Bump version: v2.12.1

fix: pip config options were broken

.circleci/config.yml

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 version: 2
 
 jobs:
-  osx-python3.6:
+  osx-python3.9:
     macos:
       xcode: 12.5.1
     environment:
@@ -17,11 +17,14 @@ jobs:
           command: venv/bin/python ./bin/run_tests.py
           no_output_timeout: 30m
 
-  linux-python3.6:
+  linux-python3.9:
     docker:
-      - image: circleci/python:3.6
+      - image: circleci/python:3.9
     environment:
       PYTHON: python3
+      # Temporarily restrict the tests that are run on CircleCI to prevent
+      # test timeouts.
+      PYTEST_ADDOPTS: -k "unit_test or main_tests or test_0_basic or test_docker_images"
     steps:
       - checkout
       - setup_remote_docker
@@ -34,9 +37,30 @@ jobs:
           command: venv/bin/python ./bin/run_tests.py
           no_output_timeout: 30m
 
+  linux-aarch64:
+    machine:
+       image: ubuntu-2004:2022.04.1
+    resource_class: arm.medium
+    environment:
+      PYTHON: python3
+      # Temporarily restrict the tests that are run on CircleCI to prevent
+      # test timeouts.
+      PYTEST_ADDOPTS: -k "unit_test or main_tests or test_0_basic or test_docker_images"
+    steps:
+      - checkout
+
+      - run:
+          name: Prepare the environment.
+          command: bash .circleci/prepare.sh
+      - run:
+          name: Test.
+          command: venv/bin/python ./bin/run_tests.py
+          no_output_timeout: 30m
+
 workflows:
   version: 2
   all-tests:
     jobs:
-      - osx-python3.6
-      - linux-python3.6
+      - osx-python3.9
+      - linux-python3.9
+      - linux-aarch64

.circleci/prepare.sh

@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
 set -o errexit
 set -o xtrace
 
 $PYTHON --version
 $PYTHON -m pip --version
-$PYTHON -m virtualenv -p $PYTHON venv
+$PYTHON -m virtualenv -p "$PYTHON" venv
 venv/bin/python -m pip install -e ".[dev]"
 venv/bin/python -m pip freeze
 venv/bin/python --version

.cirrus.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+run_tests: &RUN_TESTS
+  install_cibuildwheel_script:
+    - python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
+  run_cibuildwheel_tests_script:
+    - python ./bin/run_tests.py
+
+
+linux_x86_task:
+  timeout_in: 120m
+  compute_engine_instance:
+    image_project: cirrus-images
+    image: family/docker-builder
+    platform: linux
+    cpu: 8
+    memory: 8G
+
+  install_pre_requirements_script:
+    - apt install -y python3-venv python-is-python3
+  <<: *RUN_TESTS
+
+linux_aarch64_task:
+  compute_engine_instance:
+    image_project: cirrus-images
+    image: family/docker-builder-arm64
+    architecture: arm64
+    platform: linux
+    cpu: 4
+    memory: 4G
+
+  install_pre_requirements_script:
+    - apt install -y python3-venv python-is-python3
+  <<: *RUN_TESTS
+
+windows_x86_task:
+  # The task takes ~55 minutes while the timeout happens
+  # after 60 minutes by default, let's allow some wiggle room.
+  timeout_in: 120m
+  windows_container:
+    image: cirrusci/windowsservercore:visualstudio2022
+    cpu: 8
+    memory: 8G
+
+  install_pre_requirements_script:
+    - choco install -y --no-progress python3 --version 3.10.6
+    - refreshenv
+    - echo PATH=%PATH% >> "%CIRRUS_ENV%"
+  <<: *RUN_TESTS
+
+macos_arm64_task:
+  macos_instance:
+    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-monterey-xcode
+
+  env:
+    PATH: /opt/homebrew/opt/python@3.10/bin:$PATH
+  install_pre_requirements_script:
+    - brew install python@3.10
+    - ln -s python3 /opt/homebrew/opt/python@3.10/bin/python
+  <<: *RUN_TESTS
+
+macos_arm64_cp38_task:
+  macos_instance:
+    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-monterey-xcode
+
+  env:
+    PATH: /opt/homebrew/opt/python@3.10/bin:$PATH
+    PYTEST_ADDOPTS: --run-cp38-universal2 -k 'test_cp38_arm64_testing_universal2_installer or test_arch_auto'
+  install_pre_requirements_script:
+    - brew install python@3.10
+    - ln -s python3 /opt/homebrew/opt/python@3.10/bin/python
+    - curl -fsSLO https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.10/python-3.8.10-macos11.pkg
+    - sudo installer -pkg python-3.8.10-macos11.pkg -target /
+    - rm python-3.8.10-macos11.pkg
+    - sh "/Applications/Python 3.8/Install Certificates.command"
+  <<: *RUN_TESTS

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+name: General issue
+description: Open a general issue
+
+body:
+- type: markdown
+  attributes:
+    value: |
+      Hi! If you're not sure whether your problem is a bug in cibuildwheel or something else, please consider asking a question in the Discussions tab first.
+
+- type: textarea
+  id: description
+  attributes:
+    label: Description
+
+- type: input
+  id: log
+  attributes:
+    label: Build log
+    description: If relevant, please provide a link to a build log that shows the problem
+    placeholder: https://...
+  validations:
+    required: false
+
+- type: input
+  id: ci-config
+  attributes:
+    label: CI config
+    description: Link to the CI config that produced the build log above. e.g. the Github Actions workflow file
+    placeholder: https://...
+  validations:
+    required: false

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -5,6 +5,3 @@ updates:
     directory: "/"
     schedule:
       interval: "weekly"
-    ignore:
-      - dependency-name: "actions/*"
-        update-types: ["version-update:semver-minor", "version-update:semver-patch"]

.github/matchers/pylint.json

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+{
+  "problemMatcher": [
+    {
+      "severity": "warning",
+      "pattern": [
+        {
+          "regexp": "^([^:]+):(\\d+):(\\d+): ([A-DF-Z]\\d+): \\033\\[[\\d;]+m([^\\033]+).*$",
+          "file": 1,
+          "line": 2,
+          "column": 3,
+          "code": 4,
+          "message": 5
+        }
+      ],
+      "owner": "pylint-warning"
+    },
+    {
+      "severity": "error",
+      "pattern": [
+        {
+          "regexp": "^([^:]+):(\\d+):(\\d+): (E\\d+): \\033\\[[\\d;]+m([^\\033]+).*$",
+          "file": 1,
+          "line": 2,
+          "column": 3,
+          "code": 4,
+          "message": 5
+        }
+      ],
+      "owner": "pylint-error"
+    }
+  ]
+}

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+name: Release
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+  pull_request:
+  release:
+    types:
+    - published
+
+jobs:
+  dist:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+
+    - name: Build SDist and wheel
+      run: pipx run build
+
+    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+      with:
+        path: dist/*
+
+    - name: Check metadata
+      run: pipx run twine check dist/*
+
+  publish:
+    needs: [dist]
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: github.event_name == 'release' && github.event.action == 'published'
+
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
+      with:
+        name: artifact
+        path: dist
+
+    - uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@v1.6.4
+      with:
+        user: __token__
+        password: ${{ secrets.pypi_password }}

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -10,71 +10,96 @@ on:
   workflow_dispatch:
     # allow manual runs on branches without a PR
 
+concurrency:
+  group: test-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
 jobs:
-  pre-commit:
-    name: Pre-commit checks (mypy, flake8, etc.)
+  lint:
+    name: Linters (mypy, flake8, etc.)
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
-    - uses: pre-commit/action@v2.0.3
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+      with:
+        python-version: "3.x"
+    - uses: pre-commit/action@v3.0.0
+    - name: Check manifest
+      run: pipx run nox -s check_manifest
+    - name: PyLint checks
+      run: |
+        echo "::add-matcher::$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/.github/matchers/pylint.json"
+        pipx run nox -s pylint
 
   test:
     name: Test cibuildwheel on ${{ matrix.os }}
-    needs: pre-commit
+    needs: lint
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]
-        python_version: ['3.7']
+        os: [ubuntu-20.04, windows-latest, macos-11]
+        python_version: ['3.11']
     timeout-minutes: 180
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
       name: Install Python ${{ matrix.python_version }}
       with:
         python-version: ${{ matrix.python_version }}
 
+    # Install podman on this CI instance for podman tests on linux
+    # Snippet from: https://github.com/redhat-actions/podman-login/blob/main/.github/workflows/example.yml
+    - name: Install latest podman
+      if: runner.os == 'Linux'
+      run: |
+        . /etc/os-release
+        echo "deb https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/devel:/kubic:/libcontainers:/stable/xUbuntu_${VERSION_ID}/ /" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/devel:kubic:libcontainers:stable.list
+        curl -sSfL "https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/devel:/kubic:/libcontainers:/stable/xUbuntu_${VERSION_ID}/Release.key" | sudo apt-key add -
+        sudo apt-get update
+        sudo apt-get -y install podman
+
     - name: Install dependencies
       run: |
         python -m pip install ".[test]"
 
-    - name: Sample build
-      if: "contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'CI: Sample build')"
-      run: |
-        python bin/sample_build.py
-
-    - name: Get some sample wheels
+    - name: Generate a sample project
       run: |
         python -m test.test_projects test.test_0_basic.basic_project sample_proj
-        cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse sample_proj
+
+    - name: Run a sample build (GitHub Action)
+      uses: ./
+      with:
+        package-dir: sample_proj
+        output-dir: wheelhouse
       env:
         CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS: x86_64 universal2 arm64
 
-    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
       with:
-        name: sample_wheels
+        name: sample_wheels_action
         path: wheelhouse
 
     - name: Test cibuildwheel
       run: |
-        python ./bin/run_tests.py
+        python ./bin/run_tests.py --run-podman
 
   test-emulated:
     name: Test emulated cibuildwheel using qemu
-    needs: pre-commit
+    needs: lint
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     timeout-minutes: 180
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+      with:
+        python-version: "3.x"
     - name: Install dependencies
       run: |
         python -m pip install ".[test]"
 
     - name: Set up QEMU
       id: qemu
-      uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v1
+      uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
       with:
         platforms: all
 

.github/workflows/update-dependencies.yml

@@ -1,6 +1,15 @@
 name: Update dependencies
 
 on:
+  pull_request:
+    paths:
+      - '.github/workflows/update-dependencies.yml'
+      - 'bin/update_pythons.py'
+      - 'bin/update_docker.py'
+      - 'bin/update_virtualenv.py'
+      - 'bin/projects.py'
+      - 'docs/data/projects.yml'
+      - 'noxfile.py'
   workflow_dispatch:
   schedule:
     - cron: '0 6 * * 1'  # "At 06:00 on Monday."
@@ -8,10 +17,14 @@ on:
 jobs:
   update-dependencies:
     name: Update dependencies
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: github.repository_owner == 'pypa' || github.event_name != 'schedule'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
-    - uses: excitedleigh/setup-nox@v2.0.0
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+
+    - uses: wntrblm/nox@2022.11.21
+      with:
+        python-versions: "3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11"
 
     - name: "Run update: dependencies"
       run: nox --force-color -s update_constraints
@@ -24,13 +37,14 @@ jobs:
     # run the GHA tests.
     - uses: tibdex/github-app-token@v1
       id: generate-token
+      if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' && github.repository == 'pypa/cibuildwheel'
       with:
         app_id: ${{ secrets.CIBUILDWHEEL_BOT_APP_ID }}
         private_key: ${{ secrets.CIBUILDWHEEL_BOT_APP_PRIVATE_KEY }}
 
     - name: Create Pull Request
       if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' && github.repository == 'pypa/cibuildwheel'
-      uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v3
+      uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v4
       with:
         commit-message: Update dependencies
         title: '[Bot] Update dependencies'
@@ -39,5 +53,7 @@ jobs:
 
           PR generated by "Update dependencies" [workflow](https://github.com/${{github.repository}}/actions/runs/${{github.run_id}}).
         branch: update-dependencies-pr
+        committer: "cibuildwheel-bot[bot] <83877280+cibuildwheel-bot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>"
+        author: "cibuildwheel-bot[bot] <83877280+cibuildwheel-bot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>"
         token: ${{ steps.generate-token.outputs.token }}
         delete-branch: true

.gitlab-ci.yml

@@ -9,7 +9,23 @@ linux:
     DOCKER_DRIVER: overlay2
     # See https://github.com/docker-library/docker/pull/166
     DOCKER_TLS_CERTDIR: ""
+
+    # skip all but the basic tests
+    # (comment the below line in a PR to debug a Gitlab-specific issue)
+    PYTEST_ADDOPTS: -k "unit_test or test_0_basic" --suppress-no-test-exit-code
   script:
     - curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh
-    - python -m pip install -e ".[dev]"
+    - python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
     - python ./bin/run_tests.py
+
+windows:
+  image: mcr.microsoft.com/windows/servercore:1809
+  variables:
+    PYTEST_ADDOPTS: -k "unit_test or test_0_basic" --suppress-no-test-exit-code
+  before_script:
+    - choco install python -y --version 3.8.6
+  script:
+    - py -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
+    - py bin\run_tests.py
+  tags:
+    - windows

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 repos:
 
 - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
-  rev: v4.0.1
+  rev: v4.4.0
   hooks:
   - id: check-case-conflict
   - id: check-merge-conflict
@@ -13,64 +13,55 @@ repos:
   - id: mixed-line-ending
   - id: trailing-whitespace
 
-- repo: https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade
-  rev: v2.21.2
-  hooks:
-  - id: pyupgrade
-    name: PyUpgrade 3.6+
-    args: ["--py36-plus"]
-    exclude: ^bin/
-  - id: pyupgrade
-    name: PyUpgrade 3.7+ on bin
-    exclude: ^(cibuildwheel|unit_test|test)/
-    args: ["--py37-plus"]
-
-- repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/isort
-  rev: 5.9.2
-  hooks:
-  - id: isort
-
 - repo: https://github.com/psf/black
-  rev: 21.7b0
+  rev: 23.1.0
   hooks:
   - id: black
 
+- repo: https://github.com/charliermarsh/ruff-pre-commit
+  rev: v0.0.254
+  hooks:
+  - id: ruff
+    args: ["--fix"]
+
 - repo: https://github.com/asottile/setup-cfg-fmt
-  rev: v1.17.0
+  rev: v2.2.0
   hooks:
   - id: setup-cfg-fmt
-    stages: [manual]
+    args: [--include-version-classifiers, --max-py-version=3.11]
 
 - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy
-  rev: v0.910
+  rev: v1.0.1
   hooks:
   - id: mypy
-    exclude: ^(bin|cibuildwheel/resources|docs)/.*py$
-    args: ["--python-version=3.6", "--scripts-are-modules"]
-    additional_dependencies:
-      - packaging
-      - types-jinja2
-      - types-certifi
-      - types-toml
-  - id: mypy
-    name: mypy 3.7+ on bin/
-    files: ^((bin|docs)/.*py|noxfile.py)$
-    args: ["--python-version=3.7", "--scripts-are-modules"]
-    additional_dependencies:
-      - packaging>=21.0
+    name: mypy 3.7 on cibuildwheel/
+    exclude: ^cibuildwheel/resources/.*py$
+    args: ["--python-version=3.7"]
+    additional_dependencies: &mypy-dependencies
+      - nox
+      - packaging~=21.0
+      - pygithub
       - rich
+      - tomli
+      - tomli_w
+      - types-certifi
+      - types-click
+      - types-dataclasses
       - types-jinja2
       - types-pyyaml
-      - types-click
       - types-requests
-      - types-toml
+      - bracex
+      - dataclasses
+  - id: mypy
+    name: mypy 3.10
+    exclude: ^cibuildwheel/resources/.*py$
+    args: ["--python-version=3.10"]
+    additional_dependencies: *mypy-dependencies
 
-- repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/flake8
-  rev: 3.9.2
+- repo: https://github.com/shellcheck-py/shellcheck-py
+  rev: v0.9.0.2
   hooks:
-  - id: flake8
-    exclude: cibuildwheel/resources/
-    additional_dependencies: [flake8-bugbear]
+  - id: shellcheck
 
 - repo: local
   hooks:
@@ -80,9 +71,16 @@ repos:
     entry: PyBind|Numpy|Cmake|Github|PyTest
     types:
     - markdown
+    exclude: ^docs/working-examples\.md$  # Autogenerated
+  - id: update-readme-changelog
+    name: Update README changelog
+    language: python
+    entry: bin/update_readme_changelog.py
+    files: ^docs/changelog.md$
 
 - repo: https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell
-  rev: v2.1.0
+  rev: v2.2.2
   hooks:
   - id: codespell
     args: ["-L", "sur"]
+    exclude: ^docs/working-examples\.md$  # Autogenerated

.travis.yml

@@ -8,21 +8,21 @@ branches:
 
 jobs:
   include:
-    - name: Linux | x86_64 + i686 | Python 3.6
-      python: 3.6
+    - name: Linux | x86_64 + i686 | Python 3.7
+      python: 3.7
       services: docker
       env: PYTHON=python
 
-    - name: Linux | arm64 | Python 3.6
-      python: 3.6
+    - name: Linux | arm64 | Python 3.7
+      python: 3.7
       services: docker
       arch: arm64-graviton2
       group: edge
       virt: vm
       env: PYTHON=python
 
-    - name: Linux | ppc64le | Python 3.6
-      python: 3.6
+    - name: Linux | ppc64le | Python 3.7
+      python: 3.7
       services: docker
       arch: ppc64le
       allow_failure: True
@@ -32,22 +32,31 @@ jobs:
         # c.f. https://travis-ci.community/t/running-out-of-disk-space-quota-when-using-docker-on-ppc64le/11634
         - PYTEST_ADDOPTS='-k "not test_manylinuxXXXX_only"'
 
-    - name: Windows | x86_64 | Python 3.6
+    - name: Windows | x86_64 | Python 3.7
       os: windows
       language: shell
       before_install:
-        - choco upgrade python3 -y --version 3.6.8 --limit-output
+        - choco upgrade python3 -y --version 3.7.9 --limit-output
         # Update root certificates to fix SSL error; see http://www.chawn.com/RootCerts.htm
         - powershell "md C:\temp\certs; CertUtil -generateSSTFromWU C:\temp\certs\RootStore.sst; Get-ChildItem -Path C:\\temp\certs\Rootstore.sst | Import-Certificate -CertStoreLocation Cert:\\LocalMachine\\Root\\ | out-null"
       env:
-        - PYTHON=C:\\Python36\\python
+        - PYTHON=C:\\Python37\\python
 
-    - name: Linux | s390x | Python 3.6
-      python: 3.6
+    - name: Linux | s390x | Python 3.7
+      python: 3.7
       services: docker
       arch: s390x
       env: PYTHON=python
 
-install: $PYTHON -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
+install:
+- $PYTHON -m pip install -U pip
+- $PYTHON -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
 
-script: $PYTHON ./bin/run_tests.py
+script: |
+  # travis_wait disable the output while waiting
+  # use the same kind of tricks as in multibuild
+  (while true; do echo "travis_keep_alive"; sleep 300; done) &
+  SPINNER_PID=$!
+  disown
+  $PYTHON ./bin/run_tests.py
+  kill -9 ${SPINNER_PID}

CI.md

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 This is a summary of the Python versions and platforms covered by the different CI platforms:
 
-|          | 3.6                          | 3.7                         | 3.8              |
-|----------|------------------------------|-----------------------------|------------------|
-| Linux    | Travis CI / CircleCI         | AppVeyor¹ / GitHub Actions  | Azure Pipelines  |
-| macOS    | CircleCI                     | AppVeyor¹ / GitHub Actions  | Azure Pipelines  |
-| Windows  | Travis CI / Azure Pipelines  | AppVeyor¹ / GitHub Actions  | Azure Pipelines  |
+|         | 3.7       | 3.8                                   | 3.9       | 3.10      | 3.11           |
+|---------|-----------|---------------------------------------|-----------|-----------|----------------|
+| Linux   | Travis CI | AppVeyor¹ / Azure Pipelines / GitLab¹ | CircleCI¹ | Cirrus CI | GitHub Actions |
+| macOS   | Travis CI | AppVeyor¹ / Azure Pipelines           | CircleCI¹ | Cirrus CI | GitHub Actions |
+| Windows | Travis CI | AppVeyor¹ / Azure Pipelines / GitLab¹ |           | Cirrus CI | GitHub Actions |
 
-> ¹ AppVeyor only runs the "basic" test to reduce load.
+> ¹ Runs a reduced set of tests to reduce CI load
 
-Non-x86 architectures are covered on Travis CI using Python 3.6.
+Non-x86 architectures are covered on Travis CI using Python 3.7.

MANIFEST.in

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+recursive-include cibuildwheel *.cfg
+recursive-include cibuildwheel *.in
+recursive-include cibuildwheel *.py
+recursive-include cibuildwheel *.toml
+recursive-include cibuildwheel *.txt
+recursive-include cibuildwheel *.typed

action.yml

@@ -9,6 +9,14 @@ inputs:
     description: 'Folder to place the outputs in, defaults to "wheelhouse"'
     required: false
     default: wheelhouse
+  config-file:
+    description: 'File containing the config, defaults to {package}/pyproject.toml'
+    required: false
+    default: ''
+  only:
+    description: 'Build a specific wheel only. No need for arch/platform if this is set'
+    required: false
+    default: ''
 branding:
   icon: package
   color: yellow
@@ -16,13 +24,36 @@ branding:
 runs:
   using: composite
   steps:
+    # Set up a non-EOL, cibuildwheel & pipx supported Python version
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+      id: python
+      with:
+        python-version: "3.7 - 3.11"
+        update-environment: false
 
     # Redirecting stderr to stdout to fix interleaving issue in Actions.
     - run: >
         pipx run
+        --python '${{ steps.python.outputs.python-path }}'
         --spec '${{ github.action_path }}'
         cibuildwheel
-        ${{ inputs.package-dir }}
-        --output-dir ${{ inputs.output-dir }}
+        "${{ inputs.package-dir }}"
+        --output-dir "${{ inputs.output-dir }}"
+        --config-file "${{ inputs.config-file }}"
+        --only "${{ inputs.only }}"
         2>&1
       shell: bash
+      if: runner.os != 'Windows'
+
+    # Windows needs powershell to interact nicely with Meson
+    - run: >
+        pipx run
+        --python "${{ steps.python.outputs.python-path }}"
+        --spec "${{ github.action_path }}"
+        cibuildwheel
+        "${{ inputs.package-dir }}"
+        --output-dir '"${{ inputs.output-dir }}"'
+        --config-file '"${{ inputs.config-file }}"'
+        --only '"${{ inputs.only }}"'
+      shell: pwsh
+      if: runner.os == 'Windows'

appveyor.yml

@@ -1,23 +1,24 @@
 environment:
   matrix:
     - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Ubuntu
-      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python37-x64-ubuntu"
+      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python38-x64-ubuntu"
     - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2015
-      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python37-x64-vs2015"
-    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: macos-mojave
-      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python37-x64-macos-mojave"
+      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python38-x64-vs2015"
+    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: macos
+      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python38-x64-macos"
 
-stack: python 3.7
+stack: python 3.8
 
 build: off
 
 init:
-- cmd: set PATH=C:\Python37;C:\Python37\Scripts;%PATH%
+- cmd: set PATH=C:\Python38;C:\Python38\Scripts;%PATH%
 - ps: |
       $BRANCH = if ($env:APPVEYOR_PULL_REQUEST_HEAD_REPO_BRANCH) { $env:APPVEYOR_PULL_REQUEST_HEAD_REPO_BRANCH } else { $env:APPVEYOR_REPO_BRANCH }
       if (-not ($BRANCH -eq 'main' -or $BRANCH.ToLower().StartsWith('appveyor-'))) {
         $env:PYTEST_ADDOPTS='-k "unit_test or test_0_basic" --suppress-no-test-exit-code'
       }
+      python -m pip install -U pip
 
 install: python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
 

azure-pipelines.yml

@@ -1,42 +1,32 @@
 jobs:
 - job: linux_38
-  pool: {vmImage: 'Ubuntu-18.04'}
+  timeoutInMinutes: 120
+  pool: {vmImage: 'Ubuntu-20.04'}
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
       inputs:
         versionSpec: '3.8'
     - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-azurepipelines
+        python -m pip install -e ".[dev]"
         python ./bin/run_tests.py
 
 - job: macos_38
-  pool: {vmImage: 'macOS-10.15'}
+  pool: {vmImage: 'macOS-11'}
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
       inputs:
         versionSpec: '3.8'
     - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-azurepipelines
-        python ./bin/run_tests.py
-
-- job: windows_36
-  pool: {vmImage: 'vs2017-win2016'}
-  timeoutInMinutes: 180
-  steps:
-    - task: UsePythonVersion@0
-      inputs:
-        versionSpec: '3.6'
-    - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-azurepipelines
+        python -m pip install -e ".[dev]"
         python ./bin/run_tests.py
 
 - job: windows_38
-  pool: {vmImage: 'vs2017-win2016'}
+  pool: {vmImage: 'windows-2019'}
   timeoutInMinutes: 180
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
       inputs:
         versionSpec: '3.8'
     - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-azurepipelines
+        python -m pip install -e ".[dev]"
         python ./bin/run_tests.py

bin/bump_version.py

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ def bump_version() -> None:
         sys.exit(1)
 
     # fmt: off
-    print(              'Current version:', current_version)  # noqa
+    print(              'Current version:', current_version)
     new_version = input('    New version: ').strip()
     # fmt: on
 
@@ -136,6 +136,25 @@ def bump_version() -> None:
     while input('Type "done" to continue: ').strip().lower() != "done":
         pass
 
+    # run pre-commit to update the README changelog
+    subprocess.run(
+        [
+            "pre-commit",
+            "run",
+            "--files=docs/changelog.md",
+        ]
+    )
+
+    # run pre-commit to check that no errors occurred on the second run
+    subprocess.run(
+        [
+            "pre-commit",
+            "run",
+            "--files=docs/changelog.md",
+        ],
+        check=True,
+    )
+
     subprocess.run(
         [
             "git",
@@ -158,6 +177,17 @@ def bump_version() -> None:
     )
 
     print("Done.")
+    print()
+
+    print("Push the new version to GitHub with:")
+    print("    git push && git push --tags")
+    print()
+
+    release_url = "https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/releases/new?" + urllib.parse.urlencode(
+        {"tag": f"v{new_version}"}
+    )
+    print("Then create a release at the URL:")
+    print(f"    {release_url}")
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":

bin/inspect_all_known_projects.py

@@ -1,4 +1,17 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+"""
+Check known projects for usage of requires-python.
+
+Usage:
+
+    ./bin/inspect_all_known_projects.py --online=$GITHUB_TOKEN
+
+This will cache the results to all_known_setup.yaml; you can reprint
+the results without the `--online` setting.
+"""
+
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import ast
@@ -7,7 +20,7 @@ from typing import Iterator
 
 import click
 import yaml
-from ghapi.core import GhApi, HTTP404NotFoundError  # type: ignore
+from github import Github, GithubException
 from rich import print
 
 from cibuildwheel.projectfiles import Analyzer
@@ -47,33 +60,38 @@ def check_repo(name: str, contents: str) -> str:
 
 
 class MaybeRemote:
-    def __init__(self, cached_file: Path | str, *, online: bool) -> None:
-        self.online = online
-        if self.online:
-            self.contents: dict[str, dict[str, str | None]] = {
+    github: Github | None
+    contents: dict[str, dict[str, str | None]]
+
+    def __init__(self, cached_file: Path | str, *, online: str | None) -> None:
+        if online is not None:
+            self.github = Github(online)
+            self.contents = {
                 "setup.py": {},
                 "setup.cfg": {},
                 "pyproject.toml": {},
             }
         else:
+            self.github = None
             with open(cached_file) as f:
                 self.contents = yaml.safe_load(f)
 
     def get(self, repo: str, filename: str) -> str | None:
-        if self.online:
+        if self.github:
             try:
-                self.contents[filename][repo] = (
-                    GhApi(*repo.split("/")).get_content(filename).decode()
-                )
-            except HTTP404NotFoundError:
+                gh_file = self.github.get_repo(repo).get_contents(filename)
+            except GithubException:
                 self.contents[filename][repo] = None
+            else:
+                assert not isinstance(gh_file, list)
+                self.contents[filename][repo] = gh_file.decoded_content.decode(encoding="utf-8")
+
             return self.contents[filename][repo]
         elif repo in self.contents[filename]:
             return self.contents[filename][repo]
         else:
-            raise RuntimeError(
-                f"Trying to access {repo}:{filename} and not in cache, rebuild cache"
-            )
+            msg = f"Trying to access {repo}:{filename} and not in cache, rebuild cache"
+            raise RuntimeError(msg)
 
     def save(self, filename: Path | str) -> None:
         with open(filename, "w") as f:
@@ -87,8 +105,8 @@ class MaybeRemote:
 
 
 @click.command()
-@click.option("--online", is_flag=True, help="Remember to set GITHUB_TOKEN")
-def main(online: bool) -> None:
+@click.option("--online", help="Set to $GITHUB_TOKEN")
+def main(online: str | None) -> None:
     with open(DIR / "../docs/data/projects.yml") as f:
         known = yaml.safe_load(f)
 

bin/projects.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Convert a yaml project list into a nice table.
 
 Suggested usage:
 
-    ./bin/projects.py docs/data/projects.yml --online --auth $GITHUB_API_TOKEN --readme README.md
+    ./bin/projects.py docs/data/projects.yml --online --auth $GITHUB_API_TOKEN
     git diff
 """
 
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ ICONS = (
     "circleci",
     "gitlab",
     "travisci",
+    "cirrusci",
     "windows",
     "apple",
     "linux",
@@ -139,28 +140,35 @@ def fetch_icon(icon_name: str) -> None:
         f.write(svgElement.toxml())
 
 
-def path_for_icon(icon_name: str) -> Path:
-    return Path(".") / "docs" / "data" / "readme_icons" / f"{icon_name}.svg"
+def path_for_icon(icon_name: str, relative_to: Path | None = None) -> Path:
+    from_path = Path.cwd() if relative_to is None else relative_to.parent
+
+    absolute_path = PROJECT_ROOT / "docs" / "data" / "readme_icons" / f"{icon_name}.svg"
+
+    return absolute_path.resolve().relative_to(from_path.resolve())
 
 
-def str_projects(
+def get_projects(
     config: list[dict[str, Any]],
     *,
     online: bool = True,
     auth: str | None = None,
-) -> str:
-    io = StringIO()
-    print = functools.partial(builtins.print, file=io)
-
+) -> list[Project]:
     if online:
         for icon in ICONS:
             fetch_icon(icon)
 
     github = Github(auth) if online else None
 
-    projects = sorted((Project(item, github) for item in config), reverse=online)
+    return sorted((Project(item, github) for item in config), reverse=online)
+
+
+def render_projects(projects: list[Project], *, dest_path: Path, include_info: bool = True):
+    io = StringIO()
+    print = functools.partial(builtins.print, file=io)
 
     print(Project.header())
+
     for project in projects:
         print(project.table_row())
 
@@ -170,42 +178,73 @@ def str_projects(
 
     print()
     for icon in ICONS:
-        print(f"[{icon} icon]: {path_for_icon(icon).as_posix()}")
+        print(f"[{icon} icon]: {path_for_icon(icon, relative_to=dest_path).as_posix()}")
 
-    print()
-    for project in projects:
-        print(project.info())
+    if include_info:
+        print()
+        for project in projects:
+            print(project.info())
 
     return io.getvalue()
 
 
-@click.command(help="Try ./bin/projects.py docs/data/projects.yml --readme README.md")
+def insert_projects_table(
+    file: Path,
+    *,
+    projects: list[Project],
+    input_filename: str,
+    include_info: bool = True,
+):
+    text = file.read_text()
+    projects_table = render_projects(projects, include_info=include_info, dest_path=file)
+
+    start_str = "<!-- START bin/projects.py -->\n"
+
+    start = text.find(start_str)
+    assert start != -1
+
+    end = text.find("<!-- END bin/projects.py -->\n")
+    assert end != -1
+
+    generated_note = f"<!-- this section is generated by bin/projects.py. Don't edit it directly, instead, edit {input_filename} -->"
+    new_text = (
+        f"{text[:start + len(start_str)]}\n{generated_note}\n\n{projects_table}\n{text[end:]}"
+    )
+
+    file.write_text(new_text)
+
+
+PROJECT_ROOT = Path(__file__).parent / ".."
+README_FILE = PROJECT_ROOT / "README.md"
+DOCS_PAGE = PROJECT_ROOT / "docs" / "working-examples.md"
+
+
+@click.command(help="Try ./bin/projects.py docs/data/projects.yml")
 @click.argument("input", type=click.File("r"))
 @click.option("--online/--no-online", default=True, help="Get info from GitHub")
 @click.option("--auth", help="GitHub authentication token")
-@click.option("--readme", type=click.File("r+"), help="Modify a readme file if given")
+@click.option(
+    "--dry-run", default=False, help="Print the output, rather than writing it to files in the repo"
+)
 def projects(
     input: TextIO,
     online: bool,
     auth: str | None,
-    readme: TextIO | None,
+    dry_run: bool,
 ) -> None:
     config = yaml.safe_load(input)
-    output = str_projects(config, online=online, auth=auth)
+    projects = get_projects(config, online=online, auth=auth)
 
-    if readme is None:
+    if dry_run:
+        output = render_projects(projects, dest_path=README_FILE)
         print(output)
     else:
-        text = readme.read()
-        start_str = "<!-- START bin/projects.py -->\n"
-        start = text.find(start_str)
-        end = text.find("<!-- END bin/projects.py -->\n")
-        generated_note = f"<!-- this section is generated by bin/projects.py. Don't edit it directly, instead, edit {input.name} -->"
-        new_text = f"{text[:start + len(start_str)]}\n{generated_note}\n\n{output}\n{text[end:]}"
-
-        readme.seek(0)
-        readme.write(new_text)
-        readme.truncate()
+        insert_projects_table(
+            README_FILE, projects=projects[:10], input_filename=input.name, include_info=False
+        )
+        insert_projects_table(
+            DOCS_PAGE, projects=projects, input_filename=input.name, include_info=False
+        )
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":

bin/run_example_ci_configs.py

@@ -39,12 +39,12 @@ services = [
     CIService(
         name="appveyor",
         dst_config_path="appveyor.yml",
-        badge_md="[![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/wbsgxshp05tt1tif/branch/{branch}?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/pypa/cibuildwheel/branch/{branch})",
+        badge_md="[![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/gt3vwl88yt0y3hur/branch/{branch}?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/joerick/cibuildwheel/branch/{branch})",
     ),
     CIService(
         name="azure-pipelines",
         dst_config_path="azure-pipelines.yml",
-        badge_md="[![Build Status](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_apis/build/status/joerick.cibuildwheel?branchName={branch})](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_build/latest?definitionId=2&branchName={branch})",
+        badge_md="[![Build Status](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_apis/build/status/pypa.cibuildwheel?branchName={branch})](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_build/latest?definitionId=2&branchName={branch})",
     ),
     CIService(
         name="circleci",
@@ -59,24 +59,29 @@ services = [
     CIService(
         name="travis-ci",
         dst_config_path=".travis.yml",
-        badge_md="[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/pypa/cibuildwheel.svg?branch={branch})](https://travis-ci.org/pypa/cibuildwheel)",
+        badge_md="[![Build Status](https://app.travis-ci.com/pypa/cibuildwheel.svg?branch={branch})](https://app.travis-ci.com/pypa/cibuildwheel)",
     ),
     CIService(
         name="gitlab",
         dst_config_path=".gitlab-ci.yml",
-        badge_md="[![Gitlab](https://gitlab.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/badges/{branch}/pipeline.svg)](https://gitlab.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/-/commits/{branch})",
+        badge_md="[![Gitlab](https://gitlab.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/badges/{branch}/pipeline.svg)](https://gitlab.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/-/commits/{branch})",
+    ),
+    CIService(
+        name="cirrus-ci",
+        dst_config_path=".cirrus.yml",
+        badge_md="[![Cirrus CI](https://api.cirrus-ci.com/github/pypa/cibuildwheel.svg?branch={branch})](https://cirrus-ci.com/github/pypa/cibuildwheel/{branch})",
     ),
 ]
 
 
 def ci_service_for_config_file(config_file):
-    service_name = Path(config_file).name.rsplit("-", 1)[0]
+    filename = Path(config_file).name
 
-    for service in services:
-        if service.name == service_name:
-            return service
-
-    raise ValueError(f"unknown ci service for config file {config_file}")
+    try:
+        return next(s for s in services if filename.startswith(s.name))
+    except StopIteration:
+        msg = f"unknown ci service for config file {config_file}"
+        raise ValueError(msg) from None
 
 
 @click.command()
@@ -95,7 +100,8 @@ def run_example_ci_configs(config_files=None):
     for config_file in config_files:
         service = ci_service_for_config_file(config_file)
         if service.name in configs_by_service:
-            raise Exception("You cannot specify more than one config per CI service")
+            msg = "You cannot specify more than one config per CI service"
+            raise Exception(msg)
         configs_by_service[service.name] = config_file
 
     if git_repo_has_changes():

bin/run_tests.py

@@ -1,23 +1,49 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import argparse
 import os
 import subprocess
 import sys
 from pathlib import Path
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--run-podman", action="store_true", default=False, help="run podman tests (linux only)"
+    )
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
     # move cwd to the project root
     os.chdir(Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1])
 
-    # run the unit tests
+    # unit tests
     unit_test_args = [sys.executable, "-m", "pytest", "unit_test"]
-    # run the docker unit tests only on Linux
+
     if sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
+        # run the docker unit tests only on Linux
         unit_test_args += ["--run-docker"]
+
+        if args.run_podman:
+            unit_test_args += ["--run-podman"]
+
     subprocess.run(unit_test_args, check=True)
 
-    # run the integration tests
-    subprocess.run(
-        [sys.executable, "-m", "pytest", "-x", "--durations", "0", "--timeout=2400", "test"],
-        check=True,
-    )
+    # integration tests
+    integration_test_args = [
+        sys.executable,
+        "-m",
+        "pytest",
+        "--numprocesses=2",
+        "-x",
+        "--durations",
+        "0",
+        "--timeout=2400",
+        "test",
+    ]
+
+    if sys.platform.startswith("linux") and args.run_podman:
+        integration_test_args += ["--run-podman"]
+
+    subprocess.run(integration_test_args, check=True)

bin/update_dependencies.py

@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-# This file supports 3.6+
-
-import os
-import shutil
-import subprocess
-import sys
-from pathlib import Path
-
-DIR = Path(__file__).parent.resolve()
-RESOURCES = DIR.parent / "cibuildwheel/resources"
-
-python_version = "".join(str(v) for v in sys.version_info[:2])
-
-env = os.environ.copy()
-
-# CUSTOM_COMPILE_COMMAND is a pip-compile option that tells users how to
-# regenerate the constraints files
-env["CUSTOM_COMPILE_COMMAND"] = "bin/update_dependencies.py"
-
-os.chdir(DIR.parent)
-
-subprocess.run(
-    [
-        "pip-compile",
-        "--allow-unsafe",
-        "--upgrade",
-        "cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in",
-        f"--output-file=cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python{python_version}.txt",
-    ],
-    check=True,
-    env=env,
-)
-
-# default constraints.txt
-if python_version == "39":
-    shutil.copyfile(
-        RESOURCES / f"constraints-python{python_version}.txt",
-        RESOURCES / "constraints.txt",
-    )

bin/update_docker.py

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import configparser
+from dataclasses import dataclass
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import NamedTuple
 
 import requests
 
@@ -11,7 +11,8 @@ DIR = Path(__file__).parent.resolve()
 RESOURCES = DIR.parent / "cibuildwheel/resources"
 
 
-class Image(NamedTuple):
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class Image:
     manylinux_version: str
     platform: str
     image_name: str
@@ -19,14 +20,15 @@ class Image(NamedTuple):
 
 
 images = [
+    # manylinux1 images
     Image("manylinux1", "x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_x86_64", None),
     Image("manylinux1", "i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_i686", None),
-    # 2010 images
+    # manylinux2010 images
     Image("manylinux2010", "x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64", None),
     Image("manylinux2010", "i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686", None),
     Image("manylinux2010", "pypy_x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64", None),
     Image("manylinux2010", "pypy_i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686", None),
-    # 2014 images
+    # manylinux2014 images
     Image("manylinux2014", "x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64", None),
     Image("manylinux2014", "i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686", None),
     Image("manylinux2014", "aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64", None),
@@ -35,7 +37,7 @@ images = [
     Image("manylinux2014", "pypy_x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64", None),
     Image("manylinux2014", "pypy_i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686", None),
     Image("manylinux2014", "pypy_aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64", None),
-    # 2_24 images
+    # manylinux_2_24 images
     Image("manylinux_2_24", "x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64", None),
     Image("manylinux_2_24", "i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_i686", None),
     Image("manylinux_2_24", "aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_aarch64", None),
@@ -44,6 +46,19 @@ images = [
     Image("manylinux_2_24", "pypy_x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64", None),
     Image("manylinux_2_24", "pypy_i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_i686", None),
     Image("manylinux_2_24", "pypy_aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_aarch64", None),
+    # manylinux_2_28 images
+    Image("manylinux_2_28", "x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64", None),
+    Image("manylinux_2_28", "aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64", None),
+    Image("manylinux_2_28", "ppc64le", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_ppc64le", None),
+    Image("manylinux_2_28", "s390x", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_s390x", None),
+    Image("manylinux_2_28", "pypy_x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64", None),
+    Image("manylinux_2_28", "pypy_aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64", None),
+    # musllinux_1_1 images
+    Image("musllinux_1_1", "x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_x86_64", None),
+    Image("musllinux_1_1", "i686", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_i686", None),
+    Image("musllinux_1_1", "aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_aarch64", None),
+    Image("musllinux_1_1", "ppc64le", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_ppc64le", None),
+    Image("musllinux_1_1", "s390x", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_s390x", None),
 ]
 
 config = configparser.ConfigParser()

bin/update_how_it_works_image.py

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import subprocess
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+
+try:
+    from html2image import Html2Image  # type: ignore[import]
+except ImportError:
+    sys.exit(
+        """
+        html2image not found. Ensure you have Chrome (on Mac/Windows) or
+        Chromium (on Linux) installed, and then do:
+            pip install html2image
+        """
+    )
+
+
+def main():
+    subprocess.run(["mkdocs", "build"])
+
+    hti = Html2Image(custom_flags=["--force-device-scale-factor=2"])
+
+    html_str = Path("docs/diagram.md").read_text()
+    css_tags = f"""
+        <style>{Path("site/css/theme.css").read_text()}</style>
+        <style>{Path("site/css/theme_extra.css").read_text()}</style>
+        <style>{Path("site/extra.css").read_text()}</style>
+        <style>
+            body {{
+                background: white;
+            }}
+        </style>
+    """
+    html_str = css_tags + html_str
+
+    [screenshot, *_] = hti.screenshot(
+        html_str=html_str,
+        size=(830, 405),
+    )
+
+    dest_path = Path("docs/data/how-it-works.png")
+    if dest_path.exists():
+        dest_path.unlink()
+
+    Path(screenshot).rename(dest_path)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

bin/update_pythons.py

@@ -5,19 +5,25 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import copy
 import difflib
 import logging
+import sys
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any, Union
 
 import click
 import requests
 import rich
-import toml
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+    import tomllib
+else:
+    import tomli as tomllib
+
 from packaging.specifiers import Specifier
 from packaging.version import Version
 from rich.logging import RichHandler
 from rich.syntax import Syntax
 
-from cibuildwheel.extra import InlineArrayDictEncoder
+from cibuildwheel.extra import dump_python_configurations
 from cibuildwheel.typing import Final, Literal, TypedDict
 
 log = logging.getLogger("cibw")
@@ -28,7 +34,7 @@ DIR: Final[Path] = Path(__file__).parent.parent.resolve()
 RESOURCES_DIR: Final[Path] = DIR / "cibuildwheel/resources"
 
 
-ArchStr = Literal["32", "64"]
+ArchStr = Literal["32", "64", "ARM64"]
 
 
 class ConfigWinCP(TypedDict):
@@ -59,7 +65,6 @@ AnyConfig = Union[ConfigWinCP, ConfigWinPP, ConfigMacOS]
 
 class WindowsVersions:
     def __init__(self, arch_str: ArchStr) -> None:
-
         response = requests.get("https://api.nuget.org/v3/index.json")
         response.raise_for_status()
         api_info = response.json()
@@ -68,8 +73,8 @@ class WindowsVersions:
             if resource["@type"] == "PackageBaseAddress/3.0.0":
                 endpoint = resource["@id"]
 
-        ARCH_DICT = {"32": "win32", "64": "win_amd64"}
-        PACKAGE_DICT = {"32": "pythonx86", "64": "python"}
+        ARCH_DICT = {"32": "win32", "64": "win_amd64", "ARM64": "win_arm64"}
+        PACKAGE_DICT = {"32": "pythonx86", "64": "python", "ARM64": "pythonarm64"}
 
         self.arch_str = arch_str
         self.arch = ARCH_DICT[arch_str]
@@ -82,7 +87,6 @@ class WindowsVersions:
         self.version_dict = {Version(v): v for v in cp_info["versions"]}
 
     def update_version_windows(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigWinCP | None:
-
         # Specifier.filter selects all non pre-releases that match the spec,
         # unless there are only pre-releases, then it selects pre-releases
         # instead (like pip)
@@ -105,7 +109,6 @@ class WindowsVersions:
 
 class PyPyVersions:
     def __init__(self, arch_str: ArchStr):
-
         response = requests.get("https://downloads.python.org/pypy/versions.json")
         response.raise_for_status()
 
@@ -131,11 +134,12 @@ class PyPyVersions:
 
     def update_version_windows(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigWinCP:
         releases = [r for r in self.releases if spec.contains(r["python_version"])]
-        releases = sorted(releases, key=lambda r: r["pypy_version"])  # type: ignore
+        releases = sorted(releases, key=lambda r: r["pypy_version"])  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
         releases = [r for r in releases if self.get_arch_file(r)]
 
         if not releases:
-            raise RuntimeError(f"PyPy Win {self.arch} not found for {spec}! {self.releases}")
+            msg = f"PyPy Win {self.arch} not found for {spec}! {self.releases}"
+            raise RuntimeError(msg)
 
         version_arch = "win32" if self.arch == "32" else "win_amd64"
 
@@ -152,23 +156,27 @@ class PyPyVersions:
         )
 
     def update_version_macos(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigMacOS:
-        if self.arch != "64":
-            raise RuntimeError("Other archs not supported yet on macOS")
+        if self.arch not in {"64", "ARM64"}:
+            msg = f"'{self.arch}' arch not supported yet on macOS"
+            raise RuntimeError(msg)
 
         releases = [r for r in self.releases if spec.contains(r["python_version"])]
-        releases = sorted(releases, key=lambda r: r["pypy_version"])  # type: ignore
+        releases = sorted(releases, key=lambda r: r["pypy_version"])  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
 
         if not releases:
-            raise RuntimeError(f"PyPy macOS {self.arch} not found for {spec}!")
+            msg = f"PyPy macOS {self.arch} not found for {spec}!"
+            raise RuntimeError(msg)
 
         release = releases[-1]
         version = release["python_version"]
-        identifier = f"pp{version.major}{version.minor}-macosx_x86_64"
+        arch = "x86_64" if self.arch == "64" else self.arch.lower()
+        identifier = f"pp{version.major}{version.minor}-macosx_{arch}"
 
+        arch = "x64" if self.arch == "64" else self.arch.lower()
         (url,) = (
             rf["download_url"]
             for rf in release["files"]
-            if "" in rf["platform"] == "darwin" and rf["arch"] == "x64"
+            if "" in rf["platform"] == "darwin" and rf["arch"] == arch
         )
 
         return ConfigMacOS(
@@ -180,7 +188,6 @@ class PyPyVersions:
 
 class CPythonVersions:
     def __init__(self) -> None:
-
         response = requests.get(
             "https://www.python.org/api/v2/downloads/release/?is_published=true"
         )
@@ -199,7 +206,6 @@ class CPythonVersions:
     def update_version_macos(
         self, identifier: str, version: Version, spec: Specifier
     ) -> ConfigMacOS | None:
-
         # see note above on Specifier.filter
         unsorted_versions = spec.filter(self.versions_dict)
         sorted_versions = sorted(unsorted_versions, reverse=True)
@@ -237,10 +243,12 @@ class AllVersions:
     def __init__(self) -> None:
         self.windows_32 = WindowsVersions("32")
         self.windows_64 = WindowsVersions("64")
+        self.windows_arm64 = WindowsVersions("ARM64")
         self.windows_pypy_64 = PyPyVersions("64")
 
         self.macos_cpython = CPythonVersions()
         self.macos_pypy = PyPyVersions("64")
+        self.macos_pypy_arm64 = PyPyVersions("ARM64")
 
     def update_config(self, config: dict[str, str]) -> None:
         identifier = config["identifier"]
@@ -251,11 +259,14 @@ class AllVersions:
         config_update: AnyConfig | None = None
 
         # We need to use ** in update due to MyPy (probably a bug)
-        if "macos" in identifier:
+        if "macosx" in identifier:
             if identifier.startswith("cp"):
                 config_update = self.macos_cpython.update_version_macos(identifier, version, spec)
             elif identifier.startswith("pp"):
-                config_update = self.macos_pypy.update_version_macos(spec)
+                if "macosx_x86_64" in identifier:
+                    config_update = self.macos_pypy.update_version_macos(spec)
+                elif "macosx_arm64" in identifier:
+                    config_update = self.macos_pypy_arm64.update_version_macos(spec)
         elif "win32" in identifier:
             if identifier.startswith("cp"):
                 config_update = self.windows_32.update_version_windows(spec)
@@ -264,6 +275,8 @@ class AllVersions:
                 config_update = self.windows_64.update_version_windows(spec)
             elif identifier.startswith("pp"):
                 config_update = self.windows_pypy_64.update_version_windows(spec)
+        elif "win_arm64" in identifier and identifier.startswith("cp"):
+            config_update = self.windows_arm64.update_version_windows(spec)
 
         assert config_update is not None, f"{identifier} not found!"
         config.update(**config_update)
@@ -278,7 +291,6 @@ class AllVersions:
     "--level", default="INFO", type=click.Choice(["WARNING", "INFO", "DEBUG"], case_sensitive=False)
 )
 def update_pythons(force: bool, level: str) -> None:
-
     logging.basicConfig(
         level="INFO",
         format="%(message)s",
@@ -291,7 +303,8 @@ def update_pythons(force: bool, level: str) -> None:
     toml_file_path = RESOURCES_DIR / "build-platforms.toml"
 
     original_toml = toml_file_path.read_text()
-    configs = toml.loads(original_toml)
+    with toml_file_path.open("rb") as f:
+        configs = tomllib.load(f)
 
     for config in configs["windows"]["python_configurations"]:
         all_versions.update_config(config)
@@ -299,7 +312,7 @@ def update_pythons(force: bool, level: str) -> None:
     for config in configs["macos"]["python_configurations"]:
         all_versions.update_config(config)
 
-    result_toml = toml.dumps(configs, encoder=InlineArrayDictEncoder())  # type: ignore
+    result_toml = dump_python_configurations(configs)
 
     rich.print()  # spacer
 

bin/update_readme_changelog.py

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+
+PROJECT_ROOT = Path(__file__).parent / ".."
+CHANGELOG_FILE = PROJECT_ROOT / "docs" / "changelog.md"
+README_FILE = PROJECT_ROOT / "README.md"
+
+# https://regexr.com/622ds
+FIRST_5_CHANGELOG_ENTRIES_REGEX = re.compile(r"""(^###.*?(?=###)){5}""", re.DOTALL | re.MULTILINE)
+
+# https://regexr.com/622e5
+README_CHANGELOG_SECTION = re.compile(
+    r"""(?<=<!-- START bin\/update_readme_changelog.py -->\n).*(?=<!-- END bin\/update_readme_changelog.py -->)""",
+    re.DOTALL,
+)
+
+
+def main():
+    changelog_text = CHANGELOG_FILE.read_text()
+    readme_text = README_FILE.read_text()
+
+    mini_changelog_match = FIRST_5_CHANGELOG_ENTRIES_REGEX.search(changelog_text)
+    assert mini_changelog_match, "Failed to find the first few changelog entries"
+
+    mini_changelog = "\n".join(
+        [
+            "",
+            "<!-- this section was generated by bin/update_readme_changelog.py -- do not edit manually -->",
+            "",
+            mini_changelog_match.group(0).strip(),
+            "",
+            "",
+        ]
+    )
+
+    if not re.search(README_CHANGELOG_SECTION, readme_text):
+        sys.exit("Changelog section not found in README")
+
+    readme_text = re.sub(README_CHANGELOG_SECTION, mini_changelog, readme_text)
+    README_FILE.write_text(readme_text)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

bin/update_virtualenv.py

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import difflib
+import logging
+import subprocess
+import sys
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import click
+import rich
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+    import tomllib
+else:
+    import tomli as tomllib
+
+from packaging.version import InvalidVersion, Version
+from rich.logging import RichHandler
+from rich.syntax import Syntax
+
+from cibuildwheel.typing import Final
+
+log = logging.getLogger("cibw")
+
+# Looking up the dir instead of using utils.resources_dir
+# since we want to write to it.
+DIR: Final[Path] = Path(__file__).parent.parent.resolve()
+RESOURCES_DIR: Final[Path] = DIR / "cibuildwheel/resources"
+
+GET_VIRTUALENV_GITHUB: Final[str] = "https://github.com/pypa/get-virtualenv"
+GET_VIRTUALENV_URL_TEMPLATE: Final[
+    str
+] = f"{GET_VIRTUALENV_GITHUB}/blob/{{version}}/public/virtualenv.pyz?raw=true"
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, order=True)
+class VersionTuple:
+    version: Version
+    version_string: str
+
+
+def git_ls_remote_versions(url) -> list[VersionTuple]:
+    versions: list[VersionTuple] = []
+    tags = subprocess.run(
+        ["git", "ls-remote", "--tags", url], check=True, text=True, capture_output=True
+    ).stdout.splitlines()
+    for tag in tags:
+        _, ref = tag.split()
+        assert ref.startswith("refs/tags/")
+        version_string = ref[10:]
+        try:
+            version = Version(version_string)
+            if version.is_devrelease:
+                log.info(f"Ignoring development release '{version}'")
+                continue
+            if version.is_prerelease:
+                log.info(f"Ignoring pre-release '{version}'")
+                continue
+            versions.append(VersionTuple(version, version_string))
+        except InvalidVersion:
+            log.warning(f"Ignoring ref '{ref}'")
+    versions.sort(reverse=True)
+    return versions
+
+
+@click.command()
+@click.option("--force", is_flag=True)
+@click.option(
+    "--level", default="INFO", type=click.Choice(["WARNING", "INFO", "DEBUG"], case_sensitive=False)
+)
+def update_virtualenv(force: bool, level: str) -> None:
+    logging.basicConfig(
+        level="INFO",
+        format="%(message)s",
+        datefmt="[%X]",
+        handlers=[RichHandler(rich_tracebacks=True, markup=True)],
+    )
+    log.setLevel(level)
+
+    toml_file_path = RESOURCES_DIR / "virtualenv.toml"
+
+    original_toml = toml_file_path.read_text()
+    with toml_file_path.open("rb") as f:
+        loaded_file = tomllib.load(f)
+    version = str(loaded_file["version"])
+    versions = git_ls_remote_versions(GET_VIRTUALENV_GITHUB)
+    if versions[0].version > Version(version):
+        version = versions[0].version_string
+
+    result_toml = (
+        f'version = "{version}"\n'
+        f'url = "{GET_VIRTUALENV_URL_TEMPLATE.format(version=version)}"\n'
+    )
+
+    rich.print()  # spacer
+
+    if original_toml == result_toml:
+        rich.print("[green]Check complete, virtualenv version unchanged.")
+        return
+
+    rich.print("virtualenv version updated.")
+    rich.print("Changes:")
+    rich.print()
+
+    toml_relpath = toml_file_path.relative_to(DIR).as_posix()
+    diff_lines = difflib.unified_diff(
+        original_toml.splitlines(keepends=True),
+        result_toml.splitlines(keepends=True),
+        fromfile=toml_relpath,
+        tofile=toml_relpath,
+    )
+    rich.print(Syntax("".join(diff_lines), "diff", theme="ansi_light"))
+    rich.print()
+
+    if force:
+        toml_file_path.write_text(result_toml)
+        rich.print("[green]TOML file updated.")
+    else:
+        rich.print("[yellow]File left unchanged. Use --force flag to update.")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    update_virtualenv()

cibuildwheel/__init__.py

@@ -1 +1,3 @@
-__version__ = "2.0.1"
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+__version__ = "2.12.1"

cibuildwheel/__main__.py

@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 import os
+import shutil
 import sys
+import tarfile
 import textwrap
-import traceback
-from configparser import ConfigParser
+import typing
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Set, Union
-
-from packaging.specifiers import SpecifierSet
+from tempfile import mkdtemp
 
 import cibuildwheel
 import cibuildwheel.linux
@@ -15,36 +16,21 @@ import cibuildwheel.macos
 import cibuildwheel.util
 import cibuildwheel.windows
 from cibuildwheel.architecture import Architecture, allowed_architectures_check
-from cibuildwheel.environment import EnvironmentParseError, parse_environment
-from cibuildwheel.options import ConfigOptions
-from cibuildwheel.projectfiles import get_requires_python_str
+from cibuildwheel.logger import log
+from cibuildwheel.options import CommandLineArguments, Options, compute_options
 from cibuildwheel.typing import PLATFORMS, PlatformName, assert_never
 from cibuildwheel.util import (
-    BuildFrontend,
-    BuildOptions,
+    CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
     BuildSelector,
-    DependencyConstraints,
-    TestSelector,
+    CIProvider,
     Unbuffered,
+    chdir,
     detect_ci_provider,
-    resources_dir,
-)
-
-MANYLINUX_ARCHS = (
-    "x86_64",
-    "i686",
-    "pypy_x86_64",
-    "aarch64",
-    "ppc64le",
-    "s390x",
-    "pypy_aarch64",
-    "pypy_i686",
+    fix_ansi_codes_for_github_actions,
 )
 
 
 def main() -> None:
-    platform: PlatformName
-
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
         description="Build wheels for all the platforms.",
         epilog="""
@@ -57,14 +43,13 @@ def main() -> None:
     parser.add_argument(
         "--platform",
         choices=["auto", "linux", "macos", "windows"],
-        default=os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "auto"),
+        default=None,
         help="""
-            Platform to build for. For "linux" you need docker running, on Mac
-            or Linux. For "macos", you need a Mac machine, and note that this
-            script is going to automatically install MacPython on your system,
-            so don't run on your development machine. For "windows", you need to
-            run in Windows, and it will build and test for all versions of
-            Python. Default: auto.
+            Platform to build for. Use this option to override the
+            auto-detected platform or to run cibuildwheel on your development
+            machine. Specifying "macos" or "windows" only works on that
+            operating system, but "linux" works on all three, as long as
+            Docker/Podman is installed. Default: auto.
         """,
     )
 
