Bump version: v2.4.0

Co-authored-by: joerick <joerick@users.noreply.github.com>

.circleci/config.yml

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ version: 2
 jobs:
   osx-python3.6:
     macos:
-      xcode: 9.4.1
+      xcode: 12.5.1
     environment:
       PYTHON: python3
     steps:
@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@ jobs:
       - image: circleci/python:3.6
     environment:
       PYTHON: python3
+      # Temporarily restrict the tests that are run on CircleCI to prevent
+      # test timeouts.
+      PYTEST_ADDOPTS: -k "unit_test or main_tests or test_0_basic or test_docker_images"
     steps:
       - checkout
       - setup_remote_docker

.circleci/prepare.sh

@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
 set -o errexit
 set -o xtrace
 
 $PYTHON --version
 $PYTHON -m pip --version
-$PYTHON -m virtualenv -p $PYTHON venv
+$PYTHON -m virtualenv -p "$PYTHON" venv
 venv/bin/python -m pip install -e ".[dev]"
 venv/bin/python -m pip freeze
 venv/bin/python --version

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+name: General issue
+description: Open a general issue
+
+body:
+- type: markdown
+  attributes:
+    value: |
+      Hi! If you're not sure whether your problem is a bug in cibuildwheel or something else, please consider asking a question in the Discussions tab first.
+
+- type: textarea
+  id: description
+  attributes:
+    label: Description
+
+- type: input
+  id: log
+  attributes:
+    label: Build log
+    description: If relevant, please provide a link to a build log that shows the problem
+    placeholder: https://...
+  validations:
+    required: false
+
+- type: input
+  id: ci-config
+  attributes:
+    label: CI config
+    description: Link to the CI config that produced the build log above. e.g. the Github Actions workflow file
+    placeholder: https://...
+  validations:
+    required: false

.github/auto-merge.yml

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-# config file for https://github.com/bobvanderlinden/probot-auto-merge
-
-# no approvals required, just the label is enough
-minApprovals: {}
-
-requiredLabels:
-- merge when green

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+version: 2
+updates:
+  # Maintain dependencies for GitHub Actions
+  - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "weekly"
+    ignore:
+      - dependency-name: "actions/*"
+        update-types: ["version-update:semver-minor", "version-update:semver-patch"]

.github/matchers/pylint.json

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+{
+  "problemMatcher": [
+    {
+      "severity": "warning",
+      "pattern": [
+        {
+          "regexp": "^([^:]+):(\\d+):(\\d+): ([A-DF-Z]\\d+): \\033\\[[\\d;]+m([^\\033]+).*$",
+          "file": 1,
+          "line": 2,
+          "column": 3,
+          "code": 4,
+          "message": 5
+        }
+      ],
+      "owner": "pylint-warning"
+    },
+    {
+      "severity": "error",
+      "pattern": [
+        {
+          "regexp": "^([^:]+):(\\d+):(\\d+): (E\\d+): \\033\\[[\\d;]+m([^\\033]+).*$",
+          "file": 1,
+          "line": 2,
+          "column": 3,
+          "code": 4,
+          "message": 5
+        }
+      ],
+      "owner": "pylint-error"
+    }
+  ]
+}

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+name: Release
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+  pull_request:
+  release:
+    types:
+    - published
+
+jobs:
+  dist:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+
+    - name: Build SDist and wheel
+      run: pipx run build
+
+    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+      with:
+        path: dist/*
+
+    - name: Check metadata
+      run: pipx run twine check dist/*
+
+  publish:
+    needs: [dist]
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: github.event_name == 'release' && github.event.action == 'published'
+
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v2
+      with:
+        name: artifact
+        path: dist
+
+    - uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@v1.5.0
+      with:
+        user: __token__
+        password: ${{ secrets.pypi_password }}

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -3,52 +3,54 @@ name: Test
 on:
   push:
     branches:
-      - master
+      - main
   pull_request:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'docs/**'
   workflow_dispatch:
     # allow manual runs on branches without a PR
 
+concurrency:
+  group: test-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
 jobs:
-  pre-commit:
-    name: Pre-commit checks (mypy, flake8, etc.)
+  lint:
+    name: Linters (mypy, flake8, etc.)
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
-    - uses: pre-commit/action@v2.0.0
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v3
+    - uses: pre-commit/action@v2.0.3
+    - name: Check manifest
+      run: pipx run nox -s check_manifest
+    - name: PyLint checks
+      run: |
+        echo "::add-matcher::$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/.github/matchers/pylint.json"
+        pipx run nox -s pylint
 
   test:
     name: Test cibuildwheel on ${{ matrix.os }}
+    needs: lint
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]
-        python_version: ['3.7']
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-11]
+        python_version: ['3.10']
     timeout-minutes: 180
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v3
       name: Install Python ${{ matrix.python_version }}
       with:
         python-version: ${{ matrix.python_version }}
 
     - name: Install dependencies
       run: |
-        python -m pip install -e ".[dev]"
-
-    - name: Install Visual C++ for Python 2.7
-      if: runner.os == 'Windows'
-      run: |
-        choco install vcpython27 -f -y
-
-    - name: Get PR labels
-      id: pr-labels
-      uses: joerick/pr-labels-action@v1.0.6
+        python -m pip install ".[test]"
 
     - name: Sample build
-      if: contains(steps.pr-labels.outputs.labels, ' ci-sample-build ')
+      if: "contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'CI: Sample build')"
       run: |
         python bin/sample_build.py
 
@@ -70,14 +72,15 @@ jobs:
 
   test-emulated:
     name: Test emulated cibuildwheel using qemu
+    needs: lint
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     timeout-minutes: 180
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v3
     - name: Install dependencies
       run: |
-        python -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
+        python -m pip install ".[test]"
 
     - name: Set up QEMU
       id: qemu

.github/workflows/update-dependencies.yml

@@ -8,23 +8,31 @@ on:
 jobs:
   update-dependencies:
     name: Update dependencies
+    if: github.repository_owner == 'pypa' || github.event_name != 'schedule'
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
-      name: Install Python 3.9
-      with:
-        python-version: 3.9
-        architecture: x64
-    - name: Install dependencies
-      run: python -m pip install ".[dev]"
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+    - uses: excitedleigh/setup-nox@v2.0.0
+
     - name: "Run update: dependencies"
-      run: python ./bin/update_dependencies.py
+      run: nox --force-color -s update_constraints
     - name: "Run update: python configs"
-      run: python ./bin/update_pythons.py --force
+      run: nox --force-color -s update_pins
+    - name: "Run update: docs user projects"
+      run: nox --force-color -s update_proj -- --auth=${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+
+    # we use this step to grab a Github App auth token, so that PRs generated by this workflow
+    # run the GHA tests.
+    - uses: tibdex/github-app-token@v1
+      id: generate-token
+      if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' && github.repository == 'pypa/cibuildwheel'
+      with:
+        app_id: ${{ secrets.CIBUILDWHEEL_BOT_APP_ID }}
+        private_key: ${{ secrets.CIBUILDWHEEL_BOT_APP_PRIVATE_KEY }}
+
     - name: Create Pull Request
-      if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/master'
-      uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v3
+      if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' && github.repository == 'pypa/cibuildwheel'
+      uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v4
       with:
         commit-message: Update dependencies
         title: '[Bot] Update dependencies'
@@ -33,4 +41,5 @@ jobs:
 
           PR generated by "Update dependencies" [workflow](https://github.com/${{github.repository}}/actions/runs/${{github.run_id}}).
         branch: update-dependencies-pr
+        token: ${{ steps.generate-token.outputs.token }}
         delete-branch: true

.gitignore

@@ -114,3 +114,6 @@ site/
 
 # Virtual environments
 venv*
+
+# PyCharm
+.idea/

.gitlab-ci.yml

@@ -9,7 +9,11 @@ linux:
     DOCKER_DRIVER: overlay2
     # See https://github.com/docker-library/docker/pull/166
     DOCKER_TLS_CERTDIR: ""
+
+    # skip all but the basic tests
+    # (comment the below line in a PR to debug a Gitlab-specific issue)
+    PYTEST_ADDOPTS: -k "unit_test or test_0_basic" --suppress-no-test-exit-code
   script:
     - curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh
-    - python -m pip install -e ".[dev]"
+    - python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
     - python ./bin/run_tests.py

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -1,60 +1,128 @@
 repos:
 
 - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
-  rev: v3.4.0
+  rev: v4.1.0
   hooks:
   - id: check-case-conflict
   - id: check-merge-conflict
   - id: check-yaml
+  - id: check-toml
+  - id: debug-statements
   - id: end-of-file-fixer
     exclude: (cibuildwheel/resources/pinned_docker_images.cfg)|(.svg$)
   - id: mixed-line-ending
   - id: trailing-whitespace
 
+- repo: https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade
+  rev: v2.31.1
+  hooks:
+  - id: pyupgrade
+    name: PyUpgrade 3.6+
+    args: ["--py36-plus"]
+    exclude: ^bin/
+  - id: pyupgrade
+    name: PyUpgrade 3.7+ on bin
+    exclude: ^(cibuildwheel|unit_test|test)/
+    args: ["--py37-plus"]
+
+# Autoremoves unused imports
+- repo: https://github.com/hadialqattan/pycln
+  rev: v1.2.5
+  hooks:
+  - id: pycln
+    args: [--all]
+    stages: [manual]
+
 - repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/isort
-  rev: 5.7.0
+  rev: 5.10.1
   hooks:
   - id: isort
 
 - repo: https://github.com/psf/black
-  rev: 20.8b1
+  rev: 22.3.0
   hooks:
   - id: black
-    files: ^bin/update_pythons.py|setup.py$
+
+- repo: https://github.com/asottile/setup-cfg-fmt
+  rev: v1.20.0
+  hooks:
+  - id: setup-cfg-fmt
 
 - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy
-  rev: v0.800
+  rev: v0.942
   hooks:
   - id: mypy
-    exclude: ^(bin/|cibuildwheel/resources/).*py$
-    additional_dependencies: [packaging]
-    args: ["--python-version=3.6", "--ignore-missing-imports", "--scripts-are-modules"]
+    name: mypy 3.6 on cibuildwheel/
+    exclude: ^(bin|cibuildwheel/resources|docs)/.*py$
+    args: ["--python-version=3.6"]
+    additional_dependencies: &mypy-dependencies
+      - nox
+      - packaging>=21.0
+      - pygithub
+      - rich
+      - tomli
+      - types-certifi
+      - types-click
+      - types-dataclasses
+      - types-jinja2
+      - types-pyyaml
+      - types-requests
+      - bracex
+      - dataclasses
   - id: mypy
     name: mypy 3.7+ on bin/
-    files: ^bin/.*py$
-    additional_dependencies: [packaging]
-    args: ["--python-version=3.7", "--ignore-missing-imports", "--scripts-are-modules"]
+    files: ^((bin|docs)/.*py)$
+    args: ["--python-version=3.7"]
+    additional_dependencies: *mypy-dependencies
+  - id: mypy
+    name: mypy 3.10
+    args: ["--python-version=3.10"]
+    additional_dependencies: *mypy-dependencies
 
-- repo: https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade
-  rev: v2.9.0
+- repo: https://github.com/asottile/yesqa
+  rev: v1.3.0
   hooks:
-  - id: pyupgrade
-    args: ["--py36-plus"]
+  - id: yesqa
+    additional_dependencies: &flake8-dependencies
+    - flake8-bugbear
 
-- repo: https://gitlab.com/pycqa/flake8
-  rev: 3.8.4
+- repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/flake8
+  rev: 4.0.1
   hooks:
   - id: flake8
     exclude: cibuildwheel/resources/
-    additional_dependencies: [flake8-bugbear]
+    additional_dependencies: *flake8-dependencies
 
+- repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pygrep-hooks
+  rev: v1.9.0
+  hooks:
+  - id: python-check-blanket-noqa
+    stages: [manual]
+  - id: python-no-log-warn
+  - id: python-no-eval
+  - id: python-use-type-annotations
+
+- repo: https://github.com/shellcheck-py/shellcheck-py
+  rev: v0.8.0.4
+  hooks:
+  - id: shellcheck
 
-# The original pybind11 checks for a few C++ style items
 - repo: local
   hooks:
   - id: disallow-caps
     name: Disallow improper capitalization
     language: pygrep
-    entry: PyBind|Numpy|Cmake|Github
+    entry: PyBind|Numpy|Cmake|Github|PyTest
     types:
     - markdown
+  - id: update-readme-changelog
+    name: Update README changelog
+    language: python
+    entry: bin/update_readme_changelog.py
+    files: ^docs/changelog.md$
+
+- repo: https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell
+  rev: v2.1.0
+  hooks:
+  - id: codespell
+    args: ["-L", "sur"]

.travis.yml

@@ -1,59 +1,55 @@
-language: minimal
+os: linux
+dist: focal
+language: python
 
 branches:
   only:
-  - master
+  - main
 
 jobs:
   include:
     - name: Linux | x86_64 + i686 | Python 3.6
-      language: python
       python: 3.6
       services: docker
       env: PYTHON=python
 
     - name: Linux | arm64 | Python 3.6
-      language: python
       python: 3.6
       services: docker
-      arch: arm64
+      arch: arm64-graviton2
+      group: edge
+      virt: vm
       env: PYTHON=python
 
     - name: Linux | ppc64le | Python 3.6
-      language: python
       python: 3.6
       services: docker
       arch: ppc64le
-      env: PYTHON=python
-
-    - name: macOS | x86_64 | Python 3.x
-      os: osx
+      allow_failure: True
       env:
-        - PYTHON=python3
-        - PYTEST_ADDOPTS='-k "unit_test or test_0_basic" --suppress-no-test-exit-code'
+        - PYTHON=python
+        # skip test_manylinuxXXXX_only, it uses too much disk space
+        # c.f. https://travis-ci.community/t/running-out-of-disk-space-quota-when-using-docker-on-ppc64le/11634
+        - PYTEST_ADDOPTS='-k "not test_manylinuxXXXX_only"'
 
     - name: Windows | x86_64 | Python 3.6
       os: windows
       language: shell
       before_install:
-       - choco install python3 --version 3.6.8 --no-progress -y
-       # Update root certificates to fix SSL error; see http://www.chawn.com/RootCerts.htm
-       - powershell "md C:\temp\certs; CertUtil -generateSSTFromWU C:\temp\certs\RootStore.sst; Get-ChildItem -Path C:\\temp\certs\Rootstore.sst | Import-Certificate -CertStoreLocation Cert:\\LocalMachine\\Root\\ | out-null"
+        - choco upgrade python3 -y --version 3.6.8 --limit-output
+        # Update root certificates to fix SSL error; see http://www.chawn.com/RootCerts.htm
+        - powershell "md C:\temp\certs; CertUtil -generateSSTFromWU C:\temp\certs\RootStore.sst; Get-ChildItem -Path C:\\temp\certs\Rootstore.sst | Import-Certificate -CertStoreLocation Cert:\\LocalMachine\\Root\\ | out-null"
       env:
         - PYTHON=C:\\Python36\\python
 
-    - &linux_s390x_36
-      name: Linux | s390x | Python 3.6
-      language: python
+    - name: Linux | s390x | Python 3.6
       python: 3.6
       services: docker
       arch: s390x
       env: PYTHON=python
 
-  allow_failures:
-    # must repeat the s390x job above exactly to match
-    - *linux_s390x_36
-
-install: $PYTHON -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
+install:
+- $PYTHON -m pip install -U pip
+- $PYTHON -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
 
 script: $PYTHON ./bin/run_tests.py

CI.md

@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 This is a summary of the Python versions and platforms covered by the different CI platforms:
 
-|          | 3.6                          | 3.7                                      | 3.8              |
-|----------|------------------------------|------------------------------------------|------------------|
-| Linux    | Travis CI / CircleCI         | AppVeyor² / GitHub Actions               | Azure Pipelines  |
-| macOS    | CircleCI                     | AppVeyor² / Travis CI¹ / GitHub Actions  | Azure Pipelines  |
-| Windows  | Travis CI / Azure Pipelines  | AppVeyor² / GitHub Actions               | Azure Pipelines  |
+|          | 3.6                          | 3.7                         | 3.8              |
+|----------|------------------------------|-----------------------------|------------------|
+| Linux    | Travis CI / CircleCI         | AppVeyor¹ / GitHub Actions  | Azure Pipelines  |
+| macOS    | CircleCI                     | AppVeyor¹ / GitHub Actions  | Azure Pipelines  |
+| Windows  | Travis CI / Azure Pipelines  | AppVeyor¹ / GitHub Actions  | Azure Pipelines  |
 
-> ¹ Python version not really pinned, but dependent on the (default) version of image used.
-> ² AppVeyor only runs the "basic" test to reduce load.
+> ¹ AppVeyor only runs the "basic" test to reduce load.
 
 Non-x86 architectures are covered on Travis CI using Python 3.6.

CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md

@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-# Contributor Covenant Code of Conduct
-
-## Our Pledge
-
-In the interest of fostering an open and welcoming environment, we as contributors and maintainers pledge to making participation in our project and our community a harassment-free experience for everyone, regardless of age, body size, disability, ethnicity, gender identity and expression, level of experience, nationality, personal appearance, race, religion, or sexual identity and orientation.
-
-## Our Standards
-
-Examples of behavior that contributes to creating a positive environment include:
-
-* Using welcoming and inclusive language
-* Being respectful of differing viewpoints and experiences
-* Gracefully accepting constructive criticism
-* Focusing on what is best for the community
-* Showing empathy towards other community members
-
-Examples of unacceptable behavior by participants include:
-
-* The use of sexualized language or imagery and unwelcome sexual attention or advances
-* Trolling, insulting/derogatory comments, and personal or political attacks
-* Public or private harassment
-* Publishing others' private information, such as a physical or electronic address, without explicit permission
-* Other conduct which could reasonably be considered inappropriate in a professional setting
-
-## Our Responsibilities
-
-Project maintainers are responsible for clarifying the standards of acceptable behavior and are expected to take appropriate and fair corrective action in response to any instances of unacceptable behavior.
-
-Project maintainers have the right and responsibility to remove, edit, or reject comments, commits, code, wiki edits, issues, and other contributions that are not aligned to this Code of Conduct, or to ban temporarily or permanently any contributor for other behaviors that they deem inappropriate, threatening, offensive, or harmful.
-
-## Scope
-
-This Code of Conduct applies both within project spaces and in public spaces when an individual is representing the project or its community. Examples of representing a project or community include using an official project e-mail address, posting via an official social media account, or acting as an appointed representative at an online or offline event. Representation of a project may be further defined and clarified by project maintainers.
-
-## Enforcement
-
-Instances of abusive, harassing, or otherwise unacceptable behavior may be reported by contacting the project team at joerick@mac.com. The project team will review and investigate all complaints, and will respond in a way that it deems appropriate to the circumstances. The project team is obligated to maintain confidentiality with regard to the reporter of an incident. Further details of specific enforcement policies may be posted separately.
-
-Project maintainers who do not follow or enforce the Code of Conduct in good faith may face temporary or permanent repercussions as determined by other members of the project's leadership.
-
-## Attribution
-
-This Code of Conduct is adapted from the [Contributor Covenant][homepage], version 1.4, available at [http://contributor-covenant.org/version/1/4][version]
-
-[homepage]: http://contributor-covenant.org
-[version]: http://contributor-covenant.org/version/1/4/

LICENSE

@@ -22,7 +22,3 @@ SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
 CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
 OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
 OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
-
-
-Get-pip and Pip (bundled in cibuildwheel/resources) are licensed under the MIT
-license. See https://github.com/pypa/get-pip/blob/master/LICENSE.txt

MANIFEST.in

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+recursive-include cibuildwheel *.cfg
+recursive-include cibuildwheel *.in
+recursive-include cibuildwheel *.py
+recursive-include cibuildwheel *.toml
+recursive-include cibuildwheel *.txt
+recursive-include cibuildwheel *.typed

README.md

@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@ cibuildwheel
 
 [![PyPI](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/cibuildwheel.svg)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/cibuildwheel)
 [![Documentation Status](https://readthedocs.org/projects/cibuildwheel/badge/?version=stable)](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/?badge=stable)
-[![Actions Status](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/workflows/Test/badge.svg)](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/actions)
-[![Travis Status](https://img.shields.io/travis/joerick/cibuildwheel/master?logo=travis)](https://travis-ci.org/joerick/cibuildwheel)
-[![AppVeyor status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/wbsgxshp05tt1tif/branch/master?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/joerick/cibuildwheel/branch/master)
-[![CircleCI Status](https://img.shields.io/circleci/build/gh/joerick/cibuildwheel/master?logo=circleci)](https://circleci.com/gh/joerick/cibuildwheel)
-[![Azure Status](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_apis/build/status/joerick.cibuildwheel?branchName=master)](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_build/latest?definitionId=2&branchName=master)
+[![Actions Status](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/workflows/Test/badge.svg)](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/actions)
+[![Travis Status](https://img.shields.io/travis/com/pypa/cibuildwheel/main?logo=travis)](https://travis-ci.com/pypa/cibuildwheel)
+[![Appveyor status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/gt3vwl88yt0y3hur/branch/main?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/joerick/cibuildwheel/branch/main)
+[![CircleCI Status](https://img.shields.io/circleci/build/gh/pypa/cibuildwheel/main?logo=circleci)](https://circleci.com/gh/pypa/cibuildwheel)
+[![Azure Status](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_apis/build/status/pypa.cibuildwheel?branchName=main)](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_build/latest?definitionId=4&branchName=main)
 
 
 [Documentation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.org)
@@ -22,25 +22,28 @@ Python wheels are great. Building them across **Mac, Linux, Windows**, on **mult
 What does it do?
 ----------------
 
-|   | macOS Intel | macOS Apple Silicon | Windows 64bit | Windows 32bit | manylinux x86_64 | manylinux i686 | manylinux aarch64 | manylinux ppc64le | manylinux s390x |
-|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
-| CPython 2.7     | ✅ |   | ✅¹ | ✅¹ | ✅ | ✅ |    |    |   |
-| CPython 3.5     | ✅ |   | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
-| CPython 3.6     | ✅ |   | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
-| CPython 3.7     | ✅ |   | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
-| CPython 3.8     | ✅ |   | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
-| CPython 3.9     | ✅ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
-| PyPy 2.7 v7.3.3 | ✅ |    |    | ✅  | ✅ |    |    |    |   |
-| PyPy 3.6 v7.3.3 | ✅ |    |    | ✅  | ✅ |    |    |    |   |
-| PyPy 3.7 (beta) v7.3.3 | ✅ | |  | ✅  | ✅ |    |    |   |    |
+|   | macOS Intel | macOS Apple Silicon | Windows 64bit | Windows 32bit | Windows Arm64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux x86_64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux i686 | manylinux<br/>musllinux aarch64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux ppc64le | manylinux<br/>musllinux s390x |
+|---------------|----|-----|-----|-----|-----|----|-----|----|-----|-----|
+| CPython 3.6   | ✅ | N/A | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
+| CPython 3.7   | ✅ | N/A | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
+| CPython 3.8   | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
+| CPython 3.9   | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅³ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
+| CPython 3.10  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
+| PyPy 3.7 v7.3 | ✅ | N/A | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.8 v7.3 | ✅ | N/A | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.9 v7.3 | ✅ | N/A | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A |
 
-<sup>¹ Not supported on Travis</sup><br>
+<sup>¹ PyPy is only supported for manylinux wheels.</sup><br>
+<sup>² Windows arm64 support is experimental.</sup><br>
+<sup>³ Alpine 3.14 and very briefly 3.15's default python3 [was not able to load](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/934) musllinux wheels. This has been fixed; please upgrade the python package if using Alpine from before the fix.</sup><br>
 
-- Builds manylinux, macOS 10.9+, and Windows wheels for CPython and PyPy
+- Builds manylinux, musllinux, macOS 10.9+, and Windows wheels for CPython and PyPy
 - Works on GitHub Actions, Azure Pipelines, Travis CI, AppVeyor, CircleCI, and GitLab CI
 - Bundles shared library dependencies on Linux and macOS through [auditwheel](https://github.com/pypa/auditwheel) and [delocate](https://github.com/matthew-brett/delocate)
 - Runs your library's tests against the wheel-installed version of your library
 
+See the [cibuildwheel 1 documentation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/1.x/) if you need to build unsupported versions of Python, such as Python 2.
+
 Usage
 -----
 
@@ -48,23 +51,21 @@ Usage
 
 |                 | Linux | macOS | Windows | Linux ARM |
 |-----------------|-------|-------|---------|--------------|
-| GitHub Actions  | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅¹           |
+| GitHub Actions  | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅¹          |
 | Azure Pipelines | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      |              |
-| Travis CI       | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅           |
+| Travis CI       | ✅    |       | ✅      | ✅           |
 | AppVeyor        | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      |              |
 | CircleCI        | ✅    | ✅    |         |              |
 | Gitlab CI       | ✅    |       |         |              |
 
 <sup>¹ [Requires emulation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#emulation), distributed separately. Other services may also support Linux ARM through emulation or third-party build hosts, but these are not tested in our CI.</sup><br>
 
-`cibuildwheel` is not intended to run on your development machine. Because it uses system Python from Python.org on macOS and Windows, it will try to install packages globally - not what you expect from a build tool! Instead, isolated CI services like those mentioned above are ideal. For Linux builds, it uses manylinux docker images, so those can be done locally for testing in a pinch.
-
 <!--intro-end-->
 
 Example setup
 -------------
 
-To build manylinux, macOS, and Windows wheels on GitHub Actions, you could use this `.github/workflows/wheels.yml`:
+To build manylinux, musllinux, macOS, and Windows wheels on GitHub Actions, you could use this `.github/workflows/wheels.yml`:
 
 ```yaml
 name: Build
@@ -86,7 +87,7 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
 
       - name: Install cibuildwheel
-        run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.9.0
+        run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.4.0
 
       - name: Build wheels
         run: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
@@ -99,7 +100,7 @@ jobs:
           path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl
 ```
 
-For more information, including building on Python 2, PyPI deployment, and the use of other CI services or the dedicated GitHub Action, check out the [documentation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.org) and the [examples](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/tree/master/examples).
+For more information, including PyPI deployment, and the use of other CI services or the dedicated GitHub Action, check out the [documentation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.org) and the [examples](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/tree/main/examples).
 
 Options
 -------
@@ -108,13 +109,16 @@ Options
 |---|--------|-------------|
 | **Build selection** | [`CIBW_PLATFORM`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#platform)  | Override the auto-detected target platform |
 |   | [`CIBW_BUILD`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#build-skip)  <br> [`CIBW_SKIP`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#build-skip)  | Choose the Python versions to build |
-|   | [`CIBW_ARCHS`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#archs)  | Change the architectures built on your machine by default |
+|   | [`CIBW_ARCHS`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#archs)  | Change the architectures built on your machine by default. |
 |   | [`CIBW_PROJECT_REQUIRES_PYTHON`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#requires-python)  | Manually set the Python compatibility of your project |
-| **Build customization** | [`CIBW_ENVIRONMENT`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#environment)  | Set environment variables needed during the build |
+|   | [`CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#prerelease-pythons)  | Enable building with pre-release versions of Python if available |
+| **Build customization** | [`CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#build-frontend)  | Set the tool to use to build, either "pip" (default for now) or "build" |
+|   | [`CIBW_ENVIRONMENT`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#environment)  | Set environment variables needed during the build |
+|   | [`CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_PASS_LINUX`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#environment-pass)  | Set environment variables on the host to pass-through to the container during the build. |
 |   | [`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#before-all)  | Execute a shell command on the build system before any wheels are built. |
 |   | [`CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#before-build)  | Execute a shell command preparing each wheel's build |
 |   | [`CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#repair-wheel-command)  | Execute a shell command to repair each (non-pure Python) built wheel |
-|   | [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  <br> [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  <br> [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_X86_64_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  <br> [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_AARCH64_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  <br> [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_PPC64LE_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  <br> [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_S390X_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  | Specify alternative manylinux docker images |
+|   | [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_*_IMAGE`<br/>`CIBW_MUSLLINUX_*_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image)  | Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux Docker images |
 |   | [`CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#dependency-versions)  | Specify how cibuildwheel controls the versions of the tools it uses |
 | **Testing** | [`CIBW_TEST_COMMAND`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#test-command)  | Execute a shell command to test each built wheel |
 |   | [`CIBW_BEFORE_TEST`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#before-test)  | Execute a shell command before testing each wheel |
@@ -123,12 +127,11 @@ Options
 |   | [`CIBW_TEST_SKIP`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#test-skip)  | Skip running tests on some builds |
 | **Other** | [`CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#build-verbosity)  | Increase/decrease the output of pip wheel |
 
+These options can be specified in a pyproject.toml file, as well; see [configuration](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#configuration).
 
 Working examples
 ----------------
 
-<!--working-examples-start-->
-
 Here are some repos that use cibuildwheel.
 
 <!-- START bin/projects.py -->
@@ -138,98 +141,26 @@ Here are some repos that use cibuildwheel.
 | Name                              | CI | OS | Notes |
 |-----------------------------------|----|----|:------|
 | [scikit-learn][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The machine learning library. A complex but clean config using many of cibuildwheel's features to build a large project with Cython and C++ extensions.  |
+| [Tornado][]                       | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library, originally developed at FriendFeed. |
+| [pytorch-fairseq][]               | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence Toolkit written in Python. |
 | [Matplotlib][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The venerable Matplotlib, a Python library with C++ portions |
 | [MyPy][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | MyPyC, the compiled component of MyPy. |
+| [pydantic][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Data parsing and validation using Python type hints |
+| [uvloop][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Ultra fast asyncio event loop. |
 | [psutil][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Cross-platform lib for process and system monitoring in Python |
-| [scikit-image][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Image processing library. Uses cibuildwheel to build and test a project that uses Cython with platform-native code.  |
-| [twisted-iocpsupport][]           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] | A submodule of Twisted that hooks into native C APIs using Cython. |
-| [websockets][]                    | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Library for building WebSocket servers and clients. Mostly written in Python, with a small C 'speedups' extension module.  |
-| [pyzmq][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for zeromq, the networking library. Uses Cython and CFFI.  |
-| [aiortc][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | WebRTC and ORTC implementation for Python using asyncio. |
-| [numexpr][]                       | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast numerical array expression evaluator for Python, NumPy, PyTables, pandas, bcolz and more |
-| [h5py][]                          | ![azurepipelines icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | HDF5 for Python -- The h5py package is a Pythonic interface to the HDF5 binary data format. |
-| [coverage.py][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The coverage tool for Python |
-| [River][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | 🌊 Online machine learning in Python |
-| [PyAV][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Pythonic bindings for FFmpeg's libraries. |
-| [Dependency Injector][]           | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Dependency injection framework for Python, uses Windows TravisCI |
-| [PyTables][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python package to manage extremely large amounts of data |
-| [ruptures][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Extensive Cython + NumPy [pyproject.toml](https://github.com/deepcharles/ruptures/blob/master/pyproject.toml) example. |
-| [aioquic][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | QUIC and HTTP/3 implementation in Python |
-| [google neuroglancer][]           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | WebGL-based viewer for volumetric data |
-| [AutoPy][]                        | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes a Windows Travis build. |
-| [pikepdf][]                       | ![azurepipelines icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python library for reading and writing PDF, powered by qpdf |
-| [Parselmouth][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python interface to the Praat software package, using pybind11, C++17 and CMake, with the core Praat static library built only once and shared between wheels. |
-| [python-rapidjson][]              | ![travisci icon][] ![gitlab icon][] ![appveyor icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python wrapper around rapidjson |
-| [Rtree][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Rtree: spatial index for Python GIS ¶ |
-| [KDEpy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Kernel Density Estimation in Python |
-| [cyvcf2][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | cython + htslib == fast VCF and BCF processing |
-| [pybind11 cmake_example][]        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Example pybind11 module built with a CMake-based build system |
-| [pybind11 python_example][]       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Example pybind11 module built with a Python-based build system |
-| [dd-trace-py][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Uses custom alternate arch emulation on GitHub |
-| [iminuit][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Jupyter-friendly Python interface for C++ MINUIT2 |
-| [jq.py][]                         | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for jq |
-| [matrixprofile][]                 | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python 3 library making time series data mining tasks, utilizing matrix profile algorithms, accessible to everyone. |
-| [CTranslate2][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes libraries from the [Intel oneAPI toolkit](https://software.intel.com/content/www/us/en/develop/tools/oneapi/base-toolkit.html). The Linux wheels also include CUDA libraries for GPU execution. |
-| [Tokenizer][]                     | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast and customizable text tokenization library with BPE and SentencePiece support |
-| [bx-python][]                     | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A library that includes Cython extensions. |
-| [boost-histogram][]               | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Supports full range of wheels, including PyPy and alternate archs. |
-| [pybase64][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast Base64 encoding/decoding in Python |
-| [TgCrypto][]                      | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes a Windows Travis build. |
-| [etebase-py][]                    | ![travisci icon][] | ![linux icon][] | Python bindings to a Rust library using `setuptools-rust`, and `sccache` for improved speed. |
-| [pyjet][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The interface between FastJet and NumPy |
-| [numpythia][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The interface between PYTHIA and NumPy |
-| [fathon][]                        | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | python package for DFA (Detrended Fluctuation Analysis) and related algorithms |
-| [pyinstrument_cext][]             | ![travisci icon][] ![appveyor icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A simple C extension, without external dependencies |
-| [Imagecodecs (fork)][]            | ![azurepipelines icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Over 20 external dependencies in compiled libraries, custom docker image, `libomp`, `openblas` and `install_name_tool` for macOS. |
-| [xmlstarlet][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python 3.6+ CFFI bindings with true MSVC build. |
-| [pybind11 scikit_build_example][] | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | An example combining scikit-build and pybind11 |
+| [vaex][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Out-of-Core hybrid Apache Arrow/NumPy DataFrame for Python, ML, visualization and exploration of big tabular data at a billion rows per second 🚀 |
+| [Google Benchmark][]              | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A microbenchmark support library |
 
 [scikit-learn]: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn
+[Tornado]: https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado
+[pytorch-fairseq]: https://github.com/pytorch/fairseq
 [Matplotlib]: https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib
 [MyPy]: https://github.com/mypyc/mypy_mypyc-wheels
+[pydantic]: https://github.com/samuelcolvin/pydantic
+[uvloop]: https://github.com/MagicStack/uvloop
 [psutil]: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil
-[scikit-image]: https://github.com/scikit-image/scikit-image
-[twisted-iocpsupport]: https://github.com/twisted/twisted-iocpsupport
-[websockets]: https://github.com/aaugustin/websockets
-[pyzmq]: https://github.com/zeromq/pyzmq
-[aiortc]: https://github.com/aiortc/aiortc
-[numexpr]: https://github.com/pydata/numexpr
-[h5py]: https://github.com/h5py/h5py
-[coverage.py]: https://github.com/nedbat/coveragepy
-[River]: https://github.com/online-ml/river
-[PyAV]: https://github.com/PyAV-Org/PyAV
-[Dependency Injector]: https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector
-[PyTables]: https://github.com/PyTables/PyTables
-[ruptures]: https://github.com/deepcharles/ruptures
-[aioquic]: https://github.com/aiortc/aioquic
-[google neuroglancer]: https://github.com/google/neuroglancer
-[AutoPy]: https://github.com/autopilot-rs/autopy
-[pikepdf]: https://github.com/pikepdf/pikepdf
-[Parselmouth]: https://github.com/YannickJadoul/Parselmouth
-[python-rapidjson]: https://github.com/python-rapidjson/python-rapidjson
-[Rtree]: https://github.com/Toblerity/rtree
-[KDEpy]: https://github.com/tommyod/KDEpy
-[cyvcf2]: https://github.com/brentp/cyvcf2
-[pybind11 cmake_example]: https://github.com/pybind/cmake_example
-[pybind11 python_example]: https://github.com/pybind/python_example
-[dd-trace-py]: https://github.com/DataDog/dd-trace-py
-[iminuit]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/iminuit
-[jq.py]: https://github.com/mwilliamson/jq.py
-[matrixprofile]: https://github.com/matrix-profile-foundation/matrixprofile
-[CTranslate2]: https://github.com/OpenNMT/CTranslate2
-[Tokenizer]: https://github.com/OpenNMT/Tokenizer
-[bx-python]: https://github.com/bxlab/bx-python
-[boost-histogram]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/boost-histogram
-[pybase64]: https://github.com/mayeut/pybase64
-[TgCrypto]: https://github.com/pyrogram/tgcrypto
-[etebase-py]: https://github.com/etesync/etebase-py
-[pyjet]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/pyjet
-[numpythia]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/numpythia
-[fathon]: https://github.com/stfbnc/fathon
-[pyinstrument_cext]: https://github.com/joerick/pyinstrument_cext
-[Imagecodecs (fork)]: https://github.com/czaki/imagecodecs_build
-[xmlstarlet]: https://github.com/dimitern/xmlstarlet
-[pybind11 scikit_build_example]: https://github.com/pybind/scikit_build_example
+[vaex]: https://github.com/vaexio/vaex
+[Google Benchmark]: https://github.com/google/benchmark
 
 [appveyor icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/appveyor.svg
 [github icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/github.svg
@@ -241,60 +172,9 @@ Here are some repos that use cibuildwheel.
 [apple icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/apple.svg
 [linux icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/linux.svg
 
-<!-- scikit-learn: 43800, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- Matplotlib: 12963, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- MyPy: 9770, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- psutil: 6990, last pushed 5 days ago -->
-<!-- scikit-image: 4143, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- twisted-iocpsupport: 4140, last pushed 7 days ago -->
-<!-- websockets: 3146, last pushed 9 days ago -->
-<!-- pyzmq: 2675, last pushed 1 days ago -->
-<!-- aiortc: 2113, last pushed 7 days ago -->
-<!-- numexpr: 1512, last pushed 16 days ago -->
-<!-- h5py: 1474, last pushed 2 days ago -->
-<!-- coverage.py: 1471, last pushed 2 days ago -->
-<!-- River: 1296, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- PyAV: 1142, last pushed 13 days ago -->
-<!-- Dependency Injector: 1070, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- PyTables: 1001, last pushed 6 days ago -->
-<!-- ruptures: 589, last pushed 3 days ago -->
-<!-- aioquic: 571, last pushed 78 days ago -->
-<!-- google neuroglancer: 555, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- AutoPy: 517, last pushed 134 days ago -->
-<!-- pikepdf: 517, last pushed 5 days ago -->
-<!-- Parselmouth: 450, last pushed 1 days ago -->
-<!-- python-rapidjson: 410, last pushed 39 days ago -->
-<!-- Rtree: 387, last pushed 28 days ago -->
-<!-- KDEpy: 235, last pushed 37 days ago -->
-<!-- cyvcf2: 233, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- pybind11 cmake_example: 226, last pushed 35 days ago -->
-<!-- pybind11 python_example: 224, last pushed 73 days ago -->
-<!-- dd-trace-py: 206, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- iminuit: 166, last pushed 25 days ago -->
-<!-- jq.py: 140, last pushed 102 days ago -->
-<!-- matrixprofile: 124, last pushed 2 days ago -->
-<!-- CTranslate2: 123, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- Tokenizer: 115, last pushed 3 days ago -->
-<!-- bx-python: 95, last pushed 30 days ago -->
-<!-- boost-histogram: 66, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- pybase64: 54, last pushed 0 days ago -->
-<!-- TgCrypto: 51, last pushed 65 days ago -->
-<!-- etebase-py: 40, last pushed 17 days ago -->
-<!-- pyjet: 27, last pushed 3 days ago -->
-<!-- numpythia: 24, last pushed 9 days ago -->
-<!-- fathon: 20, last pushed 4 days ago -->
-<!-- pyinstrument_cext: 10, last pushed 57 days ago -->
-<!-- Imagecodecs (fork): 10, last pushed 7 days ago -->
-<!-- xmlstarlet: 7, last pushed 2 days ago -->
-<!-- pybind11 scikit_build_example: 2, last pushed 18 days ago -->
-
 <!-- END bin/projects.py -->
 
-> Add your repo here! Let us know on [GitHub Discussions](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/discussions/485), or send a PR, adding your information to `docs/data/projects.yml`.
->
-> <sup>I'd like to include notes here to indicate why an example might be interesting to cibuildwheel users - the styles/technologies/techniques used in each. Please include that in future additions!</sup>
-
-<!--working-examples-end-->
+> ℹ️ That's just a handful, there are many more! Check out the [Working Examples](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/working-examples) page in the docs.
 
 Legal note
 ----------
@@ -303,518 +183,78 @@ Since `cibuildwheel` repairs the wheel with `delocate` or `auditwheel`, it might
 
 It helps ensure that the library can run without any dependencies outside of the pip toolchain.
 
-This is similar to static linking, so it might have some licence implications. Check the license for any code you're pulling in to make sure that's allowed.
+This is similar to static linking, so it might have some license implications. Check the license for any code you're pulling in to make sure that's allowed.
 
 Changelog
 =========
 
-<!--changelog-start-->
+<!-- START bin/update_readme_changelog.py -->
 
-### v1.9.0
+<!-- this section was generated by bin/update_readme_changelog.py -- do not edit manually -->
 
-_5 February 2021_
+### v2.4.0
 
-- 🌟 Added support for Apple Silicon wheels on macOS! You can now
-  cross-compile `universal2` and `arm64` wheels on your existing macOS Intel
-  runners, by setting
-  [CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#archs).
-  Xcode 12.2 or later is required, but you don't need macOS 11.0 - you can
-  still build on macOS 10.15. See
-  [this FAQ entry](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#apple-silicon)
-  for more information. (#484)
-- 🌟 Added auto-detection of your package's Python compatibility, via declared
-   [`requires-python`](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0621/#requires-python)
-  in your `pyproject.toml`, or
-  [`python_requires`](https://packaging.python.org/guides/distributing-packages-using-setuptools/#python-requires)
-  in `setup.cfg` or `setup.py`. If your project has these set, cibuildwheel
-  will automatically skip builds on versions of Python that your package
-  doesn't support. Hopefully this makes the first-run experience of
-  cibuildwheel a bit easier. If you need to override this for any reason,
-  look at [`CIBW_PROJECT_REQUIRES_PYTHON`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#requires-python).
-  (#536)
-- 🌟 cibuildwheel can now be invoked as a native GitHub Action! You can now
-  invoke cibuildwheel in a GHA build step like:
+_2 April 2022_
 
-  ```yaml
-  - name: Build wheels
-    uses: joerick/cibuildwheel@v1.9.0
-    with:
-      output-dir: wheelhouse
-    # env:
-    #   CIBW_SOME_OPTION: value
-  ```
-  This saves a bit of boilerplate, and you can [use Dependabot to keep the
-  pinned version up-to-date](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#automatic-updates).
-- ✨ Added `auto64` and `auto32` shortcuts to the
-  [CIBW_ARCHS](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#archs)
-  option. (#553)
-- ✨ cibuildwheel now prints a list of the wheels built at the end of each
-  run. (#570)
-- 📚 Lots of minor docs improvements.
+- ✨ cibuildwheel now supports running locally on Windows and macOS (as well as Linux). On macOS, you'll have to install the versions of Pythons that you want to use from Python.org, and cibuildwheel will use them. On Windows, cibuildwheel will install it's own versions of Python. Check out [the documentation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/setup/#local) for instructions. (#974)
+- ✨ Added support for building PyPy 3.9 wheels. (#1031)
+- ✨ Listing at the end of the build now displays the size of each wheel (#975)
+- 🐛 Workaround a connection timeout bug on Travis CI ppc64le runners (#906)
+- 🐛 Fix an encoding error when reading setup.py in the wrong encoding (#977)
+- 🛠 Setuptools updated to 61.3.0, including experimental support for reading config from pyproject.toml(PEP 621). This could change the behaviour of your build if you have a pyproject.toml with a `[project]` table, because that takes precedence over setup.py and setup.cfg. Check out the [setuptools docs](https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/pyproject_config.html) and the [project metadata specification](https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/specifications/declaring-project-metadata/) for more info.
+- 🛠 Many other dependency updates.
+- 📚 Minor docs improvements
 
-### 1.8.0
+### v2.3.1
 
-_22 January 2021_
+_14 December 2021_
 
-- 🌟 Added support for emulated builds! You can now build manylinux wheels on
-  ARM64`aarch64`, as well as `ppc64le` and 's390x'. To build under emulation,
-  register QEMU via binfmt_misc and set the
-  [`CIBW_ARCHS_LINUX`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#archs)
-  option to the architectures you want to run. See
-  [this FAQ entry](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#emulation)
-  for more information. (#482)
-- ✨ Added `CIBW_TEST_SKIP` option. This allows you to choose certain builds
-  whose tests you'd like to skip. This might be useful when running a slow
-  test suite under emulation, for example. (#537)
-- ✨ Added `curly-{brace,bracket,paren}` style globbing to `CIBW_BUILD` and
-  `CIBW_SKIP`. This gives more expressivity, letting you do things like
-  `CIBW_BUILD=cp39-manylinux_{aarch64,ppc64le}`. (#527)
-- 🛠 cibuildwheel will now exit with an error if it's called with options that
-  skip all builds on a platform. This feature can be disabled by adding
-  `--allow-empty` on the command line. (#545)
+- 🐛 Setting pip options like `PIP_USE_DEPRECATED` in `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT` no longer adversely affects cibuildwheel's ability to set up a Python environment (#956)
+- 📚 Docs fixes and improvements
 
-### 1.7.4
+### v2.3.0
 
-_2 January 2021_
+_26 November 2021_
 
-- 🐛 Fix the PyPy virtualenv patch to work on macOS 10.14 (#506)
+- 📈 cibuildwheel now defaults to manylinux2014 image for linux builds, rather than manylinux2010. If you want to stick with manylinux2010, it's simple to set this using [the image options](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image). (#926)
+- ✨ You can now pass environment variables from the host machine into the Docker container during a Linux build. Check out [the docs for `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_PASS_LINUX `](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/latest/options/#environment-pass) for the details. (#914)
+- ✨ Added support for building PyPy 3.8 wheels. (#881)
+- ✨ Added support for building Windows arm64 CPython wheels on a Windows arm64 runner. We can't test this in CI yet, so for now, this is experimental. (#920)
+- 📚 Improved the deployment documentation (#911)
+- 🛠 Changed the escaping behaviour inside cibuildwheel's  option placeholders e.g. `{project}` in `before_build` or `{dest_dir}` in `repair_wheel_command`. This allows bash syntax like `${SOME_VAR}` to passthrough without being interpreted as a placeholder by cibuildwheel. See [this section](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#placeholders) in the docs for more info. (#889)
+- 🛠 Pip updated to 21.3, meaning it now defaults to in-tree builds again. If this causes an issue with your project, setting environment variable `PIP_USE_DEPRECATED=out-of-tree-build` is available as a temporary flag to restore the old behaviour. However, be aware that this flag will probably be removed soon. (#881)
+- 🐛 You can now access the current Python interpreter using `python3` within a build on Windows (#917)
 
-### 1.7.3
+### v2.2.2
 
-_1 January 2021_
+_26 October 2021_
 
-- 🛠 Added a patch for Pypy to ensure header files are available for building
-  in a virtualenv. (#502)
-- 🛠 Some preparatory work towards using cibuildwheel as a GitHub Action.
-  Check out
-  [the FAQ](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#option-1-github-action)
-  for information on how to use it. We'll be fully updating the docs to this
-  approach in a subsequent release (#494)
+- 🐛 Fix bug in the GitHub Action step causing a syntax error (#895)
 
-### 1.7.2
+### v2.2.1
 
-_21 December 2020_
+_26 October 2021_
 
-- 🛠 Update dependencies, notably wheel==0.36.2 and pip==20.3.3, and CPython to
-  their latest bugfix releases (#489)
-- 📚 Switch to a GitHub example in the README (#479)
-- 📚 Create Working Examples table, with many projects that use cibuildwheel (#474)
-- 📚 Import Working Examples table and Changelog to docs
+- 🛠 Added a `config-file` option on the GitHub Action to specify something other than pyproject.toml in your GitHub Workflow file. (#883)
+- 🐛 Fix missing resources in sdist and released wheel on PyPI. We've also made some internal changes to our release processes to make them more reliable. (#893, #894)
 
-### 1.7.1
+<!-- END bin/update_readme_changelog.py -->
 
-_3 December 2020_
+---
 
-- 🛠 Update manylinux2010 image to resolve issues with 'yum' repositories
-  (#472)
+That's the last few versions.
 
-### 1.7.0
+ℹ️ **Want more changelog? Head over to [the changelog page in the docs](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/changelog/).**
 
-_26 November 2020_
-
-- ✨ New logging format, that uses 'fold groups' in CI services that support
-  it. (#458)
-- 🛠 Update PyPy to 7.3.3 (#460)
-- 🐛 Fix a bug where CIBW_BEFORE_ALL runs with a very old version of Python on
-  Linux. (#464)
-
-### 1.6.4
-
-_31 October 2020_
-
-- 🐛 Fix crash on Appveyor during nuget install due to old system CA
-  certificates. We now use certifi's CA certs to download files. (#455)
-
-### 1.6.3
-
-_12 October 2020_
-
-- 🐛 Fix missing SSL certificates on macOS (#447)
-- 🛠 Update OpenSSL Python 3.5 patch to 1.1.1h on macOS (#449)
-
-### 1.6.2
-
-_9 October 2020_
-
-- ✨ Python 3.9 updated to the final release version - v3.9.0 (#440)
-- 🛠 Pypy updated to v7.3.2, adding alpha support for Python 3.7 (#430)
-
-### 1.6.1
-
-_20 September 2020_
-
-- 🛠 Add PPC64LE manylinux image supporting Python 3.9. (#436)
-- 📚 Add project URLs to PyPI listing (#428)
-
-### 1.6.0
-
-_9 September 2020_
-
-- 🌟 Add Python 3.9 support! This initial support uses release candidate
-  builds. You can start publishing wheels for Python 3.9 now, ahead of
-  the official release. (#382)
-
-  Minor note - if you're building PPC64LE wheels, the manylinux image pinned
-  by this version is
-  [still on Python 3.9b3](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux/issues/758), not a
-  release candidate. We'd advise holding off on distributing 3.9 ppc64le wheels
-  until a subsequent version of cibuildwheel.
-- 🌟 Add Gitlab CI support. Gitlab CI can now build Linux wheels, using
-  cibuildwheel. (#419)
-- 🐛 Fix a bug that causes pyproject.toml dependencies to fail to install on
-  Windows (#420)
-- 📚 Added some information about Windows VC++ runtimes and how they relate
-  to wheels.
-
-### 1.5.5
-
-_22 July 2020_
-
-- 🐛 Fix a bug that would cause command substitutions in CIBW_ENVIRONMENT to
-  produce no output on Linux (#411)
-- 🐛 Fix regression (introduced in 1.5.3) which caused BEFORE_BUILD and
-  BEFORE_ALL to be executed in the wrong directory (#410)
-
-### 1.5.4
-
-_19 June 2020_
-
-- 🐛 Fix a bug that would cause command substitutions in CIBW_ENVIRONMENT
-  variables to not interpret quotes in commands correctly (#406, #408)
-
-### 1.5.3
-
-_19 July 2020_
-
-- 🛠 Update CPython 3.8 to 3.8.3 (#405)
-- 🛠 Internal refactoring of Linux build, to move control flow into Python (#386)
-
-### 1.5.2
-
-_8 July 2020_
-
-- 🐛 Fix an issue on Windows where pyproject.toml would cause an error when
-  some requirements formats were used. (#401)
-- 🛠 Update CPython 3.7 to 3.7.8 (#394)
-
-### 1.5.1
-
-_25 June 2020_
-
-- 🐛 Fix "OSError: [WinError 17] The system cannot move the file to a different
-  disk drive" on GitHub Actions (#388, #389)
-
-### 1.5.0
-
-_24 June 2020_
-
-- 🌟 Add [`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#before-all)
-  option, which lets you run a command on the build machine before any wheels
-  are built. This is especially useful when building on Linux, to `make`
-  something external to Python, or to `yum install` a dependency. (#342)
-- ✨ Added support for projects using pyproject.toml instead of setup.py
-  (#360, #358)
-- ✨ Added workaround to allow Python 3.5 on Windows to pull dependencies from
-  pyproject.toml. (#358)
-- 📚 Improved GitHub Actions examples and docs (#354, #362)
-- 🐛 Ensure pip wheel uses the specified package, and doesn't build a wheel
-  from PyPI (#369)
-- 🛠 Internal changes: using pathlib.Path, precommit hooks, testing
-  improvements.
-
-### 1.4.2
-
-_25 May 2020_
-
-- 🛠 Dependency updates, including CPython 3.8.3 & manylinux images.
-- 🛠 Lots of internal updates - type annotations and checking using mypy, and
-  a new integration testing system.
-- ⚠️ Removed support for *running* cibuildwheel using Python 3.5. cibuildwheel
-  will continue to build Python 3.5 wheels until EOL.
-
-### 1.4.1
-
-_4 May 2020_
-
-- 🐛 Fix a bug causing programs running inside the i686 manylinux images to
-  think they were running x86_64 and target the wrong architecture. (#336,
-  #338)
-
-### 1.4.0
-
-_2 May 2020_
-
-- 🌟 Deterministic builds. cibuildwheel now locks the versions of the tools it
-  uses. This means that pinning your version of cibuildwheel pins the versions
-  of pip, setuptools, manylinux etc. that are used under the hood. This should
-  make things more reliable. But note that we don't control the entire build
-  environment on macOS and Windows, where the version of Xcode and Visual
-  Studio can still effect things.
-
-  This can be controlled using the [CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#dependency-versions)
-  and [manylinux image](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)
-  options - if you always want to use the latest toolchain, you can still do
-  that, or you can specify your own pip constraints file and manylinux image.
-  (#256)
-- ✨ Added `package_dir` command line option, meaning we now support building
-  a package that lives in a subdirectory and pulls in files from the wider
-  project. See [the `package_dir` option help](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#command-line-options)
-  for more information.
-
-  Note that this change makes the working directory (where you call
-  cibuildwheel from) relevant on Linux, as it's considered the 'project' and
-  will be copied into the Docker container. If your builds are slower on this
-  version, that's likely the reason. `cd` to your project and then call
-  `cibuildwheel` from there. (#319, #295)
-- 🛠 On macOS, we make `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` default to `10.9` if it's
-  not set. This should make things more consistent between Python versions.
-- 🛠 Dependency updates - CPython 3.7.7, CPython 2.7.18, Pypy 7.3.1.
-
-### 1.3.0
-
-_12 March 2020_
-
-- 🌟 Add support for building on GitHub Actions! Check out the
-  [docs](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/setup/#github-actions)
-  for information on how to set it up. (#194)
-- ✨ Add the `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST` option, which lets you run a command to
-  prepare the environment before your tests are run. (#242)
-
-### 1.2.0
-
-_8 March 2020_
-
-- 🌟 Add support for building PyPy wheels, across Manylinux, macOS, and
-  Windows. (#185)
-- 🌟 Added the ability to build ARM64 (aarch64), ppc64le, and s390x wheels,
-  using manylinux2014 and Travis CI. (#273)
-- ✨ You can now build macOS wheels on Appveyor. (#230)
-- 🛠 Changed default macOS minimum target to 10.9, from 10.6. This allows the
-  use of more modern C++ libraries, among other things. (#156)
-- 🛠 Stop building universal binaries on macOS. We now only build x86_64
-  wheels on macOS. (#220)
-- ✨ Allow chaining of commands using `&&` and `||` on Windows inside
-  CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD and CIBW_TEST_COMMAND. (#293)
-- 🛠 Improved error reporting for failed Cython builds due to stale .so files
-  (#263)
-- 🛠 Update CPython from 3.7.5 to 3.7.6 and from 3.8.0 to 3.8.2 on Mac/Windows
-- 🛠 Improved error messages when a bad config breaks cibuildwheel's PATH
-  variable. (#264)
-- ⚠️ Removed support for *running* cibuildwheel on Python 2.7. cibuildwheel
-  will continue to build Python 2.7 wheels for a little while. (#265)
-
-### 1.1.0
-
-_7 December 2019_
-
-- 🌟 Add support for building manylinux2014 wheels. To use, set
-  `CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE` and CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE to
-  `manylinux2014`.
-- ✨ Add support for [Linux on Appveyor](https://www.appveyor.com/blog/2018/03/06/appveyor-for-linux/) (#204, #207)
-- ✨ Add `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND` env variable, for changing how
-  `auditwheel` or `delocate` are invoked, or testing an equivalent on
-  Windows. (#211)
-- 📚 Added some travis example configs - these are available in /examples. (#228)
-
-### 1.0.0
-
-_10 November 2019_
-
-- 🌟 Add support for building Python 3.8 wheels! (#180)
-- 🌟 Add support for building manylinux2010 wheels. cibuildwheel will now
-  build using the manylinux2010 images by default. If your project is still
-  manylinux1 compatible, you should get both manylinux1 and manylinux2010
-  wheels - you can upload both to PyPI. If you always require manylinux1 wheels, you can
-  build using the old manylinux1 image using the [manylinux image](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image) option.
-  (#155)
-- 📚 Documentation is now on its [own mini-site](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io),
-   rather than on the README (#169)
-- ✨ Add support for building Windows wheels on Travis CI. (#160)
-- 🛠 If you set `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND`, your tests now run in a virtualenv. (#164)
-- 🛠 Windows now uses Python as installed by nuget, rather than the versions
-  installed by the various CI providers. (#180)
-- 🛠 Update Python from 2.7.16 to 2.7.17 and 3.7.4 to 3.7.5 on macOS (#171)
-- ⚠️ Removed support for Python 3.4 (#168)
-
-### 0.12.0
-
-_29 September 2019_
-
-- ✨ Add CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS option, to allow testing using extra_require
-  options. For example, set `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS=test,qt` to make the wheel
-  installed with `pip install <wheel_file>[test,qt]`
-- 🛠 Update Python from 3.7.2 to 3.7.4 on macOS
-- 🛠 Update OpenSSL patch to 1.0.2t on macOS
-
-### 0.11.1
-
-_28 May 2019_
-
-- 🐛 Fix missing file in the release tarball, that was causing problems with
-  Windows builds (#141)
-
-### 0.11.0
-
-_26 May 2019_
-
-- 🌟 Add support for building on Azure pipelines! This lets you build all
-  Linux, Mac and Windows wheels on one service, so it promises to be the
-  easiest to set up! Check out the quickstart in the docs, or
-  [cibuildwheel-azure-example](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel-azure-example)
-  for an example project. (#126, #132)
-- 🛠 Internal change - the end-to-end test projects format was updated, so we
-  can more precisely assert what should be produced for each one. (#136, #137).
-
-### 0.10.2
-
-_10 March 2019_
-
-- 🛠 Revert temporary fix in macOS, that was working around a bug in pip 19 (#129)
-- 🛠 Update Python to 2.7.16 on macOS
-- 🛠 Update OpenSSL patch to 1.0.2r on macOS
-
-### 0.10.1
-
-_3 February 2019_
-
-- 🐛 Fix build stalling on macOS (that was introduced in pip 19) (#122)
-- 🐛 Fix "AttributeError: 'Popen' object has no attribute 'args'" on Python 2.7 for Linux builds (#108)
-- 🛠 Update Python from 3.6.7, 3.7.1 to 3.6.8, 3.7.2 on macOS
-- 🛠 Update openssl patch from 1.0.2p to 1.0.2q on macOS
-- 🛠 Sorting build options dict items when printing preamble (#114)
-
-### 0.10.0
-
-_23 September 2018_
-
-- 🌟 Add `CIBW_BUILD` option, for specifying which specific builds to perform (#101)
-- 🌟 Add support for building Mac and Linux on CircleCI (#91, #97)
-- 🛠 Improved support for building universal wheels (#95)
-- 🛠 Ensure log output is unbuffered and therefore in the correct order (#92)
-- 🛠 Improved error reporting for errors that occur inside a package's setup.py (#88)
-- ⚠️ Removed support for Python 3.3 on Windows.
-
-### 0.9.4
-
-_29 July 2018_
-
-- 🛠 CIBW_TEST_COMMAND now runs in a shell on Mac (as well as Linux) (#81)
-
-### 0.9.3
-
-_10 July 2018_
-
-- 🛠 Update to Python 3.6.6 on macOS (#82)
-- ✨ Add support for building Python 3.7 wheels on Windows (#76)
-- ⚠️ Deprecated support for Python 3.3 on Windows.
-
-### 0.9.2
-
-_1 July 2018_
-
-- 🛠  Update Python 3.7.0rc1 to 3.7.0 on macOS (#79)
-
-### 0.9.1
-
-_18 June 2018_
-
-- 🛠 Removed the need to use `{python}` and `{pip}` in `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD` statements, by ensuring the correct version is always on the path at `python` and `pip` instead. (#60)
-- 🛠 We now patch the _ssl module on Python 3.4 and 3.5 so these versions can still make SSL web requests using TLS 1.2 while building. (#71)
-
-### 0.9.0
-
-_18 June 2018_
-
-- ✨ Add support for Python 3.7 (#73)
-
-### 0.8.0
-
-_4 May 2018_
-
-- ⚠️ Drop support for Python 3.3 on Linux (#67)
-- 🐛 Fix TLS by updating setuptools (#69)
-
-### 0.7.1
-
-_2 April 2017_
-
-- 🐛 macOS: Fix Pip bugs resulting from PyPI TLS 1.2 enforcement
-- 🐛 macOS: Fix brew Python3 version problems in the CI
-
-### 0.7.0
-
-_7 January 2018_
-
-- ✨ You can now specify a custom docker image using the `CIBW_MANYLINUX1_X86_64_IMAGE` and `CIBW_MANYLINUX1_I686_IMAGE` options. (#46)
-- 🐛 Fixed a bug where cibuildwheel would download and build a package from PyPI(!) instead of building the package on the local machine. (#51)
-
-### 0.6.0
-
-_9 October 2017_
-
-- ✨ On the Linux build, the host filesystem is now accessible via `/host` (#36)
-- 🐛 Fixed a bug where setup.py scripts would run the wrong version of Python when running subprocesses on Linux (#35)
-
-### 0.5.1
-
-_10 September 2017_
-
-- 🐛 Fixed a couple of bugs on Python 3.
-- ✨ Added experimental support for Mac builds on [Bitrise.io](https://www.bitrise.io)
-
-### 0.5.0
-
-_7 September 2017_
-
-- ✨ `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT` added. You can now set environment variables for each build, even within the Docker container on Linux. This is a big one! (#21)
-- ✨ `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD` now runs in a system shell on all platforms. You can now do things like `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD="cmd1 && cmd2"`. (#32)
-
-### 0.4.1
-
-_14 August 2017_
-
-- 🐛 Fixed a bug on Windows where subprocess' output was hidden (#23)
-- 🐛 Fixed a bug on AppVeyor where logs would appear in the wrong order due to output buffering (#24, thanks @YannickJadoul!)
-
-### 0.4.0
-
-_23 July 2017_
-
-- 🐛 Fixed a bug that was increasing the build time by building the wheel twice. This was a problem for large projects that have a long build time. If you're upgrading and you need the old behaviour, use `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD={pip} install .`, or install exactly the dependencies you need in `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD`. See #18.
-
-### 0.3.0
-
-_27 June 2017_
-
-- ⚠️ Removed Python 2.6 support on Linux (#12)
-
-### 0.2.1
-
-_11 June 2017_
-
-- 🛠 Changed the build process to install the package before building the wheel - this allows direct dependencies to be installed first (#9, thanks @tgarc!)
-- ✨ Added Python 3 support for the main process, for systems where Python 3 is the default (#8, thanks @tgarc).
-
-### 0.2.0
-
-_13 April 2017_
-
-- ✨ Added `CIBW_SKIP` option, letting users explicitly skip a build
-- ✨ Added `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD` option, letting users run a shell command before the build starts
-
-### 0.1.3
-
-_31 March 2017_
-
-- 🌟 First public release!
-
-<!--changelog-end-->
+---
 
 Contributing
 ============
 
 For more info on how to contribute to cibuildwheel, see the [docs](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/).
 
