import Architecture, arch_synonym
+from ..frontend import get_build_frontend_extra_flags, parse_config_settings
+from ..logger import log
+from ..options import BuildOptions, Options
+from ..selector import BuildSelector
+from ..util import resources
+from ..util.cmd import call, shell
+from ..util.file import CIBW_CACHE_PATH, copy_test_sources, download, move_file
+from ..util.helpers import prepare_command
+from ..util.packaging import find_compatible_wheel
+from ..util.python_build_standalone import create_python_build_standalone_environment
+from ..venv import constraint_flags, virtualenv
+
+
+def android_triplet(identifier: str) -> str:
+    return {
+        "arm64_v8a": "aarch64-linux-android",
+        "x86_64": "x86_64-linux-android",
+    }[parse_identifier(identifier)[1]]
+
+
+def parse_identifier(identifier: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
+    match = re.fullmatch(r"cp(\d)(\d+)-android_(.+)", identifier)
+    if not match:
+        msg = f"invalid Android identifier: '{identifier}'"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    major, minor, arch = match.groups()
+    return (f"{major}.{minor}", arch)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class PythonConfiguration:
+    version: str
+    identifier: str
+    url: str
+
+    @property
+    def arch(self) -> str:
+        return parse_identifier(self.identifier)[1]
+
+
+def all_python_configurations() -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
+    return [PythonConfiguration(**item) for item in resources.read_python_configs("android")]
+
+
+def get_python_configurations(
+    build_selector: BuildSelector, architectures: set[Architecture]
+) -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
+    return [
+        c
+        for c in all_python_configurations()
+        if c.arch in architectures and build_selector(c.identifier)
+    ]
+
+
+def shell_prepared(command: str, *, build_options: BuildOptions, env: dict[str, str]) -> None:
+    shell(
+        prepare_command(command, project=".", package=build_options.package_dir),
+        env=env,
+    )
+
+
+def before_all(options: Options, python_configurations: list[PythonConfiguration]) -> None:
+    before_all_options = options.build_options(python_configurations[0].identifier)
+    if before_all_options.before_all:
+        log.step("Running before_all...")
+        shell_prepared(
+            before_all_options.before_all,
+            build_options=before_all_options,
+            env=before_all_options.environment.as_dictionary(os.environ),
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class BuildState:
+    config: PythonConfiguration
+    options: BuildOptions
+    build_path: Path
+    python_dir: Path
+    build_env: dict[str, str]
+    android_env: dict[str, str]
+
+
+def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    if "ANDROID_HOME" not in os.environ:
+        msg = (
+            "ANDROID_HOME environment variable is not set. For instructions, see "
+            "https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/platforms/#android"
+        )
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+    configs = get_python_configurations(
+        options.globals.build_selector, options.globals.architectures
+    )
+    if not configs:
+        return
+
+    try:
+        before_all(options, configs)
+
+        built_wheels: list[Path] = []
+        for config in configs:
+            log.build_start(config.identifier)
+            build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
+            build_path = tmp_path / config.identifier
+            build_path.mkdir()
+            python_dir = setup_target_python(config, build_path)
+            build_env, android_env = setup_env(config, build_options, build_path, python_dir)
+            state = BuildState(
+                config, build_options, build_path, python_dir, build_env, android_env
+            )
+
+            compatible_wheel = find_compatible_wheel(built_wheels, config.identifier)
+            if compatible_wheel:
+                print(
+                    f"\nFound previously built wheel {compatible_wheel.name} that is "
+                    f"compatible with {config.identifier}. Skipping build step..."
+                )
+                repaired_wheel = compatible_wheel
+            else:
+                before_build(state)
+                built_wheel = build_wheel(state)
+                repaired_wheel = repair_wheel(state, built_wheel)
+
+            test_wheel(state, repaired_wheel)
+
+            output_wheel: Path | None = None
+            if compatible_wheel is None:
+                output_wheel = move_file(
+                    repaired_wheel, build_options.output_dir / repaired_wheel.name
+                )
+                built_wheels.append(output_wheel)
+
+            shutil.rmtree(build_path)
+            log.build_end(output_wheel)
+
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
+        msg = f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout or ''}"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg) from error
+
+
+def setup_target_python(config: PythonConfiguration, build_path: Path) -> Path:
+    log.step("Installing target Python...")
+    python_tgz = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / config.url.rpartition("/")[-1]
+    with FileLock(f"{python_tgz}.lock"):
+        if not python_tgz.exists():
+            download(config.url, python_tgz)
+
+    python_dir = build_path / "python"
+    python_dir.mkdir()
+    shutil.unpack_archive(python_tgz, python_dir)
+    return python_dir
+
+
+def setup_env(
+    config: PythonConfiguration, build_options: BuildOptions, build_path: Path, python_dir: Path
+) -> tuple[dict[str, str], dict[str, str]]:
+    """
+    Returns two environment dicts, both pointing at the same virtual environment:
+
+    * build_env, which uses the environment normally.
+    * android_env, which uses the environment while simulating running on Android.
+    """
+    log.step("Setting up build environment...")
+
+    # Create virtual environment
+    python_exe = create_python_build_standalone_environment(
+        config.version, build_path, CIBW_CACHE_PATH
+    )
+    venv_dir = build_path / "venv"
+    dependency_constraint = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
+        version=config.version, tmp_dir=build_path
+    )
+    build_env = virtualenv(
+        config.version, python_exe, venv_dir, dependency_constraint, use_uv=False
+    )
+    create_cmake_toolchain(config, build_path, python_dir, build_env)
+
+    # Apply custom environment variables, and check environment is still valid
+    build_env = build_options.environment.as_dictionary(build_env)
+    build_env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
+    for command in ["python", "pip"]:
+        which = call("which", command, env=build_env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
+        if which != f"{venv_dir}/bin/{command}":
+            msg = (
+                f"{command} available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you "
+                f"have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry "
+                f"or insert {command} above it."
+            )
+            raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+        call(command, "--version", env=build_env)
+
+    # Construct an altered environment which simulates running on Android.
+    android_env = setup_android_env(config, python_dir, venv_dir, build_env)
+
+    # Install build tools
+    build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend
+    if build_frontend.name != "build":
+        msg = "Android requires the build frontend to be 'build'"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    call("pip", "install", "build", *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint), env=build_env)
+
+    # Build-time requirements must be queried within android_env, because
+    # `get_requires_for_build` can run arbitrary code in setup.py scripts, which may be
+    # affected by the target platform. However, the requirements must be installed
+    # within build_env, because they're going to run on the build machine.
+    #
+    # The `build` CLI doesn't support this combination, so we use its API to query the
+    # requirements, and then install them ourselves with pip. We'll later run `build` in
+    # the same environment, passing the `--no-isolation` option.
+    class AndroidEnv(IsolatedEnv):
+        @property
+        def python_executable(self) -> str:
+            return f"{venv_dir}/bin/python"
+
+        def make_extra_environ(self) -> dict[str, str]:
+            return android_env
+
+    pb = ProjectBuilder.from_isolated_env(AndroidEnv(), build_options.package_dir)
+    if pb.build_system_requires:
+        call("pip", "install", *pb.build_system_requires, env=build_env)
+
+    requires_for_build = pb.get_requires_for_build(
+        "wheel", parse_config_settings(build_options.config_settings)
+    )
+    if requires_for_build:
+        call("pip", "install", *requires_for_build, env=build_env)
+
+    return build_env, android_env
+
+
+def create_cmake_toolchain(
+    config: PythonConfiguration, build_path: Path, python_dir: Path, build_env: dict[str, str]
+) -> None:
+    toolchain_path = build_path / "toolchain.cmake"
+    build_env["CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE"] = str(toolchain_path)
+    with open(toolchain_path, "w", encoding="UTF-8") as toolchain_file:
+        print(
+            dedent(
+                f"""\
+                # To support as many build systems as possible, we use environment
+                # variables as the single source of truth for compiler flags and paths,
+                # so they don't need to be specified here.
+
+                set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME Android)
+                set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR {android_triplet(config.identifier).split("-")[0]})
+
+                # Inhibit all of CMake's own NDK handling code.
+                set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_VERSION 1)
+
+                # Tell CMake where to look for headers and libraries.
+                list(INSERT CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH 0 {python_dir}/prefix)
+                set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PROGRAM NEVER)
+                set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_LIBRARY ONLY)
+                set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_INCLUDE ONLY)
+                set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PACKAGE ONLY)
+                """
+            ),
+            file=toolchain_file,
+        )
+
+
+def localize_sysconfigdata(
+    python_dir: Path, build_env: dict[str, str], sysconfigdata_path: Path
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    sysconfigdata: dict[str, Any] = run_path(str(sysconfigdata_path))["build_time_vars"]
+    with sysconfigdata_path.open("w", encoding="UTF-8") as f:
+        f.write("# Generated by cibuildwheel\n")
+        f.write("build_time_vars = ")
+        sysconfigdata = localized_vars(build_env, sysconfigdata, python_dir / "prefix")
+        pprint(sysconfigdata, stream=f, compact=True)
+        return sysconfigdata
+
+
+def localized_vars(
+    build_env: dict[str, str], orig_vars: dict[str, Any], prefix: Path
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    orig_prefix = orig_vars["prefix"]
+    localized_vars_ = {}
+    for key, value in orig_vars.items():
+        # The host's sysconfigdata will include references to build-time paths.
+        # Update these to refer to the current prefix.
+        final = value
+        if isinstance(final, str):
+            final = final.replace(orig_prefix, str(prefix))
+
+        if key == "ANDROID_API_LEVEL":
+            if api_level := build_env.get(key):
+                final = int(api_level)
+
+        # Build systems vary in whether FLAGS variables are read from sysconfig, and if so,
+        # whether they're replaced by environment variables or combined with them. Even
+        # setuptools has changed its behavior here
+        # (https://github.com/pypa/setuptools/issues/4836).
+        #
+        # Ensure consistency by clearing the sysconfig variables and letting the environment
+        # variables take effect alone. This will also work for any non-Python build systems
+        # which the build script may call.
+        elif key in ["CFLAGS", "CXXFLAGS", "LDFLAGS"]:
+            final = ""
+
+        # These variables contain an embedded copy of LDFLAGS.
+        elif key in ["LDSHARED", "LDCXXSHARED"]:
+            final = final.removesuffix(" " + orig_vars["LDFLAGS"])
+
+        localized_vars_[key] = final
+
+    return localized_vars_
+
+
+def setup_android_env(
+    config: PythonConfiguration, python_dir: Path, venv_dir: Path, build_env: dict[str, str]
+) -> dict[str, str]:
+    site_packages = next(venv_dir.glob("lib/python*/site-packages"))
+    for suffix in ["pth", "py"]:
+        shutil.copy(resources.PATH / f"_cross_venv.{suffix}", site_packages)
+
+    sysconfigdata_path = Path(
+        shutil.copy(
+            next(python_dir.glob("prefix/lib/python*/_sysconfigdata_*.py")),
+            site_packages,
+        )
+    )
+    sysconfigdata = localize_sysconfigdata(python_dir, build_env, sysconfigdata_path)
+
+    # Activate the code in _cross_venv.py.
+    android_env = build_env.copy()
+    android_env["CIBW_HOST_TRIPLET"] = android_triplet(config.identifier)
+
+    # Get the environment variables needed to build for Android (CC, CFLAGS, etc). These are
+    # generated by https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Android/android-env.sh.
+    env_output = call(python_dir / "android.py", "env", env=build_env, capture_stdout=True)
+
+    # shlex.split should produce a sequence alternating between:
+    #   * the word "export"
+    #   * a key=value string, without quotes
+    for i, token in enumerate(shlex.split(env_output)):
+        if i % 2 == 0:
+            assert token == "export", token
+        else:
+            key, sep, value = token.partition("=")
+            assert sep == "=", token
+            android_env[key] = value
+
+    # localized_vars cleared the CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS in the sysconfigdata, but most
+    # packages take their optimization flags from these variables. Pass these flags via
+    # environment variables instead.
+    #
+    # We don't enable debug information, because it significantly increases binary size,
+    # and most Android app developers don't have the NDK installed, so they would have no
+    # way to strip it.
+    opt = " ".join(word for word in sysconfigdata["OPT"].split() if not word.startswith("-g"))
+    for key in ["CFLAGS", "CXXFLAGS"]:
+        android_env[key] += " " + opt
+
+    # Format the environment so it can be pasted into a shell when debugging.
+    for key, value in sorted(android_env.items()):
+        if os.environ.get(key) != value:
+            print(f"export {key}={shlex.quote(value)}")
+
+    return android_env
+
+
+def before_build(state: BuildState) -> None:
+    if state.options.before_build:
+        log.step("Running before_build...")
+        shell_prepared(
+            state.options.before_build,
+            build_options=state.options,
+            env=state.build_env,
+        )
+
+
+def build_wheel(state: BuildState) -> Path:
+    log.step("Building wheel...")
+    built_wheel_dir = state.build_path / "built_wheel"
+    call(
+        "python",
+        "-m",
+        "build",
+        state.options.package_dir,
+        "--wheel",
+        "--no-isolation",
+        "--skip-dependency-check",
+        f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+        *get_build_frontend_extra_flags(
+            state.options.build_frontend,
+            state.options.build_verbosity,
+            state.options.config_settings,
+        ),
+        env=state.android_env,
+    )
+
+    built_wheels = list(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+    if len(built_wheels) != 1:
+        msg = f"{built_wheel_dir} contains {len(built_wheels)} wheels; expected 1"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    built_wheel = built_wheels[0]
+
+    if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
+        raise errors.NonPlatformWheelError()
+    return built_wheel
+
+
+def repair_wheel(state: BuildState, built_wheel: Path) -> Path:
+    log.step("Repairing wheel...")
+    repaired_wheel_dir = state.build_path / "repaired_wheel"
+    repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir()
+
+    if state.options.repair_command:
+        shell(
+            prepare_command(
+                state.options.repair_command, wheel=built_wheel, dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir
+            ),
+            env=state.build_env,
+        )
+    else:
+        repair_default(state.android_env, built_wheel, repaired_wheel_dir)
+
+    repaired_wheels = list(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+    if len(repaired_wheels) == 0:
+        raise errors.RepairStepProducedNoWheelError()
+    if len(repaired_wheels) != 1:
+        msg = f"{repaired_wheel_dir} contains {len(repaired_wheels)} wheels; expected 1"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    repaired_wheel = repaired_wheels[0]
+
+    if repaired_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
+        raise errors.NonPlatformWheelError()
+    return repaired_wheel
+
+
+def repair_default(
+    android_env: dict[str, str], built_wheel: Path, repaired_wheel_dir: Path
+) -> None:
+    """
+    Adds libc++ to the wheel if anything links against it. In the future this should be
+    moved to auditwheel and generalized to support more libraries.
+    """
+    if (match := re.search(r"^(.+?)-", built_wheel.name)) is None:
+        msg = f"Failed to parse wheel filename: {built_wheel.name}"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    wheel_name = match[1]
+
+    unpacked_dir = repaired_wheel_dir / "unpacked"
+    unpacked_dir.mkdir()
+    shutil.unpack_archive(built_wheel, unpacked_dir, format="zip")
+
+    # Some build systems are inconsistent about name normalization, so don't assume the
+    # dist-info name is identical to the wheel name.
+    record_paths = list(unpacked_dir.glob("*.dist-info/RECORD"))
+    if len(record_paths) != 1:
+        msg = f"{built_wheel.name} contains {len(record_paths)} dist-info/RECORD files; expected 1"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+    old_soname = "libc++_shared.so"
+    paths_to_patch = []
+    for path, elffile in elf_file_filter(
+        unpacked_dir / filename
+        for filename, *_ in csv.reader(record_paths[0].read_text().splitlines())
+    ):
+        if (dynamic := elffile.get_section_by_name(".dynamic")) and any(  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
+            tag.entry.d_tag == "DT_NEEDED" and tag.needed == old_soname
+            for tag in dynamic.iter_tags()
+        ):
+            paths_to_patch.append(path)
+
+    if not paths_to_patch:
+        shutil.copyfile(built_wheel, repaired_wheel_dir / built_wheel.name)
+    else:
+        # Android doesn't support DT_RPATH, but supports DT_RUNPATH since API level 24
+        # (https://github.com/aosp-mirror/platform_bionic/blob/master/android-changes-for-ndk-developers.md).
+        if int(sysconfig_print('get_config_vars()["ANDROID_API_LEVEL"]', android_env)) < 24:
+            msg = f"Adding {old_soname} requires ANDROID_API_LEVEL to be at least 24"
+            raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+        toolchain = Path(android_env["CC"]).parent.parent
+        src_path = toolchain / f"sysroot/usr/lib/{android_env['CIBW_HOST_TRIPLET']}/{old_soname}"
+
+        # Use the same library location as auditwheel would.
+        libs_dir = unpacked_dir / (wheel_name + ".libs")
+        libs_dir.mkdir()
+        new_soname = soname_with_hash(src_path)
+        dst_path = libs_dir / new_soname
+        shutil.copyfile(src_path, dst_path)
+        call("patchelf", "--set-soname", new_soname, dst_path)
+
+        for path in paths_to_patch:
+            call("patchelf", "--replace-needed", old_soname, new_soname, path)
+            call(
+                "patchelf",
+                "--set-rpath",
+                f"${{ORIGIN}}/{relpath(libs_dir, path.parent)}",
+                path,
+            )
+        call(sys.executable, "-m", "wheel", "pack", unpacked_dir, "-d", repaired_wheel_dir)
+
+
+def elf_file_filter(paths: Iterable[Path]) -> Iterator[tuple[Path, ELFFile]]:
+    """Filter through an iterator of filenames and load up only ELF files"""
+    for path in paths:
+        if not path.name.endswith(".py"):
+            try:
+                with open(path, "rb") as f:
+                    candidate = ELFFile(f)  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
+                    yield path, candidate
+            except ELFError:
+                pass  # Not an ELF file
+
+
+def soname_with_hash(src_path: Path) -> str:
+    """Return the same library filename as auditwheel would"""
+    shorthash = hashlib.sha256(src_path.read_bytes()).hexdigest()[:8]
+    src_name = src_path.name
+    base, ext = src_name.split(".", 1)
+    if not base.endswith(f"-{shorthash}"):
+        return f"{base}-{shorthash}.{ext}"
+    else:
+        return src_name
+
+
+def test_wheel(state: BuildState, wheel: Path) -> None:
+    test_command = state.options.test_command
+    if not (test_command and state.options.test_selector(state.config.identifier)):
+        return
+
+    log.step("Testing wheel...")
+    native_arch = arch_synonym(platform.machine(), platforms.native_platform(), "android")
+    if state.config.arch != native_arch:
+        log.warning(
+            f"Skipping tests for {state.config.arch}, as the build machine only "
+            f"supports {native_arch}"
+        )
+        return
+
+    if state.options.before_test:
+        shell_prepared(
+            state.options.before_test,
+            build_options=state.options,
+            env=state.build_env,
+        )
+
+    # Install the wheel and test-requires.
+    site_packages_dir = state.build_path / "site-packages"
+    site_packages_dir.mkdir()
+    call(
+        "pip",
+        "install",
+        "--only-binary=:all:",
+        "--platform",
+        sysconfig_print("get_platform()", state.android_env).replace("-", "_"),
+        "--target",
+        site_packages_dir,
+        f"{wheel}{state.options.test_extras}",
+        *state.options.test_requires,
+        env=state.build_env,
+    )
+
+    # Copy test-sources.
+    cwd_dir = state.build_path / "cwd"
+    cwd_dir.mkdir()
+    if state.options.test_sources:
+        copy_test_sources(state.options.test_sources, Path.cwd(), cwd_dir)
+    else:
+        (cwd_dir / "test_fail.py").write_text(
+            resources.TEST_FAIL_CWD_FILE.read_text(),
+        )
+
+    # Android doesn't support placeholders in the test command.
+    if any(("{" + placeholder + "}") in test_command for placeholder in ["project", "package"]):
+        msg = (
+            f"Test command {test_command!r} with a "
+            "'{project}' or '{package}' placeholder is not supported on Android, "
+            "because the source directory is not visible on the emulator."
+        )
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+    # Parse test-command.
+    test_args = shlex.split(test_command)
+    if test_args[:2] in [["python", "-c"], ["python", "-m"]]:
+        test_args[:3] = [test_args[1], test_args[2], "--"]
+    elif test_args[0] in ["pytest"]:
+        # We transform some commands into the `python -m` form, but this is deprecated.
+        msg = (
+            f"Test command {test_command!r} is not supported on Android. "
+            "cibuildwheel will try to execute it as if it started with 'python -m'. "
+            "If this works, all you need to do is add that to your test command."
+        )
+        log.warning(msg)
+        test_args[:1] = ["-m", test_args[0], "--"]
+    else:
+        msg = (
+            f"Test command {test_command!r} is not supported on Android. "
+            f"Supported commands are 'python -m' and 'python -c'."
+        )
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+    # Run the test app.
+    call(
+        state.python_dir / "android.py",
+        "test",
+        "--managed",
+        "maxVersion",
+        "--site-packages",
+        site_packages_dir,
+        "--cwd",
+        cwd_dir,
+        *test_args,
+        env=state.build_env,
+    )
+
+
+def sysconfig_print(method_call: str, env: dict[str, str]) -> str:
+    return call(
+        "python",
+        "-c",
+        f'import sysconfig; print(sysconfig.{method_call}, end="")',
+        env=env,
+        capture_stdout=True,
+    )