@@ -82,28 +67,47 @@ def main() -> None:
         """,
     )
 
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--only",
+        default=None,
+        help="""
+            Force a single wheel build when given an identifier. Overrides
+            CIBW_BUILD/CIBW_SKIP. --platform and --arch cannot be specified
+            if this is given.
+        """,
+    )
+
     parser.add_argument(
         "--output-dir",
-        help="Destination folder for the wheels.",
+        type=Path,
+        default=Path(os.environ.get("CIBW_OUTPUT_DIR", "wheelhouse")),
+        help="Destination folder for the wheels. Default: wheelhouse.",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
         "--config-file",
+        default="",
         help="""
-            TOML config file for cibuildwheel. Defaults to pyproject.toml, but
-            can be overridden with this option.
+            TOML config file. Default: "", meaning {package}/pyproject.toml, if
+            it exists. To refer to a project inside your project, use {package};
+            this matters if you build from an SDist.
         """,
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
         "package_dir",
-        default=".",
+        metavar="PACKAGE",
+        default=Path("."),
+        type=Path,
         nargs="?",
         help="""
-            Path to the package that you want wheels for. Must be a subdirectory of
-            the working directory. When set, the working directory is still
-            considered the 'project' and is copied into the Docker container on
-            Linux. Default: the working directory.
+            Path to the package that you want wheels for. Default: the working
+            directory. Can be a directory inside the working directory, or an
+            sdist. When set to a directory, the working directory is still
+            considered the 'project' and is copied into the build container
+            on Linux.  When set to a tar.gz sdist file, --config-file
+            and --output-dir are relative to the current directory, and other
+            paths are relative to the expanded SDist directory.
         """,
     )
 
@@ -125,10 +129,79 @@ def main() -> None:
         help="Enable pre-release Python versions if available.",
     )
 
-    args = parser.parse_args()
+    args = CommandLineArguments(**vars(parser.parse_args()))
 
-    if args.platform != "auto":
-        platform = args.platform
+    args.package_dir = args.package_dir.resolve()
+
+    # This are always relative to the base directory, even in SDist builds
+    args.output_dir = args.output_dir.resolve()
+
+    # Standard builds if a directory or non-existent path is given
+    if not args.package_dir.is_file() and not args.package_dir.name.endswith("tar.gz"):
+        build_in_directory(args)
+        return
+
+    # Tarfile builds require extraction and changing the directory
+    temp_dir = Path(mkdtemp(prefix="cibw-sdist-")).resolve(strict=True)
+    try:
+        with tarfile.open(args.package_dir) as tar:
+            tar.extractall(path=temp_dir)
+
+        # The extract directory is now the project dir
+        try:
+            (project_dir,) = temp_dir.iterdir()
+        except ValueError:
+            msg = "invalid sdist: didn't contain a single dir"
+            raise SystemExit(msg) from None
+
+        # This is now the new package dir
+        args.package_dir = project_dir.resolve()
+
+        with chdir(temp_dir):
+            build_in_directory(args)
+    finally:
+        # avoid https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/86962 by performing
+        # cleanup manually
+        shutil.rmtree(temp_dir, ignore_errors=sys.platform.startswith("win"))
+        if temp_dir.exists():
+            log.warning(f"Can't delete temporary folder '{temp_dir}'")
+
+
+def build_in_directory(args: CommandLineArguments) -> None:
+    platform_option_value = args.platform or os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "auto")
+    platform: PlatformName
+
+    if args.only:
+        if "linux_" in args.only:
+            platform = "linux"
+        elif "macosx_" in args.only:
+            platform = "macos"
+        elif "win_" in args.only or "win32" in args.only:
+            platform = "windows"
+        else:
+            print(
+                f"Invalid --only='{args.only}', must be a build selector with a known platform",
+                file=sys.stderr,
+            )
+            sys.exit(2)
+        if args.platform is not None:
+            print(
+                "--platform cannot be specified with --only, it is computed from --only",
+                file=sys.stderr,
+            )
+            sys.exit(2)
+        if args.archs is not None:
+            print(
+                "--arch cannot be specified with --only, it is computed from --only",
+                file=sys.stderr,
+            )
+            sys.exit(2)
+    elif platform_option_value != "auto":
+        if platform_option_value not in PLATFORMS:
+            print(f"cibuildwheel: Unsupported platform: {platform_option_value}", file=sys.stderr)
+            sys.exit(2)
+
+        platform = typing.cast(PlatformName, platform_option_value)
     else:
         ci_provider = detect_ci_provider()
         if ci_provider is None:
@@ -136,9 +209,9 @@ def main() -> None:
                 textwrap.dedent(
                     """
                     cibuildwheel: Unable to detect platform. cibuildwheel should run on your CI server;
-                    Travis CI, AppVeyor, Azure Pipelines, GitHub Actions, CircleCI, and Gitlab are
-                    supported. You can run on your development machine or other CI providers using the
-                    --platform argument. Check --help output for more information.
+                    Travis CI, AppVeyor, Azure Pipelines, GitHub Actions, CircleCI, Gitlab, and Cirrus CI
+                    are supported. You can run on your development machine or other CI providers
+                    using the --platform argument. Check --help output for more information.
                     """
                 ),
                 file=sys.stderr,
@@ -158,60 +231,9 @@ def main() -> None:
             )
             sys.exit(2)
 
-    if platform not in PLATFORMS:
-        print(f"cibuildwheel: Unsupported platform: {platform}", file=sys.stderr)
-        sys.exit(2)
-
-    package_dir = Path(args.package_dir)
-
-    manylinux_identifiers = {
-        f"manylinux-{build_platform}-image" for build_platform in MANYLINUX_ARCHS
-    }
-    disallow = {
-        "linux": {"dependency-versions"},
-        "macos": manylinux_identifiers,
-        "windows": manylinux_identifiers,
-    }
-    options = ConfigOptions(package_dir, args.config_file, platform=platform, disallow=disallow)
-    output_dir = Path(
-        args.output_dir
-        if args.output_dir is not None
-        else os.environ.get("CIBW_OUTPUT_DIR", "wheelhouse")
-    )
-
-    build_config = options("build", env_plat=False, sep=" ") or "*"
-    skip_config = options("skip", env_plat=False, sep=" ")
-    test_skip = options("test-skip", env_plat=False, sep=" ")
-
-    archs_config_str = args.archs or options("archs", sep=" ")
-
-    build_frontend_str = options("build-frontend", env_plat=False)
-    environment_config = options("environment", table={"item": '{k}="{v}"', "sep": " "})
-    before_all = options("before-all", sep=" && ")
-    before_build = options("before-build", sep=" && ")
-    repair_command = options("repair-wheel-command", sep=" && ")
-
-    dependency_versions = options("dependency-versions")
-    test_command = options("test-command", sep=" && ")
-    before_test = options("before-test", sep=" && ")
-    test_requires = options("test-requires", sep=" ").split()
-    test_extras = options("test-extras", sep=",")
-    build_verbosity_str = options("build-verbosity")
-
-    prerelease_pythons = args.prerelease_pythons or cibuildwheel.util.strtobool(
-        os.environ.get("CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS", "0")
-    )
-
-    build_frontend: BuildFrontend
-    if build_frontend_str == "build":
-        build_frontend = "build"
-    elif build_frontend_str == "pip":
-        build_frontend = "pip"
-    else:
-        msg = f"cibuildwheel: Unrecognised build frontend '{build_frontend}', only 'pip' and 'build' are supported"
-        print(msg, file=sys.stderr)
-        sys.exit(2)
+    options = compute_options(platform=platform, command_line_arguments=args, env=os.environ)
 
+    package_dir = options.globals.package_dir
     package_files = {"setup.py", "setup.cfg", "pyproject.toml"}
 
     if not any(package_dir.joinpath(name).exists() for name in package_files):
@@ -220,150 +242,70 @@ def main() -> None:
         print(msg, file=sys.stderr)
         sys.exit(2)
 
-    # This is not supported in tool.cibuildwheel, as it comes from a standard location.
-    # Passing this in as an environment variable will override pyproject.toml, setup.cfg, or setup.py
-    requires_python_str: Optional[str] = os.environ.get(
-        "CIBW_PROJECT_REQUIRES_PYTHON"
-    ) or get_requires_python_str(package_dir)
-    requires_python = None if requires_python_str is None else SpecifierSet(requires_python_str)
-
-    deprecated_selectors("CIBW_BUILD", build_config, error=True)
-    deprecated_selectors("CIBW_SKIP", skip_config)
-    deprecated_selectors("CIBW_TEST_SKIP", test_skip)
-
-    build_selector = BuildSelector(
-        build_config=build_config,
-        skip_config=skip_config,
-        requires_python=requires_python,
-        prerelease_pythons=prerelease_pythons,
+    identifiers = get_build_identifiers(
+        platform=platform,
+        build_selector=options.globals.build_selector,
+        architectures=options.globals.architectures,
     )
-    test_selector = TestSelector(skip_config=test_skip)
-
-    try:
-        environment = parse_environment(environment_config)
-    except (EnvironmentParseError, ValueError):
-        print(f'cibuildwheel: Malformed environment option "{environment_config}"', file=sys.stderr)
-        traceback.print_exc(None, sys.stderr)
-        sys.exit(2)
-
-    if dependency_versions == "pinned":
-        dependency_constraints: Optional[
-            DependencyConstraints
-        ] = DependencyConstraints.with_defaults()
-    elif dependency_versions == "latest":
-        dependency_constraints = None
-    else:
-        dependency_versions_path = Path(dependency_versions)
-        dependency_constraints = DependencyConstraints(dependency_versions_path)
-
-    if test_extras:
-        test_extras = f"[{test_extras}]"
-
-    try:
-        build_verbosity = min(3, max(-3, int(build_verbosity_str)))
-    except ValueError:
-        build_verbosity = 0
-
-    # Add CIBUILDWHEEL environment variable
-    # This needs to be passed on to the docker container in linux.py
-    os.environ["CIBUILDWHEEL"] = "1"
-
-    archs = Architecture.parse_config(archs_config_str, platform=platform)
-
-    identifiers = get_build_identifiers(platform, build_selector, archs)
 
     if args.print_build_identifiers:
         for identifier in identifiers:
             print(identifier)
         sys.exit(0)
 
-    manylinux_images: Dict[str, str] = {}
-    if platform == "linux":
-        pinned_docker_images_file = resources_dir / "pinned_docker_images.cfg"
-        all_pinned_docker_images = ConfigParser()
-        all_pinned_docker_images.read(pinned_docker_images_file)
-        # all_pinned_docker_images looks like a dict of dicts, e.g.
-        # { 'x86_64': {'manylinux1': '...', 'manylinux2010': '...', 'manylinux2014': '...'},
-        #   'i686': {'manylinux1': '...', 'manylinux2010': '...', 'manylinux2014': '...'},
-        #   'pypy_x86_64': {'manylinux2010': '...' }
-        #   ... }
-
-        for build_platform in MANYLINUX_ARCHS:
-            pinned_images = all_pinned_docker_images[build_platform]
-
-            config_value = options(f"manylinux-{build_platform}-image")
-
-            if config_value is None:
-                # default to manylinux2010 if it's available, otherwise manylinux2014
-                image = pinned_images.get("manylinux2010") or pinned_images.get("manylinux2014")
-            elif config_value in pinned_images:
-                image = pinned_images[config_value]
-            else:
-                image = config_value
-
-            manylinux_images[build_platform] = image
-
-    build_options = BuildOptions(
-        architectures=archs,
-        package_dir=package_dir,
-        output_dir=output_dir,
-        test_command=test_command,
-        test_requires=test_requires,
-        test_extras=test_extras,
-        before_test=before_test,
-        before_build=before_build,
-        before_all=before_all,
-        build_verbosity=build_verbosity,
-        build_selector=build_selector,
-        test_selector=test_selector,
-        repair_command=repair_command,
-        environment=environment,
-        dependency_constraints=dependency_constraints,
-        manylinux_images=manylinux_images or None,
-        build_frontend=build_frontend,
-    )
+    # Add CIBUILDWHEEL environment variable
+    os.environ["CIBUILDWHEEL"] = "1"
 
     # Python is buffering by default when running on the CI platforms, giving problems interleaving subprocess call output with unflushed calls to 'print'
-    sys.stdout = Unbuffered(sys.stdout)  # type: ignore
+    sys.stdout = Unbuffered(sys.stdout)  # type: ignore[assignment]
 
-    print_preamble(platform, build_options)
+    # create the cache dir before it gets printed & builds performed
+    CIBW_CACHE_PATH.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    print_preamble(platform=platform, options=options, identifiers=identifiers)
 
     try:
-        allowed_architectures_check(platform, build_options.architectures)
+        options.check_for_invalid_configuration(identifiers)
+        allowed_architectures_check(platform, options.globals.architectures)
     except ValueError as err:
         print("cibuildwheel:", *err.args, file=sys.stderr)
         sys.exit(4)
 
     if not identifiers:
-        print(f"cibuildwheel: No build identifiers selected: {build_selector}", file=sys.stderr)
+        print(
+            f"cibuildwheel: No build identifiers selected: {options.globals.build_selector}",
+            file=sys.stderr,
+        )
         if not args.allow_empty:
             sys.exit(3)
 
+    output_dir = options.globals.output_dir
+
     if not output_dir.exists():
         output_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
 
-    with cibuildwheel.util.print_new_wheels(
-        "\n{n} wheels produced in {m:.0f} minutes:", output_dir
-    ):
-        if platform == "linux":
-            cibuildwheel.linux.build(build_options)
-        elif platform == "windows":
-            cibuildwheel.windows.build(build_options)
-        elif platform == "macos":
-            cibuildwheel.macos.build(build_options)
-        else:
-            assert_never(platform)
+    tmp_path = Path(mkdtemp(prefix="cibw-run-")).resolve(strict=True)
+    try:
+        with cibuildwheel.util.print_new_wheels(
+            "\n{n} wheels produced in {m:.0f} minutes:", output_dir
+        ):
+            if platform == "linux":
+                cibuildwheel.linux.build(options, tmp_path)
+            elif platform == "windows":
+                cibuildwheel.windows.build(options, tmp_path)
+            elif platform == "macos":
+                cibuildwheel.macos.build(options, tmp_path)
+            else:
+                assert_never(platform)
+    finally:
+        # avoid https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/86962 by performing
+        # cleanup manually
+        shutil.rmtree(tmp_path, ignore_errors=sys.platform.startswith("win"))
+        if tmp_path.exists():
+            log.warning(f"Can't delete temporary folder '{tmp_path}'")
 
 
-def deprecated_selectors(name: str, selector: str, *, error: bool = False) -> None:
-    if "p2" in selector or "p35" in selector:
-        msg = f"cibuildwheel 2.x no longer supports Python < 3.6. Please use the 1.x series or update {name}"
-        print(msg, file=sys.stderr)
-        if error:
-            sys.exit(4)
-
-
-def print_preamble(platform: str, build_options: BuildOptions) -> None:
+def print_preamble(platform: str, options: Options, identifiers: list[str]) -> None:
     print(
         textwrap.dedent(
             """
@@ -378,11 +320,16 @@ def print_preamble(platform: str, build_options: BuildOptions) -> None:
     print(f"cibuildwheel version {cibuildwheel.__version__}\n")
 
     print("Build options:")
-    print(f"  platform: {platform!r}")
-    for option, value in sorted(build_options._asdict().items()):
-        print(f"  {option}: {value!r}")
+    print(f"  platform: {platform}")
+    options_summary = textwrap.indent(options.summary(identifiers), "  ")
+    if detect_ci_provider() == CIProvider.github_actions:
+        options_summary = fix_ansi_codes_for_github_actions(options_summary)
+    print(options_summary)
 
-    warnings = detect_warnings(platform, build_options)
+    print()
+    print(f"Cache folder: {CIBW_CACHE_PATH}")
+
+    warnings = detect_warnings(options=options, identifiers=identifiers)
     if warnings:
         print("\nWarnings:")
         for warning in warnings:
@@ -392,13 +339,13 @@ def print_preamble(platform: str, build_options: BuildOptions) -> None:
 
 
 def get_build_identifiers(
-    platform: PlatformName, build_selector: BuildSelector, architectures: Set[Architecture]
-) -> List[str]:
-    python_configurations: Union[
-        List[cibuildwheel.linux.PythonConfiguration],
-        List[cibuildwheel.windows.PythonConfiguration],
-        List[cibuildwheel.macos.PythonConfiguration],
-    ]
+    platform: PlatformName, build_selector: BuildSelector, architectures: set[Architecture]
+) -> list[str]:
+    python_configurations: (
+        list[cibuildwheel.linux.PythonConfiguration]
+        | list[cibuildwheel.windows.PythonConfiguration]
+        | list[cibuildwheel.macos.PythonConfiguration]
+    )
 
     if platform == "linux":
         python_configurations = cibuildwheel.linux.get_python_configurations(
@@ -418,14 +365,14 @@ def get_build_identifiers(
     return [config.identifier for config in python_configurations]
 
 
-def detect_warnings(platform: str, build_options: BuildOptions) -> List[str]:
+def detect_warnings(*, options: Options, identifiers: list[str]) -> list[str]:
     warnings = []
 
     # warn about deprecated {python} and {pip}
     for option_name in ["test_command", "before_build"]:
-        option_value = getattr(build_options, option_name)
+        option_values = [getattr(options.build_options(i), option_name) for i in identifiers]
 
-        if option_value and ("{python}" in option_value or "{pip}" in option_value):
+        if any(o and ("{python}" in o or "{pip}" in o) for o in option_values):
             # Reminder: in an f-string, double braces means literal single brace
             msg = (
                 f"{option_name}: '{{python}}' and '{{pip}}' are no longer needed, "

cibuildwheel/architecture.py

@@ -1,12 +1,20 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import functools
 import platform as platform_module
 import re
+import sys
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import Set
 
-from .typing import Literal, PlatformName, assert_never
+from .typing import Final, Literal, PlatformName, assert_never
 
-PRETTY_NAMES = {"linux": "Linux", "macos": "macOS", "windows": "Windows"}
+PRETTY_NAMES: Final = {"linux": "Linux", "macos": "macOS", "windows": "Windows"}
+
+ARCH_SYNONYMS: Final[list[dict[PlatformName, str | None]]] = [
+    {"linux": "x86_64", "macos": "x86_64", "windows": "AMD64"},
+    {"linux": "i686", "macos": None, "windows": "x86"},
+    {"linux": "aarch64", "macos": "arm64", "windows": "ARM64"},
+]
 
 
 @functools.total_ordering
@@ -29,13 +37,17 @@ class Architecture(Enum):
     # windows archs
     x86 = "x86"
     AMD64 = "AMD64"
+    ARM64 = "ARM64"
 
     # Allow this to be sorted
-    def __lt__(self, other: "Architecture") -> bool:
+    def __lt__(self, other: Architecture) -> bool:
         return self.value < other.value
 
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self.name
+
     @staticmethod
-    def parse_config(config: str, platform: PlatformName) -> "Set[Architecture]":
+    def parse_config(config: str, platform: PlatformName) -> set[Architecture]:
         result = set()
         for arch_str in re.split(r"[\s,]+", config):
             if arch_str == "auto":
@@ -53,42 +65,60 @@ class Architecture(Enum):
         return result
 
     @staticmethod
-    def auto_archs(platform: PlatformName) -> "Set[Architecture]":
-        native_architecture = Architecture(platform_module.machine())
+    def auto_archs(platform: PlatformName) -> set[Architecture]:
+        native_machine = platform_module.machine()
+
+        # Cross-platform support. Used for --print-build-identifiers or docker builds.
+        host_platform: PlatformName = (
+            "windows"
+            if sys.platform.startswith("win")
+            else ("macos" if sys.platform.startswith("darwin") else "linux")
+        )
+
+        native_architecture = Architecture(native_machine)
+
+        # we might need to rename the native arch to the machine we're running
+        # on, as the same arch can have different names on different platforms
+        if host_platform != platform:
+            for arch_synonym in ARCH_SYNONYMS:
+                if native_machine == arch_synonym.get(host_platform):
+                    synonym = arch_synonym[platform]
+
+                    if synonym is None:
+                        # can't build anything on this platform
+                        return set()
+
+                    native_architecture = Architecture(synonym)
+
         result = {native_architecture}
 
-        if platform == "linux" and native_architecture == Architecture.x86_64:
-            # x86_64 machines can run i686 docker containers
+        if platform == "linux" and Architecture.x86_64 in result:
+            # x86_64 machines can run i686 containers
             result.add(Architecture.i686)
 
-        if platform == "windows" and native_architecture == Architecture.AMD64:
+        if platform == "windows" and Architecture.AMD64 in result:
             result.add(Architecture.x86)
 
-        if platform == "macos" and native_architecture == Architecture.arm64:
-            # arm64 can build and test both archs of a universal2 wheel.
-            result.add(Architecture.universal2)
-
         return result
 
     @staticmethod
-    def all_archs(platform: PlatformName) -> "Set[Architecture]":
-        if platform == "linux":
-            return {
+    def all_archs(platform: PlatformName) -> set[Architecture]:
+        all_archs_map = {
+            "linux": {
                 Architecture.x86_64,
                 Architecture.i686,
                 Architecture.aarch64,
                 Architecture.ppc64le,
                 Architecture.s390x,
-            }
-        elif platform == "macos":
-            return {Architecture.x86_64, Architecture.arm64, Architecture.universal2}
-        elif platform == "windows":
-            return {Architecture.x86, Architecture.AMD64}
-        else:
-            assert_never(platform)
+            },
+            "macos": {Architecture.x86_64, Architecture.arm64, Architecture.universal2},
+            "windows": {Architecture.x86, Architecture.AMD64, Architecture.ARM64},
+        }
+        return all_archs_map[platform]
 
     @staticmethod
-    def bitness_archs(platform: PlatformName, bitness: Literal["64", "32"]) -> "Set[Architecture]":
+    # pylint: disable-next=inconsistent-return-statements
+    def bitness_archs(platform: PlatformName, bitness: Literal["64", "32"]) -> set[Architecture]:
         archs_32 = {Architecture.i686, Architecture.x86}
         auto_archs = Architecture.auto_archs(platform)
 
@@ -102,9 +132,8 @@ class Architecture(Enum):
 
 def allowed_architectures_check(
     platform: PlatformName,
-    architectures: Set[Architecture],
+    architectures: set[Architecture],
 ) -> None:
-
     allowed_architectures = Architecture.all_archs(platform)
 
     msg = f"{PRETTY_NAMES[platform]} only supports {sorted(allowed_architectures)} at the moment."

cibuildwheel/bashlex_eval.py

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import subprocess
-from typing import Callable, Dict, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Sequence
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Callable, Dict, List, Sequence
 
 import bashlex
 
@@ -7,20 +10,19 @@ import bashlex
 EnvironmentExecutor = Callable[[List[str], Dict[str, str]], str]
 
 
-def local_environment_executor(command: List[str], env: Dict[str, str]) -> str:
-    return subprocess.run(
-        command, env=env, universal_newlines=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, check=True
-    ).stdout
+def local_environment_executor(command: list[str], env: dict[str, str]) -> str:
+    return subprocess.run(command, env=env, text=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, check=True).stdout
 
 
-class NodeExecutionContext(NamedTuple):
-    environment: Dict[str, str]
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class NodeExecutionContext:
+    environment: dict[str, str]
     input: str
     executor: EnvironmentExecutor
 
 
 def evaluate(
-    value: str, environment: Dict[str, str], executor: Optional[EnvironmentExecutor] = None
+    value: str, environment: dict[str, str], executor: EnvironmentExecutor | None = None
 ) -> str:
     if not value:
         # empty string evaluates to empty string
@@ -30,7 +32,8 @@ def evaluate(
     command_node = bashlex.parsesingle(value)
 
     if len(command_node.parts) != 1:
-        raise ValueError(f'"{value}" has too many parts')
+        msg = f"{value!r} has too many parts"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
 
     value_word_node = command_node.parts[0]
 
@@ -52,7 +55,8 @@ def evaluate_node(node: bashlex.ast.node, context: NodeExecutionContext) -> str:
     elif node.kind == "parameter":
         return evaluate_parameter_node(node, context=context)
     else:
-        raise ValueError(f'Unsupported bash construct: "{node.kind}"')
+        msg = f"Unsupported bash construct: {node.kind!r}"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
 
 
 def evaluate_word_node(node: bashlex.ast.node, context: NodeExecutionContext) -> str:
@@ -63,10 +67,8 @@ def evaluate_word_node(node: bashlex.ast.node, context: NodeExecutionContext) ->
         part_value = evaluate_node(part, context=context)
 
         if part_string not in value:
-            raise RuntimeError(
-                f'bash parse failed. part "{part_string}" not found in "{value}". '
-                f'Word was "{node.word}". Full input was "{context.input}"'
-            )
+            msg = f"bash parse failed. part {part_string!r} not found in {value!r}. Word was {node.word!r}. Full input was {context.input!r}"
+            raise RuntimeError(msg)
 
         value = value.replace(part_string, part_value, 1)
 
@@ -93,15 +95,17 @@ def evaluate_nodes_as_compound_command(
             result += evaluate_command_node(node, context=context)
         elif node.kind == "operator":
             if node.op != ";":
-                raise ValueError(f'Unsupported bash operator: "{node.op}"')
+                msg = f"Unsupported bash operator: {node.op!r}"
+                raise ValueError(msg)
         else:
-            raise ValueError(f'Unsupported bash node in compound command: "{node.kind}"')
+            msg = f"Unsupported bash node in compound command: {node.kind!r}"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
 
     return result
 
 
 def evaluate_nodes_as_simple_command(
-    nodes: List[bashlex.ast.node], context: NodeExecutionContext
+    nodes: list[bashlex.ast.node], context: NodeExecutionContext
 ) -> str:
     command = [evaluate_node(part, context=context) for part in nodes]
     return context.executor(command, context.environment)

cibuildwheel/docker_container.py

@@ -1,242 +0,0 @@
-import io
-import json
-import os
-import shlex
-import subprocess
-import sys
-import uuid
-from pathlib import Path, PurePath
-from types import TracebackType
-from typing import IO, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Type, cast
-
-from .typing import PathOrStr, PopenBytes
-
-
-class DockerContainer:
-    """
-    An object that represents a running Docker container.
-
-    Intended for use as a context manager e.g.
-    `with DockerContainer('ubuntu') as docker:`
-
-    A bash shell is running in the remote container. When `call()` is invoked,
-    the command is relayed to the remote shell, and the results are streamed
-    back to cibuildwheel.
-    """
-
-    UTILITY_PYTHON = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38/bin/python"
-
-    process: PopenBytes
-    bash_stdin: IO[bytes]
-    bash_stdout: IO[bytes]
-
-    def __init__(
-        self, docker_image: str, simulate_32_bit: bool = False, cwd: Optional[PathOrStr] = None
-    ):
-        if not docker_image:
-            raise ValueError("Must have a non-empty docker image to run.")
-
-        self.docker_image = docker_image
-        self.simulate_32_bit = simulate_32_bit
-        self.cwd = cwd
-        self.name: Optional[str] = None
-
-    def __enter__(self) -> "DockerContainer":
-        self.name = f"cibuildwheel-{uuid.uuid4()}"
-        cwd_args = ["-w", str(self.cwd)] if self.cwd else []
-        shell_args = ["linux32", "/bin/bash"] if self.simulate_32_bit else ["/bin/bash"]
-        subprocess.run(
-            [
-                "docker",
-                "create",
-                "--env=CIBUILDWHEEL",
-                f"--name={self.name}",
-                "--interactive",
-                "--volume=/:/host",  # ignored on CircleCI
-                *cwd_args,
-                self.docker_image,
-                *shell_args,
-            ],
-            check=True,
-        )
-        self.process = subprocess.Popen(
-            [
-                "docker",
-                "start",
-                "--attach",
-                "--interactive",
-                self.name,
-            ],
-            stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
-            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-        )
-
-        assert self.process.stdin and self.process.stdout
-        self.bash_stdin = self.process.stdin
-        self.bash_stdout = self.process.stdout
-
-        # run a noop command to block until the container is responding
-        self.call(["/bin/true"])
-
-        return self
-
-    def __exit__(
-        self,
-        exc_type: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
-        exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
-        exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType],
-    ) -> None:
-
-        self.bash_stdin.close()
-        self.process.terminate()
-        self.process.wait()
-
-        assert isinstance(self.name, str)
-
-        subprocess.run(["docker", "rm", "--force", "-v", self.name], stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
-        self.name = None
-
-    def copy_into(self, from_path: Path, to_path: PurePath) -> None:
-        # `docker cp` causes 'no space left on device' error when
-        # a container is running and the host filesystem is
-        # mounted. https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/38995
-        # Use `docker exec` instead.
-
-        if from_path.is_dir():
-            self.call(["mkdir", "-p", to_path])
-            subprocess.run(
-                f"tar cf - . | docker exec -i {self.name} tar -xC {shell_quote(to_path)} -f -",
-                shell=True,
-                check=True,
-                cwd=from_path,
-            )
-        else:
-            subprocess.run(
-                f'cat {shell_quote(from_path)} | docker exec -i {self.name} sh -c "cat > {shell_quote(to_path)}"',
-                shell=True,
-                check=True,
-            )
-
-    def copy_out(self, from_path: PurePath, to_path: Path) -> None:
-        # note: we assume from_path is a dir
-        to_path.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-
-        subprocess.run(
-            f"docker exec -i {self.name} tar -cC {shell_quote(from_path)} -f - . | tar -xf -",
-            shell=True,
-            check=True,
-            cwd=to_path,
-        )
-
-    def glob(self, path: PurePath, pattern: str) -> List[PurePath]:
-        glob_pattern = os.path.join(str(path), pattern)
-
-        path_strs = json.loads(
-            self.call(
-                [
-                    self.UTILITY_PYTHON,
-                    "-c",
-                    f"import sys, json, glob; json.dump(glob.glob({glob_pattern!r}), sys.stdout)",
-                ],
-                capture_output=True,
-            )
-        )
-
-        return [PurePath(p) for p in path_strs]
-
-    def call(
-        self,
-        args: Sequence[PathOrStr],
-        env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
-        capture_output: bool = False,
-        cwd: Optional[PathOrStr] = None,
-    ) -> str:
-
-        chdir = f"cd {cwd}" if cwd else ""
-        env_assignments = (
-            " ".join(f"{shlex.quote(k)}={shlex.quote(v)}" for k, v in env.items())
-            if env is not None
-            else ""
-        )
-        command = " ".join(shlex.quote(str(a)) for a in args)
-        end_of_message = str(uuid.uuid4())
-
-        # log the command we're executing
-        print(f"    + {command}")
-
-        # Write a command to the remote shell. First we change the
-        # cwd, if that's required. Then, we use the `env` utility to run
-        # `command` inside the specified environment. We use `env` because it
-        # can cope with spaces and strange characters in the name or value.
-        # Finally, the remote shell is told to write a footer - this will show
-        # up in the output so we know when to stop reading, and will include
-        # the returncode of `command`.
-        self.bash_stdin.write(
-            bytes(
-                f"""(
-            {chdir}
-            env {env_assignments} {command}
-            printf "%04d%s\n" $? {end_of_message}
-        )
-        """,
-                encoding="utf8",
-                errors="surrogateescape",
-            )
-        )
-        self.bash_stdin.flush()
-
-        if capture_output:
-            output_io: IO[bytes] = io.BytesIO()
-        else:
-            output_io = sys.stdout.buffer
-
-        while True:
-            line = self.bash_stdout.readline()
-
-            if line.endswith(bytes(end_of_message, encoding="utf8") + b"\n"):
-                # fmt: off
-                footer_offset = (
-                    len(line)
-                    - 1  # newline character
-                    - len(end_of_message)  # delimiter
-                    - 4  # 4 returncode decimals
-                )
-                # fmt: on
-                returncode_str = line[footer_offset : footer_offset + 4]
-                returncode = int(returncode_str)
-                # add the last line to output, without the footer
-                output_io.write(line[0:footer_offset])
-                break
-            else:
-                output_io.write(line)
-
-        if isinstance(output_io, io.BytesIO):
-            output = str(output_io.getvalue(), encoding="utf8", errors="surrogateescape")
-        else:
-            output = ""
-
-        if returncode != 0:
-            raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(returncode, args, output)
-
-        return output
-
-    def get_environment(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
-        env = json.loads(
-            self.call(
-                [
-                    self.UTILITY_PYTHON,
-                    "-c",
-                    "import sys, json, os; json.dump(os.environ.copy(), sys.stdout)",
-                ],
-                capture_output=True,
-            )
-        )
-        return cast(Dict[str, str], env)
-
-    def environment_executor(self, command: List[str], environment: Dict[str, str]) -> str:
-        # used as an EnvironmentExecutor to evaluate commands and capture output
-        return self.call(command, env=environment, capture_output=True)
-
-
-def shell_quote(path: PurePath) -> str:
-    return shlex.quote(str(path))

cibuildwheel/environment.py

@@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
-from typing import Dict, List, Mapping, Optional
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import dataclasses
+from typing import Any, Mapping, Sequence
 
 import bashlex
+import bashlex.errors
+
+from cibuildwheel.typing import Protocol
 
 from . import bashlex_eval
 
@@ -9,7 +15,7 @@ class EnvironmentParseError(Exception):
     pass
 
 
-def split_env_items(env_string: str) -> List[str]:
+def split_env_items(env_string: str) -> list[str]:
     """Splits space-separated variable assignments into a list of individual assignments.
 
     >>> split_env_items('VAR=abc')
@@ -28,7 +34,11 @@ def split_env_items(env_string: str) -> List[str]:
     if not env_string:
         return []
 
-    command_node = bashlex.parsesingle(env_string)
+    try:
+        command_node = bashlex.parsesingle(env_string)
+    except bashlex.errors.ParsingError as e:
+        raise EnvironmentParseError(env_string) from e
+
     result = []
 
     for word_node in command_node.parts:
@@ -38,7 +48,40 @@ def split_env_items(env_string: str) -> List[str]:
     return result
 
 
-class EnvironmentAssignment:
+class EnvironmentAssignment(Protocol):
+    name: str
+
+    def evaluated_value(
+        self,
+        *,
+        environment: dict[str, str],
+        executor: bashlex_eval.EnvironmentExecutor | None = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Returns the value of this assignment, as evaluated in the environment"""
+
+
+class EnvironmentAssignmentRaw:
+    """
+    An environment variable - a simple name/value pair
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, value: str):
+        self.name = name
+        self.value = value
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.name}={self.value}"
+
+    def evaluated_value(self, **_: Any) -> str:
+        return self.value
+
+
+class EnvironmentAssignmentBash:
+    """
+    An environment variable, in bash syntax. The value can use bash constructs
+    like "$OTHER_VAR" and "$(command arg1 arg2)".
+    """
+
     def __init__(self, assignment: str):
         name, equals, value = assignment.partition("=")
         if not equals:
@@ -48,29 +91,33 @@ class EnvironmentAssignment:
 
     def evaluated_value(
         self,
-        environment: Dict[str, str],
-        executor: Optional[bashlex_eval.EnvironmentExecutor] = None,
+        environment: dict[str, str],
+        executor: bashlex_eval.EnvironmentExecutor | None = None,
     ) -> str:
-        """Returns the value of this assignment, as evaluated in the environment"""
         return bashlex_eval.evaluate(self.value, environment=environment, executor=executor)
 
-    def as_shell_assignment(self) -> str:
-        return f"export {self.name}={self.value}"
-
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return f"{self.name}={self.value}"
 
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(other, EnvironmentAssignmentBash):
+            return self.name == other.name and self.value == other.value
+        return False
 
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
 class ParsedEnvironment:
-    def __init__(self, assignments: List[EnvironmentAssignment]):
-        self.assignments = assignments
+    assignments: list[EnvironmentAssignment]
+
+    def __init__(self, assignments: Sequence[EnvironmentAssignment]) -> None:
+        self.assignments = list(assignments)
 
     def as_dictionary(
         self,
         prev_environment: Mapping[str, str],
-        executor: Optional[bashlex_eval.EnvironmentExecutor] = None,
-    ) -> Dict[str, str]:
-        environment = dict(**prev_environment)
+        executor: bashlex_eval.EnvironmentExecutor | None = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, str]:
+        environment = {**prev_environment}
 
         for assignment in self.assignments:
             value = assignment.evaluated_value(environment=environment, executor=executor)
@@ -78,14 +125,17 @@ class ParsedEnvironment:
 
         return environment
 
-    def as_shell_commands(self) -> List[str]:
-        return [a.as_shell_assignment() for a in self.assignments]
+    def add(self, name: str, value: str) -> None:
+        self.assignments.append(EnvironmentAssignmentRaw(name=name, value=value))
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return f"ParsedEnvironment({[repr(a) for a in self.assignments]!r})"
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({[repr(a) for a in self.assignments]!r})"
+
+    def options_summary(self) -> Any:
+        return self.assignments
 
 
 def parse_environment(env_string: str) -> ParsedEnvironment:
     env_items = split_env_items(env_string)
-    assignments = [EnvironmentAssignment(item) for item in env_items]
+    assignments = [EnvironmentAssignmentBash(item) for item in env_items]
     return ParsedEnvironment(assignments=assignments)

cibuildwheel/extra.py

@@ -2,22 +2,32 @@
 These are utilities for the `/bin` scripts, not for the `cibuildwheel` program.
 """
 
-from typing import Any, Dict
+from __future__ import annotations
 
-import toml.encoder
-from packaging.version import Version
+from io import StringIO
+
+from .typing import Protocol
+
+__all__ = ("Printable", "dump_python_configurations")
 
 
-class InlineArrayDictEncoder(toml.encoder.TomlEncoder):  # type: ignore
-    def __init__(self) -> None:
-        super().__init__()
-        self.dump_funcs[Version] = lambda v: f'"{v}"'
+class Printable(Protocol):
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        ...
 
-    def dump_sections(self, o: Dict[str, Any], sup: str) -> Any:
-        if not all(isinstance(a, list) for a in o.values()):
-            return super().dump_sections(o, sup)
-        val = ""
-        for k, v in o.items():
-            inner = ",\n  ".join(self.dump_inline_table(d_i).strip() for d_i in v)
-            val += f"{k} = [\n  {inner},\n]\n"
-        return val, self._dict()
+
+def dump_python_configurations(inp: dict[str, dict[str, list[dict[str, Printable]]]]) -> str:
+    output = StringIO()
+    for header, values in inp.items():
+        output.write(f"[{header}]\n")
+        for inner_header, listing in values.items():
+            output.write(f"{inner_header} = [\n")
+            for item in listing:
+                output.write("  { ")
+                dict_contents = (f'{key} = "{value}"' for key, value in item.items())
+                output.write(", ".join(dict_contents))
+                output.write(" },\n")
+            output.write("]\n")
+        output.write("\n")
+    # Strip the final newline, to avoid two blank lines at the end.
+    return output.getvalue()[:-1]

cibuildwheel/functools_cached_property_38.py

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from threading import RLock
+from typing import Any, Callable, Generic, TypeVar, overload
+
+__all__ = ["cached_property"]
+
+_NOT_FOUND = object()
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+
+
+class cached_property(Generic[_T]):
+    def __init__(self, func: Callable[[Any], _T]):
+        self.func = func
+        self.attrname: str | None = None
+        self.__doc__ = func.__doc__
+        self.lock = RLock()
+
+    def __set_name__(self, owner: type[Any], name: str) -> None:
+        if self.attrname is None:
+            self.attrname = name
+        elif name != self.attrname:
+            msg = f"Cannot assign the same cached_property to two different names ({self.attrname!r} and {name!r})."
+            raise TypeError(msg)
+
+    @overload
+    def __get__(self, instance: None, owner: type[Any] | None = ...) -> cached_property[_T]:
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __get__(self, instance: object, owner: type[Any] | None = ...) -> _T:
+        ...
+
+    def __get__(self, instance: object | None, owner: type[Any] | None = None) -> Any:
+        if instance is None:
+            return self
+        if self.attrname is None:
+            msg = "Cannot use cached_property instance without calling __set_name__ on it."
+            raise TypeError(msg)
+        try:
+            cache = instance.__dict__
+        except AttributeError:  # not all objects have __dict__ (e.g. class defines slots)
+            msg = (
+                f"No '__dict__' attribute on {type(instance).__name__!r} "
+                f"instance to cache {self.attrname!r} property."
+            )
+            raise TypeError(msg) from None
+        val = cache.get(self.attrname, _NOT_FOUND)
+        if val is _NOT_FOUND:
+            with self.lock:
+                # check if another thread filled cache while we awaited lock
+                val = cache.get(self.attrname, _NOT_FOUND)
+                if val is _NOT_FOUND:
+                    val = self.func(instance)
+                    try:
+                        cache[self.attrname] = val
+                    except TypeError:
+                        msg = (
+                            f"The '__dict__' attribute on {type(instance).__name__!r} instance "
+                            f"does not support item assignment for caching {self.attrname!r} property."
+                        )
+                        raise TypeError(msg) from None
+        return val

cibuildwheel/linux.py

@@ -1,38 +1,53 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import textwrap
-from pathlib import Path, PurePath
-from typing import List, NamedTuple, Set
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path, PurePath, PurePosixPath
+from typing import Iterator, Tuple
 
 from .architecture import Architecture
-from .docker_container import DockerContainer
 from .logger import log
-from .typing import PathOrStr, assert_never
+from .oci_container import OCIContainer
+from .options import Options
+from .typing import OrderedDict, PathOrStr, assert_never
 from .util import (
-    BuildOptions,
+    AlreadyBuiltWheelError,
     BuildSelector,
     NonPlatformWheelError,
+    find_compatible_wheel,
     get_build_verbosity_extra_flags,
     prepare_command,
     read_python_configs,
+    split_config_settings,
+    test_fail_cwd_file,
+    unwrap,
 )
 
 
-class PythonConfiguration(NamedTuple):
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class PythonConfiguration:
     version: str
     identifier: str
     path_str: str
 
     @property
-    def path(self) -> PurePath:
-        return PurePath(self.path_str)
+    def path(self) -> PurePosixPath:
+        return PurePosixPath(self.path_str)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class BuildStep:
+    platform_configs: list[PythonConfiguration]
+    platform_tag: str
+    container_image: str
 
 
 def get_python_configurations(
     build_selector: BuildSelector,
-    architectures: Set[Architecture],
-) -> List[PythonConfiguration]:
-
+    architectures: set[Architecture],
+) -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
     full_python_configs = read_python_configs("linux")
 
     python_configurations = [PythonConfiguration(**item) for item in full_python_configs]
@@ -47,277 +62,399 @@ def get_python_configurations(
     ]
 
 
-def build(options: BuildOptions) -> None:
-    try:
-        # check docker is installed
-        subprocess.run(["docker", "--version"], check=True, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
-    except Exception:
+def container_image_for_python_configuration(config: PythonConfiguration, options: Options) -> str:
+    build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
+    # e.g
+    # identifier is 'cp310-manylinux_x86_64'
+    # platform_tag is 'manylinux_x86_64'
+    # platform_arch is 'x86_64'
+    _, platform_tag = config.identifier.split("-", 1)
+    _, platform_arch = platform_tag.split("_", 1)
+
+    assert build_options.manylinux_images is not None
+    assert build_options.musllinux_images is not None
+
+    return (
+        build_options.manylinux_images[platform_arch]
+        if platform_tag.startswith("manylinux")
+        else build_options.musllinux_images[platform_arch]
+    )
+
+
+def get_build_steps(
+    options: Options, python_configurations: list[PythonConfiguration]
+) -> Iterator[BuildStep]:
+    """
+    Groups PythonConfigurations into BuildSteps. Each BuildStep represents a
+    separate container instance.
+    """
+    steps = OrderedDict[Tuple[str, str, str], BuildStep]()
+
+    for config in python_configurations:
+        _, platform_tag = config.identifier.split("-", 1)
+
+        before_all = options.build_options(config.identifier).before_all
+        container_image = container_image_for_python_configuration(config, options)
+
+        step_key = (platform_tag, container_image, before_all)
+
+        if step_key in steps:
+            steps[step_key].platform_configs.append(config)
+        else:
+            steps[step_key] = BuildStep(
+                platform_configs=[config],
+                platform_tag=platform_tag,
+                container_image=container_image,
+            )
+
+    yield from steps.values()
+
+
+def check_all_python_exist(
+    *, platform_configs: list[PythonConfiguration], container: OCIContainer
+) -> None:
+    exist = True
+    messages = []
+    for config in platform_configs:
+        python_path = config.path / "bin" / "python"
+        try:
+            container.call(["test", "-x", python_path])
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+            messages.append(
+                f"  '{python_path}' executable doesn't exist in image '{container.image}' to build '{config.identifier}'."
+            )
+            exist = False
+    if not exist:
+        message = "\n".join(messages)
         print(
-            "cibuildwheel: Docker not found. Docker is required to run Linux builds. "
-            "If you're building on Travis CI, add `services: [docker]` to your .travis.yml."
-            "If you're building on Circle CI in Linux, add a `setup_remote_docker` step to your .circleci/config.yml",
+            f"cibuildwheel:\n{message}",
+            file=sys.stderr,
+        )
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+
+def build_in_container(
+    *,
+    options: Options,
+    platform_configs: list[PythonConfiguration],
+    container: OCIContainer,
+    container_project_path: PurePath,
+    container_package_dir: PurePath,
+) -> None:
+    container_output_dir = PurePosixPath("/output")
+
+    check_all_python_exist(platform_configs=platform_configs, container=container)
+
+    log.step("Copying project into container...")
+    container.copy_into(Path.cwd(), container_project_path)
+
+    before_all_options_identifier = platform_configs[0].identifier
+    before_all_options = options.build_options(before_all_options_identifier)
+
+    if before_all_options.before_all:
+        log.step("Running before_all...")
+
+        env = container.get_environment()
+        env["PATH"] = f'/opt/python/cp38-cp38/bin:{env["PATH"]}'
+        env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
+        env["PIP_ROOT_USER_ACTION"] = "ignore"
+        env = before_all_options.environment.as_dictionary(
+            env, executor=container.environment_executor
+        )
+
+        before_all_prepared = prepare_command(
+            before_all_options.before_all,
+            project=container_project_path,
+            package=container_package_dir,
+        )
+        container.call(["sh", "-c", before_all_prepared], env=env)
+
+    built_wheels: list[PurePosixPath] = []
+
+    for config in platform_configs:
+        log.build_start(config.identifier)
+        build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
+
+        dependency_constraint_flags: list[PathOrStr] = []
+
+        if build_options.dependency_constraints:
+            constraints_file = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
+                config.version
+            )
+            container_constraints_file = PurePath("/constraints.txt")
+
+            container.copy_into(constraints_file, container_constraints_file)
+            dependency_constraint_flags = ["-c", container_constraints_file]
+
+        log.step("Setting up build environment...")
+
+        env = container.get_environment()
+        env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
+        env["PIP_ROOT_USER_ACTION"] = "ignore"
+
+        # put this config's python top of the list
+        python_bin = config.path / "bin"
+        env["PATH"] = f'{python_bin}:{env["PATH"]}'
+
+        env = build_options.environment.as_dictionary(env, executor=container.environment_executor)
+
+        # check config python is still on PATH
+        which_python = container.call(["which", "python"], env=env, capture_output=True).strip()
+        if PurePosixPath(which_python) != python_bin / "python":
+            print(
+                "cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it.",
+                file=sys.stderr,
+            )
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        which_pip = container.call(["which", "pip"], env=env, capture_output=True).strip()
+        if PurePosixPath(which_pip) != python_bin / "pip":
+            print(
+                "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.",
+                file=sys.stderr,
+            )
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        compatible_wheel = find_compatible_wheel(built_wheels, config.identifier)
+        if compatible_wheel:
+            log.step_end()
+            print(
+                f"\nFound previously built wheel {compatible_wheel.name}, that's compatible with {config.identifier}. Skipping build step..."
+            )
+            repaired_wheels = [compatible_wheel]
+        else:
+            if build_options.before_build:
+                log.step("Running before_build...")
+                before_build_prepared = prepare_command(
+                    build_options.before_build,
+                    project=container_project_path,
+                    package=container_package_dir,
+                )
+                container.call(["sh", "-c", before_build_prepared], env=env)
+
+            log.step("Building wheel...")
+
+            temp_dir = PurePosixPath("/tmp/cibuildwheel")
+            built_wheel_dir = temp_dir / "built_wheel"
+            container.call(["rm", "-rf", built_wheel_dir])
+            container.call(["mkdir", "-p", built_wheel_dir])
+
+            verbosity_flags = get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(build_options.build_verbosity)
+            extra_flags = split_config_settings(
+                build_options.config_settings, build_options.build_frontend
+            )
+
+            if build_options.build_frontend == "pip":
+                extra_flags += verbosity_flags
+                container.call(
+                    [
+                        "python",
+                        "-m",
+                        "pip",
+                        "wheel",
+                        container_package_dir,
+                        f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                        "--no-deps",
+                        *extra_flags,
+                    ],
+                    env=env,
+                )
+            elif build_options.build_frontend == "build":
+                verbosity_setting = " ".join(verbosity_flags)
+                extra_flags += (f"--config-setting={verbosity_setting}",)
+                container.call(
+                    [
+                        "python",
+                        "-m",
+                        "build",
+                        container_package_dir,
+                        "--wheel",
+                        f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                        *extra_flags,
+                    ],
+                    env=env,
+                )
+            else:
+                assert_never(build_options.build_frontend)
+
+            built_wheel = container.glob(built_wheel_dir, "*.whl")[0]
+
+            repaired_wheel_dir = temp_dir / "repaired_wheel"
+            container.call(["rm", "-rf", repaired_wheel_dir])
+            container.call(["mkdir", "-p", repaired_wheel_dir])
+
+            if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
+                raise NonPlatformWheelError()
+
+            if build_options.repair_command:
+                log.step("Repairing wheel...")
+                repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(
+                    build_options.repair_command, wheel=built_wheel, dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir
+                )
+                container.call(["sh", "-c", repair_command_prepared], env=env)
+            else:
+                container.call(["mv", built_wheel, repaired_wheel_dir])
+
+            repaired_wheels = container.glob(repaired_wheel_dir, "*.whl")
+
+            for repaired_wheel in repaired_wheels:
+                if repaired_wheel.name in {wheel.name for wheel in built_wheels}:
+                    raise AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)
+
+        if build_options.test_command and build_options.test_selector(config.identifier):
+            log.step("Testing wheel...")
+
+            # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
+            # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
+            container.call(["pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env)
+
+            testing_temp_dir = PurePosixPath(
+                container.call(["mktemp", "-d"], capture_output=True).strip()
+            )
+            venv_dir = testing_temp_dir / "venv"
+
+            container.call(["python", "-m", "virtualenv", "--no-download", venv_dir], env=env)
+
+            virtualenv_env = env.copy()
+            virtualenv_env["PATH"] = f"{venv_dir / 'bin'}:{virtualenv_env['PATH']}"
+
+            if build_options.before_test:
+                before_test_prepared = prepare_command(
+                    build_options.before_test,
+                    project=container_project_path,
+                    package=container_package_dir,
+                )
+                container.call(["sh", "-c", before_test_prepared], env=virtualenv_env)
+
+            # Install the wheel we just built
+            # Note: If auditwheel produced two wheels, it's because the earlier produced wheel
+            # conforms to multiple manylinux standards. These multiple versions of the wheel are
+            # functionally the same, differing only in name, wheel metadata, and possibly include
+            # different external shared libraries. so it doesn't matter which one we run the tests on.
+            # Let's just pick the first one.
+            wheel_to_test = repaired_wheels[0]
+            container.call(
+                ["pip", "install", str(wheel_to_test) + build_options.test_extras],
+                env=virtualenv_env,
+            )
+
+            # Install any requirements to run the tests
+            if build_options.test_requires:
+                container.call(["pip", "install", *build_options.test_requires], env=virtualenv_env)
+
+            # Run the tests from a different directory
+            test_command_prepared = prepare_command(
+                build_options.test_command,
+                project=container_project_path,
+                package=container_package_dir,
+            )
+            test_cwd = testing_temp_dir / "test_cwd"
+            container.call(["mkdir", "-p", test_cwd])
+            container.copy_into(test_fail_cwd_file, test_cwd / "test_fail.py")
+
+            container.call(["sh", "-c", test_command_prepared], cwd=test_cwd, env=virtualenv_env)
+
+            # clean up test environment
+            container.call(["rm", "-rf", testing_temp_dir])
+
+        # move repaired wheels to output
+        if compatible_wheel is None:
+            container.call(["mkdir", "-p", container_output_dir])
+            container.call(["mv", *repaired_wheels, container_output_dir])
+            built_wheels.extend(
+                container_output_dir / repaired_wheel.name for repaired_wheel in repaired_wheels
+            )
+
+        log.build_end()
+
+    log.step("Copying wheels back to host...")
+    # copy the output back into the host
+    container.copy_out(container_output_dir, options.globals.output_dir)
+    log.step_end()
+
+
+def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:  # noqa: ARG001
+    try:
+        # check the container engine is installed
+        subprocess.run(
+            [options.globals.container_engine, "--version"], check=True, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL
+        )
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+        print(
+            unwrap(
+                f"""
+                cibuildwheel: {options.globals.container_engine} not found. An
+                OCI exe like Docker or Podman is required to run Linux builds.
+                If you're building on Travis CI, add `services: [docker]` to
+                your .travis.yml. If you're building on Circle CI in Linux,
+                add a `setup_remote_docker` step to your .circleci/config.yml.
+                If you're building on Cirrus CI, use `docker_builder` task.
+                """
+            ),
             file=sys.stderr,
         )
         sys.exit(2)
 
-    assert options.manylinux_images is not None
-    python_configurations = get_python_configurations(options.build_selector, options.architectures)
-    platforms = [
-        ("cp", "manylinux_x86_64", options.manylinux_images["x86_64"]),
-        ("cp", "manylinux_i686", options.manylinux_images["i686"]),
-        ("cp", "manylinux_aarch64", options.manylinux_images["aarch64"]),
-        ("cp", "manylinux_ppc64le", options.manylinux_images["ppc64le"]),
-        ("cp", "manylinux_s390x", options.manylinux_images["s390x"]),
-        ("pp", "manylinux_x86_64", options.manylinux_images["pypy_x86_64"]),
-        ("pp", "manylinux_aarch64", options.manylinux_images["pypy_aarch64"]),
-        ("pp", "manylinux_i686", options.manylinux_images["pypy_i686"]),
-    ]
+    python_configurations = get_python_configurations(
+        options.globals.build_selector, options.globals.architectures
+    )
 
     cwd = Path.cwd()
-    abs_package_dir = options.package_dir.resolve()
+    abs_package_dir = options.globals.package_dir.resolve()
     if cwd != abs_package_dir and cwd not in abs_package_dir.parents:
-        raise Exception("package_dir must be inside the working directory")
+        msg = "package_dir must be inside the working directory"
+        raise Exception(msg)
 
-    container_project_path = PurePath("/project")
+    container_project_path = PurePosixPath("/project")
     container_package_dir = container_project_path / abs_package_dir.relative_to(cwd)
-    container_output_dir = PurePath("/output")
-
-    for implementation, platform_tag, docker_image in platforms:
-        platform_configs = [
-            c
-            for c in python_configurations
-            if c.identifier.startswith(implementation) and c.identifier.endswith(platform_tag)
-        ]
-        if not platform_configs:
-            continue
 
+    for build_step in get_build_steps(options, python_configurations):
         try:
-            log.step(f"Starting Docker image {docker_image}...")
-            with DockerContainer(
-                docker_image,
-                simulate_32_bit=platform_tag.endswith("i686"),
+            ids_to_build = [x.identifier for x in build_step.platform_configs]
+            log.step(f"Starting container image {build_step.container_image}...")
+
+            print(f"info: This container will host the build for {', '.join(ids_to_build)}...")
+
+            with OCIContainer(
+                image=build_step.container_image,
+                simulate_32_bit=build_step.platform_tag.endswith("i686"),
                 cwd=container_project_path,
-            ) as docker:
+                engine=options.globals.container_engine,
+            ) as container:
+                build_in_container(
+                    options=options,
+                    platform_configs=build_step.platform_configs,
+                    container=container,
+                    container_project_path=container_project_path,
+                    container_package_dir=container_package_dir,
+                )
 
-                log.step("Copying project into Docker...")
-                docker.copy_into(Path.cwd(), container_project_path)
-
-                if options.before_all:
-                    log.step("Running before_all...")
-
-                    env = docker.get_environment()
-                    env["PATH"] = f'/opt/python/cp38-cp38/bin:{env["PATH"]}'
-                    env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
-                    env = options.environment.as_dictionary(
-                        env, executor=docker.environment_executor
-                    )
-
-                    before_all_prepared = prepare_command(
-                        options.before_all,
-                        project=container_project_path,
-                        package=container_package_dir,
-                    )
-                    docker.call(["sh", "-c", before_all_prepared], env=env)
-
-                for config in platform_configs:
-                    log.build_start(config.identifier)
-
-                    dependency_constraint_flags: List[PathOrStr] = []
-
-                    if options.dependency_constraints:
-                        constraints_file = options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
-                            config.version
-                        )
-                        container_constraints_file = PurePath("/constraints.txt")
-
-                        docker.copy_into(constraints_file, container_constraints_file)
-                        dependency_constraint_flags = ["-c", container_constraints_file]
-
-                    log.step("Setting up build environment...")
-
-                    env = docker.get_environment()
-
-                    # put this config's python top of the list
-                    python_bin = config.path / "bin"
-                    env["PATH"] = f'{python_bin}:{env["PATH"]}'
-
-                    env = options.environment.as_dictionary(
-                        env, executor=docker.environment_executor
-                    )
-
-                    # check config python is still on PATH
-                    which_python = docker.call(
-                        ["which", "python"], env=env, capture_output=True
-                    ).strip()
-                    if PurePath(which_python) != python_bin / "python":
-                        print(
-                            "cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it.",
-                            file=sys.stderr,
-                        )
-                        sys.exit(1)
-
-                    which_pip = docker.call(["which", "pip"], env=env, capture_output=True).strip()
-                    if PurePath(which_pip) != python_bin / "pip":
-                        print(
-                            "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.",
-                            file=sys.stderr,
-                        )
-                        sys.exit(1)
-
-                    if options.before_build:
-                        log.step("Running before_build...")
-                        before_build_prepared = prepare_command(
-                            options.before_build,
-                            project=container_project_path,
-                            package=container_package_dir,
-                        )
-                        docker.call(["sh", "-c", before_build_prepared], env=env)
-
-                    log.step("Building wheel...")
-
-                    temp_dir = PurePath("/tmp/cibuildwheel")
-                    built_wheel_dir = temp_dir / "built_wheel"
-                    docker.call(["rm", "-rf", built_wheel_dir])
-                    docker.call(["mkdir", "-p", built_wheel_dir])
-
-                    verbosity_flags = get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(options.build_verbosity)
-
-                    if options.build_frontend == "pip":
-                        docker.call(
-                            [
-                                "python",
-                                "-m",
-                                "pip",
-                                "wheel",
-                                container_package_dir,
-                                f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                                "--no-deps",
-                                *verbosity_flags,
-                            ],
-                            env=env,
-                        )
-                    elif options.build_frontend == "build":
-                        config_setting = " ".join(verbosity_flags)
-                        docker.call(
-                            [
-                                "python",
-                                "-m",
-                                "build",
-                                container_package_dir,
-                                "--wheel",
-                                f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                                f"--config-setting={config_setting}",
-                            ],
-                            env=env,
-                        )
-                    else:
-                        assert_never(options.build_frontend)
-
-                    built_wheel = docker.glob(built_wheel_dir, "*.whl")[0]
-
-                    repaired_wheel_dir = temp_dir / "repaired_wheel"
-                    docker.call(["rm", "-rf", repaired_wheel_dir])
-                    docker.call(["mkdir", "-p", repaired_wheel_dir])
-
-                    if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
-                        raise NonPlatformWheelError()
-
-                    if options.repair_command:
-                        log.step("Repairing wheel...")
-                        repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(
-                            options.repair_command, wheel=built_wheel, dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir
-                        )
-                        docker.call(["sh", "-c", repair_command_prepared], env=env)
-                    else:
-                        docker.call(["mv", built_wheel, repaired_wheel_dir])
-
-                    repaired_wheels = docker.glob(repaired_wheel_dir, "*.whl")
-
-                    if options.test_command and options.test_selector(config.identifier):
-                        log.step("Testing wheel...")
-
-                        # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
-                        # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
-                        docker.call(
-                            ["pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env
-                        )
-                        venv_dir = (
-                            PurePath(docker.call(["mktemp", "-d"], capture_output=True).strip())
-                            / "venv"
-                        )
-
-                        docker.call(
-                            ["python", "-m", "virtualenv", "--no-download", venv_dir], env=env
-                        )
-
-                        virtualenv_env = env.copy()
-                        virtualenv_env["PATH"] = f"{venv_dir / 'bin'}:{virtualenv_env['PATH']}"
-
-                        if options.before_test:
-                            before_test_prepared = prepare_command(
-                                options.before_test,
-                                project=container_project_path,
-                                package=container_package_dir,
-                            )
-                            docker.call(["sh", "-c", before_test_prepared], env=virtualenv_env)
-
-                        # Install the wheel we just built
-                        # Note: If auditwheel produced two wheels, it's because the earlier produced wheel
-                        # conforms to multiple manylinux standards. These multiple versions of the wheel are
-                        # functionally the same, differing only in name, wheel metadata, and possibly include
-                        # different external shared libraries. so it doesn't matter which one we run the tests on.
-                        # Let's just pick the first one.
-                        wheel_to_test = repaired_wheels[0]
-                        docker.call(
-                            ["pip", "install", str(wheel_to_test) + options.test_extras],
-                            env=virtualenv_env,
-                        )
-
-                        # Install any requirements to run the tests
-                        if options.test_requires:
-                            docker.call(
-                                ["pip", "install", *options.test_requires], env=virtualenv_env
-                            )
-
-                        # Run the tests from a different directory
-                        test_command_prepared = prepare_command(
-                            options.test_command,
-                            project=container_project_path,
-                            package=container_package_dir,
-                        )
-                        docker.call(
-                            ["sh", "-c", test_command_prepared], cwd="/root", env=virtualenv_env
-                        )
-
-                        # clean up test environment
-                        docker.call(["rm", "-rf", venv_dir])
-
-                    # move repaired wheels to output
-                    docker.call(["mkdir", "-p", container_output_dir])
-                    docker.call(["mv", *repaired_wheels, container_output_dir])
-
-                    log.build_end()
-
-                log.step("Copying wheels back to host...")
-                # copy the output back into the host
-                docker.copy_out(container_output_dir, options.output_dir)
-                log.step_end()
         except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
             log.step_end_with_error(
                 f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout}"
             )
-            troubleshoot(options.package_dir, error)
+            troubleshoot(options, error)
             sys.exit(1)
 
 
-def troubleshoot(package_dir: Path, error: Exception) -> None:
+def _matches_prepared_command(error_cmd: list[str], command_template: str) -> bool:
+    if len(error_cmd) < 3 or error_cmd[0:2] != ["sh", "-c"]:
+        return False
+    command_prefix = command_template.split("{", maxsplit=1)[0].strip()
+    return error_cmd[2].startswith(command_prefix)
+
+
+def troubleshoot(options: Options, error: Exception) -> None:
     if isinstance(error, subprocess.CalledProcessError) and (
         error.cmd[0:4] == ["python", "-m", "pip", "wheel"]
         or error.cmd[0:3] == ["python", "-m", "build"]
+        or _matches_prepared_command(
+            error.cmd, options.build_options(None).repair_command
+        )  # TODO allow matching of overrides too?
     ):
-        # the wheel build step failed
+        # the wheel build step or the repair step failed
         print("Checking for common errors...")
-        so_files = list(package_dir.glob("**/*.so"))
+        so_files = list(options.globals.package_dir.glob("**/*.so"))
 
         if so_files:
             print(
@@ -326,10 +463,17 @@ def troubleshoot(package_dir: Path, error: Exception) -> None:
                     NOTE: Shared object (.so) files found in this project.
 