+Everyone interacting with the cibuildwheel project via codebase, issue tracker, chat rooms, or otherwise is expected to follow the [PSF Code of Conduct](https://github.com/pypa/.github/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md).
+
 Maintainers
 -----------
 
@@ -828,15 +268,15 @@ Credits
 
 `cibuildwheel` stands on the shoulders of giants.
 
-- ⭐️ @matthew-brett for [matthew-brett/multibuild](http://github.com/matthew-brett/multibuild) and [matthew-brett/delocate](http://github.com/matthew-brett/delocate)
+- ⭐️ @matthew-brett for [multibuild](https://github.com/multi-build/multibuild) and [matthew-brett/delocate](http://github.com/matthew-brett/delocate)
 - @PyPA for the manylinux Docker images [pypa/manylinux](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux)
 - @ogrisel for [wheelhouse-uploader](https://github.com/ogrisel/wheelhouse-uploader) and `run_with_env.cmd`
 
 Massive props also to-
 
-- @zfrenchee for [help debugging many issues](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/issues/2)
-- @lelit for some great bug reports and [contributions](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/pull/73)
-- @mayeut for a [phenomenal PR](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/pull/71) patching Python itself for better compatibility!
+- @zfrenchee for [help debugging many issues](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/2)
+- @lelit for some great bug reports and [contributions](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/73)
+- @mayeut for a [phenomenal PR](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/71) patching Python itself for better compatibility!
 - @czaki for being a super-contributor over many PRs and helping out with countless issues!
 - @mattip for his help with adding PyPy support to cibuildwheel
 

action.yml

@@ -9,6 +9,10 @@ inputs:
     description: 'Folder to place the outputs in, defaults to "wheelhouse"'
     required: false
     default: wheelhouse
+  config-file:
+    description: 'File containing the config, defaults to {package}/pyproject.toml'
+    required: false
+    default: ''
 branding:
   icon: package
   color: yellow
@@ -17,12 +21,13 @@ runs:
   using: composite
   steps:
 
-    # This needs powershell-core because github.action path is a Windows-style
-    # path on Windows.  Powershell-core understands both types of paths.
+    # Redirecting stderr to stdout to fix interleaving issue in Actions.
     - run: >
         pipx run
-        --spec ${{ github.action_path }}
+        --spec '${{ github.action_path }}'
         cibuildwheel
         ${{ inputs.package-dir }}
         --output-dir ${{ inputs.output-dir }}
-      shell: pwsh
+        --config-file "${{ inputs.config-file }}"
+        2>&1
+      shell: bash

appveyor.yml

@@ -15,19 +15,20 @@ init:
 - cmd: set PATH=C:\Python37;C:\Python37\Scripts;%PATH%
 - ps: |
       $BRANCH = if ($env:APPVEYOR_PULL_REQUEST_HEAD_REPO_BRANCH) { $env:APPVEYOR_PULL_REQUEST_HEAD_REPO_BRANCH } else { $env:APPVEYOR_REPO_BRANCH }
-      if (-not ($BRANCH -eq 'master' -or $BRANCH.ToLower().StartsWith('appveyor-'))) {
+      if (-not ($BRANCH -eq 'main' -or $BRANCH.ToLower().StartsWith('appveyor-'))) {
         $env:PYTEST_ADDOPTS='-k "unit_test or test_0_basic" --suppress-no-test-exit-code'
       }
+      python -m pip install -U pip
 
 install: python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
 
 # the '-u' flag is required so the output is in the correct order.
-# See https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/pull/24 for more info.
+# See https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/24 for more info.
 test_script: python -u ./bin/run_tests.py
 
 branches:
   only:
-    - master
+    - main
 
 skip_commits:
   files:

azure-pipelines.yml

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 jobs:
 - job: linux_38
+  timeoutInMinutes: 120
   pool: {vmImage: 'Ubuntu-18.04'}
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
@@ -20,27 +21,23 @@ jobs:
         python ./bin/run_tests.py
 
 - job: windows_36
-  pool: {vmImage: 'vs2017-win2016'}
+  pool: {vmImage: 'windows-2019'}
   timeoutInMinutes: 180
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
       inputs:
         versionSpec: '3.6'
-    - script: choco install vcpython27 -f -y
-      displayName: Install Visual C++ for Python 2.7
     - bash: |
         python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-azurepipelines
         python ./bin/run_tests.py
 
 - job: windows_38
-  pool: {vmImage: 'vs2017-win2016'}
+  pool: {vmImage: 'windows-2019'}
   timeoutInMinutes: 180
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
       inputs:
         versionSpec: '3.8'
-    - script: choco install vcpython27 -f -y
-      displayName: Install Visual C++ for Python 2.7
     - bash: |
         python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-azurepipelines
         python ./bin/run_tests.py

bin/bump_version.py

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import glob
 import os
 import subprocess
@@ -15,55 +17,66 @@ import cibuildwheel
 
 config = [
     # file path, version find/replace format
-    ('README.md', "cibuildwheel=={}"),
-    ('cibuildwheel/__init__.py', "__version__ = '{}'"),
-    ('docs/faq.md', "cibuildwheel=={}"),
-    ('docs/faq.md', "cibuildwheel@v{}"),
-    ('docs/setup.md', "cibuildwheel@v{}"),
-    ('examples/*', "cibuildwheel=={}"),
-    ('examples/*', "cibuildwheel@v{}"),
-    ('setup.cfg', "version = {}"),
+    ("README.md", "cibuildwheel=={}"),
+    ("cibuildwheel/__init__.py", '__version__ = "{}"'),
+    ("docs/faq.md", "cibuildwheel=={}"),
+    ("docs/faq.md", "cibuildwheel@v{}"),
+    ("docs/setup.md", "cibuildwheel=={}"),
+    ("examples/*", "cibuildwheel=={}"),
+    ("examples/*", "cibuildwheel@v{}"),
+    ("setup.cfg", "version = {}"),
 ]
 
+RED = "\u001b[31m"
+GREEN = "\u001b[32m"
+OFF = "\u001b[0m"
+
 
-# This file requires Python 3.7
-# Setting -> None will cause MyPy to notice this.
 @click.command()
-def bump_version():
+def bump_version() -> None:
     current_version = cibuildwheel.__version__
 
     try:
-        commit_date_str = subprocess.run([
-            'git',
-            'show', '-s', '--pretty=format:%ci',
-            f'v{current_version}^{{commit}}'
-        ], check=True, capture_output=True, encoding='utf8').stdout
-        commit_date_parts = commit_date_str.split(' ')
+        commit_date_str = subprocess.run(
+            [
+                "git",
+                "show",
+                "--no-patch",
+                "--pretty=format:%ci",
+                f"v{current_version}^{{commit}}",
+            ],
+            check=True,
+            capture_output=True,
+            encoding="utf8",
+        ).stdout
+        cd_date, cd_time, cd_tz = commit_date_str.split(" ")
 
-        url = 'https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/pulls?' + urllib.parse.urlencode({
-            'q': f'is:pr merged:>{commit_date_parts[0]}T{commit_date_parts[1]}{commit_date_parts[2]}',
-        })
-        print(f'PRs merged since last release:\n  {url}')
+        url_opts = urllib.parse.urlencode({"q": f"is:pr merged:>{cd_date}T{cd_time}{cd_tz}"})
+        url = f"https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pulls?{url_opts}"
+
+        print(f"PRs merged since last release:\n  {url}")
         print()
     except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
         print(e)
-        print('Failed to get previous version tag information.')
+        print("Failed to get previous version tag information.")
 
-    git_changes_result = subprocess.run(['git diff-index --quiet HEAD --'], shell=True)
+    git_changes_result = subprocess.run(["git diff-index --quiet HEAD --"], shell=True)
     repo_has_uncommitted_changes = git_changes_result.returncode != 0
 
     if repo_has_uncommitted_changes:
-        print('error: Uncommitted changes detected.')
+        print("error: Uncommitted changes detected.")
         sys.exit(1)
 
-    print(              'Current version:', current_version)  # noqa
+    # fmt: off
+    print(              'Current version:', current_version)  # noqa: E201 whitespace
     new_version = input('    New version: ').strip()
+    # fmt: on
 
     try:
         Version(new_version)
     except InvalidVersion:
         print("error: This version doesn't conform to PEP440")
-        print('       https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0440/')
+        print("       https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0440/")
         sys.exit(1)
 
     actions = []
@@ -72,7 +85,7 @@ def bump_version():
         paths = [Path(p) for p in glob.glob(path_pattern)]
 
         if not paths:
-            print(f'error: Pattern {path_pattern} didn’t match any files')
+            print(f"error: Pattern {path_pattern} didn't match any files")
             sys.exit(1)
 
         find_pattern = version_pattern.format(current_version)
@@ -80,15 +93,19 @@ def bump_version():
         found_at_least_one_file_needing_update = False
 
         for path in paths:
-            contents = path.read_text(encoding='utf8')
+            contents = path.read_text(encoding="utf8")
             if find_pattern in contents:
                 found_at_least_one_file_needing_update = True
                 actions.append(
-                    (path, find_pattern, replace_pattern)
+                    (
+                        path,
+                        find_pattern,
+                        replace_pattern,
+                    )
                 )
 
         if not found_at_least_one_file_needing_update:
-            print(f'error: Didn’t find any occurrences of “{find_pattern}” in “{path_pattern}”')
+            print(f'''error: Didn't find any occurrences of "{find_pattern}" in "{path_pattern}"''')
             sys.exit(1)
 
     print()
@@ -96,48 +113,83 @@ def bump_version():
     print()
 
     for action in actions:
-        print('{}  {red}{}{off} → {green}{}{off}'.format(
-            *action,
-            red="\u001b[31m", green="\u001b[32m", off="\u001b[0m"
-        ))
+        path, find, replace = action
+        print(f"{path}  {RED}{find}{OFF} → {GREEN}{replace}{OFF}")
 
-    print(f'Then commit, and tag as v{new_version}')
+    print(f"Then commit, and tag as v{new_version}")
 
-    answer = input('Proceed? [y/N] ').strip()
+    answer = input("Proceed? [y/N] ").strip()
 
-    if answer != 'y':
-        print('Aborted')
+    if answer != "y":
+        print("Aborted")
         sys.exit(1)
 
     for path, find, replace in actions:
-        contents = path.read_text(encoding='utf8')
+        contents = path.read_text(encoding="utf8")
         contents = contents.replace(find, replace)
-        path.write_text(contents, encoding='utf8')
+        path.write_text(contents, encoding="utf8")
 
-    print('Files updated. If you want to update the changelog as part of this')
-    print('commit, do that now.')
+    print("Files updated. If you want to update the changelog as part of this")
+    print("commit, do that now.")
     print()
 
-    while input('Type "done" to continue: ').strip().lower() != 'done':
+    while input('Type "done" to continue: ').strip().lower() != "done":
         pass
 
-    subprocess.run([
-        'git', 'commit',
-        '-a',
-        '-m', f'Bump version: v{new_version}'
-    ], check=True)
+    # run pre-commit to update the README changelog
+    subprocess.run(
+        [
+            "pre-commit",
+            "run",
+            "--files=docs/changelog.md",
+        ]
+    )
 
-    subprocess.run([
-        'git', 'tag',
-        '-a',
-        '-m', f'v{new_version}',
-        f'v{new_version}'
-    ], check=True)
+    # run pre-commit to check that no errors occurred on the second run
+    subprocess.run(
+        [
+            "pre-commit",
+            "run",
+            "--files=docs/changelog.md",
+        ],
+        check=True,
+    )
 
-    print('Done.')
+    subprocess.run(
+        [
+            "git",
+            "commit",
+            "--all",
+            f"--message=Bump version: v{new_version}",
+        ],
+        check=True,
+    )
+
+    subprocess.run(
+        [
+            "git",
+            "tag",
+            "--annotate",
+            f"--message=v{new_version}",
+            f"v{new_version}",
+        ],
+        check=True,
+    )
+
+    print("Done.")
+    print()
+
+    print("Push the new version to GitHub with:")
+    print("    git push && git push --tags")
+    print()
+
+    release_url = "https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/releases/new?" + urllib.parse.urlencode(
+        {"tag": new_version}
+    )
+    print("Then create a release at the URL:")
+    print(f"    {release_url}")
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    os.chdir(os.path.dirname(__file__))
-    os.chdir('..')
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    os.chdir(Path(__file__).parent.parent.resolve())
     bump_version()

bin/inspect_all_known_projects.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from typing import Iterator
 
 import click
 import yaml
-from ghapi.core import GhApi, HTTP404NotFoundError  # type: ignore
+from ghapi.core import GhApi, HTTP404NotFoundError
 from rich import print
 
 from cibuildwheel.projectfiles import Analyzer

bin/make_dependency_update_pr.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import os
 import sys
 import textwrap
@@ -15,62 +17,66 @@ def shell(cmd, **kwargs):
 
 
 def git_repo_has_changes():
-    unstaged_changes = shell('git diff-index --quiet HEAD --').returncode != 0
-    staged_changes = shell('git diff-index --quiet --cached HEAD --').returncode != 0
+    unstaged_changes = shell("git diff-index --quiet HEAD --").returncode != 0
+    staged_changes = shell("git diff-index --quiet --cached HEAD --").returncode != 0
     return unstaged_changes or staged_changes
 
 
 @click.command()
 def main():
-    project_root = Path(__file__).parent / '..'
+    project_root = Path(__file__).parent / ".."
     os.chdir(project_root)
 
     if git_repo_has_changes():
-        print('Your git repo has uncommitted changes. Commit or stash before continuing.')
+        print("Your git repo has uncommitted changes. Commit or stash before continuing.")
         sys.exit(1)
 
-    previous_branch = shell('git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD',
-                            check=True,
-                            capture_output=True,
-                            encoding='utf8').stdout.strip()
+    previous_branch = shell(
+        "git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD", check=True, capture_output=True, encoding="utf8"
+    ).stdout.strip()
 
-    shell('git fetch origin', check=True)
+    shell("git fetch origin", check=True)
 
-    timestamp = time.strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H-%M-%S', time.gmtime())
-    branch_name = f'update-constraints-{timestamp}'
+    timestamp = time.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H-%M-%S", time.gmtime())
+    branch_name = f"update-constraints-{timestamp}"
 
-    shell(f'git checkout -b {branch_name} origin/master', check=True)
+    shell(f"git checkout -b {branch_name} origin/main", check=True)
 
     try:
-        shell('bin/update_dependencies.py', check=True)
+        shell("bin/update_dependencies.py", check=True)
 
         if not git_repo_has_changes():
-            print('Done: no constraint updates required.')
+            print("Done: no constraint updates required.")
             return
 
         shell('git commit -a -m "Update dependencies"', check=True)
+        body = textwrap.dedent(
+            f"""
+            Update the versions of our dependencies.
+
+            PR generated by `{os.path.basename(__file__)}`.
+            """
+        )
         run(
             [
-                'gh', 'pr', 'create',
-                '--repo', 'joerick/cibuildwheel',
-                '--base', 'master',
-                '--title', 'Update dependencies',
-                '--body', textwrap.dedent(f'''
-                    Update the versions of our dependencies.
-
-                    PR generated by `{os.path.basename(__file__)}`.
-                ''')
+                "gh",
+                "pr",
+                "create",
+                "--repo=pypa/cibuildwheel",
+                "--base=main",
+                "--title=Update dependencies",
+                f"--body='{body}'",
             ],
-            check=True
+            check=True,
         )
 
-        print('Done.')
+        print("Done.")
     finally:
         # remove any local changes
-        shell('git checkout -- .')
-        shell(f'git checkout {previous_branch}', check=True)
-        shell(f'git branch -D --force {branch_name}', check=True)
+        shell("git checkout -- .")
+        shell(f"git checkout {previous_branch}", check=True)
+        shell(f"git branch -D --force {branch_name}", check=True)
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     main.main(standalone_mode=True)

bin/projects.py

@@ -5,18 +5,21 @@ Convert a yaml project list into a nice table.
 
 Suggested usage:
 
-    ./bin/projects.py docs/data/projects.yml --online --auth $GITHUB_API_TOKEN --readme README.md
+    ./bin/projects.py docs/data/projects.yml --online --auth $GITHUB_API_TOKEN
     git diff
 """
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import builtins
 import functools
+import textwrap
 import urllib.request
 import xml.dom.minidom
 from datetime import datetime
 from io import StringIO
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, TextIO
+from typing import Any, TextIO
 
 import click
 import yaml
@@ -38,7 +41,7 @@ ICONS = (
 class Project:
     NAME: int = 0
 
-    def __init__(self, config: Dict[str, Any], github: Optional[Github] = None):
+    def __init__(self, config: dict[str, Any], github: Github | None = None):
         try:
             self.name: str = config["name"]
             self.gh: str = config["gh"]
@@ -48,8 +51,8 @@ class Project:
 
         self.stars_repo: str = config.get("stars", self.gh)
         self.notes: str = config.get("notes", "")
-        self.ci: List[str] = config.get("ci", [])
-        self.os: List[str] = config.get("os", [])
+        self.ci: list[str] = config.get("ci", [])
+        self.os: list[str] = config.get("os", [])
 
         self.online = github is not None
         if github is not None:
@@ -59,7 +62,7 @@ class Project:
                 print(f"Broken: {self.stars_repo}")
                 raise
 
-            self.num_stars = repo.stargazers_count
+            self.num_stars: int = repo.stargazers_count
             self.pushed_at = repo.pushed_at
             if not self.notes:
                 notes = repo.description
@@ -72,7 +75,7 @@ class Project:
         name_len = len(self.name) + 4
         self.__class__.NAME = max(self.__class__.NAME, name_len)
 
-    def __lt__(self, other: "Project") -> bool:
+    def __lt__(self, other: Project) -> bool:
         if self.online:
             return self.num_stars < other.num_stars
         else:
@@ -80,9 +83,10 @@ class Project:
 
     @classmethod
     def header(cls) -> str:
-        return (
-            f"| {'Name':{cls.NAME}} | CI | OS | Notes |\n"
-            f"|{'':-^{cls.NAME+2  }}|----|----|:------|"
+        return textwrap.dedent(
+            f"""\
+                | {'Name':{cls.NAME}} | CI | OS | Notes |
+                |{'':-^{cls.NAME+2  }}|----|----|:------|"""
         )
 
     @property
@@ -106,7 +110,7 @@ class Project:
         return " ".join(f"![{icon} icon][]" for icon in self.os)
 
     def table_row(self) -> str:
-        notes = self.notes.replace('\n', ' ')
+        notes = self.notes.replace("\n", " ")
         return f"| {self.namelink: <{self.NAME}} | {self.ci_icons} | {self.os_icons} | {notes} |"
 
     def links(self) -> str:
@@ -118,42 +122,52 @@ class Project:
 
 
 def fetch_icon(icon_name: str) -> None:
-    url = f'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/simple-icons@v4/icons/{icon_name}.svg'
+    url = f"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/simple-icons@v4/icons/{icon_name}.svg"
     with urllib.request.urlopen(url) as f:
         original_svg_data = f.read()
 
     document = xml.dom.minidom.parseString(original_svg_data)
     svgElement = document.documentElement
-    assert svgElement.nodeName == 'svg'
-    svgElement.setAttribute('width', '16px')
-    svgElement.setAttribute('fill', '#606060')
+    assert svgElement.nodeName == "svg"
+    svgElement.setAttribute("width", "16px")
+    svgElement.setAttribute("fill", "#606060")
 
     icon_path = path_for_icon(icon_name)
     icon_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
 
-    with open(path_for_icon(icon_name), 'w') as f:
+    with open(path_for_icon(icon_name), "w") as f:
         f.write(svgElement.toxml())
 
 
-def path_for_icon(icon_name: str) -> Path:
-    return Path('.') / 'docs' / 'data' / 'readme_icons' / f'{icon_name}.svg'
+def path_for_icon(icon_name: str, relative_to: Path | None = None) -> Path:
+    from_path = Path.cwd() if relative_to is None else relative_to.parent
+
+    absolute_path = PROJECT_ROOT / "docs" / "data" / "readme_icons" / f"{icon_name}.svg"
+
+    return absolute_path.resolve().relative_to(from_path.resolve())
 
 
-def str_projects(
-    config: List[Dict[str, Any]], *, online: bool = True, auth: Optional[str] = None
-) -> str:
-    io = StringIO()
-    print = functools.partial(builtins.print, file=io)
-
+def get_projects(
+    config: list[dict[str, Any]],
+    *,
+    online: bool = True,
+    auth: str | None = None,
+) -> list[Project]:
     if online:
         for icon in ICONS:
             fetch_icon(icon)
 
     github = Github(auth) if online else None
 
-    projects = sorted((Project(item, github) for item in config), reverse=online)
+    return sorted((Project(item, github) for item in config), reverse=online)
+
+
+def render_projects(projects: list[Project], *, dest_path: Path, include_info: bool = True):
+    io = StringIO()
+    print = functools.partial(builtins.print, file=io)
 
     print(Project.header())
+
     for project in projects:
         print(project.table_row())
 
@@ -163,39 +177,73 @@ def str_projects(
 
     print()
     for icon in ICONS:
-        print(f"[{icon} icon]: {path_for_icon(icon).as_posix()}")
+        print(f"[{icon} icon]: {path_for_icon(icon, relative_to=dest_path).as_posix()}")
 
-    print()
-    for project in projects:
-        print(project.info())
+    if include_info:
+        print()
+        for project in projects:
+            print(project.info())
 
     return io.getvalue()
 
 
-@click.command(help="Try ./bin/projects.py docs/data/projects.yml --readme README.md")
+def insert_projects_table(
+    file: Path,
+    *,
+    projects: list[Project],
+    input_filename: str,
+    include_info: bool = True,
+):
+    text = file.read_text()
+    projects_table = render_projects(projects, include_info=include_info, dest_path=file)
+
+    start_str = "<!-- START bin/projects.py -->\n"
+
+    start = text.find(start_str)
+    assert start != -1
+
+    end = text.find("<!-- END bin/projects.py -->\n")
+    assert end != -1
+
+    generated_note = f"<!-- this section is generated by bin/projects.py. Don't edit it directly, instead, edit {input_filename} -->"
+    new_text = (
+        f"{text[:start + len(start_str)]}\n{generated_note}\n\n{projects_table}\n{text[end:]}"
+    )
+
+    file.write_text(new_text)
+
+
+PROJECT_ROOT = Path(__file__).parent / ".."
+README_FILE = PROJECT_ROOT / "README.md"
+DOCS_PAGE = PROJECT_ROOT / "docs" / "working-examples.md"
+
+
+@click.command(help="Try ./bin/projects.py docs/data/projects.yml")
 @click.argument("input", type=click.File("r"))
 @click.option("--online/--no-online", default=True, help="Get info from GitHub")
 @click.option("--auth", help="GitHub authentication token")
-@click.option("--readme", type=click.File("r+"), help="Modify a readme file if given")
+@click.option(
+    "--dry-run", default=False, help="Print the output, rather than writing it to files in the repo"
+)
 def projects(
-    input: TextIO, online: bool, auth: Optional[str], readme: Optional[TextIO]
+    input: TextIO,
+    online: bool,
+    auth: str | None,
+    dry_run: bool,
 ) -> None:
     config = yaml.safe_load(input)
-    output = str_projects(config, online=online, auth=auth)
+    projects = get_projects(config, online=online, auth=auth)
 
-    if readme is None:
+    if dry_run:
+        output = render_projects(projects, dest_path=README_FILE)
         print(output)
     else:
-        text = readme.read()
-        start_str = "<!-- START bin/projects.py -->\n"
-        start = text.find(start_str)
-        end = text.find("<!-- END bin/projects.py -->\n")
-        generated_note = f'<!-- this section is generated by bin/projects.py. Don\'t edit it directly, instead, edit {input.name} -->'
-        new_text = f"{text[:start + len(start_str)]}\n{generated_note}\n\n{output}\n{text[end:]}"
-
-        readme.seek(0)
-        readme.write(new_text)
-        readme.truncate()
+        insert_projects_table(
+            README_FILE, projects=projects[:10], input_filename=input.name, include_info=False
+        )
+        insert_projects_table(
+            DOCS_PAGE, projects=projects, input_filename=input.name, include_info=True
+        )
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":

bin/run_example_ci_configs.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import os
 import shutil
 import sys
@@ -19,99 +21,98 @@ def shell(cmd, **kwargs):
 
 
 def git_repo_has_changes():
-    unstaged_changes = shell('git diff-index --quiet HEAD --').returncode != 0
-    staged_changes = shell('git diff-index --quiet --cached HEAD --').returncode != 0
+    unstaged_changes = shell("git diff-index --quiet HEAD --").returncode != 0
+    staged_changes = shell("git diff-index --quiet --cached HEAD --").returncode != 0
     return unstaged_changes or staged_changes
 
 
 def generate_basic_project(path):
-    sys.path.insert(0, '')
+    sys.path.insert(0, "")
     from test.test_projects.c import new_c_project
 
     project = new_c_project()
     project.generate(path)
 
 
-CIService = namedtuple('CIService', 'name dst_config_path badge_md')
+CIService = namedtuple("CIService", "name dst_config_path badge_md")
 services = [
     CIService(
-        name='appveyor',
-        dst_config_path='appveyor.yml',
-        badge_md='[![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/wbsgxshp05tt1tif/branch/{branch}?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/joerick/cibuildwheel/branch/{branch})',
+        name="appveyor",
+        dst_config_path="appveyor.yml",
+        badge_md="[![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/wbsgxshp05tt1tif/branch/{branch}?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/pypa/cibuildwheel/branch/{branch})",
     ),
     CIService(
-        name='azure-pipelines',
-        dst_config_path='azure-pipelines.yml',
-        badge_md='[![Build Status](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_apis/build/status/joerick.cibuildwheel?branchName={branch})](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_build/latest?definitionId=2&branchName={branch})',
+        name="azure-pipelines",
+        dst_config_path="azure-pipelines.yml",
+        badge_md="[![Build Status](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_apis/build/status/joerick.cibuildwheel?branchName={branch})](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_build/latest?definitionId=2&branchName={branch})",
     ),
     CIService(
-        name='circleci',
-        dst_config_path='.circleci/config.yml',
-        badge_md='[![CircleCI](https://circleci.com/gh/joerick/cibuildwheel/tree/{branch_escaped}.svg?style=svg)](https://circleci.com/gh/joerick/cibuildwheel/tree/{branch})',
+        name="circleci",
+        dst_config_path=".circleci/config.yml",
+        badge_md="[![CircleCI](https://circleci.com/gh/pypa/cibuildwheel/tree/{branch_escaped}.svg?style=svg)](https://circleci.com/gh/pypa/cibuildwheel/tree/{branch})",
     ),
     CIService(
-        name='github',
-        dst_config_path='.github/workflows/example.yml',
-        badge_md='[![Build](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/workflows/Build/badge.svg?branch={branch})](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/actions)',
+        name="github",
+        dst_config_path=".github/workflows/example.yml",
+        badge_md="[![Build](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/workflows/Build/badge.svg?branch={branch})](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/actions)",
     ),
     CIService(
-        name='travis-ci',
-        dst_config_path='.travis.yml',
-        badge_md='[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/joerick/cibuildwheel.svg?branch={branch})](https://travis-ci.org/joerick/cibuildwheel)',
+        name="travis-ci",
+        dst_config_path=".travis.yml",
+        badge_md="[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/pypa/cibuildwheel.svg?branch={branch})](https://travis-ci.org/pypa/cibuildwheel)",
     ),
     CIService(
-        name='gitlab',
-        dst_config_path='.gitlab-ci.yml',
-        badge_md='[![Gitlab](https://gitlab.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/badges/{branch}/pipeline.svg)](https://gitlab.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/-/commits/{branch})'
+        name="gitlab",
+        dst_config_path=".gitlab-ci.yml",
+        badge_md="[![Gitlab](https://gitlab.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/badges/{branch}/pipeline.svg)](https://gitlab.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/-/commits/{branch})",
     ),
 ]
 
 
 def ci_service_for_config_file(config_file):
-    service_name = Path(config_file).name.rsplit('-', 1)[0]
+    service_name = Path(config_file).name.rsplit("-", 1)[0]
 
     for service in services:
         if service.name == service_name:
             return service
 
-    raise ValueError(f'unknown ci service for config file {config_file}')
+    raise ValueError(f"unknown ci service for config file {config_file}")
 
 
 @click.command()
-@click.argument('config_files', nargs=-1, type=click.Path())
+@click.argument("config_files", nargs=-1, type=click.Path())
 def run_example_ci_configs(config_files=None):
-    '''
-        Test the example configs. If no files are specified, will test
-        examples/*-minimal.yml
-    '''
+    """
+    Test the example configs. If no files are specified, will test
+    examples/*-minimal.yml
+    """
 
     if len(config_files) == 0:
-        config_files = glob('examples/*-minimal.yml')
+        config_files = glob("examples/*-minimal.yml")
 
     # check each CI service has at most 1 config file
     configs_by_service = {}
     for config_file in config_files:
         service = ci_service_for_config_file(config_file)
         if service.name in configs_by_service:
-            raise Exception('You cannot specify more than one config per CI service')
+            raise Exception("You cannot specify more than one config per CI service")
         configs_by_service[service.name] = config_file
 
     if git_repo_has_changes():
-        print('Your git repo has uncommitted changes. Commit or stash before continuing.')
+        print("Your git repo has uncommitted changes. Commit or stash before continuing.")
         sys.exit(1)
 
-    previous_branch = shell('git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD',
-                            check=True,
-                            capture_output=True,
-                            encoding='utf8').stdout.strip()
+    previous_branch = shell(
+        "git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD", check=True, capture_output=True, encoding="utf8"
+    ).stdout.strip()
 
-    timestamp = time.strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H-%M-%S', time.gmtime())
-    branch_name = f'example-config-test---{previous_branch}-{timestamp}'
+    timestamp = time.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H-%M-%S", time.gmtime())
+    branch_name = f"example-config-test---{previous_branch}-{timestamp}"
 
     try:
-        shell(f'git checkout --orphan {branch_name}', check=True)
+        shell(f"git checkout --orphan {branch_name}", check=True)
 
-        example_project = Path('example_root')
+        example_project = Path("example_root")
         generate_basic_project(example_project)
 
         for config_file in config_files:
@@ -122,41 +123,46 @@ def run_example_ci_configs(config_files=None):
             dst_config_file.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
             shutil.copyfile(src_config_file, dst_config_file)
 
-        run(['git', 'add', example_project], check=True)
-        run(['git', 'commit', '--no-verify', '-m', textwrap.dedent(f'''
+        run(["git", "add", example_project], check=True)
+        message = textwrap.dedent(
+            f"""\
             Test example minimal configs
 
             Testing files: {config_files}
             Generated from branch: {previous_branch}
             Time: {timestamp}
-        ''')], check=True)
-        shell(f'git subtree --prefix={example_project} push origin {branch_name}', check=True)
+            """
+        )
+        run(["git", "commit", "--no-verify", "--message", message], check=True)
+        shell(f"git subtree --prefix={example_project} push origin {branch_name}", check=True)
 
-        print('---')
+        print("---")
         print()
-        print('> **Examples test run**')
-        print('> ')
-        print(f'> Branch: [{branch_name}](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/tree/{branch_name})')
-        print('> ')
-        print('> | Service | Config | Status |')
-        print('> |---|---|---|')
+        print("> **Examples test run**")
+        print("> ")
+        print(f"> Branch: [{branch_name}](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/tree/{branch_name})")
+        print("> ")
+        print("> | Service | Config | Status |")
+        print("> |---|---|---|")
         for config_file in config_files:
             service = ci_service_for_config_file(config_file)
-            badge = service.badge_md.format(branch=branch_name, branch_escaped=quote(branch_name, safe=''))
-            print(f'> | {service.name} | `{config_file}` | {badge} |')
-        print('> ')
-        print('> Generated by `bin/run_example_ci_config.py`')
+            badge = service.badge_md.format(
+                branch=branch_name, branch_escaped=quote(branch_name, safe="")
+            )
+            print(f"> | {service.name} | `{config_file}` | {badge} |")
+        print("> ")
+        print("> Generated by `bin/run_example_ci_config.py`")
         print()
-        print('---')
+        print("---")
     finally:
         # remove any local changes
         shutil.rmtree(example_project, ignore_errors=True)
-        shell('git checkout -- .')
-        shell(f'git checkout {previous_branch}', check=True)
-        shell(f'git branch -D --force {branch_name}', check=True)
+        shell("git checkout -- .")
+        shell(f"git checkout {previous_branch}", check=True)
+        shell(f"git branch -D --force {branch_name}", check=True)
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     os.chdir(os.path.dirname(__file__))
-    os.chdir('..')
+    os.chdir("..")
     run_example_ci_configs(standalone_mode=True)

bin/run_tests.py

@@ -5,16 +5,29 @@ import subprocess
 import sys
 from pathlib import Path
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     # move cwd to the project root
     os.chdir(Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1])
 
     # run the unit tests
-    unit_test_args = [sys.executable, '-m', 'pytest', 'unit_test']
+    unit_test_args = [sys.executable, "-m", "pytest", "unit_test"]
     # run the docker unit tests only on Linux
-    if sys.platform.startswith('linux'):
-        unit_test_args += ['--run-docker']
-    subprocess.check_call(unit_test_args)
+    if sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
+        unit_test_args += ["--run-docker"]
+    subprocess.run(unit_test_args, check=True)
 
     # run the integration tests
-    subprocess.check_call([sys.executable, '-m', 'pytest', '-x', '--durations', '0', '--timeout=2400', 'test'])
+    subprocess.run(
+        [
+            sys.executable,
+            "-m",
+            "pytest",
+            "--numprocesses=2",
+            "-x",
+            "--durations",
+            "0",
+            "--timeout=2400",
+            "test",
+        ],
+        check=True,
+    )

bin/sample_build.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 import os
 import subprocess
@@ -7,19 +9,19 @@ import sys
 import tempfile
 from pathlib import Path
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     # move cwd to the project root
     os.chdir(Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1])
 
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Runs a sample build')
-    parser.add_argument('project_python_path', nargs='?', default='test.test_0_basic.basic_project')
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Runs a sample build")
+    parser.add_argument("project_python_path", nargs="?", default="test.test_0_basic.basic_project")
 
     options = parser.parse_args()
 
     project_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
-    subprocess.run([
-        sys.executable, '-m', 'test.test_projects',
-        options.project_python_path, project_dir
-    ], check=True)
+    subprocess.run(
+        [sys.executable, "-m", "test.test_projects", options.project_python_path, project_dir],
+        check=True,
+    )
 
-    sys.exit(subprocess.run([sys.executable, '-m', 'cibuildwheel'], cwd=project_dir).returncode)
+    sys.exit(subprocess.run([sys.executable, "-m", "cibuildwheel"], cwd=project_dir).returncode)

bin/update_dependencies.py

@@ -1,119 +1,40 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
+# This file supports 3.6+
 
-import configparser
 import os
 import shutil
 import subprocess
 import sys
-from collections import namedtuple
+from pathlib import Path
 
-import requests
+DIR = Path(__file__).parent.resolve()
+RESOURCES = DIR.parent / "cibuildwheel/resources"
 
-os.chdir(os.path.dirname(__file__))
-os.chdir('..')
+python_version = "".join(str(v) for v in sys.version_info[:2])
+
+env = os.environ.copy()
 
 # CUSTOM_COMPILE_COMMAND is a pip-compile option that tells users how to
 # regenerate the constraints files
-os.environ['CUSTOM_COMPILE_COMMAND'] = "bin/update_dependencies.py"
+env["CUSTOM_COMPILE_COMMAND"] = "bin/update_dependencies.py"
 
-PYTHON_VERSIONS = ['27', '35', '36', '37', '38', '39']
+os.chdir(DIR.parent)
 
-if '--no-docker' in sys.argv:
-    for python_version in PYTHON_VERSIONS:
-        subprocess.check_call([
-            f'./env{python_version}/bin/pip-compile',
-            '--allow-unsafe',
-            '--upgrade',
-            'cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in',
-            '--output-file', f'cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python{python_version}.txt'
-        ])
-else:
-    image_runner = 'quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64:latest'
-    subprocess.check_call(['docker', 'pull', image_runner])
-    for python_version in PYTHON_VERSIONS:
-        abi_flags = '' if int(python_version) >= 38 else 'm'
-        python_path = f'/opt/python/cp{python_version}-cp{python_version}{abi_flags}/bin/'
-        subprocess.check_call([
-            'docker', 'run', '--rm',
-            '-e', 'CUSTOM_COMPILE_COMMAND',
-            '-v', f'{os.getcwd()}:/volume',
-            '--workdir', '/volume', image_runner,
-            'bash', '-c',
-            f'{python_path}pip install pip-tools &&'
-            f'{python_path}pip-compile --allow-unsafe --upgrade '
-            'cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in '
-            f'--output-file cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python{python_version}.txt'
-        ])
+subprocess.run(
+    [
+        "pip-compile",
+        "--allow-unsafe",
+        "--upgrade",
+        "cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in",
+        f"--output-file=cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python{python_version}.txt",
+    ],
+    check=True,
+    env=env,
+)
 
 # default constraints.txt
-shutil.copyfile(f'cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python{PYTHON_VERSIONS[-1]}.txt', 'cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.txt')
-
-Image = namedtuple('Image', [
-    'manylinux_version',
-    'platform',
-    'image_name',
-])
-
-images = [
-    Image('manylinux1', 'x86_64', 'quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_x86_64'),
-    Image('manylinux1', 'i686', 'quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_i686'),
-
-    Image('manylinux2010', 'x86_64', 'quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64'),
-    Image('manylinux2010', 'i686', 'quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686'),
-    Image('manylinux2010', 'pypy_x86_64', 'pypywheels/manylinux2010-pypy_x86_64'),
-
-    Image('manylinux2014', 'x86_64', 'quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64'),
-    Image('manylinux2014', 'i686', 'quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686'),
-    Image('manylinux2014', 'aarch64', 'quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64'),
-    Image('manylinux2014', 'ppc64le', 'quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le'),
-    Image('manylinux2014', 's390x', 'quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x'),
-]
-
-config = configparser.ConfigParser()
-
-for image in images:
-    # get the tag name whose digest matches 'latest'
-    if image.image_name.startswith('quay.io/'):
-        _, _, repository_name = image.image_name.partition('/')
-        response = requests.get(
-            f'https://quay.io/api/v1/repository/{repository_name}?includeTags=true'
-        )
-        response.raise_for_status()
-        repo_info = response.json()
-        tags_dict = repo_info['tags']
-
-        latest_tag = tags_dict.pop('latest')
-        # find the tag whose manifest matches 'latest'
-        tag_name = next(
-            name
-            for (name, info) in tags_dict.items()
-            if info['manifest_digest'] == latest_tag['manifest_digest']
-        )
-    else:
-        response = requests.get(
-            f'https://hub.docker.com/v2/repositories/{image.image_name}/tags'
-        )
-        response.raise_for_status()
-        tags = response.json()['results']
-
-        latest_tag = next(
-            tag for tag in tags if tag['name'] == 'latest'
-        )
-        # i don't know what it would mean to have multiple images per tag
-        assert len(latest_tag['images']) == 1
-        digest = latest_tag['images'][0]['digest']
-
-        pinned_tag = next(
-            tag
-            for tag in tags
-            if tag != latest_tag and tag['images'][0]['digest'] == digest
-        )
-        tag_name = pinned_tag['name']
-
-    if not config.has_section(image.platform):
-        config[image.platform] = {}
-
-    config[image.platform][image.manylinux_version] = f'{image.image_name}:{tag_name}'
-
-with open('cibuildwheel/resources/pinned_docker_images.cfg', 'w') as f:
-    config.write(f)
+if python_version == "39":
+    shutil.copyfile(
+        RESOURCES / f"constraints-python{python_version}.txt",
+        RESOURCES / "constraints.txt",
+    )

bin/update_docker.py

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import configparser
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import NamedTuple
+
+import requests
+
+DIR = Path(__file__).parent.resolve()
+RESOURCES = DIR.parent / "cibuildwheel/resources"
+
+
+class Image(NamedTuple):
+    manylinux_version: str
+    platform: str
+    image_name: str
+    tag: str | None  # Set this to pin the image
+
+
+images = [
+    # manylinux1 images
+    Image("manylinux1", "x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_x86_64", None),
+    Image("manylinux1", "i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_i686", None),
+    # manylinux2010 images
+    Image("manylinux2010", "x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64", None),
+    Image("manylinux2010", "i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686", None),
+    Image("manylinux2010", "pypy_x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64", None),
+    Image("manylinux2010", "pypy_i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686", None),
+    # manylinux2014 images
+    Image("manylinux2014", "x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64", None),
+    Image("manylinux2014", "i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686", None),
+    Image("manylinux2014", "aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64", None),
+    Image("manylinux2014", "ppc64le", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le", None),
+    Image("manylinux2014", "s390x", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x", None),
+    Image("manylinux2014", "pypy_x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64", None),
+    Image("manylinux2014", "pypy_i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686", None),
+    Image("manylinux2014", "pypy_aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64", None),
+    # manylinux_2_24 images
+    Image("manylinux_2_24", "x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64", None),
+    Image("manylinux_2_24", "i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_i686", None),
+    Image("manylinux_2_24", "aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_aarch64", None),
+    Image("manylinux_2_24", "ppc64le", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_ppc64le", None),
+    Image("manylinux_2_24", "s390x", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_s390x", None),
+    Image("manylinux_2_24", "pypy_x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64", None),
+    Image("manylinux_2_24", "pypy_i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_i686", None),
+    Image("manylinux_2_24", "pypy_aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_aarch64", None),
+    # musllinux_1_1 images
+    Image("musllinux_1_1", "x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_x86_64", None),
+    Image("musllinux_1_1", "i686", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_i686", None),
+    Image("musllinux_1_1", "aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_aarch64", None),
+    Image("musllinux_1_1", "ppc64le", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_ppc64le", None),
+    Image("musllinux_1_1", "s390x", "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_s390x", None),
+]
+
+config = configparser.ConfigParser()
+
+for image in images:
+    # get the tag name whose digest matches 'latest'
+    if image.tag is not None:
+        # image has been pinned, do not update
+        tag_name = image.tag
+    elif image.image_name.startswith("quay.io/"):
+        _, _, repository_name = image.image_name.partition("/")
+        response = requests.get(
+            f"https://quay.io/api/v1/repository/{repository_name}?includeTags=true"
+        )
+        response.raise_for_status()
+        repo_info = response.json()
+        tags_dict = repo_info["tags"]
+
+        latest_tag = tags_dict.pop("latest")
+        # find the tag whose manifest matches 'latest'
+        tag_name = next(
+            name
+            for (name, info) in tags_dict.items()
+            if info["manifest_digest"] == latest_tag["manifest_digest"]
+        )
+    else:
+        response = requests.get(f"https://hub.docker.com/v2/repositories/{image.image_name}/tags")
+        response.raise_for_status()
+        tags = response.json()["results"]
+
+        latest_tag = next(tag for tag in tags if tag["name"] == "latest")
+        # i don't know what it would mean to have multiple images per tag
+        assert len(latest_tag["images"]) == 1
+        digest = latest_tag["images"][0]["digest"]
+
+        pinned_tag = next(
+            tag for tag in tags if tag != latest_tag and tag["images"][0]["digest"] == digest
+        )
+        tag_name = pinned_tag["name"]
+
+    if not config.has_section(image.platform):
+        config[image.platform] = {}
+
+    config[image.platform][image.manylinux_version] = f"{image.image_name}:{tag_name}"
+
+with open(RESOURCES / "pinned_docker_images.cfg", "w") as f:
+    config.write(f)

bin/update_pythons.py

@@ -1,21 +1,23 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import copy
 import difflib
 import logging
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Dict, Optional, Union
+from typing import Any, Union
 
 import click
 import requests
 import rich
-import toml
+import tomli
 from packaging.specifiers import Specifier
 from packaging.version import Version
 from rich.logging import RichHandler
 from rich.syntax import Syntax
 
-from cibuildwheel.extra import InlineArrayDictEncoder
+from cibuildwheel.extra import dump_python_configurations
 from cibuildwheel.typing import Final, Literal, TypedDict
 
 log = logging.getLogger("cibw")
@@ -26,7 +28,7 @@ DIR: Final[Path] = Path(__file__).parent.parent.resolve()
 RESOURCES_DIR: Final[Path] = DIR / "cibuildwheel/resources"
 
 
-ArchStr = Literal["32", "64"]
+ArchStr = Literal["32", "64", "ARM64"]
 
 
 class ConfigWinCP(TypedDict):
@@ -66,8 +68,8 @@ class WindowsVersions:
             if resource["@type"] == "PackageBaseAddress/3.0.0":
                 endpoint = resource["@id"]
 
-        ARCH_DICT = {"32": "win32", "64": "win_amd64"}
-        PACKAGE_DICT = {"32": "pythonx86", "64": "python"}
+        ARCH_DICT = {"32": "win32", "64": "win_amd64", "ARM64": "win_arm64"}
+        PACKAGE_DICT = {"32": "pythonx86", "64": "python", "ARM64": "pythonarm64"}
 
         self.arch_str = arch_str
         self.arch = ARCH_DICT[arch_str]
@@ -77,26 +79,28 @@ class WindowsVersions:
         response.raise_for_status()
         cp_info = response.json()
 
-        versions = (Version(v) for v in cp_info["versions"])
-        self.versions = sorted(v for v in versions if not v.is_devrelease)
+        self.version_dict = {Version(v): v for v in cp_info["versions"]}
+
+    def update_version_windows(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigWinCP | None:
+
+        # Specifier.filter selects all non pre-releases that match the spec,
+        # unless there are only pre-releases, then it selects pre-releases
+        # instead (like pip)
+        unsorted_versions = spec.filter(self.version_dict)
+        versions = sorted(unsorted_versions, reverse=True)
 
-    def update_version_windows(self, spec: Specifier) -> Optional[ConfigWinCP]:
-        versions = sorted(v for v in self.versions if spec.contains(v))
-        if not all(v.is_prerelease for v in versions):
-            versions = [v for v in versions if not v.is_prerelease]
         log.debug(f"Windows {self.arch} {spec} has {', '.join(str(v) for v in versions)}")
 
         if not versions:
             return None
 
-        version = versions[-1]
+        version = versions[0]
         identifier = f"cp{version.major}{version.minor}-{self.arch}"
-        result = ConfigWinCP(
+        return ConfigWinCP(
             identifier=identifier,
-            version=str(version),
+            version=self.version_dict[version],
             arch=self.arch_str,
         )
-        return result
 
 
 class PyPyVersions:
@@ -111,30 +115,39 @@ class PyPyVersions:
             release["python_version"] = Version(release["python_version"])
 
         self.releases = [
-            r for r in releases if not r["pypy_version"].is_prerelease and not r["pypy_version"].is_devrelease
+            r
+            for r in releases
+            if not r["pypy_version"].is_prerelease and not r["pypy_version"].is_devrelease
         ]
         self.arch = arch_str
 
-    def update_version_windows(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigWinCP:
-        if self.arch != "32":
-            raise RuntimeError("64 bit releases not supported yet on Windows")
+    def get_arch_file(self, release: dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+        urls: list[str] = [
+            rf["download_url"]
+            for rf in release["files"]
+            if "" in rf["platform"] == f"win{self.arch}"
+        ]
+        return urls[0] if urls else ""
 
+    def update_version_windows(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigWinCP:
         releases = [r for r in self.releases if spec.contains(r["python_version"])]
-        releases = sorted(releases, key=lambda r: r["pypy_version"])
+        releases = sorted(releases, key=lambda r: r["pypy_version"])  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+        releases = [r for r in releases if self.get_arch_file(r)]
 
         if not releases:
             raise RuntimeError(f"PyPy Win {self.arch} not found for {spec}! {self.releases}")
 
+        version_arch = "win32" if self.arch == "32" else "win_amd64"
+
         release = releases[-1]
         version = release["python_version"]
-        identifier = f"pp{version.major}{version.minor}-win32"
-
-        (url,) = [rf["download_url"] for rf in release["files"] if "" in rf["platform"] == "win32"]
+        identifier = f"pp{version.major}{version.minor}-{version_arch}"
+        url = self.get_arch_file(release)
 
         return ConfigWinPP(
             identifier=identifier,
             version=f"{version.major}.{version.minor}",
-            arch="32",
+            arch=self.arch,
             url=url,
         )
 
@@ -143,7 +156,7 @@ class PyPyVersions:
             raise RuntimeError("Other archs not supported yet on macOS")
 
         releases = [r for r in self.releases if spec.contains(r["python_version"])]
-        releases = sorted(releases, key=lambda r: r["pypy_version"])
+        releases = sorted(releases, key=lambda r: r["pypy_version"])  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
 
         if not releases:
             raise RuntimeError(f"PyPy macOS {self.arch} not found for {spec}!")
@@ -152,9 +165,11 @@ class PyPyVersions:
         version = release["python_version"]
         identifier = f"pp{version.major}{version.minor}-macosx_x86_64"
 
-        (url,) = [
-            rf["download_url"] for rf in release["files"] if "" in rf["platform"] == "darwin" and rf["arch"] == "x64"
-        ]
+        (url,) = (
+            rf["download_url"]
+            for rf in release["files"]
+            if "" in rf["platform"] == "darwin" and rf["arch"] == "x64"
+        )
 
         return ConfigMacOS(
             identifier=identifier,
@@ -166,39 +181,50 @@ class PyPyVersions:
 class CPythonVersions:
     def __init__(self) -> None:
 
-        response = requests.get("https://www.python.org/api/v2/downloads/release/?is_published=true")
+        response = requests.get(
+            "https://www.python.org/api/v2/downloads/release/?is_published=true"
+        )
         response.raise_for_status()
 
         releases_info = response.json()
 
-        self.versions_dict: Dict[Version, int] = {}
+        self.versions_dict: dict[Version, int] = {}
         for release in releases_info:
             # Removing the prefix, Python 3.9 would use: release["name"].removeprefix("Python ")
             version = Version(release["name"][7:])
 
-            if not version.is_prerelease and not version.is_devrelease:
-                uri = int(release["resource_uri"].rstrip("/").split("/")[-1])
-                self.versions_dict[version] = uri
+            uri = int(release["resource_uri"].rstrip("/").split("/")[-1])
+            self.versions_dict[version] = uri
 
-    def update_version_macos(self, identifier: str, spec: Specifier) -> Optional[ConfigMacOS]:
-        file_idents = ("macos11.0.pkg", "macosx10.9.pkg", "macosx10.6.pkg")
-        sorted_versions = sorted(v for v in self.versions_dict if spec.contains(v))
+    def update_version_macos(
+        self, identifier: str, version: Version, spec: Specifier
+    ) -> ConfigMacOS | None:
 
-        for version in reversed(sorted_versions):
+        # see note above on Specifier.filter
+        unsorted_versions = spec.filter(self.versions_dict)
+        sorted_versions = sorted(unsorted_versions, reverse=True)
+
+        if version <= Version("3.8.9999"):
+            file_ident = "macosx10.9.pkg"
+        else:
+            file_ident = "macos11.pkg"
+
+        for new_version in sorted_versions:
             # Find the first patch version that contains the requested file
-            uri = self.versions_dict[version]
-            response = requests.get(f"https://www.python.org/api/v2/downloads/release_file/?release={uri}")
+            uri = self.versions_dict[new_version]
+            response = requests.get(
+                f"https://www.python.org/api/v2/downloads/release_file/?release={uri}"
+            )
             response.raise_for_status()
             file_info = response.json()
 
-            for file_ident in file_idents:
-                urls = [rf["url"] for rf in file_info if file_ident in rf["url"]]
-                if urls:
-                    return ConfigMacOS(
-                        identifier=identifier,
-                        version=f"{version.major}.{version.minor}",
-                        url=urls[0],
-                    )
+            urls = [rf["url"] for rf in file_info if file_ident in rf["url"]]
+            if urls:
+                return ConfigMacOS(
+                    identifier=identifier,
+                    version=f"{new_version.major}.{new_version.minor}",
+                    url=urls[0],
+                )
 
         return None
 
@@ -211,39 +237,40 @@ class AllVersions:
     def __init__(self) -> None:
         self.windows_32 = WindowsVersions("32")
         self.windows_64 = WindowsVersions("64")
-        self.windows_pypy = PyPyVersions("32")
+        self.windows_arm64 = WindowsVersions("ARM64")
+        self.windows_pypy_64 = PyPyVersions("64")
 
         self.macos_cpython = CPythonVersions()
         self.macos_pypy = PyPyVersions("64")
 
-    def update_config(self, config: Dict[str, str]) -> None:
+    def update_config(self, config: dict[str, str]) -> None:
         identifier = config["identifier"]
         version = Version(config["version"])
         spec = Specifier(f"=={version.major}.{version.minor}.*")
         log.info(f"Reading in '{identifier}' -> {spec} @ {version}")
         orig_config = copy.copy(config)
-        config_update: Optional[AnyConfig]
+        config_update: AnyConfig | None = None
 