cibuildwheel/platforms/ios.py

@@ -0,0 +1,691 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import dataclasses
+import os
+import shlex
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import textwrap
+from collections.abc import Sequence, Set
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import assert_never
+
+from filelock import FileLock
+
+from .. import errors
+from ..architecture import Architecture
+from ..environment import ParsedEnvironment
+from ..frontend import (
+    BuildFrontendName,
+    get_build_frontend_extra_flags,
+)
+from ..logger import log
+from ..options import Options
+from ..selector import BuildSelector
+from ..util import resources
+from ..util.cmd import call, shell, split_command
+from ..util.file import (
+    CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
+    copy_test_sources,
+    download,
+    move_file,
+)
+from ..util.helpers import prepare_command, unwrap_preserving_paragraphs
+from ..util.packaging import (
+    combine_constraints,
+    find_compatible_wheel,
+    get_pip_version,
+)
+from ..venv import constraint_flags, virtualenv
+from .macos import install_cpython as install_build_cpython
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, kw_only=True)
+class PythonConfiguration:
+    version: str
+    identifier: str
+    url: str
+    build_url: str
+
+    @property
+    def sdk(self) -> str:
+        return self.multiarch.rsplit("-", 1)[1]
+
+    @property
+    def arch(self) -> str:
+        return self.multiarch.rsplit("-", 1)[0]
+
+    @property
+    def multiarch(self) -> str:
+        # The multiarch identifier, as reported by `sys.implementation._multiarch`
+        return "-".join(self.identifier.split("-ios_")[1].rsplit("_", 1))
+
+    @property
+    def is_simulator(self) -> bool:
+        return self.identifier.endswith("_iphonesimulator")
+
+    @property
+    def xcframework_slice(self) -> str:
+        "XCframeworks include binaries for multiple ABIs; which ABI section should be used?"
+        return "ios-arm64_x86_64-simulator" if self.is_simulator else "ios-arm64"
+
+
+def all_python_configurations() -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
+    # iOS builds are always cross builds; we need to install a macOS Python as
+    # well. Rather than duplicate the location of the URL of macOS installers,
+    # load the macos configurations, determine the macOS configuration that
+    # matches the platform we're building, and embed that URL in the parsed iOS
+    # configuration.
+    macos_python_configs = resources.read_python_configs("macos")
+
+    def build_url(config_dict: dict[str, str]) -> str:
+        # The iOS identifier will be something like cp313-ios_arm64_iphoneos.
+        # Drop the iphoneos suffix, then replace ios with macosx to yield
+        # cp313-macosx_arm64, which will be a macOS build identifier.
+        modified_ios_identifier = config_dict["identifier"].rsplit("_", 1)[0]
+        macos_identifier = modified_ios_identifier.replace("ios", "macosx")
+        matching = [
+            config for config in macos_python_configs if config["identifier"] == macos_identifier
+        ]
+        return matching[0]["url"]
+
+    # Load the platform configuration
+    full_python_configs = resources.read_python_configs("ios")
+    # Build the configurations, annotating with macOS URL details.
+    return [
+        PythonConfiguration(
+            **item,
+            build_url=build_url(item),
+        )
+        for item in full_python_configs
+    ]
+
+
+def get_python_configurations(
+    build_selector: BuildSelector,
+    architectures: Set[Architecture],
+) -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
+    python_configurations = all_python_configurations()
+
+    # Filter out configs that don't match any of the selected architectures
+    python_configurations = [
+        c
+        for c in python_configurations
+        if any(c.identifier.endswith(f"-ios_{a.value}") for a in architectures)
+    ]
+
+    # Skip builds as required by BUILD/SKIP
+    python_configurations = [c for c in python_configurations if build_selector(c.identifier)]
+
+    return python_configurations
+
+
+def install_target_cpython(tmp: Path, config: PythonConfiguration, free_threading: bool) -> Path:
+    if free_threading:
+        msg = "Free threading builds aren't available for iOS (yet)"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+    # Install an iOS build of CPython
+    ios_python_tar_gz = config.url.rsplit("/", 1)[-1]
+    extension = ".tar.gz"
+    assert ios_python_tar_gz.endswith(extension)
+    installation_path = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / ios_python_tar_gz[: -len(extension)]
+    with FileLock(str(installation_path) + ".lock"):
+        if not installation_path.exists():
+            downloaded_tar_gz = tmp / ios_python_tar_gz
+            download(config.url, downloaded_tar_gz)
+            installation_path.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+            call("tar", "-C", installation_path, "-xf", downloaded_tar_gz)
+            downloaded_tar_gz.unlink()
+
+    return installation_path
+
+
+def cross_virtualenv(
+    *,
+    py_version: str,
+    target_python: Path,
+    multiarch: str,
+    build_python: Path,
+    venv_path: Path,
+    dependency_constraint: Path | None,
+    xbuild_tools: Sequence[str] | None,
+) -> dict[str, str]:
+    """Create a cross-compilation virtual environment.
+
+    In a cross-compilation environment, the *target* is the platform where the
+    code will ultimately run, and the *build* is the platform where you're
+    running the compilation. When building iOS wheels, iOS is the target machine
+    and macOS is the build machine. The terminology around these machines varies
+    between build tools (configure uses "host" and "build"; cmake uses "target" and
+    "build host").
+
+    A cross-compilation virtualenv is an environment that is based on the
+    *build* python (so that binaries can execute); but it modifies the
+    environment at startup so that any request for platform details (such as
+    `sys.platform` or `sysconfig.get_platform()`) return details of the target
+    platform. It also applies a loader patch so that any virtualenv created by
+    the cross-compilation environment will also be a cross-compilation
+    environment.
+
+    :param py_version: The Python version (major.minor) in use
+    :param target_python: The path to the python binary for the target platform
+    :param multiarch: The multiarch tag for the target platform (i.e., the value
+        of `sys.implementation._multiarch`)
+    :param build_python: The path to the python binary for the build platform
+    :param venv_path: The path where the cross virtual environment should be
+        created.
+    :param dependency_constraint: A path to a constraint file that should be
+        used when constraining dependencies in the environment.
+    :param xbuild_tools: A list of executable names (without paths) that are
+        on the path, but must be preserved in the cross environment.
+    """
+    # Create an initial macOS virtual environment
+    env = virtualenv(
+        py_version,
+        build_python,
+        venv_path,
+        dependency_constraint,
+        use_uv=False,
+    )
+
+    # Convert the macOS virtual environment into an iOS virtual environment
+    # using the cross-platform conversion script in the iOS distribution.
+
+    # target_python is the path to the Python binary;
+    # determine the root of the XCframework slice that is being used.
+    slice_path = target_python.parent.parent
+    call(
+        "python",
+        str(slice_path / f"platform-config/{multiarch}/make_cross_venv.py"),
+        str(venv_path),
+        env=env,
+        cwd=venv_path,
+    )
+
+    # When running on macOS, it's easy for the build environment to leak into
+    # the target environment, especially when building for ARM64 (because the
+    # build architecture is the same as the target architecture). The primary
+    # culprit for this is Homebrew libraries leaking in as dependencies for iOS
+    # libraries.
+    #
+    # To prevent problems, set the PATH to isolate the build environment from
+    # sources that could introduce incompatible binaries.
+    #
+    # However, there may be some tools on the path that are needed for the
+    # build. Find their location on the path, and link the underlying binaries
+    # (fully resolving symlinks) to a "safe" location that will *only* contain
+    # those tools. This avoids needing to add *all* of Homebrew to the path just
+    # to get access to (for example) cmake for build purposes. A value of None
+    # means the user hasn't provided a list of xbuild tools.
+    xbuild_tools_path = venv_path / "cibw_xbuild_tools"
+    xbuild_tools_path.mkdir()
+    if xbuild_tools is None:
+        log.warning(
+            textwrap.dedent(
+                """
+                Your project configuration does not define any cross-build tools.
+
+                iOS builds use an isolated build environment; if your build process requires any
+                third-party tools (such as cmake, ninja, or rustc), you must explicitly declare
+                that those tools are required using xbuild-tools/CIBW_XBUILD_TOOLS. This will
+                likely manifest as a "somebuildtool: command not found" error.
+
+                If the build succeeds, you can silence this warning by setting adding
+                `xbuild-tools = []` to your pyproject.toml configuration, or exporting
+                CIBW_XBUILD_TOOLS as an empty string into your environment.
+                """
+            )
+        )
+    else:
+        for tool in xbuild_tools:
+            tool_path = shutil.which(tool)
+            if tool_path is None:
+                msg = f"Could not find a {tool!r} executable on the path."
+                raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+            # Link the binary into the safe tools directory
+            original = Path(tool_path).resolve()
+            print(f"{tool!r} will be included in the cross-build environment (using {original})")
+            (xbuild_tools_path / tool).symlink_to(original)
+
+    env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(
+        [
+            # The target python's binary directory
+            str(target_python.parent),
+            # The cross-platform environment's binary directory
+            str(venv_path / "bin"),
+            # The directory of cross-build tools
+            str(xbuild_tools_path),
+            # The bare minimum Apple system paths.
+            "/usr/bin",
+            "/bin",
+            "/usr/sbin",
+            "/sbin",
+            "/Library/Apple/usr/bin",
+        ]
+    )
+    # Also unset DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH to ensure that no macOS libraries will be
+    # found and linked.
+    env.pop("DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH", None)
+
+    return env
+
+
+def setup_python(
+    tmp: Path,
+    *,
+    python_configuration: PythonConfiguration,
+    dependency_constraint: Path | None,
+    environment: ParsedEnvironment,
+    build_frontend: BuildFrontendName,
+    xbuild_tools: Sequence[str] | None,
+) -> tuple[Path, dict[str, str]]:
+    if build_frontend == "build[uv]":
+        msg = "uv doesn't support iOS"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+    # An iOS environment requires 2 python installs - one for the build machine
+    # (macOS), and one for the target (iOS). We'll only ever interact with the
+    # *target* python, but the build Python needs to exist to act as the base
+    # for a cross venv.
+    tmp.mkdir()
+    implementation_id = python_configuration.identifier.split("-")[0]
+    log.step(f"Installing Build Python {implementation_id}...")
+    if implementation_id.startswith("cp"):
+        free_threading = "t-ios" in python_configuration.identifier
+        build_python = install_build_cpython(
+            tmp,
+            python_configuration.version,
+            python_configuration.build_url,
+            free_threading,
+        )
+    else:
+        msg = f"Unknown Python implementation: {implementation_id}"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+    assert build_python.exists(), (
+        f"{build_python.name} not found, has {list(build_python.parent.iterdir())}"
+    )
+
+    log.step(f"Installing Target Python {implementation_id}...")
+    target_install_path = install_target_cpython(tmp, python_configuration, free_threading)
+    target_python = (
+        target_install_path
+        / "Python.xcframework"
+        / python_configuration.xcframework_slice
+        / "bin"
+        / f"python{python_configuration.version}"
+    )
+
+    assert target_python.exists(), (
+        f"{target_python.name} not found, has {list(target_install_path.iterdir())}"
+    )
+
+    log.step("Creating cross build environment...")
+
+    venv_path = tmp / "venv"
+    env = cross_virtualenv(
+        py_version=python_configuration.version,
+        target_python=target_python,
+        multiarch=python_configuration.multiarch,
+        build_python=build_python,
+        venv_path=venv_path,
+        dependency_constraint=dependency_constraint,
+        xbuild_tools=xbuild_tools,
+    )
+    venv_bin_path = venv_path / "bin"
+    assert venv_bin_path.exists()
+
+    # We version pip ourselves, so we don't care about pip version checking
+    env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
+
+    # upgrade pip to the version matching our constraints
+    # if necessary, reinstall it to ensure that it's available on PATH as 'pip'
+    pip = ["python", "-m", "pip"]
+    call(
+        *pip,
+        "install",
+        "--upgrade",
+        "pip",
+        *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
+        env=env,
+        cwd=venv_path,
+    )
+
+    # Apply our environment after pip is ready
+    env = environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=env)
+
+    # Check what Python version we're on
+    which_python = call("which", "python", env=env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
+    print(which_python)
+    if which_python != str(venv_bin_path / "python"):
+        msg = (
+            "cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. "
+            "If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's "
+            "entry or insert python above it."
+        )
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    call("python", "--version", env=env)
+
+    # Check what pip version we're on
+    assert (venv_bin_path / "pip").exists()
+    which_pip = call("which", "pip", env=env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
+    print(which_pip)
+    if which_pip != str(venv_bin_path / "pip"):
+        msg = (
+            "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. "
+            "If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's "
+            "entry or insert pip above it."
+        )
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    call("pip", "--version", env=env)
+
+    # Ensure that IPHONEOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET is set in the environment
+    env.setdefault("IPHONEOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET", "13.0")
+
+    log.step("Installing build tools...")
+    match build_frontend:
+        case "pip":
+            # No additional build tools required
+            pass
+        case "build":
+            call(
+                "pip",
+                "install",
+                "--upgrade",
+                "build[virtualenv]",
+                *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
+                env=env,
+            )
+        case _:
+            assert_never(build_frontend)
+
+    return target_install_path, env
+
+
+def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    if sys.platform != "darwin":
+        msg = "iOS binaries can only be built on macOS"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+    python_configurations = get_python_configurations(
+        build_selector=options.globals.build_selector,
+        architectures=options.globals.architectures,
+    )
+
+    if not python_configurations:
+        return
+
+    try:
+        before_all_options_identifier = python_configurations[0].identifier
+        before_all_options = options.build_options(before_all_options_identifier)
+
+        if before_all_options.before_all:
+            log.step("Running before_all...")
+            env = before_all_options.environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=os.environ)
+            env.setdefault("IPHONEOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET", "13.0")
+            before_all_prepared = prepare_command(
+                before_all_options.before_all,
+                project=".",
+                package=before_all_options.package_dir,
+            )
+            shell(before_all_prepared, env=env)
+
+        built_wheels: list[Path] = []
+
+        for config in python_configurations:
+            build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
+            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend
+            # uv doesn't support iOS
+            if build_frontend.name == "build[uv]":
+                msg = "uv doesn't support iOS"
+                raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+            log.build_start(config.identifier)
+
+            identifier_tmp_dir = tmp_path / config.identifier
+            identifier_tmp_dir.mkdir()
+            built_wheel_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "built_wheel"
+
+            constraints_path = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
+                version=config.version, tmp_dir=identifier_tmp_dir
+            )
+
+            target_install_path, env = setup_python(
+                identifier_tmp_dir / "build",
+                python_configuration=config,
+                dependency_constraint=constraints_path,
+                environment=build_options.environment,
+                build_frontend=build_frontend.name,
+                xbuild_tools=build_options.xbuild_tools,
+            )
+            pip_version = get_pip_version(env)
+
+            compatible_wheel = find_compatible_wheel(built_wheels, config.identifier)
+            if compatible_wheel:
+                log.step_end()
+                print(
+                    f"\nFound previously built wheel {compatible_wheel.name} "
+                    f"that is compatible with {config.identifier}. "
+                    "Skipping build step..."
+                )
+                test_wheel = compatible_wheel
+            else:
+                if build_options.before_build:
+                    log.step("Running before_build...")
+                    before_build_prepared = prepare_command(
+                        build_options.before_build,
+                        project=".",
+                        package=build_options.package_dir,
+                    )
+                    shell(before_build_prepared, env=env)
+
+                log.step("Building wheel...")
+                built_wheel_dir.mkdir()
+
+                extra_flags = get_build_frontend_extra_flags(
+                    build_frontend, build_options.build_verbosity, build_options.config_settings
+                )
+
+                build_env = env.copy()
+                build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = pip_version
+                if constraints_path:
+                    combine_constraints(build_env, constraints_path, None)
+
+                match build_frontend.name:
+                    case "pip":
+                        # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to
+                        # fetch package from pypi.org. See
+                        # https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
+                        call(
+                            "python",
+                            "-m",
+                            "pip",
+                            "wheel",
+                            build_options.package_dir.resolve(),
+                            f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            "--no-deps",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                            env=build_env,
+                        )
+                    case "build":
+                        call(
+                            "python",
+                            "-m",
+                            "build",
+                            build_options.package_dir,
+                            "--wheel",
+                            f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                            env=build_env,
+                        )
+                    case _:
+                        assert_never(build_frontend)
+
+                test_wheel = built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+
+                if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
+                    raise errors.NonPlatformWheelError()
+
+                log.step_end()
+
+            if build_options.test_command and build_options.test_selector(config.identifier):
+                if not config.is_simulator:
+                    log.step("Skipping tests on non-simulator SDK")
+                elif config.arch != os.uname().machine:
+                    log.step("Skipping tests on non-native simulator architecture")
+                else:
+                    test_env = build_options.test_environment.as_dictionary(
+                        prev_environment=build_env
+                    )
+
+                    if build_options.before_test:
+                        before_test_prepared = prepare_command(
+                            build_options.before_test,
+                            project=".",
+                            package=build_options.package_dir,
+                        )
+                        shell(before_test_prepared, env=test_env)
+
+                    log.step("Setting up test harness...")
+                    # Clone the testbed project into the build directory
+                    testbed_path = identifier_tmp_dir / "testbed"
+                    call(
+                        "python",
+                        target_install_path / "testbed",
+                        "clone",
+                        testbed_path,
+                        env=test_env,
+                    )
+
+                    testbed_app_path = testbed_path / "iOSTestbed" / "app"
+
+                    # Copy the test sources to the testbed app
+                    if build_options.test_sources:
+                        copy_test_sources(
+                            build_options.test_sources,
+                            Path.cwd(),
+                            testbed_app_path,
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        (testbed_app_path / "test_fail.py").write_text(
+                            resources.TEST_FAIL_CWD_FILE.read_text()
+                        )
+
+                    log.step("Installing test requirements...")
+                    # Install the compiled wheel (with any test extras), plus
+                    # the test requirements. Use the --platform tag to force
+                    # the installation of iOS wheels; this requires the use of
+                    # --only-binary=:all:
+                    ios_version = test_env["IPHONEOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET"]
+                    platform_tag = f"ios_{ios_version.replace('.', '_')}_{config.arch}_{config.sdk}"
+
+                    call(
+                        "python",
+                        "-m",
+                        "pip",
+                        "install",
+                        "--only-binary=:all:",
+                        "--platform",
+                        platform_tag,
+                        "--target",
+                        testbed_path / "iOSTestbed" / "app_packages",
+                        f"{test_wheel}{build_options.test_extras}",
+                        *build_options.test_requires,
+                        env=test_env,
+                    )
+
+                    log.step("Running test suite...")
+
+                    # iOS doesn't support placeholders in the test command,
+                    # because the source dir isn't visible on the simulator.
+                    if (
+                        "{project}" in build_options.test_command
+                        or "{package}" in build_options.test_command
+                    ):
+                        msg = unwrap_preserving_paragraphs(
+                            f"""
+                            iOS tests configured with a test command that uses the "{{project}}" or
+                            "{{package}}" placeholder. iOS tests cannot use placeholders, because the
+                            source directory is not visible on the simulator.
+
+                            In addition, iOS tests must run as a Python module, so the test command
+                            must begin with 'python -m'.
+
+                            Test command: {build_options.test_command!r}
+                            """
+                        )
+                        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+                    test_command_list = shlex.split(build_options.test_command)
+                    try:
+                        for test_command_parts in split_command(test_command_list):
+                            match test_command_parts:
+                                case ["python", "-m", *rest]:
+                                    final_command = rest
+                                case ["pytest", *rest]:
+                                    # pytest works exactly the same as a module, so we
+                                    # can just run it as a module.
+                                    msg = unwrap_preserving_paragraphs(f"""
+                                        iOS tests configured with a test command which doesn't start
+                                        with 'python -m'. iOS tests must execute python modules - other
+                                        entrypoints are not supported.
+
+                                        cibuildwheel will try to execute it as if it started with
+                                        'python -m'. If this works, all you need to do is add that to
+                                        your test command.
+
+                                        Test command: {build_options.test_command!r}
+                                    """)
+                                    log.warning(msg)
+                                    final_command = ["pytest", *rest]
+                                case _:
+                                    msg = unwrap_preserving_paragraphs(
+                                        f"""
+                                            iOS tests configured with a test command which doesn't start
+                                            with 'python -m'. iOS tests must execute python modules - other
+                                            entrypoints are not supported.
+
+                                            Test command: {build_options.test_command!r}
+                                        """
+                                    )
+                                    raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+                            call(
+                                "python",
+                                testbed_path,
+                                "run",
+                                *(["--verbose"] if build_options.build_verbosity > 0 else []),
+                                "--",
+                                *final_command,
+                                env=test_env,
+                            )
+                    except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+                        # catches the first test command failure in the loop,
+                        # implementing short-circuiting
+                        log.step_end(success=False)
+                        log.error(f"Test suite failed on {config.identifier}")
+                        sys.exit(1)
+
+                    log.step_end()
+
+            # We're all done here; move it to output (overwrite existing)
+            output_wheel: Path | None = None
+            if compatible_wheel is None:
+                output_wheel = build_options.output_dir.joinpath(built_wheel.name)
+                moved_wheel = move_file(built_wheel, output_wheel)
+                if moved_wheel != output_wheel.resolve():
+                    log.warning(
+                        f"{built_wheel} was moved to {moved_wheel} instead of {output_wheel}"
+                    )
+                built_wheels.append(output_wheel)
+
+            # Clean up
+            shutil.rmtree(identifier_tmp_dir)
+
+            log.build_end(output_wheel)
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
+        msg = f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout or ''}"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg) from error

cibuildwheel/platforms/linux.py

@@ -1,32 +1,38 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
+import contextlib
+import dataclasses
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import textwrap
-from dataclasses import dataclass
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Iterator, Sequence, Set
 from pathlib import Path, PurePath, PurePosixPath
-from typing import Iterator, Tuple
+from typing import assert_never
 
-from .architecture import Architecture
-from .logger import log
-from .oci_container import OCIContainer
-from .options import Options
-from .typing import OrderedDict, PathOrStr, assert_never
-from .util import (
-    AlreadyBuiltWheelError,
-    BuildSelector,
-    NonPlatformWheelError,
-    find_compatible_wheel,
-    get_build_verbosity_extra_flags,
-    prepare_command,
-    read_python_configs,
-    split_config_settings,
-    test_fail_cwd_file,
-    unwrap,
-)
+from .. import errors
+from ..architecture import Architecture
+from ..frontend import get_build_frontend_extra_flags
+from ..logger import log
+from ..oci_container import OCIContainer, OCIContainerEngineConfig, OCIPlatform
+from ..options import BuildOptions, Options
+from ..selector import BuildSelector
+from ..typing import PathOrStr
+from ..util import resources
+from ..util.file import copy_test_sources
+from ..util.helpers import prepare_command, unwrap
+from ..util.packaging import find_compatible_wheel
+
+ARCHITECTURE_OCI_PLATFORM_MAP = {
+    Architecture.x86_64: OCIPlatform.AMD64,
+    Architecture.i686: OCIPlatform.i386,
+    Architecture.aarch64: OCIPlatform.ARM64,
+    Architecture.ppc64le: OCIPlatform.PPC64LE,
+    Architecture.s390x: OCIPlatform.S390X,
+    Architecture.armv7l: OCIPlatform.ARMV7,
+    Architecture.riscv64: OCIPlatform.RISCV64,
+}
 
 
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, kw_only=True)
 class PythonConfiguration:
     version: str
     identifier: str
@@ -37,21 +43,24 @@ class PythonConfiguration:
         return PurePosixPath(self.path_str)
 
 
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, kw_only=True)
 class BuildStep:
     platform_configs: list[PythonConfiguration]
     platform_tag: str
+    container_engine: OCIContainerEngineConfig
     container_image: str
 
 
+def all_python_configurations() -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
+    config_dicts = resources.read_python_configs("linux")
+    return [PythonConfiguration(**item) for item in config_dicts]
+
+
 def get_python_configurations(
     build_selector: BuildSelector,
-    architectures: set[Architecture],
+    architectures: Set[Architecture],
 ) -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
-
-    full_python_configs = read_python_configs("linux")
-
-    python_configurations = [PythonConfiguration(**item) for item in full_python_configs]
+    python_configurations = all_python_configurations()
 
     # return all configurations whose arch is in our `architectures` set,
     # and match the build/skip rules
@@ -63,8 +72,9 @@ def get_python_configurations(
     ]
 
 
-def container_image_for_python_configuration(config: PythonConfiguration, options: Options) -> str:
-    build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
+def container_image_for_python_configuration(
+    config: PythonConfiguration, build_options: BuildOptions
+) -> str:
     # e.g
     # identifier is 'cp310-manylinux_x86_64'
     # platform_tag is 'manylinux_x86_64'
@@ -89,15 +99,18 @@ def get_build_steps(
     Groups PythonConfigurations into BuildSteps. Each BuildStep represents a
     separate container instance.
     """
-    steps = OrderedDict[Tuple[str, str, str], BuildStep]()
+    steps = OrderedDict[tuple[str, str, str, OCIContainerEngineConfig], BuildStep]()
 
     for config in python_configurations:
         _, platform_tag = config.identifier.split("-", 1)
 
-        before_all = options.build_options(config.identifier).before_all
-        container_image = container_image_for_python_configuration(config, options)
+        build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
 
-        step_key = (platform_tag, container_image, before_all)
+        before_all = build_options.before_all
+        container_image = container_image_for_python_configuration(config, build_options)
+        container_engine = build_options.container_engine
+
+        step_key = (platform_tag, container_image, before_all, container_engine)
 
         if step_key in steps:
             steps[step_key].platform_configs.append(config)
@@ -105,6 +118,7 @@ def get_build_steps(
             steps[step_key] = BuildStep(
                 platform_configs=[config],
                 platform_tag=platform_tag,
+                container_engine=container_engine,
                 container_image=container_image,
             )
 
@@ -112,35 +126,49 @@ def get_build_steps(
 
 
 def check_all_python_exist(
-    *, platform_configs: list[PythonConfiguration], container: OCIContainer
+    *, platform_configs: Iterable[PythonConfiguration], container: OCIContainer
 ) -> None:
     exist = True
+    has_manylinux_interpreters = False
     messages = []
+
+    with contextlib.suppress(subprocess.CalledProcessError):
+        # use capture_output to keep quiet
+        container.call(["manylinux-interpreters", "--help"], capture_output=True)
+        has_manylinux_interpreters = True
+
     for config in platform_configs:
         python_path = config.path / "bin" / "python"
-        try:
-            container.call(["test", "-x", python_path])
-        except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
-            messages.append(
-                f"  '{python_path}' executable doesn't exist in image '{container.image}' to build '{config.identifier}'."
-            )
-            exist = False
+        if has_manylinux_interpreters:
+            try:
+                container.call(["manylinux-interpreters", "ensure", config.path.name])
+            except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+                messages.append(
+                    f"  'manylinux-interpreters ensure {config.path.name}' needed to build '{config.identifier}' failed in container running image '{container.image}'."
+                    " Either the installation failed or this interpreter is not available in that image. Please check the logs."
+                )
+                exist = False
+        else:
+            try:
+                container.call(["test", "-x", python_path])
+            except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+                messages.append(
+                    f"  '{python_path}' executable doesn't exist in image '{container.image}' to build '{config.identifier}'."
+                )
+                exist = False
     if not exist:
         message = "\n".join(messages)
-        print(
-            f"cibuildwheel:\n{message}",
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
-        sys.exit(1)
+        raise errors.FatalError(message)
 
 
 def build_in_container(
     *,
     options: Options,
-    platform_configs: list[PythonConfiguration],
+    platform_configs: Sequence[PythonConfiguration],
     container: OCIContainer,
     container_project_path: PurePath,
     container_package_dir: PurePath,
+    local_tmp_dir: Path,
 ) -> None:
     container_output_dir = PurePosixPath("/output")
 
@@ -156,7 +184,7 @@ def build_in_container(
         log.step("Running before_all...")
 
         env = container.get_environment()
-        env["PATH"] = f'/opt/python/cp38-cp38/bin:{env["PATH"]}'
+        env["PATH"] = f"/opt/python/cp39-cp39/bin:{env['PATH']}"
         env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
         env["PIP_ROOT_USER_ACTION"] = "ignore"
         env = before_all_options.environment.as_dictionary(
@@ -174,47 +202,50 @@ def build_in_container(
 
     for config in platform_configs:
         log.build_start(config.identifier)
+        local_identifier_tmp_dir = local_tmp_dir / config.identifier
         build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
-
-        dependency_constraint_flags: list[PathOrStr] = []
-
-        if build_options.dependency_constraints:
-            constraints_file = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
-                config.version
-            )
-            container_constraints_file = PurePath("/constraints.txt")
-
-            container.copy_into(constraints_file, container_constraints_file)
-            dependency_constraint_flags = ["-c", container_constraints_file]
+        build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend
+        use_uv = build_frontend.name == "build[uv]"
+        pip = ["uv", "pip"] if use_uv else ["pip"]
 
         log.step("Setting up build environment...")
 
+        dependency_constraint_flags: list[PathOrStr] = []
+        local_constraints_file = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
+            version=config.version,
+            tmp_dir=local_identifier_tmp_dir,
+        )
+        if local_constraints_file:
+            container_constraints_file = PurePosixPath("/constraints.txt")
+            container.copy_into(local_constraints_file, container_constraints_file)
+            dependency_constraint_flags = ["-c", container_constraints_file]
+
         env = container.get_environment()
         env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
         env["PIP_ROOT_USER_ACTION"] = "ignore"
 
         # put this config's python top of the list
         python_bin = config.path / "bin"
-        env["PATH"] = f'{python_bin}:{env["PATH"]}'
+        env["PATH"] = f"{python_bin}:{env['PATH']}"
 
         env = build_options.environment.as_dictionary(env, executor=container.environment_executor)
 
         # check config python is still on PATH
         which_python = container.call(["which", "python"], env=env, capture_output=True).strip()
         if PurePosixPath(which_python) != python_bin / "python":
-            print(
-                "cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it.",
-                file=sys.stderr,
-            )
-            sys.exit(1)
+            msg = "python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it."
+            raise errors.FatalError(msg)
 
-        which_pip = container.call(["which", "pip"], env=env, capture_output=True).strip()
-        if PurePosixPath(which_pip) != python_bin / "pip":
-            print(
-                "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.",
-                file=sys.stderr,
-            )
-            sys.exit(1)
+        if use_uv:
+            which_uv = container.call(["which", "uv"], env=env, capture_output=True).strip()
+            if not which_uv:
+                msg = "uv not found on PATH. You must use a supported manylinux or musllinux environment with uv."
+                raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+        else:
+            which_pip = container.call(["which", "pip"], env=env, capture_output=True).strip()
+            if PurePosixPath(which_pip) != python_bin / "pip":
+                msg = "pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it."
+                raise errors.FatalError(msg)
 
         compatible_wheel = find_compatible_wheel(built_wheels, config.identifier)
         if compatible_wheel:
@@ -222,9 +253,8 @@ def build_in_container(
             print(
                 f"\nFound previously built wheel {compatible_wheel.name}, that's compatible with {config.identifier}. Skipping build step..."
             )
-            repaired_wheels = [compatible_wheel]
+            repaired_wheel = compatible_wheel
         else:
-
             if build_options.before_build:
                 log.step("Running before_build...")
                 before_build_prepared = prepare_command(
@@ -241,41 +271,42 @@ def build_in_container(
             container.call(["rm", "-rf", built_wheel_dir])
             container.call(["mkdir", "-p", built_wheel_dir])
 
-            verbosity_flags = get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(build_options.build_verbosity)
-            extra_flags = split_config_settings(build_options.config_settings)
+            extra_flags = get_build_frontend_extra_flags(
+                build_frontend, build_options.build_verbosity, build_options.config_settings
+            )
 
-            if build_options.build_frontend == "pip":
-                extra_flags += verbosity_flags
-                container.call(
-                    [
-                        "python",
-                        "-m",
-                        "pip",
-                        "wheel",
-                        container_package_dir,
-                        f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                        "--no-deps",
-                        *extra_flags,
-                    ],
-                    env=env,
-                )
-            elif build_options.build_frontend == "build":
-                verbosity_setting = " ".join(verbosity_flags)
-                extra_flags += (f"--config-setting={verbosity_setting}",)
-                container.call(
-                    [
-                        "python",
-                        "-m",
-                        "build",
-                        container_package_dir,
-                        "--wheel",
-                        f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                        *extra_flags,
-                    ],
-                    env=env,
-                )
-            else:
-                assert_never(build_options.build_frontend)
+            match build_frontend.name:
+                case "pip":
+                    container.call(
+                        [
+                            "python",
+                            "-m",
+                            "pip",
+                            "wheel",
+                            container_package_dir,
+                            f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            "--no-deps",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                        ],
+                        env=env,
+                    )
+                case "build" | "build[uv]":
+                    if use_uv and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags and "-n" not in extra_flags:
+                        extra_flags += ["--installer=uv"]
+                    container.call(
+                        [
+                            "python",
+                            "-m",
+                            "build",
+                            container_package_dir,
+                            "--wheel",
+                            f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                        ],
+                        env=env,
+                    )
+                case _:
+                    assert_never(build_frontend)
 
             built_wheel = container.glob(built_wheel_dir, "*.whl")[0]
 
@@ -284,7 +315,7 @@ def build_in_container(
             container.call(["mkdir", "-p", repaired_wheel_dir])
 
             if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
-                raise NonPlatformWheelError()
+                raise errors.NonPlatformWheelError()
 
             if build_options.repair_command:
                 log.step("Repairing wheel...")
@@ -295,28 +326,47 @@ def build_in_container(
             else:
                 container.call(["mv", built_wheel, repaired_wheel_dir])
 
-            repaired_wheels = container.glob(repaired_wheel_dir, "*.whl")
+            match container.glob(repaired_wheel_dir, "*.whl"):
+                case []:
+                    raise errors.RepairStepProducedNoWheelError()
+                case [repaired_wheel]:
+                    pass
+                case too_many:
+                    raise errors.RepairStepProducedMultipleWheelsError([p.name for p in too_many])
 
-            for repaired_wheel in repaired_wheels:
-                if repaired_wheel.name in {wheel.name for wheel in built_wheels}:
-                    raise AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)
+            if repaired_wheel.name in {wheel.name for wheel in built_wheels}:
+                raise errors.AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)
 
         if build_options.test_command and build_options.test_selector(config.identifier):
             log.step("Testing wheel...")
 
             # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
             # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
-            container.call(["pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env)
+            if not use_uv:
+                container.call(
+                    ["pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env
+                )
 
             testing_temp_dir = PurePosixPath(
                 container.call(["mktemp", "-d"], capture_output=True).strip()
             )
             venv_dir = testing_temp_dir / "venv"
 
-            container.call(["python", "-m", "virtualenv", "--no-download", venv_dir], env=env)
+            if use_uv:
+                container.call(["uv", "venv", venv_dir, "--python", python_bin / "python"], env=env)
+            else:
+                # Use embedded dependencies from virtualenv to ensure determinism
+                venv_args = ["--no-periodic-update", "--pip=embed", "--no-setuptools"]
+                if "38" in config.identifier:
+                    venv_args.append("--no-wheel")
+                container.call(["python", "-m", "virtualenv", *venv_args, venv_dir], env=env)
 
             virtualenv_env = env.copy()
             virtualenv_env["PATH"] = f"{venv_dir / 'bin'}:{virtualenv_env['PATH']}"
+            virtualenv_env["VIRTUAL_ENV"] = str(venv_dir)
+            virtualenv_env = build_options.test_environment.as_dictionary(
+                prev_environment=virtualenv_env
+            )
 
             if build_options.before_test:
                 before_test_prepared = prepare_command(
@@ -327,45 +377,52 @@ def build_in_container(
                 container.call(["sh", "-c", before_test_prepared], env=virtualenv_env)
 
             # Install the wheel we just built
-            # Note: If auditwheel produced two wheels, it's because the earlier produced wheel
-            # conforms to multiple manylinux standards. These multiple versions of the wheel are
-            # functionally the same, differing only in name, wheel metadata, and possibly include
-            # different external shared libraries. so it doesn't matter which one we run the tests on.
-            # Let's just pick the first one.
-            wheel_to_test = repaired_wheels[0]
             container.call(
-                ["pip", "install", str(wheel_to_test) + build_options.test_extras],
+                [*pip, "install", str(repaired_wheel) + build_options.test_extras],
                 env=virtualenv_env,
             )
 
             # Install any requirements to run the tests
             if build_options.test_requires:
-                container.call(["pip", "install", *build_options.test_requires], env=virtualenv_env)
+                container.call([*pip, "install", *build_options.test_requires], env=virtualenv_env)
 
             # Run the tests from a different directory
             test_command_prepared = prepare_command(
                 build_options.test_command,
                 project=container_project_path,
                 package=container_package_dir,
+                wheel=repaired_wheel,
             )
+
             test_cwd = testing_temp_dir / "test_cwd"
             container.call(["mkdir", "-p", test_cwd])
-            container.copy_into(test_fail_cwd_file, test_cwd / "test_fail.py")
+
+            if build_options.test_sources:
+                copy_test_sources(
+                    build_options.test_sources,
+                    Path.cwd(),
+                    test_cwd,
+                    copy_into=container.copy_into,
+                )
+            else:
+                # Use the test_fail.py file to raise a nice error if the user
+                # tries to run tests in the cwd
+                container.copy_into(resources.TEST_FAIL_CWD_FILE, test_cwd / "test_fail.py")
 
             container.call(["sh", "-c", test_command_prepared], cwd=test_cwd, env=virtualenv_env)
 
             # clean up test environment
             container.call(["rm", "-rf", testing_temp_dir])
 
-        # move repaired wheels to output
+        # move repaired wheel to output
+        output_wheel: Path | None = None
         if compatible_wheel is None:
             container.call(["mkdir", "-p", container_output_dir])
-            container.call(["mv", *repaired_wheels, container_output_dir])
-            built_wheels.extend(
-                container_output_dir / repaired_wheel.name for repaired_wheel in repaired_wheels
-            )
+            container.call(["mv", repaired_wheel, container_output_dir])
+            built_wheels.append(container_output_dir / repaired_wheel.name)
+            output_wheel = options.globals.output_dir / repaired_wheel.name
 
-        log.build_end()
+        log.build_end(output_wheel)
 
     log.step("Copying wheels back to host...")
     # copy the output back into the host
@@ -373,28 +430,7 @@ def build_in_container(
     log.step_end()
 
 
-def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
-    try:
-        # check the container engine is installed
-        subprocess.run(
-            [options.globals.container_engine, "--version"], check=True, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL
-        )
-    except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
-        print(
-            unwrap(
-                f"""
-                cibuildwheel: {options.globals.container_engine} not found. An
-                OCI exe like Docker or Podman is required to run Linux builds.
-                If you're building on Travis CI, add `services: [docker]` to
-                your .travis.yml. If you're building on Circle CI in Linux,
-                add a `setup_remote_docker` step to your .circleci/config.yml.
-                If you're building on Cirrus CI, use `docker_builder` task.
-                """
-            ),
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
-        sys.exit(2)
-
+def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     python_configurations = get_python_configurations(
         options.globals.build_selector, options.globals.architectures
     )
@@ -409,36 +445,55 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:  # pylint: disable=unused-a
     container_package_dir = container_project_path / abs_package_dir.relative_to(cwd)
 
     for build_step in get_build_steps(options, python_configurations):
+        try:
+            # check the container engine is installed
+            subprocess.run(
+                [build_step.container_engine.name, "--version"],
+                check=True,
+                stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL,
+            )
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
+            msg = unwrap(
+                f"""
+                {build_step.container_engine.name} not found. An OCI exe like
+                Docker or Podman is required to run Linux builds. If you're
+                building on Travis CI, add `services: [docker]` to your
+                .travis.yml. If you're building on Circle CI in Linux, add a
+                `setup_remote_docker` step to your .circleci/config.yml. If
+                you're building on Cirrus CI, use `docker_builder` task.
+                """
+            )
+            raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg) from error
+
         try:
             ids_to_build = [x.identifier for x in build_step.platform_configs]
             log.step(f"Starting container image {build_step.container_image}...")
 
             print(f"info: This container will host the build for {', '.join(ids_to_build)}...")
+            architecture = Architecture(build_step.platform_tag.split("_", 1)[1])
 
             with OCIContainer(
                 image=build_step.container_image,
-                simulate_32_bit=build_step.platform_tag.endswith("i686"),
+                oci_platform=ARCHITECTURE_OCI_PLATFORM_MAP[architecture],
                 cwd=container_project_path,
-                engine=options.globals.container_engine,
+                engine=build_step.container_engine,
             ) as container:
-
                 build_in_container(
                     options=options,
                     platform_configs=build_step.platform_configs,
                     container=container,
                     container_project_path=container_project_path,
                     container_package_dir=container_package_dir,
+                    local_tmp_dir=tmp_path,
                 )
 
         except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
-            log.step_end_with_error(
-                f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout}"
-            )
             troubleshoot(options, error)
-            sys.exit(1)
+            msg = f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout or ''}"
+            raise errors.FatalError(msg) from error
 
 
-def _matches_prepared_command(error_cmd: list[str], command_template: str) -> bool:
+def _matches_prepared_command(error_cmd: Sequence[str], command_template: str) -> bool:
     if len(error_cmd) < 3 or error_cmd[0:2] != ["sh", "-c"]:
         return False
     command_prefix = command_template.split("{", maxsplit=1)[0].strip()
@@ -446,7 +501,6 @@ def _matches_prepared_command(error_cmd: list[str], command_template: str) -> bo
 
 
 def troubleshoot(options: Options, error: Exception) -> None:
-
     if isinstance(error, subprocess.CalledProcessError) and (
         error.cmd[0:4] == ["python", "-m", "pip", "wheel"]
         or error.cmd[0:3] == ["python", "-m", "build"]
@@ -455,7 +509,6 @@ def troubleshoot(options: Options, error: Exception) -> None:
         )  # TODO allow matching of overrides too?
     ):
         # the wheel build step or the repair step failed
-        print("Checking for common errors...")
         so_files = list(options.globals.package_dir.glob("**/*.so"))
 
         if so_files:

cibuildwheel/platforms/macos.py

@@ -0,0 +1,751 @@
+import dataclasses
+import functools
+import inspect
+import os
+import platform
+import re
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import typing
+from collections.abc import Set
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Literal, assert_never
+
+from filelock import FileLock
+from packaging.version import Version
+
+from .. import errors
+from ..architecture import Architecture
+from ..ci import detect_ci_provider
+from ..environment import ParsedEnvironment
+from ..frontend import BuildFrontendName, get_build_frontend_extra_flags
+from ..logger import log
+from ..options import Options
+from ..selector import BuildSelector
+from ..util import resources
+from ..util.cmd import call, shell
+from ..util.file import (
+    CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
+    copy_test_sources,
+    download,
+    move_file,
+)
+from ..util.helpers import prepare_command, unwrap
+from ..util.packaging import combine_constraints, find_compatible_wheel, get_pip_version
+from ..venv import constraint_flags, find_uv, virtualenv
+
+
+@functools.cache
+def get_macos_version() -> tuple[int, int]:
+    """
+    Returns the macOS major/minor version, as a tuple, e.g. (10, 15) or (11, 0)
+
+    These tuples can be used in comparisons, e.g.
+        (10, 14) <= (11, 0) == True
+        (10, 14) <= (10, 16) == True
+        (11, 2) <= (11, 0) != True
+    """
+    version_str, _, _ = platform.mac_ver()
+    version = tuple(map(int, version_str.split(".")[:2]))
+    if (10, 15) < version < (11, 0):
+        # When built against an older macOS SDK, Python will report macOS 10.16
+        # instead of the real version.
+        version_str = call(
+            sys.executable,
+            "-sS",
+            "-c",
+            "import platform; print(platform.mac_ver()[0])",
+            env={"SYSTEM_VERSION_COMPAT": "0"},
+            capture_stdout=True,
+        )
+        version = tuple(map(int, version_str.split(".")[:2]))
+    return typing.cast(tuple[int, int], version)
+
+
+@functools.cache
+def get_test_macosx_deployment_target() -> str:
+    version = get_macos_version()
+    if version >= (11, 0):
+        return f"{version[0]}.0"
+    return f"{version[0]}.{version[1]}"
+
+
+def get_macos_sdks() -> list[str]:
+    output = call("xcodebuild", "-showsdks", capture_stdout=True)
+    return [m.group(1) for m in re.finditer(r"-sdk (macosx\S+)", output)]
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, kw_only=True)
+class PythonConfiguration:
+    version: str
+    identifier: str
+    url: str
+
+
+def all_python_configurations() -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
+    config_dicts = resources.read_python_configs("macos")
+    return [PythonConfiguration(**item) for item in config_dicts]
+
+
+def get_python_configurations(
+    build_selector: BuildSelector, architectures: Set[Architecture]
+) -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
+    python_configurations = all_python_configurations()
+
+    # filter out configs that don't match any of the selected architectures
+    python_configurations = [
+        c
+        for c in python_configurations
+        if any(c.identifier.endswith(a.value) for a in architectures)
+    ]
+
+    # skip builds as required by BUILD/SKIP
+    python_configurations = [c for c in python_configurations if build_selector(c.identifier)]
+
+    # filter-out some cross-compilation configs with PyPy and GraalPy:
+    # can't build arm64 on x86_64
+    # rosetta allows to build x86_64 on arm64
+    if platform.machine() == "x86_64":
+        python_configurations_before = set(python_configurations)
+        python_configurations = [
+            c
+            for c in python_configurations
+            if not (c.identifier.startswith(("pp", "gp")) and c.identifier.endswith("arm64"))
+        ]
+        removed_elements = python_configurations_before - set(python_configurations)
+        if removed_elements:
+            ids = ", ".join(c.identifier for c in removed_elements)
+            log.quiet(
+                unwrap(
+                    f"""
+                    Note: {ids}  {"was" if len(removed_elements) == 1 else "were"}
+                    selected, but can't be built on x86_64 so will be skipped automatically.
+                    """
+                )
+            )
+
+    return python_configurations
+
+
+def install_cpython(_tmp: Path, version: str, url: str, free_threading: bool) -> Path:
+    ft = "T" if free_threading else ""
+    installation_path = Path(f"/Library/Frameworks/Python{ft}.framework/Versions/{version}")
+    with FileLock(CIBW_CACHE_PATH / f"cpython{version}.lock"):
+        installed_system_packages = call("pkgutil", "--pkgs", capture_stdout=True).splitlines()
+        # if this version of python isn't installed, get it from python.org and install
+        python_package_identifier = f"org.python.Python.Python{ft}Framework-{version}"
+        if python_package_identifier not in installed_system_packages:
+            if detect_ci_provider() is None:
+                # if running locally, we don't want to install CPython with sudo
+                # let the user know & provide a link to the installer
+                msg = inspect.cleandoc(
+                    f"""
+                        Error: CPython {version} is not installed.
+                        cibuildwheel will not perform system-wide installs when running outside of CI.
+                        To build locally, install CPython {version} on this machine, or, disable this
+                        version of Python using CIBW_SKIP=cp{version.replace(".", "")}-macosx_*
+                        For portable builds, cibuildwheel needs the official builds from python.org.
+                        Download link: {url}
+                    """
+                )
+                raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+            python_filename = url.split("/")[-1]
+            pkg_path = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / "cpython-installer" / python_filename
+            if not pkg_path.exists():
+                download(url, pkg_path)
+            args = []
+            if version.startswith("3.13"):
+                # Python 3.13 is the first version to have a free-threading option
+                args += ["-applyChoiceChangesXML", str(resources.FREE_THREAD_ENABLE_313.resolve())]
+            elif version.startswith("3.14"):
+                args += ["-applyChoiceChangesXML", str(resources.FREE_THREAD_ENABLE_314.resolve())]
+            call("sudo", "installer", "-pkg", pkg_path, *args, "-target", "/")
+            pkg_path.unlink()
+            env = os.environ.copy()
+            env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
+
+            if free_threading:
+                call(installation_path / f"bin/python{version}t", "-m", "ensurepip", env=env)
+                call(
+                    installation_path / f"bin/python{version}t",
+                    resources.INSTALL_CERTIFI_SCRIPT,
+                    env=env,
+                )
+            else:
+                call(installation_path / "bin/python3", resources.INSTALL_CERTIFI_SCRIPT, env=env)
+
+    return installation_path / "bin" / (f"python{version}t" if free_threading else "python3")
+
+
+def install_pypy(tmp: Path, url: str) -> Path:
+    pypy_tar_bz2 = url.rsplit("/", 1)[-1]
+    extension = ".tar.bz2"
+    assert pypy_tar_bz2.endswith(extension)
+    installation_path = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / pypy_tar_bz2[: -len(extension)]
+    with FileLock(str(installation_path) + ".lock"):
+        if not installation_path.exists():
+            downloaded_tar_bz2 = tmp / pypy_tar_bz2
+            download(url, downloaded_tar_bz2)
+            installation_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+            call("tar", "-C", installation_path.parent, "-xf", downloaded_tar_bz2)
+            downloaded_tar_bz2.unlink()
+    return installation_path / "bin" / "pypy3"
+
+
+def install_graalpy(tmp: Path, url: str) -> Path:
+    graalpy_archive = url.rsplit("/", 1)[-1]
+    extension = ".tar.gz"
+    assert graalpy_archive.endswith(extension)
+    installation_path = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / graalpy_archive[: -len(extension)]
+    with FileLock(str(installation_path) + ".lock"):
+        if not installation_path.exists():
+            downloaded_archive = tmp / graalpy_archive
+            download(url, downloaded_archive)
+            installation_path.mkdir(parents=True)
+            # GraalPy top-folder name is inconsistent with archive name
+            call("tar", "-C", installation_path, "--strip-components=1", "-xzf", downloaded_archive)
+            downloaded_archive.unlink()
+    return installation_path / "bin" / "graalpy"
+
+
+def setup_python(
+    tmp: Path,
+    python_configuration: PythonConfiguration,
+    dependency_constraint: Path | None,
+    environment: ParsedEnvironment,
+    build_frontend: BuildFrontendName,
+) -> tuple[Path, dict[str, str]]:
+    uv_path = find_uv()
+    use_uv = build_frontend == "build[uv]"
+
+    tmp.mkdir()
+    implementation_id = python_configuration.identifier.split("-")[0]
+    log.step(f"Installing Python {implementation_id}...")
+    if implementation_id.startswith("cp"):
+        free_threading = "t-macos" in python_configuration.identifier
+        base_python = install_cpython(
+            tmp, python_configuration.version, python_configuration.url, free_threading
+        )
+
+    elif implementation_id.startswith("pp"):
+        base_python = install_pypy(tmp, python_configuration.url)
+    elif implementation_id.startswith("gp"):
+        base_python = install_graalpy(tmp, python_configuration.url)
+    else:
+        msg = "Unknown Python implementation"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    assert base_python.exists(), (
+        f"{base_python.name} not found, has {list(base_python.parent.iterdir())}"
+    )
+
+    log.step("Setting up build environment...")
+    venv_path = tmp / "venv"
+    env = virtualenv(
+        python_configuration.version,
+        base_python,
+        venv_path,
+        dependency_constraint,
+        use_uv=use_uv,
+    )
+    venv_bin_path = venv_path / "bin"
+    assert venv_bin_path.exists()
+    # Fix issue with site.py setting the wrong `sys.prefix`, `sys.exec_prefix`,
+    # `sys.path`, ... for PyPy: https://foss.heptapod.net/pypy/pypy/issues/3175
+    # Also fix an issue with the shebang of installed scripts inside the
+    # testing virtualenv- see https://github.com/theacodes/nox/issues/44 and
+    # https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/issues/620
+    # Also see https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/9516
+    env.pop("__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__", None)
+
+    # we version pip ourselves, so we don't care about pip version checking
+    env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
+
+    # Apply our environment after pip is ready
+    env = environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=env)
+
+    # check what Python version we're on
+    which_python = call("which", "python", env=env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
+    print(which_python)
+    if which_python != str(venv_bin_path / "python"):
+        msg = "python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it."
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    call("python", "--version", env=env)
+
+    # check what pip version we're on
+    if not use_uv:
+        assert (venv_bin_path / "pip").exists()
+        which_pip = call("which", "pip", env=env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
+        print(which_pip)
+        if which_pip != str(venv_bin_path / "pip"):
+            msg = "pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it."
+            raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+        call("pip", "--version", env=env)
+
+    config_is_arm64 = python_configuration.identifier.endswith("arm64")
+    config_is_universal2 = python_configuration.identifier.endswith("universal2")
+
+    # Set MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET, if the user didn't set it.
+    # For arm64, the minimal deployment target is 11.0.
+    # On x86_64 (or universal2), use 10.9 as a default.
+    # CPython 3.12.6+ needs 10.13.
+    if config_is_arm64:
+        default_target = "11.0"
+    elif Version(python_configuration.version) >= Version("3.12"):
+        default_target = "10.13"
+    elif python_configuration.identifier.startswith("pp") and Version(
+        python_configuration.version
+    ) >= Version("3.9"):
+        default_target = "10.15"
+    else:
+        default_target = "10.9"
+    env.setdefault("MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET", default_target)
+
+    # This is a floor, it can't be set lower than the default_target.
+    if Version(env["MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET"]) < Version(default_target):
+        log.warning(
+            f"Bumping MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET ({env['MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET']}) to the minimum required ({default_target})."
+        )
+        env["MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET"] = default_target
+
+    if config_is_arm64:
+        # macOS 11 is the first OS with arm64 support, so the wheels
+        # have that as a minimum.
+        env.setdefault("_PYTHON_HOST_PLATFORM", "macosx-11.0-arm64")
+        env.setdefault("ARCHFLAGS", "-arch arm64")
+    elif config_is_universal2:
+        env.setdefault("_PYTHON_HOST_PLATFORM", "macosx-10.9-universal2")
+        env.setdefault("ARCHFLAGS", "-arch arm64 -arch x86_64")
+    elif python_configuration.identifier.endswith("x86_64"):
+        # even on the macos11.0 Python installer, on the x86_64 side it's
+        # compatible back to 10.9.
+        env.setdefault("_PYTHON_HOST_PLATFORM", "macosx-10.9-x86_64")
+        env.setdefault("ARCHFLAGS", "-arch x86_64")
+
+    building_arm64 = config_is_arm64 or config_is_universal2
+    if building_arm64 and get_macos_version() < (10, 16) and "SDKROOT" not in env:
+        # xcode 12.2 or higher can build arm64 on macos 10.15 or below, but
+        # needs the correct SDK selected.
+        sdks = get_macos_sdks()
+
+        # Different versions of Xcode contain different SDK versions...
+        # we're happy with anything newer than macOS 11.0
+        arm64_compatible_sdks = [s for s in sdks if not s.startswith("macosx10.")]
+
+        if not arm64_compatible_sdks:
+            log.warning(
+                unwrap(
+                    """
+                    SDK for building arm64-compatible wheels not found. You need Xcode 12.2 or later
+                    to build universal2 or arm64 wheels.
+                    """
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            env.setdefault("SDKROOT", arm64_compatible_sdks[0])
+
+    log.step("Installing build tools...")
+    match build_frontend:
+        case "pip":
+            call(
+                "pip",
+                "install",
+                "--upgrade",
+                "delocate",
+                *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
+                env=env,
+            )
+        case "build":
+            call(
+                "pip",
+                "install",
+                "--upgrade",
+                "delocate",
+                "build[virtualenv]",
+                *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
+                env=env,
+            )
+        case "build[uv]":
+            assert uv_path is not None
+            call(
+                uv_path,
+                "pip",
+                "install",
+                "--upgrade",
+                "delocate",
+                "build[virtualenv, uv]",
+                *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
+                env=env,
+            )
+        case _:
+            assert_never(build_frontend)
+
+    return base_python, env
+
+
+def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    python_configurations = get_python_configurations(
+        options.globals.build_selector, options.globals.architectures
+    )
+
+    if not python_configurations:
+        return
+
+    try:
+        before_all_options_identifier = python_configurations[0].identifier
+        before_all_options = options.build_options(before_all_options_identifier)
+
+        if before_all_options.before_all:
+            log.step("Running before_all...")
+            env = before_all_options.environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=os.environ)
+            env.setdefault("MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET", "10.9")
+            before_all_prepared = prepare_command(
+                before_all_options.before_all, project=".", package=before_all_options.package_dir
+            )
+            shell(before_all_prepared, env=env)
+
+        built_wheels: list[Path] = []
+
+        for config in python_configurations:
+            build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
+            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend
+            use_uv = build_frontend.name == "build[uv]"
+            uv_path = find_uv()
+            if use_uv and uv_path is None:
+                msg = "uv not found"
+                raise AssertionError(msg)
+            pip = ["pip"] if not use_uv else [str(uv_path), "pip"]
+            log.build_start(config.identifier)
+
+            identifier_tmp_dir = tmp_path / config.identifier
+            identifier_tmp_dir.mkdir()
+            built_wheel_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "built_wheel"
+            repaired_wheel_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "repaired_wheel"
+
+            config_is_arm64 = config.identifier.endswith("arm64")
+            config_is_universal2 = config.identifier.endswith("universal2")
+
+            constraints_path = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
+                version=config.version, tmp_dir=identifier_tmp_dir
+            )
+
+            base_python, env = setup_python(
+                identifier_tmp_dir / "build",
+                config,
+                constraints_path,
+                build_options.environment,
+                build_frontend.name,
+            )
+            pip_version = None if use_uv else get_pip_version(env)
+
+            compatible_wheel = find_compatible_wheel(built_wheels, config.identifier)
+            if compatible_wheel:
+                log.step_end()
+                print(
+                    f"\nFound previously built wheel {compatible_wheel.name}, that's compatible with {config.identifier}. Skipping build step..."
+                )
+                repaired_wheel = compatible_wheel
+            else:
+                if build_options.before_build:
+                    log.step("Running before_build...")
+                    before_build_prepared = prepare_command(
+                        build_options.before_build, project=".", package=build_options.package_dir
+                    )
+                    shell(before_build_prepared, env=env)
+
+                log.step("Building wheel...")
+                built_wheel_dir.mkdir()
+
+                extra_flags = get_build_frontend_extra_flags(
+                    build_frontend, build_options.build_verbosity, build_options.config_settings
+                )
+
+                build_env = env.copy()
+                if pip_version is not None:
+                    build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = pip_version
+                if constraints_path:
+                    combine_constraints(
+                        build_env, constraints_path, identifier_tmp_dir if use_uv else None
+                    )
+
+                match build_frontend.name:
+                    case "pip":
+                        # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
+                        # see https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
+                        call(
+                            "python",
+                            "-m",
+                            "pip",
+                            "wheel",
+                            build_options.package_dir.resolve(),
+                            f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            "--no-deps",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                            env=build_env,
+                        )
+                    case "build" | "build[uv]":
+                        if (
+                            use_uv
+                            and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags
+                            and "-n" not in extra_flags
+                        ):
+                            extra_flags.append("--installer=uv")
+                        call(
+                            "python",
+                            "-m",
+                            "build",
+                            build_options.package_dir,
+                            "--wheel",
+                            f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                            env=build_env,
+                        )
+                    case _:
+                        assert_never(build_frontend)
+
+                built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+
+                repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir()
+
+                if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
+                    raise errors.NonPlatformWheelError()
+
+                if build_options.repair_command:
+                    log.step("Repairing wheel...")
+
+                    if config_is_universal2:
+                        delocate_archs = "x86_64,arm64"
+                    elif config_is_arm64:
+                        delocate_archs = "arm64"
+                    else:
+                        delocate_archs = "x86_64"
+
+                    repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(
+                        build_options.repair_command,
+                        wheel=built_wheel,
+                        dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir,
+                        delocate_archs=delocate_archs,
+                    )
+                    shell(repair_command_prepared, env=env)
+                else:
+                    shutil.move(str(built_wheel), repaired_wheel_dir)
+
+                try:
+                    repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+                except StopIteration:
+                    raise errors.RepairStepProducedNoWheelError() from None
+
+                if repaired_wheel.name in {wheel.name for wheel in built_wheels}:
+                    raise errors.AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)
+
+                log.step_end()
+
+            if build_options.test_command and build_options.test_selector(config.identifier):
+                machine_arch = platform.machine()
+                python_arch = call(
+                    "python",
+                    "-sSc",
+                    "import platform; print(platform.machine())",
+                    env=env,
+                    capture_stdout=True,
+                ).strip()
+                testing_archs: list[Literal["x86_64", "arm64"]]
+
+                if config_is_arm64:
+                    testing_archs = ["arm64"]
+                elif config_is_universal2:
+                    testing_archs = ["x86_64", "arm64"]
+                else:
+                    testing_archs = ["x86_64"]
+
+                for testing_arch in testing_archs:
+                    if config_is_universal2:
+                        arch_specific_identifier = f"{config.identifier}:{testing_arch}"
+                        if not build_options.test_selector(arch_specific_identifier):
+                            continue
+
+                    if machine_arch == "x86_64" and testing_arch == "arm64":
+                        if config_is_arm64:
+                            log.warning(
+                                unwrap(
+                                    """
+                                    While arm64 wheels can be built on x86_64, they cannot be
+                                    tested. Consider building arm64 wheels natively, if your CI
+                                    provider offers this. To silence this warning, set
+                                    `CIBW_TEST_SKIP: "*-macosx_arm64"`.
+                                    """
+                                )
+                            )
+                        elif config_is_universal2:
+                            log.warning(
+                                unwrap(
+                                    """
+                                    While universal2 wheels can be built on x86_64, the arm64 part
+                                    of the wheel cannot be tested on x86_64. Consider building
+                                    universal2 wheels on an arm64 runner, if your CI provider offers
+                                    this. Notably, an arm64 runner can also test the x86_64 part of
+                                    the wheel, through Rosetta emulation. To silence this warning,
+                                    set `CIBW_TEST_SKIP: "*-macosx_universal2:arm64"`.
+                                    """
+                                )
+                            )
+                        else:
+                            msg = "unreachable"
+                            raise RuntimeError(msg)
+
+                        # skip this test
+                        continue
+
+                    is_cp38 = config.identifier.startswith("cp38-")
+                    if testing_arch == "arm64" and is_cp38 and python_arch != "arm64":
+                        log.warning(
+                            unwrap(
+                                """
+                                While cibuildwheel can build CPython 3.8 universal2/arm64 wheels, we
+                                cannot test the arm64 part of them, even when running on an Apple
+                                Silicon machine. This is because we use the x86_64 installer of
+                                CPython 3.8. See the discussion in
+                                https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/1169 for the details. To
+                                silence this warning, set `CIBW_TEST_SKIP: "cp38-macosx_*:arm64"`.
+                                """
+                            )
+                        )
+
+                        # skip this test
+                        continue
+
+                    log.step(
+                        "Testing wheel..."
+                        if testing_arch == machine_arch
+                        else f"Testing wheel on {testing_arch}..."
+                    )
+
+                    arch_prefix = []
+                    uv_arch_args = []
+                    if testing_arch != machine_arch:
+                        if machine_arch == "arm64" and testing_arch == "x86_64":
+                            # rosetta2 will provide the emulation with just the arch prefix.
+                            arch_prefix = ["arch", "-x86_64"]
+                            uv_arch_args = ["--python-platform", "x86_64-apple-darwin"]
+                        else:
+                            msg = f"don't know how to emulate {testing_arch} on {machine_arch}"
+                            raise RuntimeError(msg)
+
+                    # define a custom 'call' function that adds the arch prefix each time
+                    call_with_arch = functools.partial(call, *arch_prefix)
+                    shell_with_arch = functools.partial(call, *arch_prefix, "/bin/sh", "-c")
+
+                    # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
+                    # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
+                    venv_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / f"venv-test-{testing_arch}"
+                    virtualenv_env = virtualenv(
+                        config.version,
+                        base_python,
+                        venv_dir,
+                        None,
+                        use_uv=use_uv,
+                        env=env,
+                        pip_version=pip_version,
+                    )
+                    if use_uv:
+                        pip_install = functools.partial(call, *pip, "install", *uv_arch_args)
+                    else:
+                        pip_install = functools.partial(call_with_arch, *pip, "install")
+
+                    virtualenv_env["MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET"] = get_test_macosx_deployment_target()
+
+                    virtualenv_env = build_options.test_environment.as_dictionary(
+                        prev_environment=virtualenv_env
+                    )
+
+                    # check that we are using the Python from the virtual environment
+                    call_with_arch("which", "python", env=virtualenv_env)
+
+                    if build_options.before_test:
+                        before_test_prepared = prepare_command(
+                            build_options.before_test,
+                            project=".",
+                            package=build_options.package_dir,
+                        )
+                        shell_with_arch(before_test_prepared, env=virtualenv_env)
+
+                    # install the wheel
+                    if is_cp38 and python_arch == "x86_64":
+                        virtualenv_env_install_wheel = virtualenv_env.copy()
+                        virtualenv_env_install_wheel["SYSTEM_VERSION_COMPAT"] = "0"
+                        log.notice(
+                            unwrap(
+                                """
+                                Setting SYSTEM_VERSION_COMPAT=0 to ensure CPython 3.8 can get
+                                correct macOS version and allow installation of wheels with
+                                MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET >= 11.0.
+                                See https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/1767 for the
+                                details.
+                                """
+                            )
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        virtualenv_env_install_wheel = virtualenv_env
+
+                    pip_install(
+                        f"{repaired_wheel}{build_options.test_extras}",
+                        env=virtualenv_env_install_wheel,
+                    )
+
+                    # test the wheel
+                    if build_options.test_requires:
+                        pip_install(
+                            *build_options.test_requires,
+                            env=virtualenv_env_install_wheel,
+                        )
+
+                    # run the tests from a temp dir, with an absolute path in the command
+                    # (this ensures that Python runs the tests against the installed wheel
+                    # and not the repo code)
+                    test_command_prepared = prepare_command(
+                        build_options.test_command,
+                        project=Path.cwd(),
+                        package=build_options.package_dir.resolve(),
+                        wheel=repaired_wheel,
+                    )
+
+                    test_cwd = identifier_tmp_dir / "test_cwd"
+
+                    if build_options.test_sources:
+                        # only create test_cwd if it doesn't already exist - it
+                        # may have been created during a previous `testing_arch`
+                        if not test_cwd.exists():
+                            test_cwd.mkdir()
+                            copy_test_sources(
+                                build_options.test_sources,
+                                Path.cwd(),
+                                test_cwd,
+                            )
+                    else:
+                        # Use the test_fail.py file to raise a nice error if the user
+                        # tries to run tests in the cwd
+                        test_cwd.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
+                        (test_cwd / "test_fail.py").write_text(
+                            resources.TEST_FAIL_CWD_FILE.read_text()
+                        )
+
+                    shell_with_arch(test_command_prepared, cwd=test_cwd, env=virtualenv_env)
+
+            # we're all done here; move it to output (overwrite existing)
+            output_wheel = None
+            if compatible_wheel is None:
+                output_wheel = build_options.output_dir.joinpath(repaired_wheel.name)
+                moved_wheel = move_file(repaired_wheel, output_wheel)
+                if moved_wheel != output_wheel.resolve():
+                    log.warning(
+                        f"{repaired_wheel} was moved to {moved_wheel} instead of {output_wheel}"
+                    )
+                built_wheels.append(output_wheel)
+
+            # clean up
+            shutil.rmtree(identifier_tmp_dir)
+
+            log.build_end(output_wheel)
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
+        msg = f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout or ''}"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg) from error