                     These files might be built against the wrong OS, causing problems with
-                    auditwheel.
+                    auditwheel. If possible, run cibuildwheel in a clean checkout.
 
                     If you're using Cython and have previously done an in-place build,
                     remove those build files (*.so and *.c) before starting cibuildwheel.
+
+                    setuptools uses the build/ folder to store its build cache. It
+                    may be necessary to remove those build files (*.so and *.o) before
+                    starting cibuildwheel.
+
+                    Files that belong to a virtual environment are probably not an issue
+                    unless you used a custom command telling cibuildwheel to activate it.
                     """
                 ),
                 file=sys.stderr,
@@ -337,4 +481,4 @@ def troubleshoot(package_dir: Path, error: Exception) -> None:
 
             print("  Files detected:")
             print("\n".join(f"    {f}" for f in so_files))
-            print("")
+            print()

cibuildwheel/logger.py

@@ -1,27 +1,36 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import codecs
 import os
 import re
 import sys
 import time
-from typing import IO, AnyStr, Optional, Union
+from typing import IO, AnyStr
 
+from cibuildwheel.typing import Final
 from cibuildwheel.util import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider
 
-DEFAULT_FOLD_PATTERN = ("{name}", "")
-FOLD_PATTERNS = {
+DEFAULT_FOLD_PATTERN: Final = ("{name}", "")
+FOLD_PATTERNS: Final = {
     "azure": ("##[group]{name}", "##[endgroup]"),
     "travis": ("travis_fold:start:{identifier}\n{name}", "travis_fold:end:{identifier}"),
     "github": ("::group::{name}", "::endgroup::{name}"),
 }
 
-PLATFORM_IDENTIFIER_DESCIPTIONS = {
+PLATFORM_IDENTIFIER_DESCRIPTIONS: Final = {
     "manylinux_x86_64": "manylinux x86_64",
     "manylinux_i686": "manylinux i686",
     "manylinux_aarch64": "manylinux aarch64",
     "manylinux_ppc64le": "manylinux ppc64le",
     "manylinux_s390x": "manylinux s390x",
+    "musllinux_x86_64": "musllinux x86_64",
+    "musllinux_i686": "musllinux i686",
+    "musllinux_aarch64": "musllinux aarch64",
+    "musllinux_ppc64le": "musllinux ppc64le",
+    "musllinux_s390x": "manylinux s390x",
     "win32": "Windows 32bit",
     "win_amd64": "Windows 64bit",
+    "win_arm64": "Windows on ARM 64bit",
     "macosx_x86_64": "macOS x86_64",
     "macosx_universal2": "macOS Universal 2 - x86_64 and arm64",
     "macosx_arm64": "macOS arm64 - Apple Silicon",
@@ -32,10 +41,10 @@ class Logger:
     fold_mode: str
     colors_enabled: bool
     unicode_enabled: bool
-    active_build_identifier: Optional[str] = None
-    build_start_time: Optional[float] = None
-    step_start_time: Optional[float] = None
-    active_fold_group_name: Optional[str] = None
+    active_build_identifier: str | None = None
+    build_start_time: float | None = None
+    step_start_time: float | None = None
+    active_fold_group_name: str | None = None
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
         if sys.platform == "win32" and hasattr(sys.stdout, "reconfigure"):
@@ -113,10 +122,21 @@ class Logger:
 
             self.step_start_time = None
 
-    def step_end_with_error(self, error: Union[BaseException, str]) -> None:
+    def step_end_with_error(self, error: BaseException | str) -> None:
         self.step_end(success=False)
         self.error(error)
 
+    def quiet(self, message: str) -> None:
+        c = self.colors
+        print(f"{c.gray}{message}{c.end}", file=sys.stderr)
+
+    def notice(self, message: str) -> None:
+        if self.fold_mode == "github":
+            print(f"::notice::{message}\n", file=sys.stderr)
+        else:
+            c = self.colors
+            print(f"{c.bold}Note{c.end}: {message}\n", file=sys.stderr)
+
     def warning(self, message: str) -> None:
         if self.fold_mode == "github":
             print(f"::warning::{message}\n", file=sys.stderr)
@@ -124,7 +144,7 @@ class Logger:
             c = self.colors
             print(f"{c.yellow}Warning{c.end}: {message}\n", file=sys.stderr)
 
-    def error(self, error: Union[BaseException, str]) -> None:
+    def error(self, error: BaseException | str) -> None:
         if self.fold_mode == "github":
             print(f"::error::{error}\n", file=sys.stderr)
         else:
@@ -151,7 +171,8 @@ class Logger:
             sys.stdout.flush()
             self.active_fold_group_name = None
 
-    def _fold_group_identifier(self, name: str) -> str:
+    @staticmethod
+    def _fold_group_identifier(name: str) -> str:
         """
         Travis doesn't like fold groups identifiers that have spaces in. This
         method converts them to ascii identifiers
@@ -166,18 +187,12 @@ class Logger:
         return identifier.lower()[:20]
 
     @property
-    def colors(self) -> "Colors":
-        if self.colors_enabled:
-            return Colors(enabled=True)
-        else:
-            return Colors(enabled=False)
+    def colors(self) -> Colors:
+        return Colors(enabled=self.colors_enabled)
 
     @property
-    def symbols(self) -> "Symbols":
-        if self.unicode_enabled:
-            return Symbols(unicode=True)
-        else:
-            return Symbols(unicode=False)
+    def symbols(self) -> Symbols:
+        return Symbols(unicode=self.unicode_enabled)
 
 
 def build_description_from_identifier(identifier: str) -> str:
@@ -193,14 +208,16 @@ def build_description_from_identifier(identifier: str) -> str:
     elif python_interpreter == "pp":
         build_description += "PyPy"
     else:
-        raise Exception("unknown python")
+        msg = f"unknown python {python_interpreter!r}"
+        raise Exception(msg)
 
     build_description += f" {python_version[0]}.{python_version[1:]} "
 
     try:
-        build_description += PLATFORM_IDENTIFIER_DESCIPTIONS[platform_identifier]
+        build_description += PLATFORM_IDENTIFIER_DESCRIPTIONS[platform_identifier]
     except KeyError as e:
-        raise Exception("unknown platform") from e
+        msg = f"unknown platform {platform_identifier!r}"
+        raise Exception(msg) from e
 
     return build_description
 
@@ -215,6 +232,7 @@ class Colors:
         self.bright_red = "\033[91m" if enabled else ""
         self.bright_green = "\033[92m" if enabled else ""
         self.white = "\033[37m\033[97m" if enabled else ""
+        self.gray = "\033[38;5;244m" if enabled else ""
 
         self.bg_grey = "\033[48;5;235m" if enabled else ""
 
@@ -256,8 +274,6 @@ def file_supports_unicode(file_obj: IO[AnyStr]) -> bool:
     return "utf" in codec_info.name
 
 
-"""
-Global instance of the Logger.
-"""
+# Global instance of the Logger.
 # (there's only one stdout per-process, so a global instance is justified)
 log = Logger()

cibuildwheel/macos.py

@@ -1,49 +1,48 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import contextlib
+import functools
 import os
 import platform
 import re
-import shlex
 import shutil
 import subprocess
 import sys
-import tempfile
+from dataclasses import dataclass
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Sequence, Set, Tuple, cast
+from typing import Sequence, Tuple, cast
+
+from filelock import FileLock
 
 from .architecture import Architecture
 from .environment import ParsedEnvironment
 from .logger import log
+from .options import Options
 from .typing import Literal, PathOrStr, assert_never
 from .util import (
+    CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
+    AlreadyBuiltWheelError,
     BuildFrontend,
-    BuildOptions,
     BuildSelector,
     NonPlatformWheelError,
+    call,
+    detect_ci_provider,
     download,
+    find_compatible_wheel,
     get_build_verbosity_extra_flags,
     get_pip_version,
     install_certifi_script,
     prepare_command,
     read_python_configs,
+    shell,
+    split_config_settings,
+    test_fail_cwd_file,
     unwrap,
+    virtualenv,
 )
 
 
-def call(
-    args: Sequence[PathOrStr],
-    env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
-    cwd: Optional[str] = None,
-    shell: bool = False,
-) -> None:
-    # print the command executing for the logs
-    if shell:
-        print(f"+ {args}")
-    else:
-        print("+ " + " ".join(shlex.quote(str(a)) for a in args))
-
-    subprocess.run(args, env=env, cwd=cwd, shell=shell, check=True)
-
-
-def get_macos_version() -> Tuple[int, int]:
+def get_macos_version() -> tuple[int, int]:
     """
     Returns the macOS major/minor version, as a tuple, e.g. (10, 15) or (11, 0)
 
@@ -57,27 +56,21 @@ def get_macos_version() -> Tuple[int, int]:
     return cast(Tuple[int, int], version)
 
 
-def get_macos_sdks() -> List[str]:
-    output = subprocess.run(
-        ["xcodebuild", "-showsdks"],
-        universal_newlines=True,
-        check=True,
-        stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-    ).stdout
-
+def get_macos_sdks() -> list[str]:
+    output = call("xcodebuild", "-showsdks", capture_stdout=True)
     return [m.group(1) for m in re.finditer(r"-sdk (macosx\S+)", output)]
 
 
-class PythonConfiguration(NamedTuple):
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class PythonConfiguration:
     version: str
     identifier: str
     url: str
 
 
 def get_python_configurations(
-    build_selector: BuildSelector, architectures: Set[Architecture]
-) -> List[PythonConfiguration]:
-
+    build_selector: BuildSelector, architectures: set[Architecture]
+) -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
     full_python_configs = read_python_configs("macos")
 
     python_configurations = [PythonConfiguration(**item) for item in full_python_configs]
@@ -92,120 +85,101 @@ def get_python_configurations(
     # skip builds as required by BUILD/SKIP
     python_configurations = [c for c in python_configurations if build_selector(c.identifier)]
 
-    # When running on macOS 11 and x86_64, the reported OS is '10.16', but
-    # there is no such OS - it really means macOS 11.
-    if get_macos_version() >= (10, 16):
-        if any(c.identifier.startswith("pp") for c in python_configurations):
-            # pypy doesn't work on macOS 11 yet
-            # See https://foss.heptapod.net/pypy/pypy/-/issues/3314
-            log.warning(
+    # filter-out some cross-compilation configs with PyPy:
+    # can't build arm64 on x86_64
+    # rosetta allows to build x86_64 on arm64
+    if platform.machine() == "x86_64":
+        python_configurations_before = set(python_configurations)
+        python_configurations = [
+            c
+            for c in python_configurations
+            if not (c.identifier.startswith("pp") and c.identifier.endswith("arm64"))
+        ]
+        removed_elements = python_configurations_before - set(python_configurations)
+        if removed_elements:
+            ids = ", ".join(c.identifier for c in removed_elements)
+            log.quiet(
                 unwrap(
-                    """
-                    PyPy is currently unsupported when building on macOS 11. To build macOS PyPy
-                    wheels, build on an older OS, such as macOS 10.15. To silence this warning,
-                    deselect PyPy by adding "pp*-macosx*" to your CIBW_SKIP option.
+                    f"""
+                    Note: {ids}  {'was' if len(removed_elements) == 1 else 'were'}
+                    selected, but can't be built on x86_64 so will be skipped automatically.
                     """
                 )
             )
-            python_configurations = [
-                c for c in python_configurations if not c.identifier.startswith("pp")
-            ]
 
     return python_configurations
 
 
-SYMLINKS_DIR = Path("/tmp/cibw_bin")
+def install_cpython(tmp: Path, version: str, url: str) -> Path:
+    installation_path = Path(f"/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/{version}")
+    with FileLock(CIBW_CACHE_PATH / f"cpython{version}.lock"):
+        installed_system_packages = call("pkgutil", "--pkgs", capture_stdout=True).splitlines()
+        # if this version of python isn't installed, get it from python.org and install
+        python_package_identifier = f"org.python.Python.PythonFramework-{version}"
+        if python_package_identifier not in installed_system_packages:
+            if detect_ci_provider() is None:
+                # if running locally, we don't want to install CPython with sudo
+                # let the user know & provide a link to the installer
+                print(
+                    f"Error: CPython {version} is not installed.\n"
+                    "cibuildwheel will not perform system-wide installs when running outside of CI.\n"
+                    f"To build locally, install CPython {version} on this machine, or, disable this version of Python using CIBW_SKIP=cp{version.replace('.', '')}-macosx_*\n"
+                    f"\nDownload link: {url}",
+                    file=sys.stderr,
+                )
+                raise SystemExit(1)
+            pkg_path = tmp / "Python.pkg"
+            # download the pkg
+            download(url, pkg_path)
+            # install
+            call("sudo", "installer", "-pkg", pkg_path, "-target", "/")
+            pkg_path.unlink()
+            env = os.environ.copy()
+            env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
+            call(installation_path / "bin" / "python3", install_certifi_script, env=env)
+
+    return installation_path / "bin" / "python3"
 
 
-def make_symlinks(installation_bin_path: Path, python_executable: str, pip_executable: str) -> None:
-    assert (installation_bin_path / python_executable).exists()
-
-    # Python bin folders on Mac don't symlink `python3` to `python`, and neither
-    # does PyPy for `pypy` or `pypy3`, so we do that so `python` and `pip` always
-    # point to the active configuration.
-    if SYMLINKS_DIR.exists():
-        shutil.rmtree(SYMLINKS_DIR)
-    SYMLINKS_DIR.mkdir(parents=True)
-
-    (SYMLINKS_DIR / "python").symlink_to(installation_bin_path / python_executable)
-    (SYMLINKS_DIR / "python-config").symlink_to(
-        installation_bin_path / (python_executable + "-config")
-    )
-    (SYMLINKS_DIR / "pip").symlink_to(installation_bin_path / pip_executable)
-
-
-def install_cpython(version: str, url: str) -> Path:
-    installed_system_packages = subprocess.run(
-        ["pkgutil", "--pkgs"], universal_newlines=True, check=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE
-    ).stdout.splitlines()
-
-    # if this version of python isn't installed, get it from python.org and install
-    python_package_identifier = f"org.python.Python.PythonFramework-{version}"
-    python_executable = "python3"
-    installation_bin_path = Path(f"/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/{version}/bin")
-
-    if python_package_identifier not in installed_system_packages:
-        # download the pkg
-        download(url, Path("/tmp/Python.pkg"))
-        # install
-        call(["sudo", "installer", "-pkg", "/tmp/Python.pkg", "-target", "/"])
-        call(["sudo", str(installation_bin_path / python_executable), str(install_certifi_script)])
-
-    pip_executable = "pip3"
-    make_symlinks(installation_bin_path, python_executable, pip_executable)
-
-    return installation_bin_path
-
-
-def install_pypy(version: str, url: str) -> Path:
+def install_pypy(tmp: Path, url: str) -> Path:
     pypy_tar_bz2 = url.rsplit("/", 1)[-1]
     extension = ".tar.bz2"
     assert pypy_tar_bz2.endswith(extension)
-    pypy_base_filename = pypy_tar_bz2[: -len(extension)]
-    installation_path = Path("/tmp") / pypy_base_filename
-    if not installation_path.exists():
-        downloaded_tar_bz2 = Path("/tmp") / pypy_tar_bz2
-        download(url, downloaded_tar_bz2)
-        call(["tar", "-C", "/tmp", "-xf", downloaded_tar_bz2])
-
-    installation_bin_path = installation_path / "bin"
-    python_executable = "pypy3"
-    pip_executable = "pip3"
-    make_symlinks(installation_bin_path, python_executable, pip_executable)
-
-    return installation_bin_path
+    installation_path = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / pypy_tar_bz2[: -len(extension)]
+    with FileLock(str(installation_path) + ".lock"):
+        if not installation_path.exists():
+            downloaded_tar_bz2 = tmp / pypy_tar_bz2
+            download(url, downloaded_tar_bz2)
+            installation_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+            call("tar", "-C", installation_path.parent, "-xf", downloaded_tar_bz2)
+            downloaded_tar_bz2.unlink()
+    return installation_path / "bin" / "pypy3"
 
 
 def setup_python(
+    tmp: Path,
     python_configuration: PythonConfiguration,
     dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr],
     environment: ParsedEnvironment,
     build_frontend: BuildFrontend,
-) -> Dict[str, str]:
-
+) -> dict[str, str]:
+    tmp.mkdir()
     implementation_id = python_configuration.identifier.split("-")[0]
     log.step(f"Installing Python {implementation_id}...")
-
     if implementation_id.startswith("cp"):
-        installation_bin_path = install_cpython(
-            python_configuration.version, python_configuration.url
-        )
+        base_python = install_cpython(tmp, python_configuration.version, python_configuration.url)
     elif implementation_id.startswith("pp"):
-        installation_bin_path = install_pypy(python_configuration.version, python_configuration.url)
+        base_python = install_pypy(tmp, python_configuration.url)
     else:
-        raise ValueError("Unknown Python implementation")
+        msg = "Unknown Python implementation"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    assert base_python.exists()
 
     log.step("Setting up build environment...")
-
-    env = os.environ.copy()
-    env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(
-        [
-            str(SYMLINKS_DIR),
-            str(installation_bin_path),
-            env["PATH"],
-        ]
-    )
-
+    venv_path = tmp / "venv"
+    env = virtualenv(base_python, venv_path, dependency_constraint_flags)
+    venv_bin_path = venv_path / "bin"
+    assert venv_bin_path.exists()
     # Fix issue with site.py setting the wrong `sys.prefix`, `sys.exec_prefix`,
     # `sys.path`, ... for PyPy: https://foss.heptapod.net/pypy/pypy/issues/3175
     # Also fix an issue with the shebang of installed scripts inside the
@@ -213,67 +187,59 @@ def setup_python(
     # https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/issues/620
     # Also see https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/9516
     env.pop("__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__", None)
-    env = environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=env)
 
     # we version pip ourselves, so we don't care about pip version checking
     env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
 
-    # check what version we're on
-    call(["which", "python"], env=env)
-    call(["python", "--version"], env=env)
-    which_python = subprocess.run(
-        ["which", "python"], env=env, universal_newlines=True, check=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE
-    ).stdout.strip()
-    if which_python != "/tmp/cibw_bin/python":
-        print(
-            "cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it.",
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
-        sys.exit(1)
-
-    # Install pip
-
-    requires_reinstall = not (installation_bin_path / "pip").exists()
-    if requires_reinstall:
-        # maybe pip isn't installed at all. ensurepip resolves that.
-        call(["python", "-m", "ensurepip"], env=env, cwd="/tmp")
-
     # upgrade pip to the version matching our constraints
     # if necessary, reinstall it to ensure that it's available on PATH as 'pip'
     call(
-        [
-            "python",
-            "-m",
-            "pip",
-            "install",
-            "--force-reinstall" if requires_reinstall else "--upgrade",
-            "pip",
-            *dependency_constraint_flags,
-        ],
+        "python",
+        "-m",
+        "pip",
+        "install",
+        "--upgrade",
+        "pip",
+        *dependency_constraint_flags,
         env=env,
-        cwd="/tmp",
+        cwd=venv_path,
     )
 
-    assert (installation_bin_path / "pip").exists()
-    call(["which", "pip"], env=env)
-    call(["pip", "--version"], env=env)
-    which_pip = subprocess.run(
-        ["which", "pip"], env=env, universal_newlines=True, check=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE
-    ).stdout.strip()
-    if which_pip != "/tmp/cibw_bin/pip":
+    # Apply our environment after pip is ready
+    env = environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=env)
+
+    # check what pip version we're on
+    assert (venv_bin_path / "pip").exists()
+    call("which", "pip", env=env)
+    call("pip", "--version", env=env)
+    which_pip = call("which", "pip", env=env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
+    if which_pip != str(venv_bin_path / "pip"):
         print(
             "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.",
             file=sys.stderr,
         )
         sys.exit(1)
 
-    # Set MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET to 10.9, if the user didn't set it.
-    # PyPy defaults to 10.7, causing inconsistencies if it's left unset.
-    env.setdefault("MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET", "10.9")
+    # check what Python version we're on
+    call("which", "python", env=env)
+    call("python", "--version", env=env)
+    which_python = call("which", "python", env=env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
+    if which_python != str(venv_bin_path / "python"):
+        print(
+            "cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it.",
+            file=sys.stderr,
+        )
+        sys.exit(1)
 
     config_is_arm64 = python_configuration.identifier.endswith("arm64")
     config_is_universal2 = python_configuration.identifier.endswith("universal2")
 
+    # Set MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET, if the user didn't set it.
+    # For arm64, the minimal deployment target is 11.0.
+    # On x86_64 (or universal2), use 10.9 as a default.
+    # PyPy defaults to 10.7, causing inconsistencies if it's left unset.
+    env.setdefault("MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET", "11.0" if config_is_arm64 else "10.9")
+
     if python_configuration.version not in {"3.6", "3.7"}:
         if config_is_arm64:
             # macOS 11 is the first OS with arm64 support, so the wheels
@@ -314,27 +280,23 @@ def setup_python(
     log.step("Installing build tools...")
     if build_frontend == "pip":
         call(
-            [
-                "pip",
-                "install",
-                "--upgrade",
-                "setuptools",
-                "wheel",
-                "delocate",
-                *dependency_constraint_flags,
-            ],
+            "pip",
+            "install",
+            "--upgrade",
+            "setuptools",
+            "wheel",
+            "delocate",
+            *dependency_constraint_flags,
             env=env,
         )
     elif build_frontend == "build":
         call(
-            [
-                "pip",
-                "install",
-                "--upgrade",
-                "delocate",
-                "build[virtualenv]",
-                *dependency_constraint_flags,
-            ],
+            "pip",
+            "install",
+            "--upgrade",
+            "delocate",
+            "build[virtualenv]",
+            *dependency_constraint_flags,
             env=env,
         )
     else:
@@ -343,133 +305,163 @@ def setup_python(
     return env
 
 
-def build(options: BuildOptions) -> None:
-    temp_dir = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="cibuildwheel"))
-    built_wheel_dir = temp_dir / "built_wheel"
-    repaired_wheel_dir = temp_dir / "repaired_wheel"
+def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    python_configurations = get_python_configurations(
+        options.globals.build_selector, options.globals.architectures
+    )
+
+    if not python_configurations:
+        return
 
     try:
-        if options.before_all:
+        before_all_options_identifier = python_configurations[0].identifier
+        before_all_options = options.build_options(before_all_options_identifier)
+
+        if before_all_options.before_all:
             log.step("Running before_all...")
-            env = options.environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=os.environ)
+            env = before_all_options.environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=os.environ)
             env.setdefault("MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET", "10.9")
             before_all_prepared = prepare_command(
-                options.before_all, project=".", package=options.package_dir
+                before_all_options.before_all, project=".", package=before_all_options.package_dir
             )
-            call([before_all_prepared], shell=True, env=env)
+            shell(before_all_prepared, env=env)
 
-        python_configurations = get_python_configurations(
-            options.build_selector, options.architectures
-        )
+        built_wheels: list[Path] = []
 
         for config in python_configurations:
+            build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
             log.build_start(config.identifier)
 
+            identifier_tmp_dir = tmp_path / config.identifier
+            identifier_tmp_dir.mkdir()
+            built_wheel_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "built_wheel"
+            repaired_wheel_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "repaired_wheel"
+
             config_is_arm64 = config.identifier.endswith("arm64")
             config_is_universal2 = config.identifier.endswith("universal2")
 
             dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr] = []
-            if options.dependency_constraints:
+            if build_options.dependency_constraints:
                 dependency_constraint_flags = [
                     "-c",
-                    options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(config.version),
+                    build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(config.version),
                 ]
 
             env = setup_python(
+                identifier_tmp_dir / "build",
                 config,
                 dependency_constraint_flags,
-                options.environment,
-                options.build_frontend,
+                build_options.environment,
+                build_options.build_frontend,
             )
 
-            if options.before_build:
-                log.step("Running before_build...")
-                before_build_prepared = prepare_command(
-                    options.before_build, project=".", package=options.package_dir
+            compatible_wheel = find_compatible_wheel(built_wheels, config.identifier)
+            if compatible_wheel:
+                log.step_end()
+                print(
+                    f"\nFound previously built wheel {compatible_wheel.name}, that's compatible with {config.identifier}. Skipping build step..."
                 )
-                call(before_build_prepared, env=env, shell=True)
+                repaired_wheel = compatible_wheel
+            else:
+                if build_options.before_build:
+                    log.step("Running before_build...")
+                    before_build_prepared = prepare_command(
+                        build_options.before_build, project=".", package=build_options.package_dir
+                    )
+                    shell(before_build_prepared, env=env)
 
-            log.step("Building wheel...")
-            if built_wheel_dir.exists():
-                shutil.rmtree(built_wheel_dir)
-            built_wheel_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
+                log.step("Building wheel...")
+                built_wheel_dir.mkdir()
 
-            verbosity_flags = get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(options.build_verbosity)
+                verbosity_flags = get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(build_options.build_verbosity)
+                extra_flags = split_config_settings(
+                    build_options.config_settings, build_options.build_frontend
+                )
 
-            if options.build_frontend == "pip":
-                # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
-                # see https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
-                call(
-                    [
+                if build_options.build_frontend == "pip":
+                    extra_flags += verbosity_flags
+                    # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
+                    # see https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
+                    call(
                         "python",
                         "-m",
                         "pip",
                         "wheel",
-                        options.package_dir.resolve(),
+                        build_options.package_dir.resolve(),
                         f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
                         "--no-deps",
-                        *verbosity_flags,
-                    ],
-                    env=env,
-                )
-            elif options.build_frontend == "build":
-                config_setting = " ".join(verbosity_flags)
-                build_env = env.copy()
-                if options.dependency_constraints:
-                    constr = options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(config.version)
-                    build_env["PIP_CONSTRAINT"] = constr.as_uri()
-                build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = get_pip_version(env)
-                call(
-                    [
+                        *extra_flags,
+                        env=env,
+                    )
+                elif build_options.build_frontend == "build":
+                    verbosity_setting = " ".join(verbosity_flags)
+                    extra_flags += (f"--config-setting={verbosity_setting}",)
+                    build_env = env.copy()
+                    if build_options.dependency_constraints:
+                        constraint_path = (
+                            build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
+                                config.version
+                            )
+                        )
+                        build_env["PIP_CONSTRAINT"] = constraint_path.as_uri()
+                    build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = get_pip_version(env)
+                    call(
                         "python",
                         "-m",
                         "build",
-                        options.package_dir,
+                        build_options.package_dir,
                         "--wheel",
                         f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                        f"--config-setting={config_setting}",
-                    ],
-                    env=build_env,
-                )
-            else:
-                assert_never(options.build_frontend)
-
-            built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
-
-            if repaired_wheel_dir.exists():
-                shutil.rmtree(repaired_wheel_dir)
-            repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
-
-            if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
-                raise NonPlatformWheelError()
-
-            if options.repair_command:
-                log.step("Repairing wheel...")
-
-                if config_is_universal2:
-                    delocate_archs = "x86_64,arm64"
-                elif config_is_arm64:
-                    delocate_archs = "arm64"
+                        *extra_flags,
+                        env=build_env,
+                    )
                 else:
-                    delocate_archs = "x86_64"
+                    assert_never(build_options.build_frontend)
 
-                repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(
-                    options.repair_command,
-                    wheel=built_wheel,
-                    dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir,
-                    delocate_archs=delocate_archs,
-                )
-                call(repair_command_prepared, env=env, shell=True)
-            else:
-                shutil.move(str(built_wheel), repaired_wheel_dir)
+                built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
 
-            repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+                repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir()
 
-            log.step_end()
+                if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
+                    raise NonPlatformWheelError()
 
-            if options.test_command and options.test_selector(config.identifier):
+                if build_options.repair_command:
+                    log.step("Repairing wheel...")
+
+                    if config_is_universal2:
+                        delocate_archs = "x86_64,arm64"
+                    elif config_is_arm64:
+                        delocate_archs = "arm64"
+                    else:
+                        delocate_archs = "x86_64"
+
+                    repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(
+                        build_options.repair_command,
+                        wheel=built_wheel,
+                        dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir,
+                        delocate_archs=delocate_archs,
+                    )
+                    shell(repair_command_prepared, env=env)
+                else:
+                    shutil.move(str(built_wheel), repaired_wheel_dir)
+
+                repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+
+                if repaired_wheel.name in {wheel.name for wheel in built_wheels}:
+                    raise AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)
+
+                log.step_end()
+
+            if build_options.test_command and build_options.test_selector(config.identifier):
                 machine_arch = platform.machine()
-                testing_archs: List[Literal["x86_64", "arm64"]] = []
+                python_arch = call(
+                    "python",
+                    "-sSc",
+                    "import platform; print(platform.machine())",
+                    env=env,
+                    capture_stdout=True,
+                ).strip()
+                testing_archs: list[Literal["x86_64", "arm64"]]
 
                 if config_is_arm64:
                     testing_archs = ["arm64"]
@@ -481,7 +473,7 @@ def build(options: BuildOptions) -> None:
                 for testing_arch in testing_archs:
                     if config_is_universal2:
                         arch_specific_identifier = f"{config.identifier}:{testing_arch}"
-                        if not options.test_selector(arch_specific_identifier):
+                        if not build_options.test_selector(arch_specific_identifier):
                             continue
 
                     if machine_arch == "x86_64" and testing_arch == "arm64":
@@ -511,7 +503,26 @@ def build(options: BuildOptions) -> None:
                                 )
                             )
                         else:
-                            raise RuntimeError("unreachable")
+                            msg = "unreachable"
+                            raise RuntimeError(msg)
+
+                        # skip this test
+                        continue
+
+                    is_cp38 = config.identifier.startswith("cp38-")
+                    if testing_arch == "arm64" and is_cp38 and python_arch != "arm64":
+                        log.warning(
+                            unwrap(
+                                """
+                                While cibuildwheel can build CPython 3.8 universal2/arm64 wheels, we
+                                cannot test the arm64 part of them, even when running on an Apple
+                                Silicon machine. This is because we use the x86_64 installer of
+                                CPython 3.8. See the discussion in
+                                https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/1169 for the details. To
+                                silence this warning, set `CIBW_TEST_SKIP: cp38-macosx_*:arm64`.
+                                """
+                            )
+                        )
 
                         # skip this test
                         continue
@@ -524,8 +535,9 @@ def build(options: BuildOptions) -> None:
 
                     # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
                     # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
-                    call(["pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env)
-                    venv_dir = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp())
+                    call("pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags, env=env)
+
+                    venv_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "venv-test"
 
                     arch_prefix = []
                     if testing_arch != machine_arch:
@@ -533,23 +545,16 @@ def build(options: BuildOptions) -> None:
                             # rosetta2 will provide the emulation with just the arch prefix.
                             arch_prefix = ["arch", "-x86_64"]
                         else:
-                            raise RuntimeError(
-                                "don't know how to emulate {testing_arch} on {machine_arch}"
-                            )
+                            msg = f"don't know how to emulate {testing_arch} on {machine_arch}"
+                            raise RuntimeError(msg)
 
                     # define a custom 'call' function that adds the arch prefix each time
-                    def call_with_arch(args: Sequence[PathOrStr], **kwargs: Any) -> None:
-                        if isinstance(args, str):
-                            args = " ".join(arch_prefix) + " " + args
-                        else:
-                            args = [*arch_prefix, *args]
-                        call(args, **kwargs)
+                    call_with_arch = functools.partial(call, *arch_prefix)
+                    shell_with_arch = functools.partial(call, *arch_prefix, "/bin/sh", "-c")
 
                     # Use --no-download to ensure determinism by using seed libraries
                     # built into virtualenv
-                    call_with_arch(
-                        ["python", "-m", "virtualenv", "--no-download", venv_dir], env=env
-                    )
+                    call_with_arch("python", "-m", "virtualenv", "--no-download", venv_dir, env=env)
 
                     virtualenv_env = env.copy()
                     virtualenv_env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(
@@ -560,46 +565,56 @@ def build(options: BuildOptions) -> None:
                     )
 
                     # check that we are using the Python from the virtual environment
-                    call_with_arch(["which", "python"], env=virtualenv_env)
+                    call_with_arch("which", "python", env=virtualenv_env)
 
-                    if options.before_test:
+                    if build_options.before_test:
                         before_test_prepared = prepare_command(
-                            options.before_test, project=".", package=options.package_dir
+                            build_options.before_test,
+                            project=".",
+                            package=build_options.package_dir,
                         )
-                        call_with_arch(before_test_prepared, env=virtualenv_env, shell=True)
+                        shell_with_arch(before_test_prepared, env=virtualenv_env)
 
                     # install the wheel
                     call_with_arch(
-                        ["pip", "install", f"{repaired_wheel}{options.test_extras}"],
+                        "pip",
+                        "install",
+                        f"{repaired_wheel}{build_options.test_extras}",
                         env=virtualenv_env,
                     )
 
                     # test the wheel
-                    if options.test_requires:
+                    if build_options.test_requires:
                         call_with_arch(
-                            ["pip", "install"] + options.test_requires, env=virtualenv_env
+                            "pip", "install", *build_options.test_requires, env=virtualenv_env
                         )
 
-                    # run the tests from $HOME, with an absolute path in the command
+                    # run the tests from a temp dir, with an absolute path in the command
                     # (this ensures that Python runs the tests against the installed wheel
                     # and not the repo code)
                     test_command_prepared = prepare_command(
-                        options.test_command,
+                        build_options.test_command,
                         project=Path(".").resolve(),
-                        package=options.package_dir.resolve(),
-                    )
-                    call_with_arch(
-                        test_command_prepared,
-                        cwd=os.environ["HOME"],
-                        env=virtualenv_env,
-                        shell=True,
+                        package=build_options.package_dir.resolve(),
                     )
 
-                    # clean up
-                    shutil.rmtree(venv_dir)
+                    test_cwd = identifier_tmp_dir / "test_cwd"
+                    test_cwd.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
+                    (test_cwd / "test_fail.py").write_text(test_fail_cwd_file.read_text())
+
+                    shell_with_arch(test_command_prepared, cwd=test_cwd, env=virtualenv_env)
 
             # we're all done here; move it to output (overwrite existing)
-            shutil.move(str(repaired_wheel), options.output_dir)
+            if compatible_wheel is None:
+                with contextlib.suppress(FileNotFoundError):
+                    (build_options.output_dir / repaired_wheel.name).unlink()
+
+                shutil.move(str(repaired_wheel), build_options.output_dir)
+                built_wheels.append(build_options.output_dir / repaired_wheel.name)
+
+            # clean up
+            shutil.rmtree(identifier_tmp_dir)
+
             log.build_end()
     except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
         log.step_end_with_error(

cibuildwheel/oci_container.py

@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import io
+import json
+import os
+import platform
+import shlex
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import uuid
+from pathlib import Path, PurePath, PurePosixPath
+from types import TracebackType
+from typing import IO, Dict, Sequence, cast
+
+from cibuildwheel.util import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider
+
+from .typing import Literal, PathOrStr, PopenBytes
+
+ContainerEngine = Literal["docker", "podman"]
+
+
+class OCIContainer:
+    """
+    An object that represents a running OCI (e.g. Docker) container.
+
+    Intended for use as a context manager e.g.
+    `with OCIContainer(image = 'ubuntu') as docker:`
+
+    A bash shell is running in the remote container. When `call()` is invoked,
+    the command is relayed to the remote shell, and the results are streamed
+    back to cibuildwheel.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> from cibuildwheel.oci_container import *  # NOQA
+        >>> from cibuildwheel.options import _get_pinned_container_images
+        >>> image = _get_pinned_container_images()['x86_64']['manylinux2014']
+        >>> # Test the default container
+        >>> with OCIContainer(image=image) as self:
+        ...     self.call(["echo", "hello world"])
+        ...     self.call(["cat", "/proc/1/cgroup"])
+        ...     print(self.get_environment())
+        ...     print(self.debug_info())
+    """
+
+    UTILITY_PYTHON = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38/bin/python"
+
+    process: PopenBytes
+    bash_stdin: IO[bytes]
+    bash_stdout: IO[bytes]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        image: str,
+        simulate_32_bit: bool = False,
+        cwd: PathOrStr | None = None,
+        engine: ContainerEngine = "docker",
+    ):
+        if not image:
+            msg = "Must have a non-empty image to run."
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        self.image = image
+        self.simulate_32_bit = simulate_32_bit
+        self.cwd = cwd
+        self.name: str | None = None
+        self.engine = engine
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> OCIContainer:
+        self.name = f"cibuildwheel-{uuid.uuid4()}"
+
+        # work-around for Travis-CI PPC64le Docker runs since 2021:
+        # this avoids network splits
+        # https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/904
+        # https://github.com/conda-forge/conda-smithy/pull/1520
+        network_args = []
+        if detect_ci_provider() == CIProvider.travis_ci and platform.machine() == "ppc64le":
+            network_args = ["--network=host"]
+
+        shell_args = ["linux32", "/bin/bash"] if self.simulate_32_bit else ["/bin/bash"]
+
+        subprocess.run(
+            [
+                self.engine,
+                "create",
+                "--env=CIBUILDWHEEL",
+                f"--name={self.name}",
+                "--interactive",
+                "--volume=/:/host",  # ignored on CircleCI
+                *network_args,
+                self.image,
+                *shell_args,
+            ],
+            check=True,
+        )
+
+        self.process = subprocess.Popen(
+            [
+                self.engine,
+                "start",
+                "--attach",
+                "--interactive",
+                self.name,
+            ],
+            stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+        )
+
+        assert self.process.stdin
+        assert self.process.stdout
+        self.bash_stdin = self.process.stdin
+        self.bash_stdout = self.process.stdout
+
+        # run a noop command to block until the container is responding
+        self.call(["/bin/true"], cwd="/")
+
+        if self.cwd:
+            # Although `docker create -w` does create the working dir if it
+            # does not exist, podman does not. There does not seem to be a way
+            # to setup a workdir for a container running in podman.
+            self.call(["mkdir", "-p", os.fspath(self.cwd)], cwd="/")
+
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.bash_stdin.write(b"exit 0\n")
+        self.bash_stdin.flush()
+        self.process.wait(timeout=30)
+        self.bash_stdin.close()
+        self.bash_stdout.close()
+
+        if self.engine == "podman":
+            # This works around what seems to be a race condition in the podman
+            # backend. The full reason is not understood. See PR #966 for a
+            # discussion on possible causes and attempts to remove this line.
+            # For now, this seems to work "well enough".
+            self.process.wait()
+
+        assert isinstance(self.name, str)
+
+        subprocess.run(
+            [self.engine, "rm", "--force", "-v", self.name],
+            stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL,
+            check=False,
+        )
+        self.name = None
+
+    def copy_into(self, from_path: Path, to_path: PurePath) -> None:
+        # `docker cp` causes 'no space left on device' error when
+        # a container is running and the host filesystem is
+        # mounted. https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/38995
+        # Use `docker exec` instead.
+
+        if from_path.is_dir():
+            self.call(["mkdir", "-p", to_path])
+            subprocess.run(
+                f"tar cf - . | {self.engine} exec -i {self.name} tar --no-same-owner -xC {shell_quote(to_path)} -f -",
+                shell=True,
+                check=True,
+                cwd=from_path,
+            )
+        else:
+            with subprocess.Popen(
+                [
+                    self.engine,
+                    "exec",
+                    "-i",
+                    str(self.name),
+                    "sh",
+                    "-c",
+                    f"cat > {shell_quote(to_path)}",
+                ],
+                stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+            ) as exec_process:
+                exec_process.stdin = cast(IO[bytes], exec_process.stdin)
+
+                with open(from_path, "rb") as from_file:
+                    shutil.copyfileobj(from_file, exec_process.stdin)
+
+                exec_process.stdin.close()
+                exec_process.wait()
+
+                if exec_process.returncode:
+                    raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(
+                        exec_process.returncode, exec_process.args, None, None
+                    )
+
+    def copy_out(self, from_path: PurePath, to_path: Path) -> None:
+        # note: we assume from_path is a dir
+        to_path.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+        if self.engine == "podman":
+            subprocess.run(
+                [
+                    self.engine,
+                    "cp",
+                    f"{self.name}:{from_path}/.",
+                    str(to_path),
+                ],
+                check=True,
+                cwd=to_path,
+            )
+        elif self.engine == "docker":
+            # There is a bug in docker that prevents a simple 'cp' invocation
+            # from working https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/38995
+            command = f"{self.engine} exec -i {self.name} tar -cC {shell_quote(from_path)} -f - . | tar -xf -"
+            subprocess.run(
+                command,
+                shell=True,
+                check=True,
+                cwd=to_path,
+            )
+        else:
+            raise KeyError(self.engine)
+
+    def glob(self, path: PurePosixPath, pattern: str) -> list[PurePosixPath]:
+        glob_pattern = path.joinpath(pattern)
+
+        path_strings = json.loads(
+            self.call(
+                [
+                    self.UTILITY_PYTHON,
+                    "-c",
+                    f"import sys, json, glob; json.dump(glob.glob({str(glob_pattern)!r}), sys.stdout)",
+                ],
+                capture_output=True,
+            )
+        )
+
+        return [PurePosixPath(p) for p in path_strings]
+
+    def call(
+        self,
+        args: Sequence[PathOrStr],
+        env: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+        capture_output: bool = False,
+        cwd: PathOrStr | None = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        if cwd is None:
+            # Podman does not start the a container in a specific working dir
+            # so we always need to specify it when making calls.
+            cwd = self.cwd
+
+        chdir = f"cd {cwd}" if cwd else ""
+        env_assignments = (
+            " ".join(f"{shlex.quote(k)}={shlex.quote(v)}" for k, v in env.items())
+            if env is not None
+            else ""
+        )
+        command = " ".join(shlex.quote(str(a)) for a in args)
+        end_of_message = str(uuid.uuid4())
+
+        # log the command we're executing
+        print(f"    + {command}")
+
+        # Write a command to the remote shell. First we change the
+        # cwd, if that's required. Then, we use the `env` utility to run
+        # `command` inside the specified environment. We use `env` because it
+        # can cope with spaces and strange characters in the name or value.
+        # Finally, the remote shell is told to write a footer - this will show
+        # up in the output so we know when to stop reading, and will include
+        # the return code of `command`.
+        self.bash_stdin.write(
+            bytes(
+                f"""(
+            {chdir}
+            env {env_assignments} {command}
+            printf "%04d%s\n" $? {end_of_message}
+        )
+        """,
+                encoding="utf8",
+                errors="surrogateescape",
+            )
+        )
+        self.bash_stdin.flush()
+
+        if capture_output:
+            output_io: IO[bytes] = io.BytesIO()
+        else:
+            output_io = sys.stdout.buffer
+
+        while True:
+            line = self.bash_stdout.readline()
+
+            if line.endswith(bytes(end_of_message, encoding="utf8") + b"\n"):
+                # fmt: off
+                footer_offset = (
+                    len(line)
+                    - 1  # newline character
+                    - len(end_of_message)  # delimiter
+                    - 4  # 4 return code decimals
+                )
+                # fmt: on
+                return_code_str = line[footer_offset : footer_offset + 4]
+                return_code = int(return_code_str)
+                # add the last line to output, without the footer
+                output_io.write(line[0:footer_offset])
+                output_io.flush()
+                break
+            else:
+                output_io.write(line)
+                output_io.flush()
+
+        if isinstance(output_io, io.BytesIO):
+            output = str(output_io.getvalue(), encoding="utf8", errors="surrogateescape")
+        else:
+            output = ""
+
+        if return_code != 0:
+            raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(return_code, args, output)
+
+        return output
+
+    def get_environment(self) -> dict[str, str]:
+        env = json.loads(
+            self.call(
+                [
+                    self.UTILITY_PYTHON,
+                    "-c",
+                    "import sys, json, os; json.dump(os.environ.copy(), sys.stdout)",
+                ],
+                capture_output=True,
+            )
+        )
+        return cast(Dict[str, str], env)
+
+    def environment_executor(self, command: list[str], environment: dict[str, str]) -> str:
+        # used as an EnvironmentExecutor to evaluate commands and capture output
+        return self.call(command, env=environment, capture_output=True)
+
+    def debug_info(self) -> str:
+        if self.engine == "podman":
+            command = f"{self.engine} info --debug"
+        else:
+            command = f"{self.engine} info"
+        completed = subprocess.run(
+            command,
+            shell=True,
+            check=True,
+            cwd=self.cwd,
+            stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+        )
+        output = str(completed.stdout, encoding="utf8", errors="surrogateescape")
+        return output
+
+
+def shell_quote(path: PurePath) -> str:
+    return shlex.quote(os.fspath(path))

cibuildwheel/options.py

@@ -1,134 +1,316 @@
-import os
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+import configparser
+import contextlib
+import dataclasses
+import difflib
+import functools
+import shlex
+import sys
+import textwrap
+import traceback
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Mapping, Optional, Set, Tuple, Union
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Generator, Iterator, List, Mapping, Union, cast
 
-import toml
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+    import tomllib
+else:
+    import tomli as tomllib
 
-from .typing import PLATFORMS, TypedDict
-from .util import resources_dir
+from packaging.specifiers import SpecifierSet
 
-Setting = Union[Dict[str, str], List[str], str]
+from .architecture import Architecture
+from .environment import EnvironmentParseError, ParsedEnvironment, parse_environment
+from .logger import log
+from .oci_container import ContainerEngine
+from .projectfiles import get_requires_python_str
+from .typing import PLATFORMS, Literal, NotRequired, PlatformName, TypedDict
+from .util import (
+    MANYLINUX_ARCHS,
+    MUSLLINUX_ARCHS,
+    BuildFrontend,
+    BuildSelector,
+    DependencyConstraints,
+    TestSelector,
+    cached_property,
+    format_safe,
+    resources_dir,
+    selector_matches,
+    strtobool,
+    unwrap,
+)
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class CommandLineArguments:
+    platform: Literal["auto", "linux", "macos", "windows"] | None
+    archs: str | None
+    output_dir: Path
+    only: str | None
+    config_file: str
+    package_dir: Path
+    print_build_identifiers: bool
+    allow_empty: bool
+    prerelease_pythons: bool
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def defaults() -> CommandLineArguments:
+        return CommandLineArguments(
+            platform="auto",
+            allow_empty=False,
+            archs=None,
+            only=None,
+            config_file="",
+            output_dir=Path("wheelhouse"),
+            package_dir=Path("."),
+            prerelease_pythons=False,
+            print_build_identifiers=False,
+        )
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
+class GlobalOptions:
+    package_dir: Path
+    output_dir: Path
+    build_selector: BuildSelector
+    test_selector: TestSelector
+    architectures: set[Architecture]
+    container_engine: ContainerEngine
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
+class BuildOptions:
+    globals: GlobalOptions
+    environment: ParsedEnvironment
+    before_all: str
+    before_build: str | None
+    repair_command: str
+    manylinux_images: dict[str, str] | None
+    musllinux_images: dict[str, str] | None
+    dependency_constraints: DependencyConstraints | None
+    test_command: str | None
+    before_test: str | None
+    test_requires: list[str]
+    test_extras: str
+    build_verbosity: int
+    build_frontend: BuildFrontend
+    config_settings: str
+
+    @property
+    def package_dir(self) -> Path:
+        return self.globals.package_dir
+
+    @property
+    def output_dir(self) -> Path:
+        return self.globals.output_dir
+
+    @property
+    def build_selector(self) -> BuildSelector:
+        return self.globals.build_selector
+
+    @property
+    def test_selector(self) -> TestSelector:
+        return self.globals.test_selector
+
+    @property
+    def architectures(self) -> set[Architecture]:
+        return self.globals.architectures
+
+
+Setting = Union[Dict[str, str], List[str], str, int]
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
+class Override:
+    select_pattern: str
+    options: dict[str, Setting]
+
+
+MANYLINUX_OPTIONS = {f"manylinux-{build_platform}-image" for build_platform in MANYLINUX_ARCHS}
+MUSLLINUX_OPTIONS = {f"musllinux-{build_platform}-image" for build_platform in MUSLLINUX_ARCHS}
+DISALLOWED_OPTIONS = {
+    "linux": {"dependency-versions"},
+    "macos": MANYLINUX_OPTIONS | MUSLLINUX_OPTIONS,
+    "windows": MANYLINUX_OPTIONS | MUSLLINUX_OPTIONS,
+}
 
 
 class TableFmt(TypedDict):
     item: str
     sep: str
+    quote: NotRequired[Callable[[str], str]]
 
 
 class ConfigOptionError(KeyError):
     pass
 
 
-def _dig_first(*pairs: Tuple[Mapping[str, Any], str]) -> Setting:
+def _dig_first(*pairs: tuple[Mapping[str, Setting], str], ignore_empty: bool = False) -> Setting:
     """
     Return the first dict item that matches from pairs of dicts and keys.
-    Final result is will throw a KeyError if missing.
+    Will throw a KeyError if missing.
 
     _dig_first((dict1, "key1"), (dict2, "key2"), ...)
     """
-    (dict_like, key), *others = pairs
-    return dict_like.get(key, _dig_first(*others)) if others else dict_like[key]
+    if not pairs:
+        msg = "pairs cannot be empty"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    for dict_like, key in pairs:
+        if key in dict_like:
+            value = dict_like[key]
+
+            if ignore_empty and value == "":
+                continue
+
+            return value
+
+    last_key = pairs[-1][1]
+    raise KeyError(last_key)
 
 
-class ConfigOptions:
+class OptionsReader:
     """
     Gets options from the environment, config or defaults, optionally scoped
     by the platform.
 