         # We need to use ** in update due to MyPy (probably a bug)
         if "macos" in identifier:
-            if identifier.startswith("pp"):
+            if identifier.startswith("cp"):
+                config_update = self.macos_cpython.update_version_macos(identifier, version, spec)
+            elif identifier.startswith("pp"):
                 config_update = self.macos_pypy.update_version_macos(spec)
-            else:
-                config_update = self.macos_cpython.update_version_macos(identifier, spec)
-
-            assert config_update is not None, f"MacOS {spec} not found!"
-            config.update(**config_update)
         elif "win32" in identifier:
-            if identifier.startswith("pp"):
-                config.update(**self.windows_pypy.update_version_windows(spec))
-            else:
+            if identifier.startswith("cp"):
                 config_update = self.windows_32.update_version_windows(spec)
-                if config_update:
-                    config.update(**config_update)
         elif "win_amd64" in identifier:
-            config_update = self.windows_64.update_version_windows(spec)
-            if config_update:
-                config.update(**config_update)
+            if identifier.startswith("cp"):
+                config_update = self.windows_64.update_version_windows(spec)
+            elif identifier.startswith("pp"):
+                config_update = self.windows_pypy_64.update_version_windows(spec)
+        elif "win_arm64" in identifier:
+            if identifier.startswith("cp"):
+                config_update = self.windows_arm64.update_version_windows(spec)
+
+        assert config_update is not None, f"{identifier} not found!"
+        config.update(**config_update)
 
         if config != orig_config:
             log.info(f"  Updated {orig_config} to {config}")
@@ -251,7 +278,9 @@ class AllVersions:
 
 @click.command()
 @click.option("--force", is_flag=True)
-@click.option("--level", default="INFO", type=click.Choice(["INFO", "DEBUG", "TRACE"], case_sensitive=False))
+@click.option(
+    "--level", default="INFO", type=click.Choice(["WARNING", "INFO", "DEBUG"], case_sensitive=False)
+)
 def update_pythons(force: bool, level: str) -> None:
 
     logging.basicConfig(
@@ -266,7 +295,8 @@ def update_pythons(force: bool, level: str) -> None:
     toml_file_path = RESOURCES_DIR / "build-platforms.toml"
 
     original_toml = toml_file_path.read_text()
-    configs = toml.loads(original_toml)
+    with toml_file_path.open("rb") as f:
+        configs = tomli.load(f)
 
     for config in configs["windows"]["python_configurations"]:
         all_versions.update_config(config)
@@ -274,7 +304,7 @@ def update_pythons(force: bool, level: str) -> None:
     for config in configs["macos"]["python_configurations"]:
         all_versions.update_config(config)
 
-    result_toml = toml.dumps(configs, encoder=InlineArrayDictEncoder())  # type: ignore
+    result_toml = dump_python_configurations(configs)
 
     rich.print()  # spacer
 

bin/update_readme_changelog.py

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+import re
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+
+PROJECT_ROOT = Path(__file__).parent / ".."
+CHANGELOG_FILE = PROJECT_ROOT / "docs" / "changelog.md"
+README_FILE = PROJECT_ROOT / "README.md"
+
+# https://regexr.com/622ds
+FIRST_5_CHANGELOG_ENTRIES_REGEX = re.compile(r"""(^###.*?(?=###)){5}""", re.DOTALL | re.MULTILINE)
+
+# https://regexr.com/622e5
+README_CHANGELOG_SECTION = re.compile(
+    r"""(?<=<!-- START bin\/update_readme_changelog.py -->\n).*(?=<!-- END bin\/update_readme_changelog.py -->)""",
+    re.DOTALL,
+)
+
+
+def main():
+    changelog_text = CHANGELOG_FILE.read_text()
+    readme_text = README_FILE.read_text()
+
+    mini_changelog_match = FIRST_5_CHANGELOG_ENTRIES_REGEX.search(changelog_text)
+    assert mini_changelog_match, "Failed to find the first few changelog entries"
+
+    mini_changelog = "\n".join(
+        [
+            "",
+            "<!-- this section was generated by bin/update_readme_changelog.py -- do not edit manually -->",
+            "",
+            mini_changelog_match.group(0).strip(),
+            "",
+            "",
+        ]
+    )
+
+    if not re.search(README_CHANGELOG_SECTION, readme_text):
+        sys.exit("Changelog section not found in README")
+
+    readme_text = re.sub(README_CHANGELOG_SECTION, mini_changelog, readme_text)
+    README_FILE.write_text(readme_text)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

bin/update_virtualenv.py

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import difflib
+import logging
+import subprocess
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import NamedTuple
+
+import click
+import rich
+import tomli
+from packaging.version import InvalidVersion, Version
+from rich.logging import RichHandler
+from rich.syntax import Syntax
+
+from cibuildwheel.typing import Final
+
+log = logging.getLogger("cibw")
+
+# Looking up the dir instead of using utils.resources_dir
+# since we want to write to it.
+DIR: Final[Path] = Path(__file__).parent.parent.resolve()
+RESOURCES_DIR: Final[Path] = DIR / "cibuildwheel/resources"
+
+GET_VIRTUALENV_GITHUB: Final[str] = "https://github.com/pypa/get-virtualenv"
+GET_VIRTUALENV_URL_TEMPLATE: Final[
+    str
+] = f"{GET_VIRTUALENV_GITHUB}/blob/{{version}}/public/virtualenv.pyz?raw=true"
+
+
+class VersionTuple(NamedTuple):
+    version: Version
+    version_string: str
+
+
+def git_ls_remote_versions(url) -> list[VersionTuple]:
+    versions: list[VersionTuple] = []
+    tags = subprocess.run(
+        ["git", "ls-remote", "--tags", url], check=True, text=True, capture_output=True
+    ).stdout.splitlines()
+    for tag in tags:
+        _, ref = tag.split()
+        assert ref.startswith("refs/tags/")
+        version_string = ref[10:]
+        try:
+            version = Version(version_string)
+            if version.is_devrelease:
+                log.info(f"Ignoring development release '{version}'")
+                continue
+            if version.is_prerelease:
+                log.info(f"Ignoring pre-release '{version}'")
+                continue
+            versions.append(VersionTuple(version, version_string))
+        except InvalidVersion:
+            log.warning(f"Ignoring ref '{ref}'")
+    versions.sort(reverse=True)
+    return versions
+
+
+@click.command()
+@click.option("--force", is_flag=True)
+@click.option(
+    "--level", default="INFO", type=click.Choice(["WARNING", "INFO", "DEBUG"], case_sensitive=False)
+)
+def update_virtualenv(force: bool, level: str) -> None:
+
+    logging.basicConfig(
+        level="INFO",
+        format="%(message)s",
+        datefmt="[%X]",
+        handlers=[RichHandler(rich_tracebacks=True, markup=True)],
+    )
+    log.setLevel(level)
+
+    toml_file_path = RESOURCES_DIR / "virtualenv.toml"
+
+    original_toml = toml_file_path.read_text()
+    with toml_file_path.open("rb") as f:
+        loaded_file = tomli.load(f)
+    version = str(loaded_file["version"])
+    versions = git_ls_remote_versions(GET_VIRTUALENV_GITHUB)
+    if versions[0].version > Version(version):
+        version = versions[0].version_string
+
+    result_toml = (
+        f'version = "{version}"\n'
+        f'url = "{GET_VIRTUALENV_URL_TEMPLATE.format(version=version)}"\n'
+    )
+
+    rich.print()  # spacer
+
+    if original_toml == result_toml:
+        rich.print("[green]Check complete, virtualenv version unchanged.")
+        return
+
+    rich.print("virtualenv version updated.")
+    rich.print("Changes:")
+    rich.print()
+
+    toml_relpath = toml_file_path.relative_to(DIR).as_posix()
+    diff_lines = difflib.unified_diff(
+        original_toml.splitlines(keepends=True),
+        result_toml.splitlines(keepends=True),
+        fromfile=toml_relpath,
+        tofile=toml_relpath,
+    )
+    rich.print(Syntax("".join(diff_lines), "diff", theme="ansi_light"))
+    rich.print()
+
+    if force:
+        toml_file_path.write_text(result_toml)
+        rich.print("[green]TOML file updated.")
+    else:
+        rich.print("[yellow]File left unchanged. Use --force flag to update.")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    update_virtualenv()

cibuildwheel/__init__.py

@@ -1 +1 @@
-__version__ = '1.9.0'
+__version__ = "2.4.0"

cibuildwheel/__main__.py

@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
 import argparse
 import os
+import shutil
 import sys
 import textwrap
-import traceback
-from configparser import ConfigParser
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Set, Union, overload
-
-from packaging.specifiers import SpecifierSet
+from tempfile import mkdtemp
+from typing import List, Set, Union
 
 import cibuildwheel
 import cibuildwheel.linux
@@ -15,363 +13,283 @@ import cibuildwheel.macos
 import cibuildwheel.util
 import cibuildwheel.windows
 from cibuildwheel.architecture import Architecture, allowed_architectures_check
-from cibuildwheel.environment import EnvironmentParseError, parse_environment
-from cibuildwheel.projectfiles import get_requires_python_str
+from cibuildwheel.logger import log
+from cibuildwheel.options import CommandLineArguments, Options, compute_options
 from cibuildwheel.typing import PLATFORMS, PlatformName, assert_never
 from cibuildwheel.util import (
-    BuildOptions,
+    CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
     BuildSelector,
-    DependencyConstraints,
-    TestSelector,
     Unbuffered,
     detect_ci_provider,
-    resources_dir,
 )
 
 
-@overload
-def get_option_from_environment(option_name: str, *, platform: Optional[str] = None, default: str) -> str: ...  # noqa: E704
-@overload
-def get_option_from_environment(option_name: str, *, platform: Optional[str] = None, default: None = None) -> Optional[str]: ...  # noqa: E704 E302
-def get_option_from_environment(option_name: str, *, platform: Optional[str] = None, default: Optional[str] = None) -> Optional[str]:  # noqa: E302
-    '''
-    Returns an option from the environment, optionally scoped by the platform.
-
-    Example:
-      get_option_from_environment('CIBW_COLOR', platform='macos')
-
-      This will return the value of CIBW_COLOR_MACOS if it exists, otherwise the value of
-      CIBW_COLOR.
-    '''
-    if platform:
-        option = os.environ.get(f'{option_name}_{platform.upper()}')
-        if option is not None:
-            return option
-
-    return os.environ.get(option_name, default)
-
-
 def main() -> None:
     platform: PlatformName
 
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
-        description='Build wheels for all the platforms.',
-        epilog='''
-            Most options are supplied via environment variables.
-            See https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel#options for info.
-        ''')
+        description="Build wheels for all the platforms.",
+        epilog="""
+            Most options are supplied via environment variables or in
+            --config-file (pyproject.toml usually). See
+            https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel#options for info.
+        """,
+    )
 
-    parser.add_argument('--platform',
-                        choices=['auto', 'linux', 'macos', 'windows'],
-                        default=os.environ.get('CIBW_PLATFORM', 'auto'),
-                        help='''
-                            Platform to build for. For "linux" you need docker running, on Mac
-                            or Linux. For "macos", you need a Mac machine, and note that this
-                            script is going to automatically install MacPython on your system,
-                            so don't run on your development machine. For "windows", you need to
-                            run in Windows, and it will build and test for all versions of
-                            Python. Default: auto.
-                        ''')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--platform",
+        choices=["auto", "linux", "macos", "windows"],
+        default=os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "auto"),
+        help="""
+            Platform to build for. Use this option to override the
+            auto-detected platform or to run cibuildwheel on your development
+            machine. Specifying "macos" or "windows" only works on that
+            operating system, but "linux" works on all three, as long as
+            Docker is installed. Default: auto.
+        """,
+    )
 
-    parser.add_argument('--archs',
-                        default=None,
-                        help='''
-                            Comma-separated list of CPU architectures to build for.
-                            When set to 'auto', builds the architectures natively supported
-                            on this machine. Set this option to build an architecture
-                            via emulation, for example, using binfmt_misc and QEMU.
-                            Default: auto.
-                            Choices: auto, auto64, auto32, native, all, {}
-                        '''.format(", ".join(a.name for a in Architecture)))
-    parser.add_argument('--output-dir',
-                        default=os.environ.get('CIBW_OUTPUT_DIR', 'wheelhouse'),
-                        help='Destination folder for the wheels.')
-    parser.add_argument('package_dir',
-                        default='.',
-                        nargs='?',
-                        help='''
-                            Path to the package that you want wheels for. Must be a subdirectory of
-                            the working directory. When set, the working directory is still
-                            considered the 'project' and is copied into the Docker container on
-                            Linux. Default: the working directory.
-                        ''')
+    arch_list_str = ", ".join(a.name for a in Architecture)
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--archs",
+        default=None,
+        help=f"""
+            Comma-separated list of CPU architectures to build for.
+            When set to 'auto', builds the architectures natively supported
+            on this machine. Set this option to build an architecture
+            via emulation, for example, using binfmt_misc and QEMU.
+            Default: auto.
+            Choices: auto, auto64, auto32, native, all, {arch_list_str}
+        """,
+    )
 
-    parser.add_argument('--print-build-identifiers',
-                        action='store_true',
-                        help='Print the build identifiers matched by the current invocation and exit.')
-    parser.add_argument('--allow-empty',
-                        action='store_true',
-                        help='Do not report an error code if the build does not match any wheels.')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--output-dir",
+        help="Destination folder for the wheels. Default: wheelhouse.",
+    )
 
-    args = parser.parse_args()
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--config-file",
+        default="",
+        help="""
+            TOML config file. Default: "", meaning {package}/pyproject.toml,
+            if it exists.
+        """,
+    )
 
-    detect_obsolete_options()
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "package_dir",
+        default=".",
+        nargs="?",
+        help="""
+            Path to the package that you want wheels for. Must be a subdirectory of
+            the working directory. When set, the working directory is still
+            considered the 'project' and is copied into the Docker container on
+            Linux. Default: the working directory.
+        """,
+    )
 
-    if args.platform != 'auto':
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--print-build-identifiers",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Print the build identifiers matched by the current invocation and exit.",
+    )
+
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--allow-empty",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Do not report an error code if the build does not match any wheels.",
+    )
+
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--prerelease-pythons",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Enable pre-release Python versions if available.",
+    )
+
+    args = parser.parse_args(namespace=CommandLineArguments())
+
+    if args.platform != "auto":
         platform = args.platform
     else:
         ci_provider = detect_ci_provider()
         if ci_provider is None:
-            print(textwrap.dedent('''
-                cibuildwheel: Unable to detect platform. cibuildwheel should run on your CI server;
-                Travis CI, AppVeyor, Azure Pipelines, GitHub Actions, CircleCI, and Gitlab are
-                supported. You can run on your development machine or other CI providers using the
-                --platform argument. Check --help output for more information.
-            '''), file=sys.stderr)
+            print(
+                textwrap.dedent(
+                    """
+                    cibuildwheel: Unable to detect platform. cibuildwheel should run on your CI server;
+                    Travis CI, AppVeyor, Azure Pipelines, GitHub Actions, CircleCI, and Gitlab are
+                    supported. You can run on your development machine or other CI providers using the
+                    --platform argument. Check --help output for more information.
+                    """
+                ),
+                file=sys.stderr,
+            )
             sys.exit(2)
-        if sys.platform.startswith('linux'):
-            platform = 'linux'
-        elif sys.platform == 'darwin':
-            platform = 'macos'
-        elif sys.platform == 'win32':
-            platform = 'windows'
+        if sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
+            platform = "linux"
+        elif sys.platform == "darwin":
+            platform = "macos"
+        elif sys.platform == "win32":
+            platform = "windows"
         else:
-            print('cibuildwheel: Unable to detect platform from "sys.platform" in a CI environment. You can run '
-                  'cibuildwheel using the --platform argument. Check --help output for more information.',
-                  file=sys.stderr)
+            print(
+                'cibuildwheel: Unable to detect platform from "sys.platform" in a CI environment. You can run '
+                "cibuildwheel using the --platform argument. Check --help output for more information.",
+                file=sys.stderr,
+            )
             sys.exit(2)
 
     if platform not in PLATFORMS:
-        print(f'cibuildwheel: Unsupported platform: {platform}', file=sys.stderr)
+        print(f"cibuildwheel: Unsupported platform: {platform}", file=sys.stderr)
         sys.exit(2)
 
-    package_dir = Path(args.package_dir)
-    output_dir = Path(args.output_dir)
+    options = compute_options(platform=platform, command_line_arguments=args)
 
-    if platform == 'linux':
-        repair_command_default = 'auditwheel repair -w {dest_dir} {wheel}'
-    elif platform == 'macos':
-        repair_command_default = 'delocate-listdeps {wheel} && delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} {wheel}'
-    elif platform == 'windows':
-        repair_command_default = ''
-    else:
-        assert_never(platform)
-
-    build_config, skip_config = os.environ.get('CIBW_BUILD', '*'), os.environ.get('CIBW_SKIP', '')
-    test_skip = os.environ.get('CIBW_TEST_SKIP', '')
-    environment_config = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_ENVIRONMENT', platform=platform, default='')
-    before_all = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_BEFORE_ALL', platform=platform, default='')
-    before_build = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD', platform=platform)
-    repair_command = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND', platform=platform, default=repair_command_default)
-    dependency_versions = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS', platform=platform, default='pinned')
-    test_command = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_TEST_COMMAND', platform=platform)
-    before_test = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_BEFORE_TEST', platform=platform)
-    test_requires = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES', platform=platform, default='').split()
-    test_extras = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS', platform=platform, default='')
-    build_verbosity_str = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY', platform=platform, default='')
-
-    package_files = {'setup.py', 'setup.cfg', 'pyproject.toml'}
+    package_dir = options.globals.package_dir
+    package_files = {"setup.py", "setup.cfg", "pyproject.toml"}
 
     if not any(package_dir.joinpath(name).exists() for name in package_files):
-        names = ', '.join(sorted(package_files, reverse=True))
-        print(f'cibuildwheel: Could not find any of {{{names}}} at root of package', file=sys.stderr)
+        names = ", ".join(sorted(package_files, reverse=True))
+        msg = f"cibuildwheel: Could not find any of {{{names}}} at root of package"
+        print(msg, file=sys.stderr)
         sys.exit(2)
 
-    # Passing this in as an environment variable will override pyproject.toml, setup.cfg, or setup.py
-    requires_python_str: Optional[str] = os.environ.get('CIBW_PROJECT_REQUIRES_PYTHON') or get_requires_python_str(package_dir)
-    requires_python = None if requires_python_str is None else SpecifierSet(requires_python_str)
-
-    build_selector = BuildSelector(build_config=build_config, skip_config=skip_config, requires_python=requires_python)
-    test_selector = TestSelector(skip_config=test_skip)
-
-    try:
-        environment = parse_environment(environment_config)
-    except (EnvironmentParseError, ValueError):
-        print(f'cibuildwheel: Malformed environment option "{environment_config}"', file=sys.stderr)
-        traceback.print_exc(None, sys.stderr)
-        sys.exit(2)
-
-    if dependency_versions == 'pinned':
-        dependency_constraints: Optional[DependencyConstraints] = DependencyConstraints.with_defaults()
-    elif dependency_versions == 'latest':
-        dependency_constraints = None
-    else:
-        dependency_versions_path = Path(dependency_versions)
-        dependency_constraints = DependencyConstraints(dependency_versions_path)
-
-    if test_extras:
-        test_extras = f'[{test_extras}]'
-
-    try:
-        build_verbosity = min(3, max(-3, int(build_verbosity_str)))
-    except ValueError:
-        build_verbosity = 0
-
-    # Add CIBUILDWHEEL environment variable
-    # This needs to be passed on to the docker container in linux.py
-    os.environ['CIBUILDWHEEL'] = '1'
-
-    if args.archs is not None:
-        archs_config_str = args.archs
-    else:
-        archs_config_str = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_ARCHS', platform=platform, default='auto')
-
-    archs = Architecture.parse_config(archs_config_str, platform=platform)
-
-    identifiers = get_build_identifiers(platform, build_selector, archs)
+    identifiers = get_build_identifiers(
+        platform=platform,
+        build_selector=options.globals.build_selector,
+        architectures=options.globals.architectures,
+    )
 
     if args.print_build_identifiers:
         for identifier in identifiers:
             print(identifier)
         sys.exit(0)
 
-    manylinux_images: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None
-    if platform == 'linux':
-        pinned_docker_images_file = resources_dir / 'pinned_docker_images.cfg'
-        all_pinned_docker_images = ConfigParser()
-        all_pinned_docker_images.read(pinned_docker_images_file)
-        # all_pinned_docker_images looks like a dict of dicts, e.g.
-        # { 'x86_64': {'manylinux1': '...', 'manylinux2010': '...', 'manylinux2014': '...'},
-        #   'i686': {'manylinux1': '...', 'manylinux2010': '...', 'manylinux2014': '...'},
-        #   'pypy_x86_64': {'manylinux2010': '...' }
-        #   ... }
-
-        manylinux_images = {}
-
-        for build_platform in ['x86_64', 'i686', 'pypy_x86_64', 'aarch64', 'ppc64le', 's390x']:
-            pinned_images = all_pinned_docker_images[build_platform]
-
-            config_name = f'CIBW_MANYLINUX_{build_platform.upper()}_IMAGE'
-            config_value = os.environ.get(config_name)
-
-            if config_value is None:
-                # default to manylinux2010 if it's available, otherwise manylinux2014
-                image = pinned_images.get('manylinux2010') or pinned_images.get('manylinux2014')
-            elif config_value in pinned_images:
-                image = pinned_images[config_value]
-            else:
-                image = config_value
-
-            manylinux_images[build_platform] = image
-
-    build_options = BuildOptions(
-        architectures=archs,
-        package_dir=package_dir,
-        output_dir=output_dir,
-        test_command=test_command,
-        test_requires=test_requires,
-        test_extras=test_extras,
-        before_test=before_test,
-        before_build=before_build,
-        before_all=before_all,
-        build_verbosity=build_verbosity,
-        build_selector=build_selector,
-        test_selector=test_selector,
-        repair_command=repair_command,
-        environment=environment,
-        dependency_constraints=dependency_constraints,
-        manylinux_images=manylinux_images,
-    )
+    # Add CIBUILDWHEEL environment variable
+    # This needs to be passed on to the docker container in linux.py
+    os.environ["CIBUILDWHEEL"] = "1"
 
     # Python is buffering by default when running on the CI platforms, giving problems interleaving subprocess call output with unflushed calls to 'print'
-    sys.stdout = Unbuffered(sys.stdout)  # type: ignore
+    sys.stdout = Unbuffered(sys.stdout)  # type: ignore[assignment]
 
-    print_preamble(platform, build_options)
+    # create the cache dir before it gets printed & builds performed
+    CIBW_CACHE_PATH.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    print_preamble(platform=platform, options=options, identifiers=identifiers)
 
     try:
-        allowed_architectures_check(platform, build_options.architectures)
+        options.check_for_invalid_configuration(identifiers)
+        allowed_architectures_check(platform, options.globals.architectures)
     except ValueError as err:
         print("cibuildwheel:", *err.args, file=sys.stderr)
         sys.exit(4)
 
     if not identifiers:
-        print(f'cibuildwheel: No build identifiers selected: {build_selector}', file=sys.stderr)
+        print(
+            f"cibuildwheel: No build identifiers selected: {options.globals.build_selector}",
+            file=sys.stderr,
+        )
         if not args.allow_empty:
             sys.exit(3)
 
+    output_dir = options.globals.output_dir
+
     if not output_dir.exists():
         output_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
 
-    with cibuildwheel.util.print_new_wheels("{n} wheels produced in {m:.0f} minutes:", output_dir):
-        if platform == 'linux':
-            cibuildwheel.linux.build(build_options)
-        elif platform == 'windows':
-            cibuildwheel.windows.build(build_options)
-        elif platform == 'macos':
-            cibuildwheel.macos.build(build_options)
-        else:
-            assert_never(platform)
-
-
-def detect_obsolete_options() -> None:
-    # Check the old 'MANYLINUX1_*_IMAGE' options
-    for (deprecated, alternative) in [('CIBW_MANYLINUX1_X86_64_IMAGE', 'CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE'),
-                                      ('CIBW_MANYLINUX1_I686_IMAGE', 'CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE')]:
-        if deprecated in os.environ:
-            print(f"'{deprecated}' has been deprecated, and will be removed in a future release. Use the option '{alternative}' instead.")
-            if alternative not in os.environ:
-                print(f"Using value of option '{deprecated}' as replacement for '{alternative}'")
-                os.environ[alternative] = os.environ[deprecated]
+    tmp_path = Path(mkdtemp(prefix="cibw-run-")).resolve(strict=True)
+    try:
+        with cibuildwheel.util.print_new_wheels(
+            "\n{n} wheels produced in {m:.0f} minutes:", output_dir
+        ):
+            if platform == "linux":
+                cibuildwheel.linux.build(options, tmp_path)
+            elif platform == "windows":
+                cibuildwheel.windows.build(options, tmp_path)
+            elif platform == "macos":
+                cibuildwheel.macos.build(options, tmp_path)
             else:
-                print(f"Option '{alternative}' is not empty. Please unset '{deprecated}'")
-                sys.exit(2)
-
-    # Check for deprecated identifiers in 'CIBW_BUILD' and 'CIBW_SKIP' options
-    for option in ['CIBW_BUILD', 'CIBW_SKIP']:
-        for deprecated, alternative in [('manylinux1', 'manylinux'),
-                                        ('macosx_10_6_intel', 'macosx_x86_64'),
-                                        ('macosx_10_9_x86_64', 'macosx_x86_64')]:
-            if option in os.environ and deprecated in os.environ[option]:
-                print(f"Build identifiers with '{deprecated}' have been deprecated. Replacing all occurences of '{deprecated}' with '{alternative}' in the option '{option}'")
-                os.environ[option] = os.environ[option].replace(deprecated, alternative)
+                assert_never(platform)
+    finally:
+        shutil.rmtree(tmp_path, ignore_errors=sys.platform.startswith("win"))
+        if tmp_path.exists():
+            log.warning(f"Can't delete temporary folder '{str(tmp_path)}'")
 
 
-def print_preamble(platform: str, build_options: BuildOptions) -> None:
-    print(textwrap.dedent('''
-             _ _       _ _   _       _           _
-         ___|_| |_ _ _|_| |_| |_ _ _| |_ ___ ___| |
-        |  _| | . | | | | | . | | | |   | -_| -_| |
-        |___|_|___|___|_|_|___|_____|_|_|___|___|_|
-        '''))
+def print_preamble(platform: str, options: Options, identifiers: List[str]) -> None:
+    print(
+        textwrap.dedent(
+            """
+                 _ _       _ _   _       _           _
+             ___|_| |_ _ _|_| |_| |_ _ _| |_ ___ ___| |
+            |  _| | . | | | | | . | | | |   | -_| -_| |
+            |___|_|___|___|_|_|___|_____|_|_|___|___|_|
+            """
+        )
+    )
 
-    print(f'cibuildwheel version {cibuildwheel.__version__}\n')
+    print(f"cibuildwheel version {cibuildwheel.__version__}\n")
 
-    print('Build options:')
-    print(f'  platform: {platform!r}')
-    for option, value in sorted(build_options._asdict().items()):
-        print(f'  {option}: {value!r}')
+    print("Build options:")
+    print(f"  platform: {platform!r}")
+    print(textwrap.indent(options.summary(identifiers), "  "))
 
-    warnings = detect_warnings(platform, build_options)
+    print(f"Cache folder: {CIBW_CACHE_PATH}")
+
+    warnings = detect_warnings(options=options, identifiers=identifiers)
     if warnings:
-        print('\nWarnings:')
+        print("\nWarnings:")
         for warning in warnings:
-            print('  ' + warning)
+            print("  " + warning)
 
-    print('\nHere we go!\n')
+    print("\nHere we go!\n")
 
 
 def get_build_identifiers(
     platform: PlatformName, build_selector: BuildSelector, architectures: Set[Architecture]
 ) -> List[str]:
-    python_configurations: Union[List[cibuildwheel.linux.PythonConfiguration],
-                                 List[cibuildwheel.windows.PythonConfiguration],
-                                 List[cibuildwheel.macos.PythonConfiguration]]
+    python_configurations: Union[
+        List[cibuildwheel.linux.PythonConfiguration],
+        List[cibuildwheel.windows.PythonConfiguration],
+        List[cibuildwheel.macos.PythonConfiguration],
+    ]
 
-    if platform == 'linux':
-        python_configurations = cibuildwheel.linux.get_python_configurations(build_selector, architectures)
-    elif platform == 'windows':
-        python_configurations = cibuildwheel.windows.get_python_configurations(build_selector, architectures)
-    elif platform == 'macos':
-        python_configurations = cibuildwheel.macos.get_python_configurations(build_selector, architectures)
+    if platform == "linux":
+        python_configurations = cibuildwheel.linux.get_python_configurations(
+            build_selector, architectures
+        )
+    elif platform == "windows":
+        python_configurations = cibuildwheel.windows.get_python_configurations(
+            build_selector, architectures
+        )
+    elif platform == "macos":
+        python_configurations = cibuildwheel.macos.get_python_configurations(
+            build_selector, architectures
+        )
     else:
         assert_never(platform)
 
     return [config.identifier for config in python_configurations]
 
 
-def detect_warnings(platform: str, build_options: BuildOptions) -> List[str]:
+def detect_warnings(*, options: Options, identifiers: List[str]) -> List[str]:
     warnings = []
 
     # warn about deprecated {python} and {pip}
-    for option_name in ['test_command', 'before_build']:
-        option_value = getattr(build_options, option_name)
+    for option_name in ["test_command", "before_build"]:
+        option_values = [getattr(options.build_options(i), option_name) for i in identifiers]
 
-        if option_value:
-            if '{python}' in option_value or '{pip}' in option_value:
-                warnings.append(option_name + ": '{python}' and '{pip}' are no longer needed, and will be removed in a future release. Simply use 'python' or 'pip' instead.")
+        if any(o and ("{python}" in o or "{pip}" in o) for o in option_values):
+            # Reminder: in an f-string, double braces means literal single brace
+            msg = (
+                f"{option_name}: '{{python}}' and '{{pip}}' are no longer needed, "
+                "and will be removed in a future release. Simply use 'python' or 'pip' instead."
+            )
+            warnings.append(msg)
 
     return warnings
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     main()

cibuildwheel/architecture.py

@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ import re
 from enum import Enum
 from typing import Set
 
-from .typing import Literal, PlatformName, assert_never
+from .typing import Final, Literal, PlatformName, assert_never
 
-PRETTY_NAMES = {'linux': 'Linux', 'macos': 'macOS', 'windows': 'Windows'}
+PRETTY_NAMES: Final = {"linux": "Linux", "macos": "macOS", "windows": "Windows"}
 
 
 @functools.total_ordering
@@ -14,81 +14,86 @@ class Architecture(Enum):
     value: str
 
     # mac/linux archs
-    x86_64 = 'x86_64'
+    x86_64 = "x86_64"
 
     # linux archs
-    i686 = 'i686'
-    aarch64 = 'aarch64'
-    ppc64le = 'ppc64le'
-    s390x = 's390x'
+    i686 = "i686"
+    aarch64 = "aarch64"
+    ppc64le = "ppc64le"
+    s390x = "s390x"
 
     # mac archs
-    universal2 = 'universal2'
-    arm64 = 'arm64'
+    universal2 = "universal2"
+    arm64 = "arm64"
 
     # windows archs
-    x86 = 'x86'
-    AMD64 = 'AMD64'
+    x86 = "x86"
+    AMD64 = "AMD64"
+    ARM64 = "ARM64"
 
     # Allow this to be sorted
     def __lt__(self, other: "Architecture") -> bool:
         return self.value < other.value
 
     @staticmethod
-    def parse_config(config: str, platform: PlatformName) -> 'Set[Architecture]':
+    def parse_config(config: str, platform: PlatformName) -> "Set[Architecture]":
         result = set()
-        for arch_str in re.split(r'[\s,]+', config):
-            if arch_str == 'auto':
+        for arch_str in re.split(r"[\s,]+", config):
+            if arch_str == "auto":
                 result |= Architecture.auto_archs(platform=platform)
-            elif arch_str == 'native':
+            elif arch_str == "native":
                 result.add(Architecture(platform_module.machine()))
-            elif arch_str == 'all':
+            elif arch_str == "all":
                 result |= Architecture.all_archs(platform=platform)
-            elif arch_str == 'auto64':
+            elif arch_str == "auto64":
                 result |= Architecture.bitness_archs(platform=platform, bitness="64")
-            elif arch_str == 'auto32':
+            elif arch_str == "auto32":
                 result |= Architecture.bitness_archs(platform=platform, bitness="32")
             else:
                 result.add(Architecture(arch_str))
         return result
 
     @staticmethod
-    def auto_archs(platform: PlatformName) -> 'Set[Architecture]':
+    def auto_archs(platform: PlatformName) -> "Set[Architecture]":
         native_architecture = Architecture(platform_module.machine())
         result = {native_architecture}
 
-        if platform == 'linux' and native_architecture == Architecture.x86_64:
+        if platform == "linux" and native_architecture == Architecture.x86_64:
             # x86_64 machines can run i686 docker containers
             result.add(Architecture.i686)
 
-        if platform == 'windows' and native_architecture == Architecture.AMD64:
+        if platform == "windows" and native_architecture == Architecture.AMD64:
             result.add(Architecture.x86)
 
-        if platform == 'macos' and native_architecture == Architecture.arm64:
+        if platform == "macos" and native_architecture == Architecture.arm64:
             # arm64 can build and test both archs of a universal2 wheel.
             result.add(Architecture.universal2)
 
         return result
 
     @staticmethod
-    def all_archs(platform: PlatformName) -> 'Set[Architecture]':
-        if platform == 'linux':
-            return {Architecture.x86_64, Architecture.i686, Architecture.aarch64, Architecture.ppc64le, Architecture.s390x}
-        elif platform == 'macos':
-            return {Architecture.x86_64, Architecture.arm64, Architecture.universal2}
-        elif platform == 'windows':
-            return {Architecture.x86, Architecture.AMD64}
-        else:
-            assert_never(platform)
+    def all_archs(platform: PlatformName) -> "Set[Architecture]":
+        all_archs_map = {
+            "linux": {
+                Architecture.x86_64,
+                Architecture.i686,
+                Architecture.aarch64,
+                Architecture.ppc64le,
+                Architecture.s390x,
+            },
+            "macos": {Architecture.x86_64, Architecture.arm64, Architecture.universal2},
+            "windows": {Architecture.x86, Architecture.AMD64, Architecture.ARM64},
+        }
+        return all_archs_map[platform]
 
     @staticmethod
-    def bitness_archs(platform: PlatformName, bitness: Literal['64', '32']) -> 'Set[Architecture]':
+    def bitness_archs(platform: PlatformName, bitness: Literal["64", "32"]) -> "Set[Architecture]":
         archs_32 = {Architecture.i686, Architecture.x86}
         auto_archs = Architecture.auto_archs(platform)
 
-        if bitness == '64':
+        if bitness == "64":
             return auto_archs - archs_32
-        elif bitness == '32':
+        elif bitness == "32":
             return auto_archs & archs_32
         else:
             assert_never(bitness)
@@ -101,15 +106,15 @@ def allowed_architectures_check(
 
     allowed_architectures = Architecture.all_archs(platform)
 
-    msg = f'{PRETTY_NAMES[platform]} only supports {sorted(allowed_architectures)} at the moment.'
+    msg = f"{PRETTY_NAMES[platform]} only supports {sorted(allowed_architectures)} at the moment."
 
-    if platform != 'linux':
-        msg += ' If you want to set emulation architectures on Linux, use CIBW_ARCHS_LINUX instead.'
+    if platform != "linux":
+        msg += " If you want to set emulation architectures on Linux, use CIBW_ARCHS_LINUX instead."
 
     if not architectures <= allowed_architectures:
-        msg = f'Invalid archs option {architectures}. ' + msg
+        msg = f"Invalid archs option {architectures}. " + msg
         raise ValueError(msg)
 
     if not architectures:
-        msg = 'Empty archs option set. ' + msg
+        msg = "Empty archs option set. " + msg
         raise ValueError(msg)

cibuildwheel/bashlex_eval.py

@@ -8,7 +8,9 @@ EnvironmentExecutor = Callable[[List[str], Dict[str, str]], str]
 
 
 def local_environment_executor(command: List[str], env: Dict[str, str]) -> str:
-    return subprocess.check_output(command, env=env, universal_newlines=True)
+    return subprocess.run(
+        command, env=env, universal_newlines=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, check=True
+    ).stdout
 
 
 class NodeExecutionContext(NamedTuple):
@@ -17,11 +19,13 @@ class NodeExecutionContext(NamedTuple):
     executor: EnvironmentExecutor
 
 
-def evaluate(value: str, environment: Dict[str, str], executor: Optional[EnvironmentExecutor] = None) -> str:
+def evaluate(
+    value: str, environment: Dict[str, str], executor: Optional[EnvironmentExecutor] = None
+) -> str:
     if not value:
         # empty string evaluates to empty string
         # (but trips up bashlex)
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
     command_node = bashlex.parsesingle(value)
 
@@ -32,18 +36,20 @@ def evaluate(value: str, environment: Dict[str, str], executor: Optional[Environ
 
     return evaluate_node(
         value_word_node,
-        context=NodeExecutionContext(environment=environment, input=value, executor=executor or local_environment_executor)
+        context=NodeExecutionContext(
+            environment=environment, input=value, executor=executor or local_environment_executor
+        ),
     )
 
 
 def evaluate_node(node: bashlex.ast.node, context: NodeExecutionContext) -> str:
-    if node.kind == 'word':
+    if node.kind == "word":
         return evaluate_word_node(node, context=context)
-    elif node.kind == 'commandsubstitution':
+    elif node.kind == "commandsubstitution":
         node_result = evaluate_command_node(node.command, context=context)
         # bash removes training newlines in command substitution
         return node_result.rstrip()
-    elif node.kind == 'parameter':
+    elif node.kind == "parameter":
         return evaluate_parameter_node(node, context=context)
     else:
         raise ValueError(f'Unsupported bash construct: "{node.kind}"')
@@ -53,14 +59,13 @@ def evaluate_word_node(node: bashlex.ast.node, context: NodeExecutionContext) ->
     value: str = node.word
 
     for part in node.parts:
-        part_string = context.input[part.pos[0]:part.pos[1]]
+        part_string = context.input[part.pos[0] : part.pos[1]]
         part_value = evaluate_node(part, context=context)
 
         if part_string not in value:
             raise RuntimeError(
-                'bash parse failed. part "{}" not found in "{}". Word was "{}". Full input was "{}"'.format(
-                    part_string, value, node.word, context.input,
-                )
+                f'bash parse failed. part "{part_string}" not found in "{value}". '
+                f'Word was "{node.word}". Full input was "{context.input}"'
             )
 
         value = value.replace(part_string, part_value, 1)
@@ -69,25 +74,25 @@ def evaluate_word_node(node: bashlex.ast.node, context: NodeExecutionContext) ->
 
 
 def evaluate_command_node(node: bashlex.ast.node, context: NodeExecutionContext) -> str:
-    if any(n.kind == 'operator' for n in node.parts):
+    if any(n.kind == "operator" for n in node.parts):
         return evaluate_nodes_as_compound_command(node.parts, context=context)
     else:
         return evaluate_nodes_as_simple_command(node.parts, context=context)
 
 
-def evaluate_nodes_as_compound_command(nodes: Sequence[bashlex.ast.node], context: NodeExecutionContext) -> str:
+def evaluate_nodes_as_compound_command(
+    nodes: Sequence[bashlex.ast.node], context: NodeExecutionContext
+) -> str:
     # bashlex doesn't support any operators besides ';' inside command
     # substitutions, so we only need to handle that case. We do so assuming
     # that `set -o errexit` is on, because it's easier to code!
 
-    result = ''
+    result = ""
     for node in nodes:
-        if node.kind == 'command':
+        if node.kind == "command":
             result += evaluate_command_node(node, context=context)
-        elif node.kind == 'operator':
-            if node.op == ';':
-                pass
-            else:
+        elif node.kind == "operator":
+            if node.op != ";":
                 raise ValueError(f'Unsupported bash operator: "{node.op}"')
         else:
             raise ValueError(f'Unsupported bash node in compound command: "{node.kind}"')
@@ -95,10 +100,12 @@ def evaluate_nodes_as_compound_command(nodes: Sequence[bashlex.ast.node], contex
     return result
 
 
-def evaluate_nodes_as_simple_command(nodes: List[bashlex.ast.node], context: NodeExecutionContext) -> str:
+def evaluate_nodes_as_simple_command(
+    nodes: List[bashlex.ast.node], context: NodeExecutionContext
+) -> str:
     command = [evaluate_node(part, context=context) for part in nodes]
     return context.executor(command, context.environment)
 
 
 def evaluate_parameter_node(node: bashlex.ast.node, context: NodeExecutionContext) -> str:
-    return context.environment.get(node.value, '')
+    return context.environment.get(node.value, "")

cibuildwheel/docker_container.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import io
 import json
 import os
+import platform
 import shlex
 import subprocess
 import sys
@@ -9,27 +10,32 @@ from pathlib import Path, PurePath
 from types import TracebackType
 from typing import IO, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Type, cast
 
+from cibuildwheel.util import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider
+
 from .typing import PathOrStr, PopenBytes
 
 
 class DockerContainer:
-    '''
+    """
     An object that represents a running Docker container.
 
     Intended for use as a context manager e.g.
-    `with DockerContainer('ubuntu') as docker:`
+    `with DockerContainer(docker_image = 'ubuntu') as docker:`
 
     A bash shell is running in the remote container. When `call()` is invoked,
     the command is relayed to the remote shell, and the results are streamed
     back to cibuildwheel.
-    '''
-    UTILITY_PYTHON = '/opt/python/cp38-cp38/bin/python'
+    """
+
+    UTILITY_PYTHON = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38/bin/python"
 
     process: PopenBytes
     bash_stdin: IO[bytes]
     bash_stdout: IO[bytes]
 
-    def __init__(self, docker_image: str, simulate_32_bit: bool = False, cwd: Optional[PathOrStr] = None):
+    def __init__(
+        self, *, docker_image: str, simulate_32_bit: bool = False, cwd: Optional[PathOrStr] = None
+    ):
         if not docker_image:
             raise ValueError("Must have a non-empty docker image to run.")
 
@@ -38,27 +44,40 @@ class DockerContainer:
         self.cwd = cwd
         self.name: Optional[str] = None
 
-    def __enter__(self) -> 'DockerContainer':
-        self.name = f'cibuildwheel-{uuid.uuid4()}'
-        cwd_args = ['-w', str(self.cwd)] if self.cwd else []
-        shell_args = ['linux32', '/bin/bash'] if self.simulate_32_bit else ['/bin/bash']
+    def __enter__(self) -> "DockerContainer":
+        self.name = f"cibuildwheel-{uuid.uuid4()}"
+        cwd_args = ["-w", str(self.cwd)] if self.cwd else []
+
+        # work-around for Travis-CI PPC64le Docker runs since 2021:
+        # this avoids network splits
+        # https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/904
+        # https://github.com/conda-forge/conda-smithy/pull/1520
+        network_args = []
+        if detect_ci_provider() == CIProvider.travis_ci and platform.machine() == "ppc64le":
+            network_args = ["--network=host"]
+
+        shell_args = ["linux32", "/bin/bash"] if self.simulate_32_bit else ["/bin/bash"]
         subprocess.run(
             [
-                'docker', 'create',
-                '--env', 'CIBUILDWHEEL',
-                '--name', self.name,
-                '-i',
-                '-v', '/:/host',  # ignored on CircleCI
+                "docker",
+                "create",
+                "--env=CIBUILDWHEEL",
+                f"--name={self.name}",
+                "--interactive",
+                "--volume=/:/host",  # ignored on CircleCI
+                *network_args,
                 *cwd_args,
                 self.docker_image,
-                *shell_args
+                *shell_args,
             ],
             check=True,
         )
         self.process = subprocess.Popen(
             [
-                'docker', 'start',
-                '--attach', '--interactive',
+                "docker",
+                "start",
+                "--attach",
+                "--interactive",
                 self.name,
             ],
             stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
@@ -70,23 +89,28 @@ class DockerContainer:
         self.bash_stdout = self.process.stdout
 
         # run a noop command to block until the container is responding
-        self.call(['/bin/true'])
+        self.call(["/bin/true"])
 
         return self
 
     def __exit__(
-            self,
-            exc_type: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
-            exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
-            exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType]) -> None:
+        self,
+        exc_type: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
+        exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
+        exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType],
+    ) -> None:
 
+        self.bash_stdin.write(b"exit 0\n")
+        self.bash_stdin.flush()
+        self.process.wait(timeout=30)
         self.bash_stdin.close()
-        self.process.terminate()
-        self.process.wait()
+        self.bash_stdout.close()
 
         assert isinstance(self.name, str)
 
-        subprocess.run(['docker', 'rm', '--force', '-v', self.name], stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
+        subprocess.run(
+            ["docker", "rm", "--force", "-v", self.name], stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL, check=False
+        )
         self.name = None
 
     def copy_into(self, from_path: Path, to_path: PurePath) -> None:
@@ -96,55 +120,66 @@ class DockerContainer:
         # Use `docker exec` instead.
 
         if from_path.is_dir():
-            self.call(['mkdir', '-p', to_path])
+            self.call(["mkdir", "-p", to_path])
             subprocess.run(
-                f'tar cf - . | docker exec -i {self.name} tar -xC {shell_quote(to_path)} -f -',
+                f"tar cf - . | docker exec -i {self.name} tar -xC {shell_quote(to_path)} -f -",
                 shell=True,
                 check=True,
-                cwd=from_path)
+                cwd=from_path,
+            )
         else:
             subprocess.run(
                 f'cat {shell_quote(from_path)} | docker exec -i {self.name} sh -c "cat > {shell_quote(to_path)}"',
                 shell=True,
-                check=True)
+                check=True,
+            )
 
     def copy_out(self, from_path: PurePath, to_path: Path) -> None:
         # note: we assume from_path is a dir
         to_path.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
 
         subprocess.run(
-            f'docker exec -i {self.name} tar -cC {shell_quote(from_path)} -f - . | tar -xf -',
+            f"docker exec -i {self.name} tar -cC {shell_quote(from_path)} -f - . | tar -xf -",
             shell=True,
             check=True,
-            cwd=to_path
+            cwd=to_path,
         )
 
     def glob(self, path: PurePath, pattern: str) -> List[PurePath]:
         glob_pattern = os.path.join(str(path), pattern)
 
-        path_strs = json.loads(self.call([
-            self.UTILITY_PYTHON,
-            '-c',
-            f'import sys, json, glob; json.dump(glob.glob({glob_pattern!r}), sys.stdout)'
-        ], capture_output=True))
+        path_strings = json.loads(
+            self.call(
+                [
+                    self.UTILITY_PYTHON,
+                    "-c",
+                    f"import sys, json, glob; json.dump(glob.glob({glob_pattern!r}), sys.stdout)",
+                ],
+                capture_output=True,
+            )
+        )
 
-        return [PurePath(p) for p in path_strs]
+        return [PurePath(p) for p in path_strings]
 
     def call(
-            self,
-            args: Sequence[PathOrStr],
-            env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
-            capture_output: bool = False,
-            cwd: Optional[PathOrStr] = None) -> str:
+        self,
+        args: Sequence[PathOrStr],
+        env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
+        capture_output: bool = False,
+        cwd: Optional[PathOrStr] = None,
+    ) -> str:
 
-        chdir = f'cd {cwd}' if cwd else ''
-        env_assignments = ' '.join(f'{shlex.quote(k)}={shlex.quote(v)}'
-                                   for k, v in env.items()) if env is not None else ''
-        command = ' '.join(shlex.quote(str(a)) for a in args)
+        chdir = f"cd {cwd}" if cwd else ""
+        env_assignments = (
+            " ".join(f"{shlex.quote(k)}={shlex.quote(v)}" for k, v in env.items())
+            if env is not None
+            else ""
+        )
+        command = " ".join(shlex.quote(str(a)) for a in args)
         end_of_message = str(uuid.uuid4())
 
         # log the command we're executing
-        print(f'    + {command}')
+        print(f"    + {command}")
 
         # Write a command to the remote shell. First we change the
         # cwd, if that's required. Then, we use the `env` utility to run
@@ -152,13 +187,19 @@ class DockerContainer:
         # can cope with spaces and strange characters in the name or value.
         # Finally, the remote shell is told to write a footer - this will show
         # up in the output so we know when to stop reading, and will include
-        # the returncode of `command`.
-        self.bash_stdin.write(bytes(f'''(
+        # the return code of `command`.
+        self.bash_stdin.write(
+            bytes(
+                f"""(
             {chdir}
             env {env_assignments} {command}
             printf "%04d%s\n" $? {end_of_message}
         )
-        ''', encoding='utf8', errors='surrogateescape'))
+        """,
+                encoding="utf8",
+                errors="surrogateescape",
+            )
+        )
         self.bash_stdin.flush()
 
         if capture_output:
@@ -169,15 +210,17 @@ class DockerContainer:
         while True:
             line = self.bash_stdout.readline()
 
-            if line.endswith(b'%s\n' % (bytes(end_of_message, encoding='utf8'))):
+            if line.endswith(bytes(end_of_message, encoding="utf8") + b"\n"):
+                # fmt: off
                 footer_offset = (
                     len(line)
                     - 1  # newline character
                     - len(end_of_message)  # delimiter
-                    - 4  # 4 returncode decimals
+                    - 4  # 4 return code decimals
                 )
-                returncode_str = line[footer_offset:footer_offset+4]
-                returncode = int(returncode_str)
+                # fmt: on
+                return_code_str = line[footer_offset : footer_offset + 4]
+                return_code = int(return_code_str)
                 # add the last line to output, without the footer
                 output_io.write(line[0:footer_offset])
                 break
@@ -185,21 +228,26 @@ class DockerContainer:
                 output_io.write(line)
 
         if isinstance(output_io, io.BytesIO):
-            output = str(output_io.getvalue(), encoding='utf8', errors='surrogateescape')
+            output = str(output_io.getvalue(), encoding="utf8", errors="surrogateescape")
         else:
-            output = ''
+            output = ""
 
-        if returncode != 0:
-            raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(returncode, args, output)
+        if return_code != 0:
+            raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(return_code, args, output)
 
         return output
 
     def get_environment(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
-        env = json.loads(self.call([
-            self.UTILITY_PYTHON,
-            '-c',
-            'import sys, json, os; json.dump(os.environ.copy(), sys.stdout)'
-        ], capture_output=True))
+        env = json.loads(
+            self.call(
+                [
+                    self.UTILITY_PYTHON,
+                    "-c",
+                    "import sys, json, os; json.dump(os.environ.copy(), sys.stdout)",
+                ],
+                capture_output=True,
+            )
+        )
         return cast(Dict[str, str], env)
 
     def environment_executor(self, command: List[str], environment: Dict[str, str]) -> str:

cibuildwheel/environment.py

@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
-from typing import Dict, List, Mapping, Optional
+import dataclasses
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Mapping, Optional, Sequence
 
 import bashlex
 
+from cibuildwheel.typing import Protocol
+
 from . import bashlex_eval
 
 
@@ -10,7 +13,7 @@ class EnvironmentParseError(Exception):
 
 
 def split_env_items(env_string: str) -> List[str]:
-    '''Splits space-separated variable assignments into a list of individual assignments.
+    """Splits space-separated variable assignments into a list of individual assignments.
 
     >>> split_env_items('VAR=abc')
     ['VAR=abc']
@@ -24,7 +27,7 @@ def split_env_items(env_string: str) -> List[str]:
     ['PATH="$PATH;/opt/cibw_test_path"']
     >>> split_env_items('PATH2="something with spaces"')
     ['PATH2="something with spaces"']
-    '''
+    """
     if not env_string:
         return []
 
@@ -32,38 +35,82 @@ def split_env_items(env_string: str) -> List[str]:
     result = []
 
     for word_node in command_node.parts:
-        part_string = env_string[word_node.pos[0]:word_node.pos[1]]
+        part_string = env_string[word_node.pos[0] : word_node.pos[1]]
         result.append(part_string)
 
     return result
 
 
-class EnvironmentAssignment:
+class EnvironmentAssignment(Protocol):
+    name: str
+
+    def evaluated_value(
+        self,
+        *,
+        environment: Dict[str, str],
+        executor: Optional[bashlex_eval.EnvironmentExecutor] = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Returns the value of this assignment, as evaluated in the environment"""
+        ...
+
+
+class EnvironmentAssignmentRaw:
+    """
+    An environment variable - a simple name/value pair
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, value: str):
+        self.name = name
+        self.value = value
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.name}: {self.value}"
+
+    def evaluated_value(self, **_: Any) -> str:
+        return self.value
+
+
+class EnvironmentAssignmentBash:
+    """
+    An environment variable, in bash syntax. The value can use bash constructs
+    like "$OTHER_VAR" and "$(command arg1 arg2)".
+    """
+
     def __init__(self, assignment: str):
-        name, equals, value = assignment.partition('=')
+        name, equals, value = assignment.partition("=")
         if not equals:
             raise EnvironmentParseError(assignment)
         self.name = name
         self.value = value
 
-    def evaluated_value(self, environment: Dict[str, str], executor: Optional[bashlex_eval.EnvironmentExecutor] = None) -> str:
-        '''Returns the value of this assignment, as evaluated in the environment'''
+    def evaluated_value(
+        self,
+        environment: Dict[str, str],
+        executor: Optional[bashlex_eval.EnvironmentExecutor] = None,
+    ) -> str:
         return bashlex_eval.evaluate(self.value, environment=environment, executor=executor)
 
-    def as_shell_assignment(self) -> str:
-        return f'export {self.name}={self.value}'
-
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return f'{self.name}={self.value}'
+        return f"{self.name}={self.value}"
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(other, EnvironmentAssignmentBash):
+            return self.name == other.name and self.value == other.value
+        return False
 
 
+@dataclasses.dataclass
 class ParsedEnvironment:
-    def __init__(self, assignments: List[EnvironmentAssignment]):
-        self.assignments = assignments
+    assignments: List[EnvironmentAssignment]
 
-    def as_dictionary(self,
-                      prev_environment: Mapping[str, str],
-                      executor: Optional[bashlex_eval.EnvironmentExecutor] = None) -> Dict[str, str]:
+    def __init__(self, assignments: Sequence[EnvironmentAssignment]) -> None:
+        self.assignments = list(assignments)
+
+    def as_dictionary(
+        self,
+        prev_environment: Mapping[str, str],
+        executor: Optional[bashlex_eval.EnvironmentExecutor] = None,
+    ) -> Dict[str, str]:
         environment = dict(**prev_environment)
 
         for assignment in self.assignments:
@@ -72,14 +119,14 @@ class ParsedEnvironment:
 
         return environment
 
-    def as_shell_commands(self) -> List[str]:
-        return [a.as_shell_assignment() for a in self.assignments]
+    def add(self, name: str, value: str) -> None:
+        self.assignments.append(EnvironmentAssignmentRaw(name=name, value=value))
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return f'ParsedEnvironment({[repr(a) for a in self.assignments]!r})'
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({[repr(a) for a in self.assignments]!r})"
 
 
 def parse_environment(env_string: str) -> ParsedEnvironment:
     env_items = split_env_items(env_string)
-    assignments = [EnvironmentAssignment(item) for item in env_items]
+    assignments = [EnvironmentAssignmentBash(item) for item in env_items]
     return ParsedEnvironment(assignments=assignments)

cibuildwheel/extra.py

@@ -2,23 +2,31 @@
 These are utilities for the `/bin` scripts, not for the `cibuildwheel` program.
 """
 
-from typing import Any, Dict
+from io import StringIO
+from typing import Dict, List
 
-import toml.encoder
-from packaging.version import Version
+from .typing import Protocol
+
+__all__ = ("Printable", "dump_python_configurations")
 
 
-class InlineArrayDictEncoder(toml.encoder.TomlEncoder):  # type: ignore
-    def __init__(self) -> None:
-        super().__init__()
-        self.dump_funcs[Version] = lambda v: f'"{v}"'
+class Printable(Protocol):
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        ...
 