cibuildwheel/platforms/pyodide.py

@@ -0,0 +1,556 @@
+import dataclasses
+import functools
+import json
+import os
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import tomllib
+import typing
+from collections.abc import Set
+from pathlib import Path
+from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory
+from typing import Final, TypedDict
+
+from filelock import FileLock
+
+from .. import errors
+from ..architecture import Architecture
+from ..environment import ParsedEnvironment
+from ..frontend import get_build_frontend_extra_flags
+from ..logger import log
+from ..options import Options
+from ..selector import BuildSelector
+from ..util import resources
+from ..util.cmd import call, shell
+from ..util.file import (
+    CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
+    copy_test_sources,
+    download,
+    extract_tar,
+    extract_zip,
+    move_file,
+)
+from ..util.helpers import prepare_command, unwrap, unwrap_preserving_paragraphs
+from ..util.packaging import combine_constraints, find_compatible_wheel, get_pip_version
+from ..util.python_build_standalone import (
+    PythonBuildStandaloneError,
+    create_python_build_standalone_environment,
+)
+from ..venv import constraint_flags, virtualenv
+
+IS_WIN: Final[bool] = sys.platform.startswith("win")
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, kw_only=True)
+class PythonConfiguration:
+    version: str
+    identifier: str
+    default_pyodide_version: str
+    node_version: str
+
+
+class PyodideXBuildEnvInfoVersionRange(TypedDict):
+    min: str | None
+    max: str | None
+
+
+class PyodideXBuildEnvInfo(TypedDict):
+    version: str
+    python: str
+    emscripten: str
+    pyodide_build: PyodideXBuildEnvInfoVersionRange
+    compatible: bool
+
+
+@functools.cache
+def ensure_node(major_version: str) -> Path:
+    with resources.NODEJS.open("rb") as f:
+        loaded_file = tomllib.load(f)
+    version = str(loaded_file[major_version])
+    base_url = str(loaded_file["url"])
+    ext = "zip" if IS_WIN else "tar.xz"
+    platform = "win" if IS_WIN else ("darwin" if sys.platform.startswith("darwin") else "linux")
+    linux_arch = Architecture.native_arch("linux")
+    assert linux_arch is not None
+    arch = {"x86_64": "x64", "i686": "x86", "aarch64": "arm64"}.get(
+        linux_arch.value, linux_arch.value
+    )
+    name = f"node-{version}-{platform}-{arch}"
+    path = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / name
+    with FileLock(str(path) + ".lock"):
+        if not path.exists():
+            url = f"{base_url}{version}/{name}.{ext}"
+            with TemporaryDirectory() as tmp_path:
+                archive = Path(tmp_path) / f"{name}.{ext}"
+                download(url, archive)
+                if ext == "zip":
+                    extract_zip(archive, path.parent)
+                else:
+                    extract_tar(archive, path.parent)
+    assert path.exists()
+    if not IS_WIN:
+        return path / "bin"
+    return path
+
+
+def install_emscripten(tmp: Path, version: str) -> Path:
+    url = f"https://github.com/emscripten-core/emsdk/archive/refs/tags/{version}.zip"
+    installation_path = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / f"emsdk-{version}"
+    emsdk_path = installation_path / f"emsdk-{version}/emsdk"
+    emcc_path = installation_path / f"emsdk-{version}/upstream/emscripten/emcc"
+    with FileLock(f"{installation_path}.lock"):
+        if installation_path.exists():
+            return emcc_path
+        emsdk_zip = tmp / "emsdk.zip"
+        download(url, emsdk_zip)
+        installation_path.mkdir()
+        extract_zip(emsdk_zip, installation_path)
+        call(emsdk_path, "install", version)
+        call(emsdk_path, "activate", version)
+
+    return emcc_path
+
+
+def get_all_xbuildenv_version_info(env: dict[str, str]) -> list[PyodideXBuildEnvInfo]:
+    xbuildenvs_info_str = call(
+        "pyodide",
+        "xbuildenv",
+        "search",
+        "--json",
+        "--all",
+        env=env,
+        cwd=CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
+        capture_stdout=True,
+    ).strip()
+
+    xbuildenvs_info = json.loads(xbuildenvs_info_str)
+
+    if "environments" not in xbuildenvs_info:
+        msg = f"Invalid xbuildenvs info, got {xbuildenvs_info}"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    return typing.cast(list[PyodideXBuildEnvInfo], xbuildenvs_info["environments"])
+
+
+def get_xbuildenv_version_info(
+    env: dict[str, str], version: str, pyodide_build_version: str
+) -> PyodideXBuildEnvInfo:
+    xbuildenvs_info = get_all_xbuildenv_version_info(env)
+    for xbuildenv_info in xbuildenvs_info:
+        if xbuildenv_info["version"] == version:
+            return xbuildenv_info
+
+    msg = unwrap(f"""
+        Could not find Pyodide cross-build environment version {version} in the available
+        versions as reported by pyodide-build v{pyodide_build_version}.
+        Available pyodide xbuildenv versions are:
+        {", ".join(e["version"] for e in xbuildenvs_info if e["compatible"])}
+    """)
+    raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+
+# The default pyodide xbuildenv version that's specified in
+# build-platforms.toml is compatible with the pyodide-build version that's
+# pinned in the bundled constraints file. But if the user changes
+# pyodide-version and/or dependency-constraints in the cibuildwheel config, we
+# need to check if the xbuildenv version is compatible with the pyodide-build
+# version.
+def validate_pyodide_build_version(
+    xbuildenv_info: PyodideXBuildEnvInfo, pyodide_build_version: str
+) -> None:
+    """
+    Validate the Pyodide version is compatible with the installed
+    pyodide-build version.
+    """
+
+    pyodide_version = xbuildenv_info["version"]
+
+    if not xbuildenv_info["compatible"]:
+        msg = unwrap_preserving_paragraphs(f"""
+            The Pyodide xbuildenv version {pyodide_version} is not compatible
+            with the pyodide-build version {pyodide_build_version}. Please use
+            the 'pyodide xbuildenv search --all' command to find a compatible
+            version.
+
+            Set the pyodide-build version using the `dependency-constraints`
+            option, or set the Pyodide xbuildenv version using the
+            `pyodide-version` option.
+        """)
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+
+def install_xbuildenv(env: dict[str, str], pyodide_build_version: str, pyodide_version: str) -> str:
+    """Install a particular Pyodide xbuildenv version and set a path to the Pyodide root."""
+    # Since pyodide-build was unvendored from Pyodide v0.27.0, the versions of
+    # pyodide-build are uncoupled from the versions of Pyodide. So, we specify
+    # both the pyodide-build version and the Pyodide version in the temp path.
+    xbuildenv_cache_path = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / f"pyodide-build-{pyodide_build_version}"
+    pyodide_root = xbuildenv_cache_path / pyodide_version / "xbuildenv" / "pyodide-root"
+
+    with FileLock(CIBW_CACHE_PATH / "xbuildenv.lock"):
+        if pyodide_root.exists():
+            return str(pyodide_root)
+
+        # We don't want to mutate env but we need to delete any existing
+        # PYODIDE_ROOT so copy it first.
+        env = dict(env)
+        env.pop("PYODIDE_ROOT", None)
+
+        # Install the xbuildenv
+        call(
+            "pyodide",
+            "xbuildenv",
+            "install",
+            "--path",
+            str(xbuildenv_cache_path),
+            pyodide_version,
+            env=env,
+            cwd=CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
+        )
+        assert pyodide_root.exists()
+
+    return str(pyodide_root)
+
+
+def get_base_python(tmp: Path, python_configuration: PythonConfiguration) -> Path:
+    try:
+        return create_python_build_standalone_environment(
+            python_version=python_configuration.version,
+            temp_dir=tmp,
+            cache_dir=CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
+        )
+    except PythonBuildStandaloneError as e:
+        msg = unwrap(f"""
+            Failed to create a Python build environment:
+            {e}
+        """)
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg) from e
+
+
+def setup_python(
+    tmp: Path,
+    python_configuration: PythonConfiguration,
+    constraints_path: Path | None,
+    environment: ParsedEnvironment,
+    user_pyodide_version: str | None,
+) -> dict[str, str]:
+    log.step("Installing a base python environment...")
+    base_python = get_base_python(tmp / "base", python_configuration)
+
+    log.step("Setting up build environment...")
+    pyodide_version = user_pyodide_version or python_configuration.default_pyodide_version
+    venv_path = tmp / "venv"
+    env = virtualenv(python_configuration.version, base_python, venv_path, None, use_uv=False)
+    venv_bin_path = venv_path / "bin"
+    assert venv_bin_path.exists()
+    env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
+
+    # upgrade pip to the version matching our constraints
+    # if necessary, reinstall it to ensure that it's available on PATH as 'pip'
+    call(
+        "python",
+        "-m",
+        "pip",
+        "install",
+        "--upgrade",
+        "pip",
+        *constraint_flags(constraints_path),
+        env=env,
+        cwd=venv_path,
+    )
+
+    env = environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=env)
+
+    # check what Python version we're on
+    which_python = call("which", "python", env=env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
+    print(which_python)
+    if which_python != str(venv_bin_path / "python"):
+        msg = "python available on PATH doesn't match our venv instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it."
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    call("python", "--version", env=env)
+
+    # check what pip version we're on
+    assert (venv_bin_path / "pip").exists()
+    which_pip = call("which", "pip", env=env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
+    print(which_pip)
+    if which_pip != str(venv_bin_path / "pip"):
+        msg = "pip available on PATH doesn't match our venv instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it."
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    call("pip", "--version", env=env)
+
+    log.step("Installing build tools...")
+    call(
+        "pip",
+        "install",
+        "--upgrade",
+        "auditwheel-emscripten",
+        "build[virtualenv]",
+        "pyodide-build",
+        *constraint_flags(constraints_path),
+        env=env,
+    )
+
+    pyodide_build_version = call(
+        "python",
+        "-c",
+        "from importlib.metadata import version; print(version('pyodide-build'))",
+        env=env,
+        capture_stdout=True,
+    ).strip()
+
+    xbuildenv_info = get_xbuildenv_version_info(env, pyodide_version, pyodide_build_version)
+    validate_pyodide_build_version(
+        xbuildenv_info=xbuildenv_info,
+        pyodide_build_version=pyodide_build_version,
+    )
+
+    emscripten_version = xbuildenv_info["emscripten"]
+    log.step(f"Installing Emscripten version: {emscripten_version} ...")
+    emcc_path = install_emscripten(tmp, emscripten_version)
+
+    env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join([str(emcc_path.parent), env["PATH"]])
+
+    log.step(f"Installing Pyodide xbuildenv version: {pyodide_version} ...")
+    env["PYODIDE_ROOT"] = install_xbuildenv(env, pyodide_build_version, pyodide_version)
+
+    return env
+
+
+def all_python_configurations() -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
+    full_python_configs = resources.read_python_configs("pyodide")
+    return [PythonConfiguration(**item) for item in full_python_configs]
+
+
+def get_python_configurations(
+    build_selector: BuildSelector,
+    architectures: Set[Architecture],  # noqa: ARG001
+) -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
+    return [c for c in all_python_configurations() if build_selector(c.identifier)]
+
+
+def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    python_configurations = get_python_configurations(
+        options.globals.build_selector, options.globals.architectures
+    )
+
+    if not python_configurations:
+        return
+
+    try:
+        before_all_options_identifier = python_configurations[0].identifier
+        before_all_options = options.build_options(before_all_options_identifier)
+
+        if before_all_options.before_all:
+            log.step("Running before_all...")
+            env = before_all_options.environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=os.environ)
+            before_all_prepared = prepare_command(
+                before_all_options.before_all, project=".", package=before_all_options.package_dir
+            )
+            shell(before_all_prepared, env=env)
+
+        built_wheels: list[Path] = []
+
+        for config in python_configurations:
+            build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
+            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend
+
+            if build_frontend.name == "pip":
+                msg = "The pyodide platform doesn't support pip frontend"
+                raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+
+            log.build_start(config.identifier)
+
+            identifier_tmp_dir = tmp_path / config.identifier
+
+            built_wheel_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "built_wheel"
+            repaired_wheel_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "repaired_wheel"
+            identifier_tmp_dir.mkdir()
+            built_wheel_dir.mkdir()
+            repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir()
+
+            constraints_path = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
+                version=config.version, variant="pyodide", tmp_dir=identifier_tmp_dir
+            )
+
+            env = setup_python(
+                tmp=identifier_tmp_dir / "build",
+                python_configuration=config,
+                constraints_path=constraints_path,
+                environment=build_options.environment,
+                user_pyodide_version=build_options.pyodide_version,
+            )
+            pip_version = get_pip_version(env)
+            # The Pyodide command line runner mounts all directories in the host
+            # filesystem into the Pyodide file system, except for the custom
+            # file systems /dev, /lib, /proc, and /tmp. Mounting the mount
+            # points for alternate file systems causes some mysterious failure
+            # of the process (it just quits without any clear error).
+            #
+            # Because of this, by default Pyodide can't see anything under /tmp.
+            # This environment variable tells it also to mount our temp
+            # directory.
+            oldmounts = ""
+            extra_mounts = [str(identifier_tmp_dir)]
+            if Path.cwd().is_relative_to("/tmp"):
+                extra_mounts.append(str(Path.cwd()))
+
+            if "_PYODIDE_EXTRA_MOUNTS" in env:
+                oldmounts = env["_PYODIDE_EXTRA_MOUNTS"] + ":"
+            env["_PYODIDE_EXTRA_MOUNTS"] = oldmounts + ":".join(extra_mounts)
+
+            compatible_wheel = find_compatible_wheel(built_wheels, config.identifier)
+            if compatible_wheel:
+                log.step_end()
+                print(
+                    f"\nFound previously built wheel {compatible_wheel.name}, that's compatible with {config.identifier}. Skipping build step..."
+                )
+                built_wheel = compatible_wheel
+            else:
+                if build_options.before_build:
+                    log.step("Running before_build...")
+                    before_build_prepared = prepare_command(
+                        build_options.before_build, project=".", package=build_options.package_dir
+                    )
+                    shell(before_build_prepared, env=env)
+
+                log.step("Building wheel...")
+
+                extra_flags = get_build_frontend_extra_flags(
+                    build_frontend, build_options.build_verbosity, build_options.config_settings
+                )
+
+                build_env = env.copy()
+                if constraints_path:
+                    combine_constraints(build_env, constraints_path, identifier_tmp_dir)
+                build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = pip_version
+                call(
+                    "pyodide",
+                    "build",
+                    build_options.package_dir,
+                    f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                    *extra_flags,
+                    env=build_env,
+                )
+                built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+
+                if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
+                    raise errors.NonPlatformWheelError()
+
+                if build_options.repair_command:
+                    log.step("Repairing wheel...")
+
+                    repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(
+                        build_options.repair_command,
+                        wheel=built_wheel,
+                        dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir,
+                    )
+                    shell(repair_command_prepared, env=env)
+                    log.step_end()
+                else:
+                    shutil.move(str(built_wheel), repaired_wheel_dir)
+
+                repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+
+                if repaired_wheel.name in {wheel.name for wheel in built_wheels}:
+                    raise errors.AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)
+
+            if build_options.test_command and build_options.test_selector(config.identifier):
+                log.step("Testing wheel...")
+
+                venv_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "venv-test"
+                # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
+                # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
+
+                virtualenv_env = env.copy()
+                virtualenv_env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(
+                    [
+                        str(ensure_node(config.node_version)),
+                        virtualenv_env["PATH"],
+                    ]
+                )
+
+                # pyodide venv uses virtualenv under the hood
+                # use the pip embedded with virtualenv & disable network updates
+                virtualenv_create_env = virtualenv_env.copy()
+                virtualenv_create_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = pip_version
+                virtualenv_create_env["VIRTUALENV_NO_PERIODIC_UPDATE"] = "1"
+
+                call("pyodide", "venv", venv_dir, env=virtualenv_create_env)
+
+                virtualenv_env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(
+                    [
+                        str(venv_dir / "bin"),
+                        virtualenv_env["PATH"],
+                    ]
+                )
+                virtualenv_env["VIRTUAL_ENV"] = str(venv_dir)
+
+                virtualenv_env = build_options.test_environment.as_dictionary(
+                    prev_environment=virtualenv_env
+                )
+
+                # check that we are using the Python from the virtual environment
+                call("which", "python", env=virtualenv_env)
+
+                if build_options.before_test:
+                    before_test_prepared = prepare_command(
+                        build_options.before_test,
+                        project=".",
+                        package=build_options.package_dir,
+                        wheel=repaired_wheel,
+                    )
+                    shell(before_test_prepared, env=virtualenv_env)
+
+                # install the wheel
+                call(
+                    "pip",
+                    "install",
+                    f"{repaired_wheel}{build_options.test_extras}",
+                    env=virtualenv_env,
+                )
+
+                # test the wheel
+                if build_options.test_requires:
+                    call("pip", "install", *build_options.test_requires, env=virtualenv_env)
+
+                # run the tests from a temp dir, with an absolute path in the command
+                # (this ensures that Python runs the tests against the installed wheel
+                # and not the repo code)
+                test_command_prepared = prepare_command(
+                    build_options.test_command,
+                    project=Path.cwd(),
+                    package=build_options.package_dir.resolve(),
+                )
+
+                test_cwd = identifier_tmp_dir / "test_cwd"
+                test_cwd.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
+
+                if build_options.test_sources:
+                    copy_test_sources(
+                        build_options.test_sources,
+                        Path.cwd(),
+                        test_cwd,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    # Use the test_fail.py file to raise a nice error if the user
+                    # tries to run tests in the cwd
+                    (test_cwd / "test_fail.py").write_text(resources.TEST_FAIL_CWD_FILE.read_text())
+
+                shell(test_command_prepared, cwd=test_cwd, env=virtualenv_env)
+
+            # we're all done here; move it to output (overwrite existing)
+            output_wheel: Path | None = None
+            if compatible_wheel is None:
+                output_wheel = build_options.output_dir.joinpath(repaired_wheel.name)
+                moved_wheel = move_file(repaired_wheel, output_wheel)
+                if moved_wheel != output_wheel.resolve():
+                    log.warning(
+                        f"{repaired_wheel} was moved to {moved_wheel} instead of {output_wheel}"
+                    )
+                built_wheels.append(output_wheel)
+            log.build_end(output_wheel)
+
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
+        msg = f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout or ''}"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg) from error

cibuildwheel/platforms/windows.py

@@ -1,47 +1,35 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
+import dataclasses
+import json
 import os
 import platform as platform_module
 import shutil
 import subprocess
-import sys
 import textwrap
-from dataclasses import dataclass
-from functools import lru_cache
+from collections.abc import MutableMapping, Set
+from functools import cache
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Sequence
-from zipfile import ZipFile
+from typing import assert_never
 
 from filelock import FileLock
-from packaging.version import Version
 
-from .architecture import Architecture
-from .environment import ParsedEnvironment
-from .logger import log
-from .options import Options
-from .typing import PathOrStr, assert_never
-from .util import (
-    CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
-    AlreadyBuiltWheelError,
-    BuildFrontend,
-    BuildSelector,
-    NonPlatformWheelError,
-    call,
-    download,
-    find_compatible_wheel,
-    get_build_verbosity_extra_flags,
-    get_pip_version,
-    prepare_command,
-    read_python_configs,
-    shell,
-    split_config_settings,
-    test_fail_cwd_file,
-    unwrap,
-    virtualenv,
-)
+from .. import errors
+from ..architecture import Architecture
+from ..environment import ParsedEnvironment
+from ..frontend import BuildFrontendName, get_build_frontend_extra_flags
+from ..logger import log
+from ..options import Options
+from ..selector import BuildSelector
+from ..util import resources
+from ..util.cmd import call, shell
+from ..util.file import CIBW_CACHE_PATH, copy_test_sources, download, extract_zip, move_file
+from ..util.helpers import prepare_command, unwrap
+from ..util.packaging import combine_constraints, find_compatible_wheel, get_pip_version
+from ..venv import constraint_flags, find_uv, virtualenv
 
 
-def get_nuget_args(version: str, arch: str, output_directory: Path) -> list[str]:
+def get_nuget_args(
+    version: str, arch: str, free_threaded: bool, output_directory: Path
+) -> list[str]:
     package_name = {
         "32": "pythonx86",
         "64": "python",
@@ -50,6 +38,8 @@ def get_nuget_args(version: str, arch: str, output_directory: Path) -> list[str]
         "x86": "pythonx86",
         "AMD64": "python",
     }[arch]
+    if free_threaded:
+        package_name = f"{package_name}-freethreaded"
     return [
         package_name,
         "-Version",
@@ -61,7 +51,7 @@ def get_nuget_args(version: str, arch: str, output_directory: Path) -> list[str]
     ]
 
 
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, kw_only=True)
 class PythonConfiguration:
     version: str
     arch: str
@@ -69,14 +59,16 @@ class PythonConfiguration:
     url: str | None = None
 
 
+def all_python_configurations() -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
+    config_dicts = resources.read_python_configs("windows")
+    return [PythonConfiguration(**item) for item in config_dicts]
+
+
 def get_python_configurations(
     build_selector: BuildSelector,
-    architectures: set[Architecture],
+    architectures: Set[Architecture],
 ) -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
-
-    full_python_configs = read_python_configs("windows")
-
-    python_configurations = [PythonConfiguration(**item) for item in full_python_configs]
+    python_configurations = all_python_configurations()
 
     map_arch = {"32": Architecture.x86, "64": Architecture.AMD64, "ARM64": Architecture.ARM64}
 
@@ -90,12 +82,7 @@ def get_python_configurations(
     return python_configurations
 
 
-def extract_zip(zip_src: Path, dest: Path) -> None:
-    with ZipFile(zip_src) as zip_:
-        zip_.extractall(dest)
-
-
-@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+@cache
 def _ensure_nuget() -> Path:
     nuget = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / "nuget.exe"
     with FileLock(str(nuget) + ".lock"):
@@ -104,11 +91,16 @@ def _ensure_nuget() -> Path:
     return nuget
 
 
-def install_cpython(version: str, arch: str) -> Path:
+def install_cpython(configuration: PythonConfiguration, arch: str | None = None) -> Path:
+    version = configuration.version
+    free_threaded = "t-" in configuration.identifier
+    if arch is None:
+        arch = configuration.arch
     base_output_dir = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / "nuget-cpython"
-    nuget_args = get_nuget_args(version, arch, base_output_dir)
+    nuget_args = get_nuget_args(version, arch, free_threaded, base_output_dir)
     installation_path = base_output_dir / (nuget_args[0] + "." + version) / "tools"
-    with FileLock(str(base_output_dir) + f"-{version}-{arch}.lock"):
+    free_threaded_str = "-freethreaded" if free_threaded else ""
+    with FileLock(str(base_output_dir) + f"-{version}{free_threaded_str}-{arch}.lock"):
         if not installation_path.exists():
             nuget = _ensure_nuget()
             call(nuget, "install", *nuget_args)
@@ -116,7 +108,8 @@ def install_cpython(version: str, arch: str) -> Path:
 
 
 def install_pypy(tmp: Path, arch: str, url: str) -> Path:
-    assert arch == "64" and "win64" in url
+    assert arch == "64"
+    assert "win64" in url
     # Inside the PyPy zip file is a directory with the same name
     zip_filename = url.rsplit("/", 1)[-1]
     extension = ".zip"
@@ -131,11 +124,25 @@ def install_pypy(tmp: Path, arch: str, url: str) -> Path:
     return installation_path / "python.exe"
 
 
+def install_graalpy(tmp: Path, url: str) -> Path:
+    zip_filename = url.rsplit("/", 1)[-1]
+    extension = ".zip"
+    assert zip_filename.endswith(extension)
+    installation_path = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / zip_filename[: -len(extension)]
+    with FileLock(str(installation_path) + ".lock"):
+        if not installation_path.exists():
+            graalpy_zip = tmp / zip_filename
+            download(url, graalpy_zip)
+            # Extract to the parent directory because the zip file still contains a directory
+            extract_zip(graalpy_zip, installation_path.parent)
+    return installation_path / "bin" / "graalpy.exe"
+
+
 def setup_setuptools_cross_compile(
     tmp: Path,
     python_configuration: PythonConfiguration,
     python_libs_base: Path,
-    env: dict[str, str],
+    env: MutableMapping[str, str],
 ) -> None:
     distutils_cfg = tmp / "extra-setup.cfg"
     env["DIST_EXTRA_CONFIG"] = str(distutils_cfg)
@@ -145,6 +152,16 @@ def setup_setuptools_cross_compile(
     # set the platform name
     map_plat = {"32": "win32", "64": "win-amd64", "ARM64": "win-arm64"}
     plat_name = map_plat[python_configuration.arch]
+
+    # Set environment variable so that setuptools._distutils.get_platform()
+    # identifies the target, not the host
+    vscmd_arg_tgt_arch = {"32": "x86", "64": "x64", "ARM64": "arm64"}
+    current_tgt_arch = vscmd_arg_tgt_arch[python_configuration.arch]
+    if (env.get("VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH") or current_tgt_arch) != current_tgt_arch:
+        msg = f"VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH must be set to {current_tgt_arch!r}, got {env['VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH']!r}. If you're setting up MSVC yourself (e.g. using vcvarsall.bat or msvc-dev-cmd), make sure to target the right architecture. Alternatively, run cibuildwheel without configuring MSVC, and let the build backend handle it."
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+    env["VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH"] = current_tgt_arch
+
     # (This file must be default/locale encoding, so we can't pass 'encoding')
     distutils_cfg.write_text(
         textwrap.dedent(
@@ -178,13 +195,12 @@ def setup_setuptools_cross_compile(
     env["SETUPTOOLS_USE_DISTUTILS"] = "local"
 
 
-# these cross-compile setup functions have the same signature by design
-# pylint: disable=unused-argument
+# These cross-compile setup functions have the same signature by design
 def setup_rust_cross_compile(
-    tmp: Path,
+    tmp: Path,  # noqa: ARG001
     python_configuration: PythonConfiguration,
-    python_libs_base: Path,
-    env: dict[str, str],
+    python_libs_base: Path,  # noqa: ARG001
+    env: MutableMapping[str, str],
 ) -> None:
     # Assume that MSVC will be used, because we already know that we are
     # cross-compiling. MinGW users can set CARGO_BUILD_TARGET themselves
@@ -209,138 +225,150 @@ def setup_rust_cross_compile(
         )
 
 
+def can_use_uv(python_configuration: PythonConfiguration) -> bool:
+    conditions = (not python_configuration.identifier.startswith("pp38-"),)
+    return all(conditions)
+
+
 def setup_python(
     tmp: Path,
     python_configuration: PythonConfiguration,
-    dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr],
+    dependency_constraint: Path | None,
     environment: ParsedEnvironment,
-    build_frontend: BuildFrontend,
-) -> dict[str, str]:
+    build_frontend: BuildFrontendName,
+) -> tuple[Path, dict[str, str]]:
     tmp.mkdir()
     implementation_id = python_configuration.identifier.split("-")[0]
     python_libs_base = None
     log.step(f"Installing Python {implementation_id}...")
     if implementation_id.startswith("cp"):
         native_arch = platform_module.machine()
+        base_python = install_cpython(python_configuration)
         if python_configuration.arch == "ARM64" != native_arch:
             # To cross-compile for ARM64, we need a native CPython to run the
             # build, and a copy of the ARM64 import libraries ('.\libs\*.lib')
             # for any extension modules.
-            python_libs_base = install_cpython(
-                python_configuration.version, python_configuration.arch
-            )
-            python_libs_base = python_libs_base.parent / "libs"
+            python_libs_base = base_python.parent / "libs"
             log.step(f"Installing native Python {native_arch} for cross-compilation...")
-            base_python = install_cpython(python_configuration.version, native_arch)
-        else:
-            base_python = install_cpython(python_configuration.version, python_configuration.arch)
+            base_python = install_cpython(python_configuration, arch=native_arch)
     elif implementation_id.startswith("pp"):
         assert python_configuration.url is not None
         base_python = install_pypy(tmp, python_configuration.arch, python_configuration.url)
+    elif implementation_id.startswith("gp"):
+        base_python = install_graalpy(tmp, python_configuration.url or "")
     else:
         msg = "Unknown Python implementation"
         raise ValueError(msg)
     assert base_python.exists()
 