     Example:
-      >>> options = ConfigOptions(package_dir, platform='macos')
-      >>> options('cool-color')
+      >>> options_reader = OptionsReader(config_file, platform='macos')
+      >>> options_reader.get('cool-color')
 
       This will return the value of CIBW_COOL_COLOR_MACOS if it exists,
       otherwise the value of CIBW_COOL_COLOR, otherwise
       'tool.cibuildwheel.macos.cool-color' or 'tool.cibuildwheel.cool-color'
-      from pyproject.toml, or from cibuildwheel/resources/defaults.toml. An
+      from `config_file`, or from cibuildwheel/resources/defaults.toml. An
       error is thrown if there are any unexpected keys or sections in
       tool.cibuildwheel.
     """
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        package_path: Path,
-        config_file: Optional[str] = None,
+        config_file_path: Path | None = None,
         *,
-        platform: str,
-        disallow: Optional[Dict[str, Set[str]]] = None,
+        platform: PlatformName,
+        env: Mapping[str, str],
+        disallow: dict[str, set[str]] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         self.platform = platform
+        self.env = env
         self.disallow = disallow or {}
 
         # Open defaults.toml, loading both global and platform sections
         defaults_path = resources_dir / "defaults.toml"
         self.default_options, self.default_platform_options = self._load_file(defaults_path)
 
-        # load the project config file
-        config_options: Dict[str, Any] = {}
-        config_platform_options: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        # Load the project config file
+        config_options: dict[str, Any] = {}
+        config_platform_options: dict[str, Any] = {}
 
-        if config_file is not None:
-            config_path = Path(config_file.format(package=package_path))
-            config_options, config_platform_options = self._load_file(config_path)
-        else:
-            # load pyproject.toml, if it's available
-            pyproject_toml_path = package_path / "pyproject.toml"
-            if pyproject_toml_path.exists():
-                config_options, config_platform_options = self._load_file(pyproject_toml_path)
+        if config_file_path is not None:
+            config_options, config_platform_options = self._load_file(config_file_path)
 
-        # validate project config
+        # Validate project config
         for option_name in config_options:
-            if not self._is_valid_global_option(option_name):
-                raise ConfigOptionError(f'Option "{option_name}" not supported in a config file')
+            self._validate_global_option(option_name)
 
         for option_name in config_platform_options:
-            if not self._is_valid_platform_option(option_name):
-                raise ConfigOptionError(
-                    f'Option "{option_name}" not supported in the "{self.platform}" section'
-                )
+            self._validate_platform_option(option_name)
 
         self.config_options = config_options
         self.config_platform_options = config_platform_options
 
-    def _is_valid_global_option(self, name: str) -> bool:
+        self.overrides: list[Override] = []
+        self.current_identifier: str | None = None
+
+        config_overrides = self.config_options.get("overrides")
+
+        if config_overrides is not None:
+            if not isinstance(config_overrides, list):
+                msg = "'tool.cibuildwheel.overrides' must be a list"
+                raise ConfigOptionError(msg)
+
+            for config_override in config_overrides:
+                select = config_override.pop("select", None)
+
+                if not select:
+                    msg = "'select' must be set in an override"
+                    raise ConfigOptionError(msg)
+
+                if isinstance(select, list):
+                    select = " ".join(select)
+
+                self.overrides.append(Override(select, config_override))
+
+    def _validate_global_option(self, name: str) -> None:
         """
-        Returns True if an option with this name is allowed in the
+        Raises an error if an option with this name is not allowed in the
         [tool.cibuildwheel] section of a config file.
         """
-        allowed_option_names = self.default_options.keys() | PLATFORMS
+        allowed_option_names = self.default_options.keys() | PLATFORMS | {"overrides"}
 
-        return name in allowed_option_names
+        if name not in allowed_option_names:
+            msg = f"Option {name!r} not supported in a config file."
+            matches = difflib.get_close_matches(name, allowed_option_names, 1, 0.7)
+            if matches:
+                msg += f" Perhaps you meant {matches[0]!r}?"
+            raise ConfigOptionError(msg)
 
-    def _is_valid_platform_option(self, name: str) -> bool:
+    def _validate_platform_option(self, name: str) -> None:
         """
-        Returns True if an option with this name is allowed in the
+        Raises an error if an option with this name is not allowed in the
         [tool.cibuildwheel.<current-platform>] section of a config file.
         """
         disallowed_platform_options = self.disallow.get(self.platform, set())
         if name in disallowed_platform_options:
-            return False
+            msg = f"{name!r} is not allowed in {disallowed_platform_options}"
+            raise ConfigOptionError(msg)
 
         allowed_option_names = self.default_options.keys() | self.default_platform_options.keys()
 
-        return name in allowed_option_names
+        if name not in allowed_option_names:
+            msg = f"Option {name!r} not supported in the {self.platform!r} section"
+            matches = difflib.get_close_matches(name, allowed_option_names, 1, 0.7)
+            if matches:
+                msg += f" Perhaps you meant {matches[0]!r}?"
+            raise ConfigOptionError(msg)
 
-    def _load_file(self, filename: Path) -> Tuple[Dict[str, Any], Dict[str, Any]]:
+    def _load_file(self, filename: Path) -> tuple[dict[str, Any], dict[str, Any]]:
         """
         Load a toml file, returns global and platform as separate dicts.
         """
-        config = toml.load(filename)
+        with filename.open("rb") as f:
+            config = tomllib.load(f)
 
         global_options = config.get("tool", {}).get("cibuildwheel", {})
         platform_options = global_options.get(self.platform, {})
 
         return global_options, platform_options
 
-    def __call__(
+    @property
+    def active_config_overrides(self) -> list[Override]:
+        if self.current_identifier is None:
+            return []
+        return [
+            o for o in self.overrides if selector_matches(o.select_pattern, self.current_identifier)
+        ]
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def identifier(self, identifier: str | None) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+        self.current_identifier = identifier
+        try:
+            yield
+        finally:
+            self.current_identifier = None
+
+    def get(
         self,
         name: str,
         *,
         env_plat: bool = True,
-        sep: Optional[str] = None,
-        table: Optional[TableFmt] = None,
+        sep: str | None = None,
+        table: TableFmt | None = None,
+        ignore_empty: bool = False,
     ) -> str:
         """
         Get and return the value for the named option from environment,
@@ -136,36 +318,444 @@ class ConfigOptions:
         accept platform versions of the environment variable. If this is an
         array it will be merged with "sep" before returning. If it is a table,
         it will be formatted with "table['item']" using {k} and {v} and merged
-        with "table['sep']".
+        with "table['sep']". If sep is also given, it will be used for arrays
+        inside the table (must match table['sep']). Empty variables will not
+        override if ignore_empty is True.
         """
 
         if name not in self.default_options and name not in self.default_platform_options:
-            raise ConfigOptionError(f"{name} must be in cibuildwheel/resources/defaults.toml file")
+            msg = f"{name!r} must be in cibuildwheel/resources/defaults.toml file to be accessed."
+            raise ConfigOptionError(msg)
 
         # Environment variable form
         envvar = f"CIBW_{name.upper().replace('-', '_')}"
         plat_envvar = f"{envvar}_{self.platform.upper()}"
 
+        # later overrides take precedence over earlier ones, so reverse the list
+        active_config_overrides = reversed(self.active_config_overrides)
+
         # get the option from the environment, then the config file, then finally the default.
         # platform-specific options are preferred, if they're allowed.
         result = _dig_first(
-            (os.environ if env_plat else {}, plat_envvar),  # type: ignore
-            (os.environ, envvar),
+            (self.env if env_plat else {}, plat_envvar),
+            (self.env, envvar),
+            *[(o.options, name) for o in active_config_overrides],
             (self.config_platform_options, name),
             (self.config_options, name),
             (self.default_platform_options, name),
             (self.default_options, name),
+            ignore_empty=ignore_empty,
         )
 
         if isinstance(result, dict):
             if table is None:
-                raise ConfigOptionError(f"{name} does not accept a table")
-            return table["sep"].join(table["item"].format(k=k, v=v) for k, v in result.items())
-        elif isinstance(result, list):
+                msg = f"{name!r} does not accept a table"
+                raise ConfigOptionError(msg)
+            return table["sep"].join(
+                item for k, v in result.items() for item in _inner_fmt(k, v, table)
+            )
+
+        if isinstance(result, list):
             if sep is None:
-                raise ConfigOptionError(f"{name} does not accept a list")
+                msg = f"{name!r} does not accept a list"
+                raise ConfigOptionError(msg)
             return sep.join(result)
-        elif isinstance(result, int):
+
+        if isinstance(result, int):
             return str(result)
+
+        return result
+
+
+def _inner_fmt(k: str, v: Any, table: TableFmt) -> Iterator[str]:
+    quote_function = table.get("quote", lambda a: a)
+
+    if isinstance(v, list):
+        for inner_v in v:
+            qv = quote_function(inner_v)
+            yield table["item"].format(k=k, v=qv)
+    else:
+        qv = quote_function(v)
+        yield table["item"].format(k=k, v=qv)
+
+
+class Options:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        platform: PlatformName,
+        command_line_arguments: CommandLineArguments,
+        env: Mapping[str, str],
+        read_config_file: bool = True,
+    ):
+        self.platform = platform
+        self.command_line_arguments = command_line_arguments
+        self.env = env
+
+        self.reader = OptionsReader(
+            self.config_file_path if read_config_file else None,
+            platform=platform,
+            env=env,
+            disallow=DISALLOWED_OPTIONS,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def config_file_path(self) -> Path | None:
+        args = self.command_line_arguments
+
+        if args.config_file:
+            return Path(format_safe(args.config_file, package=args.package_dir))
+
+        # return pyproject.toml, if it's available
+        pyproject_toml_path = Path(args.package_dir) / "pyproject.toml"
+        if pyproject_toml_path.exists():
+            return pyproject_toml_path
+
+        return None
+
+    @cached_property
+    def package_requires_python_str(self) -> str | None:
+        args = self.command_line_arguments
+        return get_requires_python_str(Path(args.package_dir))
+
+    @property
+    def globals(self) -> GlobalOptions:
+        args = self.command_line_arguments
+        package_dir = args.package_dir
+        output_dir = args.output_dir
+
+        build_config = self.reader.get("build", env_plat=False, sep=" ") or "*"
+        skip_config = self.reader.get("skip", env_plat=False, sep=" ")
+        test_skip = self.reader.get("test-skip", env_plat=False, sep=" ")
+
+        prerelease_pythons = args.prerelease_pythons or strtobool(
+            self.env.get("CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS", "0")
+        )
+
+        # This is not supported in tool.cibuildwheel, as it comes from a standard location.
+        # Passing this in as an environment variable will override pyproject.toml, setup.cfg, or setup.py
+        requires_python_str: str | None = (
+            self.env.get("CIBW_PROJECT_REQUIRES_PYTHON") or self.package_requires_python_str
+        )
+        requires_python = None if requires_python_str is None else SpecifierSet(requires_python_str)
+
+        archs_config_str = args.archs or self.reader.get("archs", sep=" ")
+        architectures = Architecture.parse_config(archs_config_str, platform=self.platform)
+
+        # Process `--only`
+        if args.only:
+            build_config = args.only
+            skip_config = ""
+            architectures = Architecture.all_archs(self.platform)
+
+        build_selector = BuildSelector(
+            build_config=build_config,
+            skip_config=skip_config,
+            requires_python=requires_python,
+            prerelease_pythons=prerelease_pythons,
+        )
+        test_selector = TestSelector(skip_config=test_skip)
+
+        container_engine_str = self.reader.get("container-engine")
+
+        if container_engine_str not in ["docker", "podman"]:
+            msg = f"cibuildwheel: Unrecognised container_engine {container_engine_str!r}, only 'docker' and 'podman' are supported"
+            print(msg, file=sys.stderr)
+            sys.exit(2)
+
+        container_engine = cast(ContainerEngine, container_engine_str)
+
+        return GlobalOptions(
+            package_dir=package_dir,
+            output_dir=output_dir,
+            build_selector=build_selector,
+            test_selector=test_selector,
+            architectures=architectures,
+            container_engine=container_engine,
+        )
+
+    def build_options(self, identifier: str | None) -> BuildOptions:
+        """
+        Compute BuildOptions for a single run configuration.
+        """
+
+        with self.reader.identifier(identifier):
+            before_all = self.reader.get("before-all", sep=" && ")
+
+            build_frontend_str = self.reader.get("build-frontend", env_plat=False)
+            environment_config = self.reader.get(
+                "environment", table={"item": '{k}="{v}"', "sep": " "}
+            )
+            environment_pass = self.reader.get("environment-pass", sep=" ").split()
+            before_build = self.reader.get("before-build", sep=" && ")
+            repair_command = self.reader.get("repair-wheel-command", sep=" && ")
+            config_settings = self.reader.get(
+                "config-settings", table={"item": "{k}={v}", "sep": " ", "quote": shlex.quote}
+            )
+
+            dependency_versions = self.reader.get("dependency-versions")
+            test_command = self.reader.get("test-command", sep=" && ")
+            before_test = self.reader.get("before-test", sep=" && ")
+            test_requires = self.reader.get("test-requires", sep=" ").split()
+            test_extras = self.reader.get("test-extras", sep=",")
+            build_verbosity_str = self.reader.get("build-verbosity")
+
+            build_frontend: BuildFrontend
+            if build_frontend_str == "build":
+                build_frontend = "build"
+            elif build_frontend_str == "pip":
+                build_frontend = "pip"
+            else:
+                msg = f"cibuildwheel: Unrecognised build frontend {build_frontend_str!r}, only 'pip' and 'build' are supported"
+                print(msg, file=sys.stderr)
+                sys.exit(2)
+
+            try:
+                environment = parse_environment(environment_config)
+            except (EnvironmentParseError, ValueError):
+                print(
+                    f"cibuildwheel: Malformed environment option {environment_config!r}",
+                    file=sys.stderr,
+                )
+                traceback.print_exc(None, sys.stderr)
+                sys.exit(2)
+
+            # Pass through environment variables
+            if self.platform == "linux":
+                for env_var_name in environment_pass:
+                    with contextlib.suppress(KeyError):
+                        environment.add(env_var_name, self.env[env_var_name])
+
+            if dependency_versions == "pinned":
+                dependency_constraints: None | (
+                    DependencyConstraints
+                ) = DependencyConstraints.with_defaults()
+            elif dependency_versions == "latest":
+                dependency_constraints = None
+            else:
+                dependency_versions_path = Path(dependency_versions)
+                dependency_constraints = DependencyConstraints(dependency_versions_path)
+
+            if test_extras:
+                test_extras = f"[{test_extras}]"
+
+            try:
+                build_verbosity = min(3, max(-3, int(build_verbosity_str)))
+            except ValueError:
+                build_verbosity = 0
+
+            manylinux_images: dict[str, str] = {}
+            musllinux_images: dict[str, str] = {}
+            if self.platform == "linux":
+                all_pinned_container_images = _get_pinned_container_images()
+
+                for build_platform in MANYLINUX_ARCHS:
+                    pinned_images = all_pinned_container_images[build_platform]
+
+                    config_value = self.reader.get(
+                        f"manylinux-{build_platform}-image", ignore_empty=True
+                    )
+
+                    if not config_value:
+                        # default to manylinux2014
+                        image = pinned_images["manylinux2014"]
+                    elif config_value in pinned_images:
+                        image = pinned_images[config_value]
+                    else:
+                        image = config_value
+
+                    manylinux_images[build_platform] = image
+
+                for build_platform in MUSLLINUX_ARCHS:
+                    pinned_images = all_pinned_container_images[build_platform]
+
+                    config_value = self.reader.get(f"musllinux-{build_platform}-image")
+
+                    if not config_value:
+                        image = pinned_images["musllinux_1_1"]
+                    elif config_value in pinned_images:
+                        image = pinned_images[config_value]
+                    else:
+                        image = config_value
+
+                    musllinux_images[build_platform] = image
+
+            return BuildOptions(
+                globals=self.globals,
+                test_command=test_command,
+                test_requires=test_requires,
+                test_extras=test_extras,
+                before_test=before_test,
+                before_build=before_build,
+                before_all=before_all,
+                build_verbosity=build_verbosity,
+                repair_command=repair_command,
+                environment=environment,
+                dependency_constraints=dependency_constraints,
+                manylinux_images=manylinux_images or None,
+                musllinux_images=musllinux_images or None,
+                build_frontend=build_frontend,
+                config_settings=config_settings,
+            )
+
+    def check_for_invalid_configuration(self, identifiers: list[str]) -> None:
+        if self.platform in {"macos", "windows"}:
+            before_all_values = {self.build_options(i).before_all for i in identifiers}
+
+            if len(before_all_values) > 1:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    unwrap(
+                        f"""
+                        before_all cannot be set to multiple values. On macOS and Windows,
+                        before_all is only run once, at the start of the build. before_all values
+                        are: {before_all_values!r}
+                        """
+                    )
+                )
+
+    def check_for_deprecated_options(self) -> None:
+        build_selector = self.globals.build_selector
+        test_selector = self.globals.test_selector
+
+        deprecated_selectors("CIBW_BUILD", build_selector.build_config, error=True)
+        deprecated_selectors("CIBW_SKIP", build_selector.skip_config)
+        deprecated_selectors("CIBW_TEST_SKIP", test_selector.skip_config)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def defaults(self) -> Options:
+        return Options(
+            platform=self.platform,
+            command_line_arguments=CommandLineArguments.defaults(),
+            env={},
+            read_config_file=False,
+        )
+
+    def summary(self, identifiers: list[str]) -> str:
+        lines = []
+        global_option_names = sorted(f.name for f in dataclasses.fields(self.globals))
+
+        for option_name in global_option_names:
+            option_value = getattr(self.globals, option_name)
+            default_value = getattr(self.defaults.globals, option_name)
+            lines.append(self.option_summary(option_name, option_value, default_value))
+
+        build_options = self.build_options(identifier=None)
+        build_options_defaults = self.defaults.build_options(identifier=None)
+        build_options_for_identifier = {
+            identifier: self.build_options(identifier) for identifier in identifiers
+        }
+
+        build_option_names = sorted(f.name for f in dataclasses.fields(build_options))
+
+        for option_name in build_option_names:
+            if option_name == "globals":
+                continue
+
+            option_value = getattr(build_options, option_name)
+            default_value = getattr(build_options_defaults, option_name)
+            overrides = {
+                i: getattr(build_options_for_identifier[i], option_name) for i in identifiers
+            }
+
+            lines.append(
+                self.option_summary(option_name, option_value, default_value, overrides=overrides)
+            )
+
+        return "\n".join(lines)
+
+    def option_summary(
+        self,
+        option_name: str,
+        option_value: Any,
+        default_value: Any,
+        overrides: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        """
+        Return a summary of the option value, including any overrides, with
+        ANSI 'dim' color if it's the default.
+        """
+        value_str = self.option_summary_value(option_value)
+        default_value_str = self.option_summary_value(default_value)
+        overrides_value_strs = {
+            k: self.option_summary_value(v) for k, v in (overrides or {}).items()
+        }
+        # if the override value is the same as the non-overridden value, don't print it
+        overrides_value_strs = {k: v for k, v in overrides_value_strs.items() if v != value_str}
+
+        has_been_set = (value_str != default_value_str) or overrides_value_strs
+        c = log.colors
+
+        result = c.gray if not has_been_set else ""
+        result += f"{option_name}: "
+
+        if overrides_value_strs:
+            overrides_groups = collections.defaultdict(list)
+            for k, v in overrides_value_strs.items():
+                overrides_groups[v].append(k)
+
+            result += "\n  *: "
+            result += self.indent_if_multiline(value_str, "    ")
+
+            for override_value_str, identifiers in overrides_groups.items():
+                result += f"\n  {', '.join(identifiers)}: "
+                result += self.indent_if_multiline(override_value_str, "    ")
         else:
-            return result
+            result += self.indent_if_multiline(value_str, "  ")
+
+        result += c.end
+
+        return result
+
+    def indent_if_multiline(self, value: str, indent: str) -> str:
+        if "\n" in value:
+            return "\n" + textwrap.indent(value.strip(), indent)
+        else:
+            return value
+
+    def option_summary_value(self, option_value: Any) -> str:
+        if hasattr(option_value, "options_summary"):
+            option_value = option_value.options_summary()
+
+        if isinstance(option_value, list):
+            return "".join(f"{el}\n" for el in option_value)
+
+        if isinstance(option_value, set):
+            return ", ".join(str(el) for el in sorted(option_value))
+
+        if isinstance(option_value, dict):
+            return "".join(f"{k}: {v}\n" for k, v in option_value.items())
+
+        return str(option_value)
+
+
+def compute_options(
+    platform: PlatformName,
+    command_line_arguments: CommandLineArguments,
+    env: Mapping[str, str],
+) -> Options:
+    options = Options(platform=platform, command_line_arguments=command_line_arguments, env=env)
+    options.check_for_deprecated_options()
+    return options
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+def _get_pinned_container_images() -> Mapping[str, Mapping[str, str]]:
+    """
+    This looks like a dict of dicts, e.g.
+    { 'x86_64': {'manylinux1': '...', 'manylinux2010': '...', 'manylinux2014': '...'},
+      'i686': {'manylinux1': '...', 'manylinux2010': '...', 'manylinux2014': '...'},
+      'pypy_x86_64': {'manylinux2010': '...' }
+      ... }
+    """
+
+    pinned_images_file = resources_dir / "pinned_docker_images.cfg"
+    all_pinned_images = configparser.ConfigParser()
+    all_pinned_images.read(pinned_images_file)
+    return all_pinned_images
+
+
+def deprecated_selectors(name: str, selector: str, *, error: bool = False) -> None:
+    if "p2" in selector or "p35" in selector:
+        msg = f"cibuildwheel 2.x no longer supports Python < 3.6. Please use the 1.x series or update {name}"
+        print(msg, file=sys.stderr)
+        if error:
+            sys.exit(4)

cibuildwheel/projectfiles.py

@@ -1,10 +1,16 @@
-import ast
-import sys
-from configparser import ConfigParser
-from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Optional
+from __future__ import annotations
 
-import toml
+import ast
+import configparser
+import contextlib
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+    import tomllib
+else:
+    import tomli as tomllib
 
 if sys.version_info < (3, 8):
     Constant = ast.Str
@@ -12,7 +18,6 @@ if sys.version_info < (3, 8):
     def get_constant(x: ast.Str) -> str:
         return x.s
 
-
 else:
     Constant = ast.Constant
 
@@ -22,57 +27,55 @@ else:
 
 class Analyzer(ast.NodeVisitor):
     def __init__(self) -> None:
-        self.requires_python: Optional[str] = None
+        self.requires_python: str | None = None
 
-    def visit(self, content: ast.AST) -> None:
-        for node in ast.walk(content):
-            for child in ast.iter_child_nodes(node):
-                child.parent = node  # type: ignore
-        super().visit(content)
+    def visit(self, node: ast.AST) -> None:
+        for inner_node in ast.walk(node):
+            for child in ast.iter_child_nodes(inner_node):
+                child.parent = inner_node  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        super().visit(node)
 
     def visit_keyword(self, node: ast.keyword) -> None:
         self.generic_visit(node)
-        if node.arg == "python_requires":
-            # Must not be nested in an if or other structure
-            # This will be Module -> Expr -> Call -> keyword
-            if not hasattr(node.parent.parent.parent, "parent") and isinstance(  # type: ignore
-                node.value, Constant
-            ):
-                self.requires_python = get_constant(node.value)
+        # Must not be nested in an if or other structure
+        # This will be Module -> Expr -> Call -> keyword
+        if (
+            node.arg == "python_requires"
+            and not hasattr(node.parent.parent.parent, "parent")  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            and isinstance(node.value, Constant)
+        ):
+            self.requires_python = get_constant(node.value)
 
 
-def setup_py_python_requires(content: str) -> Optional[str]:
+def setup_py_python_requires(content: str) -> str | None:
     try:
         tree = ast.parse(content)
         analyzer = Analyzer()
         analyzer.visit(tree)
         return analyzer.requires_python or None
-    except Exception:
+    except Exception:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
         return None
 
 
-def get_requires_python_str(package_dir: Path) -> Optional[str]:
-    "Return the python requires string from the most canonical source available, or None"
+def get_requires_python_str(package_dir: Path) -> str | None:
+    """Return the python requires string from the most canonical source available, or None"""
 
     # Read in from pyproject.toml:project.requires-python
-    try:
-        info = toml.load(package_dir / "pyproject.toml")
-        return str(info["project"]["requires-python"])
-    except (FileNotFoundError, KeyError, IndexError, TypeError):
-        pass
+    with contextlib.suppress(FileNotFoundError):
+        with (package_dir / "pyproject.toml").open("rb") as f1:
+            info = tomllib.load(f1)
+        with contextlib.suppress(KeyError, IndexError, TypeError):
+            return str(info["project"]["requires-python"])
 
     # Read in from setup.cfg:options.python_requires
-    try:
-        config = ConfigParser()
+    config = configparser.ConfigParser()
+    with contextlib.suppress(FileNotFoundError):
         config.read(package_dir / "setup.cfg")
-        return str(config["options"]["python_requires"])
-    except (FileNotFoundError, KeyError, IndexError, TypeError):
-        pass
+        with contextlib.suppress(KeyError, IndexError, TypeError):
+            return str(config["options"]["python_requires"])
 
-    try:
-        with open(package_dir / "setup.py") as f:
-            return setup_py_python_requires(f.read())
-    except FileNotFoundError:
-        pass
+    setup_py = package_dir / "setup.py"
+    with contextlib.suppress(FileNotFoundError), setup_py.open(encoding="utf8") as f2:
+        return setup_py_python_requires(f2.read())
 
     return None

cibuildwheel/resources/build-platforms.toml

@@ -5,29 +5,70 @@ python_configurations = [
   { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
   { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
   { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
   { identifier = "cp36-manylinux_i686", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
   { identifier = "cp37-manylinux_i686", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
   { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_i686", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
   { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_i686", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
   { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_i686", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-manylinux_i686", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
   { identifier = "pp37-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/pp37-pypy37_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "pp38-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/pp38-pypy38_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "pp39-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/pp39-pypy39_pp73" },
   { identifier = "cp36-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
   { identifier = "cp37-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
   { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
   { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
   { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
   { identifier = "cp36-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
   { identifier = "cp37-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
   { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
   { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
   { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
   { identifier = "cp36-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
   { identifier = "cp37-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
   { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
   { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
   { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
   { identifier = "pp37-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/pp37-pypy37_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "pp38-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/pp38-pypy38_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "pp39-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/pp39-pypy39_pp73" },
   { identifier = "pp37-manylinux_i686", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/pp37-pypy37_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "pp38-manylinux_i686", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/pp38-pypy38_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "pp39-manylinux_i686", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/pp39-pypy39_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "cp36-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
+  { identifier = "cp37-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
+  { identifier = "cp36-musllinux_i686", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
+  { identifier = "cp37-musllinux_i686", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-musllinux_i686", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_i686", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-musllinux_i686", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-musllinux_i686", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
+  { identifier = "cp36-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
+  { identifier = "cp37-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
+  { identifier = "cp36-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
+  { identifier = "cp37-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
+  { identifier = "cp36-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
+  { identifier = "cp37-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.11", path_str = "/opt/python/cp311-cp311" },
 ]
 
 [macos]
@@ -37,13 +78,20 @@ python_configurations = [
   { identifier = "cp38-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.8", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.10/python-3.8.10-macosx10.9.pkg" },
   { identifier = "cp38-macosx_arm64", version = "3.8", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.10/python-3.8.10-macosx10.9.pkg" },
   { identifier = "cp38-macosx_universal2", version = "3.8", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.10/python-3.8.10-macosx10.9.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp39-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.9", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.9.6/python-3.9.6-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp39-macosx_arm64", version = "3.9", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.9.6/python-3.9.6-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp39-macosx_universal2", version = "3.9", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.9.6/python-3.9.6-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp310-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.10", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.10.0/python-3.10.0b4-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp310-macosx_arm64", version = "3.10", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.10.0/python-3.10.0b4-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp310-macosx_universal2", version = "3.10", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.10.0/python-3.10.0b4-macos11.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "pp37-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.7", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.7-v7.3.5-osx64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.9", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.9.13/python-3.9.13-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-macosx_arm64", version = "3.9", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.9.13/python-3.9.13-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-macosx_universal2", version = "3.9", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.9.13/python-3.9.13-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.10", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.10.10/python-3.10.10-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-macosx_arm64", version = "3.10", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.10.10/python-3.10.10-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-macosx_universal2", version = "3.10", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.10.10/python-3.10.10-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.11", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.11.2/python-3.11.2-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-macosx_arm64", version = "3.11", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.11.2/python-3.11.2-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-macosx_universal2", version = "3.11", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.11.2/python-3.11.2-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "pp37-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.7", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.7-v7.3.9-osx64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "pp38-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.8", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "pp38-macosx_arm64", version = "3.8", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "pp39-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.9", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.11-macos_x86_64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "pp39-macosx_arm64", version = "3.9", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.11-macos_arm64.tar.bz2" },
 ]
 
 [windows]
@@ -54,9 +102,16 @@ python_configurations = [
   { identifier = "cp37-win_amd64", version = "3.7.9", arch = "64" },
   { identifier = "cp38-win32", version = "3.8.10", arch = "32" },
   { identifier = "cp38-win_amd64", version = "3.8.10", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp39-win32", version = "3.9.6", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp39-win_amd64", version = "3.9.6", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp310-win32", version = "3.10.0-b4", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp310-win_amd64", version = "3.10.0-b4", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "pp37-win_amd64", version = "3.7", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.7-v7.3.5-win64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-win32", version = "3.9.13", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-win_amd64", version = "3.9.13", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-win32", version = "3.10.10", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-win_amd64", version = "3.10.10", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-win32", version = "3.11.2", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-win_amd64", version = "3.11.2", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-win_arm64", version = "3.9.10", arch = "ARM64" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-win_arm64", version = "3.10.10", arch = "ARM64" },
+  { identifier = "cp311-win_arm64", version = "3.11.2", arch = "ARM64" },
+  { identifier = "pp37-win_amd64", version = "3.7", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.7-v7.3.9-win64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "pp38-win_amd64", version = "3.8", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.11-win64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "pp39-win_amd64", version = "3.9", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.11-win64.zip" },
 ]

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python310.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#
+# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with Python 3.10
+# by the following command:
+#
+#    nox -s update_constraints-3.10
+#
+delocate==0.10.4
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.3.6
+    # via virtualenv
+filelock==3.9.0
+    # via virtualenv
+packaging==23.0
+    # via delocate
+platformdirs==3.1.0
+    # via virtualenv
+typing-extensions==4.5.0
+    # via delocate
+virtualenv==20.20.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+wheel==0.38.4
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+
+# The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
+pip==23.0.1
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+setuptools==67.5.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python311.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#
+# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with Python 3.11
+# by the following command:
+#
+#    nox -s update_constraints-3.11
+#
+delocate==0.10.4
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.3.6
+    # via virtualenv
+filelock==3.9.0
+    # via virtualenv
+packaging==23.0
+    # via delocate
+platformdirs==3.1.0
+    # via virtualenv
+typing-extensions==4.5.0
+    # via delocate
+virtualenv==20.20.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+wheel==0.38.4
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+
+# The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
+pip==23.0.1
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+setuptools==67.5.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python36.txt

@@ -2,45 +2,37 @@
 # This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with python 3.6
 # To update, run:
 #
-#    bin/update_dependencies.py
+#    nox -s update_constraints-3.6
 #
-backports.entry-points-selectable==1.1.0
-    # via virtualenv
-delocate==0.9.0
+delocate==0.10.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.2
+distlib==0.3.6
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.0.12
+filelock==3.4.1
     # via virtualenv
-importlib-metadata==4.6.1
-    # via
-    #   backports.entry-points-selectable
-    #   virtualenv
-importlib-resources==5.2.0
+importlib-metadata==4.8.3
     # via virtualenv
-platformdirs==2.0.2
+importlib-resources==5.4.0
     # via virtualenv
-six==1.16.0
-    # via
-    #   delocate
-    #   virtualenv
-typing-extensions==3.10.0.0
+platformdirs==2.4.0
+    # via virtualenv
+typing-extensions==4.1.1
     # via
     #   delocate
     #   importlib-metadata
-virtualenv==20.6.0
+virtualenv==20.17.1
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-wheel==0.36.2
+wheel==0.37.1
     # via
     #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
     #   delocate
-zipp==3.5.0
+zipp==3.6.0
     # via
     #   importlib-metadata
     #   importlib-resources
 
 # The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
-pip==21.2.1
+pip==21.3.1
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-setuptools==57.4.0
+setuptools==59.6.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python37.txt

@@ -1,42 +1,35 @@
 #
-# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with python 3.7
-# To update, run:
+# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with Python 3.7
+# by the following command:
 #
-#    bin/update_dependencies.py
+#    nox -s update_constraints-3.7
 #
-backports.entry-points-selectable==1.1.0
-    # via virtualenv
-delocate==0.9.0
+delocate==0.10.4
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.2
+distlib==0.3.6
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.0.12
+filelock==3.9.0
     # via virtualenv
-importlib-metadata==4.6.1
-    # via
-    #   backports.entry-points-selectable
-    #   virtualenv
-platformdirs==2.0.2
+importlib-metadata==6.0.0
     # via virtualenv
-six==1.16.0
-    # via
-    #   delocate
-    #   virtualenv
-typing-extensions==3.10.0.0
+packaging==23.0
+    # via delocate
+platformdirs==3.1.0
+    # via virtualenv
+typing-extensions==4.5.0
     # via
     #   delocate
     #   importlib-metadata
-virtualenv==20.6.0
+    #   platformdirs
+virtualenv==20.20.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-wheel==0.36.2
-    # via
-    #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-    #   delocate
-zipp==3.5.0
+wheel==0.38.4
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+zipp==3.15.0
     # via importlib-metadata
 
 # The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
-pip==21.2.1
+pip==23.0.1
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-setuptools==57.4.0
+setuptools==67.5.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python38.txt

@@ -1,34 +1,28 @@
 #
-# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with python 3.8
-# To update, run:
+# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with Python 3.8
+# by the following command:
 #
-#    bin/update_dependencies.py
+#    nox -s update_constraints-3.8
 #
-backports.entry-points-selectable==1.1.0
-    # via virtualenv
-delocate==0.9.0
+delocate==0.10.4
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.2
+distlib==0.3.6
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.0.12
+filelock==3.9.0
     # via virtualenv
-platformdirs==2.0.2
-    # via virtualenv
-six==1.16.0
-    # via
-    #   delocate
-    #   virtualenv
-typing-extensions==3.10.0.0
+packaging==23.0
     # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.6.0
+platformdirs==3.1.0
+    # via virtualenv
+typing-extensions==4.5.0
+    # via delocate
+virtualenv==20.20.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+wheel==0.38.4
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-wheel==0.36.2
-    # via
-    #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-    #   delocate
 
 # The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
-pip==21.2.1
+pip==23.0.1
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-setuptools==57.4.0
+setuptools==67.5.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python39.txt

@@ -1,34 +1,28 @@
 #
-# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with python 3.9
-# To update, run:
+# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with Python 3.9
+# by the following command:
 #
-#    bin/update_dependencies.py
+#    nox -s update_constraints-3.9
 #
-backports.entry-points-selectable==1.1.0
-    # via virtualenv
-delocate==0.9.0
+delocate==0.10.4
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.2
+distlib==0.3.6
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.0.12
+filelock==3.9.0
     # via virtualenv
-platformdirs==2.0.2
-    # via virtualenv
-six==1.16.0
-    # via
-    #   delocate
-    #   virtualenv
-typing-extensions==3.10.0.0
+packaging==23.0
     # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.6.0
+platformdirs==3.1.0
+    # via virtualenv
+typing-extensions==4.5.0
+    # via delocate
+virtualenv==20.20.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+wheel==0.38.4
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-wheel==0.36.2
-    # via
-    #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-    #   delocate
 
 # The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
-pip==21.2.1
+pip==23.0.1
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-setuptools==57.4.0
+setuptools==67.5.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.txt

@@ -1,34 +1,28 @@
 #
-# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with python 3.9
-# To update, run:
+# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with Python 3.11
+# by the following command:
 #
-#    bin/update_dependencies.py
+#    nox -s update_constraints-3.11
 #
-backports.entry-points-selectable==1.1.0
-    # via virtualenv
-delocate==0.9.0
+delocate==0.10.4
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.2
+distlib==0.3.6
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.0.12
+filelock==3.9.0
     # via virtualenv
-platformdirs==2.0.2
-    # via virtualenv
-six==1.16.0
-    # via
-    #   delocate
-    #   virtualenv
-typing-extensions==3.10.0.0
+packaging==23.0
     # via delocate
-virtualenv==20.6.0
+platformdirs==3.1.0
+    # via virtualenv
+typing-extensions==4.5.0
+    # via delocate
+virtualenv==20.20.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+wheel==0.38.4
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-wheel==0.36.2
-    # via
-    #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-    #   delocate
 
 # The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
-pip==21.2.1
+pip==23.0.1
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-setuptools==57.4.0
+setuptools==67.5.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/defaults.toml

@@ -5,8 +5,10 @@ test-skip = ""
 
 archs = ["auto"]
 build-frontend = "pip"
+config-settings = {}
 dependency-versions = "pinned"
 environment = {}
+environment-pass = []
 build-verbosity = ""
 
 before-all = ""
@@ -18,23 +20,28 @@ before-test = ""
 test-requires = []
 test-extras = []
 
-manylinux-x86_64-image = "manylinux2010"
-manylinux-i686-image = "manylinux2010"
+container-engine = "docker"
+
+manylinux-x86_64-image = "manylinux2014"
+manylinux-i686-image = "manylinux2014"
 manylinux-aarch64-image = "manylinux2014"
 manylinux-ppc64le-image = "manylinux2014"
 manylinux-s390x-image = "manylinux2014"
-manylinux-pypy_x86_64-image = "manylinux2010"
-manylinux-pypy_i686-image = "manylinux2010"
+manylinux-pypy_x86_64-image = "manylinux2014"
+manylinux-pypy_i686-image = "manylinux2014"
 manylinux-pypy_aarch64-image = "manylinux2014"
 
+musllinux-x86_64-image = "musllinux_1_1"
+musllinux-i686-image = "musllinux_1_1"
+musllinux-aarch64-image = "musllinux_1_1"
+musllinux-ppc64le-image = "musllinux_1_1"
+musllinux-s390x-image = "musllinux_1_1"
+
 
 [tool.cibuildwheel.linux]
 repair-wheel-command = "auditwheel repair -w {dest_dir} {wheel}"
 
 [tool.cibuildwheel.macos]
-repair-wheel-command = [
-  "delocate-listdeps {wheel}",
-  "delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} {wheel}",
-]
+repair-wheel-command = "delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} -v {wheel}"
 
 [tool.cibuildwheel.windows]

cibuildwheel/resources/install_certifi.py

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 # for the ssl module.  Uses the certificates provided by the certifi package:
 #       https://pypi.org/project/certifi/
 
+import contextlib
 import os
 import os.path
 import ssl
@@ -39,10 +40,8 @@ def main():
     relpath_to_certifi_cafile = os.path.relpath(certifi.where())
 
     print(" -- removing any existing file or link")
-    try:
+    with contextlib.suppress(FileNotFoundError):
         os.remove(openssl_cafile)
-    except FileNotFoundError:
-        pass
     print(" -- creating symlink to certifi certificate bundle")
     os.symlink(relpath_to_certifi_cafile, openssl_cafile)
 

cibuildwheel/resources/pinned_docker_images.cfg

@@ -1,38 +1,49 @@
 [x86_64]
-manylinux1 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_x86_64:2021-07-25-0f995ee
-manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64:2021-07-25-cfe8a6c
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2021-07-25-cfe8a6c
-manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64:2021-07-25-cfe8a6c
+manylinux1 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_x86_64:2023-02-26-4ed41b6
+manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64:2022-08-05-4535177
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2023-03-05-271004f
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64:2022-12-26-0d38463
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2023-03-05-271004f
+musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_x86_64:2023-03-05-271004f
 
 [i686]
-manylinux1 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_i686:2021-07-25-0f995ee
-manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686:2021-07-25-cfe8a6c
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2021-07-25-cfe8a6c
-manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_i686:2021-07-25-cfe8a6c
+manylinux1 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_i686:2023-02-26-4ed41b6
+manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686:2022-08-05-4535177
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2023-03-05-271004f
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_i686:2022-12-26-0d38463
+musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_i686:2023-03-05-271004f
 
 [pypy_x86_64]
-manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64:2021-07-25-cfe8a6c
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2021-07-25-cfe8a6c
-manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64:2021-07-25-cfe8a6c
+manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64:2022-08-05-4535177
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2023-03-05-271004f
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64:2022-12-26-0d38463
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:2023-03-05-271004f
 
 [pypy_i686]
-manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686:2021-07-25-cfe8a6c
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2021-07-25-cfe8a6c
-manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_i686:2021-07-25-cfe8a6c
+manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686:2022-08-05-4535177
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2023-03-05-271004f
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_i686:2022-12-26-0d38463
 
 [aarch64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2021-07-25-cfe8a6c
-manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_aarch64:2021-07-25-cfe8a6c
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2023-03-05-271004f
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_aarch64:2022-12-26-0d38463
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2023-03-05-271004f
+musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_aarch64:2023-03-05-271004f
 
 [ppc64le]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le:2021-07-25-cfe8a6c
-manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_ppc64le:2021-07-25-cfe8a6c
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le:2023-03-05-271004f
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_ppc64le:2022-12-26-0d38463
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_ppc64le:2023-03-05-271004f
+musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_ppc64le:2023-03-05-271004f
 
 [s390x]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x:2021-07-25-cfe8a6c
-manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_s390x:2021-07-25-cfe8a6c
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x:2023-03-05-271004f
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_s390x:2022-12-26-0d38463
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_s390x:2023-03-05-271004f
+musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_s390x:2023-03-05-271004f
 
 [pypy_aarch64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2021-07-25-cfe8a6c
-manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_aarch64:2021-07-25-cfe8a6c
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2023-03-05-271004f
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_aarch64:2022-12-26-0d38463
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64:2023-03-05-271004f
 

cibuildwheel/resources/testing_temp_dir_file.py

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# this file is copied to the testing cwd, to raise the below error message if
+# pytest/unittest is run from there.
+
+import unittest
+
+
+class TestStringMethods(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_fail(self):
+        self.fail(
+            "cibuildwheel executes tests from a different working directory to "
+            "your project. This ensures only your wheel is imported, preventing "
+            "Python from accessing files that haven't been packaged into the "
+            "wheel. Please specify a path to your tests when invoking pytest "
+            "using the {project} placeholder, e.g. `pytest {project}` or "
+            "`pytest {project}/tests`. cibuildwheel will replace {project} with "
+            "the path to your project."
+        )

cibuildwheel/resources/virtualenv.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+version = "20.20.0"
+url = "https://github.com/pypa/get-virtualenv/blob/20.20.0/public/virtualenv.pyz?raw=true"

cibuildwheel/typing.py

@@ -1,25 +1,34 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import os
 import subprocess
 import sys
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, NoReturn, Set, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Union
 
 if sys.version_info < (3, 8):
-    from typing_extensions import Final, Literal, TypedDict
+    from typing_extensions import Final, Literal, OrderedDict, Protocol, TypedDict
 else:
-    from typing import Final, Literal, TypedDict
+    from typing import Final, Literal, OrderedDict, Protocol, TypedDict
 
+if sys.version_info < (3, 11):
+    from typing_extensions import NotRequired, assert_never
+else:
+    from typing import NotRequired, assert_never
 
 __all__ = (
     "Final",
     "Literal",
-    "TypedDict",
-    "Set",
-    "Union",
-    "PopenBytes",
+    "PLATFORMS",
     "PathOrStr",
     "PlatformName",
+    "Protocol",
     "PLATFORMS",
+    "PopenBytes",
+    "Protocol",
+    "TypedDict",
+    "OrderedDict",
     "assert_never",
+    "NotRequired",
 )
 
 
@@ -32,8 +41,4 @@ else:
 
 
 PlatformName = Literal["linux", "macos", "windows"]
-PLATFORMS: Final[Set[PlatformName]] = {"linux", "macos", "windows"}
-
-
-def assert_never(value: NoReturn) -> NoReturn:
-    assert False, f"Unhandled value: {value} ({type(value).__name__})"  # noqa: B011
+PLATFORMS: Final[set[PlatformName]] = {"linux", "macos", "windows"}

cibuildwheel/util.py

@@ -1,47 +1,205 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import contextlib
 import fnmatch
 import itertools
 import os
 import re
+import shlex
 import ssl
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import textwrap
 import time
 import urllib.request
+from dataclasses import dataclass
 from enum import Enum
-from pathlib import Path
+from functools import lru_cache
+from pathlib import Path, PurePath
 from time import sleep
-from typing import Dict, Iterator, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Set
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    ClassVar,
+    Generator,
+    Iterable,
+    Sequence,
+    TextIO,
+    TypeVar,
+    cast,
+    overload,
+)
 
 import bracex
 import certifi
-import toml
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+    import tomllib
+else:
+    import tomli as tomllib
+
+from filelock import FileLock
+from packaging.requirements import InvalidRequirement, Requirement
 from packaging.specifiers import SpecifierSet
+from packaging.utils import parse_wheel_filename
 from packaging.version import Version
+from platformdirs import user_cache_path
 
-from .architecture import Architecture
-from .environment import ParsedEnvironment
-from .typing import Literal, PathOrStr, PlatformName
+from cibuildwheel.typing import Final, Literal, PathOrStr, PlatformName
 
-resources_dir = Path(__file__).parent / "resources"
+__all__ = [
+    "resources_dir",
+    "MANYLINUX_ARCHS",
+    "call",
+    "shell",
+    "find_compatible_wheel",
+    "format_safe",
+    "prepare_command",
+    "get_build_verbosity_extra_flags",
+    "read_python_configs",
+    "selector_matches",
+    "strtobool",
+    "cached_property",
+    "chdir",
+    "split_config_settings",
+]
 
-install_certifi_script = resources_dir / "install_certifi.py"
+resources_dir: Final[Path] = Path(__file__).parent / "resources"
+
+install_certifi_script: Final[Path] = resources_dir / "install_certifi.py"
+
+test_fail_cwd_file: Final[Path] = resources_dir / "testing_temp_dir_file.py"
 
 BuildFrontend = Literal["pip", "build"]
 
+MANYLINUX_ARCHS: Final[tuple[str, ...]] = (
+    "x86_64",
+    "i686",
+    "pypy_x86_64",
+    "aarch64",
+    "ppc64le",
+    "s390x",
+    "pypy_aarch64",
+    "pypy_i686",
+)
+
+MUSLLINUX_ARCHS: Final[tuple[str, ...]] = (
+    "x86_64",
+    "i686",
+    "aarch64",
+    "ppc64le",
+    "s390x",
+)
+
+DEFAULT_CIBW_CACHE_PATH: Final[Path] = user_cache_path(appname="cibuildwheel", appauthor="pypa")
+CIBW_CACHE_PATH: Final[Path] = Path(
+    os.environ.get("CIBW_CACHE_PATH", DEFAULT_CIBW_CACHE_PATH)
+).resolve()
+
+IS_WIN: Final[bool] = sys.platform.startswith("win")
+
+
+@overload
+def call(
+    *args: PathOrStr,
+    env: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+    cwd: PathOrStr | None = None,
+    capture_stdout: Literal[False] = ...,
+) -> None:
+    ...
+
+
+@overload
+def call(
+    *args: PathOrStr,
+    env: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+    cwd: PathOrStr | None = None,
+    capture_stdout: Literal[True],
+) -> str:
+    ...
+
+
+def call(
+    *args: PathOrStr,
+    env: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+    cwd: PathOrStr | None = None,
+    capture_stdout: bool = False,
+) -> str | None:
+    """
+    Run subprocess.run, but print the commands first. Takes the commands as
+    *args. Uses shell=True on Windows due to a bug. Also converts to
+    Paths to strings, due to Windows behavior at least on older Pythons.
+    https://bugs.python.org/issue8557
+    """
+    args_ = [str(arg) for arg in args]
+    # print the command executing for the logs
+    print("+ " + " ".join(shlex.quote(a) for a in args_))
+    kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {}
+    if capture_stdout:
+        kwargs["universal_newlines"] = True
+        kwargs["stdout"] = subprocess.PIPE
+    result = subprocess.run(args_, check=True, shell=IS_WIN, env=env, cwd=cwd, **kwargs)
+    if not capture_stdout:
+        return None
+    return cast(str, result.stdout)
+
+
+def shell(*commands: str, env: dict[str, str] | None = None, cwd: PathOrStr | None = None) -> None:
+    command = " ".join(commands)
+    print(f"+ {command}")
+    subprocess.run(command, env=env, cwd=cwd, shell=True, check=True)
+
+
+def format_safe(template: str, **kwargs: str | os.PathLike[str]) -> str:
+    """
+    Works similarly to `template.format(**kwargs)`, except that unmatched
+    fields in `template` are passed through untouched.
+
+    >>> format_safe('{a} {b}', a='123')
+    '123 {b}'
+    >>> format_safe('{a} {b[4]:3f}', a='123')
+    '123 {b[4]:3f}'
+
+    To avoid variable expansion, precede with a single backslash e.g.
+    >>> format_safe('\\{a} {b}', a='123')
+    '{a} {b}'
+    """
+
+    result = template
+
+    for key, value in kwargs.items():
+        find_pattern = re.compile(
+            rf"""
+                (?<!\#)  # don't match if preceded by a hash
+                {{  # literal open curly bracket
+                {re.escape(key)}  # the field name
+                }}  # literal close curly bracket
+            """,
+            re.VERBOSE,
+        )
+
+        result = re.sub(
+            pattern=find_pattern,
+            repl=str(value).replace("\\", r"\\"),
+            string=result,
+        )
+
+        # transform escaped sequences into their literal equivalents
+        result = result.replace(f"#{{{key}}}", f"{{{key}}}")
+
+    return result
+
 
 def prepare_command(command: str, **kwargs: PathOrStr) -> str:
     """
     Preprocesses a command by expanding variables like {python}.
 
     For example, used in the test_command option to specify the path to the
-    project's root.
+    project's root. Unmatched syntax will mostly be allowed through.
     """
-    return command.format(python="python", pip="pip", **kwargs)
+    return format_safe(command, python="python", pip="pip", **kwargs)
 
 
-def get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(level: int) -> List[str]:
+def get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(level: int) -> list[str]:
     if level > 0:
         return ["-" + level * "v"]
     elif level < 0:
@@ -50,37 +208,51 @@ def get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(level: int) -> List[str]:
         return []
 
 
-def read_python_configs(config: PlatformName) -> List[Dict[str, str]]:
+def split_config_settings(config_settings: str, frontend: Literal["pip", "build"]) -> list[str]:
+    config_settings_list = shlex.split(config_settings)
+    s = "s" if frontend == "pip" else ""
+    return [f"--config-setting{s}={setting}" for setting in config_settings_list]
+
+
+def read_python_configs(config: PlatformName) -> list[dict[str, str]]:
     input_file = resources_dir / "build-platforms.toml"
-    loaded_file = toml.load(input_file)
-    results: List[Dict[str, str]] = list(loaded_file[config]["python_configurations"])
+    with input_file.open("rb") as f:
+        loaded_file = tomllib.load(f)
+    results: list[dict[str, str]] = list(loaded_file[config]["python_configurations"])
     return results
 
 
-class IdentifierSelector:
+def selector_matches(patterns: str, string: str) -> bool:
+    """
+    Returns True if `string` is matched by any of the wildcard patterns in
+    `patterns`.
+
+    Matching is according to fnmatch, but with shell-like curly brace
+    expansion. For example, 'cp{36,37}-*' would match either of 'cp36-*' or
+    'cp37-*'.
+    """
+    patterns_list = patterns.split()
+    expanded_patterns = itertools.chain.from_iterable(bracex.expand(p) for p in patterns_list)
+    return any(fnmatch.fnmatch(string, pat) for pat in expanded_patterns)
+
+
+# Once we require Python 3.10+, we can add kw_only=True
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class BuildSelector:
     """
     This class holds a set of build/skip patterns. You call an instance with a
     build identifier, and it returns True if that identifier should be
     included. Only call this on valid identifiers, ones that have at least 2
-    numeric digits before the first dash. If a pre-release version X.Y is present,
-    you can filter it with prerelease="XY".
+    numeric digits before the first dash.
     """
 
-    # a pattern that skips prerelease versions, when include_prereleases is False.
-    PRERELEASE_SKIP = "cp310-*"
+    build_config: str
+    skip_config: str
+    requires_python: SpecifierSet | None = None
 
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        *,
-        build_config: str,
-        skip_config: str,
-        requires_python: Optional[SpecifierSet] = None,
-        prerelease_pythons: bool = False,
-    ):
-        self.build_patterns = build_config.split()
-        self.skip_patterns = skip_config.split()
-        self.requires_python = requires_python
-        self.prerelease_pythons = prerelease_pythons
+    # a pattern that skips prerelease versions, when include_prereleases is False.
+    PRERELEASE_SKIP: ClassVar[str] = ""
+    prerelease_pythons: bool = False
 
     def __call__(self, build_id: str) -> bool:
         # Filter build selectors by python_requires if set
@@ -92,63 +264,54 @@ class IdentifierSelector:
             if not self.requires_python.contains(version):
                 return False
 
-        build_patterns = itertools.chain.from_iterable(
-            bracex.expand(p) for p in self.build_patterns
-        )
+        # filter out the prerelease pythons if self.prerelease_pythons is False
+        if not self.prerelease_pythons and selector_matches(self.PRERELEASE_SKIP, build_id):
+            return False
 
-        unexpanded_skip_patterns = self.skip_patterns.copy()
+        should_build = selector_matches(self.build_config, build_id)
+        should_skip = selector_matches(self.skip_config, build_id)
 
-        if not self.prerelease_pythons:
-            # filter out the prerelease pythons, alongside the user-defined
-            # skip patterns
-            unexpanded_skip_patterns += BuildSelector.PRERELEASE_SKIP.split()
+        return should_build and not should_skip
 
-        skip_patterns = itertools.chain.from_iterable(
-            bracex.expand(p) for p in unexpanded_skip_patterns
-        )
-
-        build: bool = any(fnmatch.fnmatch(build_id, pat) for pat in build_patterns)
-        skip: bool = any(fnmatch.fnmatch(build_id, pat) for pat in skip_patterns)
-        return build and not skip
-
-    def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        result = f'{self.__class__.__name__}(build_config={" ".join(self.build_patterns)!r}'
-
-        if self.skip_patterns:
-            result += f', skip_config={" ".join(self.skip_patterns)!r}'
-        if self.prerelease_pythons:
-            result += ", prerelease_pythons=True"
-
-        result += ")"
-
-        return result
+    def options_summary(self) -> Any:
+        return {
+            "build_config": self.build_config,
+            "skip_config": self.skip_config,
+            "requires_python": str(self.requires_python),
+            "prerelease_pythons": self.prerelease_pythons,
+        }
 
 
-class BuildSelector(IdentifierSelector):
-    pass
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestSelector:
+    """
+    A build selector that can only skip tests according to a skip pattern.
+    """
 
+    skip_config: str
 
-# Note that requires-python is not needed for TestSelector, as you can't test
-# what you can't build.
-class TestSelector(IdentifierSelector):
-    def __init__(self, *, skip_config: str):
-        super().__init__(build_config="*", skip_config=skip_config)
+    def __call__(self, build_id: str) -> bool:
+        should_skip = selector_matches(self.skip_config, build_id)
+        return not should_skip
+
+    def options_summary(self) -> Any:
+        return {"skip_config": self.skip_config}
 
 
 # Taken from https://stackoverflow.com/a/107717
 class Unbuffered:
-    def __init__(self, stream):  # type: ignore
+    def __init__(self, stream: TextIO) -> None:
         self.stream = stream
 
-    def write(self, data):  # type: ignore
+    def write(self, data: str) -> None:
         self.stream.write(data)
         self.stream.flush()
 
-    def writelines(self, data):  # type: ignore
+    def writelines(self, data: Iterable[str]) -> None:
         self.stream.writelines(data)
         self.stream.flush()
 
-    def __getattr__(self, attr):  # type: ignore
+    def __getattr__(self, attr: str) -> Any:
         return getattr(self.stream, attr)
 
 
@@ -165,18 +328,14 @@ def download(url: str, dest: Path) -> None:
     repeat_num = 3
     for i in range(repeat_num):
         try:
-            response = urllib.request.urlopen(url, context=context)
-        except Exception:
+            with urllib.request.urlopen(url, context=context) as response:
+                dest.write_bytes(response.read())
+                return
+
+        except OSError:
             if i == repeat_num - 1:
                 raise
             sleep(3)
-            continue
-        break
-
-    try:
-        dest.write_bytes(response.read())
-    finally:
-        response.close()
 
 
 class DependencyConstraints:
@@ -185,7 +344,7 @@ class DependencyConstraints:
         self.base_file_path = base_file_path.resolve()
 
     @staticmethod
-    def with_defaults() -> "DependencyConstraints":
+    def with_defaults() -> DependencyConstraints:
         return DependencyConstraints(base_file_path=resources_dir / "constraints.txt")
 
     def get_for_python_version(self, version: str) -> Path:
@@ -196,33 +355,26 @@ class DependencyConstraints:
         specific_stem = self.base_file_path.stem + f"-python{version_parts[0]}{version_parts[1]}"
         specific_name = specific_stem + self.base_file_path.suffix
         specific_file_path = self.base_file_path.with_name(specific_name)
+
         if specific_file_path.exists():
             return specific_file_path
         else:
             return self.base_file_path
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}{self.base_file_path!r})"
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self.base_file_path!r})"
 
+    def __eq__(self, o: object) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(o, DependencyConstraints):
+            return False
 
-class BuildOptions(NamedTuple):
-    package_dir: Path
-    output_dir: Path
-    build_selector: BuildSelector
-    architectures: Set[Architecture]
-    environment: ParsedEnvironment
-    before_all: str
-    before_build: Optional[str]
-    repair_command: str
-    manylinux_images: Optional[Dict[str, str]]
-    dependency_constraints: Optional[DependencyConstraints]
-    test_command: Optional[str]
-    test_selector: TestSelector
-    before_test: Optional[str]
-    test_requires: List[str]
-    test_extras: str
-    build_verbosity: int
-    build_frontend: BuildFrontend
+        return self.base_file_path == o.base_file_path
+
+    def options_summary(self) -> Any:
+        if self == DependencyConstraints.with_defaults():
+            return "pinned"
+        else:
+            return self.base_file_path.name
 
 
 class NonPlatformWheelError(Exception):
@@ -242,6 +394,20 @@ class NonPlatformWheelError(Exception):
         super().__init__(message)
 
 
+class AlreadyBuiltWheelError(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, wheel_name: str) -> None:
+        message = textwrap.dedent(
+            f"""
+            cibuildwheel: Build failed because a wheel named {wheel_name} was already generated in the current run.
+
+            If you expected another wheel to be generated, check your project configuration, or run
+            cibuildwheel with CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY=1 to view build logs.
+            """
+        )
+
+        super().__init__(message)
+
+
 def strtobool(val: str) -> bool:
     return val.lower() in {"y", "yes", "t", "true", "on", "1"}
 
@@ -253,10 +419,11 @@ class CIProvider(Enum):
     azure_pipelines = "azure_pipelines"
     github_actions = "github_actions"
     gitlab = "gitlab"
+    cirrus_ci = "cirrus_ci"
     other = "other"
 
 
-def detect_ci_provider() -> Optional[CIProvider]:
+def detect_ci_provider() -> CIProvider | None:
     if "TRAVIS" in os.environ:
         return CIProvider.travis_ci
     elif "APPVEYOR" in os.environ:
@@ -269,6 +436,8 @@ def detect_ci_provider() -> Optional[CIProvider]:
         return CIProvider.github_actions
     elif "GITLAB_CI" in os.environ:
         return CIProvider.gitlab
+    elif "CIRRUS_CI" in os.environ:
+        return CIProvider.cirrus_ci
     elif strtobool(os.environ.get("CI", "false")):
         return CIProvider.other
     else:
@@ -287,8 +456,14 @@ def unwrap(text: str) -> str:
     return re.sub(r"\s+", " ", text)
 
 
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class FileReport:
+    name: str
+    size: str
+
+
 @contextlib.contextmanager
-def print_new_wheels(msg: str, output_dir: Path) -> Iterator[None]:
+def print_new_wheels(msg: str, output_dir: Path) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
     """
     Prints the new items in a directory upon exiting. The message to display
     can include {n} for number of wheels, {s} for total number of seconds,
@@ -300,19 +475,32 @@ def print_new_wheels(msg: str, output_dir: Path) -> Iterator[None]:
     existing_contents = set(output_dir.iterdir())
     yield
     final_contents = set(output_dir.iterdir())
-    new_contents = final_contents - existing_contents
+
+    new_contents = [
+        FileReport(wheel.name, f"{(wheel.stat().st_size + 1023) // 1024:,d}")
+        for wheel in final_contents - existing_contents
+    ]
+
+    if not new_contents:
+        return
+
+    max_name_len = max(len(f.name) for f in new_contents)
+    max_size_len = max(len(f.size) for f in new_contents)
     n = len(new_contents)
     s = time.time() - start_time
     m = s / 60
-    print(msg.format(n=n, s=s, m=m), *sorted(f"  {f.name}" for f in new_contents), sep="\n")
+    print(
+        msg.format(n=n, s=s, m=m),
+        *sorted(
+            f"  {f.name:<{max_name_len}s}   {f.size:>{max_size_len}s} kB" for f in new_contents
+        ),
+        sep="\n",
+    )
 