-    def dump_sections(self, o: Dict[str, Any], sup: str) -> Any:
-        if all(isinstance(a, list) for a in o.values()):
-            val = ""
-            for k, v in o.items():
-                inner = ",\n  ".join(self.dump_inline_table(d_i).strip() for d_i in v)
-                val += f"{k} = [\n  {inner},\n]\n"
-            return val, self._dict()
-        else:
-            return super().dump_sections(o, sup)
+
+def dump_python_configurations(inp: Dict[str, Dict[str, List[Dict[str, Printable]]]]) -> str:
+    output = StringIO()
+    for header, values in inp.items():
+        output.write(f"[{header}]\n")
+        for inner_header, listing in values.items():
+            output.write(f"{inner_header} = [\n")
+            for item in listing:
+                output.write("  { ")
+                dict_contents = (f'{key} = "{value}"' for key, value in item.items())
+                output.write(", ".join(dict_contents))
+                output.write(" },\n")
+            output.write("]\n")
+        output.write("\n")
+    # Strip the final newline, to avoid two blank lines at the end.
+    return output.getvalue()[:-1]

cibuildwheel/functools_cached_property_38.py

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+from threading import RLock
+from typing import Any, Callable, Generic, Optional, Type, TypeVar, overload
+
+__all__ = ["cached_property"]
+
+_NOT_FOUND = object()
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+
+
+class cached_property(Generic[_T]):
+    def __init__(self, func: Callable[[Any], _T]):
+        self.func = func
+        self.attrname: Optional[str] = None
+        self.__doc__ = func.__doc__
+        self.lock = RLock()
+
+    def __set_name__(self, owner: Type[Any], name: str) -> None:
+        if self.attrname is None:
+            self.attrname = name
+        elif name != self.attrname:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Cannot assign the same cached_property to two different names "
+                f"({self.attrname!r} and {name!r})."
+            )
+
+    @overload
+    def __get__(self, instance: None, owner: Optional[Type[Any]] = ...) -> "cached_property[_T]":
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __get__(self, instance: object, owner: Optional[Type[Any]] = ...) -> _T:
+        ...
+
+    def __get__(self, instance: Optional[object], owner: Optional[Type[Any]] = None) -> Any:
+        if instance is None:
+            return self
+        if self.attrname is None:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Cannot use cached_property instance without calling __set_name__ on it."
+            )
+        try:
+            cache = instance.__dict__
+        except AttributeError:  # not all objects have __dict__ (e.g. class defines slots)
+            msg = (
+                f"No '__dict__' attribute on {type(instance).__name__!r} "
+                f"instance to cache {self.attrname!r} property."
+            )
+            raise TypeError(msg) from None
+        val = cache.get(self.attrname, _NOT_FOUND)
+        if val is _NOT_FOUND:
+            with self.lock:
+                # check if another thread filled cache while we awaited lock
+                val = cache.get(self.attrname, _NOT_FOUND)
+                if val is _NOT_FOUND:
+                    val = self.func(instance)
+                    try:
+                        cache[self.attrname] = val
+                    except TypeError:
+                        msg = (
+                            f"The '__dict__' attribute on {type(instance).__name__!r} instance "
+                            f"does not support item assignment for caching {self.attrname!r} property."
+                        )
+                        raise TypeError(msg) from None
+        return val

cibuildwheel/linux.py

@@ -2,20 +2,19 @@ import subprocess
 import sys
 import textwrap
 from pathlib import Path, PurePath
-from typing import List, NamedTuple, Set
+from typing import Iterator, List, NamedTuple, Set, Tuple
 
 from .architecture import Architecture
 from .docker_container import DockerContainer
 from .logger import log
-from .typing import PathOrStr
+from .options import Options
+from .typing import OrderedDict, PathOrStr, assert_never
 from .util import (
-    BuildOptions,
     BuildSelector,
     NonPlatformWheelError,
     get_build_verbosity_extra_flags,
     prepare_command,
     read_python_configs,
-    resources_dir,
 )
 
 
@@ -29,228 +28,378 @@ class PythonConfiguration(NamedTuple):
         return PurePath(self.path_str)
 
 
+class BuildStep(NamedTuple):
+    platform_configs: List[PythonConfiguration]
+    platform_tag: str
+    docker_image: str
+
+
 def get_python_configurations(
     build_selector: BuildSelector,
-    architectures: Set[Architecture]
+    architectures: Set[Architecture],
 ) -> List[PythonConfiguration]:
 
-    full_python_configs = read_python_configs('linux')
+    full_python_configs = read_python_configs("linux")
 
     python_configurations = [PythonConfiguration(**item) for item in full_python_configs]
 
     # return all configurations whose arch is in our `architectures` set,
     # and match the build/skip rules
     return [
-        c for c in python_configurations
+        c
+        for c in python_configurations
         if any(c.identifier.endswith(arch.value) for arch in architectures)
         and build_selector(c.identifier)
     ]
 
 
-def build(options: BuildOptions) -> None:
+def docker_image_for_python_configuration(config: PythonConfiguration, options: Options) -> str:
+    build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
+    # e.g
+    # identifier is 'cp310-manylinux_x86_64'
+    # platform_tag is 'manylinux_x86_64'
+    # platform_arch is 'x86_64'
+    _, platform_tag = config.identifier.split("-", 1)
+    _, platform_arch = platform_tag.split("_", 1)
+
+    assert build_options.manylinux_images is not None
+    assert build_options.musllinux_images is not None
+
+    return (
+        build_options.manylinux_images[platform_arch]
+        if platform_tag.startswith("manylinux")
+        else build_options.musllinux_images[platform_arch]
+    )
+
+
+def get_build_steps(
+    options: Options, python_configurations: List[PythonConfiguration]
+) -> Iterator[BuildStep]:
+    """
+    Groups PythonConfigurations into BuildSteps. Each BuildStep represents a
+    separate Docker container.
+    """
+    steps = OrderedDict[Tuple[str, str, str], BuildStep]()
+
+    for config in python_configurations:
+        _, platform_tag = config.identifier.split("-", 1)
+
+        before_all = options.build_options(config.identifier).before_all
+        docker_image = docker_image_for_python_configuration(config, options)
+
+        step_key = (platform_tag, docker_image, before_all)
+
+        if step_key in steps:
+            steps[step_key].platform_configs.append(config)
+        else:
+            steps[step_key] = BuildStep(
+                platform_configs=[config], platform_tag=platform_tag, docker_image=docker_image
+            )
+
+    yield from steps.values()
+
+
+def build_on_docker(
+    *,
+    options: Options,
+    platform_configs: List[PythonConfiguration],
+    docker: DockerContainer,
+    container_project_path: PurePath,
+    container_package_dir: PurePath,
+) -> None:
+    container_output_dir = PurePath("/output")
+
+    log.step("Copying project into Docker...")
+    docker.copy_into(Path.cwd(), container_project_path)
+
+    before_all_options_identifier = platform_configs[0].identifier
+    before_all_options = options.build_options(before_all_options_identifier)
+
+    if before_all_options.before_all:
+        log.step("Running before_all...")
+
+        env = docker.get_environment()
+        env["PATH"] = f'/opt/python/cp38-cp38/bin:{env["PATH"]}'
+        env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
+        env = before_all_options.environment.as_dictionary(
+            env, executor=docker.environment_executor
+        )
+
+        before_all_prepared = prepare_command(
+            before_all_options.before_all,
+            project=container_project_path,
+            package=container_package_dir,
+        )
+        docker.call(["sh", "-c", before_all_prepared], env=env)
+
+    for config in platform_configs:
+        log.build_start(config.identifier)
+        build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
+
+        dependency_constraint_flags: List[PathOrStr] = []
+
+        if build_options.dependency_constraints:
+            constraints_file = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
+                config.version
+            )
+            container_constraints_file = PurePath("/constraints.txt")
+
+            docker.copy_into(constraints_file, container_constraints_file)
+            dependency_constraint_flags = ["-c", container_constraints_file]
+
+        log.step("Setting up build environment...")
+
+        env = docker.get_environment()
+
+        # put this config's python top of the list
+        python_bin = config.path / "bin"
+        env["PATH"] = f'{python_bin}:{env["PATH"]}'
+
+        env = build_options.environment.as_dictionary(env, executor=docker.environment_executor)
+
+        # check config python is still on PATH
+        which_python = docker.call(["which", "python"], env=env, capture_output=True).strip()
+        if PurePath(which_python) != python_bin / "python":
+            print(
+                "cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it.",
+                file=sys.stderr,
+            )
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        which_pip = docker.call(["which", "pip"], env=env, capture_output=True).strip()
+        if PurePath(which_pip) != python_bin / "pip":
+            print(
+                "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.",
+                file=sys.stderr,
+            )
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        if build_options.before_build:
+            log.step("Running before_build...")
+            before_build_prepared = prepare_command(
+                build_options.before_build,
+                project=container_project_path,
+                package=container_package_dir,
+            )
+            docker.call(["sh", "-c", before_build_prepared], env=env)
+
+        log.step("Building wheel...")
+
+        temp_dir = PurePath("/tmp/cibuildwheel")
+        built_wheel_dir = temp_dir / "built_wheel"
+        docker.call(["rm", "-rf", built_wheel_dir])
+        docker.call(["mkdir", "-p", built_wheel_dir])
+
+        verbosity_flags = get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(build_options.build_verbosity)
+
+        if build_options.build_frontend == "pip":
+            docker.call(
+                [
+                    "python",
+                    "-m",
+                    "pip",
+                    "wheel",
+                    container_package_dir,
+                    f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                    "--no-deps",
+                    *verbosity_flags,
+                ],
+                env=env,
+            )
+        elif build_options.build_frontend == "build":
+            config_setting = " ".join(verbosity_flags)
+            docker.call(
+                [
+                    "python",
+                    "-m",
+                    "build",
+                    container_package_dir,
+                    "--wheel",
+                    f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                    f"--config-setting={config_setting}",
+                ],
+                env=env,
+            )
+        else:
+            assert_never(build_options.build_frontend)
+
+        built_wheel = docker.glob(built_wheel_dir, "*.whl")[0]
+
+        repaired_wheel_dir = temp_dir / "repaired_wheel"
+        docker.call(["rm", "-rf", repaired_wheel_dir])
+        docker.call(["mkdir", "-p", repaired_wheel_dir])
+
+        if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
+            raise NonPlatformWheelError()
+
+        if build_options.repair_command:
+            log.step("Repairing wheel...")
+            repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(
+                build_options.repair_command, wheel=built_wheel, dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir
+            )
+            docker.call(["sh", "-c", repair_command_prepared], env=env)
+        else:
+            docker.call(["mv", built_wheel, repaired_wheel_dir])
+
+        repaired_wheels = docker.glob(repaired_wheel_dir, "*.whl")
+
+        if build_options.test_command and build_options.test_selector(config.identifier):
+            log.step("Testing wheel...")
+
+            # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
+            # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
+            docker.call(["pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env)
+            venv_dir = PurePath(docker.call(["mktemp", "-d"], capture_output=True).strip()) / "venv"
+
+            docker.call(["python", "-m", "virtualenv", "--no-download", venv_dir], env=env)
+
+            virtualenv_env = env.copy()
+            virtualenv_env["PATH"] = f"{venv_dir / 'bin'}:{virtualenv_env['PATH']}"
+
+            if build_options.before_test:
+                before_test_prepared = prepare_command(
+                    build_options.before_test,
+                    project=container_project_path,
+                    package=container_package_dir,
+                )
+                docker.call(["sh", "-c", before_test_prepared], env=virtualenv_env)
+
+            # Install the wheel we just built
+            # Note: If auditwheel produced two wheels, it's because the earlier produced wheel
+            # conforms to multiple manylinux standards. These multiple versions of the wheel are
+            # functionally the same, differing only in name, wheel metadata, and possibly include
+            # different external shared libraries. so it doesn't matter which one we run the tests on.
+            # Let's just pick the first one.
+            wheel_to_test = repaired_wheels[0]
+            docker.call(
+                ["pip", "install", str(wheel_to_test) + build_options.test_extras],
+                env=virtualenv_env,
+            )
+
+            # Install any requirements to run the tests
+            if build_options.test_requires:
+                docker.call(["pip", "install", *build_options.test_requires], env=virtualenv_env)
+
+            # Run the tests from a different directory
+            test_command_prepared = prepare_command(
+                build_options.test_command,
+                project=container_project_path,
+                package=container_package_dir,
+            )
+            docker.call(["sh", "-c", test_command_prepared], cwd="/root", env=virtualenv_env)
+
+            # clean up test environment
+            docker.call(["rm", "-rf", venv_dir])
+
+        # move repaired wheels to output
+        docker.call(["mkdir", "-p", container_output_dir])
+        docker.call(["mv", *repaired_wheels, container_output_dir])
+
+        log.build_end()
+
+    log.step("Copying wheels back to host...")
+    # copy the output back into the host
+    docker.copy_out(container_output_dir, options.globals.output_dir)
+    log.step_end()
+
+
+def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
     try:
-        subprocess.check_output(['docker', '--version'])
-    except Exception:
-        print('cibuildwheel: Docker not found. Docker is required to run Linux builds. '
-              'If you\'re building on Travis CI, add `services: [docker]` to your .travis.yml.'
-              'If you\'re building on Circle CI in Linux, add a `setup_remote_docker` step to your .circleci/config.yml',
-              file=sys.stderr)
+        # check docker is installed
+        subprocess.run(["docker", "--version"], check=True, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+        print(
+            "cibuildwheel: Docker not found. Docker is required to run Linux builds. "
+            "If you're building on Travis CI, add `services: [docker]` to your .travis.yml."
+            "If you're building on Circle CI in Linux, add a `setup_remote_docker` step to your .circleci/config.yml",
+            file=sys.stderr,
+        )
         sys.exit(2)
 
-    assert options.manylinux_images is not None
-    python_configurations = get_python_configurations(options.build_selector, options.architectures)
-    platforms = [
-        ('cp', 'manylinux_x86_64', options.manylinux_images['x86_64']),
-        ('cp', 'manylinux_i686', options.manylinux_images['i686']),
-        ('cp', 'manylinux_aarch64', options.manylinux_images['aarch64']),
-        ('cp', 'manylinux_ppc64le', options.manylinux_images['ppc64le']),
-        ('cp', 'manylinux_s390x', options.manylinux_images['s390x']),
-        ('pp', 'manylinux_x86_64', options.manylinux_images['pypy_x86_64']),
-    ]
+    python_configurations = get_python_configurations(
+        options.globals.build_selector, options.globals.architectures
+    )
 
     cwd = Path.cwd()
-    abs_package_dir = options.package_dir.resolve()
+    abs_package_dir = options.globals.package_dir.resolve()
     if cwd != abs_package_dir and cwd not in abs_package_dir.parents:
-        raise Exception('package_dir must be inside the working directory')
+        raise Exception("package_dir must be inside the working directory")
 
-    container_project_path = PurePath('/project')
+    container_project_path = PurePath("/project")
     container_package_dir = container_project_path / abs_package_dir.relative_to(cwd)
-    container_output_dir = PurePath('/output')
-
-    for implementation, platform_tag, docker_image in platforms:
-        platform_configs = [c for c in python_configurations if c.identifier.startswith(implementation) and c.identifier.endswith(platform_tag)]
-        if not platform_configs:
-            continue
 
+    for build_step in get_build_steps(options, python_configurations):
         try:
-            log.step(f'Starting Docker image {docker_image}...')
-            with DockerContainer(docker_image, simulate_32_bit=platform_tag.endswith('i686'), cwd=container_project_path) as docker:
+            ids_to_build = [x.identifier for x in build_step.platform_configs]
+            log.step(
+                f"Starting Docker image {build_step.docker_image} for {', '.join(ids_to_build)}..."
+            )
 
-                log.step('Copying project into Docker...')
-                docker.copy_into(Path.cwd(), container_project_path)
+            with DockerContainer(
+                docker_image=build_step.docker_image,
+                simulate_32_bit=build_step.platform_tag.endswith("i686"),
+                cwd=container_project_path,
+            ) as docker:
 
-                if options.before_all:
-                    log.step('Running before_all...')
+                build_on_docker(
+                    options=options,
+                    platform_configs=build_step.platform_configs,
+                    docker=docker,
+                    container_project_path=container_project_path,
+                    container_package_dir=container_package_dir,
+                )
 
-                    env = docker.get_environment()
-                    env['PATH'] = f'/opt/python/cp38-cp38/bin:{env["PATH"]}'
-                    env['PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK'] = '1'
-                    env = options.environment.as_dictionary(env, executor=docker.environment_executor)
-
-                    before_all_prepared = prepare_command(options.before_all, project=container_project_path, package=container_package_dir)
-                    docker.call(['sh', '-c', before_all_prepared], env=env)
-
-                for config in platform_configs:
-                    log.build_start(config.identifier)
-
-                    dependency_constraint_flags: List[PathOrStr] = []
-                    if config.identifier.startswith("pp"):
-                        # Patch PyPy to make sure headers get installed into a venv
-                        patch_version = '_27' if config.version == '2.7' else ''
-                        patch_path = resources_dir / f'pypy_venv{patch_version}.patch'
-                        patch_docker_path = PurePath('/pypy_venv.patch')
-                        docker.copy_into(patch_path, patch_docker_path)
-                        try:
-                            docker.call(['patch', '--force', '-p1', '-d', config.path, '-i', patch_docker_path])
-                        except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
-                            print("PyPy patch not applied", file=sys.stderr)
-
-                    if options.dependency_constraints:
-                        constraints_file = options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(config.version)
-                        container_constraints_file = PurePath('/constraints.txt')
-
-                        docker.copy_into(constraints_file, container_constraints_file)
-                        dependency_constraint_flags = ['-c', container_constraints_file]
-
-                    log.step('Setting up build environment...')
-
-                    env = docker.get_environment()
-
-                    # put this config's python top of the list
-                    python_bin = config.path / 'bin'
-                    env['PATH'] = f'{python_bin}:{env["PATH"]}'
-
-                    env = options.environment.as_dictionary(env, executor=docker.environment_executor)
-
-                    # check config python and pip are still on PATH
-                    which_python = docker.call(['which', 'python'], env=env, capture_output=True).strip()
-                    if PurePath(which_python) != python_bin / 'python':
-                        print("cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it.", file=sys.stderr)
-                        sys.exit(1)
-
-                    which_pip = docker.call(['which', 'pip'], env=env, capture_output=True).strip()
-                    if PurePath(which_pip) != python_bin / 'pip':
-                        print("cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.", file=sys.stderr)
-                        sys.exit(1)
-
-                    if options.before_build:
-                        log.step('Running before_build...')
-                        before_build_prepared = prepare_command(options.before_build, project=container_project_path, package=container_package_dir)
-                        docker.call(['sh', '-c', before_build_prepared], env=env)
-
-                    log.step('Building wheel...')
-
-                    temp_dir = PurePath('/tmp/cibuildwheel')
-                    built_wheel_dir = temp_dir / 'built_wheel'
-                    docker.call(['rm', '-rf', built_wheel_dir])
-                    docker.call(['mkdir', '-p', built_wheel_dir])
-
-                    docker.call([
-                        'pip', 'wheel',
-                        container_package_dir,
-                        '-w', built_wheel_dir,
-                        '--no-deps',
-                        *get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(options.build_verbosity)
-                    ], env=env)
-
-                    built_wheel = docker.glob(built_wheel_dir, '*.whl')[0]
-
-                    repaired_wheel_dir = temp_dir / 'repaired_wheel'
-                    docker.call(['rm', '-rf', repaired_wheel_dir])
-                    docker.call(['mkdir', '-p', repaired_wheel_dir])
-
-                    if built_wheel.name.endswith('none-any.whl'):
-                        raise NonPlatformWheelError()
-
-                    if options.repair_command:
-                        log.step('Repairing wheel...')
-                        repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(options.repair_command, wheel=built_wheel, dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir)
-                        docker.call(['sh', '-c', repair_command_prepared], env=env)
-                    else:
-                        docker.call(['mv', built_wheel, repaired_wheel_dir])
-
-                    repaired_wheels = docker.glob(repaired_wheel_dir, '*.whl')
-
-                    if options.test_command and options.test_selector(config.identifier):
-                        log.step('Testing wheel...')
-
-                        # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
-                        # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
-                        docker.call(['pip', 'install', 'virtualenv', *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env)
-                        venv_dir = PurePath(docker.call(['mktemp', '-d'], capture_output=True).strip()) / 'venv'
-
-                        docker.call(['python', '-m', 'virtualenv', '--no-download', venv_dir], env=env)
-
-                        virtualenv_env = env.copy()
-                        virtualenv_env['PATH'] = f"{venv_dir / 'bin'}:{virtualenv_env['PATH']}"
-
-                        if options.before_test:
-                            before_test_prepared = prepare_command(options.before_test, project=container_project_path, package=container_package_dir)
-                            docker.call(['sh', '-c', before_test_prepared], env=virtualenv_env)
-
-                        # Install the wheel we just built
-                        # Note: If auditwheel produced two wheels, it's because the earlier produced wheel
-                        # conforms to multiple manylinux standards. These multiple versions of the wheel are
-                        # functionally the same, differing only in name, wheel metadata, and possibly include
-                        # different external shared libraries. so it doesn't matter which one we run the tests on.
-                        # Let's just pick the first one.
-                        wheel_to_test = repaired_wheels[0]
-                        docker.call(['pip', 'install', str(wheel_to_test) + options.test_extras], env=virtualenv_env)
-
-                        # Install any requirements to run the tests
-                        if options.test_requires:
-                            docker.call(['pip', 'install', *options.test_requires], env=virtualenv_env)
-
-                        # Run the tests from a different directory
-                        test_command_prepared = prepare_command(options.test_command, project=container_project_path, package=container_package_dir)
-                        docker.call(['sh', '-c', test_command_prepared], cwd='/root', env=virtualenv_env)
-
-                        # clean up test environment
-                        docker.call(['rm', '-rf', venv_dir])
-
-                    # move repaired wheels to output
-                    docker.call(['mkdir', '-p', container_output_dir])
-                    docker.call(['mv', *repaired_wheels, container_output_dir])
-
-                    log.build_end()
-
-                log.step('Copying wheels back to host...')
-                # copy the output back into the host
-                docker.copy_out(container_output_dir, options.output_dir)
-                log.step_end()
         except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
-            log.step_end_with_error(f'Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout}')
-            troubleshoot(options.package_dir, error)
+            log.step_end_with_error(
+                f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout}"
+            )
+            troubleshoot(options, error)
             sys.exit(1)
 
 
-def troubleshoot(package_dir: Path, error: Exception) -> None:
-    if (isinstance(error, subprocess.CalledProcessError) and error.cmd[0:2] == ['pip', 'wheel']):
-        # the 'pip wheel' step failed.
-        print('Checking for common errors...')
-        so_files = list(package_dir.glob('**/*.so'))
+def _matches_prepared_command(error_cmd: List[str], command_template: str) -> bool:
+    if len(error_cmd) < 3 or error_cmd[0:2] != ["sh", "-c"]:
+        return False
+    command_prefix = command_template.split("{", maxsplit=1)[0].strip()
+    return error_cmd[2].startswith(command_prefix)
+
+
+def troubleshoot(options: Options, error: Exception) -> None:
+
+    if isinstance(error, subprocess.CalledProcessError) and (
+        error.cmd[0:4] == ["python", "-m", "pip", "wheel"]
+        or error.cmd[0:3] == ["python", "-m", "build"]
+        or _matches_prepared_command(
+            error.cmd, options.build_options(None).repair_command
+        )  # TODO allow matching of overrides too?
+    ):
+        # the wheel build step or the repair step failed
+        print("Checking for common errors...")
+        so_files = list(options.globals.package_dir.glob("**/*.so"))
 
         if so_files:
-            print(textwrap.dedent('''
-                NOTE: Shared object (.so) files found in this project.
+            print(
+                textwrap.dedent(
+                    """
+                    NOTE: Shared object (.so) files found in this project.
 
-                  These files might be built against the wrong OS, causing problems with
-                  auditwheel.
+                    These files might be built against the wrong OS, causing problems with
+                    auditwheel. If possible, run cibuildwheel in a clean checkout.
 
-                  If you're using Cython and have previously done an in-place build,
-                  remove those build files (*.so and *.c) before starting cibuildwheel.
-            '''), file=sys.stderr)
+                    If you're using Cython and have previously done an in-place build,
+                    remove those build files (*.so and *.c) before starting cibuildwheel.
 
-            print('  Files detected:')
-            print('\n'.join([f'    {f}' for f in so_files]))
-            print('')
+                    setuptools uses the build/ folder to store its build cache. It
+                    may be necessary to remove those build files (*.so and *.o) before
+                    starting cibuildwheel.
+
+                    Files that belong to a virtual environment are probably not an issue
+                    unless you used a custom command telling cibuildwheel to activate it.
+                    """
+                ),
+                file=sys.stderr,
+            )
+
+            print("  Files detected:")
+            print("\n".join(f"    {f}" for f in so_files))
+            print("")

cibuildwheel/logger.py

@@ -5,26 +5,33 @@ import sys
 import time
 from typing import IO, AnyStr, Optional, Union
 
+from cibuildwheel.typing import Final
 from cibuildwheel.util import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider
 
-DEFAULT_FOLD_PATTERN = ('{name}', '')
-FOLD_PATTERNS = {
-    'azure': ('##[group]{name}', '##[endgroup]'),
-    'travis': ('travis_fold:start:{identifier}\n{name}', 'travis_fold:end:{identifier}'),
-    'github': ('::group::{name}', '::endgroup::{name}'),
+DEFAULT_FOLD_PATTERN: Final = ("{name}", "")
+FOLD_PATTERNS: Final = {
+    "azure": ("##[group]{name}", "##[endgroup]"),
+    "travis": ("travis_fold:start:{identifier}\n{name}", "travis_fold:end:{identifier}"),
+    "github": ("::group::{name}", "::endgroup::{name}"),
 }
 
-PLATFORM_IDENTIFIER_DESCIPTIONS = {
-    'manylinux_x86_64': 'manylinux x86_64',
-    'manylinux_i686': 'manylinux i686',
-    'manylinux_aarch64': 'manylinux aarch64',
-    'manylinux_ppc64le': 'manylinux ppc64le',
-    'manylinux_s390x': 'manylinux s390x',
-    'win32': 'Windows 32bit',
-    'win_amd64': 'Windows 64bit',
-    'macosx_x86_64': 'macOS x86_64',
-    'macosx_universal2': 'macOS Universal 2 - x86_64 and arm64',
-    'macosx_arm64': 'macOS arm64 - Apple Silicon',
+PLATFORM_IDENTIFIER_DESCRIPTIONS: Final = {
+    "manylinux_x86_64": "manylinux x86_64",
+    "manylinux_i686": "manylinux i686",
+    "manylinux_aarch64": "manylinux aarch64",
+    "manylinux_ppc64le": "manylinux ppc64le",
+    "manylinux_s390x": "manylinux s390x",
+    "musllinux_x86_64": "musllinux x86_64",
+    "musllinux_i686": "musllinux i686",
+    "musllinux_aarch64": "musllinux aarch64",
+    "musllinux_ppc64le": "musllinux ppc64le",
+    "musllinux_s390x": "manylinux s390x",
+    "win32": "Windows 32bit",
+    "win_amd64": "Windows 64bit",
+    "win_arm64": "Windows on ARM 64bit",
+    "macosx_x86_64": "macOS x86_64",
+    "macosx_universal2": "macOS Universal 2 - x86_64 and arm64",
+    "macosx_arm64": "macOS arm64 - Apple Silicon",
 }
 
 
@@ -38,33 +45,33 @@ class Logger:
     active_fold_group_name: Optional[str] = None
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
-        if sys.platform == 'win32' and hasattr(sys.stdout, 'reconfigure'):
+        if sys.platform == "win32" and hasattr(sys.stdout, "reconfigure"):
             # the encoding on Windows can be a 1-byte charmap, but all CIs
             # support utf8, so we hardcode that
-            sys.stdout.reconfigure(encoding='utf8')
+            sys.stdout.reconfigure(encoding="utf8")
 
         self.unicode_enabled = file_supports_unicode(sys.stdout)
 
         ci_provider = detect_ci_provider()
 
         if ci_provider == CIProvider.azure_pipelines:
-            self.fold_mode = 'azure'
+            self.fold_mode = "azure"
             self.colors_enabled = True
 
         elif ci_provider == CIProvider.github_actions:
-            self.fold_mode = 'github'
+            self.fold_mode = "github"
             self.colors_enabled = True
 
         elif ci_provider == CIProvider.travis_ci:
-            self.fold_mode = 'travis'
+            self.fold_mode = "travis"
             self.colors_enabled = True
 
         elif ci_provider == CIProvider.appveyor:
-            self.fold_mode = 'disabled'
+            self.fold_mode = "disabled"
             self.colors_enabled = True
 
         else:
-            self.fold_mode = 'disabled'
+            self.fold_mode = "disabled"
             self.colors_enabled = file_supports_color(sys.stdout)
 
     def build_start(self, identifier: str) -> None:
@@ -72,8 +79,8 @@ class Logger:
         c = self.colors
         description = build_description_from_identifier(identifier)
         print()
-        print(f'{c.bold}{c.blue}Building {identifier} wheel{c.end}')
-        print(f'{description}')
+        print(f"{c.bold}{c.blue}Building {identifier} wheel{c.end}")
+        print(f"{description}")
         print()
 
         self.build_start_time = time.time()
@@ -89,7 +96,9 @@ class Logger:
         duration = time.time() - self.build_start_time
 
         print()
-        print(f'{c.green}{s.done} {c.end}{self.active_build_identifier} finished in {duration:.2f}s')
+        print(
+            f"{c.green}{s.done} {c.end}{self.active_build_identifier} finished in {duration:.2f}s"
+        )
         self.build_start_time = None
         self.active_build_identifier = None
 
@@ -105,9 +114,9 @@ class Logger:
             s = self.symbols
             duration = time.time() - self.step_start_time
             if success:
-                print(f'{c.green}{s.done} {c.end}{duration:.2f}s'.rjust(78))
+                print(f"{c.green}{s.done} {c.end}{duration:.2f}s".rjust(78))
             else:
-                print(f'{c.red}{s.error} {c.end}{duration:.2f}s'.rjust(78))
+                print(f"{c.red}{s.error} {c.end}{duration:.2f}s".rjust(78))
 
             self.step_start_time = None
 
@@ -116,18 +125,18 @@ class Logger:
         self.error(error)
 
     def warning(self, message: str) -> None:
-        if self.fold_mode == 'github':
-            print(f'::warning::{message}\n', file=sys.stderr)
+        if self.fold_mode == "github":
+            print(f"::warning::{message}\n", file=sys.stderr)
         else:
             c = self.colors
-            print(f'{c.yellow}Warning{c.end}: {message}\n', file=sys.stderr)
+            print(f"{c.yellow}Warning{c.end}: {message}\n", file=sys.stderr)
 
     def error(self, error: Union[BaseException, str]) -> None:
-        if self.fold_mode == 'github':
-            print(f'::error::{error}\n', file=sys.stderr)
+        if self.fold_mode == "github":
+            print(f"::error::{error}\n", file=sys.stderr)
         else:
             c = self.colors
-            print(f'{c.bright_red}Error{c.end}: {error}\n', file=sys.stderr)
+            print(f"{c.bright_red}Error{c.end}: {error}\n", file=sys.stderr)
 
     def _start_fold_group(self, name: str) -> None:
         self._end_fold_group()
@@ -143,87 +152,84 @@ class Logger:
         if self.active_fold_group_name:
             fold_start_pattern = FOLD_PATTERNS.get(self.fold_mode, DEFAULT_FOLD_PATTERN)[1]
             identifier = self._fold_group_identifier(self.active_fold_group_name)
-            print(fold_start_pattern.format(name=self.active_fold_group_name, identifier=identifier))
+            print(
+                fold_start_pattern.format(name=self.active_fold_group_name, identifier=identifier)
+            )
             sys.stdout.flush()
             self.active_fold_group_name = None
 
-    def _fold_group_identifier(self, name: str) -> str:
-        '''
+    @staticmethod
+    def _fold_group_identifier(name: str) -> str:
+        """
         Travis doesn't like fold groups identifiers that have spaces in. This
         method converts them to ascii identifiers
-        '''
+        """
         # whitespace to underscores
-        identifier = re.sub(r'\s+', '_', name)
+        identifier = re.sub(r"\s+", "_", name)
         # remove non-alphanum
-        identifier = re.sub(r'[^A-Za-z\d_]+', '', identifier)
+        identifier = re.sub(r"[^A-Za-z\d_]+", "", identifier)
         # trim underscores
-        identifier = identifier.strip('_')
+        identifier = identifier.strip("_")
         # lowercase, shorten
         return identifier.lower()[:20]
 
     @property
     def colors(self) -> "Colors":
-        if self.colors_enabled:
-            return Colors(enabled=True)
-        else:
-            return Colors(enabled=False)
+        return Colors(enabled=self.colors_enabled)
 
     @property
     def symbols(self) -> "Symbols":
-        if self.unicode_enabled:
-            return Symbols(unicode=True)
-        else:
-            return Symbols(unicode=False)
+        return Symbols(unicode=self.unicode_enabled)
 
 
 def build_description_from_identifier(identifier: str) -> str:
-    python_identifier, _, platform_identifier = identifier.partition('-')
+    python_identifier, _, platform_identifier = identifier.partition("-")
 
-    build_description = ''
+    build_description = ""
 
     python_interpreter = python_identifier[0:2]
-    python_version = python_identifier[2:4]
+    python_version = python_identifier[2:]
 
-    if python_interpreter == 'cp':
-        build_description += 'CPython'
-    elif python_interpreter == 'pp':
-        build_description += 'PyPy'
+    if python_interpreter == "cp":
+        build_description += "CPython"
+    elif python_interpreter == "pp":
+        build_description += "PyPy"
     else:
-        raise Exception('unknown python')
+        raise Exception("unknown python")
 
-    build_description += f' {python_version[0]}.{python_version[1]} '
+    build_description += f" {python_version[0]}.{python_version[1:]} "
 
     try:
-        build_description += PLATFORM_IDENTIFIER_DESCIPTIONS[platform_identifier]
+        build_description += PLATFORM_IDENTIFIER_DESCRIPTIONS[platform_identifier]
     except KeyError as e:
-        raise Exception('unknown platform') from e
+        raise Exception("unknown platform") from e
 
     return build_description
 
 
 class Colors:
     def __init__(self, *, enabled: bool) -> None:
-        self.red = '\033[31m' if enabled else ''
-        self.green = '\033[32m' if enabled else ''
-        self.yellow = '\033[33m' if enabled else ''
-        self.blue = '\033[34m' if enabled else ''
-        self.cyan = '\033[36m' if enabled else ''
-        self.bright_red = '\033[91m' if enabled else ''
-        self.bright_green = '\033[92m' if enabled else ''
-        self.white = '\033[37m\033[97m' if enabled else ''
+        self.red = "\033[31m" if enabled else ""
+        self.green = "\033[32m" if enabled else ""
+        self.yellow = "\033[33m" if enabled else ""
+        self.blue = "\033[34m" if enabled else ""
+        self.cyan = "\033[36m" if enabled else ""
+        self.bright_red = "\033[91m" if enabled else ""
+        self.bright_green = "\033[92m" if enabled else ""
+        self.white = "\033[37m\033[97m" if enabled else ""
 
-        self.bg_grey = '\033[48;5;235m' if enabled else ''
+        self.bg_grey = "\033[48;5;235m" if enabled else ""
 
-        self.bold = '\033[1m' if enabled else ''
-        self.faint = '\033[2m' if enabled else ''
+        self.bold = "\033[1m" if enabled else ""
+        self.faint = "\033[2m" if enabled else ""
 
-        self.end = '\033[0m' if enabled else ''
+        self.end = "\033[0m" if enabled else ""
 
 
 class Symbols:
     def __init__(self, *, unicode: bool) -> None:
-        self.done = '✓' if unicode else 'done'
-        self.error = '✕' if unicode else 'failed'
+        self.done = "✓" if unicode else "done"
+        self.error = "✕" if unicode else "failed"
 
 
 def file_supports_color(file_obj: IO[AnyStr]) -> bool:
@@ -231,29 +237,27 @@ def file_supports_color(file_obj: IO[AnyStr]) -> bool:
     Returns True if the running system's terminal supports color.
     """
     plat = sys.platform
-    supported_platform = (plat != 'win32' or 'ANSICON' in os.environ)
+    supported_platform = plat != "win32" or "ANSICON" in os.environ
 
     is_a_tty = file_is_a_tty(file_obj)
 
-    return (supported_platform and is_a_tty)
+    return supported_platform and is_a_tty
 
 
 def file_is_a_tty(file_obj: IO[AnyStr]) -> bool:
-    return hasattr(file_obj, 'isatty') and file_obj.isatty()
+    return hasattr(file_obj, "isatty") and file_obj.isatty()
 
 
 def file_supports_unicode(file_obj: IO[AnyStr]) -> bool:
-    encoding = getattr(file_obj, 'encoding', None)
+    encoding = getattr(file_obj, "encoding", None)
     if not encoding:
         return False
 
     codec_info = codecs.lookup(encoding)
 
-    return ('utf' in codec_info.name)
+    return "utf" in codec_info.name
 
 
-'''
-Global instance of the Logger.
-'''
+# Global instance of the Logger.
 # (there's only one stdout per-process, so a global instance is justified)
 log = Logger()

cibuildwheel/macos.py

@@ -1,64 +1,56 @@
+import functools
 import os
 import platform
 import re
-import shlex
 import shutil
 import subprocess
 import sys
-import tempfile
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Sequence, Set, Tuple, cast
+from typing import Dict, List, NamedTuple, Sequence, Set, Tuple, cast
+
+from filelock import FileLock
 
 from .architecture import Architecture
 from .environment import ParsedEnvironment
 from .logger import log
-from .typing import Literal, PathOrStr
+from .options import Options
+from .typing import Literal, PathOrStr, assert_never
 from .util import (
-    BuildOptions,
+    CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
+    BuildFrontend,
     BuildSelector,
     NonPlatformWheelError,
+    call,
+    detect_ci_provider,
     download,
     get_build_verbosity_extra_flags,
-    get_pip_script,
+    get_pip_version,
     install_certifi_script,
     prepare_command,
     read_python_configs,
-    resources_dir,
+    shell,
     unwrap,
+    virtualenv,
 )
 
 
-def call(args: Sequence[PathOrStr], env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None, cwd: Optional[str] = None, shell: bool = False) -> int:
-    # print the command executing for the logs
-    if shell:
-        print(f'+ {args}')
-    else:
-        print('+ ' + ' '.join(shlex.quote(str(a)) for a in args))
-
-    return subprocess.check_call(args, env=env, cwd=cwd, shell=shell)
-
-
 def get_macos_version() -> Tuple[int, int]:
-    '''
+    """
     Returns the macOS major/minor version, as a tuple, e.g. (10, 15) or (11, 0)
 
     These tuples can be used in comparisons, e.g.
         (10, 14) <= (11, 0) == True
         (10, 14) <= (10, 16) == True
         (11, 2) <= (11, 0) != True
-    '''
+    """
     version_str, _, _ = platform.mac_ver()
     version = tuple(map(int, version_str.split(".")[:2]))
     return cast(Tuple[int, int], version)
 
 
 def get_macos_sdks() -> List[str]:
-    output = subprocess.check_output(
-        ['xcodebuild', '-showsdks'],
-        universal_newlines=True,
-    )
-
-    return [m.group(1) for m in re.finditer(r'-sdk (macosx\S+)', output)]
+    output = call("xcodebuild", "-showsdks", capture_stdout=True)
+    return [m.group(1) for m in re.finditer(r"-sdk (macosx\S+)", output)]
 
 
 class PythonConfiguration(NamedTuple):
@@ -67,398 +59,473 @@ class PythonConfiguration(NamedTuple):
     url: str
 
 
-def get_python_configurations(build_selector: BuildSelector,
-                              architectures: Set[Architecture]) -> List[PythonConfiguration]:
+def get_python_configurations(
+    build_selector: BuildSelector, architectures: Set[Architecture]
+) -> List[PythonConfiguration]:
 
-    full_python_configs = read_python_configs('macos')
+    full_python_configs = read_python_configs("macos")
 
     python_configurations = [PythonConfiguration(**item) for item in full_python_configs]
 
     # filter out configs that don't match any of the selected architectures
-    python_configurations = [c for c in python_configurations
-                             if any(c.identifier.endswith(a.value) for a in architectures)]
+    python_configurations = [
+        c
+        for c in python_configurations
+        if any(c.identifier.endswith(a.value) for a in architectures)
+    ]
 
     # skip builds as required by BUILD/SKIP
-    python_configurations = [c for c in python_configurations if build_selector(c.identifier)]
-
-    # When running on macOS 11 and x86_64, the reported OS is '10.16', but
-    # there is no such OS - it really means macOS 11.
-    if get_macos_version() >= (10, 16):
-        if any(c.identifier.startswith('pp') for c in python_configurations):
-            # pypy doesn't work on macOS 11 yet
-            # See https://foss.heptapod.net/pypy/pypy/-/issues/3314
-            log.warning(unwrap('''
-                PyPy is currently unsupported when building on macOS 11. To build macOS PyPy wheels,
-                build on an older OS, such as macOS 10.15. To silence this warning, deselect PyPy by
-                adding "pp*-macosx*" to your CIBW_SKIP option.
-            '''))
-            python_configurations = [c for c in python_configurations if not c.identifier.startswith('pp')]
-
-        if any(c.identifier.startswith('cp35') for c in python_configurations):
-            # CPython 3.5 doesn't work on macOS 11
-            log.warning(unwrap('''
-                CPython 3.5 is unsupported when building on macOS 11. To build CPython 3.5 wheels,
-                build on an older OS, such as macOS 10.15. To silence this warning, deselect CPython
-                3.5 by adding "cp35-macosx_x86_64" to your CIBW_SKIP option.
-            '''))
-            python_configurations = [c for c in python_configurations if not c.identifier.startswith('cp35')]
-
-    return python_configurations
+    return [c for c in python_configurations if build_selector(c.identifier)]
 
 
-SYMLINKS_DIR = Path('/tmp/cibw_bin')
+def install_cpython(tmp: Path, version: str, url: str) -> Path:
+    installation_path = Path(f"/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/{version}")
+    with FileLock(CIBW_CACHE_PATH / f"cpython{version}.lock"):
+        installed_system_packages = call("pkgutil", "--pkgs", capture_stdout=True).splitlines()
+        # if this version of python isn't installed, get it from python.org and install
+        python_package_identifier = f"org.python.Python.PythonFramework-{version}"
+        if python_package_identifier not in installed_system_packages:
+            if detect_ci_provider() is None:
+                # if running locally, we don't want to install CPython with sudo
+                # let the user know & provide a link to the installer
+                print(
+                    f"Error: CPython {version} is not installed.\n"
+                    "cibuildwheel will not perform system-wide installs when running outside of CI.\n"
+                    f"To build locally, install CPython {version} on this machine, or, disable this version of Python using CIBW_SKIP=cp{version.replace('.', '')}-macosx_*\n"
+                    f"\nDownload link: {url}",
+                    file=sys.stderr,
+                )
+                raise SystemExit(1)
+            pkg_path = tmp / "Python.pkg"
+            # download the pkg
+            download(url, pkg_path)
+            # install
+            call("sudo", "installer", "-pkg", pkg_path, "-target", "/")
+            pkg_path.unlink()
+            env = os.environ.copy()
+            env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
+            call(installation_path / "bin" / "python3", install_certifi_script, env=env)
+
+    return installation_path / "bin" / "python3"
 
 
-def make_symlinks(installation_bin_path: Path, python_executable: str, pip_executable: str) -> None:
-    assert (installation_bin_path / python_executable).exists()
-
-    # Python bin folders on Mac don't symlink `python3` to `python`, and neither
-    # does PyPy for `pypy` or `pypy3`, so we do that so `python` and `pip` always
-    # point to the active configuration.
-    if SYMLINKS_DIR.exists():
-        shutil.rmtree(SYMLINKS_DIR)
-    SYMLINKS_DIR.mkdir(parents=True)
-
-    (SYMLINKS_DIR / 'python').symlink_to(installation_bin_path / python_executable)
-    (SYMLINKS_DIR / 'python-config').symlink_to(installation_bin_path / (python_executable + '-config'))
-    (SYMLINKS_DIR / 'pip').symlink_to(installation_bin_path / pip_executable)
-
-
-def install_cpython(version: str, url: str) -> Path:
-    installed_system_packages = subprocess.check_output(['pkgutil', '--pkgs'], universal_newlines=True).splitlines()
-
-    # if this version of python isn't installed, get it from python.org and install
-    python_package_identifier = f'org.python.Python.PythonFramework-{version}'
-    python_executable = 'python3' if version[0] == '3' else 'python'
-    installation_bin_path = Path(f'/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/{version}/bin')
-
-    if python_package_identifier not in installed_system_packages:
-        # download the pkg
-        download(url, Path('/tmp/Python.pkg'))
-        # install
-        call(['sudo', 'installer', '-pkg', '/tmp/Python.pkg', '-target', '/'])
-        # patch open ssl
-        if version == '3.5':
-            open_ssl_patch_url = f'https://github.com/mayeut/patch-macos-python-openssl/releases/download/v1.1.1h/patch-macos-python-{version}-openssl-v1.1.1h.tar.gz'
-            download(open_ssl_patch_url, Path('/tmp/python-patch.tar.gz'))
-            call(['sudo', 'tar', '-C', f'/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/{version}/', '-xmf', '/tmp/python-patch.tar.gz'])
-
-        call(["sudo", str(installation_bin_path/python_executable), str(install_certifi_script)])
-
-    pip_executable = 'pip3' if version[0] == '3' else 'pip'
-    make_symlinks(installation_bin_path, python_executable, pip_executable)
-
-    return installation_bin_path
-
-
-def install_pypy(version: str, url: str) -> Path:
-    pypy_tar_bz2 = url.rsplit('/', 1)[-1]
+def install_pypy(tmp: Path, url: str) -> Path:
+    pypy_tar_bz2 = url.rsplit("/", 1)[-1]
     extension = ".tar.bz2"
     assert pypy_tar_bz2.endswith(extension)
-    pypy_base_filename = pypy_tar_bz2[:-len(extension)]
-    installation_path = Path('/tmp') / pypy_base_filename
-    if not installation_path.exists():
-        downloaded_tar_bz2 = Path("/tmp") / pypy_tar_bz2
-        download(url, downloaded_tar_bz2)
-        call(['tar', '-C', '/tmp', '-xf', downloaded_tar_bz2])
-        # Patch PyPy to make sure headers get installed into a venv
-        patch_version = '_27' if version == '2.7' else ''
-        patch_path = resources_dir / f'pypy_venv{patch_version}.patch'
-        call(['patch', '--force', '-p1', '-d', installation_path, '-i', patch_path])
-
-    installation_bin_path = installation_path / 'bin'
-    python_executable = 'pypy3' if version[0] == '3' else 'pypy'
-    pip_executable = 'pip3' if version[0] == '3' else 'pip'
-    make_symlinks(installation_bin_path, python_executable, pip_executable)
-
-    return installation_bin_path
+    installation_path = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / pypy_tar_bz2[: -len(extension)]
+    with FileLock(str(installation_path) + ".lock"):
+        if not installation_path.exists():
+            downloaded_tar_bz2 = tmp / pypy_tar_bz2
+            download(url, downloaded_tar_bz2)
+            installation_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+            call("tar", "-C", installation_path.parent, "-xf", downloaded_tar_bz2)
+            downloaded_tar_bz2.unlink()
+    return installation_path / "bin" / "pypy3"
 
 
-def setup_python(python_configuration: PythonConfiguration,
-                 dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr],
-                 environment: ParsedEnvironment) -> Dict[str, str]:
+def setup_python(
+    tmp: Path,
+    python_configuration: PythonConfiguration,
+    dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr],
+    environment: ParsedEnvironment,
+    build_frontend: BuildFrontend,
+) -> Dict[str, str]:
+    tmp.mkdir()
     implementation_id = python_configuration.identifier.split("-")[0]
-    log.step(f'Installing Python {implementation_id}...')
-
-    if implementation_id.startswith('cp'):
-        installation_bin_path = install_cpython(python_configuration.version, python_configuration.url)
-    elif implementation_id.startswith('pp'):
-        installation_bin_path = install_pypy(python_configuration.version, python_configuration.url)
+    log.step(f"Installing Python {implementation_id}...")
+    if implementation_id.startswith("cp"):
+        base_python = install_cpython(tmp, python_configuration.version, python_configuration.url)
+    elif implementation_id.startswith("pp"):
+        base_python = install_pypy(tmp, python_configuration.url)
     else:
         raise ValueError("Unknown Python implementation")
+    assert base_python.exists()
 
-    log.step('Setting up build environment...')
-
-    env = os.environ.copy()
-    env['PATH'] = os.pathsep.join([
-        str(SYMLINKS_DIR),
-        str(installation_bin_path),
-        env['PATH'],
-    ])
-
+    log.step("Setting up build environment...")
+    venv_path = tmp / "venv"
+    env = virtualenv(base_python, venv_path, dependency_constraint_flags)
+    venv_bin_path = venv_path / "bin"
+    assert venv_bin_path.exists()
     # Fix issue with site.py setting the wrong `sys.prefix`, `sys.exec_prefix`,
     # `sys.path`, ... for PyPy: https://foss.heptapod.net/pypy/pypy/issues/3175
     # Also fix an issue with the shebang of installed scripts inside the
     # testing virtualenv- see https://github.com/theacodes/nox/issues/44 and
     # https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/issues/620
     # Also see https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/9516
-    env.pop('__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__', None)
-    env = environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=env)
+    env.pop("__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__", None)
 
     # we version pip ourselves, so we don't care about pip version checking
-    env['PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK'] = '1'
+    env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
 
-    # check what version we're on
-    call(['which', 'python'], env=env)
-    call(['python', '--version'], env=env)
-    which_python = subprocess.check_output(['which', 'python'], env=env, universal_newlines=True).strip()
-    if which_python != '/tmp/cibw_bin/python':
-        print("cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it.", file=sys.stderr)
+    # upgrade pip to the version matching our constraints
+    # if necessary, reinstall it to ensure that it's available on PATH as 'pip'
+    call(
+        "python",
+        "-m",
+        "pip",
+        "install",
+        "--upgrade",
+        "pip",
+        *dependency_constraint_flags,
+        env=env,
+        cwd=venv_path,
+    )
+
+    # Apply our environment after pip is ready
+    env = environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=env)
+
+    # check what pip version we're on
+    assert (venv_bin_path / "pip").exists()
+    call("which", "pip", env=env)
+    call("pip", "--version", env=env)
+    which_pip = call("which", "pip", env=env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
+    if which_pip != str(venv_bin_path / "pip"):
+        print(
+            "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.",
+            file=sys.stderr,
+        )
         sys.exit(1)
 
-    # install pip & wheel
-    call(['python', get_pip_script, *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env, cwd="/tmp")
-    assert (installation_bin_path / 'pip').exists()
-    call(['which', 'pip'], env=env)
-    call(['pip', '--version'], env=env)
-    which_pip = subprocess.check_output(['which', 'pip'], env=env, universal_newlines=True).strip()
-    if which_pip != '/tmp/cibw_bin/pip':
-        print("cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.", file=sys.stderr)
+    # check what Python version we're on
+    call("which", "python", env=env)
+    call("python", "--version", env=env)
+    which_python = call("which", "python", env=env, capture_stdout=True).strip()
+    if which_python != str(venv_bin_path / "python"):
+        print(
+            "cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it.",
+            file=sys.stderr,
+        )
         sys.exit(1)
 
     # Set MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET to 10.9, if the user didn't set it.
-    # CPython 3.5 defaults to 10.6, and pypy defaults to 10.7, causing
-    # inconsistencies if it's left unset.
-    env.setdefault('MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET', '10.9')
+    # PyPy defaults to 10.7, causing inconsistencies if it's left unset.
+    env.setdefault("MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET", "10.9")
 
-    if python_configuration.version == '3.5':
-        # Cross-compilation platform override - CPython 3.5 has an
-        # i386/x86_64 version of Python, but we only want a x64_64 build
-        env.setdefault('_PYTHON_HOST_PLATFORM', 'macosx-10.9-x86_64')
-        # https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/a5ed2fe0eedefa1649aa93ee74a0bafc8e628a10/Lib/_osx_support.py#L260
-        env.setdefault('ARCHFLAGS', '-arch x86_64')
+    config_is_arm64 = python_configuration.identifier.endswith("arm64")
+    config_is_universal2 = python_configuration.identifier.endswith("universal2")
 
-    if python_configuration.version == '3.9':
-        if python_configuration.identifier.endswith('x86_64'):
-            # even on the macos11.0 Python installer, on the x86_64 side it's
-            # compatible back to 10.9.
-            env.setdefault('_PYTHON_HOST_PLATFORM', 'macosx-10.9-x86_64')
-            env.setdefault('ARCHFLAGS', '-arch x86_64')
-        elif python_configuration.identifier.endswith('arm64'):
+    if python_configuration.version not in {"3.6", "3.7"}:
+        if config_is_arm64:
             # macOS 11 is the first OS with arm64 support, so the wheels
             # have that as a minimum.
-            env.setdefault('_PYTHON_HOST_PLATFORM', 'macosx-11.0-arm64')
-            env.setdefault('ARCHFLAGS', '-arch arm64')
-        elif python_configuration.identifier.endswith('universal2'):
-            if get_macos_version() < (10, 16):
-                # we can do universal2 builds on macos 10.15, but we need to
-                # set ARCHFLAGS otherwise CPython sets it to `-arch x86_64`
-                env.setdefault('ARCHFLAGS', '-arch arm64 -arch x86_64')
+            env.setdefault("_PYTHON_HOST_PLATFORM", "macosx-11.0-arm64")
+            env.setdefault("ARCHFLAGS", "-arch arm64")
+        elif config_is_universal2:
+            env.setdefault("_PYTHON_HOST_PLATFORM", "macosx-10.9-universal2")
+            env.setdefault("ARCHFLAGS", "-arch arm64 -arch x86_64")
+        elif python_configuration.identifier.endswith("x86_64"):
+            # even on the macos11.0 Python installer, on the x86_64 side it's
+            # compatible back to 10.9.
+            env.setdefault("_PYTHON_HOST_PLATFORM", "macosx-10.9-x86_64")
+            env.setdefault("ARCHFLAGS", "-arch x86_64")
 
-    if python_configuration.identifier.endswith('arm64') or python_configuration.identifier.endswith('universal2'):
-        if get_macos_version() < (10, 16) and 'SDKROOT' not in env:
-            # xcode 12.2 or higher can build arm64 on macos 10.15 or below, but
-            # needs the correct SDK selected.
-            sdks = get_macos_sdks()
+    building_arm64 = config_is_arm64 or config_is_universal2
+    if building_arm64 and get_macos_version() < (10, 16) and "SDKROOT" not in env:
+        # xcode 12.2 or higher can build arm64 on macos 10.15 or below, but
+        # needs the correct SDK selected.
+        sdks = get_macos_sdks()
 
-            # Different versions of Xcode contain different SDK versions...
-            # we're happy with anything newer than macOS 11.0
-            arm64_compatible_sdks = [s for s in sdks if not s.startswith('macosx10.')]
+        # Different versions of Xcode contain different SDK versions...
+        # we're happy with anything newer than macOS 11.0
+        arm64_compatible_sdks = [s for s in sdks if not s.startswith("macosx10.")]
 
-            if not arm64_compatible_sdks:
-                log.warning(unwrap('''
+        if not arm64_compatible_sdks:
+            log.warning(
+                unwrap(
+                    """
                     SDK for building arm64-compatible wheels not found. You need Xcode 12.2 or later
                     to build universal2 or arm64 wheels.
-                '''))
-            else:
-                env.setdefault('SDKROOT', arm64_compatible_sdks[0])
+                    """
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            env.setdefault("SDKROOT", arm64_compatible_sdks[0])
 
-    log.step('Installing build tools...')
-    call(['pip', 'install', '--upgrade', 'setuptools', 'wheel', 'delocate', *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env)
+    log.step("Installing build tools...")
+    if build_frontend == "pip":
+        call(
+            "pip",
+            "install",
+            "--upgrade",
+            "setuptools",
+            "wheel",
+            "delocate",
+            *dependency_constraint_flags,
+            env=env,
+        )
+    elif build_frontend == "build":
+        call(
+            "pip",
+            "install",
+            "--upgrade",
+            "delocate",
+            "build[virtualenv]",
+            *dependency_constraint_flags,
+            env=env,
+        )
+    else:
+        assert_never(build_frontend)
 
     return env
 
 
-def build(options: BuildOptions) -> None:
-    temp_dir = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix='cibuildwheel'))
-    built_wheel_dir = temp_dir / 'built_wheel'
-    repaired_wheel_dir = temp_dir / 'repaired_wheel'
+def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    python_configurations = get_python_configurations(
+        options.globals.build_selector, options.globals.architectures
+    )
 
     try:
-        if options.before_all:
-            log.step('Running before_all...')
-            env = options.environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=os.environ)
-            before_all_prepared = prepare_command(options.before_all, project='.', package=options.package_dir)
-            call([before_all_prepared], shell=True, env=env)
+        before_all_options_identifier = python_configurations[0].identifier
+        before_all_options = options.build_options(before_all_options_identifier)
 
-        python_configurations = get_python_configurations(options.build_selector, options.architectures)
+        if before_all_options.before_all:
+            log.step("Running before_all...")
+            env = before_all_options.environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=os.environ)
+            env.setdefault("MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET", "10.9")
+            before_all_prepared = prepare_command(
+                before_all_options.before_all, project=".", package=before_all_options.package_dir
+            )
+            shell(before_all_prepared, env=env)
 
         for config in python_configurations:
+            build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
             log.build_start(config.identifier)
 
+            identifier_tmp_dir = tmp_path / config.identifier
+            identifier_tmp_dir.mkdir()
+            built_wheel_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "built_wheel"
+            repaired_wheel_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "repaired_wheel"
+
+            config_is_arm64 = config.identifier.endswith("arm64")
+            config_is_universal2 = config.identifier.endswith("universal2")
+
             dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr] = []
-            if options.dependency_constraints:
+            if build_options.dependency_constraints:
                 dependency_constraint_flags = [
-                    '-c', options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(config.version)
+                    "-c",
+                    build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(config.version),
                 ]
 
-            env = setup_python(config, dependency_constraint_flags, options.environment)
+            env = setup_python(
+                identifier_tmp_dir / "build",
+                config,
+                dependency_constraint_flags,
+                build_options.environment,
+                build_options.build_frontend,
+            )
 
-            if options.before_build:
-                log.step('Running before_build...')
-                before_build_prepared = prepare_command(options.before_build, project='.', package=options.package_dir)
-                call(before_build_prepared, env=env, shell=True)
+            if build_options.before_build:
+                log.step("Running before_build...")
+                before_build_prepared = prepare_command(
+                    build_options.before_build, project=".", package=build_options.package_dir
+                )
+                shell(before_build_prepared, env=env)
 
-            log.step('Building wheel...')
-            if built_wheel_dir.exists():
-                shutil.rmtree(built_wheel_dir)
-            built_wheel_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
+            log.step("Building wheel...")
+            built_wheel_dir.mkdir()
 
-            # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
-            # see https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/pull/369
-            call([
-                'pip', 'wheel',
-                options.package_dir.resolve(),
-                '-w', built_wheel_dir,
-                '--no-deps',
-                *get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(options.build_verbosity)
-            ], env=env)
+            verbosity_flags = get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(build_options.build_verbosity)
 
-            built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob('*.whl'))
+            if build_options.build_frontend == "pip":
+                # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
+                # see https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
+                call(
+                    "python",
+                    "-m",
+                    "pip",
+                    "wheel",
+                    build_options.package_dir.resolve(),
+                    f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                    "--no-deps",
+                    *verbosity_flags,
+                    env=env,
+                )
+            elif build_options.build_frontend == "build":
+                config_setting = " ".join(verbosity_flags)
+                build_env = env.copy()
+                if build_options.dependency_constraints:
+                    constraint_path = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
+                        config.version
+                    )
+                    build_env["PIP_CONSTRAINT"] = constraint_path.as_uri()
+                build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = get_pip_version(env)
+                call(
+                    "python",
+                    "-m",
+                    "build",
+                    build_options.package_dir,
+                    "--wheel",
+                    f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                    f"--config-setting={config_setting}",
+                    env=build_env,
+                )
+            else:
+                assert_never(build_options.build_frontend)
 
-            if repaired_wheel_dir.exists():
-                shutil.rmtree(repaired_wheel_dir)
-            repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
+            built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
 
-            if built_wheel.name.endswith('none-any.whl'):
+            repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir()
+
+            if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
                 raise NonPlatformWheelError()
 
-            if options.repair_command:
-                log.step('Repairing wheel...')
+            if build_options.repair_command:
+                log.step("Repairing wheel...")
 