+    if build_frontend == "build[uv]" and not can_use_uv(python_configuration):
+        build_frontend = "build"
+
+    use_uv = build_frontend == "build[uv]"
+    uv_path = find_uv()
+
     log.step("Setting up build environment...")
     venv_path = tmp / "venv"
-    env = virtualenv(base_python, venv_path, dependency_constraint_flags)
+    env = virtualenv(
+        python_configuration.version,
+        base_python,
+        venv_path,
+        dependency_constraint,
+        use_uv=use_uv,
+    )
 
     # set up environment variables for run_with_env
     env["PYTHON_VERSION"] = python_configuration.version
     env["PYTHON_ARCH"] = python_configuration.arch
     env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
 
-    # pip older than 21.3 builds executables such as pip.exe for x64 platform.
-    # The first re-install of pip updates pip module but builds pip.exe using
-    # the old pip which still generates x64 executable. But the second
-    # re-install uses updated pip and correctly builds pip.exe for the target.
-    # This can be removed once ARM64 Pythons (currently 3.9 and 3.10) bundle
-    # pip versions newer than 21.3.
-    if python_configuration.arch == "ARM64" and Version(get_pip_version(env)) < Version("21.3"):
-        call(
-            "python",
-            "-m",
-            "pip",
-            "install",
-            "--force-reinstall",
-            "--upgrade",
-            "pip",
-            *dependency_constraint_flags,
-            env=env,
-            cwd=venv_path,
-        )
-
-    # upgrade pip to the version matching our constraints
-    # if necessary, reinstall it to ensure that it's available on PATH as 'pip.exe'
-    call(
-        "python",
-        "-m",
-        "pip",
-        "install",
-        "--upgrade",
-        "pip",
-        *dependency_constraint_flags,
-        env=env,
-        cwd=venv_path,
-    )
-
     # update env with results from CIBW_ENVIRONMENT
     env = environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=env)
 
     # check what Python version we're on
-    call("where", "python", env=env)
+    where_python = call("where", "python", env=env, capture_stdout=True).splitlines()[0].strip()
+    print(where_python)
+    if where_python != str(venv_path / "Scripts" / "python.exe"):
+        msg = "python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it."
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg)
     call("python", "--version", env=env)
     call("python", "-c", "\"import struct; print(struct.calcsize('P') * 8)\"", env=env)
-    where_python = call("where", "python", env=env, capture_stdout=True).splitlines()[0].strip()
-    if where_python != str(venv_path / "Scripts" / "python.exe"):
-        print(
-            "cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it.",
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
-        sys.exit(1)
 
     # check what pip version we're on
-    assert (venv_path / "Scripts" / "pip.exe").exists()
-    where_pip = call("where", "pip", env=env, capture_stdout=True).splitlines()[0].strip()
-    if where_pip.strip() != str(venv_path / "Scripts" / "pip.exe"):
-        print(
-            "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.",
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
-        sys.exit(1)
-
-    call("pip", "--version", env=env)
+    if not use_uv:
+        assert (venv_path / "Scripts" / "pip.exe").exists()
+        where_pip = call("where", "pip", env=env, capture_stdout=True).splitlines()[0].strip()
+        print(where_pip)
+        if where_pip.strip() != str(venv_path / "Scripts" / "pip.exe"):
+            msg = "pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it."
+            raise errors.FatalError(msg)
+        call("pip", "--version", env=env)
 
     log.step("Installing build tools...")
-    if build_frontend == "pip":
-        call(
-            "pip",
-            "install",
-            "--upgrade",
-            "setuptools",
-            "wheel",
-            *dependency_constraint_flags,
-            env=env,
-        )
-    elif build_frontend == "build":
-        call(
-            "pip",
-            "install",
-            "--upgrade",
-            "build[virtualenv]",
-            *dependency_constraint_flags,
-            env=env,
-        )
-    else:
-        assert_never(build_frontend)
+    match build_frontend:
+        case "build":
+            call(
+                "pip",
+                "install",
+                "--upgrade",
+                "build[virtualenv]",
+                *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
+                env=env,
+            )
+        case "build[uv]":
+            assert uv_path is not None
+            call(
+                uv_path,
+                "pip",
+                "install",
+                "--upgrade",
+                "build[virtualenv]",
+                *constraint_flags(dependency_constraint),
+                env=env,
+            )
 
     if python_libs_base:
         # Set up the environment for various backends to enable cross-compilation
         setup_setuptools_cross_compile(tmp, python_configuration, python_libs_base, env)
         setup_rust_cross_compile(tmp, python_configuration, python_libs_base, env)
 
-    return env
+    if implementation_id.startswith("gp"):
+        # GraalPy fails to discover compilers, setup the relevant environment
+        # variables. Adapted from
+        # https://github.com/microsoft/vswhere/wiki/Start-Developer-Command-Prompt
+        # Remove when https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/issues/492 is fixed.
+        vcpath = call(
+            Path(os.environ["PROGRAMFILES(X86)"])
+            / "Microsoft Visual Studio"
+            / "Installer"
+            / "vswhere.exe",
+            "-products",
+            "*",
+            "-latest",
+            "-property",
+            "installationPath",
+            capture_stdout=True,
+        ).strip()
+        log.notice(f"Discovering Visual Studio for GraalPy at {vcpath}")
+        vcvars_file = tmp / "vcvars.json"
+        call(
+            f"{vcpath}\\Common7\\Tools\\vsdevcmd.bat",
+            "-no_logo",
+            "-arch=amd64",
+            "-host_arch=amd64",
+            "&&",
+            "python",
+            "-c",
+            # this command needs to be one line for Windows reasons
+            "import sys, json, pathlib, os; pathlib.Path(sys.argv[1]).write_text(json.dumps(dict(os.environ)))",
+            vcvars_file,
+            env=env,
+        )
+        with open(vcvars_file, encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            vcvars = json.load(f)
+        env.update(vcvars)
+
+    return base_python, env
 
 
 def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
@@ -367,6 +395,9 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
         for config in python_configurations:
             build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
+            build_frontend = build_options.build_frontend
+
+            use_uv = build_frontend.name == "build[uv]" and can_use_uv(config)
             log.build_start(config.identifier)
 
             identifier_tmp_dir = tmp_path / config.identifier
@@ -374,21 +405,20 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
             built_wheel_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "built_wheel"
             repaired_wheel_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "repaired_wheel"
 
-            dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr] = []
-            if build_options.dependency_constraints:
-                dependency_constraint_flags = [
-                    "-c",
-                    build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(config.version),
-                ]
+            constraints_path = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
+                version=config.version,
+                tmp_dir=identifier_tmp_dir,
+            )
 
             # install Python
-            env = setup_python(
+            base_python, env = setup_python(
                 identifier_tmp_dir / "build",
                 config,
-                dependency_constraint_flags,
+                constraints_path,
                 build_options.environment,
-                build_options.build_frontend,
+                build_frontend.name,
             )
+            pip_version = None if use_uv else get_pip_version(env)
 
             compatible_wheel = find_compatible_wheel(built_wheels, config.identifier)
             if compatible_wheel:
@@ -411,46 +441,56 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                 log.step("Building wheel...")
                 built_wheel_dir.mkdir()
 
-                verbosity_flags = get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(build_options.build_verbosity)
-                extra_flags = split_config_settings(build_options.config_settings)
+                extra_flags = get_build_frontend_extra_flags(
+                    build_frontend, build_options.build_verbosity, build_options.config_settings
+                )
 
-                if build_options.build_frontend == "pip":
-                    extra_flags += verbosity_flags
-                    # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
-                    # see https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
-                    call(
-                        "python",
-                        "-m",
-                        "pip",
-                        "wheel",
-                        options.globals.package_dir.resolve(),
-                        f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                        "--no-deps",
-                        *extra_flags,
-                        env=env,
+                if (
+                    config.identifier.startswith("gp")
+                    and build_frontend.name == "build"
+                    and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags
+                    and "-n" not in extra_flags
+                ):
+                    # GraalPy fails to discover its standard library when a venv is created
+                    # from a virtualenv seeded executable. See
+                    # https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/issues/491 and remove this once
+                    # fixed upstream.
+                    log.notice(
+                        "Disabling build isolation to workaround GraalPy bug. If the build fails, consider using pip or build[uv] as build frontend."
                     )
-                elif build_options.build_frontend == "build":
-                    verbosity_setting = " ".join(verbosity_flags)
-                    extra_flags += (f"--config-setting={verbosity_setting}",)
-                    build_env = env.copy()
-                    if build_options.dependency_constraints:
-                        constraints_path = (
-                            build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
-                                config.version
-                            )
+                    shell("graalpy -m pip install setuptools wheel", env=env)
+                    extra_flags = [*extra_flags, "-n"]
+
+                build_env = env.copy()
+                if pip_version is not None:
+                    build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = pip_version
+
+                if constraints_path:
+                    combine_constraints(build_env, constraints_path, identifier_tmp_dir)
+
+                match build_frontend.name:
+                    case "pip":
+                        # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
+                        # see https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
+                        call(
+                            "python",
+                            "-m",
+                            "pip",
+                            "wheel",
+                            options.globals.package_dir.resolve(),
+                            f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                            "--no-deps",
+                            *extra_flags,
+                            env=build_env,
                         )
-                        # Bug in pip <= 21.1.3 - we can't have a space in the
-                        # constraints file, and pip doesn't support drive letters
-                        # in uhi.  After probably pip 21.2, we can use uri. For
-                        # now, use a temporary file.
-                        if " " in str(constraints_path):
-                            assert " " not in str(identifier_tmp_dir)
-                            tmp_file = identifier_tmp_dir / "constraints.txt"
-                            tmp_file.write_bytes(constraints_path.read_bytes())
-                            constraints_path = tmp_file
+                    case "build" | "build[uv]":
+                        if (
+                            use_uv
+                            and "--no-isolation" not in extra_flags
+                            and "-n" not in extra_flags
+                        ):
+                            extra_flags.append("--installer=uv")
 
-                        build_env["PIP_CONSTRAINT"] = str(constraints_path)
-                        build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = get_pip_version(env)
                         call(
                             "python",
                             "-m",
@@ -461,8 +501,8 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                             *extra_flags,
                             env=build_env,
                         )
-                else:
-                    assert_never(build_options.build_frontend)
+                    case _:
+                        assert_never(build_frontend)
 
                 built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
 
@@ -470,7 +510,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                 repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir()
 
                 if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
-                    raise NonPlatformWheelError()
+                    raise errors.NonPlatformWheelError()
 
                 if build_options.repair_command:
                     log.step("Repairing wheel...")
@@ -483,10 +523,13 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                 else:
                     shutil.move(str(built_wheel), repaired_wheel_dir)
 
-                repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+                try:
+                    repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+                except StopIteration:
+                    raise errors.RepairStepProducedNoWheelError() from None
 
                 if repaired_wheel.name in {wheel.name for wheel in built_wheels}:
-                    raise AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)
+                    raise errors.AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)
 
             test_selected = options.globals.test_selector(config.identifier)
             if test_selected and config.arch == "ARM64" != platform_module.machine():
@@ -495,7 +538,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                         """
                             While arm64 wheels can be built on other platforms, they cannot
                             be tested. An arm64 runner is required. To silence this warning,
-                            set `CIBW_TEST_SKIP: *-win_arm64`.
+                            set `CIBW_TEST_SKIP: "*-win_arm64"`.
                             """
                     )
                 )
@@ -504,19 +547,19 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                 log.step("Testing wheel...")
                 # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
                 # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
-                call("pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags, env=env)
                 venv_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "venv-test"
+                virtualenv_env = virtualenv(
+                    config.version,
+                    base_python,
+                    venv_dir,
+                    None,
+                    use_uv=use_uv,
+                    env=env,
+                    pip_version=pip_version,
+                )
 
-                # Use --no-download to ensure determinism by using seed libraries
-                # built into virtualenv
-                call("python", "-m", "virtualenv", "--no-download", venv_dir, env=env)
-
-                virtualenv_env = env.copy()
-                virtualenv_env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(
-                    [
-                        str(venv_dir / "Scripts"),
-                        virtualenv_env["PATH"],
-                    ]
+                virtualenv_env = build_options.test_environment.as_dictionary(
+                    prev_environment=virtualenv_env
                 )
 
                 # check that we are using the Python from the virtual environment
@@ -530,9 +573,11 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
                     )
                     shell(before_test_prepared, env=virtualenv_env)
 
+                pip = ["uv", "pip"] if use_uv else ["pip"]
+
                 # install the wheel
                 call(
-                    "pip",
+                    *pip,
                     "install",
                     str(repaired_wheel) + build_options.test_extras,
                     env=virtualenv_env,
@@ -540,35 +585,50 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
                 # test the wheel
                 if build_options.test_requires:
-                    call("pip", "install", *build_options.test_requires, env=virtualenv_env)
+                    call(*pip, "install", *build_options.test_requires, env=virtualenv_env)
 
                 # run the tests from a temp dir, with an absolute path in the command
                 # (this ensures that Python runs the tests against the installed wheel
                 # and not the repo code)
-                test_command_prepared = prepare_command(
-                    build_options.test_command,
-                    project=Path(".").resolve(),
-                    package=options.globals.package_dir.resolve(),
-                )
                 test_cwd = identifier_tmp_dir / "test_cwd"
                 test_cwd.mkdir()
-                (test_cwd / "test_fail.py").write_text(test_fail_cwd_file.read_text())
 
+                if build_options.test_sources:
+                    copy_test_sources(
+                        build_options.test_sources,
+                        Path.cwd(),
+                        test_cwd,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    # Use the test_fail.py file to raise a nice error if the user
+                    # tries to run tests in the cwd
+                    (test_cwd / "test_fail.py").write_text(resources.TEST_FAIL_CWD_FILE.read_text())
+
+                test_command_prepared = prepare_command(
+                    build_options.test_command,
+                    project=Path.cwd(),
+                    package=options.globals.package_dir.resolve(),
+                    wheel=repaired_wheel,
+                )
                 shell(test_command_prepared, cwd=test_cwd, env=virtualenv_env)
 
             # we're all done here; move it to output (remove if already exists)
+            output_wheel = None
             if compatible_wheel is None:
-                shutil.move(str(repaired_wheel), build_options.output_dir)
-                built_wheels.append(build_options.output_dir / repaired_wheel.name)
+                output_wheel = build_options.output_dir.joinpath(repaired_wheel.name)
+                moved_wheel = move_file(repaired_wheel, output_wheel)
+                if moved_wheel != output_wheel.resolve():
+                    log.warning(
+                        f"{repaired_wheel} was moved to {moved_wheel} instead of {output_wheel}"
+                    )
+                built_wheels.append(output_wheel)
 
             # clean up
             # (we ignore errors because occasionally Windows fails to unlink a file and we
             # don't want to abort a build because of that)
             shutil.rmtree(identifier_tmp_dir, ignore_errors=True)
 
-            log.build_end()
+            log.build_end(output_wheel)
     except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
-        log.step_end_with_error(
-            f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout}"
-        )
-        sys.exit(1)
+        msg = f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout or ''}"
+        raise errors.FatalError(msg) from error

cibuildwheel/projectfiles.py

@@ -1,28 +1,29 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
 import ast
 import configparser
 import contextlib
-import sys
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any
 
-if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
-    import tomllib
-else:
-    import tomli as tomllib
+import dependency_groups
 
-if sys.version_info < (3, 8):
-    Constant = ast.Str
 
-    def get_constant(x: ast.Str) -> str:
-        return x.s
+def get_parent(node: ast.AST | None, depth: int = 1) -> ast.AST | None:
+    for _ in range(depth):
+        node = getattr(node, "parent", None)
+    return node
 
-else:
-    Constant = ast.Constant
 
-    def get_constant(x: ast.Constant) -> Any:
-        return x.value
+def is_main(parent: ast.AST | None) -> bool:
+    match parent:
+        case ast.If(test=ast.Compare(left=left, ops=[ast.Eq()], comparators=[comp])):
+            values = {left, comp}
+            mains = {x for x in values if isinstance(x, ast.Constant) and x.value == "__main__"}
+            if len(mains) != 1:
+                return False
+            consts = {x for x in values if isinstance(x, ast.Name) and x.id == "__name__"}
+            return len(consts) == 1
+        case _:
+            return False
 
 
 class Analyzer(ast.NodeVisitor):
@@ -36,14 +37,22 @@ class Analyzer(ast.NodeVisitor):
         super().visit(node)
 
     def visit_keyword(self, node: ast.keyword) -> None:
+        # Must not be nested except for if __name__ == "__main__"
+
         self.generic_visit(node)
-        if node.arg == "python_requires":
-            # Must not be nested in an if or other structure
-            # This will be Module -> Expr -> Call -> keyword
-            if not hasattr(node.parent.parent.parent, "parent") and isinstance(  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
-                node.value, Constant
-            ):
-                self.requires_python = get_constant(node.value)
+        # This will be Module -> Expr -> Call -> keyword
+        parent = get_parent(node, 4)
+        unnested = parent is None
+
+        # This will be Module -> If -> Expr -> Call -> keyword
+        name_main_unnested = (
+            parent is not None and get_parent(parent) is None and is_main(get_parent(node, 3))
+        )
+
+        match node:
+            case ast.keyword(arg="python_requires", value=ast.Constant(value=str(version))):
+                if unnested or name_main_unnested:
+                    self.requires_python = version
 
 
 def setup_py_python_requires(content: str) -> str | None:
@@ -56,15 +65,12 @@ def setup_py_python_requires(content: str) -> str | None:
         return None
 
 
-def get_requires_python_str(package_dir: Path) -> str | None:
+def get_requires_python_str(package_dir: Path, pyproject_toml: dict[str, Any] | None) -> str | None:
     """Return the python requires string from the most canonical source available, or None"""
 
     # Read in from pyproject.toml:project.requires-python
-    with contextlib.suppress(FileNotFoundError):
-        with (package_dir / "pyproject.toml").open("rb") as f1:
-            info = tomllib.load(f1)
-        with contextlib.suppress(KeyError, IndexError, TypeError):
-            return str(info["project"]["requires-python"])
+    with contextlib.suppress(KeyError, IndexError, TypeError):
+        return str((pyproject_toml or {})["project"]["requires-python"])
 
     # Read in from setup.cfg:options.python_requires
     config = configparser.ConfigParser()
@@ -73,8 +79,31 @@ def get_requires_python_str(package_dir: Path) -> str | None:
         with contextlib.suppress(KeyError, IndexError, TypeError):
             return str(config["options"]["python_requires"])
 
-    with contextlib.suppress(FileNotFoundError):
-        with (package_dir / "setup.py").open(encoding="utf8") as f2:
-            return setup_py_python_requires(f2.read())
+    setup_py = package_dir / "setup.py"
+    with contextlib.suppress(FileNotFoundError), setup_py.open(encoding="utf8") as f2:
+        return setup_py_python_requires(f2.read())
 
     return None
+
+
+def resolve_dependency_groups(
+    pyproject_toml: dict[str, Any] | None, *groups: str
+) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    """
+    Get the packages in dependency-groups for a package.
+    """
+
+    if not groups:
+        return ()
+
+    if pyproject_toml is None:
+        msg = f"Didn't find a pyproject.toml, so can't read [dependency-groups] {groups!r} from it!"
+        raise FileNotFoundError(msg)
+
+    try:
+        dependency_groups_toml = pyproject_toml["dependency-groups"]
+    except KeyError:
+        msg = f"Didn't find [dependency-groups] in pyproject.toml, which is needed to resolve {groups!r}."
+        raise KeyError(msg) from None
+
+    return dependency_groups.resolve(dependency_groups_toml, *groups)

cibuildwheel/resources/_cross_venv.pth

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+import _cross_venv; _cross_venv.initialize()

cibuildwheel/resources/_cross_venv.py

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+# This module is copied into the site-packages directory of an Android build environment, and
+# activated via a .pth file when we want the environment to simulate Android.
+
+import os
+import platform
+import re
+import sys
+import sysconfig
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
+
+
+def initialize() -> None:
+    if not (host_triplet := os.environ.get("CIBW_HOST_TRIPLET")):
+        return
+
+    # os ######################################################################
+    def cross_os_uname() -> os.uname_result:
+        return os.uname_result(
+            (
+                "Linux",
+                "localhost",
+                # The Linux kernel version and release are unlikely to be significant, but return
+                # realistic values anyway (from an API level 24 emulator).
+                "3.18.91+",
+                "#1 SMP PREEMPT Tue Jan 9 20:35:43 UTC 2018",
+                host_triplet.split("-")[0],
+            )
+        )
+
+    os.name = "posix"
+    os.uname = cross_os_uname
+
+    # platform ################################################################
+    #
+    # We can't determine the user-visible Android version number from the API level, so return a
+    # string which will work fine for display, but will fail to parse as a version number.
+    def cross_android_ver(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> platform.AndroidVer:
+        return platform.AndroidVer(
+            release=f"API level {cross_getandroidapilevel()}",
+            api_level=cross_getandroidapilevel(),
+            manufacturer="Google",
+            model="sdk_gphone64",
+            device="emu64",
+            is_emulator=True,
+        )
+
+    # platform.uname, platform.system etc. are all implemented in terms of platform.android_ver.
+    platform.android_ver = cross_android_ver
+
+    # sys #####################################################################
+    def cross_getandroidapilevel() -> int:
+        api_level = sysconfig.get_config_var("ANDROID_API_LEVEL")
+        assert isinstance(api_level, int)
+        return api_level
+
+    # Some packages may recognize sys.cross_compiling from the crossenv tool.
+    sys.cross_compiling = True  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    sys.getandroidapilevel = cross_getandroidapilevel  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    sys.implementation._multiarch = host_triplet  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    sys.platform = "android"
+
+    # Determine the abiflags from the sysconfigdata filename.
+    sysconfigdata_path = next(Path(__file__).parent.glob("_sysconfigdata_*.py"))
+    abiflags_match = re.match(r"_sysconfigdata_(.*?)_", sysconfigdata_path.name)
+    assert abiflags_match is not None
+    sys.abiflags = abiflags_match[1]
+
+    # sysconfig ###############################################################
+    #
+    # We don't change the actual sys.base_prefix and base_exec_prefix, because that
+    # could have unpredictable effects. Instead, we change the internal variables
+    # used to generate sysconfig.get_path("include").
+    exec_prefix = sysconfig.get_config_var("exec_prefix")
+    sysconfig._BASE_PREFIX = sysconfig._BASE_EXEC_PREFIX = exec_prefix  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+    # Reload the sysconfigdata file, generating its name from sys.abiflags,
+    # sys.platform, and sys.implementation._multiarch.
+    sysconfig._init_config_vars()  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+    # sysconfig.get_platform, which determines the wheel tag, is implemented in terms of
+    # sys.platform, sysconfig.get_config_var("ANDROID_API_LEVEL") (see localized_vars in
+    # android.py), and os.uname.

cibuildwheel/resources/build-platforms.toml

@@ -1,115 +1,241 @@
 [linux]
 python_configurations = [
-  { identifier = "cp36-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
-  { identifier = "cp37-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
   { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
   { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
   { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
   { identifier = "cp311-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
-  { identifier = "cp36-manylinux_i686", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
-  { identifier = "cp37-manylinux_i686", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314t" },
   { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_i686", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
   { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_i686", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
   { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_i686", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
   { identifier = "cp311-manylinux_i686", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
-  { identifier = "pp37-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/pp37-pypy37_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-manylinux_i686", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-manylinux_i686", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-manylinux_i686", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-manylinux_i686", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-manylinux_i686", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314t" },
   { identifier = "pp38-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/pp38-pypy38_pp73" },
   { identifier = "pp39-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/pp39-pypy39_pp73" },
-  { identifier = "cp36-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
-  { identifier = "cp37-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "pp310-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/pp310-pypy310_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "pp311-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/pp311-pypy311_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "gp311_242-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/graalpy311-graalpy242_311_native" },
   { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
   { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
   { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
   { identifier = "cp311-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
-  { identifier = "cp36-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
-  { identifier = "cp37-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314t" },
   { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
   { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
   { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
   { identifier = "cp311-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
-  { identifier = "cp36-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
-  { identifier = "cp37-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314t" },
   { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
   { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
   { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
   { identifier = "cp311-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
-  { identifier = "pp37-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/pp37-pypy37_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314t" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_armv7l", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_armv7l", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_armv7l", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-manylinux_armv7l", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-manylinux_armv7l", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-manylinux_armv7l", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-manylinux_armv7l", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-manylinux_armv7l", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-manylinux_armv7l", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314t" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_riscv64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_riscv64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_riscv64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-manylinux_riscv64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-manylinux_riscv64", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-manylinux_riscv64", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-manylinux_riscv64", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-manylinux_riscv64", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-manylinux_riscv64", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314t" },
   { identifier = "pp38-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/pp38-pypy38_pp73" },
   { identifier = "pp39-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/pp39-pypy39_pp73" },
-  { identifier = "pp37-manylinux_i686", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/pp37-pypy37_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "pp310-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/pp310-pypy310_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "pp311-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/pp311-pypy311_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "gp311_242-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/graalpy311-graalpy242_311_native" },
   { identifier = "pp38-manylinux_i686", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/pp38-pypy38_pp73" },
   { identifier = "pp39-manylinux_i686", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/pp39-pypy39_pp73" },
-  { identifier = "cp36-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
-  { identifier = "cp37-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "pp310-manylinux_i686", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/pp310-pypy310_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "pp311-manylinux_i686", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/pp311-pypy311_pp73" },
   { identifier = "cp38-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
   { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
   { identifier = "cp310-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
   { identifier = "cp311-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
-  { identifier = "cp36-musllinux_i686", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
-  { identifier = "cp37-musllinux_i686", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314t" },
   { identifier = "cp38-musllinux_i686", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
   { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_i686", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
   { identifier = "cp310-musllinux_i686", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
   { identifier = "cp311-musllinux_i686", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
-  { identifier = "cp36-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
-  { identifier = "cp37-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-musllinux_i686", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-musllinux_i686", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-musllinux_i686", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-musllinux_i686", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-musllinux_i686", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314t" },
   { identifier = "cp38-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
   { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
   { identifier = "cp310-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
   { identifier = "cp311-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
-  { identifier = "cp36-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
-  { identifier = "cp37-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314t" },
   { identifier = "cp38-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
   { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
   { identifier = "cp310-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
   { identifier = "cp311-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
-  { identifier = "cp36-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
-  { identifier = "cp37-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314t" },
   { identifier = "cp38-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
   { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
   { identifier = "cp310-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
   { identifier = "cp311-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314t" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-musllinux_armv7l", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314t" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-musllinux_riscv64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_riscv64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-musllinux_riscv64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-musllinux_riscv64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-musllinux_riscv64", version = "3.12", path_str = "/opt/python/cp312-cp312" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-musllinux_riscv64", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-musllinux_riscv64", version = "3.13", path_str = "/opt/python/cp313-cp313t" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-musllinux_riscv64", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-musllinux_riscv64", version = "3.14", path_str = "/opt/python/cp314-cp314t" },
 ]
 
 [macos]
 python_configurations = [
-  { identifier = "cp36-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.6", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.6.8/python-3.6.8-macosx10.9.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp37-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.7", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.7.9/python-3.7.9-macosx10.9.pkg" },
   { identifier = "cp38-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.8", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.10/python-3.8.10-macosx10.9.pkg" },
   { identifier = "cp38-macosx_arm64", version = "3.8", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.10/python-3.8.10-macosx10.9.pkg" },
   { identifier = "cp38-macosx_universal2", version = "3.8", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.10/python-3.8.10-macosx10.9.pkg" },
   { identifier = "cp39-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.9", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.9.13/python-3.9.13-macos11.pkg" },
   { identifier = "cp39-macosx_arm64", version = "3.9", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.9.13/python-3.9.13-macos11.pkg" },
   { identifier = "cp39-macosx_universal2", version = "3.9", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.9.13/python-3.9.13-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp310-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.10", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.10.9/python-3.10.9-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp310-macosx_arm64", version = "3.10", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.10.9/python-3.10.9-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp310-macosx_universal2", version = "3.10", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.10.9/python-3.10.9-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp311-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.11", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.11.1/python-3.11.1-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp311-macosx_arm64", version = "3.11", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.11.1/python-3.11.1-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp311-macosx_universal2", version = "3.11", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.11.1/python-3.11.1-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "pp37-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.7", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.7-v7.3.9-osx64.tar.bz2" },
-  { identifier = "pp38-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.8", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.9-osx64.tar.bz2" },
-  { identifier = "pp39-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.9", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.9-osx64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.10", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.10.11/python-3.10.11-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-macosx_arm64", version = "3.10", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.10.11/python-3.10.11-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-macosx_universal2", version = "3.10", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.10.11/python-3.10.11-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.11", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.11.9/python-3.11.9-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-macosx_arm64", version = "3.11", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.11.9/python-3.11.9-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-macosx_universal2", version = "3.11", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.11.9/python-3.11.9-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.10/python-3.12.10-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-macosx_arm64", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.10/python-3.12.10-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-macosx_universal2", version = "3.12", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.10/python-3.12.10-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.5/python-3.13.5-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.5/python-3.13.5-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.5/python-3.13.5-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.5/python-3.13.5-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_arm64", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.5/python-3.13.5-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-macosx_universal2", version = "3.13", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.13.5/python-3.13.5-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc1-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_arm64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc1-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-macosx_universal2", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc1-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc1-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_arm64", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc1-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-macosx_universal2", version = "3.14", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/python-3.14.0rc1-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "pp38-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.8", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "pp38-macosx_arm64", version = "3.8", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "pp39-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.9", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.16-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "pp39-macosx_arm64", version = "3.9", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.16-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "pp310-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.10", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.19-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "pp310-macosx_arm64", version = "3.10", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.19-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "pp311-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.11", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.11-v7.3.20-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "pp311-macosx_arm64", version = "3.11", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.11-v7.3.20-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "gp311_242-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.11", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-24.2.2/graalpy-24.2.2-macos-amd64.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "gp311_242-macosx_arm64", version = "3.11", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-24.2.2/graalpy-24.2.2-macos-aarch64.tar.gz" },
 ]
 