 
-def get_pip_version(env: Dict[str, str]) -> str:
-    # we use shell=True here for windows, even though we don't need a shell due to a bug
-    # https://bugs.python.org/issue8557
-    shell = sys.platform.startswith("win")
-    versions_output_text = subprocess.check_output(
-        ["python", "-m", "pip", "freeze", "--all"], universal_newlines=True, shell=shell, env=env
+def get_pip_version(env: dict[str, str]) -> str:
+    versions_output_text = call(
+        "python", "-m", "pip", "freeze", "--all", capture_stdout=True, env=env
     )
     (pip_version,) = (
         version[5:]
@@ -320,3 +508,198 @@ def get_pip_version(env: Dict[str, str]) -> str:
         if version.startswith("pip==")
     )
     return pip_version
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+def _ensure_virtualenv() -> Path:
+    input_file = resources_dir / "virtualenv.toml"
+    with input_file.open("rb") as f:
+        loaded_file = tomllib.load(f)
+    version = str(loaded_file["version"])
+    url = str(loaded_file["url"])
+    path = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / f"virtualenv-{version}.pyz"
+    with FileLock(str(path) + ".lock"):
+        if not path.exists():
+            download(url, path)
+    return path
+
+
+def _parse_constraints_for_virtualenv(
+    dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr],
+) -> dict[str, str]:
+    """
+    Parses the constraints file referenced by `dependency_constraint_flags` and returns a dict where
+    the key is the package name, and the value is the constraint version.
+    If a package version cannot be found, its value is "embed" meaning that virtualenv will install
+    its bundled version, already available locally.
+    The function does not try to be too smart and just handles basic constraints.
+    If it can't get an exact version, the real constraint will be handled by the
+    {macos|windows}.setup_python function.
+    """
+    assert len(dependency_constraint_flags) in {0, 2}
+    packages = ["pip", "setuptools", "wheel"]
+    constraints_dict = {package: "embed" for package in packages}
+    if len(dependency_constraint_flags) == 2:
+        assert dependency_constraint_flags[0] == "-c"
+        constraint_path = Path(dependency_constraint_flags[1])
+        assert constraint_path.exists()
+        with constraint_path.open(encoding="utf-8") as constraint_file:
+            for line_ in constraint_file:
+                line = line_.strip()
+                if not line:
+                    continue
+                if line.startswith("#"):
+                    continue
+                try:
+                    requirement = Requirement(line)
+                    package = requirement.name
+                    if (
+                        package not in packages
+                        or requirement.url is not None
+                        or requirement.marker is not None
+                        or len(requirement.extras) != 0
+                        or len(requirement.specifier) != 1
+                    ):
+                        continue
+                    specifier = next(iter(requirement.specifier))
+                    if specifier.operator != "==":
+                        continue
+                    constraints_dict[package] = specifier.version
+                except InvalidRequirement:
+                    continue
+    return constraints_dict
+
+
+def virtualenv(
+    python: Path, venv_path: Path, dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr]
+) -> dict[str, str]:
+    assert python.exists()
+    virtualenv_app = _ensure_virtualenv()
+    constraints = _parse_constraints_for_virtualenv(dependency_constraint_flags)
+    additional_flags = [f"--{package}={version}" for package, version in constraints.items()]
+
+    # Using symlinks to pre-installed seed packages is really the fastest way to get a virtual
+    # environment. The initial cost is a bit higher but reusing is much faster.
+    # Windows does not always allow symlinks so just disabling for now.
+    # Requires pip>=19.3 so disabling for "embed" because this means we don't know what's the
+    # version of pip that will end-up installed.
+    # c.f. https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/latest/cli_interface.html#section-seeder
+    if (
+        not IS_WIN
+        and constraints["pip"] != "embed"
+        and Version(constraints["pip"]) >= Version("19.3")
+    ):
+        additional_flags.append("--symlink-app-data")
+
+    call(
+        sys.executable,
+        "-sS",  # just the stdlib, https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/issues/2133#issuecomment-1003710125
+        virtualenv_app,
+        "--activators=",
+        "--no-periodic-update",
+        *additional_flags,
+        "--python",
+        python,
+        venv_path,
+    )
+    if IS_WIN:
+        paths = [str(venv_path), str(venv_path / "Scripts")]
+    else:
+        paths = [str(venv_path / "bin")]
+    env = os.environ.copy()
+    env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join([*paths, env["PATH"]])
+    return env
+
+
+T = TypeVar("T", bound=PurePath)
+
+
+def find_compatible_wheel(wheels: Sequence[T], identifier: str) -> T | None:
+    """
+    Finds a wheel with an abi3 or a none ABI tag in `wheels` compatible with the Python interpreter
+    specified by `identifier` that is previously built.
+    """
+
+    interpreter, platform = identifier.split("-")
+    for wheel in wheels:
+        _, _, _, tags = parse_wheel_filename(wheel.name)
+        for tag in tags:
+            if tag.abi == "abi3":
+                # ABI3 wheels must start with cp3 for impl and tag
+                if not (interpreter.startswith("cp3") and tag.interpreter.startswith("cp3")):
+                    continue
+            elif tag.abi == "none":
+                # CPythonless wheels must include py3 tag
+                if tag.interpreter[:3] != "py3":
+                    continue
+            else:
+                # Other types of wheels are not detected, this is looking for previously built wheels.
+                continue
+
+            if tag.interpreter != "py3" and int(tag.interpreter[3:]) > int(interpreter[3:]):
+                # If a minor version number is given, it has to be lower than the current one.
+                continue
+
+            if platform.startswith(("manylinux", "musllinux", "macosx")):
+                # Linux, macOS require the beginning and ending match (macos/manylinux version doesn't need to)
+                os_, arch = platform.split("_", 1)
+                if not tag.platform.startswith(os_):
+                    continue
+                if not tag.platform.endswith(f"_{arch}"):
+                    continue
+            else:
+                # Windows should exactly match
+                if tag.platform != platform:
+                    continue
+
+            # If all the filters above pass, then the wheel is a previously built compatible wheel.
+            return wheel
+
+    return None
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
+    from functools import cached_property
+else:
+    from .functools_cached_property_38 import cached_property
+
+
+# Can be replaced by contextlib.chdir in Python 3.11
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def chdir(new_path: Path | str) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+    """Non thread-safe context manager to change the current working directory."""
+
+    cwd = os.getcwd()
+    try:
+        os.chdir(new_path)
+        yield
+    finally:
+        os.chdir(cwd)
+
+
+def fix_ansi_codes_for_github_actions(text: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Github Actions forgets the current ANSI style on every new line. This
+    function repeats the current ANSI style on every new line.
+    """
+    ansi_code_regex = re.compile(r"(\033\[[0-9;]*m)")
+    ansi_codes: list[str] = []
+    output = ""
+
+    for line in text.splitlines(keepends=True):
+        # add the current ANSI codes to the beginning of the line
+        output += "".join(ansi_codes) + line
+
+        # split the line at each ANSI code
+        parts = ansi_code_regex.split(line)
+        # if there are any ANSI codes, save them
+        if len(parts) > 1:
+            # iterate over the ANSI codes in this line
+            for code in parts[1::2]:
+                if code == "\033[0m":
+                    # reset the list of ANSI codes when the clear code is found
+                    ansi_codes = []
+                else:
+                    ansi_codes.append(code)
+
+    return output

cibuildwheel/windows.py

@@ -1,82 +1,83 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import os
+import platform as platform_module
 import shutil
 import subprocess
 import sys
-import tempfile
+import textwrap
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from functools import lru_cache
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Dict, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Sequence, Set
+from typing import Sequence
 from zipfile import ZipFile
 
+from filelock import FileLock
+from packaging.version import Version
+
 from .architecture import Architecture
 from .environment import ParsedEnvironment
 from .logger import log
+from .options import Options
 from .typing import PathOrStr, assert_never
 from .util import (
+    CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
+    AlreadyBuiltWheelError,
     BuildFrontend,
-    BuildOptions,
     BuildSelector,
     NonPlatformWheelError,
+    call,
     download,
+    find_compatible_wheel,
     get_build_verbosity_extra_flags,
     get_pip_version,
     prepare_command,
     read_python_configs,
+    shell,
+    split_config_settings,
+    test_fail_cwd_file,
+    unwrap,
+    virtualenv,
 )
 
-CIBW_INSTALL_PATH = Path("C:\\cibw")
 
-
-def call(
-    args: Sequence[PathOrStr], env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None, cwd: Optional[PathOrStr] = None
-) -> None:
-    print("+ " + " ".join(str(a) for a in args))
-    # we use shell=True here, even though we don't need a shell due to a bug
-    # https://bugs.python.org/issue8557
-    subprocess.run([str(a) for a in args], env=env, cwd=cwd, shell=True, check=True)
-
-
-def shell(
-    command: str, env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None, cwd: Optional[PathOrStr] = None
-) -> None:
-    print(f"+ {command}")
-    subprocess.run(command, env=env, cwd=cwd, shell=True, check=True)
-
-
-def get_nuget_args(version: str, arch: str) -> List[str]:
-    python_name = "python"
-    if arch == "32":
-        python_name += "x86"
+def get_nuget_args(version: str, arch: str, output_directory: Path) -> list[str]:
+    package_name = {
+        "32": "pythonx86",
+        "64": "python",
+        "ARM64": "pythonarm64",
+        # Aliases for platform.machine() return values
+        "x86": "pythonx86",
+        "AMD64": "python",
+    }[arch]
     return [
-        python_name,
+        package_name,
         "-Version",
         version,
         "-FallbackSource",
         "https://api.nuget.org/v3/index.json",
         "-OutputDirectory",
-        str(CIBW_INSTALL_PATH / "python"),
+        str(output_directory),
     ]
 
 
-class PythonConfiguration(NamedTuple):
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class PythonConfiguration:
     version: str
     arch: str
     identifier: str
-    url: Optional[str] = None
+    url: str | None = None
 
 
 def get_python_configurations(
     build_selector: BuildSelector,
-    architectures: Set[Architecture],
-) -> List[PythonConfiguration]:
-
+    architectures: set[Architecture],
+) -> list[PythonConfiguration]:
     full_python_configs = read_python_configs("windows")
 
     python_configurations = [PythonConfiguration(**item) for item in full_python_configs]
 
-    map_arch = {
-        "32": Architecture.x86,
-        "64": Architecture.AMD64,
-    }
+    map_arch = {"32": Architecture.x86, "64": Architecture.AMD64, "ARM64": Architecture.ARM64}
 
     # skip builds as required
     python_configurations = [
@@ -89,297 +90,427 @@ def get_python_configurations(
 
 
 def extract_zip(zip_src: Path, dest: Path) -> None:
-    with ZipFile(zip_src) as zip:
-        zip.extractall(dest)
+    with ZipFile(zip_src) as zip_:
+        zip_.extractall(dest)
 
 
-def install_cpython(version: str, arch: str, nuget: Path) -> Path:
-    nuget_args = get_nuget_args(version, arch)
-    installation_path = Path(nuget_args[-1]) / (nuget_args[0] + "." + version) / "tools"
-    call([nuget, "install", *nuget_args])
-    return installation_path
+@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+def _ensure_nuget() -> Path:
+    nuget = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / "nuget.exe"
+    with FileLock(str(nuget) + ".lock"):
+        if not nuget.exists():
+            download("https://dist.nuget.org/win-x86-commandline/latest/nuget.exe", nuget)
+    return nuget
 
 
-def install_pypy(version: str, arch: str, url: str) -> Path:
-    assert arch == "64" and "win64" in url
+def install_cpython(version: str, arch: str) -> Path:
+    base_output_dir = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / "nuget-cpython"
+    nuget_args = get_nuget_args(version, arch, base_output_dir)
+    installation_path = base_output_dir / (nuget_args[0] + "." + version) / "tools"
+    with FileLock(str(base_output_dir) + f"-{version}-{arch}.lock"):
+        if not installation_path.exists():
+            nuget = _ensure_nuget()
+            call(nuget, "install", *nuget_args)
+    return installation_path / "python.exe"
+
+
+def install_pypy(tmp: Path, arch: str, url: str) -> Path:
+    assert arch == "64"
+    assert "win64" in url
     # Inside the PyPy zip file is a directory with the same name
     zip_filename = url.rsplit("/", 1)[-1]
     extension = ".zip"
     assert zip_filename.endswith(extension)
-    installation_path = CIBW_INSTALL_PATH / zip_filename[: -len(extension)]
-    if not installation_path.exists():
-        pypy_zip = CIBW_INSTALL_PATH / zip_filename
-        download(url, pypy_zip)
-        # Extract to the parent directory because the zip file still contains a directory
-        extract_zip(pypy_zip, installation_path.parent)
-        (installation_path / "python.exe").symlink_to(installation_path / "pypy3.exe")
-    return installation_path
+    installation_path = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / zip_filename[: -len(extension)]
+    with FileLock(str(installation_path) + ".lock"):
+        if not installation_path.exists():
+            pypy_zip = tmp / zip_filename
+            download(url, pypy_zip)
+            # Extract to the parent directory because the zip file still contains a directory
+            extract_zip(pypy_zip, installation_path.parent)
+    return installation_path / "python.exe"
+
+
+def setup_setuptools_cross_compile(
+    tmp: Path,
+    python_configuration: PythonConfiguration,
+    python_libs_base: Path,
+    env: dict[str, str],
+) -> None:
+    distutils_cfg = tmp / "extra-setup.cfg"
+    env["DIST_EXTRA_CONFIG"] = str(distutils_cfg)
+    log.notice(f"Setting DIST_EXTRA_CONFIG={distutils_cfg} for cross-compilation")
+
+    # Ensure our additional import libraries are made available, and explicitly
+    # set the platform name
+    map_plat = {"32": "win32", "64": "win-amd64", "ARM64": "win-arm64"}
+    plat_name = map_plat[python_configuration.arch]
+    # (This file must be default/locale encoding, so we can't pass 'encoding')
+    distutils_cfg.write_text(
+        textwrap.dedent(
+            f"""\
+            [build]
+            plat_name={plat_name}
+            [build_ext]
+            library_dirs={python_libs_base}
+            plat_name={plat_name}
+            [bdist_wheel]
+            plat_name={plat_name}
+            """
+        )
+    )
+
+    # setuptools builds require explicit override of PYD extension
+    # This is because it always gets the extension from the running
+    # interpreter, and has no logic to construct it. Currently, CPython's
+    # extensions follow our identifiers, but if they ever diverge in the
+    # future, we will need to store new data
+    log.notice(
+        f"Setting SETUPTOOLS_EXT_SUFFIX=.{python_configuration.identifier}.pyd for cross-compilation"
+    )
+    env["SETUPTOOLS_EXT_SUFFIX"] = f".{python_configuration.identifier}.pyd"
+
+    # Cross-compilation requires fixes that only exist in setuptools's copy of
+    # distutils, so ensure that it is activated
+    # Since not all projects can handle the newer distutils, display a warning
+    # to help them figure out what may have gone wrong if this breaks for them
+    log.notice("Setting SETUPTOOLS_USE_DISTUTILS=local as it is required for cross-compilation")
+    env["SETUPTOOLS_USE_DISTUTILS"] = "local"
+
+
+# These cross-compile setup functions have the same signature by design
+def setup_rust_cross_compile(
+    tmp: Path,  # noqa: ARG001
+    python_configuration: PythonConfiguration,
+    python_libs_base: Path,  # noqa: ARG001
+    env: dict[str, str],
+) -> None:
+    # Assume that MSVC will be used, because we already know that we are
+    # cross-compiling. MinGW users can set CARGO_BUILD_TARGET themselves
+    # and we will respect the existing value.
+    cargo_target = {
+        "64": "x86_64-pc-windows-msvc",
+        "32": "i686-pc-windows-msvc",
+        "ARM64": "aarch64-pc-windows-msvc",
+    }.get(python_configuration.arch)
+
+    # CARGO_BUILD_TARGET is the variable used by Cargo and setuptools_rust
+    if env.get("CARGO_BUILD_TARGET"):
+        if env["CARGO_BUILD_TARGET"] != cargo_target:
+            log.notice("Not overriding CARGO_BUILD_TARGET as it has already been set")
+        # No message if it was set to what we were planning to set it to
+    elif cargo_target:
+        log.notice(f"Setting CARGO_BUILD_TARGET={cargo_target} for cross-compilation")
+        env["CARGO_BUILD_TARGET"] = cargo_target
+    else:
+        log.warning(
+            f"Unable to configure Rust cross-compilation for architecture {python_configuration.arch}"
+        )
 
 
 def setup_python(
+    tmp: Path,
     python_configuration: PythonConfiguration,
     dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr],
     environment: ParsedEnvironment,
     build_frontend: BuildFrontend,
-) -> Dict[str, str]:
-
-    nuget = CIBW_INSTALL_PATH / "nuget.exe"
-    if not nuget.exists():
-        log.step("Downloading nuget...")
-        download("https://dist.nuget.org/win-x86-commandline/latest/nuget.exe", nuget)
-
+) -> dict[str, str]:
+    tmp.mkdir()
     implementation_id = python_configuration.identifier.split("-")[0]
+    python_libs_base = None
     log.step(f"Installing Python {implementation_id}...")
-
     if implementation_id.startswith("cp"):
-        installation_path = install_cpython(
-            python_configuration.version, python_configuration.arch, nuget
-        )
+        native_arch = platform_module.machine()
+        if python_configuration.arch == "ARM64" != native_arch:
+            # To cross-compile for ARM64, we need a native CPython to run the
+            # build, and a copy of the ARM64 import libraries ('.\libs\*.lib')
+            # for any extension modules.
+            python_libs_base = install_cpython(
+                python_configuration.version, python_configuration.arch
+            )
+            python_libs_base = python_libs_base.parent / "libs"
+            log.step(f"Installing native Python {native_arch} for cross-compilation...")
+            base_python = install_cpython(python_configuration.version, native_arch)
+        else:
+            base_python = install_cpython(python_configuration.version, python_configuration.arch)
     elif implementation_id.startswith("pp"):
         assert python_configuration.url is not None
-        installation_path = install_pypy(
-            python_configuration.version, python_configuration.arch, python_configuration.url
-        )
+        base_python = install_pypy(tmp, python_configuration.arch, python_configuration.url)
     else:
-        raise ValueError("Unknown Python implementation")
-
-    assert (installation_path / "python.exe").exists()
+        msg = "Unknown Python implementation"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    assert base_python.exists()
 
     log.step("Setting up build environment...")
+    venv_path = tmp / "venv"
+    env = virtualenv(base_python, venv_path, dependency_constraint_flags)
 
-    # set up PATH and environment variables for run_with_env
-    env = os.environ.copy()
+    # set up environment variables for run_with_env
     env["PYTHON_VERSION"] = python_configuration.version
     env["PYTHON_ARCH"] = python_configuration.arch
-    env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(
-        [str(installation_path), str(installation_path / "Scripts"), env["PATH"]]
-    )
     env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
 
+    # pip older than 21.3 builds executables such as pip.exe for x64 platform.
+    # The first re-install of pip updates pip module but builds pip.exe using
+    # the old pip which still generates x64 executable. But the second
+    # re-install uses updated pip and correctly builds pip.exe for the target.
+    # This can be removed once ARM64 Pythons (currently 3.9 and 3.10) bundle
+    # pip versions newer than 21.3.
+    if python_configuration.arch == "ARM64" and Version(get_pip_version(env)) < Version("21.3"):
+        call(
+            "python",
+            "-m",
+            "pip",
+            "install",
+            "--force-reinstall",
+            "--upgrade",
+            "pip",
+            *dependency_constraint_flags,
+            env=env,
+            cwd=venv_path,
+        )
+
+    # upgrade pip to the version matching our constraints
+    # if necessary, reinstall it to ensure that it's available on PATH as 'pip.exe'
+    call(
+        "python",
+        "-m",
+        "pip",
+        "install",
+        "--upgrade",
+        "pip",
+        *dependency_constraint_flags,
+        env=env,
+        cwd=venv_path,
+    )
+
     # update env with results from CIBW_ENVIRONMENT
     env = environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=env)
 
-    # for the logs - check we're running the right version of python
-    call(["where", "python"], env=env)
-    call(["python", "--version"], env=env)
-    call(["python", "-c", "\"import struct; print(struct.calcsize('P') * 8)\""], env=env)
-    where_python = (
-        subprocess.run(
-            ["where", "python"],
-            env=env,
-            universal_newlines=True,
-            check=True,
-            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-        )
-        .stdout.splitlines()[0]
-        .strip()
-    )
-    if where_python != str(installation_path / "python.exe"):
+    # check what Python version we're on
+    call("where", "python", env=env)
+    call("python", "--version", env=env)
+    call("python", "-c", "\"import struct; print(struct.calcsize('P') * 8)\"", env=env)
+    where_python = call("where", "python", env=env, capture_stdout=True).splitlines()[0].strip()
+    if where_python != str(venv_path / "Scripts" / "python.exe"):
         print(
             "cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it.",
             file=sys.stderr,
         )
         sys.exit(1)
 
-    log.step("Installing build tools...")
-
-    # Install pip
-
-    requires_reinstall = not (installation_path / "Scripts" / "pip.exe").exists()
-    if requires_reinstall:
-        # maybe pip isn't installed at all. ensurepip resolves that.
-        call(["python", "-m", "ensurepip"], env=env, cwd=CIBW_INSTALL_PATH)
-
-    # upgrade pip to the version matching our constraints
-    # if necessary, reinstall it to ensure that it's available on PATH as 'pip.exe'
-    call(
-        [
-            "python",
-            "-m",
-            "pip",
-            "install",
-            "--force-reinstall" if requires_reinstall else "--upgrade",
-            "pip",
-            *dependency_constraint_flags,
-        ],
-        env=env,
-        cwd=CIBW_INSTALL_PATH,
-    )
-
-    assert (installation_path / "Scripts" / "pip.exe").exists()
-    where_pip = (
-        subprocess.run(
-            ["where", "pip"], env=env, universal_newlines=True, check=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE
-        )
-        .stdout.splitlines()[0]
-        .strip()
-    )
-    if where_pip.strip() != str(installation_path / "Scripts" / "pip.exe"):
+    # check what pip version we're on
+    assert (venv_path / "Scripts" / "pip.exe").exists()
+    where_pip = call("where", "pip", env=env, capture_stdout=True).splitlines()[0].strip()
+    if where_pip.strip() != str(venv_path / "Scripts" / "pip.exe"):
         print(
             "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.",
             file=sys.stderr,
         )
         sys.exit(1)
 
-    call(["pip", "--version"], env=env)
+    call("pip", "--version", env=env)
 
+    log.step("Installing build tools...")
     if build_frontend == "pip":
         call(
-            [
-                "pip",
-                "install",
-                "--upgrade",
-                "setuptools",
-                "wheel",
-                *dependency_constraint_flags,
-            ],
+            "pip",
+            "install",
+            "--upgrade",
+            "setuptools",
+            "wheel",
+            *dependency_constraint_flags,
             env=env,
         )
     elif build_frontend == "build":
         call(
-            ["pip", "install", "--upgrade", "build[virtualenv]", *dependency_constraint_flags],
+            "pip",
+            "install",
+            "--upgrade",
+            "build[virtualenv]",
+            *dependency_constraint_flags,
             env=env,
         )
     else:
         assert_never(build_frontend)
 
+    if python_libs_base:
+        # Set up the environment for various backends to enable cross-compilation
+        setup_setuptools_cross_compile(tmp, python_configuration, python_libs_base, env)
+        setup_rust_cross_compile(tmp, python_configuration, python_libs_base, env)
+
     return env
 
 
-def build(options: BuildOptions) -> None:
-    temp_dir = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="cibuildwheel"))
-    built_wheel_dir = temp_dir / "built_wheel"
-    repaired_wheel_dir = temp_dir / "repaired_wheel"
+def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    python_configurations = get_python_configurations(
+        options.globals.build_selector, options.globals.architectures
+    )
+
+    if not python_configurations:
+        return
 
     try:
-        if options.before_all:
+        before_all_options_identifier = python_configurations[0].identifier
+        before_all_options = options.build_options(before_all_options_identifier)
+
+        if before_all_options.before_all:
             log.step("Running before_all...")
-            env = options.environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=os.environ)
+            env = before_all_options.environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=os.environ)
             before_all_prepared = prepare_command(
-                options.before_all, project=".", package=options.package_dir
+                before_all_options.before_all, project=".", package=options.globals.package_dir
             )
             shell(before_all_prepared, env=env)
 
-        python_configurations = get_python_configurations(
-            options.build_selector, options.architectures
-        )
+        built_wheels: list[Path] = []
 
         for config in python_configurations:
+            build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
             log.build_start(config.identifier)
 
+            identifier_tmp_dir = tmp_path / config.identifier
+            identifier_tmp_dir.mkdir()
+            built_wheel_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "built_wheel"
+            repaired_wheel_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "repaired_wheel"
+
             dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr] = []
-            if options.dependency_constraints:
+            if build_options.dependency_constraints:
                 dependency_constraint_flags = [
                     "-c",
-                    options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(config.version),
+                    build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(config.version),
                 ]
 
             # install Python
             env = setup_python(
+                identifier_tmp_dir / "build",
                 config,
                 dependency_constraint_flags,
-                options.environment,
-                options.build_frontend,
+                build_options.environment,
+                build_options.build_frontend,
             )
 
-            # run the before_build command
-            if options.before_build:
-                log.step("Running before_build...")
-                before_build_prepared = prepare_command(
-                    options.before_build, project=".", package=options.package_dir
+            compatible_wheel = find_compatible_wheel(built_wheels, config.identifier)
+            if compatible_wheel:
+                log.step_end()
+                print(
+                    f"\nFound previously built wheel {compatible_wheel.name}, that's compatible with {config.identifier}. Skipping build step..."
                 )
-                shell(before_build_prepared, env=env)
+                repaired_wheel = compatible_wheel
+            else:
+                # run the before_build command
+                if build_options.before_build:
+                    log.step("Running before_build...")
+                    before_build_prepared = prepare_command(
+                        build_options.before_build,
+                        project=".",
+                        package=options.globals.package_dir,
+                    )
+                    shell(before_build_prepared, env=env)
 
-            log.step("Building wheel...")
-            if built_wheel_dir.exists():
-                shutil.rmtree(built_wheel_dir)
-            built_wheel_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
+                log.step("Building wheel...")
+                built_wheel_dir.mkdir()
 
-            verbosity_flags = get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(options.build_verbosity)
+                verbosity_flags = get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(build_options.build_verbosity)
+                extra_flags = split_config_settings(
+                    build_options.config_settings, build_options.build_frontend
+                )
 
-            if options.build_frontend == "pip":
-                # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
-                # see https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
-                call(
-                    [
+                if build_options.build_frontend == "pip":
+                    extra_flags += verbosity_flags
+                    # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
+                    # see https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
+                    call(
                         "python",
                         "-m",
                         "pip",
                         "wheel",
-                        options.package_dir.resolve(),
+                        options.globals.package_dir.resolve(),
                         f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
                         "--no-deps",
-                        *get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(options.build_verbosity),
-                    ],
-                    env=env,
-                )
-            elif options.build_frontend == "build":
-                config_setting = " ".join(verbosity_flags)
-                build_env = env.copy()
-                if options.dependency_constraints:
-                    constraints_path = options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
-                        config.version
+                        *extra_flags,
+                        env=env,
                     )
-                    # Bug in pip <= 21.1.3 - we can't have a space in the
-                    # constraints file, and pip doesn't support drive letters
-                    # in uhi.  After probably pip 21.2, we can use uri. For
-                    # now, use a temporary file.
-                    if " " in str(constraints_path):
-                        tmp_file = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
-                            "w", suffix="constraints.txt", delete=False, dir=CIBW_INSTALL_PATH
+                elif build_options.build_frontend == "build":
+                    verbosity_setting = " ".join(verbosity_flags)
+                    extra_flags += (f"--config-setting={verbosity_setting}",)
+                    build_env = env.copy()
+                    if build_options.dependency_constraints:
+                        constraints_path = (
+                            build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
+                                config.version
+                            )
                         )
-                        with tmp_file as new_constraints_file, open(constraints_path) as f:
-                            new_constraints_file.write(f.read())
-                            constraints_path = Path(new_constraints_file.name)
+                        # Bug in pip <= 21.1.3 - we can't have a space in the
+                        # constraints file, and pip doesn't support drive letters
+                        # in uhi.  After probably pip 21.2, we can use uri. For
+                        # now, use a temporary file.
+                        if " " in str(constraints_path):
+                            assert " " not in str(identifier_tmp_dir)
+                            tmp_file = identifier_tmp_dir / "constraints.txt"
+                            tmp_file.write_bytes(constraints_path.read_bytes())
+                            constraints_path = tmp_file
 
-                    build_env["PIP_CONSTRAINT"] = str(constraints_path)
-                    build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = get_pip_version(env)
-                    call(
-                        [
+                        build_env["PIP_CONSTRAINT"] = str(constraints_path)
+                        build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = get_pip_version(env)
+                        call(
                             "python",
                             "-m",
                             "build",
-                            options.package_dir,
+                            build_options.package_dir,
                             "--wheel",
                             f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
-                            f"--config-setting={config_setting}",
-                        ],
-                        env=build_env,
+                            *extra_flags,
+                            env=build_env,
+                        )
+                else:
+                    assert_never(build_options.build_frontend)
+
+                built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+
+                # repair the wheel
+                repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir()
+
+                if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
+                    raise NonPlatformWheelError()
+
+                if build_options.repair_command:
+                    log.step("Repairing wheel...")
+                    repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(
+                        build_options.repair_command,
+                        wheel=built_wheel,
+                        dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir,
                     )
-            else:
-                assert_never(options.build_frontend)
+                    shell(repair_command_prepared, env=env)
+                else:
+                    shutil.move(str(built_wheel), repaired_wheel_dir)
 
-            built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+                repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
 
-            # repair the wheel
-            if repaired_wheel_dir.exists():
-                shutil.rmtree(repaired_wheel_dir)
-            repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
+                if repaired_wheel.name in {wheel.name for wheel in built_wheels}:
+                    raise AlreadyBuiltWheelError(repaired_wheel.name)
 
-            if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
-                raise NonPlatformWheelError()
-
-            if options.repair_command:
-                log.step("Repairing wheel...")
-                repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(
-                    options.repair_command, wheel=built_wheel, dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir
+            test_selected = options.globals.test_selector(config.identifier)
+            if test_selected and config.arch == "ARM64" != platform_module.machine():
+                log.warning(
+                    unwrap(
+                        """
+                            While arm64 wheels can be built on other platforms, they cannot
+                            be tested. An arm64 runner is required. To silence this warning,
+                            set `CIBW_TEST_SKIP: *-win_arm64`.
+                            """
+                    )
                 )
-                shell(repair_command_prepared, env=env)
-            else:
-                shutil.move(str(built_wheel), repaired_wheel_dir)
-
-            repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
-
-            if options.test_command and options.test_selector(config.identifier):
+                # skip this test
+            elif test_selected and build_options.test_command:
                 log.step("Testing wheel...")
                 # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
                 # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
-                call(["pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env)
-                venv_dir = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp())
+                call("pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags, env=env)
+                venv_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "venv-test"
 
                 # Use --no-download to ensure determinism by using seed libraries
                 # built into virtualenv
-                call(["python", "-m", "virtualenv", "--no-download", venv_dir], env=env)
+                call("python", "-m", "virtualenv", "--no-download", venv_dir, env=env)
 
                 virtualenv_env = env.copy()
                 virtualenv_env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(
@@ -390,41 +521,52 @@ def build(options: BuildOptions) -> None:
                 )
 
                 # check that we are using the Python from the virtual environment
-                call(["where", "python"], env=virtualenv_env)
+                call("where", "python", env=virtualenv_env)
 
-                if options.before_test:
+                if build_options.before_test:
                     before_test_prepared = prepare_command(
-                        options.before_test,
+                        build_options.before_test,
                         project=".",
-                        package=options.package_dir,
+                        package=build_options.package_dir,
                     )
                     shell(before_test_prepared, env=virtualenv_env)
 
                 # install the wheel
                 call(
-                    ["pip", "install", str(repaired_wheel) + options.test_extras],
+                    "pip",
+                    "install",
+                    str(repaired_wheel) + build_options.test_extras,
                     env=virtualenv_env,
                 )
 
                 # test the wheel
-                if options.test_requires:
-                    call(["pip", "install"] + options.test_requires, env=virtualenv_env)
+                if build_options.test_requires:
+                    call("pip", "install", *build_options.test_requires, env=virtualenv_env)
 
-                # run the tests from c:\, with an absolute path in the command
+                # run the tests from a temp dir, with an absolute path in the command
                 # (this ensures that Python runs the tests against the installed wheel
                 # and not the repo code)
                 test_command_prepared = prepare_command(
-                    options.test_command,
+                    build_options.test_command,
                     project=Path(".").resolve(),
-                    package=options.package_dir.resolve(),
+                    package=options.globals.package_dir.resolve(),
                 )
-                shell(test_command_prepared, cwd="c:\\", env=virtualenv_env)
+                test_cwd = identifier_tmp_dir / "test_cwd"
+                test_cwd.mkdir()
+                (test_cwd / "test_fail.py").write_text(test_fail_cwd_file.read_text())
 
-                # clean up
-                shutil.rmtree(venv_dir)
+                shell(test_command_prepared, cwd=test_cwd, env=virtualenv_env)
 
             # we're all done here; move it to output (remove if already exists)
-            shutil.move(str(repaired_wheel), options.output_dir)
+            if compatible_wheel is None:
+                shutil.move(str(repaired_wheel), build_options.output_dir)
+                built_wheels.append(build_options.output_dir / repaired_wheel.name)
+
+            # clean up
+            # (we ignore errors because occasionally Windows fails to unlink a file and we
+            # don't want to abort a build because of that)
+            shutil.rmtree(identifier_tmp_dir, ignore_errors=True)
+
             log.build_end()
     except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
         log.step_end_with_error(

docs/changelog.md

@@ -2,11 +2,819 @@
 title: Changelog
 ---
 
-{%
-   include-markdown "../README.md"
-   start="<!--changelog-start-->"
-   end="<!--changelog-end-->"
-%}
+# Changelog
+
+### v2.12.1
+
+_11 March 2023_
+
+- 🐛 Fix a bug that prevented the use of CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS with the 'pip' build backend. (#1430)
+
+### v2.12.0
+
+_16 Jan 2023_
+
+- ✨ Adds support for PyPy arm64 wheels. This means that you can build PyPy wheels for Apple Silicon machines. Cross-compilation is not supported for these wheels, so you'll have to build on an Apple Silicon machine. (#1372)
+- 🛠 Pinned version updates, including PyPy to v7.3.11 and setuptools to 66.0.0.
+
+### v2.11.4
+
+_24 Dec 2022_
+
+- 🐛 Fix a bug that caused missing wheels on Windows when a test was skipped using CIBW_TEST_SKIP (#1377)
+- 🛠 Updates CPython 3.11 to 3.11.1 (#1371)
+- 🛠 Updates PyPy to 7.3.10, except on macOS which remains on 7.3.9 due to a bug on that platform. (#1371)
+- 📚 Added a reference to abi3audit to the docs (#1347)
+
+### v2.11.3
+
+_5 Dec 2022_
+
+- ✨ Improves the 'build options' log output that's printed at the start of each run (#1352)
+- ✨ Added a friendly error message to a common misconfiguration of the `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND` option - not specifying path using the `{project}` placeholder (#1336)
+- 🛠 The GitHub Action now uses Powershell on Windows to avoid occasional incompabilities with bash (#1346)
+
+### v2.11.2
+
+_26 October 2022_
+
+- 🛠 Updates CPython 3.11 to 3.11.0 - final release (#1327)
+- 🛠 Simplify the default macOS repair command (#1322)
+- 🛠 Fix the default `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` on arm64 (#1312)
+- 🛠 Hide irrelevant pip warnings on linux (#1311)
+- 🐛 Fix a bug that caused the stdout and stderr of commands in containers to be in the wrong order Previously, stdout could appear after stderr. (#1324)
+- 📚 Added [a FAQ entry](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#macos-building-cpython-38-wheels-on-arm64) describing how to perform native builds of CPython 3.8 wheels on Apple Silicon. (#1323)
+- 📚 Other docs improvements
+
+### v2.11.1
+
+_13 October 2022_
+
+- 🛠 Updates to the latest manylinux images, and updates CPython 3.10 to 3.10.8.
+
+### v2.11.0
+
+_13 October 2022_
+
+- 🌟 Adds support for cross-compiling Windows ARM64 wheels. To use this feature, add `ARM64` to the [CIBW_ARCHS](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#archs) option on a Windows Intel runner. (#1144)
+- ✨ Adds support for building Linux aarch64 wheels on Circle CI. (#1307)
+- ✨ Adds support for building Windows wheels on Gitlab CI. (#1295)
+- ✨ Adds support for building Linux aarch64 wheels under emulation on Gitlab CI. (#1295)
+- ✨ Adds the ability to test `cp38-macosx_arm64` wheels on a native arm64 runner. To do this, you'll need to preinstall the (experimental) [universal2 version of CPython 3.8](https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.10/python-3.8.10-macos11.pkg) on your arm64 runner before invoking cibuildwheel. Note: it is not recommended to build x86_64 wheels with this setup, your wheels will have limited compatibility wrt macOS versions. (#1283)
+- 🛠 Improved error messages when using custom Docker images and Python cannot be found at the correct path. (#1298)
+- 📚 Sample configs for Azure Pipelines and Travis CI updated (#1296)
+- 📚 Other docs improvements - including more information about using Homebrew for build dependencies (#1290)
+
+### v2.10.2
+
+_25 September 2022_
+
+- 🐛 Fix a bug that caused `win32` identifiers to fail when used with `--only`. (#1282)
+- 🐛 Fix computation of `auto`/`auto64`/`auto32` archs when targeting a different platform to the one that you're running cibuildwheel on. (#1266)
+- 📚 Fix an mistake in the 'how it works' diagram. (#1274)
+
+### v2.10.1
+
+_18 September 2022_
+
+- 🐛 Fix a bug that stopped environment variables specified in TOML from being expanded. (#1273)
+
+### v2.10.0
+
+_13 September 2022_
+
+- 🌟 Adds support for [building wheels on Cirrus CI](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/setup/#cirrus-ci). This is exciting for us, as it's the first public CI platform that natively supports macOS Apple Silicon (aka. M1, `arm64`) runners. As such, it's the first platform that you can natively build _and test_ macOS `arm64` wheels. It also has native Linux ARM (aarch64) runners, for fast, native builds there. (#1191)
+- 🌟 Adds support for running cibuildwheel on Apple Silicon machines. For a while, we've supported cross-compilation of Apple Silicon wheels on `x86_64`, but now that we have Cirrus CI we can run our test suite and officially support running cibuildwheel on `arm64`. (#1191)
+- ✨ Adds the `--only` [command line option](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#command-line), to specify a single build to run. Previously, it could be cumbersome to set all the build selection options to target a specific build - for example, you might have to run something like `CIBW_BUILD=cp39-manylinux_x86_64 cibuildwheel --platform linux --archs x86_64`. The new `--only` option overrides all the build selection options to simplify running a single build, which now looks like `cibuildwheel --only cp39-manylinux_x86_64`. (#1098)
+- ✨ Adds the [`CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#config-settings) option, so you can pass arguments to your package's build backend (#1244)
+- 🛠 Updates the CPython 3.11 version to the latest release candidate - v3.11.0rc2. (#1265)
+- 🐛 Fix a bug that can cause a RecursionError on Windows when building from an sdist. (#1253)
+- 🛠 Add support for the s390x architecture on manylinux_2_28 (#1255)
+
+### v2.9.0
+
+_11 August 2022_
+
+- 🌟 CPython 3.11 wheels are now built by default - without the CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS flag. It's time to build and upload these wheels to PyPI! This release includes CPython 3.11.0rc1, which is guaranteed to be ABI compatible with the final release. (#1226)
+- ⚠️ Removed support for running cibuildwheel in Python 3.6. Python 3.6 is EOL. However, cibuildwheel continues to build CPython 3.6 wheels for the moment. (#1175)
+- ✨ Improved error messages when misspelling TOML options, suggesting close matches (#1205)
+- 🛠 When running on Apple Silicon (so far, an unsupported mode of operation), cibuildwheel no longer builds universal2 wheels by default - just arm64. See [#1204](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/1204) for discussion. We hope to release official support for native builds on Apple Silicon soon! (#1217)
+
+### v2.8.1
+
+_18 July 2022_
+
+- 🐛 Fix a bug when building CPython 3.8 wheels on an Apple Silicon machine where testing would always fail. cibuildwheel will no longer attempt to test the arm64 part of CPython 3.8 wheels because we use the x86_64 installer of CPython 3.8 due to its macOS system version backward-compatibility. See [#1169](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/1169) for more details. (#1171)
+- 🛠 Update the prerelease CPython 3.11 to 3.11.0b4. (#1180)
+- 🛠 The GitHub Action will ensure a compatible version of Python is installed on the runner (#1114)
+- 📚 A few docs improvements
+
+### v2.8.0
+
+_5 July 2022_
+
+- ✨ You can now run cibuildwheel on Podman, as an alternate container engine to Docker (which remains the default). This is useful in environments where a Docker daemon isn't available, for example, it can be run inside a Docker container, or without root access. To use Podman, set the [`CIBW_CONTAINER_ENGINE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#container-engine) option. (#966)
+- ✨ Adds support for building `py3-none-{platform}` wheels. This works the same as ABI3 - wheels won't be rebuilt, but tests will still be run across all selected versions of Python.
+
+    These wheels contain native extension code, but don't use the Python APIs. Typically, they're bridged to Python using a FFI module like [ctypes](https://docs.python.org/3/library/ctypes.html) or [cffi](https://cffi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/). Because they don't use Python ABI, the wheels are more compatible - they work across many Python versions.
+
+    Check out this [example ctypes project](https://github.com/joerick/python-ctypes-package-sample) to see an example of how it works. (#1151)
+
+- 🛠 cibuildwheel will now error if multiple builds in a single run produce the same wheel filename, as this indicates a misconfiguration. (#1152)
+- 📚 A few docs improvements and updates to keep things up-to-date.
+
+### v2.7.0
+
+_17 June 2022_
+
+- 🌟 Added support for the new `manylinux_2_28` images. These new images are based on AlmaLinux, the community-driven successor to CentOS, unlike manylinux_2_24, which was based on Debian. To build on these images, set your [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_*_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image) option to `manylinux_2_28`. (#1026)
+- 🐛 Fix a bug where tests were not being run on CPython 3.11 (when CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS was set) (#1138)
+- ✨ You can now build Linux wheels on Windows, as long as you have Docker installed and set to 'Linux containers' (#1117)
+- 🐛 Fix a bug on macOS that caused cibuildwheel to crash trying to overwrite a previously-built wheel of the same name. (#1129)
+
+### v2.6.1
+
+_7 June 2022_
+
+- 🛠 Update the prerelease CPython 3.11 to 3.11.0b3
+
+### v2.6.0
+
+_25 May 2022_
+
+- 🌟 Added the ability to test building wheels on CPython 3.11! Because CPython 3.11 is in beta, these wheels should not be distributed, because they might not be compatible with the final release, but it's available to build for testing purposes. Use the flag [`--prerelease-pythons` or `CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#prerelease-pythons) to test. This version of cibuildwheel includes CPython 3.11.0b1. (#1109)
+- 📚 Added an interactive diagram showing how cibuildwheel works to the [docs](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/#how-it-works) (#1100)
+
+### v2.5.0
+
+_29 April 2022_
+
+- ✨ Added support for building ABI3 wheels. cibuildwheel will now recognise when an ABI3 wheel was produced, and skip subsequent build steps where the previously built wheel is compatible. Tests still will run on all selected versions of Python, using the ABI3 wheel. Check [this entry](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#abi3) in the docs for more info. (#1091)
+- ✨ You can now build wheels directly from sdist archives, in addition to source directories. Just call cibuildwheel with an sdist argument on the command line, like `cibuildwheel mypackage-1.0.0.tar.gz`. For more details, check the [`--help` output](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#command-line) (#1096)
+- 🐛 Fix a bug where cibuildwheel would crash when no builds are selected and `--allow-empty` is passed (#1086)
+- 🐛 Workaround a permissions issue on Linux relating to newer versions of git and setuptools_scm (#1095)
+- 📚 Minor docs improvements
+
+### v2.4.0
+
+_2 April 2022_
+
+- ✨ cibuildwheel now supports running locally on Windows and macOS (as well as Linux). On macOS, you'll have to install the versions of Pythons that you want to use from Python.org, and cibuildwheel will use them. On Windows, cibuildwheel will install it's own versions of Python. Check out [the documentation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/setup/#local) for instructions. (#974)
+- ✨ Added support for building PyPy 3.9 wheels. (#1031)
+- ✨ Listing at the end of the build now displays the size of each wheel (#975)
+- 🐛 Workaround a connection timeout bug on Travis CI ppc64le runners (#906)
+- 🐛 Fix an encoding error when reading setup.py in the wrong encoding (#977)
+- 🛠 Setuptools updated to 61.3.0, including experimental support for reading config from pyproject.toml(PEP 621). This could change the behaviour of your build if you have a pyproject.toml with a `[project]` table, because that takes precedence over setup.py and setup.cfg. Check out the [setuptools docs](https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/pyproject_config.html) and the [project metadata specification](https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/specifications/declaring-project-metadata/) for more info.
+- 🛠 Many other dependency updates.
+- 📚 Minor docs improvements
+
+### v2.3.1
+
+_14 December 2021_
+
+- 🐛 Setting pip options like `PIP_USE_DEPRECATED` in `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT` no longer adversely affects cibuildwheel's ability to set up a Python environment (#956)
+- 📚 Docs fixes and improvements
+
+### v2.3.0
+
+_26 November 2021_
+
+- 📈 cibuildwheel now defaults to manylinux2014 image for linux builds, rather than manylinux2010. If you want to stick with manylinux2010, it's simple to set this using [the image options](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image). (#926)
+- ✨ You can now pass environment variables from the host machine into the Docker container during a Linux build. Check out [the docs for `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_PASS_LINUX `](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/latest/options/#environment-pass) for the details. (#914)
+- ✨ Added support for building PyPy 3.8 wheels. (#881)
+- ✨ Added support for building Windows arm64 CPython wheels on a Windows arm64 runner. We can't test this in CI yet, so for now, this is experimental. (#920)
+- 📚 Improved the deployment documentation (#911)
+- 🛠 Changed the escaping behaviour inside cibuildwheel's  option placeholders e.g. `{project}` in `before_build` or `{dest_dir}` in `repair_wheel_command`. This allows bash syntax like `${SOME_VAR}` to passthrough without being interpreted as a placeholder by cibuildwheel. See [this section](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#placeholders) in the docs for more info. (#889)
+- 🛠 Pip updated to 21.3, meaning it now defaults to in-tree builds again. If this causes an issue with your project, setting environment variable `PIP_USE_DEPRECATED=out-of-tree-build` is available as a temporary flag to restore the old behaviour. However, be aware that this flag will probably be removed soon. (#881)
+- 🐛 You can now access the current Python interpreter using `python3` within a build on Windows (#917)
+
+### v2.2.2
+
+_26 October 2021_
+
+- 🐛 Fix bug in the GitHub Action step causing a syntax error (#895)
+
+### v2.2.1
+
+_26 October 2021_
+
+- 🛠 Added a `config-file` option on the GitHub Action to specify something other than pyproject.toml in your GitHub Workflow file. (#883)
+- 🐛 Fix missing resources in sdist and released wheel on PyPI. We've also made some internal changes to our release processes to make them more reliable. (#893, #894)
+
+### v2.2.0
+
+_22 October 2021_
+
+- 🌟 Added support for [musllinux](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0656/). Support for this new wheel format lets projects build wheels for Linux distributions that use [musl libc](https://musl.libc.org/), notably, [Alpine](https://alpinelinux.org/) Docker containers. (#768)
+
+  Musllinux builds are enabled by default. If you're not ready to build musllinux, add `*-musllinux_*` to your [`CIBW_SKIP`/`skip`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#build-skip) option. Or, you might have to make some changes to your options - to simplify that process, you can use...
+
+- 🌟 TOML option overrides! This provides much greater flexibility in configuration via pyproject.toml. (#854)
+
+  You can now set build options for any subset of your builds using a match pattern. So, for example, you can customise CPython 3.8 builds with an override on `cp38-*` or musllinux builds by selecting `*musllinux*`. Check out [the docs](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/latest/options/#overrides) for more info on the specifics.
+
+- 🛠 Added support for building PyPy wheels on macOS 11 CI runners. (#875)
+
+- 🛠 Setting an empty string for the [`CIBW_*_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image) option will now fallthrough to the config file or cibuildwheel's default, rather than causing an error. This makes the option easier to use in CI build matricies. (#829)
+
+- 🛠 Support for TOML 1.0 when reading config files, via the `tomli` package. (#876)
+
+<sup>Note: This version is not available on PyPI due to some missing resources in the release files. Please use a later version instead.</sup>
+
+### v2.1.3
+
+_6 October 2021_
+
+- 🛠 Updated CPython 3.10 to the 3.10.0 final release
+
+### v2.1.2
+
+_14 September 2021_
+
+- 🛠 Updated CPython 3.10 to 3.10.0rc2
+- 📚 Multiple docs updates
+- 🐛 Improved warnings when built binaries are bundled into the container on Linux. (#807)
+
+### v2.1.1
+
+_7 August 2021_
+
+- ✨ Corresponding with the release of CPython 3.10.0rc1, which is ABI stable, cibuildwheel now builds CPython 3.10 by default - without the CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS flag.
+
+<sup>Note: v2.1.0 was a bad release, it was yanked from PyPI.</sup>
+
+### v2.0.1
+
+_25 July 2021_
+
+- 📚 Docs improvements (#767)
+- 🛠 Dependency updates, including delocate 0.9.0.
+
+### v2.0.0 🎉
+
+_16 July 2021_
+
+- 🌟 You can now configure cibuildwheel options inside your project's `pyproject.toml`! Environment variables still work of course. Check out the [documentation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#setting-options) for more info.
+- 🌟 Added support for building wheels with [build](https://github.com/pypa/build), as well as pip. This feature is controlled with the [`CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#build-frontend) option.
+- 🌟 Added the ability to test building wheels on CPython 3.10! Because CPython 3.10 is in beta, these wheels should not be distributed, because they might not be compatible with the final release, but it's available to build for testing purposes. Use the flag [`--prerelease-pythons` or `CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#prerelease-pythons) to test. (#675) This version of cibuildwheel includes CPython 3.10.0b4.
+- ⚠️ **Removed support for building Python 2.7 and Python 3.5 wheels**, for both CPython and PyPy. If you still need to build on these versions, please use the latest v1.x version. (#596)
+- ✨ Added the ability to build CPython 3.8 wheels for Apple Silicon. (#704)
+- 🛠 Update to the latest build dependencies, including Auditwheel 4. (#633)
+- 🛠 Use the unified pypa/manylinux images to build PyPy (#671)
+- 🐛 Numerous bug fixes & docs improvements
+
+### v1.12.0
+
+_22 June 2021_
+
+- ✨ Adds support building macOS universal2/arm64 wheels on Python 3.8.
+
+### v1.11.1
+
+_28 May 2021_
+
+- ✨ cibuildwheel is now part of the PyPA!
+- 📚 Minor docs changes, fixing links related to the above transition
+- 🛠 Update manylinux pins to the last version containing Python 2.7 and 3.5. (#674)
+
+### v1.11.0
+
+_1 May 2021_
+
+- 📚 Lots of docs improvements! (#650, #623, #616, #609, #606)
+- 🐛 Fix nuget "Package is not found" error on Windows. (#653)
+- ⚠️ cibuildwheel will no longer build Windows 2.7 wheels, unless you specify a custom toolchain using `DISTUTILS_USE_SDK=1` and `MSSdk=1`. This is because Microsoft have stopped distributing Visual C++ Compiler for Python 2.7. See [this FAQ entry](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#windows-and-python-27) for more details. (#649)
+- 🐛 Fix crash on Windows due to missing `which` command (#641).
+
+### v1.10.0
+
+_22 Feb 2021_
+
+- ✨ Added `manylinux_2_24` support. To use these new Debian-based manylinux
+  images, set your [manylinux image](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image)
+  options to `manylinux_2_24`.
+- 🛠 On macOS, we now set `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` in before running
+  `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`. This is useful when using `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL` to build a
+  shared library.
+- 🛠 An empty `CIBW_BUILD` option is now the same as being unset i.e, `*`.
+  This makes some build matrix configuration easier. (#588)
+- 📚 Neatened up documentation - added tabs to a few places (#576), fixed some
+  formatting issues.
+
+### v1.9.0
+
+_5 February 2021_
+
+- 🌟 Added support for Apple Silicon wheels on macOS! You can now
+  cross-compile `universal2` and `arm64` wheels on your existing macOS Intel
+  runners, by setting
+  [CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#archs).
+  Xcode 12.2 or later is required, but you don't need macOS 11.0 - you can
+  still build on macOS 10.15. See
+  [this FAQ entry](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#apple-silicon)
+  for more information. (#484)
+- 🌟 Added auto-detection of your package's Python compatibility, via declared
+   [`requires-python`](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0621/#requires-python)
+  in your `pyproject.toml`, or
+  [`python_requires`](https://packaging.python.org/guides/distributing-packages-using-setuptools/#python-requires)
+  in `setup.cfg` or `setup.py`. If your project has these set, cibuildwheel
+  will automatically skip builds on versions of Python that your package
+  doesn't support. Hopefully this makes the first-run experience of
+  cibuildwheel a bit easier. If you need to override this for any reason,
+  look at [`CIBW_PROJECT_REQUIRES_PYTHON`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#requires-python).
+  (#536)
+- 🌟 cibuildwheel can now be invoked as a native GitHub Action! You can now
+  invoke cibuildwheel in a GHA build step like:
+
+  ```yaml
+  - name: Build wheels
+    uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@version # e.g. v1.9.0
+    with:
+      output-dir: wheelhouse
+    # env:
+    #   CIBW_SOME_OPTION: value
+  ```
+
+  This saves a bit of boilerplate, and you can [use Dependabot to keep the
+  pinned version up-to-date](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#automatic-updates).
+
+- ✨ Added `auto64` and `auto32` shortcuts to the
+  [CIBW_ARCHS](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#archs)
+  option. (#553)
+- ✨ cibuildwheel now prints a list of the wheels built at the end of each
+  run. (#570)
+- 📚 Lots of minor docs improvements.
+
+### 1.8.0
+
+_22 January 2021_
+
+- 🌟 Added support for emulated builds! You can now build manylinux wheels on
+  ARM64`aarch64`, as well as `ppc64le` and 's390x'. To build under emulation,
+  register QEMU via binfmt_misc and set the
+  [`CIBW_ARCHS_LINUX`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#archs)
+  option to the architectures you want to run. See
+  [this FAQ entry](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#emulation)
+  for more information. (#482)
+- ✨ Added `CIBW_TEST_SKIP` option. This allows you to choose certain builds
+  whose tests you'd like to skip. This might be useful when running a slow
+  test suite under emulation, for example. (#537)
+- ✨ Added `curly-{brace,bracket,paren}` style globbing to `CIBW_BUILD` and
+  `CIBW_SKIP`. This gives more expressivity, letting you do things like
+  `CIBW_BUILD=cp39-manylinux_{aarch64,ppc64le}`. (#527)
+- 🛠 cibuildwheel will now exit with an error if it's called with options that
+  skip all builds on a platform. This feature can be disabled by adding
+  `--allow-empty` on the command line. (#545)
+
+### 1.7.4
+
+_2 January 2021_
+
+- 🐛 Fix the PyPy virtualenv patch to work on macOS 10.14 (#506)
+
+### 1.7.3
+
+_1 January 2021_
+
+- 🛠 Added a patch for Pypy to ensure header files are available for building
+  in a virtualenv. (#502)
+- 🛠 Some preparatory work towards using cibuildwheel as a GitHub Action.
+  Check out
+  [the FAQ](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#option-1-github-action)
+  for information on how to use it. We'll be fully updating the docs to this
+  approach in a subsequent release (#494)
+
+### 1.7.2
+
+_21 December 2020_
+
+- 🛠 Update dependencies, notably wheel==0.36.2 and pip==20.3.3, and CPython to
+  their latest bugfix releases (#489)
+- 📚 Switch to a GitHub example in the README (#479)
+- 📚 Create Working Examples table, with many projects that use cibuildwheel (#474)
+- 📚 Import Working Examples table and Changelog to docs
+
+### 1.7.1
+
+_3 December 2020_
+
+- 🛠 Update manylinux2010 image to resolve issues with 'yum' repositories
+  (#472)
+
+### 1.7.0
+
+_26 November 2020_
+
+- ✨ New logging format, that uses 'fold groups' in CI services that support
+  it. (#458)
+- 🛠 Update PyPy to 7.3.3 (#460)
+- 🐛 Fix a bug where CIBW_BEFORE_ALL runs with a very old version of Python on
+  Linux. (#464)
+
+### 1.6.4
+
+_31 October 2020_
+
+- 🐛 Fix crash on Appveyor during nuget install due to old system CA
+  certificates. We now use certifi's CA certs to download files. (#455)
+
+### 1.6.3
+
+_12 October 2020_
+
+- 🐛 Fix missing SSL certificates on macOS (#447)
+- 🛠 Update OpenSSL Python 3.5 patch to 1.1.1h on macOS (#449)
+
+### 1.6.2
+
+_9 October 2020_
+
+- ✨ Python 3.9 updated to the final release version - v3.9.0 (#440)
+- 🛠 Pypy updated to v7.3.2, adding alpha support for Python 3.7 (#430)
+
+### 1.6.1
+
+_20 September 2020_
+
+- 🛠 Add PPC64LE manylinux image supporting Python 3.9. (#436)
+- 📚 Add project URLs to PyPI listing (#428)
+
+### 1.6.0
+
+_9 September 2020_
+
+- 🌟 Add Python 3.9 support! This initial support uses release candidate
+  builds. You can start publishing wheels for Python 3.9 now, ahead of
+  the official release. (#382)
+
+  Minor note - if you're building PPC64LE wheels, the manylinux image pinned
+  by this version is
+  [still on Python 3.9b3](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux/issues/758), not a
+  release candidate. We'd advise holding off on distributing 3.9 ppc64le wheels
+  until a subsequent version of cibuildwheel.
+
+- 🌟 Add Gitlab CI support. Gitlab CI can now build Linux wheels, using
+  cibuildwheel. (#419)
+- 🐛 Fix a bug that causes pyproject.toml dependencies to fail to install on
+  Windows (#420)
+- 📚 Added some information about Windows VC++ runtimes and how they relate
+  to wheels.
+
+### 1.5.5
+
+_22 July 2020_
+
+- 🐛 Fix a bug that would cause command substitutions in CIBW_ENVIRONMENT to
+  produce no output on Linux (#411)
+- 🐛 Fix regression (introduced in 1.5.3) which caused BEFORE_BUILD and
+  BEFORE_ALL to be executed in the wrong directory (#410)
+
+### 1.5.4
+
+_19 June 2020_
+
+- 🐛 Fix a bug that would cause command substitutions in CIBW_ENVIRONMENT
+  variables to not interpret quotes in commands correctly (#406, #408)
+
+### 1.5.3
+
+_19 July 2020_
+
+- 🛠 Update CPython 3.8 to 3.8.3 (#405)
+- 🛠 Internal refactoring of Linux build, to move control flow into Python (#386)
+
+### 1.5.2
+
+_8 July 2020_
+
+- 🐛 Fix an issue on Windows where pyproject.toml would cause an error when
+  some requirements formats were used. (#401)
+- 🛠 Update CPython 3.7 to 3.7.8 (#394)
+
+### 1.5.1
+
+_25 June 2020_
+
+- 🐛 Fix "OSError: [WinError 17] The system cannot move the file to a different
+  disk drive" on GitHub Actions (#388, #389)
+
+### 1.5.0
+
+_24 June 2020_
+
+- 🌟 Add [`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#before-all)
+  option, which lets you run a command on the build machine before any wheels
+  are built. This is especially useful when building on Linux, to `make`
+  something external to Python, or to `yum install` a dependency. (#342)
+- ✨ Added support for projects using pyproject.toml instead of setup.py
+  (#360, #358)
+- ✨ Added workaround to allow Python 3.5 on Windows to pull dependencies from
+  pyproject.toml. (#358)
+- 📚 Improved GitHub Actions examples and docs (#354, #362)
+- 🐛 Ensure pip wheel uses the specified package, and doesn't build a wheel
+  from PyPI (#369)
+- 🛠 Internal changes: using pathlib.Path, precommit hooks, testing
+  improvements.
+
+### 1.4.2
+
+_25 May 2020_
+
+- 🛠 Dependency updates, including CPython 3.8.3 & manylinux images.
+- 🛠 Lots of internal updates - type annotations and checking using mypy, and
+  a new integration testing system.
+- ⚠️ Removed support for *running* cibuildwheel using Python 3.5. cibuildwheel
+  will continue to build Python 3.5 wheels until EOL.
+
+### 1.4.1
+
+_4 May 2020_
+
+- 🐛 Fix a bug causing programs running inside the i686 manylinux images to
+  think they were running x86_64 and target the wrong architecture. (#336,
+  #338)
+
+### 1.4.0
+
+_2 May 2020_
+
+- 🌟 Deterministic builds. cibuildwheel now locks the versions of the tools it
+  uses. This means that pinning your version of cibuildwheel pins the versions
+  of pip, setuptools, manylinux etc. that are used under the hood. This should
+  make things more reliable. But note that we don't control the entire build
+  environment on macOS and Windows, where the version of Xcode and Visual
+  Studio can still effect things.
+
+  This can be controlled using the [CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#dependency-versions)
+  and [manylinux image](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image)
+  options - if you always want to use the latest toolchain, you can still do
+  that, or you can specify your own pip constraints file and manylinux image.
+  (#256)
+
+- ✨ Added `package_dir` command line option, meaning we now support building
+  a package that lives in a subdirectory and pulls in files from the wider
+  project. See [the `package_dir` option help](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#command-line-options)
+  for more information.
+
+  Note that this change makes the working directory (where you call
+  cibuildwheel from) relevant on Linux, as it's considered the 'project' and
+  will be copied into the Docker container. If your builds are slower on this
+  version, that's likely the reason. `cd` to your project and then call
+  `cibuildwheel` from there. (#319, #295)
+
+- 🛠 On macOS, we make `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` default to `10.9` if it's
+  not set. This should make things more consistent between Python versions.
+- 🛠 Dependency updates - CPython 3.7.7, CPython 2.7.18, Pypy 7.3.1.
+
+### 1.3.0
+
+_12 March 2020_
+
+- 🌟 Add support for building on GitHub Actions! Check out the
+  [docs](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/setup/#github-actions)
+  for information on how to set it up. (#194)
+- ✨ Add the `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST` option, which lets you run a command to
+  prepare the environment before your tests are run. (#242)
+
+### 1.2.0
+
+_8 March 2020_
+
+- 🌟 Add support for building PyPy wheels, across Manylinux, macOS, and
+  Windows. (#185)
+- 🌟 Added the ability to build ARM64 (aarch64), ppc64le, and s390x wheels,
+  using manylinux2014 and Travis CI. (#273)
+- ✨ You can now build macOS wheels on Appveyor. (#230)
+- 🛠 Changed default macOS minimum target to 10.9, from 10.6. This allows the
+  use of more modern C++ libraries, among other things. (#156)
+- 🛠 Stop building universal binaries on macOS. We now only build x86_64
+  wheels on macOS. (#220)
+- ✨ Allow chaining of commands using `&&` and `||` on Windows inside
+  CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD and CIBW_TEST_COMMAND. (#293)
+- 🛠 Improved error reporting for failed Cython builds due to stale .so files
+  (#263)
+- 🛠 Update CPython from 3.7.5 to 3.7.6 and from 3.8.0 to 3.8.2 on Mac/Windows
+- 🛠 Improved error messages when a bad config breaks cibuildwheel's PATH
+  variable. (#264)
+- ⚠️ Removed support for *running* cibuildwheel on Python 2.7. cibuildwheel
+  will continue to build Python 2.7 wheels for a little while. (#265)
+
+### 1.1.0
+
+_7 December 2019_
+
+- 🌟 Add support for building manylinux2014 wheels. To use, set
+  `CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE` and CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE to
+  `manylinux2014`.
+- ✨ Add support for [Linux on Appveyor](https://www.appveyor.com/blog/2018/03/06/appveyor-for-linux/) (#204, #207)
+- ✨ Add `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND` env variable, for changing how
+  `auditwheel` or `delocate` are invoked, or testing an equivalent on
+  Windows. (#211)
+- 📚 Added some travis example configs - these are available in /examples. (#228)
+
+### 1.0.0
+
+_10 November 2019_
+
+- 🌟 Add support for building Python 3.8 wheels! (#180)
+- 🌟 Add support for building manylinux2010 wheels. cibuildwheel will now
+  build using the manylinux2010 images by default. If your project is still
+  manylinux1 compatible, you should get both manylinux1 and manylinux2010
+  wheels - you can upload both to PyPI. If you always require manylinux1 wheels, you can
+  build using the old manylinux1 image using the [manylinux image](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image) option.
+  (#155)
+- 📚 Documentation is now on its [own mini-site](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io),
+   rather than on the README (#169)
+- ✨ Add support for building Windows wheels on Travis CI. (#160)
+- 🛠 If you set `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND`, your tests now run in a virtualenv. (#164)
+- 🛠 Windows now uses Python as installed by nuget, rather than the versions
+  installed by the various CI providers. (#180)
+- 🛠 Update Python from 2.7.16 to 2.7.17 and 3.7.4 to 3.7.5 on macOS (#171)
+- ⚠️ Removed support for Python 3.4 (#168)
+
+### 0.12.0
+
+_29 September 2019_
+
+- ✨ Add CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS option, to allow testing using extra_require
+  options. For example, set `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS=test,qt` to make the wheel
+  installed with `pip install <wheel_file>[test,qt]`
+- 🛠 Update Python from 3.7.2 to 3.7.4 on macOS
+- 🛠 Update OpenSSL patch to 1.0.2t on macOS
+
+### 0.11.1
+
+_28 May 2019_
+
+- 🐛 Fix missing file in the release tarball, that was causing problems with
+  Windows builds (#141)
+
+### 0.11.0
+
+_26 May 2019_
+
+- 🌟 Add support for building on Azure pipelines! This lets you build all
+  Linux, Mac and Windows wheels on one service, so it promises to be the
+  easiest to set up! Check out the quickstart in the docs, or
+  [cibuildwheel-azure-example](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel-azure-example)
+  for an example project. (#126, #132)
+- 🛠 Internal change - the end-to-end test projects format was updated, so we
+  can more precisely assert what should be produced for each one. (#136, #137).
+
+### 0.10.2
+
+_10 March 2019_
+
+- 🛠 Revert temporary fix in macOS, that was working around a bug in pip 19 (#129)
+- 🛠 Update Python to 2.7.16 on macOS
+- 🛠 Update OpenSSL patch to 1.0.2r on macOS
+
+### 0.10.1
+
+_3 February 2019_
+
+- 🐛 Fix build stalling on macOS (that was introduced in pip 19) (#122)
+- 🐛 Fix "AttributeError: 'Popen' object has no attribute 'args'" on Python 2.7 for Linux builds (#108)
+- 🛠 Update Python from 3.6.7, 3.7.1 to 3.6.8, 3.7.2 on macOS
+- 🛠 Update openssl patch from 1.0.2p to 1.0.2q on macOS
+- 🛠 Sorting build options dict items when printing preamble (#114)
+
+### 0.10.0
+
+_23 September 2018_
+
+- 🌟 Add `CIBW_BUILD` option, for specifying which specific builds to perform (#101)
+- 🌟 Add support for building Mac and Linux on CircleCI (#91, #97)
+- 🛠 Improved support for building universal wheels (#95)
+- 🛠 Ensure log output is unbuffered and therefore in the correct order (#92)
+- 🛠 Improved error reporting for errors that occur inside a package's setup.py (#88)
+- ⚠️ Removed support for Python 3.3 on Windows.
+
+### 0.9.4
+
+_29 July 2018_
+
+- 🛠 CIBW_TEST_COMMAND now runs in a shell on Mac (as well as Linux) (#81)
+
+### 0.9.3
+
+_10 July 2018_
+
+- 🛠 Update to Python 3.6.6 on macOS (#82)
+- ✨ Add support for building Python 3.7 wheels on Windows (#76)
+- ⚠️ Deprecated support for Python 3.3 on Windows.
+
+### 0.9.2
+
+_1 July 2018_
+
+- 🛠  Update Python 3.7.0rc1 to 3.7.0 on macOS (#79)
+
+### 0.9.1
+
+_18 June 2018_
+
+- 🛠 Removed the need to use `{python}` and `{pip}` in `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD` statements, by ensuring the correct version is always on the path at `python` and `pip` instead. (#60)
+- 🛠 We now patch the _ssl module on Python 3.4 and 3.5 so these versions can still make SSL web requests using TLS 1.2 while building. (#71)
+
+### 0.9.0
+
+_18 June 2018_
+
+- ✨ Add support for Python 3.7 (#73)
+
+### 0.8.0
+
+_4 May 2018_
+
+- ⚠️ Drop support for Python 3.3 on Linux (#67)
+- 🐛 Fix TLS by updating setuptools (#69)
+
+### 0.7.1
+
+_2 April 2017_
+
+- 🐛 macOS: Fix Pip bugs resulting from PyPI TLS 1.2 enforcement
+- 🐛 macOS: Fix brew Python3 version problems in the CI
+
+### 0.7.0
+
+_7 January 2018_
+
+- ✨ You can now specify a custom docker image using the `CIBW_MANYLINUX1_X86_64_IMAGE` and `CIBW_MANYLINUX1_I686_IMAGE` options. (#46)
+- 🐛 Fixed a bug where cibuildwheel would download and build a package from PyPI(!) instead of building the package on the local machine. (#51)
+
+### 0.6.0
+
+_9 October 2017_
+
+- ✨ On the Linux build, the host filesystem is now accessible via `/host` (#36)
+- 🐛 Fixed a bug where setup.py scripts would run the wrong version of Python when running subprocesses on Linux (#35)
+
+### 0.5.1
+
+_10 September 2017_
+
+- 🐛 Fixed a couple of bugs on Python 3.
+- ✨ Added experimental support for Mac builds on [Bitrise.io](https://www.bitrise.io)
+
+### 0.5.0
+
+_7 September 2017_
+
+- ✨ `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT` added. You can now set environment variables for each build, even within the Docker container on Linux. This is a big one! (#21)
+- ✨ `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD` now runs in a system shell on all platforms. You can now do things like `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD="cmd1 && cmd2"`. (#32)
+
+### 0.4.1
+
+_14 August 2017_
+
+- 🐛 Fixed a bug on Windows where subprocess' output was hidden (#23)
+- 🐛 Fixed a bug on AppVeyor where logs would appear in the wrong order due to output buffering (#24, thanks @YannickJadoul!)
+
+### 0.4.0
+
+_23 July 2017_
+
+- 🐛 Fixed a bug that was increasing the build time by building the wheel twice. This was a problem for large projects that have a long build time. If you're upgrading and you need the old behaviour, use `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD={pip} install .`, or install exactly the dependencies you need in `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD`. See #18.
+
+### 0.3.0
+
+_27 June 2017_
+
+- ⚠️ Removed Python 2.6 support on Linux (#12)
+
+### 0.2.1
+
+_11 June 2017_
+
+- 🛠 Changed the build process to install the package before building the wheel - this allows direct dependencies to be installed first (#9, thanks @tgarc!)
+- ✨ Added Python 3 support for the main process, for systems where Python 3 is the default (#8, thanks @tgarc).
+
+### 0.2.0
+
+_13 April 2017_
+
+- ✨ Added `CIBW_SKIP` option, letting users explicitly skip a build
+- ✨ Added `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD` option, letting users run a shell command before the build starts
+
+### 0.1.3
+
+_31 March 2017_
+
+- 🌟 First public release!
+
+<style>
+
+/* improve list formatting to help separate items */
+
+.rst-content li {
+  margin-bottom: 12px;
+}
+.rst-content .section ol li>p:only-child, .rst-content .section ol li>p:only-child:last-child, .rst-content .section ul li>p:only-child, .rst-content .section ul li>p:only-child:last-child, .rst-content .toctree-wrapper ol li>p:only-child, .rst-content .toctree-wrapper ol li>p:only-child:last-child, .rst-content .toctree-wrapper ul li>p:only-child, .rst-content .toctree-wrapper ul li>p:only-child:last-child, .rst-content section ol li>p:only-child, .rst-content section ol li>p:only-child:last-child, .rst-content section ul li>p:only-child, .rst-content section ul li>p:only-child:last-child {
+  margin-bottom: 12px
+}
+</style>
 