-                if config.identifier.endswith('universal2'):
-                    delocate_archs = 'x86_64,arm64'
-                elif config.identifier.endswith('arm64'):
-                    delocate_archs = 'arm64'
+                if config_is_universal2:
+                    delocate_archs = "x86_64,arm64"
+                elif config_is_arm64:
+                    delocate_archs = "arm64"
                 else:
-                    delocate_archs = 'x86_64'
+                    delocate_archs = "x86_64"
 
                 repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(
-                    options.repair_command,
+                    build_options.repair_command,
                     wheel=built_wheel,
                     dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir,
                     delocate_archs=delocate_archs,
                 )
-                call(repair_command_prepared, env=env, shell=True)
+                shell(repair_command_prepared, env=env)
             else:
                 shutil.move(str(built_wheel), repaired_wheel_dir)
 
-            repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob('*.whl'))
+            repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
 
             log.step_end()
 
-            if options.test_command and options.test_selector(config.identifier):
+            if build_options.test_command and build_options.test_selector(config.identifier):
                 machine_arch = platform.machine()
-                testing_archs: List[Literal['x86_64', 'arm64']] = []
+                testing_archs: List[Literal["x86_64", "arm64"]]
 
-                if config.identifier.endswith('_arm64'):
-                    testing_archs = ['arm64']
-                elif config.identifier.endswith('_universal2'):
-                    testing_archs = ['x86_64', 'arm64']
+                if config_is_arm64:
+                    testing_archs = ["arm64"]
+                elif config_is_universal2:
+                    testing_archs = ["x86_64", "arm64"]
                 else:
-                    testing_archs = ['x86_64']
+                    testing_archs = ["x86_64"]
 
                 for testing_arch in testing_archs:
-                    if config.identifier.endswith('_universal2'):
-                        arch_specific_identifier = f'{config.identifier}:{testing_arch}'
-                        if not options.test_selector(arch_specific_identifier):
+                    if config_is_universal2:
+                        arch_specific_identifier = f"{config.identifier}:{testing_arch}"
+                        if not build_options.test_selector(arch_specific_identifier):
                             continue
 
-                    if machine_arch == 'x86_64' and testing_arch == 'arm64':
-                        if config.identifier.endswith('_arm64'):
-                            log.warning(unwrap('''
-                                While arm64 wheels can be built on x86_64, they cannot be tested. The
-                                ability to test the arm64 wheels will be added in a future release of
-                                cibuildwheel, once Apple Silicon CI runners are widely available. To
-                                silence this warning, set `CIBW_TEST_SKIP: *-macosx_arm64`.
-                            '''))
-                        elif config.identifier.endswith('_universal2'):
-                            log.warning(unwrap('''
-                                While universal2 wheels can be built on x86_64, the arm64 part of them
-                                cannot currently be tested. The ability to test the arm64 part of a
-                                universal2 wheel will be added in a future release of cibuildwheel, once
-                                Apple Silicon CI runners are widely available. To silence this warning,
-                                set `CIBW_TEST_SKIP: *-macosx_universal2:arm64`.
-                            '''))
+                    if machine_arch == "x86_64" and testing_arch == "arm64":
+                        if config_is_arm64:
+                            log.warning(
+                                unwrap(
+                                    """
+                                    While arm64 wheels can be built on x86_64, they cannot be
+                                    tested. The ability to test the arm64 wheels will be added in a
+                                    future release of cibuildwheel, once Apple Silicon CI runners
+                                    are widely available. To silence this warning, set
+                                    `CIBW_TEST_SKIP: *-macosx_arm64`.
+                                    """
+                                )
+                            )
+                        elif config_is_universal2:
+                            log.warning(
+                                unwrap(
+                                    """
+                                    While universal2 wheels can be built on x86_64, the arm64 part
+                                    of them cannot currently be tested. The ability to test the
+                                    arm64 part of a universal2 wheel will be added in a future
+                                    release of cibuildwheel, once Apple Silicon CI runners are
+                                    widely available. To silence this warning, set
+                                    `CIBW_TEST_SKIP: *-macosx_universal2:arm64`.
+                                    """
+                                )
+                            )
                         else:
-                            raise RuntimeError('unreachable')
+                            raise RuntimeError("unreachable")
 
                         # skip this test
                         continue
 
-                    log.step('Testing wheel...' if testing_arch == machine_arch else f'Testing wheel on {testing_arch}...')
+                    log.step(
+                        "Testing wheel..."
+                        if testing_arch == machine_arch
+                        else f"Testing wheel on {testing_arch}..."
+                    )
 
                     # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
                     # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
-                    call(['pip', 'install', 'virtualenv', *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env)
-                    venv_dir = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp())
+                    call("pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags, env=env)
+
+                    venv_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "venv-test"
 
                     arch_prefix = []
                     if testing_arch != machine_arch:
-                        if machine_arch == 'arm64' and testing_arch == 'x86_64':
+                        if machine_arch == "arm64" and testing_arch == "x86_64":
                             # rosetta2 will provide the emulation with just the arch prefix.
-                            arch_prefix = ['arch', '-x86_64']
+                            arch_prefix = ["arch", "-x86_64"]
                         else:
-                            raise RuntimeError("don't know how to emulate {testing_arch} on {machine_arch}")
+                            msg = f"don't know how to emulate {testing_arch} on {machine_arch}"
+                            raise RuntimeError(msg)
 
                     # define a custom 'call' function that adds the arch prefix each time
-                    def call_with_arch(args: Sequence[PathOrStr], **kwargs: Any) -> int:
-                        if isinstance(args, str):
-                            args = ' '.join(arch_prefix) + ' ' + args
-                        else:
-                            args = [*arch_prefix, *args]
-                        return call(args, **kwargs)
+                    call_with_arch = functools.partial(call, *arch_prefix)
+                    shell_with_arch = functools.partial(shell, *arch_prefix)
 
                     # Use --no-download to ensure determinism by using seed libraries
                     # built into virtualenv
-                    call_with_arch(['python', '-m', 'virtualenv', '--no-download', venv_dir], env=env)
+                    call_with_arch("python", "-m", "virtualenv", "--no-download", venv_dir, env=env)
 
                     virtualenv_env = env.copy()
-                    virtualenv_env['PATH'] = os.pathsep.join([
-                        str(venv_dir / 'bin'),
-                        virtualenv_env['PATH'],
-                    ])
+                    virtualenv_env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(
+                        [
+                            str(venv_dir / "bin"),
+                            virtualenv_env["PATH"],
+                        ]
+                    )
 
                     # check that we are using the Python from the virtual environment
-                    call_with_arch(['which', 'python'], env=virtualenv_env)
+                    call_with_arch("which", "python", env=virtualenv_env)
 
-                    if options.before_test:
-                        before_test_prepared = prepare_command(options.before_test, project='.', package=options.package_dir)
-                        call_with_arch(before_test_prepared, env=virtualenv_env, shell=True)
+                    if build_options.before_test:
+                        before_test_prepared = prepare_command(
+                            build_options.before_test,
+                            project=".",
+                            package=build_options.package_dir,
+                        )
+                        shell_with_arch(before_test_prepared, env=virtualenv_env)
 
                     # install the wheel
-                    call_with_arch(['pip', 'install', str(repaired_wheel) + options.test_extras], env=virtualenv_env)
+                    call_with_arch(
+                        "pip",
+                        "install",
+                        f"{repaired_wheel}{build_options.test_extras}",
+                        env=virtualenv_env,
+                    )
 
                     # test the wheel
-                    if options.test_requires:
-                        call_with_arch(['pip', 'install'] + options.test_requires, env=virtualenv_env)
+                    if build_options.test_requires:
+                        call_with_arch(
+                            "pip", "install", *build_options.test_requires, env=virtualenv_env
+                        )
 
                     # run the tests from $HOME, with an absolute path in the command
                     # (this ensures that Python runs the tests against the installed wheel
                     # and not the repo code)
                     test_command_prepared = prepare_command(
-                        options.test_command,
-                        project=Path('.').resolve(),
-                        package=options.package_dir.resolve()
+                        build_options.test_command,
+                        project=Path(".").resolve(),
+                        package=build_options.package_dir.resolve(),
+                    )
+                    shell_with_arch(
+                        test_command_prepared, cwd=os.environ["HOME"], env=virtualenv_env
                     )
-                    call_with_arch(test_command_prepared, cwd=os.environ['HOME'], env=virtualenv_env, shell=True)
-
-                    # clean up
-                    shutil.rmtree(venv_dir)
 
             # we're all done here; move it to output (overwrite existing)
-            shutil.move(str(repaired_wheel), options.output_dir)
+            shutil.move(str(repaired_wheel), build_options.output_dir)
+
+            # clean up
+            shutil.rmtree(identifier_tmp_dir)
+
             log.build_end()
     except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
-        log.step_end_with_error(f'Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout}')
+        log.step_end_with_error(
+            f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout}"
+        )
         sys.exit(1)

cibuildwheel/options.py

@@ -0,0 +1,600 @@
+import functools
+import os
+import sys
+import traceback
+from configparser import ConfigParser
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Dict,
+    Iterator,
+    List,
+    Mapping,
+    NamedTuple,
+    Optional,
+    Set,
+    Tuple,
+    Union,
+)
+
+import tomli
+from packaging.specifiers import SpecifierSet
+
+from .architecture import Architecture
+from .environment import EnvironmentParseError, ParsedEnvironment, parse_environment
+from .projectfiles import get_requires_python_str
+from .typing import PLATFORMS, Literal, PlatformName, TypedDict
+from .util import (
+    MANYLINUX_ARCHS,
+    MUSLLINUX_ARCHS,
+    BuildFrontend,
+    BuildSelector,
+    DependencyConstraints,
+    TestSelector,
+    cached_property,
+    resources_dir,
+    selector_matches,
+    strtobool,
+    unwrap,
+)
+
+
+class CommandLineArguments:
+    platform: Literal["auto", "linux", "macos", "windows"]
+    archs: Optional[str]
+    output_dir: Optional[str]
+    config_file: str
+    package_dir: str
+    print_build_identifiers: bool
+    allow_empty: bool
+    prerelease_pythons: bool
+
+
+class GlobalOptions(NamedTuple):
+    package_dir: Path
+    output_dir: Path
+    build_selector: BuildSelector
+    test_selector: TestSelector
+    architectures: Set[Architecture]
+
+
+class BuildOptions(NamedTuple):
+    globals: GlobalOptions
+    environment: ParsedEnvironment
+    before_all: str
+    before_build: Optional[str]
+    repair_command: str
+    manylinux_images: Optional[Dict[str, str]]
+    musllinux_images: Optional[Dict[str, str]]
+    dependency_constraints: Optional[DependencyConstraints]
+    test_command: Optional[str]
+    before_test: Optional[str]
+    test_requires: List[str]
+    test_extras: str
+    build_verbosity: int
+    build_frontend: BuildFrontend
+
+    @property
+    def package_dir(self) -> Path:
+        return self.globals.package_dir
+
+    @property
+    def output_dir(self) -> Path:
+        return self.globals.output_dir
+
+    @property
+    def build_selector(self) -> BuildSelector:
+        return self.globals.build_selector
+
+    @property
+    def test_selector(self) -> TestSelector:
+        return self.globals.test_selector
+
+    @property
+    def architectures(self) -> Set[Architecture]:
+        return self.globals.architectures
+
+
+Setting = Union[Dict[str, str], List[str], str, int]
+
+
+class Override(NamedTuple):
+    select_pattern: str
+    options: Dict[str, Setting]
+
+
+MANYLINUX_OPTIONS = {f"manylinux-{build_platform}-image" for build_platform in MANYLINUX_ARCHS}
+MUSLLINUX_OPTIONS = {f"musllinux-{build_platform}-image" for build_platform in MUSLLINUX_ARCHS}
+DISALLOWED_OPTIONS = {
+    "linux": {"dependency-versions"},
+    "macos": MANYLINUX_OPTIONS | MUSLLINUX_OPTIONS,
+    "windows": MANYLINUX_OPTIONS | MUSLLINUX_OPTIONS,
+}
+
+
+class TableFmt(TypedDict):
+    item: str
+    sep: str
+
+
+class ConfigOptionError(KeyError):
+    pass
+
+
+def _dig_first(*pairs: Tuple[Mapping[str, Setting], str], ignore_empty: bool = False) -> Setting:
+    """
+    Return the first dict item that matches from pairs of dicts and keys.
+    Will throw a KeyError if missing.
+
+    _dig_first((dict1, "key1"), (dict2, "key2"), ...)
+    """
+    if not pairs:
+        raise ValueError("pairs cannot be empty")
+
+    for dict_like, key in pairs:
+        if key in dict_like:
+            value = dict_like[key]
+
+            if ignore_empty and value == "":
+                continue
+
+            return value
+
+    last_key = pairs[-1][1]
+    raise KeyError(last_key)
+
+
+class OptionsReader:
+    """
+    Gets options from the environment, config or defaults, optionally scoped
+    by the platform.
+
+    Example:
+      >>> options_reader = OptionsReader(config_file, platform='macos')
+      >>> options_reader.get('cool-color')
+
+      This will return the value of CIBW_COOL_COLOR_MACOS if it exists,
+      otherwise the value of CIBW_COOL_COLOR, otherwise
+      'tool.cibuildwheel.macos.cool-color' or 'tool.cibuildwheel.cool-color'
+      from `config_file`, or from cibuildwheel/resources/defaults.toml. An
+      error is thrown if there are any unexpected keys or sections in
+      tool.cibuildwheel.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        config_file_path: Optional[Path] = None,
+        *,
+        platform: PlatformName,
+        disallow: Optional[Dict[str, Set[str]]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.platform = platform
+        self.disallow = disallow or {}
+
+        # Open defaults.toml, loading both global and platform sections
+        defaults_path = resources_dir / "defaults.toml"
+        self.default_options, self.default_platform_options = self._load_file(defaults_path)
+
+        # Load the project config file
+        config_options: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        config_platform_options: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+        if config_file_path is not None:
+            config_options, config_platform_options = self._load_file(config_file_path)
+
+        # Validate project config
+        for option_name in config_options:
+            if not self._is_valid_global_option(option_name):
+                raise ConfigOptionError(f'Option "{option_name}" not supported in a config file')
+
+        for option_name in config_platform_options:
+            if not self._is_valid_platform_option(option_name):
+                raise ConfigOptionError(
+                    f'Option "{option_name}" not supported in the "{self.platform}" section'
+                )
+
+        self.config_options = config_options
+        self.config_platform_options = config_platform_options
+
+        self.overrides: List[Override] = []
+        self.current_identifier: Optional[str] = None
+
+        config_overrides = self.config_options.get("overrides")
+
+        if config_overrides is not None:
+            if not isinstance(config_overrides, list):
+                raise ConfigOptionError('"tool.cibuildwheel.overrides" must be a list')
+
+            for config_override in config_overrides:
+                select = config_override.pop("select", None)
+
+                if not select:
+                    raise ConfigOptionError('"select" must be set in an override')
+
+                if isinstance(select, list):
+                    select = " ".join(select)
+
+                self.overrides.append(Override(select, config_override))
+
+    def _is_valid_global_option(self, name: str) -> bool:
+        """
+        Returns True if an option with this name is allowed in the
+        [tool.cibuildwheel] section of a config file.
+        """
+        allowed_option_names = self.default_options.keys() | PLATFORMS | {"overrides"}
+
+        return name in allowed_option_names
+
+    def _is_valid_platform_option(self, name: str) -> bool:
+        """
+        Returns True if an option with this name is allowed in the
+        [tool.cibuildwheel.<current-platform>] section of a config file.
+        """
+        disallowed_platform_options = self.disallow.get(self.platform, set())
+        if name in disallowed_platform_options:
+            return False
+
+        allowed_option_names = self.default_options.keys() | self.default_platform_options.keys()
+
+        return name in allowed_option_names
+
+    def _load_file(self, filename: Path) -> Tuple[Dict[str, Any], Dict[str, Any]]:
+        """
+        Load a toml file, returns global and platform as separate dicts.
+        """
+        with filename.open("rb") as f:
+            config = tomli.load(f)
+
+        global_options = config.get("tool", {}).get("cibuildwheel", {})
+        platform_options = global_options.get(self.platform, {})
+
+        return global_options, platform_options
+
+    @property
+    def active_config_overrides(self) -> List[Override]:
+        if self.current_identifier is None:
+            return []
+        return [
+            o for o in self.overrides if selector_matches(o.select_pattern, self.current_identifier)
+        ]
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def identifier(self, identifier: Optional[str]) -> Iterator[None]:
+        self.current_identifier = identifier
+        try:
+            yield
+        finally:
+            self.current_identifier = None
+
+    def get(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        *,
+        env_plat: bool = True,
+        sep: Optional[str] = None,
+        table: Optional[TableFmt] = None,
+        ignore_empty: bool = False,
+    ) -> str:
+        """
+        Get and return the value for the named option from environment,
+        configuration file, or the default. If env_plat is False, then don't
+        accept platform versions of the environment variable. If this is an
+        array it will be merged with "sep" before returning. If it is a table,
+        it will be formatted with "table['item']" using {k} and {v} and merged
+        with "table['sep']". Empty variables will not override if ignore_empty
+        is True.
+        """
+
+        if name not in self.default_options and name not in self.default_platform_options:
+            raise ConfigOptionError(f"{name} must be in cibuildwheel/resources/defaults.toml file")
+
+        # Environment variable form
+        envvar = f"CIBW_{name.upper().replace('-', '_')}"
+        plat_envvar = f"{envvar}_{self.platform.upper()}"
+
+        # later overrides take precedence over earlier ones, so reverse the list
+        active_config_overrides = reversed(self.active_config_overrides)
+
+        # get the option from the environment, then the config file, then finally the default.
+        # platform-specific options are preferred, if they're allowed.
+        result = _dig_first(
+            (os.environ if env_plat else {}, plat_envvar),  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            (os.environ, envvar),
+            *[(o.options, name) for o in active_config_overrides],
+            (self.config_platform_options, name),
+            (self.config_options, name),
+            (self.default_platform_options, name),
+            (self.default_options, name),
+            ignore_empty=ignore_empty,
+        )
+
+        if isinstance(result, dict):
+            if table is None:
+                raise ConfigOptionError(f"{name} does not accept a table")
+            return table["sep"].join(table["item"].format(k=k, v=v) for k, v in result.items())
+
+        if isinstance(result, list):
+            if sep is None:
+                raise ConfigOptionError(f"{name} does not accept a list")
+            return sep.join(result)
+
+        if isinstance(result, int):
+            return str(result)
+
+        return result
+
+
+class Options:
+    def __init__(self, platform: PlatformName, command_line_arguments: CommandLineArguments):
+        self.platform = platform
+        self.command_line_arguments = command_line_arguments
+
+        self.reader = OptionsReader(
+            self.config_file_path,
+            platform=platform,
+            disallow=DISALLOWED_OPTIONS,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def config_file_path(self) -> Optional[Path]:
+        args = self.command_line_arguments
+
+        if args.config_file:
+            return Path(args.config_file.format(package=args.package_dir))
+
+        # return pyproject.toml, if it's available
+        pyproject_toml_path = Path(args.package_dir) / "pyproject.toml"
+        if pyproject_toml_path.exists():
+            return pyproject_toml_path
+
+        return None
+
+    @cached_property
+    def package_requires_python_str(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        args = self.command_line_arguments
+        return get_requires_python_str(Path(args.package_dir))
+
+    @property
+    def globals(self) -> GlobalOptions:
+        args = self.command_line_arguments
+        package_dir = Path(args.package_dir)
+        output_dir = Path(
+            args.output_dir
+            if args.output_dir is not None
+            else os.environ.get("CIBW_OUTPUT_DIR", "wheelhouse")
+        )
+
+        build_config = self.reader.get("build", env_plat=False, sep=" ") or "*"
+        skip_config = self.reader.get("skip", env_plat=False, sep=" ")
+        test_skip = self.reader.get("test-skip", env_plat=False, sep=" ")
+
+        prerelease_pythons = args.prerelease_pythons or strtobool(
+            os.environ.get("CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS", "0")
+        )
+
+        # This is not supported in tool.cibuildwheel, as it comes from a standard location.
+        # Passing this in as an environment variable will override pyproject.toml, setup.cfg, or setup.py
+        requires_python_str: Optional[str] = (
+            os.environ.get("CIBW_PROJECT_REQUIRES_PYTHON") or self.package_requires_python_str
+        )
+        requires_python = None if requires_python_str is None else SpecifierSet(requires_python_str)
+
+        build_selector = BuildSelector(
+            build_config=build_config,
+            skip_config=skip_config,
+            requires_python=requires_python,
+            prerelease_pythons=prerelease_pythons,
+        )
+        test_selector = TestSelector(skip_config=test_skip)
+
+        archs_config_str = args.archs or self.reader.get("archs", sep=" ")
+        architectures = Architecture.parse_config(archs_config_str, platform=self.platform)
+
+        return GlobalOptions(
+            package_dir=package_dir,
+            output_dir=output_dir,
+            build_selector=build_selector,
+            test_selector=test_selector,
+            architectures=architectures,
+        )
+
+    def build_options(self, identifier: Optional[str]) -> BuildOptions:
+        """
+        Compute BuildOptions for a single run configuration.
+        """
+
+        with self.reader.identifier(identifier):
+            before_all = self.reader.get("before-all", sep=" && ")
+
+            build_frontend_str = self.reader.get("build-frontend", env_plat=False)
+            environment_config = self.reader.get(
+                "environment", table={"item": '{k}="{v}"', "sep": " "}
+            )
+            environment_pass = self.reader.get("environment-pass", sep=" ").split()
+            before_build = self.reader.get("before-build", sep=" && ")
+            repair_command = self.reader.get("repair-wheel-command", sep=" && ")
+
+            dependency_versions = self.reader.get("dependency-versions")
+            test_command = self.reader.get("test-command", sep=" && ")
+            before_test = self.reader.get("before-test", sep=" && ")
+            test_requires = self.reader.get("test-requires", sep=" ").split()
+            test_extras = self.reader.get("test-extras", sep=",")
+            build_verbosity_str = self.reader.get("build-verbosity")
+
+            build_frontend: BuildFrontend
+            if build_frontend_str == "build":
+                build_frontend = "build"
+            elif build_frontend_str == "pip":
+                build_frontend = "pip"
+            else:
+                msg = f"cibuildwheel: Unrecognised build frontend '{build_frontend_str}', only 'pip' and 'build' are supported"
+                print(msg, file=sys.stderr)
+                sys.exit(2)
+
+            try:
+                environment = parse_environment(environment_config)
+            except (EnvironmentParseError, ValueError):
+                print(
+                    f'cibuildwheel: Malformed environment option "{environment_config}"',
+                    file=sys.stderr,
+                )
+                traceback.print_exc(None, sys.stderr)
+                sys.exit(2)
+
+            # Pass through environment variables
+            if self.platform == "linux":
+                for env_var_name in environment_pass:
+                    try:
+                        environment.add(env_var_name, os.environ[env_var_name])
+                    except KeyError:
+                        pass
+
+            if dependency_versions == "pinned":
+                dependency_constraints: Optional[
+                    DependencyConstraints
+                ] = DependencyConstraints.with_defaults()
+            elif dependency_versions == "latest":
+                dependency_constraints = None
+            else:
+                dependency_versions_path = Path(dependency_versions)
+                dependency_constraints = DependencyConstraints(dependency_versions_path)
+
+            if test_extras:
+                test_extras = f"[{test_extras}]"
+
+            try:
+                build_verbosity = min(3, max(-3, int(build_verbosity_str)))
+            except ValueError:
+                build_verbosity = 0
+
+            manylinux_images: Dict[str, str] = {}
+            musllinux_images: Dict[str, str] = {}
+            if self.platform == "linux":
+                all_pinned_docker_images = _get_pinned_docker_images()
+
+                for build_platform in MANYLINUX_ARCHS:
+                    pinned_images = all_pinned_docker_images[build_platform]
+
+                    config_value = self.reader.get(
+                        f"manylinux-{build_platform}-image", ignore_empty=True
+                    )
+
+                    if not config_value:
+                        # default to manylinux2014
+                        image = pinned_images["manylinux2014"]
+                    elif config_value in pinned_images:
+                        image = pinned_images[config_value]
+                    else:
+                        image = config_value
+
+                    manylinux_images[build_platform] = image
+
+                for build_platform in MUSLLINUX_ARCHS:
+                    pinned_images = all_pinned_docker_images[build_platform]
+
+                    config_value = self.reader.get(f"musllinux-{build_platform}-image")
+
+                    if not config_value:
+                        image = pinned_images["musllinux_1_1"]
+                    elif config_value in pinned_images:
+                        image = pinned_images[config_value]
+                    else:
+                        image = config_value
+
+                    musllinux_images[build_platform] = image
+
+            return BuildOptions(
+                globals=self.globals,
+                test_command=test_command,
+                test_requires=test_requires,
+                test_extras=test_extras,
+                before_test=before_test,
+                before_build=before_build,
+                before_all=before_all,
+                build_verbosity=build_verbosity,
+                repair_command=repair_command,
+                environment=environment,
+                dependency_constraints=dependency_constraints,
+                manylinux_images=manylinux_images or None,
+                musllinux_images=musllinux_images or None,
+                build_frontend=build_frontend,
+            )
+
+    def check_for_invalid_configuration(self, identifiers: List[str]) -> None:
+        if self.platform in ["macos", "windows"]:
+            before_all_values = {self.build_options(i).before_all for i in identifiers}
+
+            if len(before_all_values) > 1:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    unwrap(
+                        f"""
+                        before_all cannot be set to multiple values. On macOS and Windows,
+                        before_all is only run once, at the start of the build. before_all values
+                        are: {before_all_values!r}
+                        """
+                    )
+                )
+
+    def check_for_deprecated_options(self) -> None:
+        build_selector = self.globals.build_selector
+        test_selector = self.globals.test_selector
+
+        deprecated_selectors("CIBW_BUILD", build_selector.build_config, error=True)
+        deprecated_selectors("CIBW_SKIP", build_selector.skip_config)
+        deprecated_selectors("CIBW_TEST_SKIP", test_selector.skip_config)
+
+    def summary(self, identifiers: List[str]) -> str:
+        lines = [
+            f"{option_name}: {option_value!r}"
+            for option_name, option_value in sorted(self.globals._asdict().items())
+        ]
+
+        build_option_defaults = self.build_options(identifier=None)
+
+        for option_name, default_value in sorted(build_option_defaults._asdict().items()):
+            if option_name == "globals":
+                continue
+
+            lines.append(f"{option_name}: {default_value!r}")
+
+            # if any identifiers have an overridden value, print that too
+            for identifier in identifiers:
+                option_value = self.build_options(identifier=identifier)._asdict()[option_name]
+                if option_value != default_value:
+                    lines.append(f"  {identifier}: {option_value!r}")
+
+        return "\n".join(lines)
+
+
+def compute_options(
+    platform: PlatformName,
+    command_line_arguments: CommandLineArguments,
+) -> Options:
+    options = Options(platform=platform, command_line_arguments=command_line_arguments)
+    options.check_for_deprecated_options()
+    return options
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+def _get_pinned_docker_images() -> Mapping[str, Mapping[str, str]]:
+    """
+    This looks like a dict of dicts, e.g.
+    { 'x86_64': {'manylinux1': '...', 'manylinux2010': '...', 'manylinux2014': '...'},
+      'i686': {'manylinux1': '...', 'manylinux2010': '...', 'manylinux2014': '...'},
+      'pypy_x86_64': {'manylinux2010': '...' }
+      ... }
+    """
+
+    pinned_docker_images_file = resources_dir / "pinned_docker_images.cfg"
+    all_pinned_docker_images = ConfigParser()
+    all_pinned_docker_images.read(pinned_docker_images_file)
+    return all_pinned_docker_images
+
+
+def deprecated_selectors(name: str, selector: str, *, error: bool = False) -> None:
+    if "p2" in selector or "p35" in selector:
+        msg = f"cibuildwheel 2.x no longer supports Python < 3.6. Please use the 1.x series or update {name}"
+        print(msg, file=sys.stderr)
+        if error:
+            sys.exit(4)

cibuildwheel/projectfiles.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from configparser import ConfigParser
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any, Optional
 
-import toml
+import tomli
 
 if sys.version_info < (3, 8):
     Constant = ast.Str
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ if sys.version_info < (3, 8):
     def get_constant(x: ast.Str) -> str:
         return x.s
 
-
 else:
     Constant = ast.Constant
 
@@ -24,20 +23,19 @@ class Analyzer(ast.NodeVisitor):
     def __init__(self) -> None:
         self.requires_python: Optional[str] = None
 
-    def visit(self, content: ast.AST) -> None:
-        for node in ast.walk(content):
-            for child in ast.iter_child_nodes(node):
-                child.parent = node  # type: ignore
-        super().visit(content)
+    def visit(self, node: ast.AST) -> None:
+        for inner_node in ast.walk(node):
+            for child in ast.iter_child_nodes(inner_node):
+                child.parent = inner_node  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        super().visit(node)
 
     def visit_keyword(self, node: ast.keyword) -> None:
         self.generic_visit(node)
         if node.arg == "python_requires":
             # Must not be nested in an if or other structure
             # This will be Module -> Expr -> Call -> keyword
-            if (
-                not hasattr(node.parent.parent.parent, "parent")  # type: ignore
-                and isinstance(node.value, Constant)
+            if not hasattr(node.parent.parent.parent, "parent") and isinstance(  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+                node.value, Constant
             ):
                 self.requires_python = get_constant(node.value)
 
@@ -48,31 +46,32 @@ def setup_py_python_requires(content: str) -> Optional[str]:
         analyzer = Analyzer()
         analyzer.visit(tree)
         return analyzer.requires_python or None
-    except Exception:
+    except Exception:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
         return None
 
 
 def get_requires_python_str(package_dir: Path) -> Optional[str]:
-    "Return the python requires string from the most canonical source available, or None"
+    """Return the python requires string from the most canonical source available, or None"""
 
     # Read in from pyproject.toml:project.requires-python
     try:
-        info = toml.load(package_dir / 'pyproject.toml')
-        return str(info['project']['requires-python'])
+        with (package_dir / "pyproject.toml").open("rb") as f1:
+            info = tomli.load(f1)
+        return str(info["project"]["requires-python"])
     except (FileNotFoundError, KeyError, IndexError, TypeError):
         pass
 
     # Read in from setup.cfg:options.python_requires
     try:
         config = ConfigParser()
-        config.read(package_dir / 'setup.cfg')
-        return str(config['options']['python_requires'])
+        config.read(package_dir / "setup.cfg")
+        return str(config["options"]["python_requires"])
     except (FileNotFoundError, KeyError, IndexError, TypeError):
         pass
 
     try:
-        with open(package_dir / 'setup.py') as f:
-            return setup_py_python_requires(f.read())
+        with (package_dir / "setup.py").open(encoding="utf8") as f2:
+            return setup_py_python_requires(f2.read())
     except FileNotFoundError:
         pass
 

cibuildwheel/resources/build-platforms.toml

@@ -1,69 +1,99 @@
 [linux]
 python_configurations = [
-  { identifier = "cp27-manylinux_x86_64", version = "2.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp27-cp27m" },
-  { identifier = "cp27-manylinux_x86_64", version = "2.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp27-cp27mu" },
-  { identifier = "cp35-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.5", path_str = "/opt/python/cp35-cp35m" },
   { identifier = "cp36-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
   { identifier = "cp37-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
   { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
   { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
-  { identifier = "cp27-manylinux_i686", version = "2.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp27-cp27m" },
-  { identifier = "cp27-manylinux_i686", version = "2.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp27-cp27mu" },
-  { identifier = "cp35-manylinux_i686", version = "3.5", path_str = "/opt/python/cp35-cp35m" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
   { identifier = "cp36-manylinux_i686", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
   { identifier = "cp37-manylinux_i686", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
   { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_i686", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
   { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_i686", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
-  { identifier = "pp27-manylinux_x86_64", version = "2.7", path_str = "/opt/python/pp27-pypy_73" },
-  { identifier = "pp36-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/pp36-pypy36_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_i686", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
   { identifier = "pp37-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/pp37-pypy37_pp73" },
-  { identifier = "cp35-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.5", path_str = "/opt/python/cp35-cp35m" },
+  { identifier = "pp38-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/pp38-pypy38_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "pp39-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/pp39-pypy39_pp73" },
   { identifier = "cp36-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
   { identifier = "cp37-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
   { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
   { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
-  { identifier = "cp35-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.5", path_str = "/opt/python/cp35-cp35m" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
   { identifier = "cp36-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
   { identifier = "cp37-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
   { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
   { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
-  { identifier = "cp35-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.5", path_str = "/opt/python/cp35-cp35m" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
   { identifier = "cp36-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
   { identifier = "cp37-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
   { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
   { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
+  { identifier = "pp37-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/pp37-pypy37_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "pp38-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/pp38-pypy38_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "pp39-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/pp39-pypy39_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "pp37-manylinux_i686", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/pp37-pypy37_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "pp38-manylinux_i686", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/pp38-pypy38_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "pp39-manylinux_i686", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/pp39-pypy39_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "cp36-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
+  { identifier = "cp37-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-musllinux_x86_64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
+  { identifier = "cp36-musllinux_i686", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
+  { identifier = "cp37-musllinux_i686", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-musllinux_i686", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_i686", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-musllinux_i686", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
+  { identifier = "cp36-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
+  { identifier = "cp37-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-musllinux_aarch64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
+  { identifier = "cp36-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
+  { identifier = "cp37-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-musllinux_ppc64le", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
+  { identifier = "cp36-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
+  { identifier = "cp37-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-musllinux_s390x", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
 ]
 
 [macos]
 python_configurations = [
-  { identifier = "cp27-macosx_x86_64", version = "2.7", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/2.7.18/python-2.7.18-macosx10.9.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp35-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.5", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.5.4/python-3.5.4-macosx10.6.pkg" },
   { identifier = "cp36-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.6", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.6.8/python-3.6.8-macosx10.9.pkg" },
   { identifier = "cp37-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.7", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.7.9/python-3.7.9-macosx10.9.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp38-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.8", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.7/python-3.8.7-macosx10.9.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp39-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.9", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.9.1/python-3.9.1-macos11.0.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp39-macosx_arm64", version = "3.9", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.9.1/python-3.9.1-macos11.0.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "cp39-macosx_universal2", version = "3.9", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.9.1/python-3.9.1-macos11.0.pkg" },
-  { identifier = "pp27-macosx_x86_64", version = "2.7", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy2.7-v7.3.3-osx64.tar.bz2" },
-  { identifier = "pp36-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.6", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.6-v7.3.3-osx64.tar.bz2" },
-  { identifier = "pp37-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.7", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.7-v7.3.3-osx64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.8", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.10/python-3.8.10-macosx10.9.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-macosx_arm64", version = "3.8", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.10/python-3.8.10-macosx10.9.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-macosx_universal2", version = "3.8", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.10/python-3.8.10-macosx10.9.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.9", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.9.12/python-3.9.12-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-macosx_arm64", version = "3.9", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.9.12/python-3.9.12-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-macosx_universal2", version = "3.9", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.9.12/python-3.9.12-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.10", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.10.4/python-3.10.4-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-macosx_arm64", version = "3.10", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.10.4/python-3.10.4-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-macosx_universal2", version = "3.10", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.10.4/python-3.10.4-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "pp37-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.7", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.7-v7.3.9-osx64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "pp38-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.8", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.9-osx64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "pp39-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.9", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.9-osx64.tar.bz2" },
 ]
 
 [windows]
 python_configurations = [
-  { identifier = "cp27-win32", version = "2.7.18", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp27-win_amd64", version = "2.7.18", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp35-win32", version = "3.5.4", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp35-win_amd64", version = "3.5.4", arch = "64" },
   { identifier = "cp36-win32", version = "3.6.8", arch = "32" },
   { identifier = "cp36-win_amd64", version = "3.6.8", arch = "64" },
   { identifier = "cp37-win32", version = "3.7.9", arch = "32" },
   { identifier = "cp37-win_amd64", version = "3.7.9", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp38-win32", version = "3.8.7", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp38-win_amd64", version = "3.8.7", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "cp39-win32", version = "3.9.1", arch = "32" },
-  { identifier = "cp39-win_amd64", version = "3.9.1", arch = "64" },
-  { identifier = "pp27-win32", version = "2.7", arch = "32", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy2.7-v7.3.3-win32.zip" },
-  { identifier = "pp36-win32", version = "3.6", arch = "32", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.6-v7.3.3-win32.zip" },
-  { identifier = "pp37-win32", version = "3.7", arch = "32", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.7-v7.3.3-win32.zip" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-win32", version = "3.8.10", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-win_amd64", version = "3.8.10", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-win32", version = "3.9.12", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-win_amd64", version = "3.9.12", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-win32", version = "3.10.4", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-win_amd64", version = "3.10.4", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-win_arm64", version = "3.9.10", arch = "ARM64" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-win_arm64", version = "3.10.4", arch = "ARM64" },
+  { identifier = "pp37-win_amd64", version = "3.7", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.7-v7.3.9-win64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "pp38-win_amd64", version = "3.8", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.9-win64.zip" },
+  { identifier = "pp39-win_amd64", version = "3.9", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.9-v7.3.9-win64.zip" },
 ]

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python27.txt

@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-#
-# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile
-# To update, run:
-#
-#    bin/update_dependencies.py
-#
-appdirs==1.4.4
-    # via virtualenv
-configparser==4.0.2
-    # via importlib-metadata
-contextlib2==0.6.0.post1
-    # via
-    #   importlib-metadata
-    #   importlib-resources
-delocate==0.8.2
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.1
-    # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.0.12
-    # via virtualenv
-importlib-metadata==2.1.1
-    # via virtualenv
-importlib-resources==3.3.1
-    # via virtualenv
-pathlib2==2.3.5
-    # via
-    #   importlib-metadata
-    #   importlib-resources
-    #   virtualenv
-scandir==1.10.0
-    # via pathlib2
-singledispatch==3.4.0.3
-    # via importlib-resources
-six==1.15.0
-    # via
-    #   pathlib2
-    #   virtualenv
-typing==3.7.4.3
-    # via importlib-resources
-virtualenv==20.4.2
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-wheel==0.36.2
-    # via
-    #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-    #   delocate
-zipp==1.2.0
-    # via
-    #   importlib-metadata
-    #   importlib-resources
-
-# The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
-pip==20.3.4
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-setuptools==44.1.1
-    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python310.txt

@@ -1,36 +1,30 @@
 #
-# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile
+# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with python 3.10
 # To update, run:
 #
 #    bin/update_dependencies.py
 #
-appdirs==1.4.4
-    # via virtualenv
-delocate==0.8.2
+delocate==0.10.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.1
+distlib==0.3.4
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.0.12
+filelock==3.6.0
     # via virtualenv
-importlib-metadata==2.1.1
+platformdirs==2.5.1
     # via virtualenv
-importlib-resources==3.2.1
+six==1.16.0
     # via virtualenv
-six==1.15.0
-    # via virtualenv
-virtualenv==20.4.2
+typing-extensions==4.1.1
+    # via delocate
+virtualenv==20.14.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-wheel==0.36.2
+wheel==0.37.1
     # via
     #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
     #   delocate
-zipp==1.2.0
-    # via
-    #   importlib-metadata
-    #   importlib-resources
 
 # The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
-pip==20.3.4
+pip==22.0.4
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-setuptools==50.3.2
+setuptools==61.3.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python36.txt

@@ -1,38 +1,40 @@
 #
-# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile
+# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with python 3.6
 # To update, run:
 #
 #    bin/update_dependencies.py
 #
-appdirs==1.4.4
-    # via virtualenv
-delocate==0.8.2
+delocate==0.10.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.1
+distlib==0.3.4
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.0.12
+filelock==3.4.1
     # via virtualenv
-importlib-metadata==3.4.0
+importlib-metadata==4.8.3
     # via virtualenv
-importlib-resources==5.1.0
+importlib-resources==5.4.0
     # via virtualenv
-six==1.15.0
+platformdirs==2.4.0
     # via virtualenv
-typing-extensions==3.7.4.3
-    # via importlib-metadata
-virtualenv==20.4.2
+six==1.16.0
+    # via virtualenv
+typing-extensions==4.1.1
+    # via
+    #   delocate
+    #   importlib-metadata
+virtualenv==20.14.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-wheel==0.36.2
+wheel==0.37.1
     # via
     #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
     #   delocate
-zipp==3.4.0
+zipp==3.6.0
     # via
     #   importlib-metadata
     #   importlib-resources
 
 # The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
-pip==21.0.1
+pip==21.3.1
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-setuptools==53.0.0
+setuptools==59.6.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python37.txt

@@ -1,34 +1,36 @@
 #
-# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile
+# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with python 3.7
 # To update, run:
 #
 #    bin/update_dependencies.py
 #
-appdirs==1.4.4
-    # via virtualenv
-delocate==0.8.2
+delocate==0.10.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.1
+distlib==0.3.4
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.0.12
+filelock==3.6.0
     # via virtualenv
-importlib-metadata==3.4.0
+importlib-metadata==4.11.3
     # via virtualenv
-six==1.15.0
+platformdirs==2.5.1
     # via virtualenv
-typing-extensions==3.7.4.3
-    # via importlib-metadata
-virtualenv==20.4.2
+six==1.16.0
+    # via virtualenv
+typing-extensions==4.1.1
+    # via
+    #   delocate
+    #   importlib-metadata
+virtualenv==20.14.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-wheel==0.36.2
+wheel==0.37.1
     # via
     #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
     #   delocate
-zipp==3.4.0
+zipp==3.7.0
     # via importlib-metadata
 
 # The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
-pip==21.0.1
+pip==22.0.4
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-setuptools==53.0.0
+setuptools==61.3.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python38.txt

@@ -1,28 +1,30 @@
 #
-# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile
+# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with python 3.8
 # To update, run:
 #
 #    bin/update_dependencies.py
 #
-appdirs==1.4.4
-    # via virtualenv
-delocate==0.8.2
+delocate==0.10.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.1
+distlib==0.3.4
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.0.12
+filelock==3.6.0
     # via virtualenv
-six==1.15.0
+platformdirs==2.5.1
     # via virtualenv
-virtualenv==20.4.2
+six==1.16.0
+    # via virtualenv
+typing-extensions==4.1.1
+    # via delocate
+virtualenv==20.14.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-wheel==0.36.2
+wheel==0.37.1
     # via
     #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
     #   delocate
 
 # The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
-pip==21.0.1
+pip==22.0.4
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-setuptools==53.0.0
+setuptools==61.3.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python39.txt

@@ -1,28 +1,30 @@
 #
-# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile
+# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with python 3.9
 # To update, run:
 #
 #    bin/update_dependencies.py
 #
-appdirs==1.4.4
-    # via virtualenv
-delocate==0.8.2
+delocate==0.10.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.1
+distlib==0.3.4
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.0.12
+filelock==3.6.0
     # via virtualenv
-six==1.15.0
+platformdirs==2.5.1
     # via virtualenv
-virtualenv==20.4.2
+six==1.16.0
+    # via virtualenv
+typing-extensions==4.1.1
+    # via delocate
+virtualenv==20.14.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-wheel==0.36.2
+wheel==0.37.1
     # via
     #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
     #   delocate
 
 # The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
-pip==21.0.1
+pip==22.0.4
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-setuptools==53.0.0
+setuptools==61.3.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.txt

@@ -1,28 +1,30 @@
 #
-# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile
+# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with python 3.9
 # To update, run:
 #
 #    bin/update_dependencies.py
 #
-appdirs==1.4.4
-    # via virtualenv
-delocate==0.8.2
+delocate==0.10.2
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.1
+distlib==0.3.4
     # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.0.12
+filelock==3.6.0
     # via virtualenv
-six==1.15.0
+platformdirs==2.5.1
     # via virtualenv
-virtualenv==20.4.2
+six==1.16.0
+    # via virtualenv
+typing-extensions==4.1.1
+    # via delocate
+virtualenv==20.14.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-wheel==0.36.2
+wheel==0.37.1
     # via
     #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
     #   delocate
 
 # The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
-pip==21.0.1
+pip==22.0.4
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-setuptools==53.0.0
+setuptools==61.3.0
     # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/defaults.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+[tool.cibuildwheel]
+build = "*"
+skip = ""
+test-skip = ""
+
+archs = ["auto"]
+build-frontend = "pip"
+dependency-versions = "pinned"
+environment = {}
+environment-pass = []
+build-verbosity = ""
+
+before-all = ""
+before-build = ""
+repair-wheel-command = ""
+
+test-command = ""
+before-test = ""
+test-requires = []
+test-extras = []
+
+manylinux-x86_64-image = "manylinux2014"
+manylinux-i686-image = "manylinux2014"
+manylinux-aarch64-image = "manylinux2014"
+manylinux-ppc64le-image = "manylinux2014"
+manylinux-s390x-image = "manylinux2014"
+manylinux-pypy_x86_64-image = "manylinux2014"
+manylinux-pypy_i686-image = "manylinux2014"
+manylinux-pypy_aarch64-image = "manylinux2014"
+
+musllinux-x86_64-image = "musllinux_1_1"
+musllinux-i686-image = "musllinux_1_1"
+musllinux-aarch64-image = "musllinux_1_1"
+musllinux-ppc64le-image = "musllinux_1_1"
+musllinux-s390x-image = "musllinux_1_1"
+
+
+[tool.cibuildwheel.linux]
+repair-wheel-command = "auditwheel repair -w {dest_dir} {wheel}"
+
+[tool.cibuildwheel.macos]
+repair-wheel-command = [
+  "delocate-listdeps {wheel}",
+  "delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} {wheel}",
+]
+
+[tool.cibuildwheel.windows]

cibuildwheel/resources/install_certifi.py

@@ -13,20 +13,24 @@ import stat
 import subprocess
 import sys
 
-STAT_0o775 = (stat.S_IRUSR | stat.S_IWUSR | stat.S_IXUSR
-              | stat.S_IRGRP | stat.S_IWGRP | stat.S_IXGRP
-              | stat.S_IROTH | stat.S_IXOTH)
-
-if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
-    FileNotFoundError = OSError
+STAT_0o775 = (
+    stat.S_IRUSR
+    | stat.S_IWUSR
+    | stat.S_IXUSR
+    | stat.S_IRGRP
+    | stat.S_IWGRP
+    | stat.S_IXGRP
+    | stat.S_IROTH
+    | stat.S_IXOTH
+)
 
 
 def main():
-    openssl_dir, openssl_cafile = os.path.split(
-        ssl.get_default_verify_paths().openssl_cafile)
+    openssl_dir, openssl_cafile = os.path.split(ssl.get_default_verify_paths().openssl_cafile)
     print(" -- pip install --upgrade certifi")
-    subprocess.check_call([sys.executable,
-                           "-E", "-s", "-m", "pip", "install", "--upgrade", "certifi"])
+    subprocess.check_call(
+        [sys.executable, "-E", "-s", "-m", "pip", "install", "--upgrade", "certifi"]
+    )
 
     import certifi
 
@@ -47,5 +51,5 @@ def main():
     print(" -- update complete")
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     main()

cibuildwheel/resources/pinned_docker_images.cfg

@@ -1,22 +1,43 @@
 [x86_64]
-manylinux1 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_x86_64:2021-01-24-153e846
-manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64:2021-01-24-4117e7c
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2021-01-24-91ce2b8
+manylinux1 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_x86_64:2022-03-31-9afae1d
+manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64:2022-03-31-361e6b6
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2022-03-31-361e6b6
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64:2022-03-31-361e6b6
+musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_x86_64:2022-03-31-361e6b6
 
 [i686]
-manylinux1 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_i686:2021-01-24-153e846
-manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686:2021-01-24-4117e7c
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2021-01-24-91ce2b8
+manylinux1 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_i686:2022-03-31-9afae1d
+manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686:2022-03-31-361e6b6
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2022-03-31-361e6b6
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_i686:2022-03-31-361e6b6
+musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_i686:2022-03-31-361e6b6
 
 [pypy_x86_64]
-manylinux2010 = pypywheels/manylinux2010-pypy_x86_64:2020-12-11-f1e0e80
+manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64:2022-03-31-361e6b6
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2022-03-31-361e6b6
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64:2022-03-31-361e6b6
+
+[pypy_i686]
+manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686:2022-03-31-361e6b6
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2022-03-31-361e6b6
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_i686:2022-03-31-361e6b6
 
 [aarch64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2021-01-24-91ce2b8
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2022-03-31-361e6b6
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_aarch64:2022-03-31-361e6b6
+musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_aarch64:2022-03-31-361e6b6
 
 [ppc64le]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le:2021-01-24-91ce2b8
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le:2022-03-31-361e6b6
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_ppc64le:2022-03-31-361e6b6
+musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_ppc64le:2022-03-31-361e6b6
 
 [s390x]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x:2021-01-24-91ce2b8
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x:2022-03-31-361e6b6
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_s390x:2022-03-31-361e6b6
+musllinux_1_1 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_1_s390x:2022-03-31-361e6b6
+
+[pypy_aarch64]
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2022-03-31-361e6b6
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_aarch64:2022-03-31-361e6b6
 

cibuildwheel/resources/pypy_venv.patch

@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-diff --git a/lib-python/3/sysconfig.py b/lib-python/3/sysconfig.py
-index 0d08cde66b4150e1772c13fdc6fe34d079c2b10d..30c77d165a2505d98bc7660ff0cc3b728f56c682 100644
---- a/lib-python/3/sysconfig.py
-+++ b/lib-python/3/sysconfig.py
-@@ -618,9 +618,6 @@ def get_config_vars(*args):
-             import _osx_support
-             _osx_support.customize_config_vars(_CONFIG_VARS)
-
--        _CONFIG_VARS['INCLUDEPY'] = os.path.join(_CONFIG_VARS['prefix'],
--                                                 'include')
--
-     if args:
-         vals = []
-         for name in args:
-diff --git a/lib_pypy/_sysconfigdata.py b/lib_pypy/_sysconfigdata.py
-index f1cca41a4b7553819bb1a2a63af1c1a9b8591ce9..a34216e8e12b82abd72fabdd7793b3e8bb19bbcf 100644
---- a/lib_pypy/_sysconfigdata.py
-+++ b/lib_pypy/_sysconfigdata.py
-@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ from distutils.spawn import find_executable
-
- so_ext = _imp.extension_suffixes()[0]
-
-+mybase = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__))
-
- build_time_vars = {
-     # SOABI is PEP 3149 compliant, but CPython3 has so_ext.split('.')[1]
-@@ -25,7 +26,8 @@ build_time_vars = {
-     'AR': "ar",
-     'ARFLAGS': "rc",
-     'EXE': "",
--    'LIBDIR': os.path.join(sys.prefix, 'bin'),
-+    'LIBDIR': os.path.join(mybase, 'lib'),
-+    'INCLUDEPY': os.path.join(mybase, 'include'),
- }
-
- if find_executable("gcc"):

cibuildwheel/resources/pypy_venv_27.patch

@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
---- a/lib-python/2.7/sysconfig.py
-+++ b/lib-python/2.7/sysconfig.py
-@@ -553,9 +553,6 @@ def get_config_vars(*args):
-             if type_ == imp.C_EXTENSION:
-                 _CONFIG_VARS['SOABI'] = suffix.split('.')[1]
-                 break
--        _CONFIG_VARS['INCLUDEPY'] = os.path.join(_CONFIG_VARS['prefix'],
--                                                 'include')
--
-     if args:
-         vals = []
-         for name in args:
---- a/lib_pypy/_sysconfigdata.py
-+++ b/lib_pypy/_sysconfigdata.py
-@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
--import imp
-+import imp, os
-+
-+mybase = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__))
-
- build_time_vars = {
-     "SO": [s[0] for s in imp.get_suffixes() if s[2] == imp.C_EXTENSION][0]
- }
-+
-+build_time_vars['LIBDIR'] = os.path.join(mybase, 'lib')
-+build_time_vars['INCLUDEPY'] = os.path.join(mybase, 'include')
-+

cibuildwheel/resources/virtualenv.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+version = "20.13.3"
+url = "https://github.com/pypa/get-virtualenv/blob/20.13.3/public/virtualenv.pyz?raw=true"

cibuildwheel/typing.py

@@ -4,12 +4,27 @@ import sys
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, NoReturn, Set, Union
 
 if sys.version_info < (3, 8):
-    from typing_extensions import Final, Literal, TypedDict
+    from typing_extensions import Final, Literal, OrderedDict, Protocol, TypedDict
 else:
-    from typing import Final, Literal, TypedDict
+    from typing import Final, Literal, OrderedDict, Protocol, TypedDict
 
 
-__all__ = ("Final", "Literal", "TypedDict", "Set", "Union", "PopenBytes", "PathOrStr", "PlatformName", "PLATFORMS", "assert_never")
+__all__ = (
+    "Final",
+    "Literal",
+    "PLATFORMS",
+    "PathOrStr",
+    "PlatformName",
+    "Protocol",
+    "PLATFORMS",
+    "PopenBytes",
+    "Protocol",
+    "Set",
+    "TypedDict",
+    "OrderedDict",
+    "Union",
+    "assert_never",
+)
 
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
@@ -25,4 +40,4 @@ PLATFORMS: Final[Set[PlatformName]] = {"linux", "macos", "windows"}
 
 
 def assert_never(value: NoReturn) -> NoReturn:
-    assert False, f'Unhandled value: {value} ({type(value).__name__})'  # noqa: B011
+    assert False, f"Unhandled value: {value} ({type(value).__name__})"  # noqa: B011

cibuildwheel/util.py

@@ -1,149 +1,316 @@
 import contextlib
+import dataclasses
 import fnmatch
 import itertools
 import os
 import re
+import shlex
 import ssl
+import subprocess
+import sys
 import textwrap
 import time
 import urllib.request
 from enum import Enum
+from functools import lru_cache
 from pathlib import Path
 from time import sleep
-from typing import Dict, Iterator, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Set
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    ClassVar,
+    Dict,
+    Iterable,
+    Iterator,
+    List,
+    NamedTuple,
+    Optional,
+    Sequence,
+    TextIO,
+    cast,
+    overload,
+)
 
 import bracex
 import certifi
-import toml
+import tomli
+from filelock import FileLock
+from packaging.requirements import InvalidRequirement, Requirement
 from packaging.specifiers import SpecifierSet
 from packaging.version import Version
+from platformdirs import user_cache_path
 
-from .architecture import Architecture
-from .environment import ParsedEnvironment
-from .typing import PathOrStr, PlatformName
+from cibuildwheel.typing import Final, Literal, PathOrStr, PlatformName
 
-resources_dir = Path(__file__).parent / 'resources'
+__all__ = [
+    "resources_dir",
+    "MANYLINUX_ARCHS",
+    "call",
+    "shell",
+    "format_safe",
+    "prepare_command",
+    "get_build_verbosity_extra_flags",
+    "read_python_configs",
+    "selector_matches",
+    "strtobool",
+    "cached_property",
+]
 
-get_pip_script = resources_dir / 'get-pip.py'
-install_certifi_script = resources_dir / "install_certifi.py"
+resources_dir: Final = Path(__file__).parent / "resources"
+
+install_certifi_script: Final = resources_dir / "install_certifi.py"
+
+BuildFrontend = Literal["pip", "build"]
+
+MANYLINUX_ARCHS: Final = (
+    "x86_64",
+    "i686",
+    "pypy_x86_64",
+    "aarch64",
+    "ppc64le",
+    "s390x",
+    "pypy_aarch64",
+    "pypy_i686",
+)
+
+MUSLLINUX_ARCHS: Final = (
+    "x86_64",
+    "i686",
+    "aarch64",
+    "ppc64le",
+    "s390x",
+)
+
+DEFAULT_CIBW_CACHE_PATH: Final = user_cache_path(appname="cibuildwheel", appauthor="pypa")
+CIBW_CACHE_PATH: Final = Path(os.environ.get("CIBW_CACHE_PATH", DEFAULT_CIBW_CACHE_PATH)).resolve()
+
+IS_WIN: Final = sys.platform.startswith("win")
+
+
+@overload
+def call(
+    *args: PathOrStr,
+    env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
+    cwd: Optional[PathOrStr] = None,
+    capture_stdout: Literal[False] = ...,
+) -> None:
+    ...
+
+
+@overload
+def call(
+    *args: PathOrStr,
+    env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
+    cwd: Optional[PathOrStr] = None,
+    capture_stdout: Literal[True],
+) -> str:
+    ...
+
+
+def call(
+    *args: PathOrStr,
+    env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
+    cwd: Optional[PathOrStr] = None,
+    capture_stdout: bool = False,
+) -> Optional[str]:
+    """
+    Run subprocess.run, but print the commands first. Takes the commands as
+    *args. Uses shell=True on Windows due to a bug. Also converts to
+    Paths to strings, due to Windows behavior at least on older Pythons.
+    https://bugs.python.org/issue8557
+    """
+    args_ = [str(arg) for arg in args]
+    # print the command executing for the logs
+    print("+ " + " ".join(shlex.quote(a) for a in args_))
+    kwargs: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+    if capture_stdout:
+        kwargs["universal_newlines"] = True
+        kwargs["stdout"] = subprocess.PIPE
+    result = subprocess.run(args_, check=True, shell=IS_WIN, env=env, cwd=cwd, **kwargs)
+    if not capture_stdout:
+        return None
+    return cast(str, result.stdout)
+
+
+def shell(
+    *commands: str, env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None, cwd: Optional[PathOrStr] = None
+) -> None:
+    command = " ".join(commands)
+    print(f"+ {command}")
+    subprocess.run(command, env=env, cwd=cwd, shell=True, check=True)
+
+
+def format_safe(template: str, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
+    """
+    Works similarly to `template.format(**kwargs)`, except that unmatched
+    fields in `template` are passed through untouched.
+
+    >>> format_safe('{a} {b}', a='123')
+    '123 {b}'
+    >>> format_safe('{a} {b[4]:3f}', a='123')
+    '123 {b[4]:3f}'
+
+    To avoid variable expansion, precede with a single backslash e.g.
+    >>> format_safe('\\{a} {b}', a='123')
+    '{a} {b}'
+    """
+
+    result = template
+
+    for key, value in kwargs.items():
+        find_pattern = re.compile(
+            rf"""
+                (?<!\#)  # don't match if preceded by a hash
+                {{  # literal open curly bracket
+                {re.escape(key)}  # the field name
+                }}  # literal close curly bracket
+            """,
+            re.VERBOSE,
+        )
+
+        # we use a function for repl to prevent re.sub interpreting backslashes
+        # in repl as escape sequences.
+        result = re.sub(
+            pattern=find_pattern,
+            repl=lambda _: str(value),  # pylint: disable=cell-var-from-loop
+            string=result,
+        )
+
+        # transform escaped sequences into their literal equivalents
+        result = result.replace(f"#{{{key}}}", f"{{{key}}}")
+
+    return result
 
 
 def prepare_command(command: str, **kwargs: PathOrStr) -> str:
-    '''
+    """
     Preprocesses a command by expanding variables like {python}.
 