 [windows]
 python_configurations = [
-  { identifier = "cp36-win32", version = "3.6.8", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp36-win_amd64", version = "3.6.8", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp37-win32", version = "3.7.9", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp37-win_amd64", version = "3.7.9", arch = "64" },
   { identifier = "cp38-win32", version = "3.8.10", arch = "32" },
   { identifier = "cp38-win_amd64", version = "3.8.10", arch = "64" },
   { identifier = "cp39-win32", version = "3.9.13", arch = "32" },
   { identifier = "cp39-win_amd64", version = "3.9.13", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp310-win32", version = "3.10.9", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp310-win_amd64", version = "3.10.9", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp311-win32", version = "3.11.1", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp311-win_amd64", version = "3.11.1", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-win32", version = "3.10.11", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-win_amd64", version = "3.10.11", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-win32", version = "3.11.9", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-win_amd64", version = "3.11.9", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-win32", version = "3.12.10", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-win_amd64", version = "3.12.10", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-win32", version = "3.13.5", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-win32", version = "3.13.5", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-win_amd64", version = "3.13.5", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-win_amd64", version = "3.13.5", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-win32", version = "3.14.0-rc1", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-win32", version = "3.14.0-rc1", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-win_amd64", version = "3.14.0-rc1", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-win_amd64", version = "3.14.0-rc1", arch = "64" },
   { identifier = "cp39-win_arm64", version = "3.9.10", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp310-win_arm64", version = "3.10.8", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "cp311-win_arm64", version = "3.11.1", arch = "ARM64" },
-  { identifier = "pp37-win_amd64", version = "3.7", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.7-v7.3.9-win64.zip" },
-  { identifier = "pp38-win_amd64", version = "3.8", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.10-win64.zip" },
-  { identifier = "pp39-win_amd64", version = "3.9", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.10-win64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-win_arm64", version = "3.10.11", arch = "ARM64" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-win_arm64", version = "3.11.9", arch = "ARM64" },
+  { identifier = "cp312-win_arm64", version = "3.12.10", arch = "ARM64" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-win_arm64", version = "3.13.5", arch = "ARM64" },
+  { identifier = "cp313t-win_arm64", version = "3.13.5", arch = "ARM64" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-win_arm64", version = "3.14.0-rc1", arch = "ARM64" },
+  { identifier = "cp314t-win_arm64", version = "3.14.0-rc1", arch = "ARM64" },
+  { identifier = "pp38-win_amd64", version = "3.8", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-win64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "pp39-win_amd64", version = "3.9", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.16-win64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "pp310-win_amd64", version = "3.10", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.10-v7.3.19-win64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "pp311-win_amd64", version = "3.11", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.11-v7.3.20-win64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "gp311_242-win_amd64", version = "3.11", arch = "64", url = "https://github.com/oracle/graalpython/releases/download/graal-24.2.2/graalpy-24.2.2-windows-amd64.zip" },
+]
+
+[pyodide]
+python_configurations = [
+  { identifier = "cp312-pyodide_wasm32", version = "3.12", default_pyodide_version = "0.27.7", node_version = "v22" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-pyodide_wasm32", version = "3.13", default_pyodide_version = "0.28.0", node_version = "v22" },
+]
+
+[android]
+python_configurations = [
+  { identifier = "cp313-android_arm64_v8a", version = "3.13", url = "https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/chaquo/python/python/3.13.5+20250722.214220/python-3.13.5+20250722.214220-aarch64-linux-android.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-android_x86_64", version = "3.13", url = "https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/chaquo/python/python/3.13.5+20250722.214220/python-3.13.5+20250722.214220-x86_64-linux-android.tar.gz" },
+]
+
+[ios]
+python_configurations = [
+  { identifier = "cp313-ios_arm64_iphoneos", version = "3.13", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.13-b10/Python-3.13-iOS-support.b10.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.13", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.13-b10/Python-3.13-iOS-support.b10.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp313-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.13", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.13-b10/Python-3.13-iOS-support.b10.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-ios_arm64_iphoneos", version = "3.14", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.14-b6/Python-3.14-iOS-support.b6.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-ios_x86_64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.14", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.14-b6/Python-3.14-iOS-support.b6.tar.gz" },
+  { identifier = "cp314-ios_arm64_iphonesimulator", version = "3.14", url = "https://github.com/beeware/Python-Apple-support/releases/download/3.14-b6/Python-3.14-iOS-support.b6.tar.gz" },
 ]

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-pyodide312.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+# This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
+#    nox -s update_constraints
+annotated-types==0.7.0
+    # via pydantic
+anyio==4.9.0
+    # via httpx
+auditwheel-emscripten==0.1.0
+    # via pyodide-build
+build==1.2.2.post1
+    # via
+    #   -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
+    #   pyodide-build
+certifi==2025.7.14
+    # via
+    #   httpcore
+    #   httpx
+    #   requests
+charset-normalizer==3.4.2
+    # via requests
+click==8.1.8
+    # via
+    #   -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
+    #   typer
+distlib==0.4.0
+    # via virtualenv
+filelock==3.18.0
+    # via virtualenv
+h11==0.16.0
+    # via httpcore
+httpcore==1.0.9
+    # via httpx
+httpx==0.28.1
+    # via unearth
+idna==3.10
+    # via
+    #   anyio
+    #   httpx
+    #   requests
+leb128==1.0.8
+    # via auditwheel-emscripten
+markdown-it-py==3.0.0
+    # via rich
+mdurl==0.1.2
+    # via markdown-it-py
+packaging==25.0
+    # via
+    #   auditwheel-emscripten
+    #   build
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   unearth
+pip==25.1.1
+    # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
+platformdirs==4.3.8
+    # via
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   virtualenv
+pydantic==2.11.7
+    # via
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   pyodide-lock
+pydantic-core==2.33.2
+    # via pydantic
+pygments==2.19.2
+    # via rich
+pyodide-build==0.30.5
+    # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
+pyodide-cli==0.3.0
+    # via
+    #   auditwheel-emscripten
+    #   pyodide-build
+pyodide-lock==0.1.0a7
+    # via pyodide-build
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
+    # via build
+requests==2.32.4
+    # via pyodide-build
+resolvelib==1.2.0
+    # via pyodide-build
+rich==14.1.0
+    # via
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   pyodide-cli
+    #   typer
+ruamel-yaml==0.18.14
+    # via pyodide-build
+ruamel-yaml-clib==0.2.12
+    # via ruamel-yaml
+shellingham==1.5.4
+    # via typer
+sniffio==1.3.1
+    # via anyio
+typer==0.16.0
+    # via
+    #   auditwheel-emscripten
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   pyodide-cli
+typing-extensions==4.14.1
+    # via
+    #   anyio
+    #   pydantic
+    #   pydantic-core
+    #   typer
+    #   typing-inspection
+typing-inspection==0.4.1
+    # via pydantic
+unearth==0.17.5
+    # via pyodide-build
+urllib3==2.5.0
+    # via requests
+virtualenv==20.32.0
+    # via
+    #   build
+    #   pyodide-build
+wheel==0.45.1
+    # via
+    #   auditwheel-emscripten
+    #   pyodide-build

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-pyodide313.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+# This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
+#    nox -s update_constraints
+annotated-types==0.7.0
+    # via pydantic
+anyio==4.9.0
+    # via httpx
+auditwheel-emscripten==0.1.0
+    # via pyodide-build
+build==1.2.2.post1
+    # via
+    #   -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
+    #   pyodide-build
+certifi==2025.7.14
+    # via
+    #   httpcore
+    #   httpx
+    #   requests
+charset-normalizer==3.4.2
+    # via requests
+click==8.1.8
+    # via
+    #   -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
+    #   typer
+distlib==0.4.0
+    # via virtualenv
+filelock==3.18.0
+    # via virtualenv
+h11==0.16.0
+    # via httpcore
+httpcore==1.0.9
+    # via httpx
+httpx==0.28.1
+    # via unearth
+idna==3.10
+    # via
+    #   anyio
+    #   httpx
+    #   requests
+leb128==1.0.8
+    # via auditwheel-emscripten
+markdown-it-py==3.0.0
+    # via rich
+mdurl==0.1.2
+    # via markdown-it-py
+packaging==25.0
+    # via
+    #   auditwheel-emscripten
+    #   build
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   unearth
+pip==25.1.1
+    # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
+platformdirs==4.3.8
+    # via
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   virtualenv
+pydantic==2.11.7
+    # via
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   pyodide-lock
+pydantic-core==2.33.2
+    # via pydantic
+pygments==2.19.2
+    # via rich
+pyodide-build==0.30.5
+    # via -r .nox/update_constraints/tmp/constraints-pyodide.in
+pyodide-cli==0.3.0
+    # via
+    #   auditwheel-emscripten
+    #   pyodide-build
+pyodide-lock==0.1.0a7
+    # via pyodide-build
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
+    # via build
+requests==2.32.4
+    # via pyodide-build
+resolvelib==1.2.0
+    # via pyodide-build
+rich==14.1.0
+    # via
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   pyodide-cli
+    #   typer
+ruamel-yaml==0.18.14
+    # via pyodide-build
+ruamel-yaml-clib==0.2.12
+    # via ruamel-yaml
+shellingham==1.5.4
+    # via typer
+sniffio==1.3.1
+    # via anyio
+typer==0.16.0
+    # via
+    #   auditwheel-emscripten
+    #   pyodide-build
+    #   pyodide-cli
+typing-extensions==4.14.1
+    # via
+    #   pydantic
+    #   pydantic-core
+    #   typer
+    #   typing-inspection
+typing-inspection==0.4.1
+    # via pydantic
+unearth==0.17.5
+    # via pyodide-build
+urllib3==2.5.0
+    # via requests
+virtualenv==20.32.0
+    # via
+    #   build
+    #   pyodide-build
+wheel==0.45.1
+    # via
+    #   auditwheel-emscripten
+    #   pyodide-build

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python310.txt

@@ -1,26 +1,34 @@
-#
-# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with Python 3.10
-# by the following command:
-#
-#    nox -s update_constraints-3.10
-#
-delocate==0.10.4
+# This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
+#    nox -s update_constraints
+altgraph==0.17.4
+    # via macholib
+build==1.2.2.post1
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.6
+delocate==0.13.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.8.2
+filelock==3.18.0
     # via virtualenv
-packaging==22.0
+importlib-metadata==8.7.0
+    # via build
+macholib==1.16.3
     # via delocate
-pip==22.3.1
+packaging==25.0
+    # via
+    #   build
+    #   delocate
+pip==25.1.1
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==2.6.0
+platformdirs==4.3.8
     # via virtualenv
-setuptools==65.6.3
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-typing-extensions==4.4.0
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
+    # via build
+tomli==2.2.1
+    # via build
+typing-extensions==4.14.1
     # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.17.1
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-wheel==0.38.4
+virtualenv==20.32.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+zipp==3.23.0
+    # via importlib-metadata

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python311.txt

@@ -1,26 +1,28 @@
-#
-# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with Python 3.11
-# by the following command:
-#
-#    nox -s update_constraints-3.11
-#
-delocate==0.10.4
+# This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
+#    nox -s update_constraints
+altgraph==0.17.4
+    # via macholib
+build==1.2.2.post1
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.6
+delocate==0.13.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.8.2
+filelock==3.18.0
     # via virtualenv
-packaging==22.0
+macholib==1.16.3
     # via delocate
-pip==22.3.1
+packaging==25.0
+    # via
+    #   build
+    #   delocate
+pip==25.1.1
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==2.6.0
+platformdirs==4.3.8
     # via virtualenv
-setuptools==65.6.3
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-typing-extensions==4.4.0
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
+    # via build
+typing-extensions==4.14.1
     # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.17.1
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-wheel==0.38.4
+virtualenv==20.32.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python312.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
+#    nox -s update_constraints
+altgraph==0.17.4
+    # via macholib
+build==1.2.2.post1
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+delocate==0.13.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.4.0
+    # via virtualenv
+filelock==3.18.0
+    # via virtualenv
+macholib==1.16.3
+    # via delocate
+packaging==25.0
+    # via
+    #   build
+    #   delocate
+pip==25.1.1
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+platformdirs==4.3.8
+    # via virtualenv
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
+    # via build
+typing-extensions==4.14.1
+    # via delocate
+virtualenv==20.32.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python313.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
+#    nox -s update_constraints
+altgraph==0.17.4
+    # via macholib
+build==1.2.2.post1
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+delocate==0.13.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.4.0
+    # via virtualenv
+filelock==3.18.0
+    # via virtualenv
+macholib==1.16.3
+    # via delocate
+packaging==25.0
+    # via
+    #   build
+    #   delocate
+pip==25.1.1
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+platformdirs==4.3.8
+    # via virtualenv
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
+    # via build
+typing-extensions==4.14.1
+    # via delocate
+virtualenv==20.32.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python314.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
+#    nox -s update_constraints
+altgraph==0.17.4
+    # via macholib
+build==1.2.2.post1
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+delocate==0.13.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.4.0
+    # via virtualenv
+filelock==3.18.0
+    # via virtualenv
+macholib==1.16.3
+    # via delocate
+packaging==25.0
+    # via
+    #   build
+    #   delocate
+pip==25.1.1
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+platformdirs==4.3.8
+    # via virtualenv
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
+    # via build
+typing-extensions==4.14.1
+    # via delocate
+virtualenv==20.32.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python36.txt

@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-#
-# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with python 3.6
-# To update, run:
-#
-#    nox -s update_constraints-3.6
-#
-delocate==0.10.2
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.6
-    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.4.1
-    # via virtualenv
-importlib-metadata==4.8.3
-    # via virtualenv
-importlib-resources==5.4.0
-    # via virtualenv
-platformdirs==2.4.0
-    # via virtualenv
-typing-extensions==4.1.1
-    # via
-    #   delocate
-    #   importlib-metadata
-virtualenv==20.17.1
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-wheel==0.37.1
-    # via
-    #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-    #   delocate
-zipp==3.6.0
-    # via
-    #   importlib-metadata
-    #   importlib-resources
-
-# The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
-pip==21.3.1
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-setuptools==59.6.0
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python37.txt

@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-#
-# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with Python 3.7
-# by the following command:
-#
-#    nox -s update_constraints-3.7
-#
-delocate==0.10.4
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.6
-    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.8.2
-    # via virtualenv
-importlib-metadata==5.2.0
-    # via virtualenv
-packaging==22.0
-    # via delocate
-pip==22.3.1
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==2.6.0
-    # via virtualenv
-setuptools==65.6.3
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-typing-extensions==4.4.0
-    # via
-    #   delocate
-    #   importlib-metadata
-virtualenv==20.17.1
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-wheel==0.38.4
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-zipp==3.11.0
-    # via importlib-metadata

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python38.txt

@@ -1,26 +1,34 @@
-#
-# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with Python 3.8
-# by the following command:
-#
-#    nox -s update_constraints-3.8
-#
-delocate==0.10.4
+# This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
+#    nox -s update_constraints
+altgraph==0.17.4
+    # via macholib
+build==1.2.2.post1
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.6
+delocate==0.12.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.8.2
+filelock==3.16.1
     # via virtualenv
-packaging==22.0
+importlib-metadata==8.5.0
+    # via build
+macholib==1.16.3
     # via delocate
-pip==22.3.1
+packaging==25.0
+    # via
+    #   build
+    #   delocate
+pip==25.0.1
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==2.6.0
+platformdirs==4.3.6
     # via virtualenv
-setuptools==65.6.3
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-typing-extensions==4.4.0
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
+    # via build
+tomli==2.2.1
+    # via build
+typing-extensions==4.13.2
     # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.17.1
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-wheel==0.38.4
+virtualenv==20.32.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+zipp==3.20.2
+    # via importlib-metadata

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python39.txt

@@ -1,26 +1,34 @@
-#
-# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with Python 3.9
-# by the following command:
-#
-#    nox -s update_constraints-3.9
-#
-delocate==0.10.4
+# This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
+#    nox -s update_constraints
+altgraph==0.17.4
+    # via macholib
+build==1.2.2.post1
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.6
+delocate==0.13.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.8.2
+filelock==3.18.0
     # via virtualenv
-packaging==22.0
+importlib-metadata==8.7.0
+    # via build
+macholib==1.16.3
     # via delocate
-pip==22.3.1
+packaging==25.0
+    # via
+    #   build
+    #   delocate
+pip==25.1.1
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==2.6.0
+platformdirs==4.3.8
     # via virtualenv
-setuptools==65.6.3
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-typing-extensions==4.4.0
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
+    # via build
+tomli==2.2.1
+    # via build
+typing-extensions==4.14.1
     # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.17.1
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-wheel==0.38.4
+virtualenv==20.32.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+zipp==3.23.0
+    # via importlib-metadata

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 pip
-setuptools
-wheel
+build
 delocate
 virtualenv

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.txt

@@ -1,26 +1,28 @@
-#
-# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with Python 3.11
-# by the following command:
-#
-#    nox -s update_constraints-3.11
-#
-delocate==0.10.4
+# This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
+#    nox -s update_constraints
+altgraph==0.17.4
+    # via macholib
+build==1.2.2.post1
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.6
+delocate==0.13.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.4.0
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.8.2
+filelock==3.18.0
     # via virtualenv
-packaging==22.0
+macholib==1.16.3
     # via delocate
-pip==22.3.1
+packaging==25.0
+    # via
+    #   build
+    #   delocate
+pip==25.1.1
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-platformdirs==2.6.0
+platformdirs==4.3.8
     # via virtualenv
-setuptools==65.6.3
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-typing-extensions==4.4.0
+pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
+    # via build
+typing-extensions==4.14.1
     # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.17.1
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-wheel==0.38.4
+virtualenv==20.32.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/defaults.toml

@@ -2,40 +2,52 @@
 build = "*"
 skip = ""
 test-skip = ""
+enable = []
 
 archs = ["auto"]
-build-frontend = "pip"
+build-frontend = "default"
 config-settings = {}
 dependency-versions = "pinned"
 environment = {}
 environment-pass = []
-build-verbosity = ""
+build-verbosity = 0
 
 before-all = ""
 before-build = ""
+# TOML doesn't support explicit NULLs; use ["\u0000"] as a sentinel value.
+xbuild-tools = ["\u0000"]
 repair-wheel-command = ""
 
 test-command = ""
 before-test = ""
+test-sources = []
 test-requires = []
 test-extras = []
+test-groups = []
+test-environment = {}
 
 container-engine = "docker"
 
-manylinux-x86_64-image = "manylinux2014"
-manylinux-i686-image = "manylinux2014"
-manylinux-aarch64-image = "manylinux2014"
-manylinux-ppc64le-image = "manylinux2014"
-manylinux-s390x-image = "manylinux2014"
-manylinux-pypy_x86_64-image = "manylinux2014"
-manylinux-pypy_i686-image = "manylinux2014"
-manylinux-pypy_aarch64-image = "manylinux2014"
+pyodide-version = ""
 
-musllinux-x86_64-image = "musllinux_1_1"
-musllinux-i686-image = "musllinux_1_1"
-musllinux-aarch64-image = "musllinux_1_1"
-musllinux-ppc64le-image = "musllinux_1_1"
-musllinux-s390x-image = "musllinux_1_1"
+manylinux-x86_64-image = "manylinux_2_28"
+manylinux-i686-image = "manylinux_2_28"
+manylinux-aarch64-image = "manylinux_2_28"
+manylinux-ppc64le-image = "manylinux_2_28"
+manylinux-s390x-image = "manylinux_2_28"
+manylinux-armv7l-image = "manylinux_2_31"
+manylinux-riscv64-image = "manylinux_2_39"
+manylinux-pypy_x86_64-image = "manylinux_2_28"
+manylinux-pypy_i686-image = "manylinux_2_28"
+manylinux-pypy_aarch64-image = "manylinux_2_28"
+
+musllinux-x86_64-image = "musllinux_1_2"
+musllinux-i686-image = "musllinux_1_2"
+musllinux-aarch64-image = "musllinux_1_2"
+musllinux-ppc64le-image = "musllinux_1_2"
+musllinux-s390x-image = "musllinux_1_2"
+musllinux-armv7l-image = "musllinux_1_2"
+musllinux-riscv64-image = "musllinux_1_2"
 
 
 [tool.cibuildwheel.linux]
@@ -45,3 +57,9 @@ repair-wheel-command = "auditwheel repair -w {dest_dir} {wheel}"
 repair-wheel-command = "delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} -v {wheel}"
 
 [tool.cibuildwheel.windows]
+
+[tool.cibuildwheel.android]
+
+[tool.cibuildwheel.ios]
+
+[tool.cibuildwheel.pyodide]

cibuildwheel/resources/free-threaded-enable-313.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<array>
+        <dict>
+                <key>attributeSetting</key>
+                <integer>1</integer>
+                <key>choiceAttribute</key>
+                <string>selected</string>
+                <key>choiceIdentifier</key>
+                <string>org.python.Python.PythonTFramework-3.13</string>
+        </dict>
+</array>
+</plist>

cibuildwheel/resources/free-threaded-enable-314.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<array>
+        <dict>
+                <key>attributeSetting</key>
+                <integer>1</integer>
+                <key>choiceAttribute</key>
+                <string>selected</string>
+                <key>choiceIdentifier</key>
+                <string>org.python.Python.PythonTFramework-3.14</string>
+        </dict>
+</array>
+</plist>

cibuildwheel/resources/install_certifi.py

@@ -26,14 +26,14 @@ STAT_0o775 = (
 )
 
 
-def main():
+def main() -> None:
     openssl_dir, openssl_cafile = os.path.split(ssl.get_default_verify_paths().openssl_cafile)
     print(" -- pip install --upgrade certifi")
     subprocess.check_call(
         [sys.executable, "-E", "-s", "-m", "pip", "install", "--upgrade", "certifi"]
     )
 
-    import certifi
+    import certifi  # noqa: PLC0415
 
     # change working directory to the default SSL directory
     os.chdir(openssl_dir)

cibuildwheel/resources/nodejs.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+url = "https://nodejs.org/dist/"
+v22 = "v22.17.1"
+v20 = "v20.19.4"

cibuildwheel/resources/pinned_docker_images.cfg

@@ -1,49 +1,53 @@
 [x86_64]
-manylinux1 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_x86_64:2022-12-11-f594764
-manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64:2022-08-05-4535177
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2022-12-11-145d107
-manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64:2022-12-11-145d107
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2022-12-11-145d107
-musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_x86_64:2022-12-11-145d107
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2025.07.27-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2025.07.27-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_x86_64:2025.07.27-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64:2025.07.27-1
 
 [i686]
-manylinux1 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_i686:2022-12-11-f594764
-manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686:2022-08-05-4535177
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2022-12-11-145d107
-manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_i686:2022-12-11-145d107
-musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_i686:2022-12-11-145d107
-
-[pypy_x86_64]
-manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64:2022-08-05-4535177
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2022-12-11-145d107
-manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64:2022-12-11-145d107
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2022-12-11-145d107
-
-[pypy_i686]
-manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686:2022-08-05-4535177
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2022-12-11-145d107
-manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_i686:2022-12-11-145d107
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2025.07.27-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686:2025.07.27-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_i686:2025.07.27-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686:2025.07.27-1
 
 [aarch64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2022-12-11-145d107
-manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_aarch64:2022-12-11-145d107
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2022-12-11-145d107
-musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_aarch64:2022-12-11-145d107
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2025.07.27-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2025.07.27-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_aarch64:2025.07.27-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_aarch64:2025.07.27-1
 
 [ppc64le]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le:2022-12-11-145d107
-manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_ppc64le:2022-12-11-145d107
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_ppc64le:2022-12-11-145d107
-musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_ppc64le:2022-12-11-145d107
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le:2025.07.27-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_ppc64le:2025.07.27-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_ppc64le:2025.07.27-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_ppc64le:2025.07.27-1
 
 [s390x]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x:2022-12-11-145d107
-manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_s390x:2022-12-11-145d107
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_s390x:2022-12-11-145d107
-musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_s390x:2022-12-11-145d107
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x:2025.07.27-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_s390x:2025.07.27-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_s390x:2025.07.27-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_s390x:2025.07.27-1
+
+[pypy_x86_64]
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2025.07.27-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2025.07.27-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_x86_64:2025.07.27-1
+
+[pypy_i686]
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2025.07.27-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686:2025.07.27-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_i686:2025.07.27-1
 
 [pypy_aarch64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2022-12-11-145d107
-manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_aarch64:2022-12-11-145d107
-manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2022-12-11-145d107
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2025.07.27-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2025.07.27-1
+manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_aarch64:2025.07.27-1
+
+[armv7l]
+manylinux_2_31 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_31_armv7l:2025.07.27-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_armv7l:2025.07.27-1
+
+[riscv64]
+manylinux_2_39 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_39_riscv64:2025.07.27-1
+musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_riscv64:2025.07.27-1
 

cibuildwheel/resources/python-build-standalone-releases.json

@@ -0,0 +1,457 @@
+{
+  "releases": [
+    {
+      "tag": "20250723",
+      "assets": [
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250723-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250723-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250723-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250723-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250723-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250723-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250723-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250723-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250723-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250723-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250723-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250723-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250723-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250723-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250723-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250723-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250723-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250723-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250723-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250723-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250723-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250723-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250723-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250723-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250723-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250723-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250723-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250723-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250723-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250723-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.10.18+20250723-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.10.18%2B20250723-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.11.13+20250723-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.11.13%2B20250723-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.11.13+20250723-aarch64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.11.13%2B20250723-aarch64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.11.13+20250723-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.11.13%2B20250723-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.11.13+20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.11.13%2B20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.11.13+20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.11.13%2B20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.11.13+20250723-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.11.13%2B20250723-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.11.13+20250723-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.11.13%2B20250723-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.11.13+20250723-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.11.13%2B20250723-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.11.13+20250723-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.11.13%2B20250723-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.11.13+20250723-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.11.13%2B20250723-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.11.13+20250723-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.11.13%2B20250723-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.11.13+20250723-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.11.13%2B20250723-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.11.13+20250723-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.11.13%2B20250723-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.11.13+20250723-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.11.13%2B20250723-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.11.13+20250723-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.11.13%2B20250723-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.11.13+20250723-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.11.13%2B20250723-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.11.13+20250723-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.11.13%2B20250723-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.11.13+20250723-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.11.13%2B20250723-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.11.13+20250723-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.11.13%2B20250723-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.12.11+20250723-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.12.11%2B20250723-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.12.11+20250723-aarch64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.12.11%2B20250723-aarch64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.12.11+20250723-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.12.11%2B20250723-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.12.11+20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.12.11%2B20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.12.11+20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.12.11%2B20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.12.11+20250723-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.12.11%2B20250723-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.12.11+20250723-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.12.11%2B20250723-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.12.11+20250723-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.12.11%2B20250723-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.12.11+20250723-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.12.11%2B20250723-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.12.11+20250723-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.12.11%2B20250723-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.12.11+20250723-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.12.11%2B20250723-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.12.11+20250723-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.12.11%2B20250723-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.12.11+20250723-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.12.11%2B20250723-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.12.11+20250723-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.12.11%2B20250723-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.12.11+20250723-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.12.11%2B20250723-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.12.11+20250723-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.12.11%2B20250723-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.12.11+20250723-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.12.11%2B20250723-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.12.11+20250723-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.12.11%2B20250723-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.12.11+20250723-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.12.11%2B20250723-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.13.5+20250723-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.13.5%2B20250723-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.13.5+20250723-aarch64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.13.5%2B20250723-aarch64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.13.5+20250723-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.13.5%2B20250723-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.13.5+20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.13.5%2B20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.13.5+20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.13.5%2B20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.13.5+20250723-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.13.5%2B20250723-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.13.5+20250723-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.13.5%2B20250723-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.13.5+20250723-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.13.5%2B20250723-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.13.5+20250723-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.13.5%2B20250723-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.13.5+20250723-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.13.5%2B20250723-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.13.5+20250723-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.13.5%2B20250723-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.13.5+20250723-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.13.5%2B20250723-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.13.5+20250723-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.13.5%2B20250723-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.13.5+20250723-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.13.5%2B20250723-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.13.5+20250723-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.13.5%2B20250723-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.13.5+20250723-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.13.5%2B20250723-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.13.5+20250723-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.13.5%2B20250723-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.13.5+20250723-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.13.5%2B20250723-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.13.5+20250723-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.13.5%2B20250723-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.0rc1+20250723-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.14.0rc1%2B20250723-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.0rc1+20250723-aarch64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.14.0rc1%2B20250723-aarch64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.0rc1+20250723-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.14.0rc1%2B20250723-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.0rc1+20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.14.0rc1%2B20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.0rc1+20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.14.0rc1%2B20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.0rc1+20250723-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.14.0rc1%2B20250723-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.0rc1+20250723-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.14.0rc1%2B20250723-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.0rc1+20250723-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.14.0rc1%2B20250723-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.0rc1+20250723-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.14.0rc1%2B20250723-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.0rc1+20250723-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.14.0rc1%2B20250723-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.0rc1+20250723-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.14.0rc1%2B20250723-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.0rc1+20250723-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.14.0rc1%2B20250723-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.0rc1+20250723-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.14.0rc1%2B20250723-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.0rc1+20250723-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.14.0rc1%2B20250723-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.0rc1+20250723-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.14.0rc1%2B20250723-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.0rc1+20250723-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.14.0rc1%2B20250723-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.0rc1+20250723-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.14.0rc1%2B20250723-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.0rc1+20250723-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.14.0rc1%2B20250723-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.14.0rc1+20250723-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.14.0rc1%2B20250723-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250723-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250723-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250723-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250723-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250723-armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250723-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250723-i686-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250723-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250723-ppc64le-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250723-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250723-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250723-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250723-s390x-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250723-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250723-x86_64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250723-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250723-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250723-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250723-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250723-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250723-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250723-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250723-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250723-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250723-x86_64_v2-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250723-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250723-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250723-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250723-x86_64_v3-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250723-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250723-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-gnu-install_only.tar.gz"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "cpython-3.9.23+20250723-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz",
+          "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20250723/cpython-3.9.23%2B20250723-x86_64_v4-unknown-linux-musl-install_only.tar.gz"
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  ]
+}

cibuildwheel/resources/testing_temp_dir_file.py

@@ -1,17 +1,36 @@
 # this file is copied to the testing cwd, to raise the below error message if
 # pytest/unittest is run from there.
 