 <script>
   // undo the scrollTop that the theme did on this page, as there are loads

docs/contributing.md

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 title: Contributing
 ---
 
+# Contributing
+
 Wheel-building can be pretty complex. We expect users to find edge-cases - please help the rest of the community out by documenting these, adding features to support them, and reporting bugs.
 
 If you have an idea for a modification or feature, it's probably best to raise an issue first and discuss it with the maintainer team. Once we have rough consensus on a design, begin work in a PR.
@@ -94,7 +96,6 @@ This has been moved to using docker, so you only need the following instructions
 The dependency update script in the next section requires multiple python versions installed. One way to do this is to use `pyenv`:
 
 ```bash
-pyenv install 3.6.11
 pyenv install 3.7.8
 # Optionally add 3.8 and make it the local version;
 # otherwise assuming 3.8+ already is your current python version
@@ -103,7 +104,6 @@ pyenv install 3.7.8
 Then, you need to make the required virtual environments:
 
 ```bash
-$(pyenv prefix 3.6.11)/bin/python -m venv env36
 $(pyenv prefix 3.7.8)/bin/python -m venv env37
 ```
 
@@ -127,13 +127,10 @@ bin/bump_version.py
 
 You'll be prompted to enter the new version number. Update the changelog when prompted. The script will create a 'bump version' commit and version tag.
 
-Finally, cut the release and upload to PyPI/GitHub.
+Finally, cut the release and push to GitHub.
 
 ```bash
-rm -rf dist
-python setup.py sdist bdist_wheel
-twine upload dist/*
 git push && git push --tags
 ```
 
-Then head to https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/releases and create a GitHub release from the new tag, pasting in the changelog entry.
+Then head to https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/releases and create a GitHub release from the new tag, pasting in the changelog entry. Once the release is created inside GitHub, a CI job will create the assets and upload them to PyPI.

docs/cpp_standards.md

@@ -2,11 +2,13 @@
 title: Modern C++ standards
 ---
 
+# Modern C++ standards
+
 Building Python wheels with modern C++ standards (C++11 and later) requires a few tricks.
 
 
 ## manylinux1 and C++14
-The default `manylinux1` image (based on CentOS 5) contains a version of GCC and libstdc++ that only supports C++11 and earlier standards. There are however ways to compile wheels with the C++14 standard (and later): https://github.com/pypa/manylinux/issues/118
+The old `manylinux1` image (based on CentOS 5) contains a version of GCC and libstdc++ that only supports C++11 and earlier standards. There are however ways to compile wheels with the C++14 standard (and later): https://github.com/pypa/manylinux/issues/118
 
 `manylinux2010` and `manylinux2014` are newer and support all C++ standards (up to C++17).
 
@@ -14,7 +16,7 @@ The default `manylinux1` image (based on CentOS 5) contains a version of GCC and
 
 OS X/macOS allows you to specify a so-called "deployment target" version that will ensure backwards compatibility with older versions of macOS. One way to do this is by setting the `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` environment variable.
 
-However, to enable modern C++ standards, the deploment target needs to be set high enough (since older OS X/macOS versions did not have the necessary modern C++ standard library).
+However, to enable modern C++ standards, the deployment target needs to be set high enough (since older OS X/macOS versions did not have the necessary modern C++ standard library).
 
 To get C++11 and C++14 support, `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` needs to be set to (at least) `"10.9"`. By default, `cibuildwheel` already does this, building 64-bit-only wheels for macOS 10.9 and later.
 

docs/data/projects.yml

@@ -4,9 +4,15 @@
 # stars: GitHub repo (optional, if different from package, such as for Twisted)
 # pypi: The pypi name, if different from the GitHub package name
 # os: Operating system list, [windows, apple, linux] (optional)
-# ci: [appveyor, github, azurepipelines, circleci, gitlab, travisci] (optional)
+# ci: [appveyor, github, azurepipelines, circleci, gitlab, travisci, cirrusci] (optional)
 # notes: (text, optional)
 
+- name: abess
+  gh: abess-team/abess
+  notes: A fast best-subset selection library. It uses cibuildwheel to build a large project with C++ extensions.
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
 - name: Matplotlib
   gh: matplotlib/matplotlib
   notes: The venerable Matplotlib, a Python library with C++ portions
@@ -102,7 +108,7 @@
 
 - name: pikepdf
   gh: pikepdf/pikepdf
-  ci: [azurepipelines]
+  ci: [github]
   os: [windows, apple, linux]
 
 - name: fathon
@@ -166,11 +172,13 @@
 
 - name: pyzmq
   gh: zeromq/pyzmq
-  ci: [github]
+  ci: [github, circleci]
   os: [windows, apple, linux]
   ci_config: .github/workflows/wheels.yml
   notes: |
-    Python bindings for zeromq, the networking library. Uses Cython and CFFI.
+    Python bindings for zeromq, the networking library.
+    Uses Cython on CPython and CFFI on PyPy.
+    ARM wheels for linux are built natively on CircleCI.
 
 - name: python-rapidjson
   gh: python-rapidjson/python-rapidjson
@@ -198,6 +206,12 @@
   ci: [github]
   os: [windows, apple, linux]
 
+- name: pybind11 cross build example
+  gh: wbarnha/pybind_cmake_example_crossbuild
+  ci: [github, gitlab]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  notes: Same as pybind11 cmake_example but used to demo Linux ARM + Windows + macOS builds on GitLab
+
 - name: iminuit
   gh: scikit-hep/iminuit
   ci: [github]
@@ -256,8 +270,8 @@
 
 - name: Tokenizer
   gh: OpenNMT/Tokenizer
-  ci: [github, travisci]
-  os: [apple, linux]
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
 
 - name: matrixprofile
   gh: matrix-profile-foundation/matrixprofile
@@ -272,8 +286,8 @@
 - name: CTranslate2
   gh: OpenNMT/CTranslate2
   ci: [github]
-  os: [apple, linux]
-  notes: Includes libraries from the [Intel oneAPI toolkit](https://software.intel.com/content/www/us/en/develop/tools/oneapi/base-toolkit.html). The Linux wheels also include CUDA libraries for GPU execution.
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  notes: Includes libraries from the [Intel oneAPI toolkit](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/tools/oneapi/base-toolkit.html) and CUDA kernels compiled for multiple GPU architectures.
 
 - name: MyPy
   gh: mypyc/mypy_mypyc-wheels
@@ -281,7 +295,7 @@
   pypi: mypy
   ci: [github]
   os: [apple, linux, windows]
-  notes: MyPyC, the compiled component of MyPy.
+  notes: The compiled version of MyPy using MyPyC.
 
 - name: Imagecodecs (fork)
   gh: czaki/imagecodecs_build
@@ -376,3 +390,241 @@
   ci: [github, travisci]
   os: [apple, linux, windows]
   notes: Multitagged binary builds for all supported platforms, using cibw 2 config configuration.
+
+- name: tgcalls
+  gh: MarshalX/tgcalls
+  pypi: pytgcalls
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, windows]
+  notes: Python `pybind11` binding to Telegram's WebRTC library with third party dependencies like `OpenSSL`, `MozJPEG`, `FFmpeg`, etc.
+
+- name: pillow-heif
+  gh: bigcat88/pillow_heif
+  pypi: pillow-heif
+  ci: [github, cirrusci]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+  notes: Bindings to libheif library with third party dependencies. Fully automated CI for tests and publishing including Apple Silicon builds.
+
+- name: clang-format
+  gh: ssciwr/clang-format-wheel
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+  notes: Scikit-build wrapper around LLVM's CMake, all platforms, generic wheels.
+
+- name: Tornado
+  gh: tornadoweb/tornado
+  ci: [travisci]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+
+- name: pytorch-fairseq
+  gh: pytorch/fairseq
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+
+- name: uvloop
+  gh: MagicStack/uvloop
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+
+- name: asyncpg
+  gh: MagicStack/asyncpg
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: pydantic
+  gh: samuelcolvin/pydantic
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: vaex
+  gh: vaexio/vaex
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: cvxpy
+  gh: cvxpy/cvxpy
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: duckdb
+  gh: duckdb/duckdb
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: Triton
+  gh: openai/triton
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [linux]
+  notes: Self hosted runners
+
+- name: vispy
+  gh: vispy/vispy
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: Confluent client for Kafka
+  gh: confluentinc/confluent-kafka-python
+  ci: [travisci]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+  notes: setup in `tools/wheels/build-wheels.bat`
+
+- name: tinyobjloader
+  gh: tinyobjloader/tinyobjloader
+  ci: [azurepipelines]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: PyOxidizer
+  gh: indygreg/PyOxidizer
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: OpenSpiel
+  gh: deepmind/open_spiel
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+
+- name: Google Benchmark
+  gh: google/benchmark
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: Apache Beam
+  gh: apache/beam
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: PyCryptodome
+  gh: Legrandin/pycryptodome
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: PyYAML
+  gh: yaml/pyyaml
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple]
+
+- name: Line Profiler
+  gh: pyutils/line_profiler
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: OpenTimelineIO
+  gh: PixarAnimationStudios/OpenTimelineIO
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: OpenColorIO
+  gh: AcademySoftwareFoundation/OpenColorIO
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: Psycopg 3
+  gh: psycopg/psycopg
+  pypi: psycopg_binary
+  notes: A modern implementation of a PostgreSQL adapter for Python
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: Arbor
+  gh: arbor-sim/arbor
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+  notes: >
+    Arbor is a multi-compartment neuron simulation library; compatible with
+    next-generation accelerators; best-practices applied to research software;
+    focused on community-driven development. Includes a
+    [small script](https://github.com/arbor-sim/arbor/blob/master/scripts/patchwheel.py)
+    patching `rpath` in bundled libraries.
+
+- name: Kivy
+  gh: kivy/kivy
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: NCNN
+  gh: Tencent/ncnn
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: Prophet
+  gh: facebook/prophet
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: MemRay
+  gh: bloomberg/memray
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [linux]
+
+- name: PyGame
+  gh: pygame/pygame
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+
+- name: UltraJSON
+  gh: ultrajson/ultrajson
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: NumPy
+  gh: numpy/numpy
+  ci: [github, travisci]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: Wrapt
+  gh: GrahamDumpleton/wrapt
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: SimpleJSON
+  gh: simplejson/simplejson
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: Implicit
+  gh: benfred/implicit
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  notes: Includes GPU support for linux wheels
+
+- name: power-grid-model
+  gh: alliander-opensource/power-grid-model
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  notes: Python/C++ library for distribution power system analysis
+
+- name: Python-WebRTC
+  gh: MarshalX/python-webrtc
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: cf-units
+  gh: SciTools/cf-units
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+
+- name: envd
+  gh: tensorchord/envd
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+  note: A machine learning development environment build tool
+
+- name: mosec
+  gh: mosecorg/mosec
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [linux, apple]
+  note: A machine learning model serving framework powered by Rust
+
+- name: ril
+  gh: Cryptex-github/ril-py
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  pypi: pyril
+  notes: A python binding to Rust Imaging library using maturin and Pyo3, utilizes Github Action cache to improve speed. Builds abi3 wheels.
+
+- name: Picologging
+  gh: microsoft/picologging
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  pypi: picologging
+  notes: A high-performance logging library for Python.

docs/data/readme_icons/cirrusci.svg

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16px" fill="#606060"><title>Cirrus CI icon</title><path d="M19.422.453a1.113 1.113 0 0 0-1.113 1.115 1.113 1.113 0 0 0 1.112 1.114c1.31 0 2.35 1.042 2.35 2.363 0 1.32-1.04 2.363-2.35 2.363H1.112A1.113 1.113 0 0 0 0 8.52a1.113 1.113 0 0 0 1.113 1.117h18.31c1.308 0 2.35 1.042 2.35 2.363 0 1.32-1.042 2.363-2.35 2.363H1.112A1.113 1.113 0 0 0 0 15.48a1.113 1.113 0 0 0 1.113 1.112h18.31c1.308 0 2.35 1.042 2.35 2.363 0 1.32-1.042 2.363-2.35 2.363H1.112A1.113 1.113 0 0 0 0 22.432a1.113 1.113 0 0 0 1.113 1.115h18.31a1.113 1.113 0 0 0 .206-.022c2.42-.112 4.37-2.12 4.37-4.57 0-1.393-.642-2.634-1.63-3.478C23.356 14.632 24 13.393 24 12c0-1.393-.643-2.632-1.63-3.477C23.357 7.68 24 6.438 24 5.045c0-2.52-2.06-4.592-4.578-4.592z"/></svg>

docs/deliver-to-pypi.md

@@ -2,35 +2,98 @@
 title: Delivering to PyPI
 ---
 
+# Delivering to PyPI
+
 After you've built your wheels, you'll probably want to deliver them to PyPI.
 
-### Manual method
+## Manual method
 
-On your development machine, do the following...
+On your development machine, install [pipx](https://pypa.github.io/pipx/) and do the following:
 
 ```bash
+# Either download the SDist from your CI, or make it:
 # Clear out your 'dist' folder.
 rm -rf dist
 # Make a source distribution
-python setup.py sdist
+pipx run build --sdist
 
 # 🏃🏻
 # Go and download your wheel files from wherever you put them. e.g. your CI
 # provider can be configured to store them for you. Put them all into the
 # 'dist' folder.
 
-# Upload using 'twine' (you may need to 'pip install twine')
-twine upload dist/*
+# Upload using 'twine'
+pipx run twine upload dist/*
 ```
 
-### Semi-automatic method using wheelhouse-uploader
+## Automatic method
 
-Obviously, manual steps are for chumps, so we can automate this a little by using [wheelhouse-uploader](https://github.com/ogrisel/wheelhouse-uploader).
+If you don't need much control over the release of a package, you can set up
+cibuildwheel to deliver the wheels straight to PyPI. You just need to bump the
+version and tag it.
 
-> Quick note from me - using S3 as a storage didn't work due to a [bug](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/LIBCLOUD-792) in libcloud. Feel free to use my fork of that package that fixes the bug `pip install https://github.com/joerick/libcloud/archive/v1.5.0-s3fix.zip`
+### Generic instructions
 
-### Automatic method
+Make your SDist with the [build](https://github.com/pypa/build) tool, and your wheels with cibuildwheel. If you can make the files available as
+downloadable artifacts, this make testing before releases easier (depending on your CI provider's options). The "publish" job/step should collect the
+files, and then run `twine upload <paths>` (possibly via [pipx](https://github.com/pypa/pipx)); this should only happen on tags or "releases".
 
-If you don't need much control over the release of a package, you can set up cibuildwheel to deliver the wheels straight to PyPI. This doesn't require anycloud storage to work - you just need to bump the version and tag it.
+### GitHub Actions
 
-[`examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml) and [`examples/github-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/examples/github-deploy.yml) are example configurations that automatically upload wheels to PyPI. Also check out [this example repo](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel-autopypi-example) for more detailed instructions on how to set this up.
+GitHub actions has pipx in all the runners as a supported package manager, as
+well as several useful actions. Alongside your existing job(s) that runs cibuildwheel to make wheels, you will probably want to build an SDist:
+
+```yaml
+  make_sdist:
+    name: Make SDist
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      with:
+        fetch-depth: 0  # Optional, use if you use setuptools_scm
+        submodules: true  # Optional, use if you have submodules
+
+    - name: Build SDist
+      run: pipx run build --sdist
+
+    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+      with:
+        path: dist/*.tar.gz
+```
+
+Then, you need to publish the artifacts that the previous jobs have built. This final job should run only on release or tag, depending on your preference. It gathers the artifacts from the sdist and wheel jobs and uploads them to PyPI.
+
+This requires a [PyPI upload token](https://pypi.org/manage/account/token/), stored in your [GitHub repo's secrets](https://docs.github.com/en/actions/security-guides/encrypted-secrets#creating-encrypted-secrets-for-a-repository) as `pypi_password`.
+
+```yaml
+  upload_all:
+    needs: [build_wheels, make_sdist]
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: github.event_name == 'release' && github.event.action == 'published'
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
+      with:
+        name: artifact
+        path: dist
+
+    - uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@v1.5.0
+      with:
+        user: __token__
+        password: ${{ secrets.pypi_password }}
+```
+
+You should use Dependabot to keep the publish action up to date. In the above
+example, the same name (the default, "artifact" is used for all upload-artifact
+runs, so we can just download all of the in one step into a common directory.
+
+See
+[`examples/github-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/examples/github-deploy.yml)
+for an example configuration that automatically upload wheels to PyPI. Also see
+[scikit-hep.org/developer/gha_wheels](https://scikit-hep.org/developer/gha_wheels)
+for a complete guide.
+
+### TravisCI
+
+See
+[`examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml)
+for an example configuration.

docs/diagram.md

@@ -0,0 +1,487 @@
+<div id="flow-diagram">
+  <div class="diagram-grid" v-bind:style="gridStyle">
+    <!-- BEHIND THE GRID CONTENT -->
+    <!-- line for each platform -->
+    <div class="grid-line" style="grid-row-start: 3"></div>
+    <div class="grid-line" style="grid-row-start: 4"></div>
+    <div class="grid-line" style="grid-row-start: 5"></div>
+    <!-- the docker container outline -->
+    <div class="grid-outline docker">
+      <div class="outline">
+        Manylinux container
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <!-- the venv outlines -->
+    <div class="grid-outline testVenv" style="grid-row-start: 3">
+      <div class="outline">Test virtualenv</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="grid-outline testVenv" style="grid-row-start: 4"><div class="outline"></div></div>
+    <div class="grid-outline testVenv" style="grid-row-start: 5"><div class="outline"></div></div>
+    <!-- THE GRID CONTENT -->
+    <!-- the row labels -->
+    <div class="grid-row-label" style="grid-row-start: 3">Linux</div>
+    <div class="grid-row-label" style="grid-row-start: 4">macOS</div>
+    <div class="grid-row-label" style="grid-row-start: 5">Windows</div>
+    <!-- the column labels -->
+    <div class="grid-column-label"
+         style="grid-row: 1 / span 1; grid-column: 5 / -3">
+      <div class="label">For each version of Python</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="grid-column-label"
+         style="grid-row: 2 / span 1;
+                grid-column: 9 / -3;
+                margin-bottom: 0.5em;">
+      <div class="label">If tests are configured</div>
+    </div>
+    <!-- the steps -->
+    <div class="step" v-for="(step, sIndex) in diagram.steps">
+      <component v-for="action in step"
+                 class="action"
+                 v-bind:is="action.href ? 'a' : 'div'"
+                 v-bind:href="action.href">
+        <div class="dots" v-if="action.style == 'dot'">
+          <div class="dot"
+               v-info="action"
+               v-for="(platform, pIndex) in platforms"
+               v-if="action.platforms.includes(platform)"
+               v-bind:style="{gridRowStart: `${pIndex+3}`,
+                              gridColumnStart: `${sIndex+2}`}">
+            <div class="dot-graphic"></div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+        <div class="block-container" v-if="action.style == 'block'">
+          <div class="block"
+               v-info="action"
+               v-bind:style="{...blockStyle(action),
+                              gridColumnStart: `${sIndex+2}`}">
+            {{action.label}}
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </a>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<noscript>
+  <img src="data/how-it-works.png" alt="Diagram showing the steps for each platform">
+  <p><strong>Enable JavaScript for an interactive version of this diagram.</strong></p>
+</noscript>
+
+<script type="module" async>
+  import Vue from 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/vue@2.6.14/dist/vue.esm.browser.js'
+  import 'https://unpkg.com/@popperjs/core@2/dist/umd/popper.min.js'
+  import 'https://unpkg.com/tippy.js@6/dist/tippy-bundle.umd.js'
+
+  const diagram = {
+    steps: [
+      [
+        {
+          label: 'copy project into container',
+          platforms: ['linux'],
+          style: 'block',
+          width: 2,
+        },
+      ],
+      [], // empty column so that the manylinux outline intersects the previous column in the middle.
+      [
+        {
+          href: 'options/#before-all',
+          platforms: ['linux', 'macos', 'windows'],
+          style: 'dot',
+          tooltip: {
+            title: 'CIBW_BEFORE_ALL',
+            tag: 'Optional step',
+            description: 'Execute a shell command on the build system before any wheels are built.'
+          },
+        },
+      ],
+      [
+        {
+          label: 'Install Python',
+          platforms: ['macos', 'windows'],
+          style: 'block',
+          tooltip: {
+            description: 'Install the version of Python required to build this wheel.'
+          },
+        },
+      ],
+      [
+        {
+          href: 'options/#before-build',
+          platforms: ['linux', 'macos', 'windows'],
+          style: 'dot',
+          tooltip: {
+            title: 'CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD',
+            tag: 'Optional step',
+            description: "Execute a shell command preparing each wheel's build.",
+          },
+        },
+      ],
+      [
+        {
+          label: 'Build wheel',
+          href: 'options/#build-frontend',
+          platforms: ['linux', 'macos', 'windows'],
+          style: 'block',
+          tooltip: {
+            title: 'CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND',
+            tag: 'Customisable step',
+            description: 'Build the wheel according to your package configuration, using the frontend of your choice - pip or build.'
+          },
+        },
+      ],
+      [
+        {
+          label: 'Repair using auditwheel',
+          href: 'options/#repair-wheel-command',
+          platforms: ['linux'],
+          style: 'block',
+          tooltip: {
+            title: 'CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND',
+            tag: 'Customisable step',
+            description: 'Bundle shared libraries and ensure manylinux compliance by running auditwheel on each built wheel.'
+          },
+        },
+        {
+          label: 'Repair using delocate',
+          href: 'options/#repair-wheel-command',
+          platforms: ['macos'],
+          style: 'block',
+          tooltip: {
+            title: 'CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND',
+            tag: 'Customisable step',
+            description: 'Bundle shared libraries by running delocate on each built wheel.'
+          },
+        },
+        {
+          env: "CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND",
+          href: 'options/#repair-wheel-command',
+          label: 'repair wheel',
+          platforms: ['windows'],
+          style: 'dot',
+          optional: true,
+          tooltip: {
+            title: 'CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND',
+            tag: 'Optional step',
+            description: 'Execute a shell command to repair each built wheel'
+          },
+        },
+      ],
+      [
+        {
+          href: 'options/#before-test',
+          platforms: ['linux', 'macos', 'windows'],
+          style: 'dot',
+          tooltip: {
+            title: 'CIBW_BEFORE_TEST',
+            tag: 'Optional step',
+            description: 'Execute a shell command before testing each wheel'
+          },
+        },
+      ],
+      [
+        {
+          label: 'Install wheel',
+          platforms: ['linux', 'macos', 'windows'],
+          style: 'block',
+          tooltip: {
+            description: 'Install the wheel we just built into the test virtualenv.'
+          },
+        },
+      ],
+      [
+        {
+          label: 'Test wheel',
+          href: 'options/#test-command',
+          platforms: ['linux', 'macos', 'windows'],
+          style: 'block',
+          tooltip: {
+            title: 'CIBW_TEST_COMMAND',
+            tag: 'Optional step',
+            description: 'Execute a shell command to test each built wheel'
+          },
+        },
+      ],
+      [
+        {
+          label: 'Copy wheels out of container',
+          platforms: ['linux'],
+          style: 'block',
+          width: 2,
+        },
+      ],
+      [],
+    ]
+  }
+
+  const diagramComponent = new Vue({
+    el: '#flow-diagram',
+    data() {
+      return {
+        diagram,
+        platforms: ['linux', 'macos', 'windows'],
+      }
+    },
+    methods: {
+      blockStyle(action) {
+        let start, end
+        if (action.platforms.includes('linux')) {
+          start = 3
+        } else if (action.platforms.includes('macos')) {
+          start = 4
+        } else if (action.platforms.includes('windows')) {
+          start = 5
+        }
+
+        if (action.platforms.includes('windows')) {
+          end = 6
+        } else if (action.platforms.includes('macos')) {
+          end = 5
+        } else if (action.platforms.includes('linux')) {
+          end = 4
+        }
+
+        return {
+          gridRowStart: start.toString(),
+          gridRowEnd: end.toString(),
+          gridColumnEnd: `span ${action.width || 1}`,
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    computed: {
+      gridStyle() {
+        return {
+          gridTemplateRows: `auto auto repeat(${this.platforms.length}, 1fr)`,
+          gridTemplateColumns: `repeat(${this.diagram.steps.length+1}, auto)`,
+        }
+      },
+    },
+    directives: {
+      info: {
+        inserted(el, binding) {
+          const action = binding.value
+          const {env, label, optional=false, description='', href=''} = action
+          const tooltip = action.tooltip
+
+          if (tooltip) {
+            const tippyInstance = tippy(el, {
+              content: `
+                <a class="tooltip-contents" href="${href || ''}">
+                  <div class="tooltip-title">
+                    ${tooltip.title || ''}
+                  </div>
+                  <div class="tooltip-tag">
+                    ${tooltip.tag || ''}
+                  </div>
+                  <div class="tooltip-description">
+                    ${tooltip.description}
+                  </div>
+                </a>
+              `,
+              placement: 'right-start',
+              allowHTML: true,
+              maxWidth: 'none',
+              appendTo: document.getElementById('flow-diagram'),
+              offset: [0, 10],
+              onShow(instance) {
+                const stepEl = el.closest('.action')
+                stepEl.classList.add('tooltip-open')
+                instance.setProps({
+                  interactive: tippy.currentInput.isTouch
+                })
+              },
+              onHide() {
+                const stepEl = el.closest('.action')
+                stepEl.classList.remove('tooltip-open')
+              }
+            })
+
+            el.addEventListener('click', e => {
+              // click event should just open the tooltip on touch devices
+              if (tippy.currentInput.isTouch) {
+                e.preventDefault()
+              }
+            })
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  })
+</script>
+
+<style>
+  #flow-diagram {
+    background: #fcfcfc;
+    /* font-family: Inter; */
+    /* font-size: 10px; */
+    font-size: 0.7em;
+    padding-bottom: 2em;
+  }
+  .no-js #flow-diagram {
+    display: none
+  }
+  .diagram-grid {
+    display: grid;
+    overflow-x: auto;
+  }
+  .platform, .step, .dots, .block-container, .action {
+    display: contents;
+  }
+  .block, .dot {
+    position: relative;
+    margin: 2em 0.5em;
+  }
+  .block {
+    background-color: #eee;
+    /* margin: 0.5em auto; */
+    padding: 0.5em;
+    max-width: 6em;
+    display: flex;
+    align-items: center;
+    justify-content: center;
+    text-align: center;
+  }
+  .dot {
+    /* margin: 0.5em; */
+    display: flex;
+    align-items: center;
+    justify-content: center;
+  }
+  .dot-graphic {
+    width: 1.3em;
+    height: 1.3em;
+    border-radius: 50%;
+    background: #DADADA;
+  }
+  a.action {
+    color: inherit;
+  }
+  .action.tooltip-open .dot-graphic {
+    background-color: #416EDA;
+  }
+  .action.tooltip-open .block {
+    background-color: #416EDA;
+    color: white;
+  }
+  .grid-column-label {
+    height: 2em;
+    position: relative;
+    display: flex;
+    align-items: center;
+    justify-content: center;
+    margin: 0 0.5em;
+  }
+  .grid-column-label::before {
+    content: "";
+    height: 1px;
+    background-color: currentColor;
+    position: absolute;
+    top: calc(50% - 0.5px);
+    left: 0;
+    right: 0;
+  }
+  .grid-column-label .label {
+    background: #fcfcfc;
+    padding: 0 1em;
+    position: relative;
+  }
+  .grid-row-label {
+    grid-column: 1 / span 1;
+    display: flex;
+    align-items: center;
+    justify-content: flex-end;
+    text-align: right;
+    background: #fcfcfc;
+    position: relative;
+    padding-right: 1em;
+    font-size: 1.1em;
+  }
+  .grid-line {
+    grid-column: 1 / -1;
+    grid-row-end: span 1;
+    position: relative;
+  }
+  .grid-line::after {
+    content: "";
+    height: 1px;
+    background-color: #979797;
+    position: absolute;
+    top: calc(50% - 1px);
+    left: 0;
+    right: 0;
+  }
+  .grid-outline {
+    grid-row-end: span 1;
+    position: relative;
+    color: #8f8f8f;
+  }
+  .grid-outline.docker {
+    grid-row: 3 / span 1;
+    grid-column: 3 / -2;
+  }
+  .grid-outline.testVenv {
+    grid-column: 9 / span 3;
+  }
+  .grid-outline .outline {
+    position: absolute;
+    border: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
+    padding: 1px 3px;
+  }
+  .grid-outline.docker .outline  {
+    left: 0;
+    right: 0;
+    top: 0;
+    bottom: 0;
+  }
+  .grid-outline.testVenv .outline  {
+    left: 0;
+    right: 0;
+    top: 0.5em;
+    bottom: 0.5em;
+  }
+
+  /* style the tooltip */
+  .tippy-box {
+    background: white;
+    box-shadow: 0 2px 6px -1px rgba(0,0,0,0.12);
+    border-radius: 0;
+    text-align: left;
+    font-size: 1em;
+    color: #1F1F1F;
+    border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.02);
+    width: 14em;
+    min-width: min-content;
+  }
+  .tippy-box[data-placement^='top'] > .tippy-arrow::before {
+    border-top-color: white;
+  }
+  .tippy-box[data-placement^='bottom'] > .tippy-arrow::before {
+    border-bottom-color: white;
+  }
+  .tippy-box[data-placement^='left'] > .tippy-arrow::before {
+    border-left-color: white;
+  }
+  .tippy-box[data-placement^='right'] > .tippy-arrow::before {
+    border-right-color: white;
+  }
+  a.tooltip-contents {
+    color: inherit;
+    text-decoration: none;
+    display: block;
+  }
+  .tooltip-title {
+    font-weight: 600;
+    font-size: 1.1em;
+    color: #416EDA;
+  }
+  .tooltip-tag {
+    font-weight: 500;
+    text-transform: uppercase;
+    font-size: 0.9em;
+    color: #C9C9C9;
+  }
+  .tooltip-description {
+    margin-top: 1px;
+    margin-bottom: 2px;
+  }
+</style>

docs/extra.css

@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 
 body {
     overflow-wrap: break-word;
+    overflow-x: hidden;
+    -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
 }
 
 p {
@@ -10,6 +12,14 @@ p {
     line-height: 26px;
 }
 
+pre {
+  margin: 1em 0;
+}
+
+pre:first-child {
+  margin-top: 0;
+}
+
 code {
     font-size: 85%;
     background-color: rgba(27,31,35,.05);
@@ -22,6 +32,7 @@ code {
 
 code, pre, tt {
     font-family: SFMono-Regular, Consolas, Liberation Mono, Menlo, monospace;
+    line-height: 1.4;
 }
 
 pre code, pre code.hljs {
@@ -52,6 +63,13 @@ h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
   border: none;
 }
 
+@media screen and (max-width: 768px) {
+  .wy-nav-content-wrap .wy-nav-content {
+      padding: 1em;
+  }
+}
+
+
 /*
     Code block filename style
 
@@ -95,10 +113,10 @@ h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
 .code-block-filename + pre code {
     padding-top: 0.9em;
 }
-
+/*
 .toctree-l3 {
   border-left: 10px solid transparent;
-}
+} */
 
 /* import font awesome 4 for icons */
 @import url(https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css);
@@ -216,6 +234,84 @@ h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
   padding-right: 0;
   margin-bottom: 0.5em;
 }
-.tabs.examples pre:first-child {
-  margin-top: 0;
+
+/* mkdocs update theme fix-ups */
+
+.rst-content code, .rst-content tt, code {
+  /* border: none; */
+  /* background-color: #f0f1f1; */
+  color: inherit;
+}
+.rst-content pre code {
+  border: none;
+}
+
+.rst-content h1 code,
+.rst-content h2 code,
+.rst-content h3 code,
+.rst-content h4 code,
+.rst-content h5 code,
+.rst-content h6 code {
+  border: none;
+  color: inherit;
+  background-color: #f0f1f1;
+  font-size: 100%;
+}
+
+
+/* expand all the toctree entries */
+.wy-menu-vertical .toctree-l1.current .toctree-l2>ul,
+.wy-menu-vertical .toctree-l2.current .toctree-l3>ul,
+.wy-menu-vertical .toctree-l3.current .toctree-l4>ul,
+.wy-menu-vertical .toctree-l4.current .toctree-l5>ul,
+.wy-menu-vertical .toctree-l5.current .toctree-l6>ul,
+.wy-menu-vertical .toctree-l6.current .toctree-l7>ul,
+.wy-menu-vertical .toctree-l7.current .toctree-l8>ul,
+.wy-menu-vertical .toctree-l8.current .toctree-l9>ul,
+.wy-menu-vertical .toctree-l9.current .toctree-l10>ul,
+.wy-menu-vertical .toctree-l10.current .toctree-l11>ul {
+  display: block;
+}
+
+/* hide all the buttons */
+.wy-menu-vertical li.current>a button.toctree-expand,
+.wy-menu-vertical li.on a button.toctree-expand,
+.wy-menu-vertical li.toctree-l2 button.toctree-expand,
+.wy-menu-vertical li a button.toctree-expand {
+  display: none;
+}
+
+/* toctree layout improvements */
+.wy-menu-vertical a {
+  padding: 0.4em 1.2em;
+}
+.wy-menu-vertical li.current>a,
+.wy-menu-vertical li.on a {
+  font-weight: normal;
+  padding: 0.4em 1.2em;
+  /* border-right: 1px solid #f0f0f0; */
+}
+.wy-menu-vertical li.current a {
+  padding: 0.4em 1.2em;
+}
+.wy-menu-vertical li.toctree-l3 a,
+.wy-menu-vertical li.toctree-l2.current li.toctree-l3>a {
+  padding-left: 1.8em;
+}
+.wy-menu-vertical li.toctree-l2.current>a {
+  padding: 0.4em 1.2em;
+}
+.wy-menu-vertical li.toctree-l2.current>a,
+.wy-menu-vertical li.toctree-l2.current li.toctree-l3>a {
+  background: transparent;
+}
+.wy-menu-vertical li.toctree-l2.current>a:hover,
+.wy-menu-vertical li.toctree-l2.current li.toctree-l3>a:hover {
+  background: #d6d6d6;
+}
+.wy-menu-vertical li.current>a.current {
+  background: #fafafa !important;
+}
+.wy-menu-vertical li.current a {
+
 }

docs/faq.md

@@ -2,35 +2,25 @@
 title: Tips and tricks
 ---
 
-### Troubleshooting
+# Tips and tricks
 
-If your wheel didn't compile, check the list below for some debugging tips.
+## Tips
 
-- A mistake in your config. To quickly test your config without doing a git push and waiting for your code to build on CI, you can test the Linux build in a Docker container. On Mac or Linux, with Docker running, try `cibuildwheel --platform linux`. You'll have to bring your config into the current environment first.
+### Linux builds in containers
 
-- Missing dependency. You might need to install something on the build machine. You can do this in `.travis.yml`, `appveyor.yml`, or `.circleci/config.yml`, with apt-get, brew or choco. Given how the Linux build works, you'll need to use the [`CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD`](options.md#before-build) option.
+Linux wheels are built in [`manylinux`/`musllinux` containers](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux) to provide binary compatible wheels on Linux, according to [PEP 600](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0600/) / [PEP 656](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0656/). Because of this, when building with `cibuildwheel` on Linux, a few things should be taken into account:
 
-- Windows: missing C feature. The Windows C compiler doesn't support C language features invented after 1990, so you'll have to backport your C code to C90. For me, this mostly involved putting my variable declarations at the top of the function like an animal.
+-   Programs and libraries are not installed on the CI runner host, but rather should be installed inside the container - using `yum` for `manylinux2010` or `manylinux2014`, `apt-get` for `manylinux_2_24` and `apk` for `musllinux_1_1`, or manually. The same goes for environment variables that are potentially needed to customize the wheel building.
 
-- MacOS: calling cibuildwheel from a python3 script and getting a `ModuleNotFoundError`? Due to a (fixed) [bug](https://bugs.python.org/issue22490) in CPython, you'll need to [unset the `__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__` variable](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/133#issuecomment-478288597) before activating a venv.
+    `cibuildwheel` supports this by providing the [`CIBW_ENVIRONMENT`](options.md#environment) and [`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`](options.md#before-all) options to setup the build environment inside the running container.
 
-### Building Python 2.7 / PyPy2 wheels
+-   The project directory is copied into the container as `/project`, the output directory for the wheels to be copied out is `/output`. In general, this is handled transparently by `cibuildwheel`. For a more finegrained level of control however, the root of the host file system is mounted as `/host`, allowing for example to access shared files, caches, etc. on the host file system.  Note that `/host` is not available on CircleCI due to their Docker policies.
 
-See the [cibuildwheel version 1 docs](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/1.x/) for information about building Python 2.7 or PyPy2 wheels. There are lots of tricks and workaround there that are no longer required for Python 3 in cibuildwheel 2.
-
-### Linux builds on Docker
-
-Linux wheels are built in the [`manylinux` docker images](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux) to provide binary compatible wheels on Linux, according to [PEP 571](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0571/). Because of this, when building with `cibuildwheel` on Linux, a few things should be taken into account:
-
-- Programs and libraries are not installed on the Travis CI Ubuntu host, but rather should be installed inside of the Docker image (using `yum` for `manylinux2010` or `manylinux2014`, and `apt-get` for `manylinux_2_24`) or manually. The same goes for environment variables that are potentially needed to customize the wheel building. `cibuildwheel` supports this by providing the `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT` and `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD` options to setup the build environment inside the running Docker image. See [the options docs](options.md#build-environment) for details on these options.
-
-- The project directory is mounted in the running Docker instance as `/project`, the output directory for the wheels as `/output`. In general, this is handled transparently by `cibuildwheel`. For a more finegrained level of control however, the root of the host file system is mounted as `/host`, allowing for example to access shared files, caches, etc. on the host file system.  Note that this is not available on CircleCI due to their Docker policies.
-
-- Alternative dockers images can be specified with the `CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE`, `CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE`, and `CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_X86_64_IMAGE` options to allow for a custom, preconfigured build environment for the Linux builds. See [options](options.md#manylinux-image) for more details.
+-   Alternative Docker images can be specified with the `CIBW_MANYLINUX_*_IMAGE`/`CIBW_MUSLLINUX_*_IMAGE` options to allow for a custom, preconfigured build environment for the Linux builds. See [options](options.md#linux-image) for more details.
 
 ### Building macOS wheels for Apple Silicon {: #apple-silicon}
 
-`cibuildwheel` supports cross-compiling `universal2` and `arm64` wheels on `x86_64` runners. With the introduction of Apple Silicon, you now have several choices for wheels for Python 3.9+:
+`cibuildwheel` supports cross-compiling `universal2` and `arm64` wheels on `x86_64` runners. With the introduction of Apple Silicon, you now have several choices for wheels for Python 3.8+:
 
 #### `x86_64`
 
@@ -65,11 +55,11 @@ to load on Apple Silicon.
     available.
 
 Generally speaking, because Pip 20.3 is required for the `universal2` wheel,
-most packages should provide both `x86_64` and `universal2` wheels for now.
-Once Pip 20.3+ is common on macOS, then it should be possible to ship only the
-`universal2` wheel.
+most packages should provide both `x86_64` and one of `universal2`/`arm64`
+wheels for now. When Pip 20.3+ is common on macOS, then it might be possible
+to ship only the `universal2` wheel.
 
-**Apple Silicon wheels are not built by default**, but can be enabled by adding extra archs to the [`CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS` option](options.md#archs) - e.g. `x86_64 arm64 universal2`. Cross-compilation is provided by the Xcode toolchain.
+**Apple Silicon wheels are not built by default on Intel runners**, but can be enabled by adding extra archs to the [`CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS` option](options.md#archs) - e.g. `x86_64 arm64`. Cross-compilation is provided by the Xcode toolchain.
 
 !!! important
     When cross-compiling on Intel, it is not possible to test `arm64` and the `arm64` part of a `universal2` wheel.
@@ -78,8 +68,7 @@ Once Pip 20.3+ is common on macOS, then it should be possible to ship only the
 
 Hopefully, cross-compilation is a temporary situation. Once we have widely
 available Apple Silicon CI runners, we can build and test `arm64` and
-`universal2` wheels natively. That's why `universal2` wheels are not yet built
-by default, and require opt-in by setting `CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS`.
+`universal2` wheels natively. That's why `universal2`/`arm64` wheels require opt-in by setting `CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS`.
 
 !!! note
     Your runner needs Xcode Command Line Tools 12.2 or later to build `universal2` or `arm64`.
@@ -89,11 +78,20 @@ by default, and require opt-in by setting `CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS`.
 Here's an example GitHub Actions workflow with a job that builds for Apple Silicon:
 
 > .github/workflows/build_macos.yml
+
 ```yml
 {% include "../examples/github-apple-silicon.yml" %}
 ```
 
-### Building non-native architectures using emulation  {: #emulation}
+Here's an example Cirrus CI workflow with a job that builds for macOS Intel through Rosetta 2 emulation and for Apple Silicon natively:
+
+> .cirrus.yml
+
+```yml
+{% include "../examples/cirrus-ci-intel-mac.yml" %}
+```
+
+### Building Linux wheels for non-native archs using emulation  {: #emulation}
 
 cibuildwheel supports building non-native architectures on Linux, via
 emulation through the binfmt_misc kernel feature. The easiest way to use this
@@ -114,34 +112,15 @@ Linux), and the other architectures are emulated automatically.
 {% include "../examples/github-with-qemu.yml" %}
 ```
 
-### Building Apple Silicon wheels on Intel {: #apple-silicon}
+### Building CPython ABI3 wheels (Limited API) {: #abi3}
 
-`cibuildwheel` supports cross-compiling `universal2` and `arm64` wheels on `x86_64` runners.
+The CPython Limited API is a subset of the Python C Extension API that's declared to be forward-compatible, meaning you can compile wheels for one version of Python, and they'll be compatible with future versions. Wheels that use the Limited API are known as ABI3 wheels.
 
-These wheels are not built by default, but can be enabled by setting the [`CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS` option](options.md#archs) to `x86_64 arm64 universal2`. Cross-compilation is provided by the Xcode toolchain.
+To create a package that builds ABI3 wheels, you'll need to configure your build backend to compile libraries correctly create wheels with the right tags. [Check this repo](https://github.com/joerick/python-abi3-package-sample) for an example of how to do this with setuptools.
 
-!!! important
-    When cross-compiling on Intel, it is not possible to test `arm64` and the `arm64` part of a `universal2` wheel.
+You could also consider running [abi3audit](https://github.com/trailofbits/abi3audit) against the produced wheels in order to check for abi3 violations or inconsistencies. You can run it alongside the default in your [CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND](options.md#repair-wheel-command).
 
-    `cibuildwheel` will raise a warning to notify you of this - these warnings be be silenced by skipping testing on these platforms: `CIBW_TEST_SKIP: *_arm64 *_universal2:arm64`.
-
-Hopefully, this is a temporary situation. Once we have widely available Apple Silicon CI runners, we can build and test `arm64` and `universal2` wheels more natively. That's why `universal2` wheels are not yet built by default, and require opt-in by setting `CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS`.
-
-!!! note
-    Your runner image needs Xcode Command Line Tools 12.2 or later to build `universal2` and `arm64`.
-
-    So far, only CPython 3.9 supports `universal2` and `arm64` wheels.
-
-Here's an example GitHub Actions workflow with a job that builds for Apple Silicon:
-
-> .github/workflows/build_macos.yml
-
-```yml
-{% include "../examples/github-apple-silicon.yml" %}
-```
-
-
-### Building packages with optional C extensions
+### Packages with optional C extensions {: #optional-extensions}
 
 `cibuildwheel` defines the environment variable `CIBUILDWHEEL` to the value `1` allowing projects for which the C extension is optional to make it mandatory when building wheels.
 