     For example, used in the test_command option to specify the path to the
-    project's root.
-    '''
-    return command.format(python='python', pip='pip', **kwargs)
+    project's root. Unmatched syntax will mostly be allowed through.
+    """
+    return format_safe(command, python="python", pip="pip", **kwargs)
 
 
 def get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(level: int) -> List[str]:
     if level > 0:
-        return ['-' + level * 'v']
+        return ["-" + level * "v"]
     elif level < 0:
-        return ['-' + -level * 'q']
+        return ["-" + -level * "q"]
     else:
         return []
 
 
 def read_python_configs(config: PlatformName) -> List[Dict[str, str]]:
-    input_file = resources_dir / 'build-platforms.toml'
-    loaded_file = toml.load(input_file)
-    results: List[Dict[str, str]] = list(loaded_file[config]['python_configurations'])
+    input_file = resources_dir / "build-platforms.toml"
+    with input_file.open("rb") as f:
+        loaded_file = tomli.load(f)
+    results: List[Dict[str, str]] = list(loaded_file[config]["python_configurations"])
     return results
 
 
+def selector_matches(patterns: str, string: str) -> bool:
+    """
+    Returns True if `string` is matched by any of the wildcard patterns in
+    `patterns`.
+
+    Matching is according to fnmatch, but with shell-like curly brace
+    expansion. For example, 'cp{36,37}-*' would match either of 'cp36-*' or
+    'cp37-*'.
+    """
+    patterns_list = patterns.split()
+    expanded_patterns = itertools.chain.from_iterable(bracex.expand(p) for p in patterns_list)
+    return any(fnmatch.fnmatch(string, pat) for pat in expanded_patterns)
+
+
+# Once we require Python 3.10+, we can add kw_only=True
+@dataclasses.dataclass
 class IdentifierSelector:
     """
     This class holds a set of build/skip patterns. You call an instance with a
     build identifier, and it returns True if that identifier should be
     included. Only call this on valid identifiers, ones that have at least 2
-    numeric digits before the first dash.
+    numeric digits before the first dash. If a pre-release version X.Y is present,
+    you can filter it with prerelease="XY".
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, *, build_config: str, skip_config: str, requires_python: Optional[SpecifierSet] = None):
-        self.build_patterns = build_config.split()
-        self.skip_patterns = skip_config.split()
-        self.requires_python = requires_python
+    # a pattern that skips prerelease versions, when include_prereleases is False.
+    PRERELEASE_SKIP: ClassVar[str] = ""
+
+    skip_config: str
+    build_config: str
+    requires_python: Optional[SpecifierSet] = None
+    prerelease_pythons: bool = False
 
     def __call__(self, build_id: str) -> bool:
         # Filter build selectors by python_requires if set
         if self.requires_python is not None:
-            py_ver_str = build_id.split('-')[0]
+            py_ver_str = build_id.split("-")[0]
             major = int(py_ver_str[2])
             minor = int(py_ver_str[3:])
             version = Version(f"{major}.{minor}.99")
             if not self.requires_python.contains(version):
                 return False
 
-        build_patterns = itertools.chain.from_iterable(bracex.expand(p) for p in self.build_patterns)
-        skip_patterns = itertools.chain.from_iterable(bracex.expand(p) for p in self.skip_patterns)
+        # filter out the prerelease pythons if self.prerelease_pythons is False
+        if not self.prerelease_pythons and selector_matches(self.PRERELEASE_SKIP, build_id):
+            return False
 
-        build: bool = any(fnmatch.fnmatch(build_id, pat) for pat in build_patterns)
-        skip: bool = any(fnmatch.fnmatch(build_id, pat) for pat in skip_patterns)
-        return build and not skip
+        should_build = selector_matches(self.build_config, build_id)
+        should_skip = selector_matches(self.skip_config, build_id)
 
-    def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        if not self.skip_patterns:
-            return f'{self.__class__.__name__}({" ".join(self.build_patterns)!r})'
-        else:
-            return f'{self.__class__.__name__}({" ".join(self.build_patterns)!r} - {" ".join(self.skip_patterns)!r})'
+        return should_build and not should_skip
 
 
+@dataclasses.dataclass
 class BuildSelector(IdentifierSelector):
     pass
 
 
 # Note that requires-python is not needed for TestSelector, as you can't test
 # what you can't build.
+@dataclasses.dataclass
 class TestSelector(IdentifierSelector):
-    def __init__(self, *, skip_config: str):
-        super().__init__(build_config="*", skip_config=skip_config)
+    build_config: str = "*"
 
 
 # Taken from https://stackoverflow.com/a/107717
 class Unbuffered:
-    def __init__(self, stream):  # type: ignore
+    def __init__(self, stream: TextIO) -> None:
         self.stream = stream
 
-    def write(self, data):  # type: ignore
+    def write(self, data: str) -> None:
         self.stream.write(data)
         self.stream.flush()
 
-    def writelines(self, datas):  # type: ignore
-        self.stream.writelines(datas)
+    def writelines(self, data: Iterable[str]) -> None:
+        self.stream.writelines(data)
         self.stream.flush()
 
-    def __getattr__(self, attr):  # type: ignore
+    def __getattr__(self, attr: str) -> Any:
         return getattr(self.stream, attr)
 
 
 def download(url: str, dest: Path) -> None:
-    print(f'+ Download {url} to {dest}')
+    print(f"+ Download {url} to {dest}")
     dest_dir = dest.parent
     if not dest_dir.exists():
         dest_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
 
     # we've had issues when relying on the host OS' CA certificates on Windows,
     # so we use certifi (this sounds odd but requests also does this by default)
-    cafile = os.environ.get('SSL_CERT_FILE', certifi.where())
+    cafile = os.environ.get("SSL_CERT_FILE", certifi.where())
     context = ssl.create_default_context(cafile=cafile)
     repeat_num = 3
     for i in range(repeat_num):
         try:
-            response = urllib.request.urlopen(url, context=context)
-        except Exception:
+            with urllib.request.urlopen(url, context=context) as response:
+                dest.write_bytes(response.read())
+                return
+
+        except urllib.error.URLError:
             if i == repeat_num - 1:
                 raise
             sleep(3)
-            continue
-        break
-
-    try:
-        dest.write_bytes(response.read())
-    finally:
-        response.close()
 
 
 class DependencyConstraints:
@@ -152,50 +319,37 @@ class DependencyConstraints:
         self.base_file_path = base_file_path.resolve()
 
     @staticmethod
-    def with_defaults() -> 'DependencyConstraints':
-        return DependencyConstraints(
-            base_file_path=resources_dir / 'constraints.txt'
-        )
+    def with_defaults() -> "DependencyConstraints":
+        return DependencyConstraints(base_file_path=resources_dir / "constraints.txt")
 
     def get_for_python_version(self, version: str) -> Path:
-        version_parts = version.split('.')
+        version_parts = version.split(".")
 
         # try to find a version-specific dependency file e.g. if
-        # ./constraints.txt is the base, look for ./constraints-python27.txt
-        specific_stem = self.base_file_path.stem + f'-python{version_parts[0]}{version_parts[1]}'
+        # ./constraints.txt is the base, look for ./constraints-python36.txt
+        specific_stem = self.base_file_path.stem + f"-python{version_parts[0]}{version_parts[1]}"
         specific_name = specific_stem + self.base_file_path.suffix
         specific_file_path = self.base_file_path.with_name(specific_name)
+
         if specific_file_path.exists():
             return specific_file_path
         else:
             return self.base_file_path
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return f'{self.__class__.__name__}{self.base_file_path!r})'
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self.base_file_path!r})"
 
+    def __eq__(self, o: object) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(o, DependencyConstraints):
+            return False
 
-class BuildOptions(NamedTuple):
-    package_dir: Path
-    output_dir: Path
-    build_selector: BuildSelector
-    architectures: Set[Architecture]
-    environment: ParsedEnvironment
-    before_all: str
-    before_build: Optional[str]
-    repair_command: str
-    manylinux_images: Optional[Dict[str, str]]
-    dependency_constraints: Optional[DependencyConstraints]
-    test_command: Optional[str]
-    test_selector: TestSelector
-    before_test: Optional[str]
-    test_requires: List[str]
-    test_extras: str
-    build_verbosity: int
+        return self.base_file_path == o.base_file_path
 
 
 class NonPlatformWheelError(Exception):
     def __init__(self) -> None:
-        message = textwrap.dedent('''
+        message = textwrap.dedent(
+            """
             cibuildwheel: Build failed because a pure Python wheel was generated.
 
             If you intend to build a pure-Python wheel, you don't need cibuildwheel - use
@@ -203,73 +357,207 @@ class NonPlatformWheelError(Exception):
 
             If you expected a platform wheel, check your project configuration, or run
             cibuildwheel with CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY=1 to view build logs.
-        ''')
+            """
+        )
 
         super().__init__(message)
 
 
 def strtobool(val: str) -> bool:
-    if val.lower() in ('y', 'yes', 't', 'true', 'on', '1'):
-        return True
-    return False
+    return val.lower() in {"y", "yes", "t", "true", "on", "1"}
 
 
 class CIProvider(Enum):
-    travis_ci = 'travis'
-    appveyor = 'appveyor'
-    circle_ci = 'circle_ci'
-    azure_pipelines = 'azure_pipelines'
-    github_actions = 'github_actions'
-    gitlab = 'gitlab'
-    other = 'other'
+    travis_ci = "travis"
+    appveyor = "appveyor"
+    circle_ci = "circle_ci"
+    azure_pipelines = "azure_pipelines"
+    github_actions = "github_actions"
+    gitlab = "gitlab"
+    other = "other"
 
 
 def detect_ci_provider() -> Optional[CIProvider]:
-    if 'TRAVIS' in os.environ:
+    if "TRAVIS" in os.environ:
         return CIProvider.travis_ci
-    elif 'APPVEYOR' in os.environ:
+    elif "APPVEYOR" in os.environ:
         return CIProvider.appveyor
-    elif 'CIRCLECI' in os.environ:
+    elif "CIRCLECI" in os.environ:
         return CIProvider.circle_ci
-    elif 'AZURE_HTTP_USER_AGENT' in os.environ:
+    elif "AZURE_HTTP_USER_AGENT" in os.environ:
         return CIProvider.azure_pipelines
-    elif 'GITHUB_ACTIONS' in os.environ:
+    elif "GITHUB_ACTIONS" in os.environ:
         return CIProvider.github_actions
-    elif 'GITLAB_CI' in os.environ:
+    elif "GITLAB_CI" in os.environ:
         return CIProvider.gitlab
-    elif strtobool(os.environ.get('CI', 'false')):
+    elif strtobool(os.environ.get("CI", "false")):
         return CIProvider.other
     else:
         return None
 
 
 def unwrap(text: str) -> str:
-    '''
+    """
     Unwraps multi-line text to a single line
-    '''
+    """
     # remove initial line indent
     text = textwrap.dedent(text)
     # remove leading/trailing whitespace
     text = text.strip()
     # remove consecutive whitespace
-    return re.sub(r'\s+', ' ', text)
+    return re.sub(r"\s+", " ", text)
 
 
 @contextlib.contextmanager
 def print_new_wheels(msg: str, output_dir: Path) -> Iterator[None]:
-    '''
+    """
     Prints the new items in a directory upon exiting. The message to display
     can include {n} for number of wheels, {s} for total number of seconds,
     and/or {m} for total number of minutes. Does not print anything if this
     exits via exception.
-    '''
+    """
 
     start_time = time.time()
     existing_contents = set(output_dir.iterdir())
     yield
     final_contents = set(output_dir.iterdir())
-    new_contents = final_contents - existing_contents
+
+    class FileReport(NamedTuple):
+        name: str
+        size: str
+
+    new_contents = [
+        FileReport(wheel.name, f"{(wheel.stat().st_size + 1023) // 1024:,d}")
+        for wheel in final_contents - existing_contents
+    ]
+    max_name_len = max(len(f.name) for f in new_contents)
+    max_size_len = max(len(f.size) for f in new_contents)
     n = len(new_contents)
     s = time.time() - start_time
     m = s / 60
-    print(msg.format(n=n, s=s, m=m), *sorted(f"  {f.name}" for f in new_contents), sep="\n")
+    print(
+        msg.format(n=n, s=s, m=m),
+        *sorted(
+            f"  {f.name:<{max_name_len}s}   {f.size:>{max_size_len}s} kB" for f in new_contents
+        ),
+        sep="\n",
+    )
+
+
+def get_pip_version(env: Dict[str, str]) -> str:
+    versions_output_text = call(
+        "python", "-m", "pip", "freeze", "--all", capture_stdout=True, env=env
+    )
+    (pip_version,) = (
+        version[5:]
+        for version in versions_output_text.strip().splitlines()
+        if version.startswith("pip==")
+    )
+    return pip_version
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+def _ensure_virtualenv() -> Path:
+    input_file = resources_dir / "virtualenv.toml"
+    with input_file.open("rb") as f:
+        loaded_file = tomli.load(f)
+    version = str(loaded_file["version"])
+    url = str(loaded_file["url"])
+    path = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / f"virtualenv-{version}.pyz"
+    with FileLock(str(path) + ".lock"):
+        if not path.exists():
+            download(url, path)
+    return path
+
+
+def _parse_constraints_for_virtualenv(
+    dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr],
+) -> Dict[str, str]:
+    """
+    Parses the constraints file referenced by `dependency_constraint_flags` and returns a dict where
+    the key is the package name, and the value is the constraint version.
+    If a package version cannot be found, its value is "embed" meaning that virtualenv will install
+    its bundled version, already available locally.
+    The function does not try to be too smart and just handles basic constraints.
+    If it can't get an exact version, the real constraint will be handled by the
+    {macos|windows}.setup_python function.
+    """
+    assert len(dependency_constraint_flags) in {0, 2}
+    packages = ["pip", "setuptools", "wheel"]
+    constraints_dict = {package: "embed" for package in packages}
+    if len(dependency_constraint_flags) == 2:
+        assert dependency_constraint_flags[0] == "-c"
+        constraint_path = Path(dependency_constraint_flags[1])
+        assert constraint_path.exists()
+        with constraint_path.open(encoding="utf-8") as constraint_file:
+            for line in constraint_file:
+                line = line.strip()
+                if len(line) == 0:
+                    continue
+                if line.startswith("#"):
+                    continue
+                try:
+                    requirement = Requirement(line)
+                    package = requirement.name
+                    if (
+                        package not in packages
+                        or requirement.url is not None
+                        or requirement.marker is not None
+                        or len(requirement.extras) != 0
+                        or len(requirement.specifier) != 1
+                    ):
+                        continue
+                    specifier = next(iter(requirement.specifier))
+                    if specifier.operator != "==":
+                        continue
+                    constraints_dict[package] = specifier.version
+                except InvalidRequirement:
+                    continue
+    return constraints_dict
+
+
+def virtualenv(
+    python: Path, venv_path: Path, dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr]
+) -> Dict[str, str]:
+    assert python.exists()
+    virtualenv_app = _ensure_virtualenv()
+    constraints = _parse_constraints_for_virtualenv(dependency_constraint_flags)
+    additional_flags = [f"--{package}={version}" for package, version in constraints.items()]
+
+    # Using symlinks to pre-installed seed packages is really the fastest way to get a virtual
+    # environment. The initial cost is a bit higher but reusing is much faster.
+    # Windows does not always allow symlinks so just disabling for now.
+    # Requires pip>=19.3 so disabling for "embed" because this means we don't know what's the
+    # version of pip that will end-up installed.
+    # c.f. https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/latest/cli_interface.html#section-seeder
+    if (
+        not IS_WIN
+        and constraints["pip"] != "embed"
+        and Version(constraints["pip"]) >= Version("19.3")
+    ):
+        additional_flags.append("--symlink-app-data")
+
+    call(
+        sys.executable,
+        "-sS",  # just the stdlib, https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/issues/2133#issuecomment-1003710125
+        virtualenv_app,
+        "--activators=",
+        "--no-periodic-update",
+        *additional_flags,
+        "--python",
+        python,
+        venv_path,
+    )
+    if IS_WIN:
+        paths = [str(venv_path), str(venv_path / "Scripts")]
+    else:
+        paths = [str(venv_path / "bin")]
+    env = os.environ.copy()
+    env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(paths + [env["PATH"]])
+    return env
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
+    from functools import cached_property
+else:
+    from .functools_cached_property_38 import cached_property

cibuildwheel/windows.py

@@ -2,50 +2,47 @@ import os
 import shutil
 import subprocess
 import sys
-import tempfile
+from functools import lru_cache
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Dict, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Sequence, Set
 from zipfile import ZipFile
 
-import toml
+from filelock import FileLock
+from packaging.version import Version
 
 from .architecture import Architecture
 from .environment import ParsedEnvironment
 from .logger import log
-from .typing import PathOrStr
+from .options import Options
+from .typing import PathOrStr, assert_never
 from .util import (
-    BuildOptions,
+    CIBW_CACHE_PATH,
+    BuildFrontend,
     BuildSelector,
     NonPlatformWheelError,
+    call,
     download,
     get_build_verbosity_extra_flags,
-    get_pip_script,
+    get_pip_version,
     prepare_command,
     read_python_configs,
+    shell,
+    virtualenv,
 )
 
-IS_RUNNING_ON_AZURE = Path('C:\\hostedtoolcache').exists()
-IS_RUNNING_ON_TRAVIS = os.environ.get('TRAVIS_OS_NAME') == 'windows'
 
-
-def call(args: Sequence[PathOrStr], env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
-         cwd: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
-    print('+ ' + ' '.join(str(a) for a in args))
-    # we use shell=True here, even though we don't need a shell due to a bug
-    # https://bugs.python.org/issue8557
-    subprocess.check_call([str(a) for a in args], env=env, cwd=cwd, shell=True)
-
-
-def shell(command: str, env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None, cwd: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
-    print(f'+ {command}')
-    subprocess.check_call(command, env=env, cwd=cwd, shell=True)
-
-
-def get_nuget_args(version: str, arch: str) -> List[str]:
-    python_name = 'python' if version[0] == '3' else 'python2'
-    if arch == '32':
-        python_name = python_name + 'x86'
-    return [python_name, '-Version', version, '-OutputDirectory', 'C:\\cibw\\python']
+def get_nuget_args(version: str, arch: str, output_directory: Path) -> List[str]:
+    platform_suffix = {"32": "x86", "64": "", "ARM64": "arm64"}
+    python_name = "python" + platform_suffix[arch]
+    return [
+        python_name,
+        "-Version",
+        version,
+        "-FallbackSource",
+        "https://api.nuget.org/v3/index.json",
+        "-OutputDirectory",
+        str(output_directory),
+    ]
 
 
 class PythonConfiguration(NamedTuple):
@@ -56,28 +53,20 @@ class PythonConfiguration(NamedTuple):
 
 
 def get_python_configurations(
-        build_selector: BuildSelector,
-        architectures: Set[Architecture],
+    build_selector: BuildSelector,
+    architectures: Set[Architecture],
 ) -> List[PythonConfiguration]:
 
-    full_python_configs = read_python_configs('windows')
+    full_python_configs = read_python_configs("windows")
 
     python_configurations = [PythonConfiguration(**item) for item in full_python_configs]
 
-    map_arch = {
-        '32': Architecture.x86,
-        '64': Architecture.AMD64,
-    }
-
-    custom_compiler = os.environ.get('DISTUTILS_USE_SDK') and os.environ.get('MSSdk')
-    if IS_RUNNING_ON_TRAVIS and not custom_compiler:
-        # cannot install VCForPython27.msi which is needed for compiling C software
-        # try with (and similar): msiexec /i VCForPython27.msi ALLUSERS=1 ACCEPT=YES /passive
-        python_configurations = [c for c in python_configurations if not c.version.startswith('2.7')]
+    map_arch = {"32": Architecture.x86, "64": Architecture.AMD64, "ARM64": Architecture.ARM64}
 
     # skip builds as required
     python_configurations = [
-        c for c in python_configurations
+        c
+        for c in python_configurations
         if build_selector(c.identifier) and map_arch[c.arch] in architectures
     ]
 
@@ -85,249 +74,344 @@ def get_python_configurations(
 
 
 def extract_zip(zip_src: Path, dest: Path) -> None:
-    with ZipFile(zip_src) as zip:
-        zip.extractall(dest)
+    with ZipFile(zip_src) as zip_:
+        zip_.extractall(dest)
 
 
-def install_cpython(version: str, arch: str, nuget: Path) -> Path:
-    nuget_args = get_nuget_args(version, arch)
-    installation_path = Path(nuget_args[-1]) / (nuget_args[0] + '.' + version) / 'tools'
-    call([nuget, 'install', *nuget_args])
-    return installation_path
+@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+def _ensure_nuget() -> Path:
+    nuget = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / "nuget.exe"
+    with FileLock(str(nuget) + ".lock"):
+        if not nuget.exists():
+            download("https://dist.nuget.org/win-x86-commandline/latest/nuget.exe", nuget)
+    return nuget
 
 
-def install_pypy(version: str, arch: str, url: str) -> Path:
-    assert arch == '32'
+def install_cpython(version: str, arch: str) -> Path:
+    base_output_dir = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / "nuget-cpython"
+    nuget_args = get_nuget_args(version, arch, base_output_dir)
+    installation_path = base_output_dir / (nuget_args[0] + "." + version) / "tools"
+    with FileLock(str(base_output_dir) + f"-{version}-{arch}.lock"):
+        if not installation_path.exists():
+            nuget = _ensure_nuget()
+            call(nuget, "install", *nuget_args)
+    return installation_path / "python.exe"
+
+
+def install_pypy(tmp: Path, arch: str, url: str) -> Path:
+    assert arch == "64" and "win64" in url
     # Inside the PyPy zip file is a directory with the same name
-    zip_filename = url.rsplit('/', 1)[-1]
+    zip_filename = url.rsplit("/", 1)[-1]
     extension = ".zip"
     assert zip_filename.endswith(extension)
-    installation_path = Path('C:\\cibw') / zip_filename[:-len(extension)]
-    if not installation_path.exists():
-        pypy_zip = Path('C:\\cibw') / zip_filename
-        download(url, pypy_zip)
-        # Extract to the parent directory because the zip file still contains a directory
-        extract_zip(pypy_zip, installation_path.parent)
-        pypy_exe = 'pypy3.exe' if version[0] == '3' else 'pypy.exe'
-        (installation_path / 'python.exe').symlink_to(installation_path / pypy_exe)
-    return installation_path
+    installation_path = CIBW_CACHE_PATH / zip_filename[: -len(extension)]
+    with FileLock(str(installation_path) + ".lock"):
+        if not installation_path.exists():
+            pypy_zip = tmp / zip_filename
+            download(url, pypy_zip)
+            # Extract to the parent directory because the zip file still contains a directory
+            extract_zip(pypy_zip, installation_path.parent)
+    return installation_path / "python.exe"
 
 
-def setup_python(python_configuration: PythonConfiguration, dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr], environment: ParsedEnvironment) -> Dict[str, str]:
-    nuget = Path('C:\\cibw\\nuget.exe')
-    if not nuget.exists():
-        log.step('Downloading nuget...')
-        download('https://dist.nuget.org/win-x86-commandline/latest/nuget.exe', nuget)
-
+def setup_python(
+    tmp: Path,
+    python_configuration: PythonConfiguration,
+    dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr],
+    environment: ParsedEnvironment,
+    build_frontend: BuildFrontend,
+) -> Dict[str, str]:
+    tmp.mkdir()
     implementation_id = python_configuration.identifier.split("-")[0]
-    log.step(f'Installing Python {implementation_id}...')
-
-    if implementation_id.startswith('cp'):
-        installation_path = install_cpython(python_configuration.version, python_configuration.arch, nuget)
-    elif implementation_id.startswith('pp'):
+    log.step(f"Installing Python {implementation_id}...")
+    if implementation_id.startswith("cp"):
+        base_python = install_cpython(python_configuration.version, python_configuration.arch)
+    elif implementation_id.startswith("pp"):
         assert python_configuration.url is not None
-        installation_path = install_pypy(python_configuration.version, python_configuration.arch, python_configuration.url)
+        base_python = install_pypy(tmp, python_configuration.arch, python_configuration.url)
     else:
         raise ValueError("Unknown Python implementation")
+    assert base_python.exists()
 
-    assert (installation_path / 'python.exe').exists()
+    log.step("Setting up build environment...")
+    venv_path = tmp / "venv"
+    env = virtualenv(base_python, venv_path, dependency_constraint_flags)
 
-    log.step('Setting up build environment...')
+    # set up environment variables for run_with_env
+    env["PYTHON_VERSION"] = python_configuration.version
+    env["PYTHON_ARCH"] = python_configuration.arch
+    env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
 
-    # set up PATH and environment variables for run_with_env
-    env = os.environ.copy()
-    env['PYTHON_VERSION'] = python_configuration.version
-    env['PYTHON_ARCH'] = python_configuration.arch
-    env['PATH'] = os.pathsep.join([
-        str(installation_path),
-        str(installation_path / 'Scripts'),
-        env['PATH']
-    ])
-    env['PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK'] = '1'
+    # pip older than 21.3 builds executables such as pip.exe for x64 platform.
+    # The first re-install of pip updates pip module but builds pip.exe using
+    # the old pip which still generates x64 executable. But the second
+    # re-install uses updated pip and correctly builds pip.exe for the target.
+    # This can be removed once ARM64 Pythons (currently 3.9 and 3.10) bundle
+    # pip versions newer than 21.3.
+    if python_configuration.arch == "ARM64" and Version(get_pip_version(env)) < Version("21.3"):
+        call(
+            "python",
+            "-m",
+            "pip",
+            "install",
+            "--force-reinstall",
+            "--upgrade",
+            "pip",
+            *dependency_constraint_flags,
+            env=env,
+            cwd=venv_path,
+        )
+
+    # upgrade pip to the version matching our constraints
+    # if necessary, reinstall it to ensure that it's available on PATH as 'pip.exe'
+    call(
+        "python",
+        "-m",
+        "pip",
+        "install",
+        "--upgrade",
+        "pip",
+        *dependency_constraint_flags,
+        env=env,
+        cwd=venv_path,
+    )
 
     # update env with results from CIBW_ENVIRONMENT
     env = environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=env)
 
-    # for the logs - check we're running the right version of python
-    call(['where', 'python'], env=env)
-    call(['python', '--version'], env=env)
-    call(['python', '-c', '"import struct; print(struct.calcsize(\'P\') * 8)"'], env=env)
-    where_python = subprocess.check_output(['where', 'python'], env=env, universal_newlines=True).splitlines()[0].strip()
-    if where_python != str(installation_path / 'python.exe'):
-        print("cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it.", file=sys.stderr)
+    # check what Python version we're on
+    call("where", "python", env=env)
+    call("python", "--version", env=env)
+    call("python", "-c", "\"import struct; print(struct.calcsize('P') * 8)\"", env=env)
+    where_python = call("where", "python", env=env, capture_stdout=True).splitlines()[0].strip()
+    if where_python != str(venv_path / "Scripts" / "python.exe"):
+        print(
+            "cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it.",
+            file=sys.stderr,
+        )
         sys.exit(1)
 
-    # make sure pip is installed
-    if not (installation_path / 'Scripts' / 'pip.exe').exists():
-        call(['python', get_pip_script, *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env, cwd="C:\\cibw")
-    assert (installation_path / 'Scripts' / 'pip.exe').exists()
-    where_pip = subprocess.check_output(['where', 'pip'], env=env, universal_newlines=True).splitlines()[0].strip()
-    if where_pip.strip() != str(installation_path / 'Scripts' / 'pip.exe'):
-        print("cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.", file=sys.stderr)
+    # check what pip version we're on
+    assert (venv_path / "Scripts" / "pip.exe").exists()
+    where_pip = call("where", "pip", env=env, capture_stdout=True).splitlines()[0].strip()
+    if where_pip.strip() != str(venv_path / "Scripts" / "pip.exe"):
+        print(
+            "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.",
+            file=sys.stderr,
+        )
         sys.exit(1)
 
-    log.step('Installing build tools...')
+    call("pip", "--version", env=env)
 
-    call(['python', '-m', 'pip', 'install', '--upgrade', 'pip', *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env)
-    call(['pip', '--version'], env=env)
-    call(['pip', 'install', '--upgrade', 'setuptools', 'wheel', *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env)
+    log.step("Installing build tools...")
+    if build_frontend == "pip":
+        call(
+            "pip",
+            "install",
+            "--upgrade",
+            "setuptools",
+            "wheel",
+            *dependency_constraint_flags,
+            env=env,
+        )
+    elif build_frontend == "build":
+        call(
+            "pip",
+            "install",
+            "--upgrade",
+            "build[virtualenv]",
+            *dependency_constraint_flags,
+            env=env,
+        )
+    else:
+        assert_never(build_frontend)
 
     return env
 
 
-def pep_518_cp35_workaround(package_dir: Path, env: Dict[str, str]) -> None:
-    """
-    Python 3.5 PEP 518 hack (see https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/8392#issuecomment-639563494)
-    Basically, nuget's Python is an embedded Python distribution, which is not supported by pip.
-    Before version 3.6, there was no way to disable the "embedded" behavior, including the ignoring
-    of environment variables, including the ones pip uses to setup PEP 518 builds.
-
-    The fix here is as suggested in that issue; we manually setup the PEP 518 requirements. Since we
-    are in a fresh environment (except for pinned cibuildweel dependencies), the build is already
-    mostly "isolated".
-    """
-
-    pyproject_path = package_dir / 'pyproject.toml'
-
-    if pyproject_path.exists():
-        data = toml.load(pyproject_path)
-        requirements = (
-            data['build-system'].get('requires', [])
-            if 'build-system' in data
-            else []
-        )
-
-        if requirements:
-            log.step('Performing PEP518 workaround...')
-            with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as d:
-                reqfile = Path(d) / "requirements.txt"
-                with reqfile.open('w') as f:
-                    for r in requirements:
-                        print(r, file=f)
-                call(['pip', 'install', '-r', reqfile], env=env)
-
-
-def build(options: BuildOptions) -> None:
-    temp_dir = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix='cibuildwheel'))
-    built_wheel_dir = temp_dir / 'built_wheel'
-    repaired_wheel_dir = temp_dir / 'repaired_wheel'
+def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    python_configurations = get_python_configurations(
+        options.globals.build_selector, options.globals.architectures
+    )
 
     try:
-        if options.before_all:
-            log.step('Running before_all...')
-            env = options.environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=os.environ)
-            before_all_prepared = prepare_command(options.before_all, project='.', package=options.package_dir)
+        before_all_options_identifier = python_configurations[0].identifier
+        before_all_options = options.build_options(before_all_options_identifier)
+
+        if before_all_options.before_all:
+            log.step("Running before_all...")
+            env = before_all_options.environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=os.environ)
+            before_all_prepared = prepare_command(
+                before_all_options.before_all, project=".", package=options.globals.package_dir
+            )
             shell(before_all_prepared, env=env)
 
-        python_configurations = get_python_configurations(options.build_selector, options.architectures)
-
         for config in python_configurations:
+            build_options = options.build_options(config.identifier)
             log.build_start(config.identifier)
 
+            identifier_tmp_dir = tmp_path / config.identifier
+            identifier_tmp_dir.mkdir()
+            built_wheel_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "built_wheel"
+            repaired_wheel_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "repaired_wheel"
+
             dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr] = []
-            if options.dependency_constraints:
+            if build_options.dependency_constraints:
                 dependency_constraint_flags = [
-                    '-c', options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(config.version)
+                    "-c",
+                    build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(config.version),
                 ]
 
             # install Python
-            env = setup_python(config, dependency_constraint_flags, options.environment)
+            env = setup_python(
+                identifier_tmp_dir / "build",
+                config,
+                dependency_constraint_flags,
+                build_options.environment,
+                build_options.build_frontend,
+            )
 
             # run the before_build command
-            if options.before_build:
-                log.step('Running before_build...')
-                before_build_prepared = prepare_command(options.before_build, project='.', package=options.package_dir)
+            if build_options.before_build:
+                log.step("Running before_build...")
+                before_build_prepared = prepare_command(
+                    build_options.before_build, project=".", package=options.globals.package_dir
+                )
                 shell(before_build_prepared, env=env)
 
-            # activate the PEP 518 patch if on Windows Python 3.5
-            # (will only have an effect if PEP 517 builds are used):
-            if config.version.startswith('3.5'):
-                pep_518_cp35_workaround(options.package_dir, env)
+            log.step("Building wheel...")
+            built_wheel_dir.mkdir()
 
-            log.step('Building wheel...')
-            if built_wheel_dir.exists():
-                shutil.rmtree(built_wheel_dir)
-            built_wheel_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
-            # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
-            # see https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/pull/369
-            call([
-                'pip', 'wheel',
-                options.package_dir.resolve(),
-                '-w', built_wheel_dir,
-                '--no-deps',
-                *get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(options.build_verbosity)
-            ], env=env)
+            verbosity_flags = get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(build_options.build_verbosity)
 
-            built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob('*.whl'))
+            if build_options.build_frontend == "pip":
+                # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
+                # see https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
+                call(
+                    "python",
+                    "-m",
+                    "pip",
+                    "wheel",
+                    options.globals.package_dir.resolve(),
+                    f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                    "--no-deps",
+                    *get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(build_options.build_verbosity),
+                    env=env,
+                )
+            elif build_options.build_frontend == "build":
+                config_setting = " ".join(verbosity_flags)
+                build_env = env.copy()
+                if build_options.dependency_constraints:
+                    constraints_path = build_options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
+                        config.version
+                    )
+                    # Bug in pip <= 21.1.3 - we can't have a space in the
+                    # constraints file, and pip doesn't support drive letters
+                    # in uhi.  After probably pip 21.2, we can use uri. For
+                    # now, use a temporary file.
+                    if " " in str(constraints_path):
+                        assert " " not in str(identifier_tmp_dir)
+                        tmp_file = identifier_tmp_dir / "constraints.txt"
+                        tmp_file.write_bytes(constraints_path.read_bytes())
+                        constraints_path = tmp_file
+
+                    build_env["PIP_CONSTRAINT"] = str(constraints_path)
+                    build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = get_pip_version(env)
+                    call(
+                        "python",
+                        "-m",
+                        "build",
+                        build_options.package_dir,
+                        "--wheel",
+                        f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                        f"--config-setting={config_setting}",
+                        env=build_env,
+                    )
+            else:
+                assert_never(build_options.build_frontend)
+
+            built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
 
             # repair the wheel
-            if repaired_wheel_dir.exists():
-                shutil.rmtree(repaired_wheel_dir)
-            repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
+            repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir()
 
-            if built_wheel.name.endswith('none-any.whl'):
+            if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
                 raise NonPlatformWheelError()
 
-            if options.repair_command:
-                log.step('Repairing wheel...')
-                repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(options.repair_command, wheel=built_wheel, dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir)
+            if build_options.repair_command:
+                log.step("Repairing wheel...")
+                repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(
+                    build_options.repair_command, wheel=built_wheel, dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir
+                )
                 shell(repair_command_prepared, env=env)
             else:
                 shutil.move(str(built_wheel), repaired_wheel_dir)
 
-            repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob('*.whl'))
+            repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
 
-            if options.test_command and options.test_selector(config.identifier):
-                log.step('Testing wheel...')
+            if build_options.test_command and options.globals.test_selector(config.identifier):
+                log.step("Testing wheel...")
                 # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
                 # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
-                call(['pip', 'install', 'virtualenv', *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env)
-                venv_dir = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp())
+                call("pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags, env=env)
+                venv_dir = identifier_tmp_dir / "venv-test"
 
                 # Use --no-download to ensure determinism by using seed libraries
                 # built into virtualenv
-                call(['python', '-m', 'virtualenv', '--no-download', venv_dir], env=env)
+                call("python", "-m", "virtualenv", "--no-download", venv_dir, env=env)
 
                 virtualenv_env = env.copy()
-                virtualenv_env['PATH'] = os.pathsep.join([
-                    str(venv_dir / 'Scripts'),
-                    virtualenv_env['PATH'],
-                ])
+                virtualenv_env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(
+                    [
+                        str(venv_dir / "Scripts"),
+                        virtualenv_env["PATH"],
+                    ]
+                )
 
                 # check that we are using the Python from the virtual environment
-                call(['which', 'python'], env=virtualenv_env)
+                call("where", "python", env=virtualenv_env)
 
-                if options.before_test:
+                if build_options.before_test:
                     before_test_prepared = prepare_command(
-                        options.before_test,
-                        project='.',
-                        package=options.package_dir
+                        build_options.before_test,
+                        project=".",
+                        package=build_options.package_dir,
                     )
                     shell(before_test_prepared, env=virtualenv_env)
 
                 # install the wheel
-                call(['pip', 'install', str(repaired_wheel) + options.test_extras], env=virtualenv_env)
+                call(
+                    "pip",
+                    "install",
+                    str(repaired_wheel) + build_options.test_extras,
+                    env=virtualenv_env,
+                )
 
                 # test the wheel
-                if options.test_requires:
-                    call(['pip', 'install'] + options.test_requires, env=virtualenv_env)
+                if build_options.test_requires:
+                    call("pip", "install", *build_options.test_requires, env=virtualenv_env)
 
                 # run the tests from c:\, with an absolute path in the command
                 # (this ensures that Python runs the tests against the installed wheel
                 # and not the repo code)
                 test_command_prepared = prepare_command(
-                    options.test_command,
-                    project=Path('.').resolve(),
-                    package=options.package_dir.resolve()
+                    build_options.test_command,
+                    project=Path(".").resolve(),
+                    package=options.globals.package_dir.resolve(),
                 )
-                shell(test_command_prepared, cwd='c:\\', env=virtualenv_env)
-
-                # clean up
-                shutil.rmtree(venv_dir)
+                shell(test_command_prepared, cwd="c:\\", env=virtualenv_env)
 
             # we're all done here; move it to output (remove if already exists)
-            shutil.move(str(repaired_wheel), options.output_dir)
+            shutil.move(str(repaired_wheel), build_options.output_dir)
+
+            # clean up
+            # (we ignore errors because occasionally Windows fails to unlink a file and we
+            # don't want to abort a build because of that)
+            shutil.rmtree(identifier_tmp_dir, ignore_errors=True)
+
             log.build_end()
     except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
-        log.step_end_with_error(f'Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout}')
+        log.step_end_with_error(
+            f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout}"
+        )
         sys.exit(1)

docs/changelog.md

@@ -2,11 +2,654 @@
 title: Changelog
 ---
 
-{%
-   include-markdown "../README.md"
-   start="<!--changelog-start-->"
-   end="<!--changelog-end-->"
-%}
+### v2.4.0
+
+_2 April 2022_
+
+- ✨ cibuildwheel now supports running locally on Windows and macOS (as well as Linux). On macOS, you'll have to install the versions of Pythons that you want to use from Python.org, and cibuildwheel will use them. On Windows, cibuildwheel will install it's own versions of Python. Check out [the documentation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/setup/#local) for instructions. (#974)
+- ✨ Added support for building PyPy 3.9 wheels. (#1031)
+- ✨ Listing at the end of the build now displays the size of each wheel (#975)
+- 🐛 Workaround a connection timeout bug on Travis CI ppc64le runners (#906)
+- 🐛 Fix an encoding error when reading setup.py in the wrong encoding (#977)
+- 🛠 Setuptools updated to 61.3.0, including experimental support for reading config from pyproject.toml(PEP 621). This could change the behaviour of your build if you have a pyproject.toml with a `[project]` table, because that takes precedence over setup.py and setup.cfg. Check out the [setuptools docs](https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/pyproject_config.html) and the [project metadata specification](https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/specifications/declaring-project-metadata/) for more info.
+- 🛠 Many other dependency updates.
+- 📚 Minor docs improvements
+
+### v2.3.1
+
+_14 December 2021_
+
+- 🐛 Setting pip options like `PIP_USE_DEPRECATED` in `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT` no longer adversely affects cibuildwheel's ability to set up a Python environment (#956)
+- 📚 Docs fixes and improvements
+
+### v2.3.0
+
+_26 November 2021_
+
+- 📈 cibuildwheel now defaults to manylinux2014 image for linux builds, rather than manylinux2010. If you want to stick with manylinux2010, it's simple to set this using [the image options](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image). (#926)
+- ✨ You can now pass environment variables from the host machine into the Docker container during a Linux build. Check out [the docs for `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_PASS_LINUX `](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/latest/options/#environment-pass) for the details. (#914)
+- ✨ Added support for building PyPy 3.8 wheels. (#881)
+- ✨ Added support for building Windows arm64 CPython wheels on a Windows arm64 runner. We can't test this in CI yet, so for now, this is experimental. (#920)
+- 📚 Improved the deployment documentation (#911)
+- 🛠 Changed the escaping behaviour inside cibuildwheel's  option placeholders e.g. `{project}` in `before_build` or `{dest_dir}` in `repair_wheel_command`. This allows bash syntax like `${SOME_VAR}` to passthrough without being interpreted as a placeholder by cibuildwheel. See [this section](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#placeholders) in the docs for more info. (#889)
+- 🛠 Pip updated to 21.3, meaning it now defaults to in-tree builds again. If this causes an issue with your project, setting environment variable `PIP_USE_DEPRECATED=out-of-tree-build` is available as a temporary flag to restore the old behaviour. However, be aware that this flag will probably be removed soon. (#881)
+- 🐛 You can now access the current Python interpreter using `python3` within a build on Windows (#917)
+
+### v2.2.2
+
+_26 October 2021_
+
+- 🐛 Fix bug in the GitHub Action step causing a syntax error (#895)
+
+### v2.2.1
+
+_26 October 2021_
+
+- 🛠 Added a `config-file` option on the GitHub Action to specify something other than pyproject.toml in your GitHub Workflow file. (#883)
+- 🐛 Fix missing resources in sdist and released wheel on PyPI. We've also made some internal changes to our release processes to make them more reliable. (#893, #894)
+
+### v2.2.0
+
+_22 October 2021_
+
+- 🌟 Added support for [musllinux](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0656/). Support for this new wheel format lets projects build wheels for Linux distributions that use [musl libc](https://musl.libc.org/), notably, [Alpine](https://alpinelinux.org/) Docker containers. (#768)
+
+  Musllinux builds are enabled by default. If you're not ready to build musllinux, add `*-musllinux_*` to your [`CIBW_SKIP`/`skip`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#build-skip) option. Or, you might have to make some changes to your options - to simplify that process, you can use...
+
+- 🌟 TOML option overrides! This provides much greater flexibility in configuration via pyproject.toml. (#854)
+
+  You can now set build options for any subset of your builds using a match pattern. So, for example, you can customise CPython 3.8 builds with an override on `cp38-*` or musllinux builds by selecting `*musllinux*`. Check out [the docs](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/latest/options/#overrides) for more info on the specifics.
+
+- 🛠 Added support for building PyPy wheels on macOS 11 CI runners. (#875)
+
+- 🛠 Setting an empty string for the [`CIBW_*_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image) option will now fallthrough to the config file or cibuildwheel's default, rather than causing an error. This makes the option easier to use in CI build matricies. (#829)
+
+- 🛠 Support for TOML 1.0 when reading config files, via the `tomli` package. (#876)
+
+<sup>Note: This version is not available on PyPI due to some missing resources in the release files. Please use a later version instead.</sup>
+
+### v2.1.3
+
+_6 October 2021_
+
+- 🛠 Updated CPython 3.10 to the 3.10.0 final release
+
+### v2.1.2
+
+_14 September 2021_
+
+- 🛠 Updated CPython 3.10 to 3.10.0rc2
+- 📚 Multiple docs updates
+- 🐛 Improved warnings when built binaries are bundled into the container on Linux. (#807)
+
+### v2.1.1
+
+_7 August 2021_
+
+- ✨ Corresponding with the release of CPython 3.10.0rc1, which is ABI stable, cibuildwheel now builds CPython 3.10 by default - without the CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS flag.
+
+<sup>Note: v2.1.0 was a bad release, it was yanked from PyPI.</sup>
+
+### v2.0.1
+
+_25 July 2021_
+
+- 📚 Docs improvements (#767)
+- 🛠 Dependency updates, including delocate 0.9.0.
+
+### v2.0.0 🎉
+
+_16 July 2021_
+
+- 🌟 You can now configure cibuildwheel options inside your project's `pyproject.toml`! Environment variables still work of course. Check out the [documentation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#setting-options) for more info.
+- 🌟 Added support for building wheels with [build](https://github.com/pypa/build), as well as pip. This feature is controlled with the [`CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#build-frontend) option.
+- 🌟 Added the ability to test building wheels on CPython 3.10! Because CPython 3.10 is in beta, these wheels should not be distributed, because they might not be compatible with the final release, but it's available to build for testing purposes. Use the flag [`--prerelease-pythons` or `CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#prerelease-pythons) to test. (#675) This version of cibuildwheel includes CPython 3.10.0b4.
+- ⚠️ **Removed support for building Python 2.7 and Python 3.5 wheels**, for both CPython and PyPy. If you still need to build on these versions, please use the latest v1.x version. (#596)
+- ✨ Added the ability to build CPython 3.8 wheels for Apple Silicon. (#704)
+- 🛠 Update to the latest build dependencies, including Auditwheel 4. (#633)
+- 🛠 Use the unified pypa/manylinux images to build PyPy (#671)
+- 🐛 Numerous bug fixes & docs improvements
+
+### v1.12.0
+
+_22 June 2021_
+
+- ✨ Adds support building macOS universal2/arm64 wheels on Python 3.8.
+
+### v1.11.1
+
+_28 May 2021_
+
+- ✨ cibuildwheel is now part of the PyPA!
+- 📚 Minor docs changes, fixing links related to the above transition
+- 🛠 Update manylinux pins to the last version containing Python 2.7 and 3.5. (#674)
+
+### v1.11.0
+
+_1 May 2021_
+
+- 📚 Lots of docs improvements! (#650, #623, #616, #609, #606)
+- 🐛 Fix nuget "Package is not found" error on Windows. (#653)
+- ⚠️ cibuildwheel will no longer build Windows 2.7 wheels, unless you specify a custom toolchain using `DISTUTILS_USE_SDK=1` and `MSSdk=1`. This is because Microsoft have stopped distributing Visual C++ Compiler for Python 2.7. See [this FAQ entry](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#windows-and-python-27) for more details. (#649)
+- 🐛 Fix crash on Windows due to missing `which` command (#641).
+
+### v1.10.0
+
+_22 Feb 2021_
+
+- ✨ Added `manylinux_2_24` support. To use these new Debian-based manylinux
+  images, set your [manylinux image](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image)
+  options to `manylinux_2_24`.
+- 🛠 On macOS, we now set `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` in before running
+  `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`. This is useful when using `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL` to build a
+  shared library.
+- 🛠 An empty `CIBW_BUILD` option is now the same as being unset i.e, `*`.
+  This makes some build matrix configuration easier. (#588)
+- 📚 Neatened up documentation - added tabs to a few places (#576), fixed some
+  formatting issues.
+
+### v1.9.0
+
+_5 February 2021_
+
+- 🌟 Added support for Apple Silicon wheels on macOS! You can now
+  cross-compile `universal2` and `arm64` wheels on your existing macOS Intel
+  runners, by setting
+  [CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#archs).
+  Xcode 12.2 or later is required, but you don't need macOS 11.0 - you can
+  still build on macOS 10.15. See
+  [this FAQ entry](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#apple-silicon)
+  for more information. (#484)
+- 🌟 Added auto-detection of your package's Python compatibility, via declared
+   [`requires-python`](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0621/#requires-python)
+  in your `pyproject.toml`, or
+  [`python_requires`](https://packaging.python.org/guides/distributing-packages-using-setuptools/#python-requires)
+  in `setup.cfg` or `setup.py`. If your project has these set, cibuildwheel
+  will automatically skip builds on versions of Python that your package
+  doesn't support. Hopefully this makes the first-run experience of
+  cibuildwheel a bit easier. If you need to override this for any reason,
+  look at [`CIBW_PROJECT_REQUIRES_PYTHON`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#requires-python).
+  (#536)
+- 🌟 cibuildwheel can now be invoked as a native GitHub Action! You can now
+  invoke cibuildwheel in a GHA build step like:
+
+  ```yaml
+  - name: Build wheels
+    uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@version # e.g. v1.9.0
+    with:
+      output-dir: wheelhouse
+    # env:
+    #   CIBW_SOME_OPTION: value
+  ```
+
+  This saves a bit of boilerplate, and you can [use Dependabot to keep the
+  pinned version up-to-date](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#automatic-updates).
+
+- ✨ Added `auto64` and `auto32` shortcuts to the
+  [CIBW_ARCHS](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#archs)
+  option. (#553)
+- ✨ cibuildwheel now prints a list of the wheels built at the end of each
+  run. (#570)
+- 📚 Lots of minor docs improvements.
+
+### 1.8.0
+
+_22 January 2021_
+
+- 🌟 Added support for emulated builds! You can now build manylinux wheels on
+  ARM64`aarch64`, as well as `ppc64le` and 's390x'. To build under emulation,
+  register QEMU via binfmt_misc and set the
+  [`CIBW_ARCHS_LINUX`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#archs)
+  option to the architectures you want to run. See
+  [this FAQ entry](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#emulation)
+  for more information. (#482)
+- ✨ Added `CIBW_TEST_SKIP` option. This allows you to choose certain builds
+  whose tests you'd like to skip. This might be useful when running a slow
+  test suite under emulation, for example. (#537)
+- ✨ Added `curly-{brace,bracket,paren}` style globbing to `CIBW_BUILD` and
+  `CIBW_SKIP`. This gives more expressivity, letting you do things like
+  `CIBW_BUILD=cp39-manylinux_{aarch64,ppc64le}`. (#527)
+- 🛠 cibuildwheel will now exit with an error if it's called with options that
+  skip all builds on a platform. This feature can be disabled by adding
+  `--allow-empty` on the command line. (#545)
+
+### 1.7.4
+
+_2 January 2021_
+
+- 🐛 Fix the PyPy virtualenv patch to work on macOS 10.14 (#506)
+
+### 1.7.3
+
+_1 January 2021_
+
+- 🛠 Added a patch for Pypy to ensure header files are available for building
+  in a virtualenv. (#502)
+- 🛠 Some preparatory work towards using cibuildwheel as a GitHub Action.
+  Check out
+  [the FAQ](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#option-1-github-action)
+  for information on how to use it. We'll be fully updating the docs to this
+  approach in a subsequent release (#494)
+
+### 1.7.2
+
+_21 December 2020_
+
+- 🛠 Update dependencies, notably wheel==0.36.2 and pip==20.3.3, and CPython to
+  their latest bugfix releases (#489)
+- 📚 Switch to a GitHub example in the README (#479)
+- 📚 Create Working Examples table, with many projects that use cibuildwheel (#474)
+- 📚 Import Working Examples table and Changelog to docs
+
+### 1.7.1
+
+_3 December 2020_
+
+- 🛠 Update manylinux2010 image to resolve issues with 'yum' repositories
+  (#472)
+
+### 1.7.0
+
+_26 November 2020_
+
+- ✨ New logging format, that uses 'fold groups' in CI services that support
+  it. (#458)
+- 🛠 Update PyPy to 7.3.3 (#460)
+- 🐛 Fix a bug where CIBW_BEFORE_ALL runs with a very old version of Python on
+  Linux. (#464)
+
+### 1.6.4
+
+_31 October 2020_
+
+- 🐛 Fix crash on Appveyor during nuget install due to old system CA
+  certificates. We now use certifi's CA certs to download files. (#455)
+
+### 1.6.3
+
+_12 October 2020_
+
+- 🐛 Fix missing SSL certificates on macOS (#447)
+- 🛠 Update OpenSSL Python 3.5 patch to 1.1.1h on macOS (#449)
+
+### 1.6.2
+
+_9 October 2020_
+
+- ✨ Python 3.9 updated to the final release version - v3.9.0 (#440)
+- 🛠 Pypy updated to v7.3.2, adding alpha support for Python 3.7 (#430)
+
+### 1.6.1
+
+_20 September 2020_
+
+- 🛠 Add PPC64LE manylinux image supporting Python 3.9. (#436)
+- 📚 Add project URLs to PyPI listing (#428)
+
+### 1.6.0
+
+_9 September 2020_
+
+- 🌟 Add Python 3.9 support! This initial support uses release candidate
+  builds. You can start publishing wheels for Python 3.9 now, ahead of
+  the official release. (#382)
+
+  Minor note - if you're building PPC64LE wheels, the manylinux image pinned
+  by this version is
+  [still on Python 3.9b3](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux/issues/758), not a
+  release candidate. We'd advise holding off on distributing 3.9 ppc64le wheels
+  until a subsequent version of cibuildwheel.
+
+- 🌟 Add Gitlab CI support. Gitlab CI can now build Linux wheels, using
+  cibuildwheel. (#419)
+- 🐛 Fix a bug that causes pyproject.toml dependencies to fail to install on
+  Windows (#420)
+- 📚 Added some information about Windows VC++ runtimes and how they relate
+  to wheels.
+
+### 1.5.5
+
+_22 July 2020_
+
+- 🐛 Fix a bug that would cause command substitutions in CIBW_ENVIRONMENT to
+  produce no output on Linux (#411)
+- 🐛 Fix regression (introduced in 1.5.3) which caused BEFORE_BUILD and
+  BEFORE_ALL to be executed in the wrong directory (#410)
+
+### 1.5.4
+
+_19 June 2020_
+
+- 🐛 Fix a bug that would cause command substitutions in CIBW_ENVIRONMENT
+  variables to not interpret quotes in commands correctly (#406, #408)
+
+### 1.5.3
+
+_19 July 2020_
+
+- 🛠 Update CPython 3.8 to 3.8.3 (#405)
+- 🛠 Internal refactoring of Linux build, to move control flow into Python (#386)
+
+### 1.5.2
+
+_8 July 2020_
+
+- 🐛 Fix an issue on Windows where pyproject.toml would cause an error when
+  some requirements formats were used. (#401)
+- 🛠 Update CPython 3.7 to 3.7.8 (#394)
+
+### 1.5.1
+
+_25 June 2020_
+
+- 🐛 Fix "OSError: [WinError 17] The system cannot move the file to a different
+  disk drive" on GitHub Actions (#388, #389)
+
+### 1.5.0
+
+_24 June 2020_
+
+- 🌟 Add [`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#before-all)
+  option, which lets you run a command on the build machine before any wheels
+  are built. This is especially useful when building on Linux, to `make`
+  something external to Python, or to `yum install` a dependency. (#342)
+- ✨ Added support for projects using pyproject.toml instead of setup.py
+  (#360, #358)
+- ✨ Added workaround to allow Python 3.5 on Windows to pull dependencies from
+  pyproject.toml. (#358)
+- 📚 Improved GitHub Actions examples and docs (#354, #362)
+- 🐛 Ensure pip wheel uses the specified package, and doesn't build a wheel
+  from PyPI (#369)
+- 🛠 Internal changes: using pathlib.Path, precommit hooks, testing
+  improvements.
+
+### 1.4.2
+
+_25 May 2020_
+
+- 🛠 Dependency updates, including CPython 3.8.3 & manylinux images.
+- 🛠 Lots of internal updates - type annotations and checking using mypy, and
+  a new integration testing system.
+- ⚠️ Removed support for *running* cibuildwheel using Python 3.5. cibuildwheel
+  will continue to build Python 3.5 wheels until EOL.
+
+### 1.4.1
+
+_4 May 2020_
+
+- 🐛 Fix a bug causing programs running inside the i686 manylinux images to
+  think they were running x86_64 and target the wrong architecture. (#336,
+  #338)
+
+### 1.4.0
+
+_2 May 2020_
+
+- 🌟 Deterministic builds. cibuildwheel now locks the versions of the tools it
+  uses. This means that pinning your version of cibuildwheel pins the versions
+  of pip, setuptools, manylinux etc. that are used under the hood. This should
+  make things more reliable. But note that we don't control the entire build
+  environment on macOS and Windows, where the version of Xcode and Visual
+  Studio can still effect things.
+
+  This can be controlled using the [CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#dependency-versions)
+  and [manylinux image](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image)
+  options - if you always want to use the latest toolchain, you can still do
+  that, or you can specify your own pip constraints file and manylinux image.
+  (#256)
+
+- ✨ Added `package_dir` command line option, meaning we now support building
+  a package that lives in a subdirectory and pulls in files from the wider
+  project. See [the `package_dir` option help](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#command-line-options)
+  for more information.
+
+  Note that this change makes the working directory (where you call
+  cibuildwheel from) relevant on Linux, as it's considered the 'project' and
+  will be copied into the Docker container. If your builds are slower on this
+  version, that's likely the reason. `cd` to your project and then call
+  `cibuildwheel` from there. (#319, #295)
+
+- 🛠 On macOS, we make `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` default to `10.9` if it's
+  not set. This should make things more consistent between Python versions.
+- 🛠 Dependency updates - CPython 3.7.7, CPython 2.7.18, Pypy 7.3.1.
+
+### 1.3.0
+
+_12 March 2020_
+
+- 🌟 Add support for building on GitHub Actions! Check out the
+  [docs](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/setup/#github-actions)
+  for information on how to set it up. (#194)
+- ✨ Add the `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST` option, which lets you run a command to
+  prepare the environment before your tests are run. (#242)
+
+### 1.2.0
+
+_8 March 2020_
+
+- 🌟 Add support for building PyPy wheels, across Manylinux, macOS, and
+  Windows. (#185)
+- 🌟 Added the ability to build ARM64 (aarch64), ppc64le, and s390x wheels,
+  using manylinux2014 and Travis CI. (#273)
+- ✨ You can now build macOS wheels on Appveyor. (#230)
+- 🛠 Changed default macOS minimum target to 10.9, from 10.6. This allows the
+  use of more modern C++ libraries, among other things. (#156)
+- 🛠 Stop building universal binaries on macOS. We now only build x86_64
+  wheels on macOS. (#220)
+- ✨ Allow chaining of commands using `&&` and `||` on Windows inside
+  CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD and CIBW_TEST_COMMAND. (#293)
+- 🛠 Improved error reporting for failed Cython builds due to stale .so files
+  (#263)
+- 🛠 Update CPython from 3.7.5 to 3.7.6 and from 3.8.0 to 3.8.2 on Mac/Windows
+- 🛠 Improved error messages when a bad config breaks cibuildwheel's PATH
+  variable. (#264)
+- ⚠️ Removed support for *running* cibuildwheel on Python 2.7. cibuildwheel
+  will continue to build Python 2.7 wheels for a little while. (#265)
+
+### 1.1.0
+
+_7 December 2019_
+
+- 🌟 Add support for building manylinux2014 wheels. To use, set
+  `CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE` and CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE to
+  `manylinux2014`.
+- ✨ Add support for [Linux on Appveyor](https://www.appveyor.com/blog/2018/03/06/appveyor-for-linux/) (#204, #207)
+- ✨ Add `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND` env variable, for changing how
+  `auditwheel` or `delocate` are invoked, or testing an equivalent on
+  Windows. (#211)
+- 📚 Added some travis example configs - these are available in /examples. (#228)
+
+### 1.0.0
+
+_10 November 2019_
+
+- 🌟 Add support for building Python 3.8 wheels! (#180)
+- 🌟 Add support for building manylinux2010 wheels. cibuildwheel will now
+  build using the manylinux2010 images by default. If your project is still
+  manylinux1 compatible, you should get both manylinux1 and manylinux2010
+  wheels - you can upload both to PyPI. If you always require manylinux1 wheels, you can
+  build using the old manylinux1 image using the [manylinux image](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image) option.
+  (#155)
+- 📚 Documentation is now on its [own mini-site](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io),
+   rather than on the README (#169)
+- ✨ Add support for building Windows wheels on Travis CI. (#160)
+- 🛠 If you set `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND`, your tests now run in a virtualenv. (#164)
+- 🛠 Windows now uses Python as installed by nuget, rather than the versions
+  installed by the various CI providers. (#180)
+- 🛠 Update Python from 2.7.16 to 2.7.17 and 3.7.4 to 3.7.5 on macOS (#171)
+- ⚠️ Removed support for Python 3.4 (#168)
+
+### 0.12.0
+
+_29 September 2019_
+
+- ✨ Add CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS option, to allow testing using extra_require
+  options. For example, set `CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS=test,qt` to make the wheel
+  installed with `pip install <wheel_file>[test,qt]`
+- 🛠 Update Python from 3.7.2 to 3.7.4 on macOS
+- 🛠 Update OpenSSL patch to 1.0.2t on macOS
+
+### 0.11.1
+
+_28 May 2019_
+
+- 🐛 Fix missing file in the release tarball, that was causing problems with
+  Windows builds (#141)
+
+### 0.11.0
+
+_26 May 2019_
+
+- 🌟 Add support for building on Azure pipelines! This lets you build all
+  Linux, Mac and Windows wheels on one service, so it promises to be the
+  easiest to set up! Check out the quickstart in the docs, or
+  [cibuildwheel-azure-example](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel-azure-example)
+  for an example project. (#126, #132)
+- 🛠 Internal change - the end-to-end test projects format was updated, so we
+  can more precisely assert what should be produced for each one. (#136, #137).
+
+### 0.10.2
+
+_10 March 2019_
+
+- 🛠 Revert temporary fix in macOS, that was working around a bug in pip 19 (#129)
+- 🛠 Update Python to 2.7.16 on macOS
+- 🛠 Update OpenSSL patch to 1.0.2r on macOS
+
+### 0.10.1
+
+_3 February 2019_
+
+- 🐛 Fix build stalling on macOS (that was introduced in pip 19) (#122)
+- 🐛 Fix "AttributeError: 'Popen' object has no attribute 'args'" on Python 2.7 for Linux builds (#108)
+- 🛠 Update Python from 3.6.7, 3.7.1 to 3.6.8, 3.7.2 on macOS
+- 🛠 Update openssl patch from 1.0.2p to 1.0.2q on macOS
+- 🛠 Sorting build options dict items when printing preamble (#114)
+
+### 0.10.0
+
+_23 September 2018_
+
+- 🌟 Add `CIBW_BUILD` option, for specifying which specific builds to perform (#101)
+- 🌟 Add support for building Mac and Linux on CircleCI (#91, #97)
+- 🛠 Improved support for building universal wheels (#95)
+- 🛠 Ensure log output is unbuffered and therefore in the correct order (#92)
+- 🛠 Improved error reporting for errors that occur inside a package's setup.py (#88)
+- ⚠️ Removed support for Python 3.3 on Windows.
+
+### 0.9.4
+
+_29 July 2018_
+
+- 🛠 CIBW_TEST_COMMAND now runs in a shell on Mac (as well as Linux) (#81)
+
+### 0.9.3
+
+_10 July 2018_
+
+- 🛠 Update to Python 3.6.6 on macOS (#82)
+- ✨ Add support for building Python 3.7 wheels on Windows (#76)
+- ⚠️ Deprecated support for Python 3.3 on Windows.
+
+### 0.9.2
+
+_1 July 2018_
+
+- 🛠  Update Python 3.7.0rc1 to 3.7.0 on macOS (#79)
+
+### 0.9.1
+
+_18 June 2018_
+
+- 🛠 Removed the need to use `{python}` and `{pip}` in `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD` statements, by ensuring the correct version is always on the path at `python` and `pip` instead. (#60)
+- 🛠 We now patch the _ssl module on Python 3.4 and 3.5 so these versions can still make SSL web requests using TLS 1.2 while building. (#71)
+
+### 0.9.0
+
+_18 June 2018_
+
+- ✨ Add support for Python 3.7 (#73)
+
+### 0.8.0
+
+_4 May 2018_
+
+- ⚠️ Drop support for Python 3.3 on Linux (#67)
+- 🐛 Fix TLS by updating setuptools (#69)
+
+### 0.7.1
+
+_2 April 2017_
+
+- 🐛 macOS: Fix Pip bugs resulting from PyPI TLS 1.2 enforcement
+- 🐛 macOS: Fix brew Python3 version problems in the CI
+
+### 0.7.0
+
+_7 January 2018_
+
+- ✨ You can now specify a custom docker image using the `CIBW_MANYLINUX1_X86_64_IMAGE` and `CIBW_MANYLINUX1_I686_IMAGE` options. (#46)
+- 🐛 Fixed a bug where cibuildwheel would download and build a package from PyPI(!) instead of building the package on the local machine. (#51)
+
+### 0.6.0
+
+_9 October 2017_
+
+- ✨ On the Linux build, the host filesystem is now accessible via `/host` (#36)
+- 🐛 Fixed a bug where setup.py scripts would run the wrong version of Python when running subprocesses on Linux (#35)
+
+### 0.5.1
+
+_10 September 2017_
+
+- 🐛 Fixed a couple of bugs on Python 3.
+- ✨ Added experimental support for Mac builds on [Bitrise.io](https://www.bitrise.io)
+
+### 0.5.0
+
+_7 September 2017_
+
+- ✨ `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT` added. You can now set environment variables for each build, even within the Docker container on Linux. This is a big one! (#21)
+- ✨ `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD` now runs in a system shell on all platforms. You can now do things like `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD="cmd1 && cmd2"`. (#32)
+
+### 0.4.1
+
+_14 August 2017_
+
+- 🐛 Fixed a bug on Windows where subprocess' output was hidden (#23)
+- 🐛 Fixed a bug on AppVeyor where logs would appear in the wrong order due to output buffering (#24, thanks @YannickJadoul!)
+
+### 0.4.0
+
+_23 July 2017_
+
+- 🐛 Fixed a bug that was increasing the build time by building the wheel twice. This was a problem for large projects that have a long build time. If you're upgrading and you need the old behaviour, use `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD={pip} install .`, or install exactly the dependencies you need in `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD`. See #18.
+
+### 0.3.0
+
+_27 June 2017_
+
+- ⚠️ Removed Python 2.6 support on Linux (#12)
+
+### 0.2.1
+
+_11 June 2017_
+
+- 🛠 Changed the build process to install the package before building the wheel - this allows direct dependencies to be installed first (#9, thanks @tgarc!)
+- ✨ Added Python 3 support for the main process, for systems where Python 3 is the default (#8, thanks @tgarc).
+
+### 0.2.0
+
+_13 April 2017_
+
+- ✨ Added `CIBW_SKIP` option, letting users explicitly skip a build
+- ✨ Added `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD` option, letting users run a shell command before the build starts
+
+### 0.1.3
+
+_31 March 2017_
+
+- 🌟 First public release!
 