+import sys
 import unittest
+from typing import NoReturn
 
 
 class TestStringMethods(unittest.TestCase):
-    def test_fail(self):
-        self.fail(
-            "cibuildwheel executes tests from a different working directory to "
-            "your project. This ensures only your wheel is imported, preventing "
-            "Python from accessing files that haven't been packaged into the "
-            "wheel. Please specify a path to your tests when invoking pytest "
-            "using the {project} placeholder, e.g. `pytest {project}` or "
-            "`pytest {project}/tests`. cibuildwheel will replace {project} with "
-            "the path to your project."
-        )
+    def test_fail(self) -> NoReturn:
+        if sys.platform in ["android", "ios"]:
+            msg = (
+                "You tried to run tests from the testbed app's working "
+                "directory, without specifying `test-sources`. "
+                "On this platform, you must copy your test files to the testbed app by "
+                "setting the `test-sources` option in your cibuildwheel "
+                "configuration."
+            )
+        else:
+            msg = (
+                "cibuildwheel executes tests from a different working directory to "
+                "your project. This ensures only your wheel is imported, preventing "
+                "Python from accessing files that haven't been packaged into the "
+                "wheel. "
+                "\n\n"
+                "Please specify a path to your tests when invoking pytest "
+                "using the {project} placeholder, e.g. `pytest {project}` or "
+                "`pytest {project}/tests`. cibuildwheel will replace {project} with "
+                "the path to your project. "
+                "\n\n"
+                "Alternatively, you can specify your test files using the "
+                "`test-sources` option, and cibuildwheel will copy them to the "
+                "working directory for testing."
+            )
+
+        self.fail(msg)

cibuildwheel/resources/virtualenv.toml

@@ -1,2 +1 @@
-version = "20.17.1"
-url = "https://github.com/pypa/get-virtualenv/blob/20.17.1/public/virtualenv.pyz?raw=true"
+default = { version = "20.32.0", url = "https://github.com/pypa/get-virtualenv/blob/20.32.0/public/virtualenv.pyz?raw=true" }

cibuildwheel/schema.py

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+import json
+from typing import Any
+
+from .util import resources
+
+
+def get_schema(tool_name: str = "cibuildwheel") -> dict[str, Any]:
+    "Get the stored complete schema for cibuildwheel settings."
+    assert tool_name == "cibuildwheel", "Only cibuildwheel is supported."
+
+    with resources.CIBUILDWHEEL_SCHEMA.open(encoding="utf-8") as f:
+        return json.load(f)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]

cibuildwheel/selector.py

@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+import dataclasses
+import itertools
+from enum import StrEnum
+from fnmatch import fnmatch
+from typing import Any
+
+import bracex
+from packaging.specifiers import SpecifierSet
+from packaging.version import Version
+
+
+def selector_matches(patterns: str, string: str) -> bool:
+    """
+    Returns True if `string` is matched by any of the wildcard patterns in
+    `patterns`.
+
+    Matching is according to fnmatch, but with shell-like curly brace
+    expansion. For example, 'cp{36,37}-*' would match either of 'cp36-*' or
+    'cp37-*'.
+    """
+
+    patterns_list = patterns.split()
+    expanded_patterns = itertools.chain.from_iterable(bracex.expand(p) for p in patterns_list)
+    return any(fnmatch(string, pat) for pat in expanded_patterns)
+
+
+class EnableGroup(StrEnum):
+    """
+    Groups of build selectors that are not enabled by default.
+    """
+
+    CPythonExperimentalRiscV64 = "cpython-experimental-riscv64"
+    CPythonFreeThreading = "cpython-freethreading"
+    CPythonPrerelease = "cpython-prerelease"
+    GraalPy = "graalpy"
+    PyPy = "pypy"
+    PyPyEoL = "pypy-eol"
+    PyodidePrerelease = "pyodide-prerelease"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def all_groups(cls) -> frozenset["EnableGroup"]:
+        return frozenset(set(cls) - {cls.CPythonExperimentalRiscV64})
+
+    @classmethod
+    def parse_option_value(cls, value: str) -> frozenset["EnableGroup"]:
+        """
+        Parses a string of space-separated values into a set of EnableGroup
+        members. The string may contain group names or "all".
+        """
+        result = set()
+        for group in value.strip().split():
+            if group == "all":
+                return cls.all_groups()
+            try:
+                result.add(cls(group))
+            except ValueError:
+                msg = f"Unknown enable group: {group}"
+                raise ValueError(msg) from None
+        return frozenset(result)
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, kw_only=True)
+class BuildSelector:
+    """
+    This class holds a set of build/skip patterns. You call an instance with a
+    build identifier, and it returns True if that identifier should be
+    included. Only call this on valid identifiers, ones that have at least 2
+    numeric digits before the first dash.
+    """
+
+    build_config: str
+    skip_config: str
+    requires_python: SpecifierSet | None = None
+    enable: frozenset[EnableGroup] = frozenset()
+
+    def __call__(self, build_id: str) -> bool:
+        # Filter build selectors by python_requires if set
+        if self.requires_python is not None:
+            py_ver_str = build_id.split("-")[0].split("_")[0]
+            py_ver_str = py_ver_str.removesuffix("t")
+            major = int(py_ver_str[2])
+            minor = int(py_ver_str[3:])
+            version = Version(f"{major}.{minor}.99")
+            if not self.requires_python.contains(version):
+                return False
+
+        # filter out groups that are not enabled
+        if EnableGroup.CPythonFreeThreading not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "cp313t-*"):
+            return False
+        if EnableGroup.CPythonPrerelease not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "cp315*"):
+            return False
+        if EnableGroup.PyPy not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "pp31*"):
+            return False
+        if EnableGroup.PyPyEoL not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "pp3?-*"):
+            return False
+        if EnableGroup.GraalPy not in self.enable and fnmatch(build_id, "gp*"):
+            return False
+        # TODO: Re-enable this when we have Pyodide prereleases again (e.g., 0.29.0a1+)
+        # Python 3.13 support became stable in Pyodide 0.28.0, so it no longer needs a prerelease
+        # flag.
+        # Also update Pyodide tests in unit_test/build_selector_test.py accordingly.
+        # When re-enabling, update the pattern to match the experimental Python version in case
+        # it is bumped to Python 3.14 (likely cp314-pyodide_* but could remain as 3.13 as well).
+        # This depends on the CPython version being used in the Pyodide runtime at the time.
+        # if EnableGroup.PyodidePrerelease not in self.enable and fnmatch(
+        #     build_id, "cp313-pyodide_*"
+        # ):
+        #     return False
+
+        should_build = selector_matches(self.build_config, build_id)
+        should_skip = selector_matches(self.skip_config, build_id)
+
+        return should_build and not should_skip
+
+    def options_summary(self) -> Any:
+        return {
+            "build_config": self.build_config,
+            "skip_config": self.skip_config,
+            "requires_python": str(self.requires_python),
+            "enable": sorted(group.value for group in self.enable),
+        }
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, kw_only=True)
+class TestSelector:
+    """
+    A build selector that can only skip tests according to a skip pattern.
+    """
+
+    skip_config: str
+
+    def __call__(self, build_id: str) -> bool:
+        should_skip = selector_matches(self.skip_config, build_id)
+        return not should_skip
+
+    def options_summary(self) -> Any:
+        return {"skip_config": self.skip_config}

cibuildwheel/typing.py

@@ -1,44 +1,21 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
 import os
-import subprocess
-import sys
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Union
-
-if sys.version_info < (3, 8):
-    from typing_extensions import Final, Literal, OrderedDict, Protocol, TypedDict
-else:
-    from typing import Final, Literal, OrderedDict, Protocol, TypedDict
-
-if sys.version_info < (3, 11):
-    from typing_extensions import NotRequired, assert_never
-else:
-    from typing import NotRequired, assert_never
+import typing
+from typing import Final, Literal, Protocol
 
 __all__ = (
-    "Final",
-    "Literal",
     "PLATFORMS",
     "PathOrStr",
     "PlatformName",
-    "Protocol",
-    "PLATFORMS",
-    "PopenBytes",
-    "Protocol",
-    "TypedDict",
-    "OrderedDict",
-    "assert_never",
-    "NotRequired",
 )
 
 
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    PopenBytes = subprocess.Popen[bytes]
-    PathOrStr = Union[str, os.PathLike[str]]
-else:
-    PopenBytes = subprocess.Popen
-    PathOrStr = Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"]
+PathOrStr = str | os.PathLike[str]
 
 
-PlatformName = Literal["linux", "macos", "windows"]
-PLATFORMS: Final[set[PlatformName]] = {"linux", "macos", "windows"}
+PlatformName = Literal["linux", "macos", "windows", "pyodide", "android", "ios"]
+PLATFORMS: Final[frozenset[PlatformName]] = frozenset(typing.get_args(PlatformName))
+
+
+class GenericPythonConfiguration(Protocol):
+    @property
+    def identifier(self) -> str: ...

cibuildwheel/util.py

@@ -1,704 +0,0 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import contextlib
-import fnmatch
-import itertools
-import os
-import re
-import shlex
-import ssl
-import subprocess
-import sys
-import textwrap
-import time
-import urllib.request
-from dataclasses import dataclass
-from enum import Enum
-from functools import lru_cache
-from pathlib import Path, PurePath
-from time import sleep
-from typing import (
-    Any,
-    ClassVar,
-    Generator,
-    Iterable,
-    Sequence,
-    TextIO,
-    TypeVar,
-    cast,
-    overload,
-)
-
-import bracex
-import certifi
-
-if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
-    import tomllib
-else:
-    import tomli as tomllib
-
-from filelock import FileLock
-from packaging.requirements import InvalidRequirement, Requirement
-from packaging.specifiers import SpecifierSet
-from packaging.utils import parse_wheel_filename
-from packaging.version import Version
-from platformdirs import user_cache_path
-
-from cibuildwheel.typing import Final, Literal, PathOrStr, PlatformName
-
-__all__ = [
-    "resources_dir",
-    "MANYLINUX_ARCHS",
-    "call",
-    "shell",
-    "find_compatible_wheel",
-    "format_safe",
-    "prepare_command",
-    "get_build_verbosity_extra_flags",
-    "read_python_configs",
-    "selector_matches",
-    "strtobool",
-    "cached_property",
-    "chdir",
-    "split_config_settings",
-]
-
-resources_dir: Final[Path] = Path(__file__).parent / "resources"
-
-install_certifi_script: Final[Path] = resources_dir / "install_certifi.py"
-
-test_fail_cwd_file: Final[Path] = resources_dir / "testing_temp_dir_file.py"
-
-BuildFrontend = Literal["pip", "build"]
-
-MANYLINUX_ARCHS: Final[tuple[str, ...]] = (
-    "x86_64",
-    "i686",
-    "pypy_x86_64",
-    "aarch64",
-    "ppc64le",
-    "s390x",
-    "pypy_aarch64",
-    "pypy_i686",
-)
-
-MUSLLINUX_ARCHS: Final[tuple[str, ...]] = (
-    "x86_64",
-    "i686",
-    "aarch64",
-    "ppc64le",
-    "s390x",
-)
-
-DEFAULT_CIBW_CACHE_PATH: Final[Path] = user_cache_path(appname="cibuildwheel", appauthor="pypa")
-CIBW_CACHE_PATH: Final[Path] = Path(
-    os.environ.get("CIBW_CACHE_PATH", DEFAULT_CIBW_CACHE_PATH)
-).resolve()
-
-IS_WIN: Final[bool] = sys.platform.startswith("win")
-
-
-@overload
-def call(
-    *args: PathOrStr,
-    env: dict[str, str] | None = None,
-    cwd: PathOrStr | None = None,
-    capture_stdout: Literal[False] = ...,
-) -> None:
-    ...
-
-
-@overload
-def call(
-    *args: PathOrStr,
-    env: dict[str, str] | None = None,
-    cwd: PathOrStr | None = None,
-    capture_stdout: Literal[True],
-) -> str:
-    ...
-
-
-def call(
-    *args: PathOrStr,
-    env: dict[str, str] | None = None,
-    cwd: PathOrStr | None = None,
-    capture_stdout: bool = False,
-) -> str | None:
-    """
-    Run subprocess.run, but print the commands first. Takes the commands as
-    *args. Uses shell=True on Windows due to a bug. Also converts to
-    Paths to strings, due to Windows behavior at least on older Pythons.
-    https://bugs.python.org/issue8557
-    """
-    args_ = [str(arg) for arg in args]
-    # print the command executing for the logs
-    print("+ " + " ".join(shlex.quote(a) for a in args_))
-    kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {}
-    if capture_stdout:
-        kwargs["universal_newlines"] = True
-        kwargs["stdout"] = subprocess.PIPE
-    result = subprocess.run(args_, check=True, shell=IS_WIN, env=env, cwd=cwd, **kwargs)
-    if not capture_stdout:
-        return None
-    return cast(str, result.stdout)
-
-
-def shell(*commands: str, env: dict[str, str] | None = None, cwd: PathOrStr | None = None) -> None:
-    command = " ".join(commands)
-    print(f"+ {command}")
-    subprocess.run(command, env=env, cwd=cwd, shell=True, check=True)
-
-
-def format_safe(template: str, **kwargs: str | os.PathLike[str]) -> str:
-    """
-    Works similarly to `template.format(**kwargs)`, except that unmatched
-    fields in `template` are passed through untouched.
-
-    >>> format_safe('{a} {b}', a='123')
-    '123 {b}'
-    >>> format_safe('{a} {b[4]:3f}', a='123')
-    '123 {b[4]:3f}'
-
-    To avoid variable expansion, precede with a single backslash e.g.
-    >>> format_safe('\\{a} {b}', a='123')
-    '{a} {b}'
-    """
-
-    result = template
-
-    for key, value in kwargs.items():
-        find_pattern = re.compile(
-            rf"""
-                (?<!\#)  # don't match if preceded by a hash
-                {{  # literal open curly bracket
-                {re.escape(key)}  # the field name
-                }}  # literal close curly bracket
-            """,
-            re.VERBOSE,
-        )
-
-        result = re.sub(
-            pattern=find_pattern,
-            repl=str(value).replace("\\", r"\\"),
-            string=result,
-        )
-
-        # transform escaped sequences into their literal equivalents
-        result = result.replace(f"#{{{key}}}", f"{{{key}}}")
-
-    return result
-
-
-def prepare_command(command: str, **kwargs: PathOrStr) -> str:
-    """
-    Preprocesses a command by expanding variables like {python}.
-
-    For example, used in the test_command option to specify the path to the
-    project's root. Unmatched syntax will mostly be allowed through.
-    """
-    return format_safe(command, python="python", pip="pip", **kwargs)
-
-
-def get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(level: int) -> list[str]:
-    if level > 0:
-        return ["-" + level * "v"]
-    elif level < 0:
-        return ["-" + -level * "q"]
-    else:
-        return []
-
-
-def split_config_settings(config_settings: str) -> list[str]:
-    config_settings_list = shlex.split(config_settings)
-    return [f"--config-setting={setting}" for setting in config_settings_list]
-
-
-def read_python_configs(config: PlatformName) -> list[dict[str, str]]:
-    input_file = resources_dir / "build-platforms.toml"
-    with input_file.open("rb") as f:
-        loaded_file = tomllib.load(f)
-    results: list[dict[str, str]] = list(loaded_file[config]["python_configurations"])
-    return results
-
-
-def selector_matches(patterns: str, string: str) -> bool:
-    """
-    Returns True if `string` is matched by any of the wildcard patterns in
-    `patterns`.
-
-    Matching is according to fnmatch, but with shell-like curly brace
-    expansion. For example, 'cp{36,37}-*' would match either of 'cp36-*' or
-    'cp37-*'.
-    """
-    patterns_list = patterns.split()
-    expanded_patterns = itertools.chain.from_iterable(bracex.expand(p) for p in patterns_list)
-    return any(fnmatch.fnmatch(string, pat) for pat in expanded_patterns)
-
-
-# Once we require Python 3.10+, we can add kw_only=True
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
-class BuildSelector:
-    """
-    This class holds a set of build/skip patterns. You call an instance with a
-    build identifier, and it returns True if that identifier should be
-    included. Only call this on valid identifiers, ones that have at least 2
-    numeric digits before the first dash.
-    """
-
-    build_config: str
-    skip_config: str
-    requires_python: SpecifierSet | None = None
-
-    # a pattern that skips prerelease versions, when include_prereleases is False.
-    PRERELEASE_SKIP: ClassVar[str] = ""
-    prerelease_pythons: bool = False
-
-    def __call__(self, build_id: str) -> bool:
-        # Filter build selectors by python_requires if set
-        if self.requires_python is not None:
-            py_ver_str = build_id.split("-")[0]
-            major = int(py_ver_str[2])
-            minor = int(py_ver_str[3:])
-            version = Version(f"{major}.{minor}.99")
-            if not self.requires_python.contains(version):
-                return False
-
-        # filter out the prerelease pythons if self.prerelease_pythons is False
-        if not self.prerelease_pythons and selector_matches(self.PRERELEASE_SKIP, build_id):
-            return False
-
-        should_build = selector_matches(self.build_config, build_id)
-        should_skip = selector_matches(self.skip_config, build_id)
-
-        return should_build and not should_skip
-
-    def options_summary(self) -> Any:
-        return {
-            "build_config": self.build_config,
-            "skip_config": self.skip_config,
-            "requires_python": str(self.requires_python),
-            "prerelease_pythons": self.prerelease_pythons,
-        }
-
-
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
-class TestSelector:
-    """
-    A build selector that can only skip tests according to a skip pattern.
-    """
-
-    skip_config: str
-
-    def __call__(self, build_id: str) -> bool:
-        should_skip = selector_matches(self.skip_config, build_id)
-        return not should_skip
-
-    def options_summary(self) -> Any:
-        return {"skip_config": self.skip_config}
-
-
-# Taken from https://stackoverflow.com/a/107717
-class Unbuffered:
-    def __init__(self, stream: TextIO) -> None:
-        self.stream = stream
-
-    def write(self, data: str) -> None:
-        self.stream.write(data)
-        self.stream.flush()
-
-    def writelines(self, data: Iterable[str]) -> None:
-        self.stream.writelines(data)
-        self.stream.flush()
-
-    def __getattr__(self, attr: str) -> Any:
-        return getattr(self.stream, attr)
-
-
-def download(url: str, dest: Path) -> None:
-    print(f"+ Download {url} to {dest}")
-    dest_dir = dest.parent
-    if not dest_dir.exists():
-        dest_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
-
-    # we've had issues when relying on the host OS' CA certificates on Windows,
-    # so we use certifi (this sounds odd but requests also does this by default)
-    cafile = os.environ.get("SSL_CERT_FILE", certifi.where())
-    context = ssl.create_default_context(cafile=cafile)
-    repeat_num = 3
-    for i in range(repeat_num):
-        try:
-            with urllib.request.urlopen(url, context=context) as response:
-                dest.write_bytes(response.read())
-                return
-
-        except OSError:
-            if i == repeat_num - 1:
-                raise
-            sleep(3)
-
-
-class DependencyConstraints:
-    def __init__(self, base_file_path: Path):
-        assert base_file_path.exists()
-        self.base_file_path = base_file_path.resolve()
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def with_defaults() -> DependencyConstraints:
-        return DependencyConstraints(base_file_path=resources_dir / "constraints.txt")
-
-    def get_for_python_version(self, version: str) -> Path:
-        version_parts = version.split(".")
-
-        # try to find a version-specific dependency file e.g. if
-        # ./constraints.txt is the base, look for ./constraints-python36.txt
-        specific_stem = self.base_file_path.stem + f"-python{version_parts[0]}{version_parts[1]}"
-        specific_name = specific_stem + self.base_file_path.suffix
-        specific_file_path = self.base_file_path.with_name(specific_name)
-
-        if specific_file_path.exists():
-            return specific_file_path
-        else:
-            return self.base_file_path
-
-    def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self.base_file_path!r})"
-
-    def __eq__(self, o: object) -> bool:
-        if not isinstance(o, DependencyConstraints):
-            return False
-
-        return self.base_file_path == o.base_file_path
-
-    def options_summary(self) -> Any:
-        if self == DependencyConstraints.with_defaults():
-            return "pinned"
-        else:
-            return self.base_file_path.name
-
-
-class NonPlatformWheelError(Exception):
-    def __init__(self) -> None:
-        message = textwrap.dedent(
-            """
-            cibuildwheel: Build failed because a pure Python wheel was generated.
-
-            If you intend to build a pure-Python wheel, you don't need cibuildwheel - use
-            `pip wheel -w DEST_DIR .` instead.
-
-            If you expected a platform wheel, check your project configuration, or run
-            cibuildwheel with CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY=1 to view build logs.
-            """
-        )
-
-        super().__init__(message)
-
-
-class AlreadyBuiltWheelError(Exception):
-    def __init__(self, wheel_name: str) -> None:
-        message = textwrap.dedent(
-            f"""
-            cibuildwheel: Build failed because a wheel named {wheel_name} was already generated in the current run.
-
-            If you expected another wheel to be generated, check your project configuration, or run
-            cibuildwheel with CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY=1 to view build logs.
-            """
-        )
-
-        super().__init__(message)
-
-
-def strtobool(val: str) -> bool:
-    return val.lower() in {"y", "yes", "t", "true", "on", "1"}
-
-
-class CIProvider(Enum):
-    travis_ci = "travis"
-    appveyor = "appveyor"
-    circle_ci = "circle_ci"
-    azure_pipelines = "azure_pipelines"
-    github_actions = "github_actions"
-    gitlab = "gitlab"
-    cirrus_ci = "cirrus_ci"
-    other = "other"
-
-
-def detect_ci_provider() -> CIProvider | None:
-    if "TRAVIS" in os.environ:
-        return CIProvider.travis_ci
-    elif "APPVEYOR" in os.environ:
-        return CIProvider.appveyor
-    elif "CIRCLECI" in os.environ:
-        return CIProvider.circle_ci
-    elif "AZURE_HTTP_USER_AGENT" in os.environ:
-        return CIProvider.azure_pipelines
-    elif "GITHUB_ACTIONS" in os.environ:
-        return CIProvider.github_actions
-    elif "GITLAB_CI" in os.environ:
-        return CIProvider.gitlab
-    elif "CIRRUS_CI" in os.environ:
-        return CIProvider.cirrus_ci
-    elif strtobool(os.environ.get("CI", "false")):
-        return CIProvider.other
-    else:
-        return None
-
-
-def unwrap(text: str) -> str:
-    """
-    Unwraps multi-line text to a single line
-    """
-    # remove initial line indent
-    text = textwrap.dedent(text)
-    # remove leading/trailing whitespace
-    text = text.strip()
-    # remove consecutive whitespace
-    return re.sub(r"\s+", " ", text)
-
-
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
-class FileReport:
-    name: str
-    size: str
-
-
-@contextlib.contextmanager
-def print_new_wheels(msg: str, output_dir: Path) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
-    """
-    Prints the new items in a directory upon exiting. The message to display
-    can include {n} for number of wheels, {s} for total number of seconds,
-    and/or {m} for total number of minutes. Does not print anything if this
-    exits via exception.
-    """
-
-    start_time = time.time()
-    existing_contents = set(output_dir.iterdir())
-    yield
-    final_contents = set(output_dir.iterdir())
-
-    new_contents = [
-        FileReport(wheel.name, f"{(wheel.stat().st_size + 1023) // 1024:,d}")
-        for wheel in final_contents - existing_contents
-    ]
-
-    if not new_contents:
-        return
-
-    max_name_len = max(len(f.name) for f in new_contents)
-    max_size_len = max(len(f.size) for f in new_contents)
-    n = len(new_contents)
-    s = time.time() - start_time
-    m = s / 60
-    print(
-        msg.format(n=n, s=s, m=m),
-        *sorted(
-            f"  {f.name:<{max_name_len}s}   {f.size:>{max_size_len}s} kB" for f in new_contents
-        ),
-        sep="\n",
-    )
-
-
-def get_pip_version(env: dict[str, str]) -> str:
-    versions_output_text = call(
-        "python", "-m", "pip", "freeze", "--all", capture_stdout=True, env=env
-    )
-    (pip_version,) = (
-        version[5:]
-        for version in versions_output_text.strip().splitlines()
-        if version.startswith("pip==")
-    )
-    return pip_version
-
-
-@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
-def _ensure_virtualenv() -> Path:
-    input_file = resources_dir / "virtualenv.toml"
-    with input_file.open("rb") as f:
-        loaded_file = tomllib.load(f)
-    version = str(loaded_file["version"])
-    url = str(loaded_file["url"])
-    path = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / f"virtualenv-{version}.pyz"
-    with FileLock(str(path) + ".lock"):
-        if not path.exists():
-            download(url, path)
-    return path
-
-
-def _parse_constraints_for_virtualenv(
-    dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr],
-) -> dict[str, str]:
-    """
-    Parses the constraints file referenced by `dependency_constraint_flags` and returns a dict where
-    the key is the package name, and the value is the constraint version.
-    If a package version cannot be found, its value is "embed" meaning that virtualenv will install
-    its bundled version, already available locally.
-    The function does not try to be too smart and just handles basic constraints.
-    If it can't get an exact version, the real constraint will be handled by the
-    {macos|windows}.setup_python function.
-    """
-    assert len(dependency_constraint_flags) in {0, 2}
-    packages = ["pip", "setuptools", "wheel"]
-    constraints_dict = {package: "embed" for package in packages}
-    if len(dependency_constraint_flags) == 2:
-        assert dependency_constraint_flags[0] == "-c"
-        constraint_path = Path(dependency_constraint_flags[1])
-        assert constraint_path.exists()
-        with constraint_path.open(encoding="utf-8") as constraint_file:
-            for line in constraint_file:
-                line = line.strip()
-                if not line:
-                    continue
-                if line.startswith("#"):
-                    continue
-                try:
-                    requirement = Requirement(line)
-                    package = requirement.name
-                    if (
-                        package not in packages
-                        or requirement.url is not None
-                        or requirement.marker is not None
-                        or len(requirement.extras) != 0
-                        or len(requirement.specifier) != 1
-                    ):
-                        continue
-                    specifier = next(iter(requirement.specifier))
-                    if specifier.operator != "==":
-                        continue
-                    constraints_dict[package] = specifier.version
-                except InvalidRequirement:
-                    continue
-    return constraints_dict
-
-
-def virtualenv(
-    python: Path, venv_path: Path, dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr]
-) -> dict[str, str]:
-    assert python.exists()
-    virtualenv_app = _ensure_virtualenv()
-    constraints = _parse_constraints_for_virtualenv(dependency_constraint_flags)
-    additional_flags = [f"--{package}={version}" for package, version in constraints.items()]
-
-    # Using symlinks to pre-installed seed packages is really the fastest way to get a virtual
-    # environment. The initial cost is a bit higher but reusing is much faster.
-    # Windows does not always allow symlinks so just disabling for now.
-    # Requires pip>=19.3 so disabling for "embed" because this means we don't know what's the
-    # version of pip that will end-up installed.
-    # c.f. https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/latest/cli_interface.html#section-seeder
-    if (
-        not IS_WIN
-        and constraints["pip"] != "embed"
-        and Version(constraints["pip"]) >= Version("19.3")
-    ):
-        additional_flags.append("--symlink-app-data")
-
-    call(
-        sys.executable,
-        "-sS",  # just the stdlib, https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/issues/2133#issuecomment-1003710125
-        virtualenv_app,
-        "--activators=",
-        "--no-periodic-update",
-        *additional_flags,
-        "--python",
-        python,
-        venv_path,
-    )
-    if IS_WIN:
-        paths = [str(venv_path), str(venv_path / "Scripts")]
-    else:
-        paths = [str(venv_path / "bin")]
-    env = os.environ.copy()
-    env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(paths + [env["PATH"]])
-    return env
-
-
-T = TypeVar("T", bound=PurePath)
-
-
-def find_compatible_wheel(wheels: Sequence[T], identifier: str) -> T | None:
-    """
-    Finds a wheel with an abi3 or a none ABI tag in `wheels` compatible with the Python interpreter
-    specified by `identifier` that is previously built.
-    """
-
-    interpreter, platform = identifier.split("-")
-    for wheel in wheels:
-        _, _, _, tags = parse_wheel_filename(wheel.name)
-        for tag in tags:
-            if tag.abi == "abi3":
-                # ABI3 wheels must start with cp3 for impl and tag
-                if not (interpreter.startswith("cp3") and tag.interpreter.startswith("cp3")):
-                    continue
-            elif tag.abi == "none":
-                # CPythonless wheels must include py3 tag
-                if tag.interpreter[:3] != "py3":
-                    continue
-            else:
-                # Other types of wheels are not detected, this is looking for previously built wheels.
-                continue
-
-            if tag.interpreter != "py3" and int(tag.interpreter[3:]) > int(interpreter[3:]):
-                # If a minor version number is given, it has to be lower than the current one.
-                continue
-
-            if platform.startswith(("manylinux", "musllinux", "macosx")):
-                # Linux, macOS require the beginning and ending match (macos/manylinux version doesn't need to)
-                os_, arch = platform.split("_", 1)
-                if not tag.platform.startswith(os_):
-                    continue
-                if not tag.platform.endswith(f"_{arch}"):
-                    continue
-            else:
-                # Windows should exactly match
-                if not tag.platform == platform:
-                    continue
-
-            # If all the filters above pass, then the wheel is a previously built compatible wheel.
-            return wheel
-
-    return None
-
-
-if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
-    from functools import cached_property
-else:
-    from .functools_cached_property_38 import cached_property
-
-
-# Can be replaced by contextlib.chdir in Python 3.11
-@contextlib.contextmanager
-def chdir(new_path: Path | str) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
-    """Non thread-safe context manager to change the current working directory."""
-
-    cwd = os.getcwd()
-    try:
-        os.chdir(new_path)
-        yield
-    finally:
-        os.chdir(cwd)
-
-
-def fix_ansi_codes_for_github_actions(text: str) -> str:
-    """
-    Github Actions forgets the current ANSI style on every new line. This
-    function repeats the current ANSI style on every new line.
-    """
-    ansi_code_regex = re.compile(r"(\033\[[0-9;]*m)")
-    ansi_codes: list[str] = []
-    output = ""
-
-    for line in text.splitlines(keepends=True):
-        # add the current ANSI codes to the beginning of the line
-        output += "".join(ansi_codes) + line
-
-        # split the line at each ANSI code
-        parts = ansi_code_regex.split(line)
-        # if there are any ANSI codes, save them
-        if len(parts) > 1:
-            # iterate over the ANSI codes in this line
-            for code in parts[1::2]:
-                if code == "\033[0m":
-                    # reset the list of ANSI codes when the clear code is found
-                    ansi_codes = []
-                else:
-                    ansi_codes.append(code)
-
-    return output