@@ -155,62 +134,18 @@ myextension = Extension(
 )
 ```
 
-### 'No module named XYZ' errors after running cibuildwheel on macOS
-
-`cibuildwheel` on Mac installs the distributions from Python.org system-wide during its operation. This is necessary, but it can cause some confusing errors after cibuildwheel has finished.
-
-Consider the build script:
-
-```bash
-python3 -m pip install twine cibuildwheel
-python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
-python3 -m twine upload wheelhouse/*.whl
-# error: no module named 'twine'
-```
-
-This doesn't work because while `cibuildwheel` was running, it installed a few new versions of 'python3', so the `python3` run on line 3 isn't the same as the `python3` that ran on line 1.
-
-Solutions to this vary, but the simplest is to install tools immediately before they're used:
-
-```bash
-python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel
-python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
-python3 -m pip install twine
-python3 -m twine upload wheelhouse/*.whl
-```
-
-### 'ImportError: DLL load failed: The specific module could not be found' error on Windows
-
-Visual Studio and MSVC link the compiled binary wheels to the Microsoft Visual C++ Runtime. Normally, these are included with Python, but when compiling with a newer version of Visual Studio, it is possible users will run into problems on systems that do not have these runtime libraries installed. The solution is to ask users to download the corresponding Visual C++ Redistributable from the [Microsoft website](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/2977003/the-latest-supported-visual-c-downloads) and install it. Since a Python installation normally includes these VC++ Redistributable files for [the version of the MSVC compiler used to compile Python](https://wiki.python.org/moin/WindowsCompilers), this is typically only a problem when compiling a Python C extension with a newer compiler.
-
-Additionally, Visual Studio 2019 started linking to an even newer DLL, `VCRUNTIME140_1.dll`, besides the `VCRUNTIME140.dll` that is included with recent Python versions (starting from Python 3.5; see [here](https://wiki.python.org/moin/WindowsCompilers) for more details on the corresponding Visual Studio & MSVC versions used to compile the different Python versions). To avoid this extra dependency on `VCRUNTIME140_1.dll`, the [`/d2FH4-` flag](https://devblogs.microsoft.com/cppblog/making-cpp-exception-handling-smaller-x64/) can be added to the MSVC invocations (check out [this issue](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/423) for details and references).
-
-To add the `/d2FH4-` flag to a standard `setup.py` using `setuptools`, the `extra_compile_args` option can be used:
-
-```python
-    ext_modules=[
-        Extension(
-            'c_module',
-            sources=['extension.c'],
-            extra_compile_args=['/d2FH4-'] if sys.platform == 'win32' else []
-        )
-    ],
-```
-
-To investigate the dependencies of a C extension (i.e., the `.pyd` file, a DLL in disguise) on Windows, [Dependency Walker](http://www.dependencywalker.com/) is a great tool.
-
-
-### Automatic updates {: #automatic-updates}
+### Automatic updates using Dependabot {: #automatic-updates}
 
 Selecting a moving target (like the latest release) is generally a bad idea in CI. If something breaks, you can't tell whether it was your code or an upstream update that caused the breakage, and in a worse-case scenario, it could occur during a release.
-There are two suggested methods for keeping cibuildwheel up to date that instead involve scheduled pull requests using GitHub's dependabot.
+
+There are two suggested methods for keeping cibuildwheel up to date that instead involve scheduled pull requests using GitHub's Dependabot.
 
 #### Option 1: GitHub Action
 
 If you use GitHub Actions for builds, you can use cibuildwheel as an action:
 
 ```yaml
-uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.0.1
+uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.12.1
 ```
 
 This is a composite step that just runs cibuildwheel using pipx. You can set command-line options as `with:` parameters, and use `env:` as normal.
@@ -224,10 +159,6 @@ updates:
     directory: "/"
     schedule:
       interval: "weekly"
-    ignore:
-      # Optional: Official actions have moving tags like v1;
-      # if you use those, you don't need updates.
-      - dependency-name: "actions/*"
 ```
 
 #### Option 2: Requirement files
@@ -236,7 +167,7 @@ The second option, and the only one that supports other CI systems, is using a `
 
 ```bash
 # requirements-cibw.txt
-cibuildwheel==2.0.1
+cibuildwheel==2.12.1
 ```
 
 Then your install step would have `python -m pip install -r requirements-cibw.txt` in it. Your `.github/dependabot.yml` file could look like this:
@@ -251,3 +182,207 @@ updates:
 ```
 
 This will also try to update other pins in all requirement files, so be sure you want to do that. The only control you have over the files used is via the directory option.
+
+
+### Alternatives to cibuildwheel options {: #cibw-options-alternatives}
+
+cibuildwheel provides lots of opportunities to configure the build
+environment. However, you  might consider adding this build configuration into
+the package itself - in general, this is preferred, because users of your
+package 'sdist' will also benefit.
+
+#### Missing build dependencies {: #cibw-options-alternatives-deps}
+
+If your build needs Python dependencies, rather than using `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD`, it's best to add these to the
+[`build-system.requires`](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0518/#build-system-table)
+section of your pyproject.toml. For example, if your project requires Cython
+to build, your pyproject.toml might include a section like this:
+
+```toml
+[build-system]
+requires = [
+    "setuptools>=42",
+    "wheel",
+    "Cython",
+]
+
+build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
+```
+
+#### Actions you need to perform before building
+
+You might need to run some other commands before building, like running a
+script that performs codegen or downloading some data that's not stored in
+your source tree.
+
+Rather than using `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL` or `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD`, you could incorporate
+these steps into your package's build process. For example, if you're using
+setuptools, you can add steps to your package's `setup.py` using a structure
+like this:
+
+```python
+import subprocess
+import setuptools
+import setuptools.command.build_py
+
+
+class BuildPyCommand(setuptools.command.build_py.build_py):
+    """Custom build command."""
+
+    def run(self):
+        # your custom build steps here
+        # e.g.
+        #   subprocess.run(['python', 'scripts/my_custom_script.py'], check=True)
+        setuptools.command.build_py.build_py.run(self)
+
+
+setuptools.setup(
+    cmdclass={
+        'build_py': BuildPyCommand,
+    },
+    # Usual setup() args.
+    # ...
+)
+```
+
+#### Compiler flags
+
+Your build might need some compiler flags to be set through environment variables.
+Consider incorporating these into your package, for example, in `setup.py` using [`extra_compile_args` or
+`extra_link_args`](https://docs.python.org/3/distutils/setupscript.html#other-options).
+
+### Python 2.7 / PyPy2 wheels
+
+See the [cibuildwheel version 1 docs](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/1.x/) for information about building Python 2.7 or PyPy2 wheels. There are lots of tricks and workaround there that are no longer required for Python 3 in cibuildwheel 2.
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+If your wheel didn't compile, you might have a mistake in your config.
+
+To quickly test your config without doing a git push and waiting for your code to build on CI, you can [test the Linux build in a local Docker container](setup.md#local).
+
+### Missing dependencies
+
+Sometimes a build will fail due to a missing dependency.
+
+**If the build is missing a Python package**, you should [add it to pyproject.toml](#cibw-options-alternatives-deps).
+
+**If you need a build tool** (e.g. cmake, automake, ninja), you can install it through a package manager like apt/yum, brew or choco, using the [`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`](options.md#before-all) option.
+
+**If your build is linking into a native library dependency**, you can build/install that in [`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`](options.md#before-all). However, on Linux, Mac (and Windows if you're using [delvewheel]), the library that you install will be bundled into the wheel in the [repair step]. So take care to ensure that
+
+- the bundled library doesn't accidentally increase the minimum system requirements (such as the minimum macOS version)
+- the bundled library matches the architecture of the wheel you're building when cross-compiling
+
+This is particularly an issue on macOS, where de facto package manager Homebrew will install libraries that are compiled for the specific version of macOS that the build machine is running, rendering the wheels useless for any previous version. And brew will not install the right arch for cross compilation of Apple Silicon wheels.
+
+For these reasons, it's strongly recommended to not use brew for native library dependencies. Instead, we recommend compiling the library yourself. If you compile in the [`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`](options.md#before-all) step, cibuildwheel will have already set the appropriate `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` env var, so the library will target the correct version of macOS.
+
+!!! tip
+    For build steps, Homebrew is still a great resource - you can [look up the build formula](https://formulae.brew.sh/) and use that as a starting point.
+
+[delvewheel]: https://github.com/adang1345/delvewheel
+[repair step]: options.md#repair-wheel-command
+[Homebrew]: https://brew.sh/
+[delocate]: https://github.com/matthew-brett/delocate
+
+### macOS: ModuleNotFoundError
+
+Calling cibuildwheel from a python3 script and getting a `ModuleNotFoundError`? Due to a (fixed) [bug](https://bugs.python.org/issue22490) in CPython, you'll need to [unset the `__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__` variable](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/133#issuecomment-478288597) before activating a venv.
+
+### macOS: 'No module named XYZ' errors after running cibuildwheel
+
+`cibuildwheel` on Mac installs the distributions from Python.org system-wide during its operation. This is necessary, but it can cause some confusing errors after cibuildwheel has finished.
+
+Consider the build script:
+
+```bash
+python3 -m pip install twine cibuildwheel
+python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
+python3 -m twine upload wheelhouse/*.whl
+# error: no module named 'twine'
+```
+
+This doesn't work because while `cibuildwheel` was running, it installed a few new versions of 'python3', so the `python3` run on line 3 isn't the same as the `python3` that ran on line 1.
+
+Solutions to this vary, but the simplest is to use pipx:
+
+```bash
+# most runners have pipx preinstalled, but in case you don't
+python3 -m pip install pipx
+
+pipx run cibuildwheel==2.12.1 --output-dir wheelhouse
+pipx run twine upload wheelhouse/*.whl
+```
+
+### macOS: Passing DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH to delocate
+
+macOS has built-in [System Integrity protections](https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Security/Conceptual/System_Integrity_Protection_Guide/RuntimeProtections/RuntimeProtections.html) which limits the use of `DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH` and `LD_LIBRARY_PATH` so that it does not automatically pass to children processes. This means if you set `DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH` before running cibuildwheel, or even set it in `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT`, it will be stripped out of the environment before delocate is called.
+
+To work around this, use a different environment variable such as `REPAIR_LIBRARY_PATH` to store the library path, and set `DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH` in [`CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_MACOS`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#repair-wheel-command), like this:
+
+!!! tab examples "Environment variables"
+
+    ```yaml
+    CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_MACOS: >
+        DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=$REPAIR_LIBRARY_PATH delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} -v {wheel}
+    ```
+
+!!! tab examples "pyproject.toml"
+
+    ```toml
+    [tool.cibuildwheel.macos]
+    repair-wheel-command = """\
+    DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=$REPAIR_LIBRARY_PATH delocate-wheel \
+    --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} -v {wheel}\
+    """
+    ```
+
+See [#816](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/816), thanks to @phoerious for reporting.
+
+### macOS: Building CPython 3.8 wheels on arm64
+
+If you're building on an arm64 runner, you might notice something strange about CPython 3.8 - unlike Python 3.9+, it's cross-compiled to arm64 from an x86_64 version of Python running under Rosetta emulation. This is because (despite the prevalence of arm64 versions of Python 3.8 from Apple and Homebrew) there is no officially supported Python.org installer of Python 3.8 for arm64.
+
+This is fine for simple C extensions, but for more complicated builds on arm64 it becomes an issue.
+
+So, if the cross-compilation is an issue for you, there is an 'experimental' installer available that's built natively for arm64.
+
+To use this installer and perform native CPython 3.8 building, before invoking cibuildwheel, install the universal2 version of Python on your arm64 runner, something like:
+
+
+```bash
+curl -o /tmp/Python38.pkg https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.10/python-3.8.10-macos11.pkg
+sudo installer -pkg /tmp/Python38.pkg -target /
+sh "/Applications/Python 3.8/Install Certificates.command"
+```
+
+Then cibuildwheel will detect that it's installed and use it instead. However, you probably don't want to build x86_64 wheels on this Python, unless you're happy with them only supporting macOS 11+.
+
+### Windows: 'ImportError: DLL load failed: The specific module could not be found'
+
+Visual Studio and MSVC link the compiled binary wheels to the Microsoft Visual C++ Runtime. Normally, the C parts of the runtime are included with Python, but the C++ components are not. When compiling modules using C++, it is possible users will run into problems on systems that do not have the full set of runtime libraries installed. The solution is to ask users to download the corresponding Visual C++ Redistributable from the [Microsoft website](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/2977003/the-latest-supported-visual-c-downloads) and install it.
+
+Additionally, Visual Studio 2019 started linking to an even newer DLL, `VCRUNTIME140_1.dll`, besides the `VCRUNTIME140.dll` that is included with recent Python versions (starting from Python 3.5; see [here](https://wiki.python.org/moin/WindowsCompilers) for more details on the corresponding Visual Studio & MSVC versions used to compile the different Python versions). To avoid this extra dependency on `VCRUNTIME140_1.dll`, the [`/d2FH4-` flag](https://devblogs.microsoft.com/cppblog/making-cpp-exception-handling-smaller-x64/) can be added to the MSVC invocations (check out [this issue](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/423) for details and references). CPython 3.8.3 and all versions after it have this extra DLL, so it is only needed for 3.8 and earlier.
+
+To add the `/d2FH4-` flag to a standard `setup.py` using `setuptools`, the `extra_compile_args` option can be used:
+
+```python
+    ext_modules=[
+        Extension(
+            'c_module',
+            sources=['extension.c'],
+            extra_compile_args=['/d2FH4-'] if sys.platform == 'win32' else []
+        )
+    ],
+```
+
+To investigate the dependencies of a C extension (i.e., the `.pyd` file, a DLL in disguise) on Windows, [Dependency Walker](http://www.dependencywalker.com/) is a great tool. For diagnosing a failing import, the [dlltracer](https://pypi.org/project/dlltracer/) tool may also provide additional details.
+
+### Windows ARM64 builds {: #windows-arm64}
+
+`cibuildwheel` supports cross-compiling `ARM64` wheels on all Windows runners, but a native ARM64 runner is required for testing. On non-native runners, tests for ARM64 wheels will be automatically skipped with a warning. Add `*-win_arm64` to your `CIBW_TEST_SKIP` setting to suppress the warning.
+
+Cross-compilation on Windows relies on a supported build backend. Supported backends use an environment variable to specify their target platform (the one they are compiling native modules for, as opposed to the one they are running on), which is set in [cibuildwheels/windows.py](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/cibuildwheel/windows.py) before building. Currently, `setuptools>=65.4.1` and `setuptools_rust` are the only supported backends.
+
+By default, `ARM64` is not enabled when running on non-ARM64 runners. Use [`CIBW_ARCHS`](options.md#archs) to select it.

docs/index.md

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 title: Home
 ---
 
+# cibuildwheel
+
 {%
    include-markdown "../README.md"
    start="<!--intro-start-->"
@@ -9,3 +11,14 @@ title: Home
 %}
 
 To get started, head over to the [setup guide](setup.md).
+
+How it works
+------------
+
+This diagram summarises the steps that cibuildwheel takes on each platform to build your package's wheels.
+
+{%
+   include-markdown "diagram.md"
+%}
+
+This isn't exhaustive, for a full list of the things cibuildwheel can do, check the [options](options.md) page.

docs/main.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import subprocess
 from typing import Any
 

docs/options.md

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# Options
+
 ## Setting options
 
 cibuildwheel can either be configured using environment variables, or from
@@ -73,6 +75,16 @@ cibuildwheel to run tests, add the following YAML to your CI config file:
         CIBW_TEST_COMMAND: "pytest {project}/tests"
     ```
 
+!!! tab "Cirrus CI"
+
+    > .cirrus.yml ([docs](https://cirrus-ci.org/guide/writing-tasks/#environment-variables))
+
+    ```yaml
+    env:
+      CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES: pytest
+      CIBW_TEST_COMMAND: "pytest {project}/tests"
+    ```
+
 ### Configuration file {: #configuration-file}
 
 You can configure cibuildwheel with a config file, such as `pyproject.toml`.
@@ -101,12 +113,63 @@ The complete set of defaults for the current version of cibuildwheel are shown b
 
 !!! tip
     Static configuration works across all CI systems, and can be used locally if
-    you run `cibuildwheel --plat linux`. This is preferred, but environment
+    you run `cibuildwheel --platform linux`. This is preferred, but environment
     variables are better if you need to change per-matrix element
     (`CIBW_BUILD` is often in this category, for example), or if you cannot or do
     not want to change a `pyproject.toml` file. You can specify a different file to
     use with `--config-file` on the command line, as well.
 
+### Configuration overrides {: #overrides }
+
+One feature specific to the configuration files is the ability to override
+settings based on selectors. To use, add a ``tool.cibuildwheel.overrides``
+array, and specify a ``select`` string. Then any options you set will only
+apply to items that match that selector. These are applied in order, with later
+matches overriding earlier ones if multiple selectors match. Environment
+variables always override static configuration.
+
+A few of the options below have special handling in overrides. A different
+`before-all` will trigger a new container to launch on Linux, and cannot be
+overridden on macOS or Windows.  Overriding the image on linux will also
+trigger new containers, one per image. Some commands are not supported;
+`output-dir`, build/skip/test_skip selectors, and architectures cannot be
+overridden.
+
+##### Examples:
+
+```toml
+[tool.cibuildwheel.linux]
+before-all = "yum install mylib"
+test-command = "echo 'installed'"
+
+[[tool.cibuildwheel.overrides]]
+select = "*-musllinux*"
+before-all = "apk add mylib"
+```
+
+This example will override the before-all command on musllinux only, but will
+still run the test-command. Note the double brackets, this is an array in TOML,
+which means it can be given multiple times.
+
+```toml
+[tool.cibuildwheel]
+# Normal options, etc.
+manylinux-x86_64-image = "manylinux2014"
+
+[[tool.cibuildwheel.overrides]]
+select = "cp36-*"
+manylinux-x86_64-image = "manylinux1"
+
+[[tool.cibuildwheel.overrides]]
+select = "cp3{7,8,9}-*"
+manylinux-x86_64-image = "manylinux2010"
+```
+
+This example will build CPython 3.6 wheels on manylinux1, CPython 3.7-3.9
+wheels on manylinux2010, and manylinux2014 wheels for any newer Python
+(like 3.10).
+
+
 ## Options summary
 
 <div class="options-toc"></div>
@@ -123,14 +186,13 @@ Default: `auto`
 
 `auto` will auto-detect platform using environment variables, such as `TRAVIS_OS_NAME`/`APPVEYOR`/`CIRCLECI`.
 
-- For `linux`, you need Docker running, on macOS or Linux.
-- For `macos`, you need a Mac machine. Note that cibuildwheel is going to install MacPython on your system, so you probably don't want to run this on your development machine.
-- For `windows`, you need to run in Windows. cibuildwheel will install required versions of Python to `C:\cibw\python` using NuGet.
+- For `linux`, you need [Docker or Podman](#container-engine) running, on Linux, macOS, or Windows.
+- For `macos` and `windows`, you need to be running on the respective system, with a working compiler toolchain installed - Xcode Command Line tools for macOS, and MSVC for Windows.
 
 This option can also be set using the [command-line option](#command-line) `--platform`. This option is not available in the `pyproject.toml` config.
 
 !!! tip
-    If you have Docker installed, you can locally debug your cibuildwheel Linux config, instead of pushing to CI to test every change. For example:
+    You can use this option to locally debug your cibuildwheel config, instead of pushing to CI to test every change. For example:
 
     ```bash
     export CIBW_BUILD='cp37-*'
@@ -138,6 +200,11 @@ This option can also be set using the [command-line option](#command-line) `--pl
     cibuildwheel --platform linux .
     ```
 
+    This is even more convenient if you store your cibuildwheel config in [`pyproject.toml`](#configuration-file).
+
+    You can also run a single identifier with `--only <identifier>`. This will
+    not require `--platform` or `--arch`, and will override any build/skip
+    configuration.
 
 ### `CIBW_BUILD`, `CIBW_SKIP` {: #build-skip}
 
@@ -151,20 +218,25 @@ When setting the options, you can use shell-style globbing syntax, as per [fnmat
 
 <div class="build-id-table-marker"></div>
 
-|              | macOS                                                               | Windows                       | Manylinux Intel                               | Manylinux Other                                                            |
-|--------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
-| Python 3.6   | cp36-macosx_x86_64                                                  | cp36-win_amd64<br/>cp36-win32 | cp36-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp36-manylinux_i686 | cp36-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp36-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp36-manylinux_s390x |
-| Python 3.7   | cp37-macosx_x86_64                                                  | cp37-win_amd64<br/>cp37-win32 | cp37-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp37-manylinux_i686 | cp37-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp37-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp37-manylinux_s390x |
-| Python 3.8   | cp38-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp38-macosx_universal2<br/>cp38-macosx_arm64 | cp38-win_amd64<br/>cp38-win32 | cp38-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp38-manylinux_i686 | cp38-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp38-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp38-manylinux_s390x |
-| Python 3.9   | cp39-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp39-macosx_universal2<br/>cp39-macosx_arm64 | cp39-win_amd64<br/>cp39-win32 | cp39-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp39-manylinux_i686 | cp39-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp39-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp39-manylinux_s390x |
-| PyPy3.7 v7.3 | pp37-macosx_x86_64                                                  |                pp37-win_amd64 | pp37-manylinux_x86_64                         |                                                                            |
-
+|              | macOS                                                                  | Windows                                             | Linux Intel                                                                                         | Linux Other                                                                                                                                                     |
+|--------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Python 3.6   | cp36-macosx_x86_64                                                     | cp36-win_amd64<br/>cp36-win32                       | cp36-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp36-manylinux_i686<br/>cp36-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp36-musllinux_i686     | cp36-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp36-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp36-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp36-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp36-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp36-musllinux_s390x       |
+| Python 3.7   | cp37-macosx_x86_64                                                     | cp37-win_amd64<br/>cp37-win32                       | cp37-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp37-manylinux_i686<br/>cp37-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp37-musllinux_i686     | cp37-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp37-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp37-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp37-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp37-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp37-musllinux_s390x       |
+| Python 3.8   | cp38-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp38-macosx_universal2<br/>cp38-macosx_arm64    | cp38-win_amd64<br/>cp38-win32                       | cp38-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp38-manylinux_i686<br/>cp38-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp38-musllinux_i686     | cp38-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp38-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp38-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp38-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp38-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp38-musllinux_s390x       |
+| Python 3.9   | cp39-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp39-macosx_universal2<br/>cp39-macosx_arm64    | cp39-win_amd64<br/>cp39-win32<br/>cp39-win_arm64    | cp39-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp39-manylinux_i686<br/>cp39-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp39-musllinux_i686     | cp39-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp39-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp39-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp39-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp39-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp39-musllinux_s390x       |
+| Python 3.10  | cp310-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp310-macosx_universal2<br/>cp310-macosx_arm64 | cp310-win_amd64<br/>cp310-win32<br/>cp310-win_arm64 | cp310-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp310-manylinux_i686<br/>cp310-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp310-musllinux_i686 | cp310-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp310-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp310-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp310-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp310-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp310-musllinux_s390x |
+| Python 3.11  | cp311-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp311-macosx_universal2<br/>cp311-macosx_arm64 | cp311-win_amd64<br/>cp311-win32<br/>cp311-win_arm64 | cp311-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp311-manylinux_i686<br/>cp311-musllinux_x86_64<br/>cp311-musllinux_i686 | cp311-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp311-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp311-manylinux_s390x<br/>cp311-musllinux_aarch64<br/>cp311-musllinux_ppc64le<br/>cp311-musllinux_s390x |
+| PyPy3.7 v7.3 | pp37-macosx_x86_64                                                     | pp37-win_amd64                                      | pp37-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp37-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp37-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                          |
+| PyPy3.8 v7.3 | pp38-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp38-macosx_arm64                               | pp38-win_amd64                                      | pp38-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp38-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp38-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                          |
+| PyPy3.9 v7.3 | pp39-macosx_x86_64<br/>pp39-macosx_arm64                               | pp39-win_amd64                                      | pp39-manylinux_x86_64<br/>pp39-manylinux_i686                                                       | pp39-manylinux_aarch64                                                                                                                                          |
 
 The list of supported and currently selected build identifiers can also be retrieved by passing the `--print-build-identifiers` flag to cibuildwheel.
 The format is `python_tag-platform_tag`, with tags similar to those in [PEP 425](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0425/#details).
 
 For CPython, the minimally supported macOS version is 10.9; for PyPy 3.7, macOS 10.13 or higher is required.
 
+Windows arm64 platform support is experimental.
+
 See the [cibuildwheel 1 documentation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/1.x/) for past end of life versions of Python, and PyPy2.7.
 
 #### Examples
@@ -275,11 +347,14 @@ On macOS, this option can be used to cross-compile between `x86_64`,
 On Linux, this option can be used to build non-native architectures under
 emulation. See [this guide](faq.md#emulation) for more information.
 
+On Windows, this option can be used to compile for `ARM64` from an Intel
+machine, provided the cross-compiling tools are installed.
+
 Options:
 
 - Linux: `x86_64` `i686` `aarch64` `ppc64le` `s390x`
 - macOS: `x86_64` `arm64` `universal2`
-- Windows: `AMD64` `x86`
+- Windows: `AMD64` `x86` `ARM64`
 - `auto`: The default archs for your machine - see the table below.
     - `auto64`: Just the 64-bit auto archs
     - `auto32`: Just the 32-bit auto archs
@@ -294,8 +369,9 @@ Default: `auto`
 |---|---|---|---|---|
 | Linux / Intel | `x86_64` | `x86_64` `i686` | `x86_64` | `i686` |
 | Windows / Intel | `AMD64` | `AMD64` `x86` | `AMD64` | `x86` |
+| Windows / ARM64 | `ARM64` | `ARM64` | `ARM64` | |
 | macOS / Intel | `x86_64` | `x86_64` | `x86_64` |  |
-| macOS / Apple Silicon | `arm64` | `arm64` `universal2` | `arm64` `universal2`|  |
+| macOS / Apple Silicon | `arm64` | `arm64` | `arm64` |  |
 
 If not listed above, `auto` is the same as `native`.
 
@@ -305,7 +381,8 @@ If not listed above, `auto` is the same as `native`.
 Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
  `CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS` | `CIBW_ARCHS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_ARCHS_LINUX`
 
-This option can also be set using the [command-line option](#command-line) `--archs`.
+This option can also be set using the [command-line option](#command-line)
+`--archs`. This option cannot be set in an `overrides` section in `pyproject.toml`.
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -346,7 +423,7 @@ This option can also be set using the [command-line option](#command-line) `--ar
 > Manually set the Python compatibility of your project
 
 By default, cibuildwheel reads your package's Python compatibility from
-`pyproject.toml` following [PEP621](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0621/)
+`pyproject.toml` following the [project metadata specification](https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/specifications/declaring-project-metadata/)
 or from `setup.cfg`; finally it will try to inspect the AST of `setup.py` for a
 simple keyword assignment in a top level function call. If you need to override
 this behaviour for some reason, you can use this option.
@@ -360,42 +437,29 @@ Default: reads your package's Python compatibility from `pyproject.toml`
 `setup.py` `setup(python_requires="...")`. If not found, cibuildwheel assumes
 the package is compatible with all versions of Python that it can build.
 
-
 !!! note
-    Rather than using this option, it's recommended you set
-    `project.requires-python` in `pyproject.toml` instead:
-    Example `pyproject.toml`:
+    Rather than using this environment variable, it's recommended you set this value
+    statically in a way that your build backend can use it, too. This ensures
+    that your package's metadata is correct when published on PyPI. This
+    cibuildwheel-specific option is provided as an override, and therefore is only
+    available in environment variable form.
 
+      - If you have a `pyproject.toml` containing a `[project]` table, you can
+        specify `requires-python` there.
+
+        ```toml
         [project]
+        ...
         requires-python = ">=3.6"
+        ```
 
-        # Aside - in pyproject.toml you should always specify minimal build
-        # system options, like this:
+        Note that not all build backends fully support using a `[project]` table yet;
+        specifically setuptools just added experimental support in version 61.
+        Adding `[project]` to `pyproject.toml` requires all the other supported
+        values to be specified there, or to be listed in `dynamic`.
 
-        [build-system]
-        requires = ["setuptools>=42", "wheel"]
-        build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
-
-
-    Currently, setuptools has not yet added support for reading this value from
-    pyproject.toml yet, and so does not copy it to Requires-Python in the wheel
-    metadata. This mechanism is used by pip to scan through older versions of
-    your package until it finds a release compatible with the current version
-    of Python compatible when installing, so it is an important value to set if
-    you plan to drop support for a version of Python in the future.
-
-    If you don't want to list this value twice, you can also use the setuptools
-    specific location in `setup.cfg` and cibuildwheel will detect it from
-    there. Example `setup.cfg`:
-
-        [options]
-        python_requires = ">=3.6"
-
-
-This option is not available in `pyproject.toml` under
-`tool.cibuildwheel.project-requires-python`, since it should be set with the
-[PEP621](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0621/) location instead,
-`project.requires-python`.
+      - If you're using setuptools, [you can set this value in `setup.cfg` (preferred) or `setup.py`](https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/dependency_management.html#python-requirement)
+        and cibuildwheel will read it from there.
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -406,7 +470,7 @@ This option is not available in `pyproject.toml` under
     ```
 
 ###  `CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS` {: #prerelease-pythons}
-> Enable building with pre-release versions of Python
+> Enable building with pre-release versions of Python if available
 
 During the beta period, when new versions of Python are being tested,
 cibuildwheel will often gain early support for beta releases. If you would
@@ -473,13 +537,43 @@ Choose which build backend to use. Can either be "pip", which will run
     build-frontend = "pip"
     ```
 
+### `CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS` {: #config-settings}
+> Specify config-settings for the build backend.
+
+Specify config settings for the build backend. Each space separated
+item will be passed via `--config-setting`. In TOML, you can specify
+a table of items, including arrays.
+
+!!! tip
+    Currently, "build" supports arrays for options, but "pip" only supports
+    single values.
+
+Platform-specific environment variables also available:<br/>
+`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_LINUX`
+
+
+#### Examples
+
+!!! tab examples "Environment variables"
+
+    ```yaml
+    CIBW_CONFIG_SETTINGS: "--build-option=--use-mypyc"
+    ```
+
+!!! tab examples "pyproject.toml"
+
+    ```toml
+    [tool.cibuildwheel.config-settings]
+    --build-option = "--use-mypyc"
+    ```
+
 
 ### `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT` {: #environment}
 > Set environment variables needed during the build
 
 A list of environment variables to set during the build. Bash syntax should be used, even on Windows.
 
-You must set this variable to pass variables to Linux builds (since they execute in a Docker container). It also works for the other platforms.
+You must set this variable to pass variables to Linux builds (since they execute in a container). It also works for the other platforms.
 
 You can use `$PATH` syntax to insert other variables, or the `$(pwd)` syntax to insert the output of other shell commands.
 
@@ -509,6 +603,10 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
     # Supply options to `pip` to affect how it downloads dependencies
     CIBW_ENVIRONMENT: PIP_EXTRA_INDEX_URL=https://pypi.myorg.com/simple
 
+    # Any pip command-line options can be set using the PIP_ prefix
+    # https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/topics/configuration/#environment-variables
+    CIBW_ENVIRONMENT: PIP_GLOBAL_OPTION="build_ext -j4"
+
     # Set two flags on linux only
     CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_LINUX: BUILD_TIME="$(date)" SAMPLE_TEXT="sample text"
     ```
@@ -538,6 +636,10 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
     # Supply options to `pip` to affect how it downloads dependencies
     environment = { PIP_EXTRA_INDEX_URL="https://pypi.myorg.com/simple" }
 
+    # Any pip command-line option can be set using the PIP_ prefix
+    # https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/topics/configuration/#environment-variables
+    environment = { PIP_GLOBAL_OPTION="build_ext -j4" }
+
     # Set two flags on linux only
     [tool.cibuildwheel.linux]
     environment = { BUILD_TIME="$(date)", SAMPLE_TEXT="sample text" }
@@ -553,20 +655,63 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
 !!! note
     cibuildwheel always defines the environment variable `CIBUILDWHEEL=1`. This can be useful for [building wheels with optional extensions](faq.md#building-packages-with-optional-c-extensions).
 
+### `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_PASS_LINUX` {: #environment-pass}
+> Set environment variables on the host to pass-through to the container during the build.
+
+A list of environment variables to pass into the linux container during the build. It has no affect on the other platforms, which can already access all environment variables directly.
+
+To specify more than one environment variable, separate the variable names by spaces.
+
+#### Examples
+
+!!! tab examples "Environment passthrough"
+
+    ```yaml
+    # Export a variable
+    CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_PASS_LINUX: CFLAGS
+
+    # Set two flags variables
+    CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_PASS_LINUX: BUILD_TIME SAMPLE_TEXT
+    ```
+
+    Separate multiple values with a space.
+
+!!! tab examples "pyproject.toml"
+
+    ```toml
+    [tool.cibuildwheel.linux]
+
+    # Export a variable
+    environment-pass = ["CFLAGS"]
+
+    # Set two flags variables
+    environment-pass = ["BUILD_TIME", "SAMPLE_TEXT"]
+    ```
+
+    In configuration mode, you can use a [TOML][] list instead of a raw string as shown above.
+
 ### `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL` {: #before-all}
 > Execute a shell command on the build system before any wheels are built.
 
-Shell command to prepare a common part of the project (e.g. build or install libraries which does not depend on the specific version of Python).
+Shell command that runs before any builds are run, to build or install parts that do not depend on the specific version of Python.
 
-This option is very useful for the Linux build, where builds take place in isolated Docker containers managed by cibuildwheel. This command will run inside the container before the wheel builds start. Note, if you're building both `x86_64` and `i686` wheels (the default), your build uses two different Docker images. In that case, this command will execute twice - once per build container.
+This option is very useful for the Linux build, where builds take place in isolated containers managed by cibuildwheel. This command will run inside the container before the wheel builds start. Note, if you're building both `x86_64` and `i686` wheels (the default), your build uses two different container images. In that case, this command will execute twice - once per build container.
 
 The placeholder `{package}` can be used here; it will be replaced by the path to the package being built by cibuildwheel.
 
 On Windows and macOS, the version of Python available inside `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL` is whatever is available on the host machine. On Linux, a modern Python version is available on PATH.
 
+This option has special behavior in the overrides section in `pyproject.toml`.
+On linux, overriding it triggers a new container launch. It cannot be overridden
+on macOS and Windows.
+
 Platform-specific environment variables also available:<br/>
 `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_LINUX`
 
+!!! note
+
+    This command is executed in a different Python environment from the builds themselves. So you can't `pip install` a Python dependency in CIBW_BEFORE_ALL and use it in the build. Instead, look at [`CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD`](#before-build), or, if your project uses pyproject.toml, the [build-system.requires](https://peps.python.org/pep-0518/#build-system-table) field.
+
 #### Examples
 
 !!! tab examples "Environment variables"
@@ -576,7 +721,7 @@ Platform-specific environment variables also available:<br/>
     CIBW_BEFORE_ALL: make -C third_party_lib
 
     # Install system library
-    CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_LINUX: yum install -y libffi-dev
+    CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_LINUX: yum install -y libffi-devel
 
     # Chain multiple commands using && and > in a YAML file, like:
     CIBW_BEFORE_ALL: >
@@ -598,7 +743,7 @@ Platform-specific environment variables also available:<br/>
 
     # Install system library
     [tool.cibuildwheel.linux]
-    before-all = "yum install -y libffi-dev"
+    before-all = "yum install -y libffi-devel"
 
     # Run multiple commands using an array
     before-all = [
@@ -609,9 +754,9 @@ Platform-specific environment variables also available:<br/>
 
     In configuration files, you can use a TOML array, and each line will be run sequentially - joined with `&&`.
 
-Note that manylinux2_24 builds occur inside a Debian9 docker, where
+Note that manylinux_2_24 builds occur inside a Debian9 docker, where
 manylinux2010 and manylinux2014 builds occur inside a CentOS one. So for
-`manylinux2_24` the `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_LINUX` command must use `apt-get -y`
+`manylinux_2_24` the `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_LINUX` command must use `apt-get -y`
 instead.
 
 ### `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD` {: #before-build}
@@ -701,12 +846,12 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
 
 
 ### `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND` {: #repair-wheel-command}
-> Execute a shell command to repair each (non-pure Python) built wheel
+> Execute a shell command to repair each built wheel
 
 Default:
 
 - on Linux: `'auditwheel repair -w {dest_dir} {wheel}'`
-- on macOS: `'delocate-listdeps {wheel} && delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} {wheel}'`
+- on macOS: `'delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} -v {wheel}'`
 - on Windows: `''`
 
 A shell command to repair a built wheel by copying external library dependencies into the wheel tree and relinking them.
@@ -753,6 +898,18 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
       python scripts/check_repaired_wheel.py -w {dest_dir} {wheel}
     ```
 
+    ```yaml
+    # Use abi3audit to catch issues with Limited API wheels
+    CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_LINUX: >
+      auditwheel repair -w {dest_dir} {wheel} &&
+      pipx run abi3audit --strict --report {wheel}
+    CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_MACOS: >
+      delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} -v {wheel} &&
+      pipx run abi3audit --strict --report {wheel}
+    CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_WINDOWS: >
+      pipx run abi3audit --strict --report {wheel}
+    ```
+
 !!! tab examples "pyproject.toml"
 
     ```toml
@@ -777,32 +934,58 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
     ]
     ```
 
+    ```toml
+    # Use abi3audit to catch issues with Limited API wheels
+    [tool.cibuildwheel.linux]
+    repair-wheel-command = [
+      "auditwheel repair -w {dest_dir} {wheel}",
+      "pipx run abi3audit --strict --report {wheel}",
+    ]
+    [tool.cibuildwheel.macos]
+    repair-wheel-command = [
+      "delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} -v {wheel}",
+      "pipx run abi3audit --strict --report {wheel}",
+    ]
+    [tool.cibuildwheel.windows]
+    repair-wheel-command = "pipx run abi3audit --strict --report {wheel}"
+    ```
+
     In configuration mode, you can use an inline array, and the items will be joined with `&&`.
 
 
-### CIBW_MANYLINUX_*_IMAGE {: #manylinux-image}
-> Specify alternative manylinux Docker images
+<div class="link-target" id="manylinux-image"></div>
 
-The available options are:
+### `CIBW_MANYLINUX_*_IMAGE`, `CIBW_MUSLLINUX_*_IMAGE` {: #linux-image}
+> Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux container images
 
-- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE`
-- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE`
-- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_X86_64_IMAGE`
-- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_AARCH64_IMAGE`
-- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_PPC64LE_IMAGE`
-- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_S390X_IMAGE`
-- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_AARCH64_IMAGE`
-- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_I686_IMAGE`
+The available options are (default value):
 
-Set an alternative Docker image to be used for building [manylinux](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux) wheels. cibuildwheel will then pull these instead of the default images, [`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64), [`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686), [`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64), [`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64), [`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le), and [`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_s390x).
+- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64))
+- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686))
+- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_X86_64_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64))
+- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_AARCH64_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64))
+- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_PPC64LE_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le))
+- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_S390X_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x))
+- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_AARCH64_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64))
+- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_I686_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686))
+- `CIBW_MUSLLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_x86_64`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_x86_64))
+- `CIBW_MUSLLINUX_I686_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_i686`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_i686))
+- `CIBW_MUSLLINUX_AARCH64_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_aarch64`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_aarch64))
+- `CIBW_MUSLLINUX_PPC64LE_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_ppc64le`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_ppc64le))
+- `CIBW_MUSLLINUX_S390X_IMAGE` ([`quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_s390x`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_s390x))
 
-The value of this option can either be set to `manylinux1`, `manylinux2010`, `manylinux2014` or `manylinux_2_24` to use a pinned version of the [official manylinux images](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux). Alternatively, set these options to any other valid Docker image name. For PyPy, the `manylinux1` image is not available. For architectures other
-than x86 (x86\_64 and i686) `manylinux2014` or `manylinux_2_24` must be used, because the first version of the manylinux specification that supports additional architectures is `manylinux2014`.
+Set an alternative Docker image to be used for building [manylinux / musllinux](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux) wheels.
 
+For `CIBW_MANYLINUX_*_IMAGE`, the value of this option can either be set to `manylinux1`, `manylinux2010`, `manylinux2014`, `manylinux_2_24` or `manylinux_2_28` to use a pinned version of the [official manylinux images](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux). Alternatively, set these options to any other valid Docker image name. For PyPy, the `manylinux1` image is not available. For architectures other
+than x86 (x86\_64 and i686) `manylinux2014`, `manylinux_2_24` or `manylinux_2_28` must be used, because the first version of the manylinux specification that supports additional architectures is `manylinux2014`. `manylinux_2_28` is not supported for `i686` architecture.
 
-If setting a custom Docker image, you'll need to make sure it can be used in the same way as the official, default Docker images: all necessary Python and pip versions need to be present in `/opt/python/`, and the auditwheel tool needs to be present for cibuildwheel to work. Apart from that, the architecture and relevant shared system libraries need to be compatible to the relevant standard to produce valid manylinux1/manylinux2010/manylinux2014/manylinux_2_24 wheels (see [pypa/manylinux on GitHub](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux), [PEP 513](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0513/), [PEP 571](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0571/), [PEP 599](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0599/) and [PEP 600](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0600/) for more details).
+For `CIBW_MUSLLINUX_*_IMAGE`, the value of this option can either be set to `musllinux_1_1` to use a pinned version of the [official musllinux images](https://github.com/pypa/musllinux). Alternatively, set these options to any other valid Docker image name.
 
-Auditwheel detects the version of the manylinux standard in the Docker image through the `AUDITWHEEL_PLAT` environment variable, as cibuildwheel has no way of detecting the correct `--plat` command line argument to pass to auditwheel for a custom image. If a Docker image does not correctly set this `AUDITWHEEL_PLAT` environment variable, the `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT` option can be used to do so (e.g., `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT='AUDITWHEEL_PLAT="manylinux2010_$(uname -m)"'`).
+If this option is blank, it will fall though to the next available definition (environment variable -> pyproject.toml -> default).
+
+If setting a custom image, you'll need to make sure it can be used in the same way as the default images: all necessary Python and pip versions need to be present in `/opt/python/`, and the auditwheel tool needs to be present for cibuildwheel to work. Apart from that, the architecture and relevant shared system libraries need to be compatible to the relevant standard to produce valid manylinux1/manylinux2010/manylinux2014/manylinux_2_24/manylinux_2_28/musllinux_1_1 wheels (see [pypa/manylinux on GitHub](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux), [PEP 513](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0513/), [PEP 571](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0571/), [PEP 599](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0599/), [PEP 600](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0600/) and [PEP 656](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0656/) for more details).
+
+Auditwheel detects the version of the manylinux / musllinux standard in the image through the `AUDITWHEEL_PLAT` environment variable, as cibuildwheel has no way of detecting the correct `--plat` command line argument to pass to auditwheel for a custom image. If a custom image does not correctly set this `AUDITWHEEL_PLAT` environment variable, the `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT` option can be used to do so (e.g., `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT='AUDITWHEEL_PLAT="manylinux2010_$(uname -m)"'`).
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -821,12 +1004,12 @@ Auditwheel detects the version of the manylinux standard in the Docker image thr
     CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_X86_64_IMAGE: manylinux2014
     CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_I686_IMAGE: manylinux2014
 
-    # Build using the latest manylinux2010 release, instead of the cibuildwheel
+    # Build using the latest manylinux2014 release, instead of the cibuildwheel
     # pinned version
-    CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE: quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64:latest
-    CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE: quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686:latest
-    CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_X86_64_IMAGE: quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64:latest
-    CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_I686_IMAGE: quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686:latest
+    CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE: quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:latest
+    CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE: quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:latest
+    CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_X86_64_IMAGE: quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:latest
+    CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_I686_IMAGE: quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:latest
 
     # Build using a different image from the docker registry
     CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE: dockcross/manylinux-x64
@@ -843,7 +1026,7 @@ Auditwheel detects the version of the manylinux standard in the Docker image thr
     manylinux-i686-image = "manylinux1"
 
     # Build using the manylinux2014 image
-    manylinux-x86_64_image = "manylinux2014"
+    manylinux-x86_64-image = "manylinux2014"
     manylinux-i686-image = "manylinux2014"
     manylinux-pypy_x86_64-image = "manylinux2014"
     manylinux-pypy_i686-image = "manylinux2014"
@@ -863,6 +1046,44 @@ Auditwheel detects the version of the manylinux standard in the Docker image thr
     Like any other option, these can be placed in `[tool.cibuildwheel.linux]`
     if you prefer; they have no effect on `macos` and `windows`.
 
+
+### `CIBW_CONTAINER_ENGINE` {: #container-engine}
+> Specify which container engine to use when building Linux wheels
+
+Options: `docker` `podman`
+
+Default: `docker`
+
+Set the container engine to use. Docker is the default, or you can switch to
+[Podman](https://podman.io/). To use Docker, you need to have a Docker daemon
+running and `docker` available on PATH. To use Podman, it needs to be
+installed and `podman` available on PATH.
+
+!!! tip
+
+    While most users will stick with Docker, Podman is available in different
+    contexts - for example, it can be run inside a Docker container, or without
+    root access. Thanks to the [OCI], images are compatible between engines, so
+    you can still use the regular manylinux/musllinux containers.
+
+[OCI]: https://opencontainers.org/
+
+#### Examples
+
+!!! tab examples "Environment variables"
+
+    ```yaml
+    CIBW_CONTAINER_ENGINE: podman
+    ```
+
+!!! tab examples "pyproject.toml"
+
+    ```toml
+    [tool.cibuildwheel]
+    container-engine = "podman"
+    ```
+
+
 ### `CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS` {: #dependency-versions}
 > Specify how cibuildwheel controls the versions of the tools it uses
 
@@ -895,8 +1116,8 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
 
 !!! note
     This option does not affect the tools used on the Linux build - those versions
-    are bundled with the manylinux image that cibuildwheel uses. To change
-    dependency versions on Linux, use the [CIBW_MANYLINUX_*](#manylinux-image)
+    are bundled with the manylinux/musllinux image that cibuildwheel uses. To change
+    dependency versions on Linux, use the [CIBW_MANYLINUX_* / CIBW_MUSLLINUX_*](#linux-image)
     options.
 
 #### Examples
@@ -928,6 +1149,7 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
     dependency-versions = "./constraints.txt"
     ```
 
+
 ## Testing
 
 ### `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND` {: #test-command}
@@ -1122,7 +1344,7 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
     ```toml
     [tool.cibuildwheel]
     # Will cause the wheel to be installed with `pip install <wheel_file>[test,qt]`
-    test-extras: ["test", "qt"]
+    test-extras = ["test", "qt"]
     ```
 
     In configuration files, you can use an inline array, and the items will be joined with a comma.
@@ -1134,13 +1356,15 @@ This will skip testing on any identifiers that match the given skip patterns (se
 
 With macOS `universal2` wheels, you can also skip the individual archs inside the wheel using an `:arch` suffix. For example, `cp39-macosx_universal2:x86_64` or `cp39-macosx_universal2:arm64`.
 
+This option is not supported in the overrides section in `pyproject.toml`.
+
 #### Examples
 
 !!! tab examples "Environment variables"
 
     ```yaml
     # Will avoid testing on emulated architectures
-    CIBW_TEST_SKIP: "*-manylinux_{aarch64,ppc64le,s390x}"
+    CIBW_TEST_SKIP: "*-*linux_{aarch64,ppc64le,s390x}"
 
     # Skip trying to test arm64 builds on Intel Macs
     CIBW_TEST_SKIP: "*-macosx_arm64 *-macosx_universal2:arm64"
@@ -1151,7 +1375,7 @@ With macOS `universal2` wheels, you can also skip the individual archs inside th
     ```toml
     [tool.cibuildwheel]
     # Will avoid testing on emulated architectures
-    test-skip = "*-manylinux_{aarch64,ppc64le,s390x}"
+    test-skip = "*-*linux_{aarch64,ppc64le,s390x}"
 
     # Skip trying to test arm64 builds on Intel Macs
     test-skip = "*-macosx_arm64 *-macosx_universal2:arm64"
@@ -1191,6 +1415,10 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
 « subprocess_run("cibuildwheel", "--help") »
 ```
 
+## Placeholders
+
+Some options support placeholders, like `{project}`, `{package}` or `{wheel}`, that are substituted by cibuildwheel before they are used. If, for some reason, you need to write the literal name of a placeholder, e.g. literally `{project}` in a command that would ordinarily substitute `{project}`, prefix it with a hash character - `#{project}`. This is only necessary in commands where the specific string between the curly brackets would be substituted - otherwise, strings not modified.
+
 <style>
   .options-toc {
     display: grid;
@@ -1202,6 +1430,12 @@ Platform-specific environment variables are also available:<br/>
     margin-top: 28px;
     overflow-x: auto;
   }
+  @media screen and (max-width: 768px) {
+    .options-toc {
+      grid-gap: 1em 0.5em;
+      gap: 1em 0.5em;
+    }
+  }
   .options-toc .header {
     grid-column: 1 / 3;
     font-weight: bold;

docs/setup.md

@@ -2,7 +2,146 @@
 title: 'Setup'
 ---
 
-# GitHub Actions [linux/mac/windows] {: #github-actions}
+# Setup
+
+## Run cibuildwheel locally (optional) {: #local}
+
+Before getting to CI setup, it can be convenient to test cibuildwheel
+locally to quickly iterate and track down issues without even touching CI.
+
+Install cibuildwheel and run a build like this:
+
+!!! tab "Linux"
+
+    Using [pipx](https://github.com/pypa/pipx):
+    ```sh
+    pipx run cibuildwheel --platform linux
+    ```
+
+    Or,
+    ```sh
+    pip install cibuildwheel
+    cibuildwheel --platform linux
+    ```
+
+!!! tab "macOS"
+
+    Using [pipx](https://github.com/pypa/pipx):
+    ```sh
+    pipx run cibuildwheel --platform macos
+    ```
+
+    Or,
+    ```sh
+    pip install cibuildwheel
+    cibuildwheel --platform macos
+    ```
+
+
+!!! tab "Windows"
+
+    Using [pipx](https://github.com/pypa/pipx):
+    ```bat
+    pipx run cibuildwheel --platform windows
+    ```
+
+    Or,
+    ```bat
+    pip install cibuildwheel
+    cibuildwheel --platform windows
+    ```
+
+You should see the builds taking place. You can experiment with options using environment variables or pyproject.toml.
+
+!!! tab "Environment variables"
+
+    cibuildwheel will read config from the environment. Syntax varies, depending on your shell:
+
+    > POSIX shell (Linux/macOS)
+
+    ```sh
+    # run a command to set up the build system
+    export CIBW_BEFORE_ALL='apt install libpng-dev'
+
+    cibuildwheel --platform linux
+    ```
+
+    > CMD (Windows)
+
+    ```bat
+    set CIBW_BEFORE_ALL='apt install libpng-dev'
+
+    cibuildwheel --platform linux
+    ```
+
+!!! tab "pyproject.toml"
+
+    If you write your options into [`pyproject.toml`](options.md#configuration-file), you can work on your options locally, and they'll be automatically picked up when running in CI.
+
+    > pyproject.toml
+
+    ```
+    [tool.cibuildwheel]
+    before-all = "apt install libpng-dev"
+    ```
+
+    Then invoke cibuildwheel, like:
+
+    ```console
+    cibuildwheel --platform linux
+    ```
+
+### Linux builds
+
+If you've got [Docker](https://www.docker.com/products/docker-desktop) installed on
+your development machine, you can run a Linux build.
+
+!!! tip
+    You can run the Linux build on any platform. Even Windows can run
+    Linux containers these days, but there are a few  hoops to jump
+    through. Check [this document](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/virtualization/windowscontainers/quick-start/quick-start-windows-10-linux)
+    for more info.
+
+Because the builds are happening in manylinux Docker containers,
+they're perfectly reproducible.
+
+The only side effect to your system will be docker images being pulled.
+
+### macOS / Windows builds
+
+Pre-requisite: you need to have native build tools installed.
+
+Because the builds are happening without full isolation, there might be some
+differences compared to CI builds (Xcode version, Visual Studio version,
+OS version, local files, ...) that might prevent you from finding an issue only
+seen in CI.
+
+In order to speed-up builds, cibuildwheel will cache the tools it needs to be
+reused for future builds. The folder used for caching is system/user dependent and is
+reported in the printed preamble of each run (e.g. "Cache folder: /Users/Matt/Library/Caches/cibuildwheel").
+
+You can override the cache folder using the ``CIBW_CACHE_PATH`` environment variable.
+
+!!! warning
+    cibuildwheel uses official python.org macOS installers for CPython but
+    those can only be installed globally.
+
+    In order not to mess with your system, cibuildwheel won't install those if they are
+    missing. Instead, it will error out with a message to let you install the missing
+    CPython:
+
+    ```console
+    Error: CPython 3.6 is not installed.
+    cibuildwheel will not perform system-wide installs when running outside of CI.
+    To build locally, install CPython 3.6 on this machine, or, disable this version of Python using CIBW_SKIP=cp36-macosx_*
+
+    Download link: https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.6.8/python-3.6.8-macosx10.9.pkg
+    ```
+
+
+## Configure a CI service
+
+### GitHub Actions [linux/mac/windows] {: #github-actions}
 
 To build Linux, Mac, and Windows wheels using GitHub Actions, create a `.github/workflows/build_wheels.yml` file in your repo.
 
@@ -17,10 +156,9 @@ To build Linux, Mac, and Windows wheels using GitHub Actions, create a `.github/
     {% include "../examples/github-minimal.yml" %}
     ```
 
-
-    You can use `env:` with the action just like you would with `run:`; you can
-    also use `with:` to set the command line options: `package-dir: .` and
-    `output-dir: wheelhouse` (those values are the defaults).
+    Use `env:` to pass [build options](options.md) and `with:` to set
+    `package-dir: .`, `output-dir: wheelhouse` and `config-file: ''`
+    locations (those values are the defaults).
 
 !!! tab "pipx"
     The GitHub Actions runners have pipx installed, so you can easily build in
@@ -40,15 +178,15 @@ To build Linux, Mac, and Windows wheels using GitHub Actions, create a `.github/
         runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
         strategy:
           matrix:
-            os: [ubuntu-20.04, windows-2019, macos-10.15]
+            os: [ubuntu-20.04, windows-2019, macos-11]
 
         steps:
-          - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+          - uses: actions/checkout@v3
 
           - name: Build wheels
-            run: pipx run cibuildwheel==2.0.1
+            run: pipx run cibuildwheel==2.12.1
 
-          - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+          - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
             with:
               path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl
     ```
@@ -72,21 +210,21 @@ To build Linux, Mac, and Windows wheels using GitHub Actions, create a `.github/
         runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
         strategy:
           matrix:
-            os: [ubuntu-20.04, windows-2019, macos-10.15]
+            os: [ubuntu-20.04, windows-2019, macos-11]
 
         steps:
-          - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+          - uses: actions/checkout@v3
 
           # Used to host cibuildwheel
-          - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+          - uses: actions/setup-python@v3
 
           - name: Install cibuildwheel
-            run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.0.1
+            run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.12.1
 
           - name: Build wheels
             run: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
 
-          - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+          - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
             with:
               path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl
     ```
@@ -99,7 +237,7 @@ For more info on this file, check out the [docs](https://help.github.com/en/acti
 [`examples/github-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/examples/github-deploy.yml) extends this minimal example with a demonstration of how to automatically upload the built wheels to PyPI.
 
 
-# Azure Pipelines [linux/mac/windows] {: #azure-pipelines}
+### Azure Pipelines [linux/mac/windows] {: #azure-pipelines}
 
 To build Linux, Mac, and Windows wheels on Azure Pipelines, create a `azure-pipelines.yml` file in your repo.
 
@@ -113,7 +251,7 @@ Commit this file, enable building of your repo on Azure Pipelines, and push.
 
 Wheels will be stored for you and available through the Pipelines interface. For more info on this file, check out the [docs](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/devops/pipelines/yaml-schema).
 
-# Travis CI [linux/windows] {: #travis-ci}
+### Travis CI [linux/windows] {: #travis-ci}
 
 To build Linux and Windows wheels on Travis CI, create a `.travis.yml` file in your repo.
 
@@ -129,7 +267,7 @@ Then setup a deployment method by following the [Travis CI deployment docs](http
 
 [`examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml) extends this minimal example with a demonstration of how to automatically upload the built wheels to PyPI.
 
-# AppVeyor [linux/mac/windows] {: #appveyor}
+### AppVeyor [linux/mac/windows] {: #appveyor}
 
 To build Linux, Mac, and Windows wheels on AppVeyor, create an `appveyor.yml` file in your repo.
 
@@ -145,7 +283,7 @@ AppVeyor will store the built wheels for you - you can access them from the proj
 
 For more info on this config file, check out the [docs](https://www.appveyor.com/docs/).
 
-# CircleCI [linux/mac] {: #circleci}
+### CircleCI [linux/mac] {: #circleci}
 
 To build Linux and Mac wheels on CircleCI, create a `.circleci/config.yml` file in your repo,
 
@@ -162,7 +300,7 @@ Commit this file, enable building of your repo on CircleCI, and push.
 
 CircleCI will store the built wheels for you - you can access them from the project console. Check out the CircleCI [docs](https://circleci.com/docs/2.0/configuration-reference/#section=configuration) for more info on this config file.
 
-# Gitlab CI [linux] {: #gitlab-ci}
+### Gitlab CI [linux] {: #gitlab-ci}
 
 To build Linux wheels on Gitlab CI, create a `.gitlab-ci.yml` file in your repo,
 
@@ -176,11 +314,29 @@ Commit this file, and push to Gitlab. The pipeline should start automatically.
 
 Gitlab will store the built wheels for you - you can access them from the Pipelines view. Check out the Gitlab [docs](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/yaml/) for more info on this config file.
 
+### Cirrus CI [linux/mac/windows] {: #cirrus-ci}
+
+To build Linux, Mac, and Windows wheels on Cirrus CI, create a `.cirrus.yml` file in your repo,
+
+> .cirrus.yml
+
+```yaml
+{% include "../examples/cirrus-ci-minimal.yml" %}
+```
+
+Commit this file, enable building of your repo on Cirrus CI, and push.
+
+Cirrus CI will store the built wheels for you - you can access them from the individual task view. Check out the Cirrus CI [docs](https://cirrus-ci.org/guide/writing-tasks/) for more info on this config file.
+
 > ⚠️ Got an error? Check the [FAQ](faq.md).
 