 <script>
   // undo the scrollTop that the theme did on this page, as there are loads

docs/contributing.md

@@ -2,12 +2,14 @@
 title: Contributing
 ---
 
-Wheel-building can be pretty complex. I expect users to find many edge-cases - please help the rest of the community out by documenting these, adding features to support them, and reporting bugs.
+Wheel-building can be pretty complex. We expect users to find edge-cases - please help the rest of the community out by documenting these, adding features to support them, and reporting bugs.
 
-I plan to be pretty liberal in accepting pull requests, as long as they align with the design goals below.
+If you have an idea for a modification or feature, it's probably best to raise an issue first and discuss it with the maintainer team. Once we have rough consensus on a design, begin work in a PR.
 
 `cibuildwheel` is indie open source. We're not paid to work on this.
 
+Everyone contributing to the cibuildwheel project is expected to follow the [PSF Code of Conduct](https://github.com/pypa/.github/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md).
+
 Design Goals
 ------------
 
@@ -18,7 +20,7 @@ Design Goals
 
 Other notes:
 
-- The platforms are very similar, until they're not. I'd rather have straight-forward code than totally DRY code, so let's keep airy platfrom abstractions to a minimum.
+- The platforms are very similar, until they're not. I'd rather have straight-forward code than totally DRY code, so let's keep airy platform abstractions to a minimum.
 - I might want to break the options into a shared config file one day, so that config is more easily shared. That has motivated some of the design decisions.
 
 ### cibuildwheel's relationship with build errors
@@ -27,16 +29,37 @@ cibuildwheel doesn't really do anything itself - it's always deferring to other
 
 We're not responsible for errors in those tools, for fixing errors/crashes there. But cibuildwheel's job is providing users with an 'integrated' user experience across those tools. We provide an abstraction. The user says 'build me some wheels', not 'open the docker container, build a wheel with pip, fix up the symbols with auditwheel' etc.  However, errors have a habit of breaking abstractions. And this is where users get confused, because the mechanism of cibuildwheel is laid bare, and they must understand a little bit how it works to debug.
 
-So, if we can, I'd like to improve the experience on errors as well. In [this](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/issues/139) case, it takes a bit of knowledge to understand that the linux builds are happening in a totally different OS via docker, that the linked symbols won't match, that auditwheel will fail because of this. A problem with how the tools fit together, instead of the tools themselves.
+So, if we can, I'd like to improve the experience on errors as well. In [this](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/139) case, it takes a bit of knowledge to understand that the Linux builds are happening in a different OS via Docker, that the linked symbols won't match, that auditwheel will fail because of this. A problem with how the tools fit together, instead of the tools themselves.
 
 Maintainer notes
 ----------------
 
-## Local testing
+### Nox support
+
+Most developer tasks have a nox interface. This allows you to very simply run tasks without worrying about setting up a development environment (as shown below). This is a slower than setting up a development environment and reusing it, but has the (important) benefit of being highly reproducible; an earlier run does not affect a current run, or anything else on your machine.
+
+Install [nox](https://nox.thea.codes); homebrew is recommend on macOS, otherwise, pipx is a great choice - in fact, you can use `pipx run nox` and avoid installing completely.
+
+You can see a list of sessions by typing `nox -l`; here are a few common ones:
+
+```console
+nox -s lint          # Run the linters (default)
+nox -s tests         # Run the tests   (default)
+nox -s docs -- serve # Build and serve the documentation
+nox -s build         # Make SDist and wheel
+```
+
+More advanced users can run the update scripts. `update_pins` should work directly, but `update_constraints` needs all versions of Python installed. If you don't want to do that locally, a fast way to run it to use docker to run nox:
+
+```console
+docker run --rm -itv $PWD:/src -w /src quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64:latest pipx run nox -s update_constraints
+```
+
+### Local testing
 
 You should run:
 
-```python
+```console
 python3 -m venv venv
 . venv/bin/activate
 pip install -e .[dev]
@@ -44,10 +67,9 @@ pip install -e .[dev]
 
 To prepare a development environment.
 
-## Testing minimal configs
+### Testing sample configs
 
-
-cibuildwheel's _minimal_ example configs can be tested on a simple project on cibuildwheel's existing CI. These should be run whenever the minimal configs change.
+cibuildwheel's  example configs can be tested on a simple project on cibuildwheel's existing CI. These should be run whenever the minimal configs change.
 
 To test minimal configs, make sure you have a clean git repo, then run the script:
 
@@ -57,17 +79,21 @@ bin/run_example_ci_configs.py
 
 The script will create an isolated 'orphan' commit containing all the minimal config CI files, and a simple C extension project, and push that to a branch on the `origin` repo. The project's CI is already set up to run on branch push, so will begin testing.
 
+You can test any other configs using `bin/run_example_ci_configs.py CONFIG_PATH`, e.g.
+
+```bash
+bin/run_example_ci_configs.py examples/github-with-qemu.yml
+```
+
 The script then outputs a Markdown table that can be copy/pasted into a PR to monitor and record the test.
 
-## Preparing environments
+### Preparing environments
 
 This has been moved to using docker, so you only need the following instructions if you add `--no-docker` to avoid using docker.
 
 The dependency update script in the next section requires multiple python versions installed. One way to do this is to use `pyenv`:
 
 ```bash
-pyenv install 2.7.18
-pyenv install 3.5.9
 pyenv install 3.6.11
 pyenv install 3.7.8
 # Optionally add 3.8 and make it the local version;
@@ -77,9 +103,6 @@ pyenv install 3.7.8
 Then, you need to make the required virtual environments:
 
 ```bash
-$(pyenv prefix 2.7.18)/bin/python -m pip install virtualenv
-$(pyenv prefix 2.7.18)/bin/python -m virtualenv env27
-$(pyenv prefix 3.5.9)/bin/python -m venv env35
 $(pyenv prefix 3.6.11)/bin/python -m venv env36
 $(pyenv prefix 3.7.8)/bin/python -m venv env37
 ```
@@ -92,16 +115,9 @@ And, you need to install the requirements into each environment:
 for f in env*/bin/pip; do $f install pip-tools; done
 ```
 
+### Making a release
 
-## Making a release
-
-Before making a release, ensure pinned dependencies are up-to-date. Run the script:
-
-```bash
-bin/make_dependency_update_pr.py
-```
-
-If updates are needed, this will push a PR with those updates for the CI to test. Once green, merge this PR.
+Before making a release, ensure pinned dependencies are up-to-date. Autoupdates are run weekly, with a PR being raised with any changes as required, so just make sure the latest one is merged before continuing.
 
 Then, increment the project version number using:
 
@@ -111,11 +127,10 @@ bin/bump_version.py
 
 You'll be prompted to enter the new version number. Update the changelog when prompted. The script will create a 'bump version' commit and version tag.
 
-Finally, cut the release and upload to PyPI/GitHub.
+Finally, cut the release and push to GitHub.
 
 ```bash
-rm -rf dist
-python setup.py sdist bdist_wheel
-twine upload dist/*
 git push && git push --tags
 ```
+
+Then head to https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/releases and create a GitHub release from the new tag, pasting in the changelog entry. Once the release is created inside GitHub, a CI job will create the assets and upload them to PyPI.

docs/cpp_standards.md

@@ -5,12 +5,8 @@ title: Modern C++ standards
 Building Python wheels with modern C++ standards (C++11 and later) requires a few tricks.
 
 
-## Python 2.7 and C++17
-
-The Python 2.7 header files use the `register` keyword, which is [reserved and unused from C+17 onwards](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/keyword/register). Compiling a wheel for Python 2.7 with the C++17 standard is still possible to allow usage of `register` using proper flag `-Wno-register` for gcc/clang and `/wd5033` for MSVC.
-
 ## manylinux1 and C++14
-The default `manylinux1` image (based on CentOS 5) contains a version of GCC and libstdc++ that only supports C++11 and earlier standards. There are however ways to compile wheels with the C++14 standard (and later): https://github.com/pypa/manylinux/issues/118
+The old `manylinux1` image (based on CentOS 5) contains a version of GCC and libstdc++ that only supports C++11 and earlier standards. There are however ways to compile wheels with the C++14 standard (and later): https://github.com/pypa/manylinux/issues/118
 
 `manylinux2010` and `manylinux2014` are newer and support all C++ standards (up to C++17).
 
@@ -27,43 +23,3 @@ To get C++17 support, Xcode 9.3+ is needed, requiring at least macOS 10.13 on th
 However, if only C++17 compiler and standard template library (STL) features are used (not needing a C++17 runtime) it might be possible to set `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` to a lower value, such as `"10.9"`. To find out if this is the case, try compiling and running with a lower `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET`: if C++17 features are used that require a more recent deployment target, building the wheel should fail.
 
 For more details see https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/compiler_support, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xcode, and https://xcodereleases.com/: Xcode 10 needs macOS 10.13 and Xcode 11 needs macOS 10.14.
-
-## Windows and Python 2.7
-
-Visual C++ for Python 2.7 does not support modern C++ standards (i.e., C++11 and later). When building on Appveyor, you will need to either use the "Visual Studio 2017" or "Visual Studio 2019" image, but Python 2.7 is not supported on these images - skip it by setting `CIBW_SKIP=cp27-win*`.
-
-There is an optional workaround for this, though: the pybind11 project argues and shows that it is [possible to compile Python 2.7 extension with a newer compiler](https://pybind11.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq.html#working-with-ancient-visual-studio-2008-builds-on-windows) and has an example project showing how to do this: https://github.com/pybind/python_example. The main catch is that a user might need to install [a newer "Microsoft Visual C++ Redistributable"](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/2977003/the-latest-supported-visual-c-downloads), since the newer C++ standard library's binaries are not included by default with the Python 2.7 installation.
-
-Forcing `distutils` or `setuptools` to use a more recent version of MSVC that supports modern C++ can be done in the following way:
-
-1. Set the environment variables `DISTUTILS_USE_SDK=1` and `MSSdk=1`. These two environment variables will tell `distutils`/`setuptools` to not search and set up a build environment that uses Visual C++ for Python 2.7 (aka. MSVC 9).
-2. Set up the build Visual Studio build environment you want to use, making sure that e.g. `PATH` contains `cl`, `link`, etc.
-    - Usually, this can be done through `vcvarsall.bat x86` or `vcvarsall.bat x64`. The exact location of this file depends on the installation, but the default path for VS 2019 Community (e.g. used in AppVeyor's `Visual Studio 2019` image) is `C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Community\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvarsall.bat`. **Note**: `vcvarsall.bat` changes the environment variables, so this cannot be run in a subprocess/subshell and consequently running `vsvarsall.bat` in `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD` does not have any effect.
-    - In Azure Pipelines, [a `VSBuild` task is available](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/devops/pipelines/tasks/build/visual-studio-build)
-    - In GitHub Actions, the default shell is powershell, so you'll need to use `shell: cmd` to source a `.bat` file, and the directory is `"C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Enterprise\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvarsall.bat"`. Or you can use an action, such as the [`ilammy/msvc-dev-cmd@v1`](https://github.com/ilammy/msvc-dev-cmd) action to setup the environment (see example below).
-3. Next, call `cibuildwheel`. Unfortunately, MSVC has separate toolchains for compiling 32-bit and 64-bit, so you will need to run `cibuildwheel` twice: once with `CIBW_BUILD=*-win32` after setting up the `x86` build environment, and once with `CIBW_BUILD=*-win_amd64` in a `x64` environment (see previous step).
-
-
-**GitHub Action example with ilammy/msvc-dev-cmd**:
-
-```yaml
-  - uses: ilammy/msvc-dev-cmd@v1
-
-  - name: Build 64-bit wheel
-    run: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
-    env:
-      CIBW_BUILD: cp27-win_amd64
-      DISTUTILS_USE_SDK: 1
-      MSSdk: 1
-
-  - uses: ilammy/msvc-dev-cmd@v1
-    with:
-      arch: x86
-
-  - name: Build 32-bit wheel
-    run: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
-    env:
-      CIBW_BUILD: cp27-win32
-      DISTUTILS_USE_SDK: 1
-      MSSdk: 1
-```

docs/data/projects.yml

@@ -2,10 +2,17 @@
 # name: required, printed name
 # gh: GitHub repo (eventually a url: could be added for non-github projects)
 # stars: GitHub repo (optional, if different from package, such as for Twisted)
+# pypi: The pypi name, if different from the GitHub package name
 # os: Operating system list, [windows, apple, linux] (optional)
 # ci: [appveyor, github, azurepipelines, circleci, gitlab, travisci] (optional)
 # notes: (text, optional)
 
+- name: abess
+  gh: abess-team/abess
+  notes: A fast best-subset selection library. It uses cibuildwheel to build a large project with C++ extensions.
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
 - name: Matplotlib
   gh: matplotlib/matplotlib
   notes: The venerable Matplotlib, a Python library with C++ portions
@@ -29,6 +36,7 @@
 
 - name: Parselmouth
   gh: YannickJadoul/Parselmouth
+  pypi: praat-parselmouth
   notes: A Python interface to the Praat software package, using pybind11, C++17 and CMake, with the core Praat static library built only once and shared between wheels.
   ci: [github]
   os: [windows, apple, linux]
@@ -82,6 +90,7 @@
 
 - name: PyAV
   gh: PyAV-Org/PyAV
+  pypi: av
   ci: [github]
   os: [windows, apple, linux]
   notes: Pythonic bindings for FFmpeg's libraries.
@@ -99,7 +108,7 @@
 
 - name: pikepdf
   gh: pikepdf/pikepdf
-  ci: [azurepipelines]
+  ci: [github]
   os: [windows, apple, linux]
 
 - name: fathon
@@ -109,6 +118,7 @@
 
 - name: etebase-py
   gh: etesync/etebase-py
+  pypi: etebase
   notes: Python bindings to a Rust library using `setuptools-rust`, and `sccache` for improved speed.
   ci: [travisci]
   os: [linux]
@@ -175,6 +185,7 @@
 
 - name: jq.py
   gh: mwilliamson/jq.py
+  pypi: jq
   ci: [travisci]
   os: [apple, linux]
 
@@ -226,6 +237,7 @@
 
 - name: Dependency Injector
   gh: ets-labs/python-dependency-injector
+  pypi: dependency-injector
   ci: [travisci]
   os: [windows, apple, linux]
   notes: Dependency injection framework for Python, uses Windows TravisCI
@@ -237,19 +249,21 @@
 
 - name: PyTables
   gh: PyTables/PyTables
+  pypi: tables
   ci: [github]
   os: [windows, apple, linux]
 
 - name: dd-trace-py
   gh: DataDog/dd-trace-py
+  pypi: ddtrace
   ci: [github]
   os: [windows, apple, linux]
   notes: Uses custom alternate arch emulation on GitHub
 
 - name: Tokenizer
   gh: OpenNMT/Tokenizer
-  ci: [github, travisci]
-  os: [apple, linux]
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
 
 - name: matrixprofile
   gh: matrix-profile-foundation/matrixprofile
@@ -264,12 +278,13 @@
 - name: CTranslate2
   gh: OpenNMT/CTranslate2
   ci: [github]
-  os: [apple, linux]
-  notes: Includes libraries from the [Intel oneAPI toolkit](https://software.intel.com/content/www/us/en/develop/tools/oneapi/base-toolkit.html). The Linux wheels also include CUDA libraries for GPU execution.
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  notes: Includes libraries from the [Intel oneAPI toolkit](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/tools/oneapi/base-toolkit.html) and CUDA kernels compiled for multiple GPU architectures.
 
 - name: MyPy
   gh: mypyc/mypy_mypyc-wheels
   stars: python/mypy
+  pypi: mypy
   ci: [github]
   os: [apple, linux, windows]
   notes: MyPyC, the compiled component of MyPy.
@@ -277,6 +292,7 @@
 - name: Imagecodecs (fork)
   gh: czaki/imagecodecs_build
   stars: cgohlke/imagecodecs
+  pypi: imagecodecs
   ci: [azurepipelines]
   ci_config: azure-pipelines.yaml
   os: [apple, linux]
@@ -287,3 +303,228 @@
   ci: [github]
   os: [apple, linux, windows]
   notes: Extensive Cython + NumPy [pyproject.toml](https://github.com/deepcharles/ruptures/blob/master/pyproject.toml) example.
+
+- name: time-machine
+  gh: adamchainz/time-machine
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+  notes: Time mocking library using only the CPython C API.
+
+- name: polaroid
+  gh: daggy1234/polaroid
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+  notes: Full range of wheels for setuptools rust, with auto release and PyPI deploy.
+
+- name: python-snappy
+  gh: andrix/python-snappy
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: sourmash
+  gh: dib-lab/sourmash
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: markupsafe
+  gh: pallets/markupsafe
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: SiPM
+  gh: EdoPro98/SimSiPM
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+  notes: High performance library for SiPM detectors simulation using C++17, OpenMP and AVX2 intrinsics.
+
+- name: CorrectionLib
+  gh: cms-nanoAOD/correctionlib
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+  notes: Structured JSON powered correction library for HEP, designed for the CMS experiment at CERN.
+
+- name: GSD
+  gh: glotzerlab/gsd
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+  notes: Cython and NumPy project with 64-bit wheels.
+
+- name: PyGLM
+  gh: Zuzu-Typ/PyGLM
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: iDynTree
+  gh: robotology/idyntree
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [linux]
+  notes: Uses manylinux_2_24
+
+- name: H3-py
+  gh: uber/h3-py
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: DeepForest
+  gh: LAMDA-NJU/Deep-Forest
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: cmake
+  gh: scikit-build/cmake-python-distributions
+  stars: Kitware/CMake
+  ci: [github, travisci]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+  notes: Multitagged binary builds for all supported platforms, using cibw 2 config configuration.
+
+- name: ninja
+  gh: scikit-build/ninja-python-distributions
+  ci: [github, travisci]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+  notes: Multitagged binary builds for all supported platforms, using cibw 2 config configuration.
+
+- name: tgcalls
+  gh: MarshalX/tgcalls
+  pypi: pytgcalls
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, windows]
+  notes: Python `pybind11` binding to Telegram's WebRTC library with third party dependencies like `OpenSSL`, `MozJPEG`, `FFmpeg`, etc.
+
+- name: pillow-heif
+  gh: bigcat88/pillow_heif
+  pypi: pillow-heif
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+  notes: Python CFFI binding to libheif library with third party dependencies like `libde265`, `x265`, `libaom` with test & publishing on PyPi.
+
+- name: clang-format
+  gh: ssciwr/clang-format-wheel
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+  notes: Scikit-build wrapper around LLVM's CMake, all platforms, generic wheels.
+
+- name: Tornado
+  gh: tornadoweb/tornado
+  ci: [travisci]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+
+- name: pytorch-fairseq
+  gh: pytorch/fairseq
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+
+- name: uvloop
+  gh: MagicStack/uvloop
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+
+- name: asyncpg
+  gh: MagicStack/asyncpg
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: pydantic
+  gh: samuelcolvin/pydantic
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: vaex
+  gh: vaexio/vaex
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: cvxpy
+  gh: cvxpy/cvxpy
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: duckdb
+  gh: duckdb/duckdb
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: Triton
+  gh: openai/triton
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [linux]
+  notes: Self hosted runners
+
+- name: vispy
+  gh: vispy/vispy
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: Confluent client for Kafka
+  gh: confluentinc/confluent-kafka-python
+  ci: [travisci]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+  notes: setup in `tools/wheels/build-wheels.bat`
+
+- name: tinyobjloader
+  gh: tinyobjloader/tinyobjloader
+  ci: [azurepipelines]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: PyOxidizer
+  gh: indygreg/PyOxidizer
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: OpenSpiel
+  gh: deepmind/open_spiel
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+
+- name: Google Benchmark
+  gh: google/benchmark
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: Apache Beam
+  gh: apache/beam
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: PyCryptodome
+  gh: Legrandin/pycryptodome
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: PyYAML
+  gh: yaml/pyyaml
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple]
+
+- name: Line Profiler
+  gh: pyutils/line_profiler
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: OpenTimelineIO
+  gh: PixarAnimationStudios/OpenTimelineIO
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: OpenColorIO
+  gh: AcademySoftwareFoundation/OpenColorIO
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: Psycopg 3
+  gh: psycopg/psycopg
+  pypi: psycopg_binary
+  notes: A modern implementation of a PostgreSQL adapter for Python
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: Arbor
+  gh: arbor-sim/arbor
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+  pypi: arbor
+  notes: >
+    Arbor is a multi-compartment neuron simulation library; compatible with
+    next-generation accelerators; best-practices applied to research software;
+    focused on community-driven development. Includes a
+    [small script](https://github.com/arbor-sim/arbor/blob/master/scripts/patchwheel.py)
+    patching `rpath` in bundled libraries.

docs/data/readme_icons/azurepipelines.svg

@@ -1 +1 @@
-<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16px" fill="#606060"><title>Azure Pipelines icon</title><path d="M1.8 18H0v6h6v-1.8H1.8zM23 0h-8.93a2 2 0 0 0-1.67.89L9 5.99H1a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v5.5l3.5 3.61 1.2-1.29 1.5 1.5L5 17.53l1.48 1.48 1.22-1.22 1.5 1.51L8 20.5l3.5 3.5H17a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-8l5.11-3.4A2 2 0 0 0 24 9.92V1a1 1 0 0 0-1-1zm-5 9a3 3 0 1 1 0-6 3 3 0 0 1 0 6z"/></svg>
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16px" fill="#606060"><title>Azure Pipelines icon</title><path d="M1.7997 22.1998h4.2001V24H.0004v-6.0002h1.7993v4.2zM12.6229 9.8975l-7.6353 7.6353 1.4792 1.4792 7.6345-7.6362-1.4784-1.4783zM4.365 15.1793l-.391-.3908c-.5042-.5042-.5828-1.3004-.1869-1.8934l4.6036-6.8958H.9979c-.5513.0014-.9975.4487-.9975 1v5.5002l3.5021 3.6036.8625-.9238zM23.9996.9999v8.9306a2 2 0 0 1-.8893 1.6632l-12.2834 8.2005a.9999.9999 0 0 1-1.2622-.1246L8.04 18.1457c.3313-.3313 6.4656-6.4672 6.7684-6.7698l-2.1855-2.1855L5.8533 15.96l-1.5258-1.525a1.0001 1.0001 0 0 1-.1246-1.2623L12.4034.8893A2 2 0 0 1 14.0666 0h8.9331c.5522 0 .9999.4477.9999.9999zm-2.9997 5.0003c0-1.6567-1.343-2.9997-2.9997-2.9997s-2.9997 1.343-2.9997 2.9997 1.343 2.9997 2.9997 2.9997 2.9997-1.343 2.9997-2.9997zM10.272 20.4625c-.4008 0-.7776-.156-1.0609-.4392l-.368-.3679-.8435.8417 3.4996 3.4996h5.5003c.5522 0 .9999-.4477.9999-.9999v-7.3899L11.1045 20.21a1.4944 1.4944 0 0 1-.8325.2525z"/></svg>

docs/deliver-to-pypi.md

@@ -4,15 +4,16 @@ title: Delivering to PyPI
 
 After you've built your wheels, you'll probably want to deliver them to PyPI.
 
-### Manual method
+## Manual method
 
-On your development machine, do the following...
+On your development machine, install [pipx](https://pypa.github.io/pipx/) and do the following:
 
 ```bash
+# Either download the SDist from your CI, or make it:
 # Clear out your 'dist' folder.
 rm -rf dist
 # Make a source distribution
-python setup.py sdist
+pipx run build --sdist
 
 # 🏃🏻
 # Go and download your wheel files from wherever you put them. e.g. your CI
@@ -20,17 +21,77 @@ python setup.py sdist
 # 'dist' folder.
 
 # Upload using 'twine' (you may need to 'pip install twine')
-twine upload dist/*
+pipx run twine upload dist/*
 ```
 
-### Semi-automatic method using wheelhouse-uploader
+## Automatic method
 
-Obviously, manual steps are for chumps, so we can automate this a little by using [wheelhouse-uploader](https://github.com/ogrisel/wheelhouse-uploader).
+If you don't need much control over the release of a package, you can set up
+cibuildwheel to deliver the wheels straight to PyPI. You just need to bump the
+version and tag it.
 
-> Quick note from me - using S3 as a storage didn't work due to a [bug](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/LIBCLOUD-792) in libcloud. Feel free to use my fork of that package that fixes the bug `pip install https://github.com/joerick/libcloud/archive/v1.5.0-s3fix.zip`
+### Generic instructions
 
-### Automatic method
+Make your SDist with the [build](https://github.com/pypa/build) tool, and your wheels with cibuildwheel. If you can make the files available as
+downloadable artifacts, this make testing before releases easier (depending on your CI provider's options). The "publish" job/step should collect the
+files, and then run `twine upload <paths>` (possibly via [pipx](https://github.com/pypa/pipx)); this should only happen on tags or "releases".
 
-If you don't need much control over the release of a package, you can set up cibuildwheel to deliver the wheels straight to PyPI. This doesn't require anycloud storage to work - you just need to bump the version and tag it.
+### GitHub Actions
 
-[`examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/blob/master/examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml) and [`examples/github-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/blob/master/examples/github-deploy.yml) are example configurations that automatically upload wheels to PyPI. Also check out [this example repo](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel-autopypi-example) for more detailed instructions on how to set this up.
+GitHub actions has pipx in all the runners as a supported package manager, as
+well as several useful actions. Alongside your existing job(s) that runs cibuildwheel to make wheels, you will probably want to build an SDist:
+
+```yaml
+  make_sdist:
+    name: Make SDist
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      with:
+        fetch-depth: 0  # Optional, use if you use setuptools_scm
+        submodules: true  # Optional, use if you have submodules
+
+    - name: Build SDist
+      run: pipx run build --sdist
+
+    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+      with:
+        path: dist/*.tar.gz
+```
+
+Then, you need to publish the artifacts that the previous jobs have built. This final job should run only on release or tag, depending on your preference. It gathers the artifacts from the sdist and wheel jobs and uploads them to PyPI.
+
+This requires a [PyPI upload token](https://pypi.org/manage/account/token/), stored in your [GitHub repo's secrets](https://docs.github.com/en/actions/security-guides/encrypted-secrets#creating-encrypted-secrets-for-a-repository) as `pypi_password`.
+
+```yaml
+  upload_all:
+    needs: [build_wheels, make_sdist]
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: github.event_name == 'release' && github.event.action == 'published'
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v2
+      with:
+        name: artifact
+        path: dist
+
+    - uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@v1.4.2
+      with:
+        user: __token__
+        password: ${{ secrets.pypi_password }}
+```
+
+You should use dependabot to keep the publish action up to date. In the above
+example, the same name (the default, "artifact" is used for all upload-artifact
+runs, so we can just download all of the in one step into a common directory.
+
+See
+[`examples/github-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/examples/github-deploy.yml)
+for an example configuration that automatically upload wheels to PyPI. Also see
+[scikit-hep.org/developer/gha_wheels](https://scikit-hep.org/developer/gha_wheels)
+for a complete guide.
+
+### TravisCI
+
+See
+[`examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml)
+for an example configuration.

docs/extra.css

@@ -1,15 +1,28 @@
 
 /* Global styles */
 
+body {
+    overflow-wrap: break-word;
+}
+
 p {
     margin-bottom: 12px;
+    line-height: 26px;
+}
+
+pre {
+  margin: 1em 0;
+}
+
+pre:first-child {
+  margin-top: 0;
 }
 
 code {
     font-size: 85%;
     background-color: rgba(27,31,35,.05);
     border-radius: 3px;
-    padding: .2em .4em;
+    padding: .15em .4em;
     color: inherit;
     border: none;
     margin: 0 1px;
@@ -17,11 +30,12 @@ code {
 
 code, pre, tt {
     font-family: SFMono-Regular, Consolas, Liberation Mono, Menlo, monospace;
+    line-height: 1.4;
 }
 
-.hljs {
-    padding: 1em;
-    background-color: #f6f8fa;
+pre code, pre code.hljs {
+  padding: 1em;
+  background-color: #f6f8fa;
 }
 
 h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
@@ -39,6 +53,14 @@ h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
     white-space: normal;
 }
 
+.rst-content .admonition {
+  line-height: inherit;
+}
+
+.admonition code {
+  border: none;
+}
+
 /*
     Code block filename style
 
@@ -89,3 +111,117 @@ h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
 
 /* import font awesome 4 for icons */
 @import url(https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css);
+
+
+/* Tabs */
+
+/* Style the tab */
+.tabs {
+  margin-bottom: 1em;
+  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
+}
+
+.tabs-header {
+  background-color: white;
+  display: flex;
+  justify-content: flex-start;
+  overflow-x: auto;
+  overflow-y: hidden;
+  position: relative;
+}
+.tabs-header::before {
+  position: absolute;
+  content: "";
+  bottom: 0;
+  left: 0;
+  right: 0;
+  height: 2px;
+  background: #ccc;
+}
+.tabs-header > * {
+  position: relative;
+}
+
+/* Style the buttons that are used to open the tab content */
+.tabs-header button {
+  background-color: transparent;
+  border: none;
+  outline: none;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  color: inherit;
+  font: inherit;
+  font-size: 0.9em;
+  font-weight: 600;
+  padding: 8px 16px;
+  border-bottom: 2px solid #ccc;
+}
+
+.tabs-header button:focus-visible {
+  /* preserve an outline for accessibility purposes */
+  outline: 1px solid currentColor;
+  outline-offset: -1px;
+}
+
+/* Change background color of buttons on hover */
+.tabs-header button:hover {
+  background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.02);
+}
+
+/* Create an active/current tablink class */
+.tabs-header button.active {
+  color: #4086bd;
+  border-bottom-color: currentColor;
+}
+
+/* Style the tab content */
+.tabs-content {
+  background-color: #f1f6fa;
+  padding: 1px 1em;
+  padding-top: 0.8em;
+
+  /* don't collapse inner margins */
+  overflow-y: hidden;
+}
+
+/* Examples tabs styling */
+
+.tabs.examples .tabs-header {
+  justify-content: flex-end;
+  background-color: transparent;
+  border-bottom-style: none;
+  padding: 0;
+}
+.tabs.examples .tabs-header::before {
+  height: 0;
+}
+.tabs.examples .tabs-header button {
+  padding: 6px 12px;
+  border-bottom: none;
+  color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
+  font-size: 0.8em;
+  border-top-left-radius: 4px;
+  border-top-right-radius: 4px;
+}
+.tabs-header button:hover {
+  background-color: unset;
+}
+
+.tabs.examples .tabs-header button.active {
+  border-bottom-style: none;
+  background: #f6f8fa;
+  color: inherit;
+}
+.tabs.examples .tabs-content {
+  padding: 0;
+  background-color: transparent;
+  background-color: #f6f8fa;
+}
+.tabs.examples .tabs-content .tab > * {
+  padding-left: 0.8em;
+  padding-right: 0.8em;
+}
+.tabs.examples .tabs-content .tab > pre {
+  padding-left: 0;
+  padding-right: 0;
+  margin-bottom: 0.5em;
+}

docs/extra.js

@@ -1,4 +1,60 @@
-
+// add classes for code-block-filename styling
 $('.rst-content pre')
     .prev('blockquote')
     .addClass('code-block-filename');
+
+var tabConversionIterations = 0
+
+// convert tab admonition to tabs
+while (true) {
+  const firstTab = $('.rst-content .admonition.tab').first()
+  if (firstTab.length == 0) break;
+
+  const otherTabs = firstTab.nextUntil(':not(.admonition.tab)');
+  const allTabs = $($.merge($.merge([], firstTab), otherTabs));
+
+  const tabContainer = $('<div>').addClass('tabs');
+  const headerContainer = $('<div>').addClass('tabs-header');
+  const contentContainer = $('<div>').addClass('tabs-content');
+
+  tabContainer.insertBefore(firstTab);
+  tabContainer.append(headerContainer, contentContainer)
+
+  // add extra classes from the first tab to the container
+  const classes = Array.from(firstTab[0].classList)
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < classes.length; i++) {
+    const element = classes[i];
+    if (element == 'tab' || element == 'admonition') {
+      continue
+    }
+    tabContainer.addClass(element)
+  }
+
+  const selectTab = function (index) {
+    headerContainer.children().removeClass('active')
+    headerContainer.children().eq(index).addClass('active')
+    contentContainer.children().hide()
+    contentContainer.children().eq(index).show()
+  }
+
+  allTabs.each(function (tabI, el) {
+    const $el = $(el)
+    const titleElement = $el.children('.admonition-title')
+    const title = titleElement.text()
+    const button = $('<button>').text(title)
+    button.click(function () {
+      selectTab(tabI)
+    })
+    headerContainer.append(button)
+
+    titleElement.remove()
+    $el.removeClass('admonition')
+    contentContainer.append($el)
+  })
+
+  selectTab(0)
+
+  // this will catch infinite loops which can occur when editing the above
+  if (tabConversionIterations++ > 1000) throw 'too many iterations'
+}

docs/faq.md

@@ -2,31 +2,23 @@
 title: Tips and tricks
 ---
 
-### Troubleshooting
-
-If your wheel didn't compile, check the list below for some debugging tips.
-
-- A mistake in your config. To quickly test your config without doing a git push and waiting for your code to build on CI, you can test the Linux build in a Docker container. On Mac or Linux, with Docker running, try `cibuildwheel --platform linux`. You'll have to bring your config into the current environment first.
-
-- Missing dependency. You might need to install something on the build machine. You can do this in `.travis.yml`, `appveyor.yml`, or `.circleci/config.yml`, with apt-get, brew or choco. Given how the Linux build works, you'll need to use the [`CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD`](options.md#before-build) option.
-
-- Windows: missing C feature. The Windows C compiler doesn't support C language features invented after 1990, so you'll have to backport your C code to C90. For me, this mostly involved putting my variable declarations at the top of the function like an animal.
-
-- MacOS: calling cibuildwheel from a python3 script and getting a `ModuleNotFoundError`? Due to a (fixed) [bug](https://bugs.python.org/issue22490) in CPython, you'll need to [unset the `__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__` variable](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/issues/133#issuecomment-478288597) before activating a venv.
+## Tips
 
 ### Linux builds on Docker
 
-Linux wheels are built in the [`manylinux` docker images](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux) to provide binary compatible wheels on Linux, according to [PEP 571](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0571/). Because of this, when building with `cibuildwheel` on Linux, a few things should be taken into account:
+Linux wheels are built in the [`manylinux`/`musllinux` docker images](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux) to provide binary compatible wheels on Linux, according to [PEP 600](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0600/) / [PEP 656](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0656/). Because of this, when building with `cibuildwheel` on Linux, a few things should be taken into account:
 
-- Programs and libraries cannot be installed on the Travis CI Ubuntu host with `apt-get`, but can be installed inside of the Docker image using `yum` or manually. The same goes for environment variables that are potentially needed to customize the wheel building. `cibuildwheel` supports this by providing the `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT` and `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD` options to setup the build environment inside the running Docker image. See [the options docs](options.md#build-environment) for details on these options.
+-   Programs and libraries are not installed on the CI runner host, but rather should be installed inside of the Docker image - using `yum` for `manylinux2010` or `manylinux2014`, `apt-get` for `manylinux_2_24` and `apk` for `musllinux_1_1`, or manually. The same goes for environment variables that are potentially needed to customize the wheel building.
 
-- The project directory is mounted in the running Docker instance as `/project`, the output directory for the wheels as `/output`. In general, this is handled transparently by `cibuildwheel`. For a more finegrained level of control however, the root of the host file system is mounted as `/host`, allowing for example to access shared files, caches, etc. on the host file system.  Note that this is not available on CircleCI due to their Docker policies.
+    `cibuildwheel` supports this by providing the [`CIBW_ENVIRONMENT`](options.md#environment) and [`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`](options.md#before-all) options to setup the build environment inside the running Docker image.
 
-- Alternative dockers images can be specified with the `CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE`, `CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE`, and `CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_X86_64_IMAGE` options to allow for a custom, preconfigured build environment for the Linux builds. See [options](options.md#manylinux-image) for more details.
+-   The project directory is mounted in the running Docker instance as `/project`, the output directory for the wheels as `/output`. In general, this is handled transparently by `cibuildwheel`. For a more finegrained level of control however, the root of the host file system is mounted as `/host`, allowing for example to access shared files, caches, etc. on the host file system.  Note that `/host` is not available on CircleCI due to their Docker policies.
+
+-   Alternative Docker images can be specified with the `CIBW_MANYLINUX_*_IMAGE`/`CIBW_MUSLLINUX_*_IMAGE` options to allow for a custom, preconfigured build environment for the Linux builds. See [options](options.md#linux-image) for more details.
 
 ### Building macOS wheels for Apple Silicon {: #apple-silicon}
 
-`cibuildwheel` supports cross-compiling `universal2` and `arm64` wheels on `x86_64` runners. With the introduction of Apple Silicon, you now have several choices for wheels for Python 3.9+:
+`cibuildwheel` supports cross-compiling `universal2` and `arm64` wheels on `x86_64` runners. With the introduction of Apple Silicon, you now have several choices for wheels for Python 3.8+:
 
 #### `x86_64`
 
@@ -80,11 +72,12 @@ by default, and require opt-in by setting `CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS`.
 !!! note
     Your runner needs Xcode Command Line Tools 12.2 or later to build `universal2` or `arm64`.
 
-    So far, only CPython 3.9 supports `universal2` and `arm64` wheels.
+    Only CPython 3.8 and newer support `universal2` and `arm64` wheels.
 
 Here's an example GitHub Actions workflow with a job that builds for Apple Silicon:
 
 > .github/workflows/build_macos.yml
+
 ```yml
 {% include "../examples/github-apple-silicon.yml" %}
 ```
@@ -105,35 +98,11 @@ Actions. Once QEMU is set up and registered, you just need to set the
 Linux), and the other architectures are emulated automatically.
 
 > .github/workflows/build.yml
+
 ```yaml
 {% include "../examples/github-with-qemu.yml" %}
 ```
 
-### Building Apple Silicon wheels on Intel {: #apple-silicon}
-
-`cibuildwheel` supports cross-compiling `universal2` and `arm64` wheels on `x86_64` runners.
-
-These wheels are not built by default, but can be enabled by setting the [`CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS` option](options.md#archs) to `x86_64 arm64 universal2`. Cross-compilation is provided by the Xcode toolchain.
-
-!!! important
-    When cross-compiling on Intel, it is not possible to test `arm64` and the `arm64` part of a `universal2` wheel.
-
-    `cibuildwheel` will raise a warning to notify you of this - these warnings be be silenced by skipping testing on these platforms: `CIBW_TEST_SKIP: *_arm64 *_universal2:arm64`.
-
-Hopefully, this is a temporary situation. Once we have widely available Apple Silicon CI runners, we can build and test `arm64` and `universal2` wheels more natively. That's why `universal2` wheels are not yet built by default, and require opt-in by setting `CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS`.
-
-!!! note
-    Your runner image needs Xcode Command Line Tools 12.2 or later to build `universal2` and `arm64`.
-
-    So far, only CPython 3.9 supports `universal2` and `arm64` wheels.
-
-Here's an example GitHub Actions workflow with a job that builds for Apple Silicon:
-
-> .github/workflows/build_macos.yml
-```yml
-{% include "../examples/github-apple-silicon.yml" %}
-```
-
 ### Building packages with optional C extensions
 
 `cibuildwheel` defines the environment variable `CIBUILDWHEEL` to the value `1` allowing projects for which the C extension is optional to make it mandatory when building wheels.
@@ -148,7 +117,145 @@ myextension = Extension(
 )
 ```
 
-### 'No module named XYZ' errors after running cibuildwheel on macOS
+### Automatic updates {: #automatic-updates}
+
+Selecting a moving target (like the latest release) is generally a bad idea in CI. If something breaks, you can't tell whether it was your code or an upstream update that caused the breakage, and in a worse-case scenario, it could occur during a release.
+There are two suggested methods for keeping cibuildwheel up to date that instead involve scheduled pull requests using GitHub's dependabot.
+
+#### Option 1: GitHub Action
+
+If you use GitHub Actions for builds, you can use cibuildwheel as an action:
+
+```yaml
+uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.4.0
+```
+
+This is a composite step that just runs cibuildwheel using pipx. You can set command-line options as `with:` parameters, and use `env:` as normal.
+
+Then, your `.github/dependabot.yml` file could look like this:
+
+```yaml
+version: 2
+updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "weekly"
+    ignore:
+      # Optional: Official actions have moving tags like v1;
+      # if you use those, you don't need updates.
+      - dependency-name: "actions/*"
+```
+
+#### Option 2: Requirement files
+
+The second option, and the only one that supports other CI systems, is using a `requirements-*.txt` file. The file should have a distinct name and have only one entry:
+
+```bash
+# requirements-cibw.txt
+cibuildwheel==2.4.0
+```
+
+Then your install step would have `python -m pip install -r requirements-cibw.txt` in it. Your `.github/dependabot.yml` file could look like this:
+
+```yaml
+version: 2
+updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: "pip"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "daily"
+```
+
+This will also try to update other pins in all requirement files, so be sure you want to do that. The only control you have over the files used is via the directory option.
+
+
+### Alternatives to cibuildwheel options {: #cibw-options-alternatives}
+
+cibuildwheel provides lots of opportunities to configure the build
+environment. However, you  might consider adding this build configuration into
+the package itself - in general, this is preferred, because users of your
+package 'sdist' will also benefit.
+
+#### Missing build dependencies {: #cibw-options-alternatives-deps}
+
+If your build needs Python dependencies, rather than using CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD, it's best to add these to the
+[`build-system.requires`](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0518/#build-system-table)
+section of your pyproject.toml. For example, if your project requires Cython
+to build, your pyproject.toml might include a section like this:
+
+```toml
+[build-system]
+requires = [
+    "setuptools>=42",
+    "wheel",
+    "Cython",
+]
+
+build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
+```
+
+#### Actions you need to perform before building
+
+You might need to run some other commands before building, like running a
+script that performs codegen or downloading some data that's not stored in
+your source tree.
+
+Rather than using CIBW_BEFORE_ALL or CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD, you could incorporate
+these steps into your package's build process. For example, if you're using
+setuptools, you can add steps to your package's `setup.py` using a structure
+like this:
+
+    ```python
+    import subprocess
+    import setuptools
+    import setuptools.command.build_py
+
+
+    class BuildPyCommand(setuptools.command.build_py.build_py):
+      """Custom build command."""
+
+      def run(self):
+        # your custom build steps here
+        # e.g.
+        #   subprocess.run(['python', 'scripts/my_custom_script.py'], check=True)
+        setuptools.command.build_py.build_py.run(self)
+
+
+    setuptools.setup(
+        cmdclass={
+            'build_py': BuildPyCommand,
+        },
+        # Usual setup() args.
+        # ...
+    )
+    ```
+
+#### Compiler flags
+
+Your build might need some compiler flags to be set through environment variables.
+Consider incorporating these into your package, for example, in `setup.py` using [`extra_compile_args` or
+`extra_link_args`](https://docs.python.org/3/distutils/setupscript.html#other-options).
+
+### Python 2.7 / PyPy2 wheels
+
+See the [cibuildwheel version 1 docs](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/1.x/) for information about building Python 2.7 or PyPy2 wheels. There are lots of tricks and workaround there that are no longer required for Python 3 in cibuildwheel 2.
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+If your wheel didn't compile, you might have a mistake in your config.
+
+To quickly test your config without doing a git push and waiting for your code to build on CI, you can [test the Linux build in a local Docker container](setup.md#local).
+
+### Missing dependencies
+
+You might need to install something on the build machine. You can do this with apt/yum, brew or choco, using the [`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`](options.md#before-all) option. Or, for a Python dependency, consider [adding it to pyproject.toml](#cibw-options-alternatives-deps).
+
+### macOS: ModuleNotFoundError
+
+Calling cibuildwheel from a python3 script and getting a `ModuleNotFoundError`? Due to a (fixed) [bug](https://bugs.python.org/issue22490) in CPython, you'll need to [unset the `__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__` variable](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/133#issuecomment-478288597) before activating a venv.
+
+### macOS: 'No module named XYZ' errors after running cibuildwheel
 
 `cibuildwheel` on Mac installs the distributions from Python.org system-wide during its operation. This is necessary, but it can cause some confusing errors after cibuildwheel has finished.
 
@@ -172,11 +279,37 @@ python3 -m pip install twine
 python3 -m twine upload wheelhouse/*.whl
 ```
 
-### 'ImportError: DLL load failed: The specific module could not be found' error on Windows
+### macOS: Passing DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH to delocate
 
-Visual Studio and MSVC link the compiled binary wheels to the Microsoft Visual C++ Runtime. Normally, these are included with Python, but when compiling with a newer version of Visual Studio, it is possible users will run into problems on systems that do not have these runtime libraries installed. The solution is to ask users to download the corresponding Visual C++ Redistributable from the [Microsoft website](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/2977003/the-latest-supported-visual-c-downloads) and install it. Since a Python installation normally includes these VC++ Redistributable files for [the version of the MSVC compiler used to compile Python](https://wiki.python.org/moin/WindowsCompilers), this is typically only a problem when compiling a Python 2.7 C extension with a newer compiler, e.g. to support a modern C++ standard (see [the section on modern C++ standards for Python 2.7](cpp_standards.md#windows-and-python-27) for more details).
+macOS has built-in [System Integrity protections](https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Security/Conceptual/System_Integrity_Protection_Guide/RuntimeProtections/RuntimeProtections.html) which limits the use of `DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH` and `LD_LIBRARY_PATH` so that it does not automatically pass to children processes. This means if you set `DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH` before running cibuildwheel, or even set it in `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT`, it will be stripped out of the environment before delocate is called.
 
-Additionally, Visual Studio 2019 started linking to an even newer DLL, `VCRUNTIME140_1.dll`, besides the `VCRUNTIME140.dll` that is included with recent Python versions (starting from Python 3.5; see [here](https://wiki.python.org/moin/WindowsCompilers) for more details on the corresponding Visual Studio & MSVC versions used to compile the different Python versions). To avoid this extra dependency on `VCRUNTIME140_1.dll`, the [`/d2FH4-` flag](https://devblogs.microsoft.com/cppblog/making-cpp-exception-handling-smaller-x64/) can be added to the MSVC invocations (check out [this issue](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/issues/423) for details and references).
+To work around this, use a different environment variable such as `REPAIR_LIBRARY_PATH` to store the library path, and set `DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH` in [`CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_MACOS`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#repair-wheel-command), like this:
+
+!!! tab examples "Environment variables"
+
+    ```yaml
+    CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_MACOS: >
+        DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=$REPAIR_LIBRARY_PATH delocate-listdeps {wheel} &&
+        DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=$REPAIR_LIBRARY_PATH delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} {wheel}
+    ```
+
+!!! tab examples "pyproject.toml"
+
+    ```toml
+    [tool.cibuildwheel.macos]
+    repair-wheel-command = [
+        "DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=$REPAIR_LIBRARY_PATH delocate-listdeps {wheel}",
+        "DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=$REPAIR_LIBRARY_PATH delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} {wheel}"
+    ]
+    ```
+
+See [#816](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/816), thanks to @phoerious for reporting.
+
+### Windows: 'ImportError: DLL load failed: The specific module could not be found'
+
+Visual Studio and MSVC link the compiled binary wheels to the Microsoft Visual C++ Runtime. Normally, these are included with Python, but when compiling with a newer version of Visual Studio, it is possible users will run into problems on systems that do not have these runtime libraries installed. The solution is to ask users to download the corresponding Visual C++ Redistributable from the [Microsoft website](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/2977003/the-latest-supported-visual-c-downloads) and install it. Since a Python installation normally includes these VC++ Redistributable files for [the version of the MSVC compiler used to compile Python](https://wiki.python.org/moin/WindowsCompilers), this is typically only a problem when compiling a Python C extension with a newer compiler.
+
+Additionally, Visual Studio 2019 started linking to an even newer DLL, `VCRUNTIME140_1.dll`, besides the `VCRUNTIME140.dll` that is included with recent Python versions (starting from Python 3.5; see [here](https://wiki.python.org/moin/WindowsCompilers) for more details on the corresponding Visual Studio & MSVC versions used to compile the different Python versions). To avoid this extra dependency on `VCRUNTIME140_1.dll`, the [`/d2FH4-` flag](https://devblogs.microsoft.com/cppblog/making-cpp-exception-handling-smaller-x64/) can be added to the MSVC invocations (check out [this issue](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/423) for details and references).
 