cibuildwheel/util/cmd.py

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+import os
+import shlex
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import typing
+from collections.abc import Iterator, Mapping
+from typing import Final, Literal
+
+from ..errors import FatalError
+from ..typing import PathOrStr
+
+_IS_WIN: Final[bool] = sys.platform.startswith("win")
+
+
+@typing.overload
+def call(
+    *args: PathOrStr,
+    env: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+    cwd: PathOrStr | None = None,
+    capture_stdout: Literal[False] = ...,
+) -> None: ...
+
+
+@typing.overload
+def call(
+    *args: PathOrStr,
+    env: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+    cwd: PathOrStr | None = None,
+    capture_stdout: Literal[True],
+) -> str: ...
+
+
+def call(
+    *args: PathOrStr,
+    env: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+    cwd: PathOrStr | None = None,
+    capture_stdout: bool = False,
+) -> str | None:
+    """
+    Run subprocess.run, but print the commands first. Takes the commands as
+    *args. Uses shell=True on Windows due to a bug. Also converts to
+    Paths to strings, due to Windows behavior at least on older Pythons.
+    https://bugs.python.org/issue8557
+    """
+    args_ = [str(arg) for arg in args]
+    # print the command executing for the logs
+    print("+ " + " ".join(shlex.quote(a) for a in args_))
+    # workaround platform behaviour differences outlined
+    # in https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/52803
+    path_env = env if env is not None else os.environ
+    path = path_env.get("PATH", None)
+    executable = shutil.which(args_[0], path=path)
+    if executable is None:
+        msg = f"Couldn't find {args_[0]!r} in PATH {path!r}"
+        raise FatalError(msg)
+    args_[0] = executable
+    try:
+        result = subprocess.run(
+            args_,
+            check=True,
+            shell=_IS_WIN,
+            env=env,
+            cwd=cwd,
+            capture_output=capture_stdout,
+            text=capture_stdout,
+        )
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+        if capture_stdout:
+            sys.stderr.write(e.stderr)
+        raise
+    if not capture_stdout:
+        return None
+    sys.stderr.write(result.stderr)
+    return typing.cast(str, result.stdout)
+
+
+def shell(
+    *commands: str, env: Mapping[str, str] | None = None, cwd: PathOrStr | None = None
+) -> None:
+    command = " ".join(commands)
+    print(f"+ {command}")
+    subprocess.run(command, env=env, cwd=cwd, shell=True, check=True)
+
+
+def split_command(lst: list[str]) -> Iterator[list[str]]:
+    """
+    Split a shell-style command, as returned by shlex.split, into a sequence
+    of commands, separated by '&&'.
+    """
+    items = list[str]()
+    for item in lst:
+        if item == "&&":
+            yield items
+            items = []
+        else:
+            items.append(item)
+    yield items

cibuildwheel/util/file.py

@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+import os
+import shutil
+import ssl
+import tarfile
+import time
+import urllib.request
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from pathlib import Path, PurePath
+from typing import Final
+from zipfile import ZipFile
+
+import certifi
+from platformdirs import user_cache_path
+
+from ..errors import FatalError
+
+DEFAULT_CIBW_CACHE_PATH: Final[Path] = user_cache_path(appname="cibuildwheel", appauthor="pypa")
+CIBW_CACHE_PATH: Final[Path] = Path(
+    os.environ.get("CIBW_CACHE_PATH", DEFAULT_CIBW_CACHE_PATH)
+).resolve()
+
+
+def download(url: str, dest: Path) -> None:
+    print(f"+ Download {url} to {dest}")
+    dest_dir = dest.parent
+    dest_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    # we've had issues when relying on the host OS' CA certificates on Windows,
+    # so we use certifi (this sounds odd but requests also does this by default)
+    cafile = os.environ.get("SSL_CERT_FILE", certifi.where())
+    context = ssl.create_default_context(cafile=cafile)
+    repeat_num = 3
+    for i in range(repeat_num):
+        try:
+            with urllib.request.urlopen(url, context=context) as response:
+                dest.write_bytes(response.read())
+                return
+
+        except OSError:
+            if i == repeat_num - 1:
+                raise
+            time.sleep(3)
+
+
+def extract_zip(zip_src: Path, dest: Path) -> None:
+    """Extracts a zip and correctly sets permissions on extracted files.
+
+    Notes:
+        - sets permissions to the same values as they were set in the archive
+        - files with no clear permissions in `external_attr` will be extracted with default values
+    """
+    with ZipFile(zip_src) as zip_:
+        for zinfo in zip_.filelist:
+            zip_.extract(zinfo, dest)
+
+            # Set permissions to the same values as they were set in the archive
+            # We have to do this manually due to https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/59999
+            permissions = (zinfo.external_attr >> 16) & 0o777
+            if permissions != 0:
+                dest.joinpath(zinfo.filename).chmod(permissions)
+
+
+def extract_tar(tar_src: Path, dest: Path) -> None:
+    """Extracts a tar file using the stdlib 'tar' filter.
+
+    See: https://docs.python.org/3/library/tarfile.html#tarfile.tar_filter for filter details
+    """
+    with tarfile.open(tar_src) as tar_:
+        tar_.extraction_filter = getattr(tarfile, "tar_filter", (lambda member, _: member))
+        tar_.extractall(dest)
+
+
+def move_file(src_file: Path, dst_file: Path) -> Path:
+    """Moves a file safely while avoiding potential semantic confusion:
+
+    1. `dst_file` must point to the target filename, not a directory
+    2. `dst_file` will be overwritten if it already exists
+    3. any missing parent directories will be created
+
+    Returns the fully resolved Path of the resulting file.
+
+    Raises:
+        NotADirectoryError: If any part of the intermediate path to `dst_file` is an existing file
+        IsADirectoryError: If `dst_file` points directly to an existing directory
+    """
+    src_file = src_file.resolve(strict=True)
+    dst_file = dst_file.resolve()
+
+    if dst_file.is_dir():
+        msg = "dst_file must be a valid target filename, not an existing directory."
+        raise IsADirectoryError(msg)
+    dst_file.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+    dst_file.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    # using shutil.move() as Path.rename() is not guaranteed to work across filesystem boundaries
+    # explicit str() needed for Python 3.8
+    resulting_file = shutil.move(str(src_file), str(dst_file))
+    return Path(resulting_file).resolve(strict=True)
+
+
+def copy_into_local(src: Path, dst: PurePath) -> None:
+    """Copy a path from src to dst, regardless of whether it's a file or a directory."""
+    # Ensure the target folder location exists
+    Path(dst.parent).mkdir(exist_ok=True, parents=True)
+
+    if src.is_dir():
+        shutil.copytree(src, dst)
+    else:
+        shutil.copy(src, dst)
+
+
+def copy_test_sources(
+    test_sources: list[str],
+    project_dir: Path,
+    test_dir: PurePath,
+    copy_into: Callable[[Path, PurePath], None] = copy_into_local,
+) -> None:
+    """Copy the list of test sources from the package to the test directory.
+
+    :param test_sources: A list of test paths, relative to the project_dir.
+    :param project_dir: The root of the project.
+    :param test_dir: The folder where test sources should be placed.
+    :param copy_into: The copy function to use. By default, does a local
+        filesystem copy; but an OCIContainer.copy_info method (or equivalent)
+        can be provided.
+    """
+    for test_path in test_sources:
+        source = project_dir.resolve() / test_path
+
+        if not source.exists():
+            msg = f"Test source {test_path} does not exist."
+            raise FatalError(msg)
+
+        copy_into(source, test_dir / test_path)

cibuildwheel/util/helpers.py

@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+import dataclasses
+import itertools
+import os
+import re
+import shlex
+import textwrap
+from collections import defaultdict
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+
+from ..typing import PathOrStr
+
+
+def format_safe(template: str, **kwargs: str | os.PathLike[str]) -> str:
+    """
+    Works similarly to `template.format(**kwargs)`, except that unmatched
+    fields in `template` are passed through untouched.
+
+    >>> format_safe('{a} {b}', a='123')
+    '123 {b}'
+    >>> format_safe('{a} {b[4]:3f}', a='123')
+    '123 {b[4]:3f}'
+
+    To avoid variable expansion, precede with a single backslash e.g.
+    >>> format_safe('\\{a} {b}', a='123')
+    '{a} {b}'
+    """
+
+    result = template
+
+    for key, value in kwargs.items():
+        find_pattern = re.compile(
+            rf"""
+                (?<!\#)  # don't match if preceded by a hash
+                {{  # literal open curly bracket
+                {re.escape(key)}  # the field name
+                }}  # literal close curly bracket
+            """,
+            re.VERBOSE,
+        )
+
+        result = re.sub(
+            pattern=find_pattern,
+            repl=str(value).replace("\\", r"\\"),
+            string=result,
+        )
+
+        # transform escaped sequences into their literal equivalents
+        result = result.replace(f"#{{{key}}}", f"{{{key}}}")
+
+    return result
+
+
+def prepare_command(command: str, **kwargs: PathOrStr) -> str:
+    """
+    Preprocesses a command by expanding variables like {project}.
+
+    For example, used in the test_command option to specify the path to the
+    project's root. Unmatched syntax will mostly be allowed through.
+    """
+    return format_safe(command, **kwargs)
+
+
+def strtobool(val: str) -> bool:
+    return val.lower() in {"y", "yes", "t", "true", "on", "1"}
+
+
+def unwrap(text: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Unwraps multi-line text to a single line
+    """
+    # remove initial line indent
+    text = textwrap.dedent(text)
+    # remove leading/trailing whitespace
+    text = text.strip()
+    # remove consecutive whitespace
+    return re.sub(r"\s+", " ", text)
+
+
+def unwrap_preserving_paragraphs(text: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Unwraps multi-line text to a single line, but preserves paragraphs
+    """
+    # remove initial line indent
+    text = textwrap.dedent(text)
+    # remove leading/trailing whitespace
+    text = text.strip()
+
+    paragraphs = text.split("\n\n")
+    # remove consecutive whitespace
+    paragraphs = [re.sub(r"\s+", " ", paragraph) for paragraph in paragraphs]
+    return "\n\n".join(paragraphs)
+
+
+def parse_key_value_string(
+    key_value_string: str,
+    positional_arg_names: Sequence[str] | None = None,
+    kw_arg_names: Sequence[str] | None = None,
+) -> dict[str, list[str]]:
+    """
+    Parses a string like "docker; create_args: --some-option=value another-option"
+    """
+    if positional_arg_names is None:
+        positional_arg_names = []
+    if kw_arg_names is None:
+        kw_arg_names = []
+
+    all_field_names = [*positional_arg_names, *kw_arg_names]
+
+    shlexer = shlex.shlex(key_value_string, posix=True, punctuation_chars=";")
+    shlexer.commenters = ""
+    shlexer.whitespace_split = True
+    parts = list(shlexer)
+    # parts now looks like
+    # ['docker', ';', 'create_args:', '--some-option=value', 'another-option']
+
+    # split by semicolon
+    fields = [list(group) for k, group in itertools.groupby(parts, lambda x: x == ";") if not k]
+
+    result: defaultdict[str, list[str]] = defaultdict(list)
+    for field_i, field in enumerate(fields):
+        # check to see if the option name is specified
+        field_name, sep, first_value = field[0].partition(":")
+        if sep:
+            if field_name not in all_field_names:
+                msg = f"Failed to parse {key_value_string!r}. Unknown field name {field_name!r}"
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+
+            values = ([first_value] if first_value else []) + field[1:]
+        else:
+            try:
+                field_name = positional_arg_names[field_i]
+            except IndexError:
+                msg = f"Failed to parse {key_value_string!r}. Too many positional arguments - expected a maximum of {len(positional_arg_names)}"
+                raise ValueError(msg) from None
+
+            values = field
+
+        result[field_name] += values
+
+    return dict(result)
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(order=True)
+class FlexibleVersion:
+    version_parts: tuple[int, ...] = dataclasses.field(init=False, repr=False)
+    suffix: str = dataclasses.field(init=False, repr=False)
+    version_str: str = dataclasses.field(compare=False)
+
+    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
+        # Split into numeric parts and the optional suffix
+        match = re.match(r"^[v]?(\d+(\.\d+)*)(.*)$", self.version_str)
+        if not match:
+            msg = f"Invalid version string: {self.version_str}"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        version_part, _, suffix = match.groups()
+
+        # Convert numeric version part into a tuple of integers
+        self.version_parts = tuple(map(int, version_part.split(".")))
+        self.suffix = suffix.strip() if suffix else ""
+
+        # Normalize by removing trailing zeros
+        self.version_parts = self._remove_trailing_zeros(self.version_parts)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _remove_trailing_zeros(parts: tuple[int, ...]) -> tuple[int, ...]:
+        # Remove trailing zeros for accurate comparisons
+        # without this, "3.0" would be considered greater than "3"
+        while parts and parts[-1] == 0:
+            parts = parts[:-1]
+        return parts
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self.version_str

cibuildwheel/util/packaging.py

@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+import shlex
+from collections.abc import Mapping, MutableMapping, Sequence
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from pathlib import Path, PurePath
+from typing import Any, Literal, Self, TypeVar
+
+from packaging.utils import parse_wheel_filename
+
+from . import resources
+from .cmd import call
+from .helpers import parse_key_value_string, unwrap
+
+
+@dataclass(kw_only=True)
+class DependencyConstraints:
+    base_file_path: Path | None = None
+    packages: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)
+
+    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
+        if self.packages and self.base_file_path is not None:
+            msg = "Cannot specify both a file and packages in the dependency constraints"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        if self.base_file_path is not None:
+            if not self.base_file_path.exists():
+                msg = f"Dependency constraints file not found: {self.base_file_path}"
+                raise FileNotFoundError(msg)
+            self.base_file_path = self.base_file_path.resolve()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def pinned(cls) -> Self:
+        return cls(base_file_path=resources.CONSTRAINTS)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def latest(cls) -> Self:
+        return cls()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_config_string(cls, config_string: str) -> Self:
+        if config_string == "pinned":
+            return cls.pinned()
+
+        if config_string == "latest" or not config_string:
+            return cls.latest()
+
+        if config_string.startswith(("file:", "packages:")):
+            # we only do the table-style parsing if it looks like a table,
+            # because this option used to be only a file path. We don't want
+            # to break existing configurations, whose file paths might include
+            # special characters like ':' or ' ', which would require quoting
+            # if they were to be passed as a parse_key_value_string positional
+            # argument.
+            return cls.from_table_style_config_string(config_string)
+
+        return cls(base_file_path=Path(config_string))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_table_style_config_string(cls, config_string: str) -> Self:
+        config_dict = parse_key_value_string(config_string, kw_arg_names=["file", "packages"])
+        files = config_dict.get("file")
+        packages = config_dict.get("packages") or []
+
+        if files and packages:
+            msg = "Cannot specify both a file and packages in dependency-versions"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        if files:
+            if len(files) > 1:
+                msg = unwrap("""
+                    Only one file can be specified in dependency-versions.
+                    If you intended to pass only one, perhaps you need to quote the path?
+                """)
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+
+            return cls(base_file_path=Path(files[0]))
+
+        return cls(packages=packages)
+
+    def get_for_python_version(
+        self, *, version: str, variant: Literal["python", "pyodide"] = "python", tmp_dir: Path
+    ) -> Path | None:
+        if self.packages:
+            constraint_file = tmp_dir / "constraints.txt"
+            constraint_file.write_text("\n".join(self.packages))
+            return constraint_file
+
+        if self.base_file_path is not None:
+            version_parts = version.split(".")
+
+            # try to find a version-specific dependency file e.g. if
+            # ./constraints.txt is the base, look for ./constraints-python36.txt
+            specific_stem = (
+                self.base_file_path.stem + f"-{variant}{version_parts[0]}{version_parts[1]}"
+            )
+            specific_name = specific_stem + self.base_file_path.suffix
+            specific_file_path = self.base_file_path.with_name(specific_name)
+
+            if specific_file_path.exists():
+                return specific_file_path
+            else:
+                return self.base_file_path
+
+        return None
+
+    def options_summary(self) -> Any:
+        if self == DependencyConstraints.pinned():
+            return "pinned"
+        elif self.packages:
+            return {"packages": " ".join(shlex.quote(p) for p in self.packages)}
+        elif self.base_file_path is not None:
+            return self.base_file_path.name
+        else:
+            return "latest"
+
+
+def get_pip_version(env: Mapping[str, str]) -> str:
+    versions_output_text = call(
+        "python", "-m", "pip", "freeze", "--all", capture_stdout=True, env=env
+    )
+    (pip_version,) = (
+        version[5:]
+        for version in versions_output_text.strip().splitlines()
+        if version.startswith("pip==")
+    )
+    return pip_version
+
+
+T = TypeVar("T", bound=PurePath)
+
+
+def find_compatible_wheel(wheels: Sequence[T], identifier: str) -> T | None:
+    """
+    Finds a wheel with an abi3 or a none ABI tag in `wheels` compatible with the Python interpreter
+    specified by `identifier` that is previously built.
+    """
+
+    interpreter, platform = identifier.split("-", 1)
+    interpreter = interpreter.split("_")[0]
+    free_threaded = interpreter.endswith("t")
+    if free_threaded:
+        interpreter = interpreter[:-1]
+    for wheel in wheels:
+        _, _, _, tags = parse_wheel_filename(wheel.name)
+        for tag in tags:
+            if tag.abi == "abi3" and not free_threaded:
+                # ABI3 wheels must start with cp3 for impl and tag
+                if not (interpreter.startswith("cp3") and tag.interpreter.startswith("cp3")):
+                    continue
+            elif tag.abi == "none":
+                # CPythonless wheels must include py3 tag
+                if tag.interpreter[:3] != "py3":
+                    continue
+            else:
+                # Other types of wheels are not detected, this is looking for previously built wheels.
+                continue
+
+            if tag.interpreter != "py3" and int(tag.interpreter[3:]) > int(interpreter[3:]):
+                # If a minor version number is given, it has to be lower than the current one.
+                continue
+
+            if platform.startswith(("manylinux", "musllinux", "macosx", "android", "ios")):
+                # On these platforms the wheel tag includes a platform version number, which we
+                # should ignore.
+                os_, arch = platform.split("_", 1)
+                if not tag.platform.startswith(os_):
+                    continue
+                if not tag.platform.endswith(f"_{arch}"):
+                    continue
+            elif platform.startswith("pyodide"):
+                # each Pyodide version has its own platform tag
+                continue
+            else:
+                # Windows should exactly match
+                if tag.platform != platform:
+                    continue
+
+            # If all the filters above pass, then the wheel is a previously built compatible wheel.
+            return wheel
+
+    return None
+
+
+def combine_constraints(
+    env: MutableMapping[str, str], /, constraints_path: Path, tmp_dir: Path | None
+) -> None:
+    """
+    This will workaround a bug in pip<=21.1.1 or uv<=0.2.0 if a tmp_dir is given.
+    If set to None, this will use the modern URI method.
+    """
+
+    if tmp_dir:
+        if " " in str(constraints_path):
+            assert " " not in str(tmp_dir)
+            tmp_file = tmp_dir / "constraints.txt"
+            tmp_file.write_bytes(constraints_path.read_bytes())
+            constraints_path = tmp_file
+        our_constraints = str(constraints_path)
+    else:
+        our_constraints = (
+            constraints_path.as_uri() if " " in str(constraints_path) else str(constraints_path)
+        )
+
+    user_constraints = env.get("PIP_CONSTRAINT")
+
+    env["UV_CONSTRAINT"] = env["PIP_CONSTRAINT"] = " ".join(
+        c for c in [our_constraints, user_constraints] if c
+    )

cibuildwheel/util/python_build_standalone.py

@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+import fnmatch
+import functools
+import json
+import platform
+import typing
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from filelock import FileLock
+
+from cibuildwheel.util.file import download, extract_tar
+from cibuildwheel.util.resources import PYTHON_BUILD_STANDALONE_RELEASES
+
+
+class PythonBuildStandaloneAsset(typing.TypedDict):
+    name: str
+    url: str
+
+
+class PythonBuildStandaloneRelease(typing.TypedDict):
+    tag: str
+    assets: list[PythonBuildStandaloneAsset]
+
+
+class PythonBuildStandaloneReleaseData(typing.TypedDict):
+    releases: list[PythonBuildStandaloneRelease]
+
+
+@functools.cache
+def get_python_build_standalone_release_data() -> PythonBuildStandaloneReleaseData:
+    with open(PYTHON_BUILD_STANDALONE_RELEASES, "rb") as f:
+        return typing.cast(PythonBuildStandaloneReleaseData, json.load(f))
+
+
+class PythonBuildStandaloneError(Exception):
+    """Errors related to python-build-standalone."""
+
+
+def _get_platform_identifiers() -> tuple[str, str, str | None]:
+    """
+    Detects the current platform and returns architecture, platform, and libc
+    identifiers.
+    """
+    system = platform.system()
+    machine = platform.machine()
+    machine_lower = machine.lower()
+
+    arch_identifier: str
+    platform_identifier: str
+    libc_identifier: str | None = None
+
+    # Map Architecture
+    if machine_lower in ["x86_64", "amd64"]:
+        arch_identifier = "x86_64"
+    elif machine_lower in ["aarch64", "arm64"]:
+        arch_identifier = "aarch64"
+    else:
+        msg = f"Unsupported architecture: {system} {machine}. Cannot download appropriate Python build."
+        raise PythonBuildStandaloneError(msg)
+
+    # Map OS + Libc
+    if system == "Linux":
+        platform_identifier = "unknown-linux"
+        libc_identifier = "musl" if "musl" in (platform.libc_ver() or ("", "")) else "gnu"
+    elif system == "Darwin":
+        platform_identifier = "apple-darwin"
+    elif system == "Windows":
+        platform_identifier = "pc-windows-msvc"
+    else:
+        msg = f"Unsupported operating system: {system}. Cannot download appropriate Python build."
+        raise PythonBuildStandaloneError(msg)
+
+    print(
+        f"Detected platform: arch='{arch_identifier}', platform='{platform_identifier}', libc='{libc_identifier}'"
+    )
+    return arch_identifier, platform_identifier, libc_identifier
+
+
+def _get_pbs_asset(
+    *,
+    python_version: str,
+    arch_identifier: str,
+    platform_identifier: str,
+    libc_identifier: str | None,
+) -> tuple[str, str, str]:
+    """Finds the asset, returning (tag, filename, url)."""
+    release_data = get_python_build_standalone_release_data()
+
+    expected_suffix = f"{arch_identifier}-{platform_identifier}"
+    if libc_identifier:
+        expected_suffix += f"-{libc_identifier}"
+    expected_suffix += "-install_only.tar.gz"
+
+    asset_pattern = f"cpython-{python_version}.*-{expected_suffix}"
+    print(f"Looking for file with pattern {asset_pattern}")
+
+    for release in release_data["releases"]:
+        for asset in release["assets"]:
+            asset_name = asset["name"]
+            if not fnmatch.fnmatch(asset_name, asset_pattern):
+                continue
+
+            asset_url = asset["url"]
+            return release["tag"], asset_url, asset_name
+
+    # If loop completes without finding a match
+    msg = f"Could not find python-build-standalone release asset matching {asset_pattern!r}."
+    raise PythonBuildStandaloneError(msg)
+
+
+def _download_or_get_from_cache(asset_url: str, asset_filename: str, cache_dir: Path) -> Path:
+    with FileLock(cache_dir / (asset_filename + ".lock")):
+        asset_cache_path = cache_dir / asset_filename
+        if asset_cache_path.is_file():
+            print(f"Using cached python_build_standalone: {asset_cache_path}")
+            return asset_cache_path
+
+        print(f"Downloading python_build_standalone: {asset_url} to {asset_cache_path}")
+        download(asset_url, asset_cache_path)
+        return asset_cache_path
+
+
+def _find_python_executable(extracted_dir: Path) -> Path:
+    """Finds the python executable within the extracted directory structure."""
+    # Structure is typically 'python/bin/python' or 'python/python.exe'
+    base_install_dir = extracted_dir / "python"
+
+    if platform.system() == "Windows":
+        executable_path = base_install_dir / "python.exe"
+    else:
+        executable_path = base_install_dir / "bin" / "python"
+
+    if not executable_path.is_file():
+        msg = f"Could not locate python executable at expected path {executable_path} within {extracted_dir}."
+        raise PythonBuildStandaloneError(msg)
+
+    print(f"Found python executable: {executable_path}")
+    return executable_path.resolve()  # Return absolute path
+
+
+def create_python_build_standalone_environment(
+    python_version: str, temp_dir: Path, cache_dir: Path
+) -> Path:
+    """
+    Returns a Python environment from python-build-standalone, downloading it
+    if necessary using a cache, and expanding it into a fresh base path.
+
+    Args:
+        python_version: The Python version string (e.g., "3.12").
+        temp_dir: A directory where the Python environment will be created.
+        cache_dir: A directory to store/retrieve downloaded archives.
+
+    Returns:
+        The absolute path to the python executable within the created environment (in temp_dir).
+
+    Raises:
+        PythonBuildStandaloneError: If the platform is unsupported, the build cannot be found,
+                    download/extraction fails, or configuration is invalid.
+    """
+
+    print(f"Creating python-build-standalone environment: version={python_version}")
+
+    arch_id, platform_id, libc_id = _get_platform_identifiers()
+
+    pbs_tag, asset_url, asset_filename = _get_pbs_asset(
+        python_version=python_version,
+        arch_identifier=arch_id,
+        platform_identifier=platform_id,
+        libc_identifier=libc_id,
+    )
+
+    print(f"Using python-build-standalone release: {pbs_tag}")
+
+    archive_path = _download_or_get_from_cache(
+        asset_url=asset_url, asset_filename=asset_filename, cache_dir=cache_dir
+    )
+
+    python_base_dir = temp_dir / "pbs"
+    assert not python_base_dir.exists()
+    extract_tar(archive_path, python_base_dir)
+
+    return _find_python_executable(python_base_dir)