+## Next steps
+
+Once you've got the wheel building successfully, you might want to set up [testing](options.md#test-command) or [automatic releases to PyPI](deliver-to-pypi.md#automatic-method).
+
 <script>
   document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {
-    $('.toctree-l2 a, .rst-content h1').each(function(i, el) {
+    $('.toctree-l3>a, .rst-content h3').each(function(i, el) {
       var text = $(el).text()
       var match = text.match(/(.*) \[([a-z/]+)\]/);
 

docs/theme_overrides/js/theme.js

@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+// imported from
+// https://github.com/readthedocs/sphinx_rtd_theme/blob/bc73ad84068b4ee7d8ddae7e51f5b767e8fd377b/src/theme.js
+// modified to suit our documentation structure, to not scroll the nav sidebar
+// when clicked - this is disorienting
+
+var jQuery = window.jQuery;
+
+// Sphinx theme nav state
+function ThemeNav () {
+
+    var nav = {
+        navBar: null,
+        win: null,
+        winScroll: false,
+        winResize: false,
+        linkScroll: false,
+        winPosition: 0,
+        winHeight: null,
+        docHeight: null,
+        isRunning: false
+    };
+
+    nav.enable = function (withStickyNav) {
+        var self = this;
+
+        // TODO this can likely be removed once the theme javascript is broken
+        // out from the RTD assets. This just ensures old projects that are
+        // calling `enable()` get the sticky menu on by default. All other cals
+        // to `enable` should include an argument for enabling the sticky menu.
+        if (typeof(withStickyNav) == 'undefined') {
+            withStickyNav = true;
+        }
+
+        if (self.isRunning) {
+            // Only allow enabling nav logic once
+            return;
+        }
+
+        self.isRunning = true;
+        jQuery(function ($) {
+            self.init($);
+
+            self.reset();
+            self.win.on('hashchange', self.reset);
+
+            if (withStickyNav) {
+                // Set scroll monitor
+                self.win.on('scroll', function () {
+                    if (!self.linkScroll) {
+                        if (!self.winScroll) {
+                            self.winScroll = true;
+                            requestAnimationFrame(function() { self.onScroll(); });
+                        }
+                    }
+                });
+            }
+
+            // Set resize monitor
+            self.win.on('resize', function () {
+                if (!self.winResize) {
+                    self.winResize = true;
+                    requestAnimationFrame(function() { self.onResize(); });
+                }
+            });
+
+            self.onResize();
+        });
+
+    };
+
+    // TODO remove this with a split in theme and Read the Docs JS logic as
+    // well, it's only here to support 0.3.0 installs of our theme.
+    nav.enableSticky = function() {
+        this.enable(true);
+    };
+
+    nav.init = function ($) {
+        var doc = $(document),
+            self = this;
+
+        this.navBar = $('div.wy-side-scroll:first');
+        this.win = $(window);
+
+        // Set up javascript UX bits
+        $(document)
+            // Shift nav in mobile when clicking the menu.
+            .on('click', "[data-toggle='wy-nav-top']", function() {
+                $("[data-toggle='wy-nav-shift']").toggleClass("shift");
+                $("[data-toggle='rst-versions']").toggleClass("shift");
+            })
+
+            // Nav menu link click operations
+            .on('click', ".wy-menu-vertical .current ul li a", function() {
+                var target = $(this);
+                // Close menu when you click a link.
+                $("[data-toggle='wy-nav-shift']").removeClass("shift");
+                $("[data-toggle='rst-versions']").toggleClass("shift");
+                // Handle dynamic display of l3 and l4 nav lists
+                self.toggleCurrent(target);
+                self.hashChange();
+            })
+            .on('click', "[data-toggle='rst-current-version']", function() {
+                $("[data-toggle='rst-versions']").toggleClass("shift-up");
+            })
+
+        // Make tables responsive
+        $("table.docutils:not(.field-list,.footnote,.citation)")
+            .wrap("<div class='wy-table-responsive'></div>");
+
+        // Add extra class to responsive tables that contain
+        // footnotes or citations so that we can target them for styling
+        $("table.docutils.footnote")
+            .wrap("<div class='wy-table-responsive footnote'></div>");
+        $("table.docutils.citation")
+            .wrap("<div class='wy-table-responsive citation'></div>");
+
+        // Add expand links to all parents of nested ul
+        $('.wy-menu-vertical ul').not('.simple').siblings('a').each(function () {
+            var link = $(this);
+                expand =
+                    $('<button class="toctree-expand" title="Open/close menu"></button>');
+            expand.on('click', function (ev) {
+                self.toggleCurrent(link);
+                ev.stopPropagation();
+                return false;
+            });
+            link.prepend(expand);
+        });
+    };
+
+    nav.reset = function () {
+        // Get anchor from URL and open up nested nav
+        var anchor = encodeURI(window.location.hash) || '#';
+
+        try {
+            var vmenu = $('.wy-menu-vertical');
+            var link = vmenu.find('[href="' + anchor + '"]');
+            if (link.length === 0) {
+                // this link was not found in the sidebar.
+                // Find associated id element, then its closest section
+                // in the document and try with that one.
+                var id_elt = $('.document [id="' + anchor.substring(1) + '"]');
+                var closest_section = id_elt.closest('div.section');
+                link = vmenu.find('[href="#' + closest_section.attr("id") + '"]');
+                if (link.length === 0) {
+                    // still not found in the sidebar. fall back to main section
+                    link = vmenu.find('[href="#"]');
+                }
+            }
+            // If we found a matching link then reset current and re-apply
+            // otherwise retain the existing match
+            if (link.length > 0) {
+                $('.wy-menu-vertical .current')
+                    .removeClass('current')
+                    .attr('aria-expanded','false');
+                link.addClass('current')
+                    .attr('aria-expanded','true');
+                link.closest('li.toctree-l1')
+                    .parent()
+                    .addClass('current')
+                    .attr('aria-expanded','true');
+                for (let i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
+                    link.closest('li.toctree-l' + i)
+                        .addClass('current')
+                        .attr('aria-expanded','true');
+                }
+
+                // EDIT by joerick
+                console.log('no scroll')
+                // link[0].scrollIntoView();
+            }
+        }
+        catch (err) {
+            console.log("Error expanding nav for anchor", err);
+        }
+
+    };
+
+    nav.onScroll = function () {
+        this.winScroll = false;
+        var newWinPosition = this.win.scrollTop(),
+            winBottom = newWinPosition + this.winHeight,
+            navPosition = this.navBar.scrollTop(),
+            newNavPosition = navPosition + (newWinPosition - this.winPosition);
+        if (newWinPosition < 0 || winBottom > this.docHeight) {
+            return;
+        }
+        this.navBar.scrollTop(newNavPosition);
+        this.winPosition = newWinPosition;
+    };
+
+    nav.onResize = function () {
+        this.winResize = false;
+        this.winHeight = this.win.height();
+        this.docHeight = $(document).height();
+    };
+
+    nav.hashChange = function () {
+        this.linkScroll = true;
+        this.win.one('hashchange', function () {
+            this.linkScroll = false;
+        });
+    };
+
+    nav.toggleCurrent = function (elem) {
+        var parent_li = elem.closest('li');
+        parent_li
+            .siblings('li.current')
+            .removeClass('current')
+            .attr('aria-expanded','false');
+        parent_li
+            .siblings()
+            .find('li.current')
+            .removeClass('current')
+            .attr('aria-expanded','false');
+        var children = parent_li.find('> ul li');
+        // Don't toggle terminal elements.
+        if (children.length) {
+            children
+                .removeClass('current')
+                .attr('aria-expanded','false');
+            parent_li
+                .toggleClass('current')
+                .attr('aria-expanded', function(i, old) {
+                    return old == 'true' ? 'false' : 'true';
+                });
+        }
+    }
+
+    return nav;
+};
+
+const ThemeNavInstance = ThemeNav();
+
+  window.SphinxRtdTheme = {
+      Navigation: ThemeNavInstance,
+      // TODO remove this once static assets are split up between the theme
+      // and Read the Docs. For now, this patches 0.3.0 to be backwards
+      // compatible with a pre-0.3.0 layout.html
+      StickyNav: ThemeNavInstance,
+  };
+
+
+// requestAnimationFrame polyfill by Erik Möller. fixes from Paul Irish and Tino Zijdel
+// https://gist.github.com/paulirish/1579671
+// MIT license
+
+(function() {
+    var lastTime = 0;
+    var vendors = ['ms', 'moz', 'webkit', 'o'];
+    for(var x = 0; x < vendors.length && !window.requestAnimationFrame; ++x) {
+        window.requestAnimationFrame = window[vendors[x]+'RequestAnimationFrame'];
+        window.cancelAnimationFrame = window[vendors[x]+'CancelAnimationFrame']
+                                   || window[vendors[x]+'CancelRequestAnimationFrame'];
+    }
+
+    if (!window.requestAnimationFrame)
+        window.requestAnimationFrame = function(callback, element) {
+            var currTime = new Date().getTime();
+            var timeToCall = Math.max(0, 16 - (currTime - lastTime));
+            var id = window.setTimeout(function() { callback(currTime + timeToCall); },
+              timeToCall);
+            lastTime = currTime + timeToCall;
+            return id;
+        };
+
+    if (!window.cancelAnimationFrame)
+        window.cancelAnimationFrame = function(id) {
+            clearTimeout(id);
+        };
+}());

docs/working-examples.md

@@ -2,11 +2,240 @@
 title: Working examples
 ---
 
-{%
-   include-markdown "../README.md"
-   start="<!--working-examples-start-->"
-   end="<!--working-examples-end-->"
-%}
+<!-- START bin/projects.py -->
+
+<!-- this section is generated by bin/projects.py. Don't edit it directly, instead, edit docs/data/projects.yml -->
+
+| Name                              | CI | OS | Notes |
+|-----------------------------------|----|----|:------|
+| [scikit-learn][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The machine learning library. A complex but clean config using many of cibuildwheel's features to build a large project with Cython and C++ extensions.  |
+| [NumPy][]                         | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. |
+| [pytorch-fairseq][]               | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence Toolkit written in Python. |
+| [Tornado][]                       | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library, originally developed at FriendFeed. |
+| [Matplotlib][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The venerable Matplotlib, a Python library with C++ portions |
+| [NCNN][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | ncnn is a high-performance neural network inference framework optimized for the mobile platform |
+| [Kivy][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Open source UI framework written in Python, running on Windows, Linux, macOS, Android and iOS |
+| [Prophet][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Tool for producing high quality forecasts for time series data that has multiple seasonality with linear or non-linear growth. |
+| [MyPy][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | The compiled version of MyPy using MyPyC. |
+| [pydantic][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Data validation using Python type hints |
+| [MemRay][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] | Memray is a memory profiler for Python |
+| [uvloop][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Ultra fast asyncio event loop. |
+| [psutil][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Cross-platform lib for process and system monitoring in Python |
+| [duckdb][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | DuckDB is an in-process SQL OLAP Database Management System |
+| [vaex][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Out-of-Core hybrid Apache Arrow/NumPy DataFrame for Python, ML, visualization and exploration of big tabular data at a billion rows per second 🚀 |
+| [Google Benchmark][]              | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A microbenchmark support library |
+| [Apache Beam][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Apache Beam is a unified programming model for Batch and Streaming data processing. |
+| [asyncpg][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A fast PostgreSQL Database Client Library for Python/asyncio. |
+| [PyGame][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | 🐍🎮 pygame (the library) is a Free and Open Source python programming language library for making multimedia applications like games built on top of the excellent SDL library. C, Python, Native, OpenGL. |
+| [Triton][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] | Self hosted runners |
+| [cmake][]                         | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Multitagged binary builds for all supported platforms, using cibw 2 config configuration. |
+| [scikit-image][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Image processing library. Uses cibuildwheel to build and test a project that uses Cython with platform-native code.  |
+| [twisted-iocpsupport][]           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] | A submodule of Twisted that hooks into native C APIs using Cython. |
+| [PyOxidizer][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A modern Python application packaging and distribution tool |
+| [websockets][]                    | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Library for building WebSocket servers and clients. Mostly written in Python, with a small C 'speedups' extension module.  |
+| [cvxpy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A Python-embedded modeling language for convex optimization problems. |
+| [River][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | 🌊 Online machine learning in Python |
+| [UltraJSON][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Ultra fast JSON decoder and encoder written in C with Python bindings |
+| [OpenSpiel][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | OpenSpiel is a collection of environments and algorithms for research in general reinforcement learning and search/planning in games. |
+| [pyzmq][]                         | ![github icon][] ![circleci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for zeromq, the networking library. Uses Cython on CPython and CFFI on PyPy. ARM wheels for linux are built natively on CircleCI.  |
+| [aiortc][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | WebRTC and ORTC implementation for Python using asyncio. |
+| [Confluent client for Kafka][]    | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | setup in `tools/wheels/build-wheels.bat` |
+| [Implicit][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes GPU support for linux wheels |
+| [vispy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Main repository for Vispy |
+| [tinyobjloader][]                 | ![azurepipelines icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tiny but powerful single file wavefront obj loader |
+| [Dependency Injector][]           | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Dependency injection framework for Python, uses Windows TravisCI |
+| [coverage.py][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The coverage tool for Python |
+| [PyCryptodome][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A self-contained cryptographic library for Python |
+| [PyYAML][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] | Canonical source repository for PyYAML |
+| [numexpr][]                       | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast numerical array expression evaluator for Python, NumPy, PyTables, pandas, bcolz and more |
+| [h5py][]                          | ![azurepipelines icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | HDF5 for Python -- The h5py package is a Pythonic interface to the HDF5 binary data format. |
+| [Wrapt][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python module for decorators, wrappers and monkey patching. |
+| [PyAV][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Pythonic bindings for FFmpeg's libraries. |
+| [Line Profiler][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Line-by-line profiling for Python |
+| [pikepdf][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python library for reading and writing PDF, powered by qpdf |
+| [SimpleJSON][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | simplejson is a simple, fast, extensible JSON encoder/decoder for Python  |
+| [envd][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | 🏕️ Reproducible development environment for AI/ML |
+| [OpenColorIO][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A color management framework for visual effects and animation. |
+| [aioquic][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | QUIC and HTTP/3 implementation in Python |
+| [OpenTimelineIO][]                | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Open Source API and interchange format for editorial timeline information. |
+| [PyTables][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python package to manage extremely large amounts of data |
+| [ruptures][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Extensive Cython + NumPy [pyproject.toml](https://github.com/deepcharles/ruptures/blob/master/pyproject.toml) example. |
+| [Psycopg 3][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A modern implementation of a PostgreSQL adapter for Python |
+| [Parselmouth][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python interface to the Praat software package, using pybind11, C++17 and CMake, with the core Praat static library built only once and shared between wheels. |
+| [DeepForest][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | An Efficient, Scalable and Optimized Python Framework for Deep Forest (2021.2.1) |
+| [google neuroglancer][]           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | WebGL-based viewer for volumetric data |
+| [AutoPy][]                        | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes a Windows Travis build. |
+| [H3-py][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python bindings for H3, a hierarchical hexagonal geospatial indexing system |
+| [Rtree][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Rtree: spatial index for Python GIS ¶ |
+| [markupsafe][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Safely add untrusted strings to HTML/XML markup. |
+| [CTranslate2][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes libraries from the [Intel oneAPI toolkit](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/tools/oneapi/base-toolkit.html) and CUDA kernels compiled for multiple GPU architectures. |
+| [Picologging][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A high-performance logging library for Python. |
+| [pybind11 cmake_example][]        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Example pybind11 module built with a CMake-based build system |
+| [python-rapidjson][]              | ![travisci icon][] ![gitlab icon][] ![appveyor icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python wrapper around rapidjson |
+| [python-snappy][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python bindings for the snappy google library |
+| [KDEpy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Kernel Density Estimation in Python |
+| [time-machine][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Time mocking library using only the CPython C API. |
+| [tgcalls][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python `pybind11` binding to Telegram's WebRTC library with third party dependencies like `OpenSSL`, `MozJPEG`, `FFmpeg`, etc. |
+| [pybind11 python_example][]       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Example pybind11 module built with a Python-based build system |
+| [dd-trace-py][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Uses custom alternate arch emulation on GitHub |
+| [sourmash][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Quickly search, compare, and analyze genomic and metagenomic data sets. |
+| [cyvcf2][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | cython + htslib == fast VCF and BCF processing |
+| [matrixprofile][]                 | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python 3 library making time series data mining tasks, utilizing matrix profile algorithms, accessible to everyone. |
+| [abess][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A fast best-subset selection library. It uses cibuildwheel to build a large project with C++ extensions. |
+| [jq.py][]                         | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for jq |
+| [mosec][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] | A high-performance serving framework for ML models, offers dynamic batching and multi-stage pipeline to fully exploit your compute machine |
+| [iminuit][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Jupyter-friendly Python interface for C++ MINUIT2 |
+| [Tokenizer][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast and customizable text tokenization library with BPE and SentencePiece support |
+| [PyGLM][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Fast OpenGL Mathematics (GLM) for Python |
+| [TgCrypto][]                      | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes a Windows Travis build. |
+| [bx-python][]                     | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A library that includes Cython extensions. |
+| [boost-histogram][]               | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Supports full range of wheels, including PyPy and alternate archs. |
+| [iDynTree][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] | Uses manylinux_2_24 |
+| [Python-WebRTC][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | a Python extension that provides bindings to WebRTC M92 |
+| [pybase64][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast Base64 encoding/decoding in Python |
+| [Arbor][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Arbor is a multi-compartment neuron simulation library; compatible with next-generation accelerators; best-practices applied to research software; focused on community-driven development. Includes a [small script](https://github.com/arbor-sim/arbor/blob/master/scripts/patchwheel.py) patching `rpath` in bundled libraries.  |
+| [pillow-heif][]                   | ![github icon][] ![cirrusci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Bindings to libheif library with third party dependencies. Fully automated CI for tests and publishing including Apple Silicon builds. |
+| [fathon][]                        | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | python package for DFA (Detrended Fluctuation Analysis) and related algorithms |
+| [Imagecodecs (fork)][]            | ![azurepipelines icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Over 20 external dependencies in compiled libraries, custom docker image, `libomp`, `openblas` and `install_name_tool` for macOS. |
+| [polaroid][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Full range of wheels for setuptools rust, with auto release and PyPI deploy. |
+| [power-grid-model][]              | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python/C++ library for distribution power system analysis |
+| [etebase-py][]                    | ![travisci icon][] | ![linux icon][] | Python bindings to a Rust library using `setuptools-rust`, and `sccache` for improved speed. |
+| [cf-units][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Units of measure as required by the Climate and Forecast (CF) Metadata Conventions |
+| [clang-format][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Scikit-build wrapper around LLVM's CMake, all platforms, generic wheels. |
+| [pybind11 scikit_build_example][] | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | An example combining scikit-build and pybind11 |
+| [numpythia][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The interface between PYTHIA and NumPy |
+| [ninja][]                         | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Multitagged binary builds for all supported platforms, using cibw 2 config configuration. |
+| [pyjet][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The interface between FastJet and NumPy |
+| [GSD][]                           | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Cython and NumPy project with 64-bit wheels. |
+| [ril][]                           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A python binding to Rust Imaging library using maturin and Pyo3, utilizes Github Action cache to improve speed. Builds abi3 wheels. |
+| [SiPM][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | High performance library for SiPM detectors simulation using C++17, OpenMP and AVX2 intrinsics. |
+| [CorrectionLib][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Structured JSON powered correction library for HEP, designed for the CMS experiment at CERN. |
+| [pyinstrument_cext][]             | ![travisci icon][] ![appveyor icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A simple C extension, without external dependencies |
+| [xmlstarlet][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python 3.6+ CFFI bindings with true MSVC build. |
+| [pybind11 cross build example][]  | ![github icon][] ![gitlab icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Same as pybind11 cmake_example but used to demo Linux ARM + Windows + macOS builds on GitLab |
+
+[scikit-learn]: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn
+[NumPy]: https://github.com/numpy/numpy
+[pytorch-fairseq]: https://github.com/pytorch/fairseq
+[Tornado]: https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado
+[Matplotlib]: https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib
+[NCNN]: https://github.com/Tencent/ncnn
+[Kivy]: https://github.com/kivy/kivy
+[Prophet]: https://github.com/facebook/prophet
+[MyPy]: https://github.com/mypyc/mypy_mypyc-wheels
+[pydantic]: https://github.com/samuelcolvin/pydantic
+[MemRay]: https://github.com/bloomberg/memray
+[uvloop]: https://github.com/MagicStack/uvloop
+[psutil]: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil
+[duckdb]: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb
+[vaex]: https://github.com/vaexio/vaex
+[Google Benchmark]: https://github.com/google/benchmark
+[Apache Beam]: https://github.com/apache/beam
+[asyncpg]: https://github.com/MagicStack/asyncpg
+[PyGame]: https://github.com/pygame/pygame
+[Triton]: https://github.com/openai/triton
+[cmake]: https://github.com/scikit-build/cmake-python-distributions
+[scikit-image]: https://github.com/scikit-image/scikit-image
+[twisted-iocpsupport]: https://github.com/twisted/twisted-iocpsupport
+[PyOxidizer]: https://github.com/indygreg/PyOxidizer
+[websockets]: https://github.com/aaugustin/websockets
+[cvxpy]: https://github.com/cvxpy/cvxpy
+[River]: https://github.com/online-ml/river
+[UltraJSON]: https://github.com/ultrajson/ultrajson
+[OpenSpiel]: https://github.com/deepmind/open_spiel
+[pyzmq]: https://github.com/zeromq/pyzmq
+[aiortc]: https://github.com/aiortc/aiortc
+[Confluent client for Kafka]: https://github.com/confluentinc/confluent-kafka-python
+[Implicit]: https://github.com/benfred/implicit
+[vispy]: https://github.com/vispy/vispy
+[tinyobjloader]: https://github.com/tinyobjloader/tinyobjloader
+[Dependency Injector]: https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector
+[coverage.py]: https://github.com/nedbat/coveragepy
+[PyCryptodome]: https://github.com/Legrandin/pycryptodome
+[PyYAML]: https://github.com/yaml/pyyaml
+[numexpr]: https://github.com/pydata/numexpr
+[h5py]: https://github.com/h5py/h5py
+[Wrapt]: https://github.com/GrahamDumpleton/wrapt
+[PyAV]: https://github.com/PyAV-Org/PyAV
+[Line Profiler]: https://github.com/pyutils/line_profiler
+[pikepdf]: https://github.com/pikepdf/pikepdf
+[SimpleJSON]: https://github.com/simplejson/simplejson
+[envd]: https://github.com/tensorchord/envd
+[OpenColorIO]: https://github.com/AcademySoftwareFoundation/OpenColorIO
+[aioquic]: https://github.com/aiortc/aioquic
+[OpenTimelineIO]: https://github.com/PixarAnimationStudios/OpenTimelineIO
+[PyTables]: https://github.com/PyTables/PyTables
+[ruptures]: https://github.com/deepcharles/ruptures
+[Psycopg 3]: https://github.com/psycopg/psycopg
+[Parselmouth]: https://github.com/YannickJadoul/Parselmouth
+[DeepForest]: https://github.com/LAMDA-NJU/Deep-Forest
+[google neuroglancer]: https://github.com/google/neuroglancer
+[AutoPy]: https://github.com/autopilot-rs/autopy
+[H3-py]: https://github.com/uber/h3-py
+[Rtree]: https://github.com/Toblerity/rtree
+[markupsafe]: https://github.com/pallets/markupsafe
+[CTranslate2]: https://github.com/OpenNMT/CTranslate2
+[Picologging]: https://github.com/microsoft/picologging
+[pybind11 cmake_example]: https://github.com/pybind/cmake_example
+[python-rapidjson]: https://github.com/python-rapidjson/python-rapidjson
+[python-snappy]: https://github.com/andrix/python-snappy
+[KDEpy]: https://github.com/tommyod/KDEpy
+[time-machine]: https://github.com/adamchainz/time-machine
+[tgcalls]: https://github.com/MarshalX/tgcalls
+[pybind11 python_example]: https://github.com/pybind/python_example
+[dd-trace-py]: https://github.com/DataDog/dd-trace-py
+[sourmash]: https://github.com/dib-lab/sourmash
+[cyvcf2]: https://github.com/brentp/cyvcf2
+[matrixprofile]: https://github.com/matrix-profile-foundation/matrixprofile
+[abess]: https://github.com/abess-team/abess
+[jq.py]: https://github.com/mwilliamson/jq.py
+[mosec]: https://github.com/mosecorg/mosec
+[iminuit]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/iminuit
+[Tokenizer]: https://github.com/OpenNMT/Tokenizer
+[PyGLM]: https://github.com/Zuzu-Typ/PyGLM
+[TgCrypto]: https://github.com/pyrogram/tgcrypto
+[bx-python]: https://github.com/bxlab/bx-python
+[boost-histogram]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/boost-histogram
+[iDynTree]: https://github.com/robotology/idyntree
+[Python-WebRTC]: https://github.com/MarshalX/python-webrtc
+[pybase64]: https://github.com/mayeut/pybase64
+[Arbor]: https://github.com/arbor-sim/arbor
+[pillow-heif]: https://github.com/bigcat88/pillow_heif
+[fathon]: https://github.com/stfbnc/fathon
+[Imagecodecs (fork)]: https://github.com/czaki/imagecodecs_build
+[polaroid]: https://github.com/daggy1234/polaroid
+[power-grid-model]: https://github.com/alliander-opensource/power-grid-model
+[etebase-py]: https://github.com/etesync/etebase-py
+[cf-units]: https://github.com/SciTools/cf-units
+[clang-format]: https://github.com/ssciwr/clang-format-wheel
+[pybind11 scikit_build_example]: https://github.com/pybind/scikit_build_example
+[numpythia]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/numpythia
+[ninja]: https://github.com/scikit-build/ninja-python-distributions
+[pyjet]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/pyjet
+[GSD]: https://github.com/glotzerlab/gsd
+[ril]: https://github.com/Cryptex-github/ril-py
+[SiPM]: https://github.com/EdoPro98/SimSiPM
+[CorrectionLib]: https://github.com/cms-nanoAOD/correctionlib
+[pyinstrument_cext]: https://github.com/joerick/pyinstrument_cext
+[xmlstarlet]: https://github.com/dimitern/xmlstarlet
+[pybind11 cross build example]: https://github.com/wbarnha/pybind_cmake_example_crossbuild
+
+[appveyor icon]: data/readme_icons/appveyor.svg
+[github icon]: data/readme_icons/github.svg
+[azurepipelines icon]: data/readme_icons/azurepipelines.svg
+[circleci icon]: data/readme_icons/circleci.svg
+[gitlab icon]: data/readme_icons/gitlab.svg
+[travisci icon]: data/readme_icons/travisci.svg
+[cirrusci icon]: data/readme_icons/cirrusci.svg
+[windows icon]: data/readme_icons/windows.svg
+[apple icon]: data/readme_icons/apple.svg
+[linux icon]: data/readme_icons/linux.svg
+
+<!-- END bin/projects.py -->
+
+> Add your repo here! Let us know on [GitHub Discussions](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/discussions/485), or send a PR, adding your information to `docs/data/projects.yml`.
+>
+> <sup>I'd like to include notes here to indicate why an example might be interesting to cibuildwheel users - the styles/technologies/techniques used in each. Please include that in future additions!</sup>
 
 <style>
 .wy-nav-content {

examples/appveyor-minimal.yml

@@ -4,15 +4,15 @@ environment:
       APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python37-x64-ubuntu"
     - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2015
       APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python37-x64-vs2015"
-    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: macos-mojave
-      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python37-x64-macos-mojave"
+    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: macos
+      APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python37-x64-macos"
 
 stack: python 3.7
 
 init:
 - cmd: set PATH=C:\Python37;C:\Python37\Scripts;%PATH%
 
-install: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.0.1
+install: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.12.1
 
 build_script: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
 

examples/azure-pipelines-minimal.yml

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 jobs:
 - job: linux
-  pool: {vmImage: 'Ubuntu-16.04'}
+  pool: {vmImage: 'Ubuntu-20.04'}
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
     - bash: |
         set -o errexit
         python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        pip3 install cibuildwheel==2.0.1
+        pip3 install cibuildwheel==2.12.1
       displayName: Install dependencies
     - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
       displayName: Build wheels
@@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ jobs:
       inputs: {pathtoPublish: 'wheelhouse'}
 
 - job: macos
-  pool: {vmImage: 'macOS-10.15'}
+  pool: {vmImage: 'macOS-11'}
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
     - bash: |
         set -o errexit
         python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.0.1
+        python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.12.1
       displayName: Install dependencies
     - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
       displayName: Build wheels
@@ -28,13 +28,13 @@ jobs:
       inputs: {pathtoPublish: wheelhouse}
 
 - job: windows
-  pool: {vmImage: 'vs2017-win2016'}
+  pool: {vmImage: 'windows-2019'}
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
     - bash: |
         set -o errexit
         python -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        pip install cibuildwheel==2.0.1
+        pip install cibuildwheel==2.12.1
       displayName: Install dependencies
     - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
       displayName: Build wheels

examples/circleci-minimal.yml

@@ -4,18 +4,35 @@ jobs:
   linux-wheels:
     working_directory: ~/linux-wheels
     docker:
-      - image: circleci/python:3.6
+      - image: circleci/python:3.9
     steps:
       - checkout
       - setup_remote_docker
       - run:
           name: Build the Linux wheels.
           command: |
-            pip3 install --user cibuildwheel==2.0.1
+            pip3 install --user cibuildwheel==2.12.1
             cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       - store_artifacts:
           path: wheelhouse/
 
+  linux-aarch64-wheels:
+    working_directory: ~/linux-aarch64-wheels
+    machine:
+      image: ubuntu-2004:2022.04.1
+    # resource_class is what tells CircleCI to use an ARM worker for native arm builds
+    # https://circleci.com/product/features/resource-classes/
+    resource_class: arm.medium
+    steps:
+      - checkout
+      - run:
+          name: Build the Linux aarch64 wheels.
+          command: |
+            python3 -m pip install --user cibuildwheel==2.12.1
+            python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
+      - store_artifacts:
+          path: wheelhouse/
+
   osx-wheels:
     working_directory: ~/osx-wheels
     macos:
@@ -25,7 +42,7 @@ jobs:
       - run:
           name: Build the OS X wheels.
           command: |
-            pip3 install cibuildwheel==2.0.1
+            pip3 install cibuildwheel==2.12.1
             cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       - store_artifacts:
           path: wheelhouse/
@@ -35,4 +52,5 @@ workflows:
   all-tests:
     jobs:
       - linux-wheels
+      - linux-aarch64-wheels
       - osx-wheels

examples/cirrus-ci-intel-mac.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+build_and_store_wheels: &BUILD_AND_STORE_WHEELS
+  install_cibuildwheel_script:
+    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.12.1
+  run_cibuildwheel_script:
+    - cibuildwheel
+  wheels_artifacts:
+    path: "wheelhouse/*"
+
+
+macos_task:
+  name: Build macOS x86_64 and arm64 wheels.
+  macos_instance:
+    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-monterey-xcode
+
+  env:
+    PATH: /opt/homebrew/opt/python@3.10/bin:$PATH
+    CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS: x86_64 arm64
+  install_pre_requirements_script:
+    - brew install python@3.10
+    - ln -s python3 /opt/homebrew/opt/python@3.10/bin/python
+  <<: *BUILD_AND_STORE_WHEELS

examples/cirrus-ci-minimal.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+build_and_store_wheels: &BUILD_AND_STORE_WHEELS
+  install_cibuildwheel_script:
+    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.12.1
+  run_cibuildwheel_script:
+    - cibuildwheel
+  wheels_artifacts:
+    path: "wheelhouse/*"
+
+
+linux_x86_task:
+  name: Build Linux x86 wheels.
+  compute_engine_instance:
+    image_project: cirrus-images
+    image: family/docker-builder
+    platform: linux
+    cpu: 4
+    memory: 4G
+
+  install_pre_requirements_script:
+    - apt install -y python3-venv python-is-python3
+  <<: *BUILD_AND_STORE_WHEELS
+
+linux_aarch64_task:
+  name: Build Linux aarch64 wheels.
+  compute_engine_instance:
+    image_project: cirrus-images
+    image: family/docker-builder-arm64
+    architecture: arm64
+    platform: linux
+    cpu: 4
+    memory: 4G
+
+  install_pre_requirements_script:
+    - apt install -y python3-venv python-is-python3
+  <<: *BUILD_AND_STORE_WHEELS
+
+windows_x86_task:
+  name: Build Windows x86 wheels.
+  windows_container:
+    image: cirrusci/windowsservercore:visualstudio2022
+    cpu: 4
+    memory: 4G
+
+  install_pre_requirements_script:
+    - choco install -y --no-progress python3 --version 3.10.6
+    - refreshenv
+    - echo PATH=%PATH% >> "%CIRRUS_ENV%"
+  <<: *BUILD_AND_STORE_WHEELS
+
+macos_arm64_task:
+  name: Build macOS arm64 wheels.
+  macos_instance:
+    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-monterey-xcode
+
+  env:
+    PATH: /opt/homebrew/opt/python@3.10/bin:$PATH
+  install_pre_requirements_script:
+    - brew install python@3.10
+    - ln -s python3 /opt/homebrew/opt/python@3.10/bin/python
+  <<: *BUILD_AND_STORE_WHEELS

examples/github-apple-silicon.yml

@@ -4,16 +4,16 @@ on: [push, pull_request]
 
 jobs:
   build_wheels_macos:
-    name: Build wheels on macos-10.15
-    runs-on: macos-10.15
+    name: Build wheels on macos-11
+    runs-on: macos-11
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
 
       - name: Build wheels
-        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.0.1
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.12.1
         env:
-          CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS: x86_64 universal2
+          CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS: x86_64 arm64
 
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
         with:
           path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl

examples/github-deploy.yml

@@ -16,20 +16,15 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-20.04, windows-2019, macos-10.15]
+        os: [ubuntu-20.04, windows-2019, macos-11]
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
-
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
-        name: Install Python
-        with:
-          python-version: '3.8'
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
 
       - name: Build wheels
-        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.0.1
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.12.1
 
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
         with:
           path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl
 
@@ -37,17 +32,12 @@ jobs:
     name: Build source distribution
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
-
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
-        name: Install Python
-        with:
-          python-version: '3.8'
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
 
       - name: Build sdist
-        run: python setup.py sdist
+        run: pipx run build --sdist
 
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
         with:
           path: dist/*.tar.gz
 
@@ -55,16 +45,18 @@ jobs:
     needs: [build_wheels, build_sdist]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     # upload to PyPI on every tag starting with 'v'
-    if: github.event_name == 'push' && startsWith(github.event.ref, 'refs/tags/v')
+    if: github.event_name == 'push' && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v')
     # alternatively, to publish when a GitHub Release is created, use the following rule:
     # if: github.event_name == 'release' && github.event.action == 'published'
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v2
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
         with:
+          # unpacks default artifact into dist/
+          # if `name: artifact` is omitted, the action will create extra parent dir
           name: artifact
           path: dist
 
-      - uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@v1.4.2
+      - uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@v1.5.0
         with:
           user: __token__
           password: ${{ secrets.pypi_password }}

examples/github-minimal.yml

@@ -8,17 +8,21 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-20.04, windows-2019, macos-10.15]
+        os: [ubuntu-20.04, windows-2019, macos-11]
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
 
       - name: Build wheels
-        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.0.1
-        # to supply options, put them in 'env', like:
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.12.1
         # env:
         #   CIBW_SOME_OPTION: value
+        #    ...
+        # with:
+        #   package-dir: .
+        #   output-dir: wheelhouse
+        #   config-file: "{package}/pyproject.toml"
 
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
         with:
           path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl

examples/github-with-qemu.yml

@@ -8,29 +8,24 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-20.04, windows-2019, macos-10.15]
+        os: [ubuntu-20.04, windows-2019, macos-11]
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
-
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
-        name: Install Python
-        with:
-          python-version: '3.7'
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
 
       - name: Set up QEMU
         if: runner.os == 'Linux'
-        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v1
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
         with:
           platforms: all
 
       - name: Build wheels
-        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.0.1
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.12.1
         env:
           # configure cibuildwheel to build native archs ('auto'), and some
           # emulated ones
           CIBW_ARCHS_LINUX: auto aarch64 ppc64le s390x
 
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
         with:
           path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl

examples/gitlab-minimal.yml

@@ -12,8 +12,22 @@ linux:
     DOCKER_TLS_CERTDIR: ""
   script:
     - curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh
-    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.0.1
+    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.12.1
     - cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
   artifacts:
     paths:
       - wheelhouse/
+
+windows:
+  image: mcr.microsoft.com/windows/servercore:1809
+  before_script:
+    - choco install python -y --version 3.8.6
+    - choco install git.install -y
+    - py -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.12.1
+  script:
+    - py -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse --platform windows
+  artifacts:
+    paths:
+      - wheelhouse/
+  tags:
+    - windows

examples/gitlab-with-qemu.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+linux:
+  image: python:3.8
+  # make a docker daemon available for cibuildwheel to use
+  services:
+    - name: docker:dind
+      entrypoint: ["env", "-u", "DOCKER_HOST"]
+      command: ["dockerd-entrypoint.sh"]
+  variables:
+    DOCKER_HOST: tcp://docker:2375/
+    DOCKER_DRIVER: overlay2
+    # See https://github.com/docker-library/docker/pull/166
+    DOCKER_TLS_CERTDIR: ""
+  script:
+    - curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh
+    # Warning: This is extremely slow, be careful with how many wheels you build
+    - docker run --rm --privileged multiarch/qemu-user-static --reset -p yes
+    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.12.1
+    # Assuming your CI runner's default architecture is x86_64...
+    - cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse --platform linux --archs aarch64
+  artifacts:
+    paths:
+      - wheelhouse/

examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 os: linux
 dist: focal
 language: python
+python: "3.9"
 
 jobs:
   include:
@@ -19,11 +20,11 @@ jobs:
         - ln -s /c/Python38/python.exe /c/Python38/python3.exe
 
 install:
-  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.0.1
+  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.12.1
 
 script:
-  # build the wheels, put them into './wheelhouse'
-  - python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
+  # build the wheels, put them into './dist'
+  - python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir dist
 
 deploy:
   provider: pypi

examples/travis-ci-minimal.yml

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 os: linux
 dist: focal
 language: python
+python: "3.9"
 
 jobs:
   include:
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ jobs:
         - ln -s /c/Python38/python.exe /c/Python38/python3.exe
 
 install:
-  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.0.1
+  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.12.1
 
 script:
   # build the wheels, put them into './wheelhouse'

examples/travis-ci-test-and-deploy.yml

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ os: linux
 dist: focal
 language: python
 python:
-  - 3.6
   - 3.7
   - 3.8
 
@@ -26,7 +25,7 @@ install:
   - python3 -m pip install pytest
 
 script:
-  - python3 setup.py install
+  - python3 -m pip install .
   - pytest
 
 stages:
@@ -48,30 +47,24 @@ jobs:
     # Deploy source distribution
     - stage: deploy
       name: Deploy source distribution
-      install: skip
-      script: python3 setup.py sdist --formats=gztar
-      after_success: |
-        python3 -m pip install twine
-        python3 -m twine upload --skip-existing dist/*.tar.gz
+      install: python3 -m pip install build twine
+      script: python3 -m build --sdist --formats=gztar
+      after_success: python3 -m twine upload --skip-existing dist/*.tar.gz
     # Deploy on linux
     - stage: deploy
       name: Build and deploy Linux wheels
       services: docker
-      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.0.1
+      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.12.1 twine
       script: python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
-      after_success: |
-        python3 -m pip install twine
-        python3 -m twine upload --skip-existing wheelhouse/*.whl
+      after_success: python3 -m twine upload --skip-existing wheelhouse/*.whl
     # Deploy on windows
     - stage: deploy
       name: Build and deploy Windows wheels
       os: windows
       language: shell
-      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.0.1
+      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.12.1 twine
       script: python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
-      after_success: |
-        python3 -m pip install twine
-        python3 -m twine upload --skip-existing wheelhouse/*.whl
+      after_success: python3 -m twine upload --skip-existing wheelhouse/*.whl
 
 env:
   global:

mkdocs.yml

@@ -5,6 +5,9 @@ theme:
   highlightjs: true
   hljs_languages:
       - yaml
+  collapse_navigation: false
+  navigation_depth: 3
+  custom_dir: docs/theme_overrides
 repo_url: https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel
 edit_uri: edit/main/docs/
 
@@ -14,6 +17,7 @@ extra_css:
 extra_javascript:
   - extra.js
 
+
 nav:
   - Home: index.md
   - setup.md

noxfile.py

@@ -1,15 +1,21 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
 import shutil
 import sys
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import nox
 
-nox.options.sessions = ["lint", "tests"]
+nox.options.sessions = ["lint", "pylint", "check_manifest", "tests"]
 
-PYTHON_ALL_VERSIONS = ["3.6", "3.7", "3.8", "3.9"]
+PYTHON_ALL_VERSIONS = ["3.6", "3.7", "3.8", "3.9", "3.10", "3.11"]
 
 DIR = Path(__file__).parent.resolve()
 
+if os.environ.get("CI", None):
+    nox.options.error_on_missing_interpreters = True
+
 
 @nox.session
 def tests(session: nox.Session) -> None:
@@ -34,23 +40,63 @@ def lint(session: nox.Session) -> None:
     session.run("pre-commit", "run", "--all-files", *session.posargs)
 
 
+@nox.session
+def pylint(session: nox.Session) -> None:
+    """
+    Run pylint.
+    """
+
+    session.install("pylint", ".")
+    session.run("pylint", "cibuildwheel", *session.posargs)
+
+
+@nox.session
+def check_manifest(session: nox.Session) -> None:
+    """
+    Ensure all needed files are included in the manifest.
+    """
+
+    session.install("check-manifest")
+    session.run("check-manifest", *session.posargs)
+
+
 @nox.session(python=PYTHON_ALL_VERSIONS)
 def update_constraints(session: nox.Session) -> None:
     """
     Update the dependencies inplace.
     """
-    session.install("requests", "pip-tools")
-    session.run("python", "bin/update_dependencies.py")
+    session.install("pip-tools")
+    assert isinstance(session.python, str)
+    python_version = session.python.replace(".", "")
+    env = os.environ.copy()
+    # CUSTOM_COMPILE_COMMAND is a pip-compile option that tells users how to
+    # regenerate the constraints files
+    env["CUSTOM_COMPILE_COMMAND"] = f"nox -s {session.name}"
+    session.run(
+        "pip-compile",
+        "--allow-unsafe",
+        "--upgrade",
+        "cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in",
+        f"--output-file=cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python{python_version}.txt",
+        env=env,
+    )
+    if session.python == PYTHON_ALL_VERSIONS[-1]:
+        RESOURCES = DIR / "cibuildwheel" / "resources"
+        shutil.copyfile(
+            RESOURCES / f"constraints-python{python_version}.txt",
+            RESOURCES / "constraints.txt",
+        )
 
 
 @nox.session
 def update_pins(session: nox.Session) -> None:
     """
-    Update the python and docker pins version inplace.
+    Update the python, docker and virtualenv pins version inplace.
     """
     session.install("-e", ".[bin]")
     session.run("python", "bin/update_pythons.py", "--force")
     session.run("python", "bin/update_docker.py")
+    session.run("python", "bin/update_virtualenv.py", "--force")
 
 
 @nox.session
@@ -63,17 +109,17 @@ def update_proj(session: nox.Session) -> None:
         "python",
         "bin/projects.py",
         "docs/data/projects.yml",
-        "--readme=README.md",
         *session.posargs,
     )
 
 
-@nox.session
+@nox.session(python="3.9")
 def docs(session: nox.Session) -> None:
     """
     Build the docs.
     """
     session.install("-e", ".[docs]")
+    session.run("pip", "list")
 
     if session.posargs:
         if "serve" in session.posargs:

pyproject.toml

@@ -1,29 +1,26 @@
 [build-system]
 requires = [
     "setuptools>=42",
-    "wheel"
 ]
-
 build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
 
 
 [tool.black]
 line-length = 100
-target-version = ['py36', 'py37', 'py38', 'py39']
-
-
-[tool.isort]
-profile = "black"
-multi_line_output = 3
+target-version = ['py37', 'py38', 'py39', 'py310']
 
 
 [tool.pytest.ini_options]
-minversion = 6.0
+minversion = "6.0"
+addopts = ["-ra", "--showlocals", "--strict-markers", "--strict-config"]
 junit_family = "xunit2"
 testpaths = [
     "test",
     "unit_test",
 ]
+xfail_strict = true
+filterwarnings = ["error"]
+log_cli_level = "info"
 
 
 [tool.mypy]
@@ -32,9 +29,12 @@ files = [
     "cibuildwheel/*.py",
     "test/**/*.py",
     "unit_test/**/*.py",
-    "bin/*.py"
+    "bin/*.py",
+    "noxfile.py",
 ]
 warn_unused_configs = true
+show_error_codes = true
+
 warn_redundant_casts = true
 no_implicit_reexport = true
 strict_equality = true
@@ -46,6 +46,9 @@ disallow_any_generics = true
 warn_return_any = true
 no_implicit_optional = true
 
+enable_error_code = ["ignore-without-code", "redundant-expr", "truthy-bool"]
+warn_unreachable = true
+
 [[tool.mypy.overrides]]
 module = "cibuildwheel.*"
 disallow_untyped_defs = true
@@ -58,10 +61,89 @@ module = [
     "setuptools",
     "pytest", # ignored in pre-commit to speed up check
     "bashlex",
-    "toml.encoder", # encoder missing from stub package
-    "bracex",
+    "bashlex.*",
     "importlib_resources",
-    "nox",
-    "github",
 ]
 ignore_missing_imports = true
+
+
+[tool.check-manifest]
+ignore = [
+    ".*",
+    ".circleci/**",
+    "test/**",
+    "unit_test/**",
+    "docs/**",
+    "examples/**",
+    "bin/**",
+    "*.yml",
+    "CI.md",  # TODO: can change test/test_ssl and remove this
+    "requirements-dev.txt",
+    "noxfile.py",
+]
+
+[tool.pylint]
+master.py-version = "3.7"
+master.jobs = "0"
+master.fail-on = ["E", "F"]
+master.fail-under = "9.8"
+reports.output-format = "colorized"
+messages_control.enable = [
+  "useless-suppression",
+]
+messages_control.disable = [
+  "abstract-class-instantiated",  # filelock triggers this
+  "duplicate-code",
+  "fixme",
+  "invalid-name",
+  "line-too-long",
+  "missing-class-docstring",
+  "missing-function-docstring",
+  "missing-module-docstring",
+  "no-else-break",
+  "no-else-return",
+  "protected-access",
+  "too-few-public-methods",
+  "too-many-arguments",
+  "too-many-branches",
+  "too-many-instance-attributes",
+  "too-many-lines",
+  "too-many-locals",
+  "too-many-nested-blocks",
+  "too-many-return-statements",
+  "too-many-statements",
+  "unsubscriptable-object",
+  "wrong-import-position",
+  "unused-argument",  # Handled by Ruff
+  "broad-exception-raised",  # Could be improved eventually
+]
+
+[tool.ruff]
+select = [
+  "E", "F", "W",  # flake8
+  "B",  "B904",  # flake8-bugbear
+  "I",  # isort
+  "ARG",  # flake8-unused-arguments
+  "C4",  # flake8-comprehensions
+  "EM",  # flake8-errmsg
+  "ICN",  # flake8-import-conventions
+  "ISC",  # flake8-implicit-str-concat
+  "PGH",  # pygrep-hooks
+  "PIE",  # flake8-pie
+  "PLC", "PLE", "PLW",  # pylint
+  "PT",  # flake8-pytest-style
+  "RET",  # flake8-return
+  "RUF",  # Ruff-specific
+  "SIM",  # flake8-simplify
+  "UP",  # pyupgrade
+  "YTT",  # flake8-2020
+]
+extend-ignore = [
+  "PLR2004", "E501",
+  "RET504", "RET505", "RET508",  # else after control flow
+  "PT004",  # Rename suggested for returnless fixtures
+  "PT007",  # False positive (fixed upstream)
+]
+target-version = "py37"
+typing-modules = ["cibuildwheel.typing"]
+flake8-unused-arguments.ignore-variadic-names = true

setup.cfg

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 [metadata]
 name = cibuildwheel
-version = 2.0.1
+version = 2.12.1
 description = Build Python wheels on CI with minimal configuration.
 long_description = file: README.md
 long_description_content_type = text/markdown
 url = https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel
 author = Joe Rickerby
 author_email = joerick@mac.com
-license = BSD
+license = BSD-2-Clause
 license_file = LICENSE
 classifiers =
     Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
@@ -16,10 +16,11 @@ classifiers =
     Natural Language :: English
     Programming Language :: Python :: 3
     Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
-    Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6
     Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7
     Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
     Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+    Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+    Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
     Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython
     Topic :: Software Development :: Build Tools
 keywords = ci,wheel,packaging,pypi,travis,appveyor,macos,linux,windows
@@ -33,35 +34,22 @@ install_requires =
     bashlex!=0.13
     bracex
     certifi
-    packaging
-    toml
-    typing_extensions;python_version < '3.8'
-python_requires = >=3.6
+    filelock
+    packaging>=20.9
+    platformdirs
+    tomli;python_version < '3.11'
+    typing-extensions>=4.1.0;python_version < '3.11'
+python_requires = >=3.7
 include_package_data = True
 zip_safe = False
 
+[options.packages.find]
+include =
+    cibuildwheel
+
 [options.entry_points]
 console_scripts =
     cibuildwheel = cibuildwheel.__main__:main
 
 [options.package_data]
 cibuildwheel = resources/*
-
-[options.packages.find]
-include =
-    cibuildwheel
-
-[flake8]
-ignore = E501,W503,E741,E226,B950,E203
-select = C,E,F,W,B,B9
-application-import-names = cibuildwheel
-exclude =
-    cibuildwheel/resources/,
-    dist/,
-    build/,
-    .git/,
-    env/,
-    env2/,
-    env??/,
-    .venv/,
-    site/

setup.py

@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from setuptools import setup
 
 extras = {
     "docs": [
         "mkdocs-include-markdown-plugin==2.8.0",
-        "mkdocs==1.0.4",
+        "mkdocs==1.3.1",
+        "jinja2>=3.1.2",
         "pymdown-extensions",
         "mkdocs-macros-plugin",
     ],
@@ -11,10 +14,12 @@ extras = {
         "jinja2",
         "pytest>=6",
         "pytest-timeout",
+        "pytest-xdist",
+        "build",
+        "tomli_w",
     ],
     "bin": [
         "click",
-        "ghapi",
         "pip-tools",
         "pygithub",
         "pyyaml",
@@ -31,7 +36,6 @@ extras = {
         "types-pyyaml",
         "types-click",
         "types-requests",
-        "types-toml",
     ],
 }
 
@@ -41,6 +45,4 @@ extras["dev"] = [
     *extras["bin"],
 ]
 
-extras["all"] = sum(extras.values(), [])
-
 setup(extras_require=extras)

test/conftest.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Dict
+from __future__ import annotations
 
 import pytest
 
@@ -7,24 +7,17 @@ def pytest_addoption(parser) -> None:
     parser.addoption(
         "--run-emulation", action="store_true", default=False, help="run emulation tests"
     )
-
-
-def pytest_configure(config):
-    config.addinivalue_line("markers", "emulation: mark test requiring qemu binfmt_misc to run")
-
-
-def pytest_collection_modifyitems(config, items) -> None:
-    if config.getoption("--run-emulation"):
-        # --run-emulation given in cli: do not skip emulation tests
-        return
-    skip_emulation = pytest.mark.skip(reason="need --run-emulation option to run")
-    for item in items:
-        if "emulation" in item.keywords:
-            item.add_marker(skip_emulation)
+    parser.addoption("--run-podman", action="store_true", default=False, help="run podman tests")
+    parser.addoption(
+        "--run-cp38-universal2",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=False,
+        help="macOS cp38 uses the universal2 installer",
+    )
 
 
 @pytest.fixture(
     params=[{"CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND": "pip"}, {"CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND": "build"}], ids=["pip", "build"]
 )
-def build_frontend_env(request) -> Dict[str, str]:
-    return request.param  # type: ignore
+def build_frontend_env(request) -> dict[str, str]:
+    return request.param  # type: ignore[no-any-return]

test/test_0_basic.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import textwrap
 
 import pytest
@@ -18,7 +20,7 @@ basic_project = test_projects.new_c_project(
 )
 
 
-def test(tmp_path, build_frontend_env):
+def test(tmp_path, build_frontend_env, capfd):
     project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
     basic_project.generate(project_dir)
 
@@ -29,6 +31,12 @@ def test(tmp_path, build_frontend_env):
     expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0")
     assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)
 
+    # Verify pip warning not shown
+    captured = capfd.readouterr()
+    for stream in (captured.err, captured.out):
+        assert "WARNING: Running pip as the 'root' user can result" not in stream
+        assert "A new release of pip available" not in stream
+
 
 @pytest.mark.skip(reason="to keep test output clean")
 def test_sample_build(tmp_path, capfd):
@@ -56,4 +64,22 @@ def test_build_identifiers(tmp_path):
     build_identifiers = utils.cibuildwheel_get_build_identifiers(
         project_dir, prerelease_pythons=True
     )
-    assert len(expected_wheels) == len(build_identifiers)
+    assert len(expected_wheels) == len(
+        build_identifiers
+    ), f"{expected_wheels} vs {build_identifiers}"
+
+
+def test_allow_empty(tmp_path):
+    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
+    basic_project.generate(project_dir)
+
+    # Sanity check - --allow-empty should cause a no-op build to complete
+    # without error
+    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(
+        project_dir,
+        add_env={"CIBW_BUILD": "BUILD_NOTHING_AT_ALL"},
+        add_args=["--allow-empty"],
+    )
+
+    # check that nothing was built
+    assert len(actual_wheels) == 0

test/test_abi_variants.py

@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import textwrap
+
+from . import test_projects, utils
+
+limited_api_project = test_projects.new_c_project(
+    setup_py_add=textwrap.dedent(
+        r"""
+        cmdclass = {}
+        extension_kwargs = {}
+        if sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 8):
+            from wheel.bdist_wheel import bdist_wheel as _bdist_wheel
+
+            class bdist_wheel_abi3(_bdist_wheel):
+                def finalize_options(self):
+                    _bdist_wheel.finalize_options(self)
+                    self.root_is_pure = False
+
+                def get_tag(self):
+                    python, abi, plat = _bdist_wheel.get_tag(self)
+                    return python, "abi3", plat
+
+            cmdclass["bdist_wheel"] = bdist_wheel_abi3
+            extension_kwargs["define_macros"] = [("Py_LIMITED_API", "0x03080000")]
+            extension_kwargs["py_limited_api"] = True
+    """
+    ),
+    setup_py_extension_args_add="**extension_kwargs",
+    setup_py_setup_args_add="cmdclass=cmdclass",
+)
+
+
+def test_abi3(tmp_path):
+    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
+    limited_api_project.generate(project_dir)
+
+    # build the wheels
+    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(
+        project_dir,
+        add_env={
+            "CIBW_SKIP": "pp* ",  # PyPy does not have a Py_LIMITED_API equivalent
+        },
+    )
+
+    # check that the expected wheels are produced
+    expected_wheels = [
+        w.replace("cp38-cp38", "cp38-abi3")
+        for w in utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0")
+        if "-pp" not in w and "-cp39" not in w and "-cp310" not in w and "-cp311" not in w
+    ]
+    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)
+
+
+ctypes_project = test_projects.TestProject()
+ctypes_project.files["setup.py"] = textwrap.dedent(
+    """
+    from setuptools import setup, Extension
+
+    from distutils.command.build_ext import build_ext as _build_ext
+    class CTypesExtension(Extension): pass
+    class build_ext(_build_ext):
+        def build_extension(self, ext):
+            self._ctypes = isinstance(ext, CTypesExtension)
+            return super().build_extension(ext)
+
+        def get_export_symbols(self, ext):
+            if self._ctypes:
+                return ext.export_symbols
+            return super().get_export_symbols(ext)
+
+        def get_ext_filename(self, ext_name):
+            if self._ctypes:
+                return ext_name + '.so'
+            return super().get_ext_filename(ext_name)
+
+    from wheel.bdist_wheel import bdist_wheel as _bdist_wheel
+    class bdist_wheel_abi_none(_bdist_wheel):
+        def finalize_options(self):
+            _bdist_wheel.finalize_options(self)
+            self.root_is_pure = False
+
+        def get_tag(self):
+            python, abi, plat = _bdist_wheel.get_tag(self)
+            return "py3", "none", plat
+
+    setup(
+        name="ctypesexample",
+        version="1.0.0",
+        py_modules = ["ctypesexample.summing"],
+        ext_modules=[
+            CTypesExtension(
+                "ctypesexample.csumlib",
+                ["ctypesexample/csumlib.c"],
+            ),
+        ],
+        cmdclass={'build_ext': build_ext, 'bdist_wheel': bdist_wheel_abi_none},
+    )
+    """
+)
+ctypes_project.files["ctypesexample/csumlib.c"] = textwrap.dedent(
+    """
+    #ifdef _WIN32
+    #define LIBRARY_API __declspec(dllexport)
+    #else
+    #define LIBRARY_API
+    #endif
+
+    #include <stdlib.h>
+
+
+    LIBRARY_API double *add_vec3(double *a, double *b)
+    {
+        double *res = malloc(sizeof(double) * 3);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i)
+        {
+            res[i] = a[i] + b[i];
+        }
+
+        return res;
+    }
+    """
+)
+ctypes_project.files["ctypesexample/summing.py"] = textwrap.dedent(
+    """
+    import ctypes
+    import pathlib
+
+    # path of the shared library
+    libfile = pathlib.Path(__file__).parent / "csumlib.so"
+    csumlib = ctypes.CDLL(str(libfile))
+
+    type_vec3 = ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_double * 3)
+
+    csumlib.add_vec3.restype = type_vec3
+    csumlib.add_vec3.argtypes = [type_vec3, type_vec3]
+    def add(a: list, b: list) -> list:
+        a_p = (ctypes.c_double * 3)(*a)
+        b_p = (ctypes.c_double * 3)(*b)
+        r_p = csumlib.add_vec3(a_p,b_p)
+
+        return [l for l in r_p.contents]
+    """
+)
+
+ctypes_project.files["test/add_test.py"] = textwrap.dedent(
+    """
+    import ctypesexample.summing
+
+    def test():
+        a = [1, 2, 3]
+        b = [4, 5, 6]
+        assert ctypesexample.summing.add(a, b) == [5, 7, 9]
+    """
+)
+
+
+def test_abi_none(tmp_path, capfd):
+    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
+    ctypes_project.generate(project_dir)
+
+    # build the wheels
+    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(
+        project_dir,
+        add_env={
+            "CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES": "pytest",
+            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": "pytest {project}/test",
+            # limit the number of builds for test performance reasons
+            "CIBW_BUILD": "cp38-* cp310-* pp39-*",
+        },
+    )
+
+    # check that the expected wheels are produced
+    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("ctypesexample", "1.0.0", python_abi_tags=["py3-none"])
+    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)
+
+    # check that each wheel was built once, and reused
+    captured = capfd.readouterr()
+    assert "Building wheel..." in captured.out
+    assert "Found previously built wheel" in captured.out

test/test_before_all.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import subprocess
 import textwrap
 

test/test_before_build.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import subprocess
 import textwrap
 

test/test_before_test.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from . import test_projects, utils
 
 before_test_project = test_projects.new_c_project()