 To add the `/d2FH4-` flag to a standard `setup.py` using `setuptools`, the `extra_compile_args` option can be used:
 
@@ -191,56 +324,3 @@ To add the `/d2FH4-` flag to a standard `setup.py` using `setuptools`, the `extr
 ```
 
 To investigate the dependencies of a C extension (i.e., the `.pyd` file, a DLL in disguise) on Windows, [Dependency Walker](http://www.dependencywalker.com/) is a great tool.
-
-
-### Automatic updates {: #automatic-updates}
-
-Selecting a moving target (like the latest release) is generally a bad idea in CI. If something breaks, you can't tell whether it was your code or an upstream update that caused the breakage, and in a worse-case scenario, it could occur during a release.
-There are two suggested methods for keeping cibuildwheel up to date that instead involve scheduled pull requests using GitHub's dependabot.
-
-#### Option 1: GitHub Action
-
-If you use GitHub Actions for builds, you can use cibuildwheel as an action:
-
-```yaml
-uses: joerick/cibuildwheel@v1.9.0
-```
-
-This is a composite step that just runs cibuildwheel using pipx. You can set command-line options as `with:` parameters, and use `env:` as normal.
-
-Then, your `dependabot.yml` file could look like this:
-
-```yaml
-version: 2
-updates:
-  - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
-    directory: "/"
-    schedule:
-      interval: "weekly"
-    ignore:
-      # Optional: Official actions have moving tags like v1;
-      # if you use those, you don't need updates.
-      - dependency-name: "actions/*"
-```
-
-#### Option 2: Requirement files
-
-The second option, and the only one that supports other CI systems, is using a `requirements-*.txt` file. The file should have a distinct name and have only one entry:
-
-```bash
-# requirements-cibw.txt
-cibuildwheel==1.9.0
-```
-
-Then your install step would have `python -m pip install -r requirements-cibw.txt` in it. Your `dependabot.yml` file could look like this:
-
-```yaml
-version: 2
-updates:
-  - package-ecosystem: "pip"
-    directory: "/"
-    schedule:
-      interval: "daily"
-```
-
-This will also try to update other pins in all requirement files, so be sure you want to do that. The only control you have over the files used is via the directory option.

docs/main.py

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+import subprocess
+from typing import Any
+
+# Requires Python 3.7+
+
+
+def define_env(env: Any) -> None:
+    "Hook function for mkdocs-macros"
+
+    @env.macro
+    def subprocess_run(*args: str) -> str:
+        "Run a subprocess and return the stdout"
+        return subprocess.run(args, check=True, capture_output=True, text=True).stdout

docs/setup.md

@@ -2,86 +2,271 @@
 title: 'Setup'
 ---
 
-# GitHub Actions [linux/mac/windows] {: #github-actions}
+# Run cibuildwheel locally (optional) {: #local}
 
-To build Linux, Mac, and Windows wheels using GitHub Actions, create a `.github/workflows/build.yml` file in your repo.
+Before getting to CI setup, it can be convenient to test cibuildwheel
+locally to quickly iterate and track down issues without even touching CI.
+
+Install cibuildwheel and run a build like this:
+
+!!! tab "Linux"
+
+    Using [pipx](https://github.com/pypa/pipx):
+    ```sh
+    pipx run cibuildwheel --platform linux
+    ```
+
+    Or,
+    ```sh
+    pip install cibuildwheel
+    cibuildwheel --platform linux
+    ```
+
+!!! tab "macOS"
+
+    Using [pipx](https://github.com/pypa/pipx):
+    ```sh
+    pipx run cibuildwheel --platform macos
+    ```
+
+    Or,
+    ```sh
+    pip install cibuildwheel
+    cibuildwheel --platform macos
+    ```
+
+
+!!! tab "Windows"
+
+    Using [pipx](https://github.com/pypa/pipx):
+    ```bat
+    pipx run cibuildwheel --platform windows
+    ```
+
+    Or,
+    ```bat
+    pip install cibuildwheel
+    cibuildwheel --platform windows
+    ```
+
+You should see the builds taking place. You can experiment with options using environment variables or pyproject.toml.
+
+!!! tab "Environment variables"
+
+    cibuildwheel will read config from the environment. Syntax varies, depending on your shell:
+
+    > POSIX shell (Linux/macOS)
+
+    ```sh
+    # run a command to set up the build system
+    export CIBW_BEFORE_ALL='apt install libpng-dev'
+
+    cibuildwheel --platform linux
+    ```
+
+    > CMD (Windows)
+
+    ```bat
+    set CIBW_BEFORE_ALL='apt install libpng-dev'
+
+    cibuildwheel --platform linux
+    ```
+
+!!! tab "pyproject.toml"
+
+    If you write your options into [`pyproject.toml`](options.md#configuration-file), you can work on your options locally, and they'll be automatically picked up when running in CI.
+
+    > pyproject.toml
+
+    ```
+    [tool.cibuildwheel]
+    before-all = "apt install libpng-dev"
+    ```
+
+    Then invoke cibuildwheel, like:
+
+    ```console
+    cibuildwheel --platform linux
+    ```
+
+## Linux builds
+
+If you've got [Docker](https://www.docker.com/products/docker-desktop) installed on
+your development machine, you can run a Linux build.
+
+!!! tip
+    You can run the Linux build on any platform. Even Windows can run
+    Linux containers these days, but there are a few  hoops to jump
+    through. Check [this document](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/virtualization/windowscontainers/quick-start/quick-start-windows-10-linux)
+    for more info.
+
+Because the builds are happening in manylinux Docker containers,
+they're perfectly reproducible.
+
+The only side effect to your system will be docker images being pulled.
+
+## macOS / Windows builds
+
+Pre-requisite: you need to have native build tools installed.
+
+Because the builds are happening without full isolation, there might be some
+differences compared to CI builds (Xcode version, Visual Studio version,
+OS version, local files, ...) that might prevent you from finding an issue only
+seen in CI.
+
+In order to speed-up builds, cibuildwheel will cache the tools it needs to be
+reused for future builds. The folder used for caching is system/user dependent and is
+reported in the printed preamble of each run (e.g. "Cache folder: /Users/Matt/Library/Caches/cibuildwheel").
+
+You can override the cache folder using the ``CIBW_CACHE_PATH`` environment variable.
+
+!!! warning
+    cibuildwheel uses official python.org macOS installers for CPython but
+    those can only be installed globally.
+
+    In order not to mess with your system, cibuildwheel won't install those if they are
+    missing. Instead, it will error out with a message to let you install the missing
+    CPython:
+
+    ```console
+    Error: CPython 3.6 is not installed.
+    cibuildwheel will not perform system-wide installs when running outside of CI.
+    To build locally, install CPython 3.6 on this machine, or, disable this version of Python using CIBW_SKIP=cp36-macosx_*
+
+    Download link: https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.6.8/python-3.6.8-macosx10.9.pkg
+    ```
+
+
+# Configure a CI service
+
+## GitHub Actions [linux/mac/windows] {: #github-actions}
+
+To build Linux, Mac, and Windows wheels using GitHub Actions, create a `.github/workflows/build_wheels.yml` file in your repo.
+
+!!! tab "Action"
+    For GitHub Actions, `cibuildwheel` provides an action you can use. This is
+    concise and enables easier auto updating via GitHub's Dependabot; see
+    [Automatic updates](faq.md#automatic-updates).
+
+    > .github/workflows/build_wheels.yml
+
+    ```yaml
+    {% include "../examples/github-minimal.yml" %}
+    ```
+
+
+    You can use `env:` with the action just like you would with `run:`; you can
+    also use `with:` to set the command line options: `package-dir: .` and
+    `output-dir: wheelhouse` (those values are the defaults).
+
+!!! tab "pipx"
+    The GitHub Actions runners have pipx installed, so you can easily build in
+    just one line. This is internally how the action works; the main benefit of
+    the action form is easy updates via GitHub's Dependabot.
+
+    > .github/workflows/build_wheels.yml
+
+    ```yaml
+    name: Build
+
+    on: [push, pull_request]
+
+    jobs:
+      build_wheels:
+        name: Build wheels on ${{ matrix.os }}
+        runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+        strategy:
+          matrix:
+            os: [ubuntu-20.04, windows-2019, macos-10.15]
+
+        steps:
+          - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+
+          - name: Build wheels
+            run: pipx run cibuildwheel==2.4.0
+
+          - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+            with:
+              path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl
+    ```
+
+!!! tab "Generic"
+    This is the most generic form using setup-python and pip; it looks the most
+    like the other CI examples. If you want to avoid having setup that takes
+    advantage of GitHub Actions features or pipx being preinstalled, this might
+    appeal to you.
+
+    > .github/workflows/build_wheels.yml
+
+    ```yaml
+    name: Build
+
+    on: [push, pull_request]
+
+    jobs:
+      build_wheels:
+        name: Build wheels on ${{ matrix.os }}
+        runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+        strategy:
+          matrix:
+            os: [ubuntu-20.04, windows-2019, macos-10.15]
+
+        steps:
+          - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+
+          # Used to host cibuildwheel
+          - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+
+          - name: Install cibuildwheel
+            run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.4.0
+
+          - name: Build wheels
+            run: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
+
+          - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+            with:
+              path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl
+    ```
 
-> build.yml
-```yaml
-{% include "../examples/github-minimal.yml" %}
-```
 
 Commit this file, and push to GitHub - either to your default branch, or to a PR branch. The build should start automatically.
 
 For more info on this file, check out the [docs](https://help.github.com/en/actions/reference/workflow-syntax-for-github-actions).
 
-[`examples/github-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/blob/master/examples/github-deploy.yml) extends this minimal example with a demonstration of how to automatically upload the built wheels to PyPI.
+[`examples/github-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/examples/github-deploy.yml) extends this minimal example with a demonstration of how to automatically upload the built wheels to PyPI.
 
-You can also use cibuildwheel directly as an action with `uses: joerick/cibuildwheel@v1.9.0`; this combines the download and run steps into a single action, and command line arguments are available via `with:`. This makes it easy to manage cibuildwheel updates via normal actions update mechanisms like dependabot, see [Automatic updates](faq.md#automatic-updates).
 
-# Azure Pipelines [linux/mac/windows] {: #azure-pipelines}
+## Azure Pipelines [linux/mac/windows] {: #azure-pipelines}
 
 To build Linux, Mac, and Windows wheels on Azure Pipelines, create a `azure-pipelines.yml` file in your repo.
 
 > azure-pipelines.yml
+
 ```yaml
 {% include "../examples/azure-pipelines-minimal.yml" %}
 ```
 
-!!! note
-    To support Python 3.5 on Windows, make sure to specify the use of `{vmImage: 'vs2017-win2016'}` on Windows, to ensure the required toolchain is available.
-
 Commit this file, enable building of your repo on Azure Pipelines, and push.
 
 Wheels will be stored for you and available through the Pipelines interface. For more info on this file, check out the [docs](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/devops/pipelines/yaml-schema).
 
-# Travis CI [linux/mac/windows] {: #travis-ci}
+## Travis CI [linux/windows] {: #travis-ci}
 
-To build Linux, Mac, and Windows wheels on Travis CI, create a `.travis.yml` file in your repo.
+To build Linux and Windows wheels on Travis CI, create a `.travis.yml` file in your repo.
 
 > .travis.yml
+
 ```yaml
 {% include "../examples/travis-ci-minimal.yml" %}
 ```
 
-Note that building Windows Python 2.7 wheels on Travis is unsupported unless using a newer compiler [via a workaround](cpp_standards.md).
-
 Commit this file, enable building of your repo on Travis CI, and push.
 
 Then setup a deployment method by following the [Travis CI deployment docs](https://docs.travis-ci.com/user/deployment/), or see [Delivering to PyPI](deliver-to-pypi.md). For more info on `.travis.yml`, check out the [docs](https://docs.travis-ci.com/).
 
-[`examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/blob/master/examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml) extends this minimal example with a demonstration of how to automatically upload the built wheels to PyPI.
+[`examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml) extends this minimal example with a demonstration of how to automatically upload the built wheels to PyPI.
 
-# CircleCI [linux/mac] {: #circleci}
-
-To build Linux and Mac wheels on CircleCI, create a `.circleci/config.yml` file in your repo,
-
-> .circleci/config.yml
-```yaml
-{% include "../examples/circleci-minimal.yml" %}
-```
-
-Commit this file, enable building of your repo on CircleCI, and push.
-
-!!! note
-    CircleCI doesn't enable free macOS containers for open source by default, but you can ask for access. See [here](https://circleci.com/docs/2.0/oss/#overview) for more information.
-
-CircleCI will store the built wheels for you - you can access them from the project console. Check out the CircleCI [docs](https://circleci.com/docs/2.0/configuration-reference/#section=configuration) for more info on this config file.
-
-# Gitlab CI [linux] {: #gitlab-ci}
-
-To build Linux wheels on Gitlab CI, create a `.gitlab-ci.yml` file in your repo,
-
-> .gitlab-ci.yml
-```yaml
-{% include "../examples/gitlab-minimal.yml" %}
-```
-
-Commit this file, and push to Gitlab. The pipeline should start automatically.
-
-Gitlab will store the built wheels for you - you can access them from the Pipelines view. Check out the Gitlab [docs](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/yaml/) for more info on this config file.
-
-# AppVeyor [linux/mac/windows] {: #appveyor}
+## AppVeyor [linux/mac/windows] {: #appveyor}
 
 To build Linux, Mac, and Windows wheels on AppVeyor, create an `appveyor.yml` file in your repo.
 
@@ -97,11 +282,46 @@ AppVeyor will store the built wheels for you - you can access them from the proj
 
 For more info on this config file, check out the [docs](https://www.appveyor.com/docs/).
 
+## CircleCI [linux/mac] {: #circleci}
+
+To build Linux and Mac wheels on CircleCI, create a `.circleci/config.yml` file in your repo,
+
+> .circleci/config.yml
+
+```yaml
+{% include "../examples/circleci-minimal.yml" %}
+```
+
+Commit this file, enable building of your repo on CircleCI, and push.
+
+!!! note
+    CircleCI doesn't enable free macOS containers for open source by default, but you can ask for access. See [here](https://circleci.com/docs/2.0/oss/#overview) for more information.
+
+CircleCI will store the built wheels for you - you can access them from the project console. Check out the CircleCI [docs](https://circleci.com/docs/2.0/configuration-reference/#section=configuration) for more info on this config file.
+
+## Gitlab CI [linux] {: #gitlab-ci}
+
+To build Linux wheels on Gitlab CI, create a `.gitlab-ci.yml` file in your repo,
+
+> .gitlab-ci.yml
+
+```yaml
+{% include "../examples/gitlab-minimal.yml" %}
+```
+
+Commit this file, and push to Gitlab. The pipeline should start automatically.
+
+Gitlab will store the built wheels for you - you can access them from the Pipelines view. Check out the Gitlab [docs](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/yaml/) for more info on this config file.
+
 > ⚠️ Got an error? Check the [FAQ](faq.md).
 
+# Next steps
+
+Once you've got the wheel building successfully, you might want to set up [testing](options.md#test-command) or [automatic releases to PyPI](deliver-to-pypi.md#automatic-method).
+
 <script>
   document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {
-    $('.toctree-l2 a, .rst-content h1').each(function(i, el) {
+    $('a.toctree-l3, .rst-content h2').each(function(i, el) {
       var text = $(el).text()
       var match = text.match(/(.*) \[([a-z/]+)\]/);
 

docs/working-examples.md

@@ -2,11 +2,291 @@
 title: Working examples
 ---
 
-{%
-   include-markdown "../README.md"
-   start="<!--working-examples-start-->"
-   end="<!--working-examples-end-->"
-%}
+<!-- START bin/projects.py -->
+
+<!-- this section is generated by bin/projects.py. Don't edit it directly, instead, edit docs/data/projects.yml -->
+
+| Name                              | CI | OS | Notes |
+|-----------------------------------|----|----|:------|
+| [scikit-learn][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The machine learning library. A complex but clean config using many of cibuildwheel's features to build a large project with Cython and C++ extensions.  |
+| [Tornado][]                       | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library, originally developed at FriendFeed. |
+| [pytorch-fairseq][]               | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence Toolkit written in Python. |
+| [Matplotlib][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The venerable Matplotlib, a Python library with C++ portions |
+| [MyPy][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | MyPyC, the compiled component of MyPy. |
+| [pydantic][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Data parsing and validation using Python type hints |
+| [uvloop][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Ultra fast asyncio event loop. |
+| [psutil][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Cross-platform lib for process and system monitoring in Python |
+| [vaex][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Out-of-Core hybrid Apache Arrow/NumPy DataFrame for Python, ML, visualization and exploration of big tabular data at a billion rows per second 🚀 |
+| [Google Benchmark][]              | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A microbenchmark support library |
+| [Apache Beam][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Apache Beam is a unified programming model for Batch and Streaming |
+| [asyncpg][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A fast PostgreSQL Database Client Library for Python/asyncio. |
+| [scikit-image][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Image processing library. Uses cibuildwheel to build and test a project that uses Cython with platform-native code.  |
+| [cmake][]                         | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Multitagged binary builds for all supported platforms, using cibw 2 config configuration. |
+| [duckdb][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | DuckDB is an in-process SQL OLAP Database Management System |
+| [twisted-iocpsupport][]           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] | A submodule of Twisted that hooks into native C APIs using Cython. |
+| [websockets][]                    | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Library for building WebSocket servers and clients. Mostly written in Python, with a small C 'speedups' extension module.  |
+| [cvxpy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A Python-embedded modeling language for convex optimization problems. |
+| [PyOxidizer][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A modern Python application packaging and distribution tool |
+| [Triton][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] | Self hosted runners |
+| [River][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | 🌊 Online machine learning in Python |
+| [OpenSpiel][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | OpenSpiel is a collection of environments and algorithms for research in general reinforcement learning and search/planning in games. |
+| [pyzmq][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for zeromq, the networking library. Uses Cython and CFFI.  |
+| [aiortc][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | WebRTC and ORTC implementation for Python using asyncio. |
+| [vispy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Main repository for Vispy |
+| [Confluent client for Kafka][]    | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | setup in `tools/wheels/build-wheels.bat` |
+| [tinyobjloader][]                 | ![azurepipelines icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tiny but powerful single file wavefront obj loader |
+| [Dependency Injector][]           | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Dependency injection framework for Python, uses Windows TravisCI |
+| [coverage.py][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The coverage tool for Python |
+| [PyCryptodome][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A self-contained cryptographic library for Python |
+| [PyYAML][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] | Canonical source repository for PyYAML |
+| [numexpr][]                       | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast numerical array expression evaluator for Python, NumPy, PyTables, pandas, bcolz and more |
+| [h5py][]                          | ![azurepipelines icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | HDF5 for Python -- The h5py package is a Pythonic interface to the HDF5 binary data format. |
+| [PyAV][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Pythonic bindings for FFmpeg's libraries. |
+| [OpenColorIO][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | A color management framework for visual effects and animation. |
+| [Line Profiler][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Line-by-line profiling for Python |
+| [PyTables][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python package to manage extremely large amounts of data |
+| [OpenTimelineIO][]                | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Open Source API and interchange format for editorial timeline information. |
+| [pikepdf][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python library for reading and writing PDF, powered by qpdf |
+| [ruptures][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Extensive Cython + NumPy [pyproject.toml](https://github.com/deepcharles/ruptures/blob/master/pyproject.toml) example. |
+| [aioquic][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | QUIC and HTTP/3 implementation in Python |
+| [DeepForest][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | An Efficient, Scalable and Optimized Python Framework for Deep Forest (2021.2.1) |
+| [google neuroglancer][]           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | WebGL-based viewer for volumetric data |
+| [Psycopg 3][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A modern implementation of a PostgreSQL adapter for Python |
+| [Parselmouth][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python interface to the Praat software package, using pybind11, C++17 and CMake, with the core Praat static library built only once and shared between wheels. |
+| [AutoPy][]                        | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes a Windows Travis build. |
+| [H3-py][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python bindings for H3, a hierarchical hexagonal geospatial indexing system |
+| [markupsafe][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Safely add untrusted strings to HTML/XML markup. |
+| [Rtree][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Rtree: spatial index for Python GIS ¶ |
+| [python-rapidjson][]              | ![travisci icon][] ![gitlab icon][] ![appveyor icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python wrapper around rapidjson |
+| [python-snappy][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python bindings for the snappy google library |
+| [pybind11 cmake_example][]        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Example pybind11 module built with a CMake-based build system |
+| [KDEpy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Kernel Density Estimation in Python |
+| [tgcalls][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python `pybind11` binding to Telegram's WebRTC library with third party dependencies like `OpenSSL`, `MozJPEG`, `FFmpeg`, etc. |
+| [pybind11 python_example][]       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Example pybind11 module built with a Python-based build system |
+| [dd-trace-py][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Uses custom alternate arch emulation on GitHub |
+| [cyvcf2][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | cython + htslib == fast VCF and BCF processing |
+| [sourmash][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Quickly search, compare, and analyze genomic and metagenomic data sets. |
+| [time-machine][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Time mocking library using only the CPython C API. |
+| [abess][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A fast best-subset selection library. It uses cibuildwheel to build a large project with C++ extensions. |
+| [CTranslate2][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes libraries from the [Intel oneAPI toolkit](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/tools/oneapi/base-toolkit.html) and CUDA kernels compiled for multiple GPU architectures. |
+| [matrixprofile][]                 | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python 3 library making time series data mining tasks, utilizing matrix profile algorithms, accessible to everyone. |
+| [jq.py][]                         | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for jq |
+| [iminuit][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Jupyter-friendly Python interface for C++ MINUIT2 |
+| [Tokenizer][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast and customizable text tokenization library with BPE and SentencePiece support |
+| [PyGLM][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Fast OpenGL Mathematics (GLM) for Python |
+| [bx-python][]                     | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A library that includes Cython extensions. |
+| [boost-histogram][]               | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Supports full range of wheels, including PyPy and alternate archs. |
+| [iDynTree][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] | Uses manylinux_2_24 |
+| [TgCrypto][]                      | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes a Windows Travis build. |
+| [pybase64][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast Base64 encoding/decoding in Python |
+| [Arbor][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Arbor is a multi-compartment neuron simulation library; compatible with next-generation accelerators; best-practices applied to research software; focused on community-driven development. Includes a [small script](https://github.com/arbor-sim/arbor/blob/master/scripts/patchwheel.py) patching `rpath` in bundled libraries.  |
+| [etebase-py][]                    | ![travisci icon][] | ![linux icon][] | Python bindings to a Rust library using `setuptools-rust`, and `sccache` for improved speed. |
+| [fathon][]                        | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | python package for DFA (Detrended Fluctuation Analysis) and related algorithms |
+| [Imagecodecs (fork)][]            | ![azurepipelines icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Over 20 external dependencies in compiled libraries, custom docker image, `libomp`, `openblas` and `install_name_tool` for macOS. |
+| [polaroid][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Full range of wheels for setuptools rust, with auto release and PyPI deploy. |
+| [numpythia][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The interface between PYTHIA and NumPy |
+| [pyjet][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The interface between FastJet and NumPy |
+| [clang-format][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Scikit-build wrapper around LLVM's CMake, all platforms, generic wheels. |
+| [ninja][]                         | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Multitagged binary builds for all supported platforms, using cibw 2 config configuration. |
+| [pybind11 scikit_build_example][] | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | An example combining scikit-build and pybind11 |
+| [GSD][]                           | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Cython and NumPy project with 64-bit wheels. |
+| [pillow-heif][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python CFFI binding to libheif library with third party dependencies like `libde265`, `x265`, `libaom` with test & publishing on PyPi. |
+| [pyinstrument_cext][]             | ![travisci icon][] ![appveyor icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A simple C extension, without external dependencies |
+| [xmlstarlet][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python 3.6+ CFFI bindings with true MSVC build. |
+| [CorrectionLib][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Structured JSON powered correction library for HEP, designed for the CMS experiment at CERN. |
+| [SiPM][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | High performance library for SiPM detectors simulation using C++17, OpenMP and AVX2 intrinsics. |
+
+[scikit-learn]: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn
+[Tornado]: https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado
+[pytorch-fairseq]: https://github.com/pytorch/fairseq
+[Matplotlib]: https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib
+[MyPy]: https://github.com/mypyc/mypy_mypyc-wheels
+[pydantic]: https://github.com/samuelcolvin/pydantic
+[uvloop]: https://github.com/MagicStack/uvloop
+[psutil]: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil
+[vaex]: https://github.com/vaexio/vaex
+[Google Benchmark]: https://github.com/google/benchmark
+[Apache Beam]: https://github.com/apache/beam
+[asyncpg]: https://github.com/MagicStack/asyncpg
+[scikit-image]: https://github.com/scikit-image/scikit-image
+[cmake]: https://github.com/scikit-build/cmake-python-distributions
+[duckdb]: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb
+[twisted-iocpsupport]: https://github.com/twisted/twisted-iocpsupport
+[websockets]: https://github.com/aaugustin/websockets
+[cvxpy]: https://github.com/cvxpy/cvxpy
+[PyOxidizer]: https://github.com/indygreg/PyOxidizer
+[Triton]: https://github.com/openai/triton
+[River]: https://github.com/online-ml/river
+[OpenSpiel]: https://github.com/deepmind/open_spiel
+[pyzmq]: https://github.com/zeromq/pyzmq
+[aiortc]: https://github.com/aiortc/aiortc
+[vispy]: https://github.com/vispy/vispy
+[Confluent client for Kafka]: https://github.com/confluentinc/confluent-kafka-python
+[tinyobjloader]: https://github.com/tinyobjloader/tinyobjloader
+[Dependency Injector]: https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector
+[coverage.py]: https://github.com/nedbat/coveragepy
+[PyCryptodome]: https://github.com/Legrandin/pycryptodome
+[PyYAML]: https://github.com/yaml/pyyaml
+[numexpr]: https://github.com/pydata/numexpr
+[h5py]: https://github.com/h5py/h5py
+[PyAV]: https://github.com/PyAV-Org/PyAV
+[OpenColorIO]: https://github.com/AcademySoftwareFoundation/OpenColorIO
+[Line Profiler]: https://github.com/pyutils/line_profiler
+[PyTables]: https://github.com/PyTables/PyTables
+[OpenTimelineIO]: https://github.com/PixarAnimationStudios/OpenTimelineIO
+[pikepdf]: https://github.com/pikepdf/pikepdf
+[ruptures]: https://github.com/deepcharles/ruptures
+[aioquic]: https://github.com/aiortc/aioquic
+[DeepForest]: https://github.com/LAMDA-NJU/Deep-Forest
+[google neuroglancer]: https://github.com/google/neuroglancer
+[Psycopg 3]: https://github.com/psycopg/psycopg
+[Parselmouth]: https://github.com/YannickJadoul/Parselmouth
+[AutoPy]: https://github.com/autopilot-rs/autopy
+[H3-py]: https://github.com/uber/h3-py
+[markupsafe]: https://github.com/pallets/markupsafe
+[Rtree]: https://github.com/Toblerity/rtree
+[python-rapidjson]: https://github.com/python-rapidjson/python-rapidjson
+[python-snappy]: https://github.com/andrix/python-snappy
+[pybind11 cmake_example]: https://github.com/pybind/cmake_example
+[KDEpy]: https://github.com/tommyod/KDEpy
+[tgcalls]: https://github.com/MarshalX/tgcalls
+[pybind11 python_example]: https://github.com/pybind/python_example
+[dd-trace-py]: https://github.com/DataDog/dd-trace-py
+[cyvcf2]: https://github.com/brentp/cyvcf2
+[sourmash]: https://github.com/dib-lab/sourmash
+[time-machine]: https://github.com/adamchainz/time-machine
+[abess]: https://github.com/abess-team/abess
+[CTranslate2]: https://github.com/OpenNMT/CTranslate2
+[matrixprofile]: https://github.com/matrix-profile-foundation/matrixprofile
+[jq.py]: https://github.com/mwilliamson/jq.py
+[iminuit]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/iminuit
+[Tokenizer]: https://github.com/OpenNMT/Tokenizer
+[PyGLM]: https://github.com/Zuzu-Typ/PyGLM
+[bx-python]: https://github.com/bxlab/bx-python
+[boost-histogram]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/boost-histogram
+[iDynTree]: https://github.com/robotology/idyntree
+[TgCrypto]: https://github.com/pyrogram/tgcrypto
+[pybase64]: https://github.com/mayeut/pybase64
+[Arbor]: https://github.com/arbor-sim/arbor
+[etebase-py]: https://github.com/etesync/etebase-py
+[fathon]: https://github.com/stfbnc/fathon
+[Imagecodecs (fork)]: https://github.com/czaki/imagecodecs_build
+[polaroid]: https://github.com/daggy1234/polaroid
+[numpythia]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/numpythia
+[pyjet]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/pyjet
+[clang-format]: https://github.com/ssciwr/clang-format-wheel
+[ninja]: https://github.com/scikit-build/ninja-python-distributions
+[pybind11 scikit_build_example]: https://github.com/pybind/scikit_build_example
+[GSD]: https://github.com/glotzerlab/gsd
+[pillow-heif]: https://github.com/bigcat88/pillow_heif
+[pyinstrument_cext]: https://github.com/joerick/pyinstrument_cext
+[xmlstarlet]: https://github.com/dimitern/xmlstarlet
+[CorrectionLib]: https://github.com/cms-nanoAOD/correctionlib
+[SiPM]: https://github.com/EdoPro98/SimSiPM
+
+[appveyor icon]: data/readme_icons/appveyor.svg
+[github icon]: data/readme_icons/github.svg
+[azurepipelines icon]: data/readme_icons/azurepipelines.svg
+[circleci icon]: data/readme_icons/circleci.svg
+[gitlab icon]: data/readme_icons/gitlab.svg
+[travisci icon]: data/readme_icons/travisci.svg
+[windows icon]: data/readme_icons/windows.svg
+[apple icon]: data/readme_icons/apple.svg
+[linux icon]: data/readme_icons/linux.svg
+
+<!-- scikit-learn: 49555, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- Tornado: 20477, last pushed 1 days ago -->
+<!-- pytorch-fairseq: 16526, last pushed 2 days ago -->
+<!-- Matplotlib: 15257, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- MyPy: 12783, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- pydantic: 9538, last pushed 3 days ago -->
+<!-- uvloop: 8496, last pushed 85 days ago -->
+<!-- psutil: 8240, last pushed 3 days ago -->
+<!-- vaex: 6968, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- Google Benchmark: 6312, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- Apache Beam: 5409, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- asyncpg: 5394, last pushed 4 days ago -->
+<!-- scikit-image: 4842, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- cmake: 4616, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- duckdb: 4607, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- twisted-iocpsupport: 4550, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- websockets: 3862, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- cvxpy: 3840, last pushed 5 days ago -->
+<!-- PyOxidizer: 3571, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- Triton: 3552, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- River: 3261, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- OpenSpiel: 3129, last pushed 3 days ago -->
+<!-- pyzmq: 3057, last pushed 3 days ago -->
+<!-- aiortc: 2857, last pushed 2 days ago -->
+<!-- vispy: 2836, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- Confluent client for Kafka: 2699, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- tinyobjloader: 2460, last pushed 95 days ago -->
+<!-- Dependency Injector: 1986, last pushed 2 days ago -->
+<!-- coverage.py: 1972, last pushed 3 days ago -->
+<!-- PyCryptodome: 1961, last pushed 2 days ago -->
+<!-- PyYAML: 1785, last pushed 9 days ago -->
+<!-- numexpr: 1741, last pushed 2 days ago -->
+<!-- h5py: 1703, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- PyAV: 1503, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- OpenColorIO: 1275, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- Line Profiler: 1140, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- PyTables: 1113, last pushed 6 days ago -->
+<!-- OpenTimelineIO: 1023, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- pikepdf: 982, last pushed 2 days ago -->
+<!-- ruptures: 930, last pushed 3 days ago -->
+<!-- aioquic: 893, last pushed 2 days ago -->
+<!-- DeepForest: 737, last pushed 252 days ago -->
+<!-- google neuroglancer: 725, last pushed 3 days ago -->
+<!-- Psycopg 3: 638, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- Parselmouth: 634, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- AutoPy: 629, last pushed 97 days ago -->
+<!-- H3-py: 498, last pushed 2 days ago -->
+<!-- markupsafe: 459, last pushed 17 days ago -->
+<!-- Rtree: 456, last pushed 1 days ago -->
+<!-- python-rapidjson: 447, last pushed 23 days ago -->
+<!-- python-snappy: 426, last pushed 15 days ago -->
+<!-- pybind11 cmake_example: 380, last pushed 2 days ago -->
+<!-- KDEpy: 356, last pushed 50 days ago -->
+<!-- tgcalls: 346, last pushed 83 days ago -->
+<!-- pybind11 python_example: 312, last pushed 81 days ago -->
+<!-- dd-trace-py: 300, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- cyvcf2: 294, last pushed 17 days ago -->
+<!-- sourmash: 281, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- time-machine: 274, last pushed 3 days ago -->
+<!-- abess: 258, last pushed 6 days ago -->
+<!-- CTranslate2: 254, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- matrixprofile: 250, last pushed 279 days ago -->
+<!-- jq.py: 206, last pushed 54 days ago -->
+<!-- iminuit: 197, last pushed 2 days ago -->
+<!-- Tokenizer: 169, last pushed 25 days ago -->
+<!-- PyGLM: 133, last pushed 3 days ago -->
+<!-- bx-python: 113, last pushed 86 days ago -->
+<!-- boost-histogram: 107, last pushed 1 days ago -->
+<!-- iDynTree: 98, last pushed 4 days ago -->
+<!-- TgCrypto: 94, last pushed 28 days ago -->
+<!-- pybase64: 82, last pushed 2 days ago -->
+<!-- Arbor: 70, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- etebase-py: 56, last pushed 95 days ago -->
+<!-- fathon: 43, last pushed 134 days ago -->
+<!-- Imagecodecs (fork): 41, last pushed 32 days ago -->
+<!-- polaroid: 35, last pushed 110 days ago -->
+<!-- numpythia: 33, last pushed 34 days ago -->
+<!-- pyjet: 32, last pushed 34 days ago -->
+<!-- clang-format: 32, last pushed 38 days ago -->
+<!-- ninja: 23, last pushed 10 days ago -->
+<!-- pybind11 scikit_build_example: 21, last pushed 51 days ago -->
+<!-- GSD: 19, last pushed 87 days ago -->
+<!-- pillow-heif: 16, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- pyinstrument_cext: 10, last pushed 175 days ago -->
+<!-- xmlstarlet: 8, last pushed 11 days ago -->
+<!-- CorrectionLib: 8, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- SiPM: 5, last pushed 1 days ago -->
+
+<!-- END bin/projects.py -->
+
+> Add your repo here! Let us know on [GitHub Discussions](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/discussions/485), or send a PR, adding your information to `docs/data/projects.yml`.
+>
+> <sup>I'd like to include notes here to indicate why an example might be interesting to cibuildwheel users - the styles/technologies/techniques used in each. Please include that in future additions!</sup>
 
 <style>
 .wy-nav-content {

examples/appveyor-minimal.yml

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ stack: python 3.7
 init:
 - cmd: set PATH=C:\Python37;C:\Python37\Scripts;%PATH%
 
-install: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.9.0
+install: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.4.0
 
 build_script: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
 

examples/azure-pipelines-minimal.yml

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ jobs:
     - bash: |
         set -o errexit
         python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        pip3 install cibuildwheel==1.9.0
+        pip3 install cibuildwheel==2.4.0
       displayName: Install dependencies
     - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
       displayName: Build wheels
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
     - bash: |
         set -o errexit
         python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.9.0
+        python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.4.0
       displayName: Install dependencies
     - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
       displayName: Build wheels
@@ -28,15 +28,13 @@ jobs:
       inputs: {pathtoPublish: wheelhouse}
 
 - job: windows
-  pool: {vmImage: 'vs2017-win2016'}
+  pool: {vmImage: 'windows-2019'}
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
-    - script: choco install vcpython27 -f -y
-      displayName: Install Visual C++ for Python 2.7
     - bash: |
         set -o errexit
         python -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        pip install cibuildwheel==1.9.0
+        pip install cibuildwheel==2.4.0
       displayName: Install dependencies
     - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
       displayName: Build wheels

examples/circleci-minimal.yml

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ jobs:
       - run:
           name: Build the Linux wheels.
           command: |
-            pip3 install --user cibuildwheel==1.9.0
+            pip3 install --user cibuildwheel==2.4.0
             cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       - store_artifacts:
           path: wheelhouse/
@@ -19,13 +19,13 @@ jobs:
   osx-wheels:
     working_directory: ~/osx-wheels
     macos:
-      xcode: 10.0.0
+      xcode: 12.5.1
     steps:
       - checkout
       - run:
           name: Build the OS X wheels.
           command: |
-            pip3 install cibuildwheel==1.9.0
+            pip3 install cibuildwheel==2.4.0
             cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       - store_artifacts:
           path: wheelhouse/

examples/github-apple-silicon.yml

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v2
 
       - name: Build wheels
-        uses: joerick/cibuildwheel@v1.9.0
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.4.0
         env:
           CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS: x86_64 universal2
 

examples/github-deploy.yml

@@ -21,17 +21,8 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v2
 
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
-        name: Install Python
-        with:
-          python-version: '3.8'
-
-      - name: Install Visual C++ for Python 2.7
-        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
-        run: choco install vcpython27 -f -y
-
       - name: Build wheels
-        uses: joerick/cibuildwheel@v1.9.0
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.4.0
 
       - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
         with:
@@ -43,13 +34,8 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v2
 
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
-        name: Install Python
-        with:
-          python-version: '3.8'
-
       - name: Build sdist
-        run: python setup.py sdist
+        run: pipx run build --sdist
 
       - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
         with:
@@ -59,7 +45,7 @@ jobs:
     needs: [build_wheels, build_sdist]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     # upload to PyPI on every tag starting with 'v'
-    if: github.event_name == 'push' && startsWith(github.event.ref, 'refs/tags/v')
+    if: github.event_name == 'push' && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v')
     # alternatively, to publish when a GitHub Release is created, use the following rule:
     # if: github.event_name == 'release' && github.event.action == 'published'
     steps:
@@ -68,7 +54,7 @@ jobs:
           name: artifact
           path: dist
 
-      - uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@master
+      - uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@v1.4.2
         with:
           user: __token__
           password: ${{ secrets.pypi_password }}

examples/github-minimal.yml

@@ -13,12 +13,8 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v2
 
-      - name: Install Visual C++ for Python 2.7
-        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
-        run: choco install vcpython27 -f -y
-
       - name: Build wheels
-        uses: joerick/cibuildwheel@v1.9.0
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.4.0
         # to supply options, put them in 'env', like:
         # env:
         #   CIBW_SOME_OPTION: value

examples/github-with-qemu.yml

@@ -18,10 +18,6 @@ jobs:
         with:
           python-version: '3.7'
 
-      - name: Install Visual C++ for Python 2.7
-        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
-        run: choco install vcpython27 -f -y
-
       - name: Set up QEMU
         if: runner.os == 'Linux'
         uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v1
@@ -29,7 +25,7 @@ jobs:
           platforms: all
 
       - name: Build wheels
-        uses: joerick/cibuildwheel@v1.9.0
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.4.0
         env:
           # configure cibuildwheel to build native archs ('auto'), and some
           # emulated ones

examples/gitlab-minimal.yml

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ linux:
     DOCKER_TLS_CERTDIR: ""
   script:
     - curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh
-    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel
+    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.4.0
     - cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
   artifacts:
     paths:

examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml

@@ -1,30 +1,29 @@
 # As written, this configuration will build your wheels on every
 # commit, but will only push to PyPI on tagged commits.
 
+os: linux
+dist: focal
 language: python
 
 jobs:
   include:
     # perform a linux build
     - services: docker
-    # and a mac build
-    - os: osx
-      language: shell
     # and a windows build
     - os: windows
       language: shell
       before_install:
-        - choco install python --version 3.8.6
+        - choco upgrade python -y --version 3.8.6
         - export PATH="/c/Python38:/c/Python38/Scripts:$PATH"
         # make sure it's on PATH as 'python3'
         - ln -s /c/Python38/python.exe /c/Python38/python3.exe
 
 install:
-  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.9.0
+  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.4.0
 
 script:
-  # build the wheels, put them into './wheelhouse'
-  - python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
+  # build the wheels, put them into './dist'
+  - python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir dist
 
 deploy:
   provider: pypi

examples/travis-ci-minimal.yml

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+os: linux
+dist: focal
 language: python
 
 jobs:
@@ -13,20 +15,17 @@ jobs:
     # perform a linux S390X build
     - services: docker
       arch: s390x
-    # and a mac build
-    - os: osx
-      language: shell
     # and a windows build
     - os: windows
       language: shell
       before_install:
-        - choco install python --version 3.8.6
+        - choco upgrade python -y --version 3.8.6
         - export PATH="/c/Python38:/c/Python38/Scripts:$PATH"
         # make sure it's on PATH as 'python3'
         - ln -s /c/Python38/python.exe /c/Python38/python3.exe
 
 install:
-  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.9.0
+  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.4.0
 
 script:
   # build the wheels, put them into './wheelhouse'

examples/travis-ci-test-and-deploy.yml

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 # In this configuration, the package is tested against multiple versions of python
 # on Linux and on one version of Python on Windows. If and only if all tests pass
 # will the wheels be built and deployed. Further, deployment is only initiated if
-# the current branch is "master", the current commit is tagged, and the current
+# the current branch is "main", the current commit is tagged, and the current
 # repo is yours (e.g. it won't run on a Pull Request). For convenience, a source
 # distribution is also created.
 
+os: linux
+dist: focal
 language: python
 python:
   - 3.6
@@ -14,7 +16,7 @@ python:
 before_install:
   - |
     if [[ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" = windows ]]; then
-        choco install python --version 3.8.6
+        choco upgrade python -y --version 3.8.6
         export PATH="/c/Python38:/c/Python38/Scripts:$PATH"
         # make sure it's on PATH as 'python3'
         ln -s /c/Python38/python.exe /c/Python38/python3.exe
@@ -24,7 +26,7 @@ install:
   - python3 -m pip install pytest
 
 script:
-  - python3 setup.py install
+  - python3 -m pip install .
   - pytest
 
 stages:
@@ -32,9 +34,9 @@ stages:
   # Only execute deployment stage on tagged commits, and from your repository
   # (e.g. not PRs). Replace with your repo name.
   - name: deploy
-    if: tag IS PRESENT AND repo = joerick/cibuildwheel
+    if: tag IS PRESENT AND repo = pypa/cibuildwheel
     # To only build tags that look like vX.Y.Z:
-    #   if: tag =~ ^v\d+\.\d+\.\d+$ AND repo = joerick/cibuildwheel
+    #   if: tag =~ ^v\d+\.\d+\.\d+$ AND repo = pypa/cibuildwheel
 
 jobs:
   include:
@@ -46,40 +48,24 @@ jobs:
     # Deploy source distribution
     - stage: deploy
       name: Deploy source distribution
-      install: skip
-      script: python3 setup.py sdist --formats=gztar
-      after_success: |
-        python3 -m pip install twine
-        python3 -m twine upload --skip-existing dist/*.tar.gz
+      install: python3 -m pip install build twine
+      script: python3 -m build --sdist --formats=gztar
+      after_success: python3 -m twine upload --skip-existing dist/*.tar.gz
     # Deploy on linux
     - stage: deploy
       name: Build and deploy Linux wheels
       services: docker
-      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.9.0
+      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.4.0 twine
       script: python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
-      after_success: |
-        python3 -m pip install twine
-        python3 -m twine upload --skip-existing wheelhouse/*.whl
-    # Deploy on mac
-    - stage: deploy
-      name: Build and deploy macOS wheels
-      os: osx
-      language: shell
-      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.9.0
-      script: python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
-      after_success: |
-        python3 -m pip install twine
-        python3 -m twine upload --skip-existing wheelhouse/*.whl
+      after_success: python3 -m twine upload --skip-existing wheelhouse/*.whl
     # Deploy on windows
     - stage: deploy
       name: Build and deploy Windows wheels
       os: windows
       language: shell
-      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.9.0
+      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.4.0 twine
       script: python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
-      after_success: |
-        python3 -m pip install twine
-        python3 -m twine upload --skip-existing wheelhouse/*.whl
+      after_success: python3 -m twine upload --skip-existing wheelhouse/*.whl
 
 env:
   global:

mkdocs.yml

@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ theme:
   highlightjs: true
   hljs_languages:
       - yaml
-repo_url: https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel
+repo_url: https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel
+edit_uri: edit/main/docs/
 
 extra_css:
   - extra.css
@@ -25,13 +26,22 @@ nav:
   - changelog.md
 
 markdown_extensions:
-  - fenced_code
+  - md_in_html
   - toc:
       permalink: True
   - attr_list
   - admonition
   - pymdownx.magiclink:
       repo_url_shortener: True
+  - pymdownx.highlight:
+      # use highlightjs - it's built-in to the theme
+      use_pygments: False
+  - pymdownx.superfences
 
 plugins:
   - include-markdown
+  - search
+  - macros:
+      module_name: docs/main
+      j2_variable_start_string: «
+      j2_variable_end_string: »

noxfile.py

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+import os
+import shutil
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import nox
+
+nox.options.sessions = ["lint", "pylint", "check_manifest", "tests"]
+
+PYTHON_ALL_VERSIONS = ["3.6", "3.7", "3.8", "3.9", "3.10"]
+
+DIR = Path(__file__).parent.resolve()
+
+if os.environ.get("CI", None):
+    nox.options.error_on_missing_interpreters = True
+
+
+@nox.session
+def tests(session: nox.Session) -> None:
+    """
+    Run the unit and regular tests.
+    """
+    unit_test_args = ["--run-docker"] if sys.platform.startswith("linux") else []
+    session.install("-e", ".[test]")
+    if session.posargs:
+        session.run("pytest", *session.posargs)
+    else:
+        session.run("pytest", "unit_test", *unit_test_args)
+        session.run("pytest", "test", "-x", "--durations", "0", "--timeout=2400", "test")
+
+
+@nox.session
+def lint(session: nox.Session) -> None:
+    """
+    Run the linter.
+    """
+    session.install("pre-commit")
+    session.run("pre-commit", "run", "--all-files", *session.posargs)
+
+
+@nox.session
+def pylint(session: nox.Session) -> None:
+    """
+    Run pylint.
+    """
+
+    session.install("pylint", ".")
+    session.run("pylint", "cibuildwheel", *session.posargs)
+
+
+@nox.session
+def check_manifest(session: nox.Session) -> None:
+    """
+    Ensure all needed files are included in the manifest.
+    """
+
+    session.install("check-manifest")
+    session.run("check-manifest", *session.posargs)
+
+
+@nox.session(python=PYTHON_ALL_VERSIONS)
+def update_constraints(session: nox.Session) -> None:
+    """
+    Update the dependencies inplace.
+    """
+    session.install("requests", "pip-tools")
+    session.run("python", "bin/update_dependencies.py")
+
+
+@nox.session
+def update_pins(session: nox.Session) -> None:
+    """
+    Update the python, docker and virtualenv pins version inplace.
+    """
+    session.install("-e", ".[bin]")
+    session.run("python", "bin/update_pythons.py", "--force")
+    session.run("python", "bin/update_docker.py")
+    session.run("python", "bin/update_virtualenv.py", "--force")
+
+
+@nox.session
+def update_proj(session: nox.Session) -> None:
+    """
+    Update the README inplace.
+    """
+    session.install("-e", ".[bin]")
+    session.run(
+        "python",
+        "bin/projects.py",
+        "docs/data/projects.yml",
+        *session.posargs,
+    )
+
+
+@nox.session
+def docs(session: nox.Session) -> None:
+    """
+    Build the docs.
+    """
+    session.install("-e", ".[docs]")
+
+    if session.posargs:
+        if "serve" in session.posargs:
+            session.run("mkdocs", "serve")
+        else:
+            session.error("Unrecognized args, use 'serve'")
+    else:
+        session.run("mkdocs", "build")
+
+
+@nox.session
+def build(session: nox.Session) -> None:
+    """
+    Build an SDist and wheel.
+    """
+
+    build_p = DIR.joinpath("build")
+    if build_p.exists():
+        shutil.rmtree(build_p)
+
+    dist_p = DIR.joinpath("dist")
+    if dist_p.exists():
+        shutil.rmtree(dist_p)
+
+    session.install("build")
+    session.run("python", "-m", "build")

pyproject.toml

@@ -1,11 +1,122 @@
 [build-system]
 requires = [
     "setuptools>=42",
-    "wheel"
 ]
 
 build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
 
+
 [tool.black]
-line-length = 120
-target-version = ['py36']
+line-length = 100
+target-version = ['py36', 'py37', 'py38', 'py39', 'py310']
+
+
+[tool.isort]
+profile = "black"
+
+
+[tool.pytest.ini_options]
+minversion = "6.0"
+addopts = ["-ra", "--showlocals", "--strict-markers", "--strict-config"]
+junit_family = "xunit2"
+testpaths = [
+    "test",
+    "unit_test",
+]
+xfail_strict = true
+filterwarnings = ["error"]
+log_cli_level = "info"
+
+
+[tool.mypy]
+python_version = 3.7
+files = [
+    "cibuildwheel/*.py",
+    "test/**/*.py",
+    "unit_test/**/*.py",
+    "bin/*.py",
+    "noxfile.py",
+]
+warn_unused_configs = true
+show_error_codes = true
+
+warn_redundant_casts = true
+no_implicit_reexport = true
+strict_equality = true
+warn_unused_ignores = true
+check_untyped_defs = true
+
+disallow_subclassing_any = true
+disallow_any_generics = true
+warn_return_any = true
+no_implicit_optional = true
+
+enable_error_code = ["ignore-without-code", "redundant-expr", "truthy-bool"]
+warn_unreachable = true
+
+[[tool.mypy.overrides]]
+module = "cibuildwheel.*"
+disallow_untyped_defs = true
+disallow_untyped_calls = true
+disallow_incomplete_defs = true
+disallow_untyped_decorators = true
+
+[[tool.mypy.overrides]]
+module = [
+    "setuptools",
+    "pytest", # ignored in pre-commit to speed up check
+    "bashlex",
+    "importlib_resources",
+    "ghapi.*",
+]
+ignore_missing_imports = true
+
+
+[tool.check-manifest]
+ignore = [
+    ".*",
+    ".circleci/**",
+    "test/**",
+    "unit_test/**",
+    "docs/**",
+    "examples/**",
+    "bin/**",
+    "*.yml",
+    "CI.md",  # TODO: can change test/test_ssl and remove this
+    "requirements-dev.txt",
+    "noxfile.py",
+]
+
+[tool.pylint]
+master.py-version = "3.6"
+master.jobs = "0"
+master.fail-on = ["E", "F"]
+master.fail-under = "9.8"
+reports.output-format = "colorized"
+messages_control.enable = [
+  "useless-suppression",
+]
+messages_control.disable = [
+  "abstract-class-instantiated",  # filelock triggers this
+  "duplicate-code",
+  "fixme",
+  "invalid-name",
+  "line-too-long",
+  "missing-class-docstring",
+  "missing-function-docstring",
+  "missing-module-docstring",
+  "no-else-break",
+  "no-else-return",
+  "protected-access",
+  "too-few-public-methods",
+  "too-many-arguments",
+  "too-many-branches",
+  "too-many-instance-attributes",
+  "too-many-lines",
+  "too-many-locals",
+  "too-many-nested-blocks",
+  "too-many-return-statements",
+  "too-many-statements",
+  "unsubscriptable-object",
+  "wrong-import-position",
+]

setup.cfg

@@ -1,42 +1,48 @@
 [metadata]
-
 name = cibuildwheel
-version = 1.9.0
+version = 2.4.0
 description = Build Python wheels on CI with minimal configuration.
 long_description = file: README.md
 long_description_content_type = text/markdown
+url = https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel
 author = Joe Rickerby
 author_email = joerick@mac.com
-url = https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel
-license = BSD
+license = BSD-2-Clause
+license_file = LICENSE
 classifiers =
+    Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
     Intended Audience :: Developers
+    License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
     Natural Language :: English
     Programming Language :: Python :: 3
-    Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
-    License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
+    Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
+    Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6
+    Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7
+    Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
+    Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+    Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
     Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython
     Topic :: Software Development :: Build Tools
-project_urls =
-    Changelog=https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel#changelog
-    Documentation=https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/
 keywords = ci,wheel,packaging,pypi,travis,appveyor,macos,linux,windows
+project_urls =
+    Changelog=https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel#changelog
+    Documentation=https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/
 
 [options]
 packages = find:
-zip_safe = False
-include_package_data = True
-python_requires = >=3.6
 install_requires =
     bashlex!=0.13
-    toml
-    certifi
     bracex
+    certifi
+    filelock
     packaging
-    typing_extensions; python_version < '3.8'
-
-[options.package_data]
-cibuildwheel = resources/*
+    platformdirs
+    tomli
+    dataclasses;python_version < '3.7'
+    typing-extensions>=3.10.0.0;python_version < '3.8'
+python_requires = >=3.6
+include_package_data = True
+zip_safe = False
 
 [options.packages.find]
 include =
@@ -46,69 +52,20 @@ include =
 console_scripts =
     cibuildwheel = cibuildwheel.__main__:main
 
+[options.package_data]
+cibuildwheel = resources/*
 
 [flake8]
-ignore = E501,W503,E741,E226,B950
+ignore = E501,W503,E741,E226,B950,E203
 select = C,E,F,W,B,B9
 application-import-names = cibuildwheel
 exclude =
-  cibuildwheel/resources/,
-  dist/,
-  build/,
-  .git/,
-  env/,
-  env2/,
-  env??/,
-  .venv/,
-  site/
-
-[tool:pytest]
-junit_family=xunit2
-
-[mypy]
-python_version = 3.7
-files = cibuildwheel/*.py,test/**/*.py,unit_test/**/*.py,bin/*.py
-warn_unused_configs = True
-warn_redundant_casts = True
-
-[mypy-test.*,mypy-unit_test.*]
-check_untyped_defs = True
-
-[mypy-cibuildwheel.*]
-disallow_any_generics = True
-disallow_subclassing_any = True
-disallow_untyped_calls = True
-disallow_untyped_defs = True
-disallow_incomplete_defs = True
-check_untyped_defs = True
-disallow_untyped_decorators = True
-no_implicit_optional = True
-warn_unused_ignores = True
-warn_return_any = True
-no_implicit_reexport = True
-strict_equality = True
-
-[mypy-setuptools.*]
-ignore_missing_imports = True
-
-# Ignored for pre-commit to speed up check
-# Not ignored if manually running and pytest installed
-[mypy-pytest.*]
-ignore_missing_imports = True
-
-[mypy-bashlex.*]
-ignore_missing_imports = True
-
-# Has type stubs, but no pyproject.toml or .pyi files in the wheel.
-[mypy-toml.*]
-ignore_missing_imports = True
-
-[mypy-bracex.*]
-ignore_missing_imports = True
-
-[mypy-importlib_resources.*]
-ignore_missing_imports = True
-
-[tool:isort]
-profile=black
-multi_line_output=3
+    cibuildwheel/resources/,
+    dist/,
+    build/,
+    .git/,
+    env/,
+    env2/,
+    env??/,
+    .venv/,
+    site/

setup.py

@@ -2,30 +2,46 @@ from setuptools import setup
 
 extras = {
     "docs": [
-        "mkdocs-include-markdown-plugin==2.1.1",
+        "mkdocs-include-markdown-plugin==2.8.0",
         "mkdocs==1.0.4",
+        "jinja2==3.0.3",
         "pymdown-extensions",
+        "mkdocs-macros-plugin",
     ],
     "test": [
         "jinja2",
-        "pytest>=4",
+        "pytest>=6",
         "pytest-timeout",
+        "pytest-xdist",
     ],
-    "dev": [
+    "bin": [
         "click",
         "ghapi",
-        "mypy>=0.800",
-        "packaging>=20.8",
         "pip-tools",
         "pygithub",
         "pyyaml",
         "requests",
         "rich>=9.6",
-        "typing-extensions",
+        "packaging>=21.0",
+    ],
+    "mypy": [
+        "mypy>=0.901",
+        "types-jinja2",
+        "types-certifi",
+        "types-toml",
+        "types-jinja2",
+        "types-pyyaml",
+        "types-click",
+        "types-requests",
     ],
 }
 
+extras["dev"] = [
+    *extras["mypy"],
+    *extras["test"],
+    *extras["bin"],
+]
+
 extras["all"] = sum(extras.values(), [])
-extras["dev"] += extras["test"]
 
 setup(extras_require=extras)

test/conftest.py

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
+from typing import Dict
+
 import pytest
 
 
-def pytest_addoption(parser):
+def pytest_addoption(parser) -> None:
     parser.addoption(
         "--run-emulation", action="store_true", default=False, help="run emulation tests"
     )
@@ -11,7 +13,7 @@ def pytest_configure(config):
     config.addinivalue_line("markers", "emulation: mark test requiring qemu binfmt_misc to run")
 
 
-def pytest_collection_modifyitems(config, items):
+def pytest_collection_modifyitems(config, items) -> None:
     if config.getoption("--run-emulation"):
         # --run-emulation given in cli: do not skip emulation tests
         return
@@ -19,3 +21,10 @@ def pytest_collection_modifyitems(config, items):
     for item in items:
         if "emulation" in item.keywords:
             item.add_marker(skip_emulation)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(
+    params=[{"CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND": "pip"}, {"CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND": "build"}], ids=["pip", "build"]
+)
+def build_frontend_env(request) -> Dict[str, str]:
+    return request.param  # type: ignore[no-any-return]

test/test_0_basic.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import platform
 import textwrap
 
 import pytest
@@ -8,37 +7,39 @@ from cibuildwheel.logger import Logger
 from . import test_projects, utils
 
 basic_project = test_projects.new_c_project(
-    setup_py_add=textwrap.dedent('''
+    setup_py_add=textwrap.dedent(
+        """
         import os
 
         if os.environ.get("CIBUILDWHEEL", "0") != "1":
             raise Exception("CIBUILDWHEEL environment variable is not set to 1")
-    ''')
+        """
+    )
 )
 
 
-def test(tmp_path):
-    project_dir = tmp_path / 'project'
+def test(tmp_path, build_frontend_env):
+    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
     basic_project.generate(project_dir)
 
     # build the wheels
-    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir)
+    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir, add_env=build_frontend_env)
 
     # check that the expected wheels are produced
-    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels('spam', '0.1.0')
+    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0")
     assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.skip(reason='to keep test output clean')
+@pytest.mark.skip(reason="to keep test output clean")
 def test_sample_build(tmp_path, capfd):
-    project_dir = tmp_path / 'project'
+    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
     basic_project.generate(project_dir)
 
     # build the wheels, and let the output passthrough to the caller, so
     # we can see how it looks
     with capfd.disabled():
         logger = Logger()
-        logger.step('test_sample_build')
+        logger.step("test_sample_build")
         try:
             utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir)
         finally:
@@ -46,18 +47,15 @@ def test_sample_build(tmp_path, capfd):
 
 
 def test_build_identifiers(tmp_path):
-    project_dir = tmp_path / 'project'
+    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
     basic_project.generate(project_dir)
 
     # check that the number of expected wheels matches the number of build
     # identifiers
-    # after adding CIBW_MANYLINUX_IMAGE to support manylinux2010, there
-    # can be multiple wheels for each wheel, though, so we need to limit
-    # the expected wheels
-    if platform.machine() in ['x86_64', 'i686']:
-        expected_wheels = [w for w in utils.expected_wheels('spam', '0.1.0')
-                           if '-manylinux' not in w or '-manylinux1' in w]
-    else:
-        expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels('spam', '0.1.0')
-    build_identifiers = utils.cibuildwheel_get_build_identifiers(project_dir)
-    assert len(expected_wheels) == len(build_identifiers)
+    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0")
+    build_identifiers = utils.cibuildwheel_get_build_identifiers(
+        project_dir, prerelease_pythons=True
+    )
+    assert len(expected_wheels) == len(
+        build_identifiers
+    ), f"{expected_wheels} vs {build_identifiers}"

test/test_before_all.py

@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ import pytest
 from . import test_projects, utils
 
 project_with_before_build_asserts = test_projects.new_c_project(
-    setup_py_add=textwrap.dedent(r'''
+    setup_py_add=textwrap.dedent(
+        r"""
         # assert that the Python version as written to text_info.txt in the CIBW_BEFORE_ALL step
         # is the same one as is currently running.
         with open("text_info.txt") as f:
@@ -14,52 +15,62 @@ project_with_before_build_asserts = test_projects.new_c_project(
 
         print("## stored text: " + stored_text)
         assert stored_text == "sample text 123"
-    ''')
+        """
+    )
 )
 
 
 def test(tmp_path):
-    project_dir = tmp_path / 'project'
+    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
     project_with_before_build_asserts.generate(project_dir)
 
-    with (project_dir / 'text_info.txt').open(mode='w') as ff:
+    with (project_dir / "text_info.txt").open(mode="w") as ff:
         print("dummy text", file=ff)
 
     # build the wheels
     before_all_command = '''python -c "import os;open('{project}/text_info.txt', 'w').write('sample text '+os.environ.get('TEST_VAL', ''))"'''
-    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir, add_env={
-        # write python version information to a temporary file, this is
-        # checked in setup.py
-        'CIBW_BEFORE_ALL': before_all_command,
-        'CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_LINUX': before_all_command + ''' && python -c "import sys; assert sys.version_info >= (3, 6)"''',
-        'CIBW_ENVIRONMENT': "TEST_VAL='123'"
-    })
+    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(
+        project_dir,
+        add_env={
+            # write python version information to a temporary file, this is
+            # checked in setup.py
+            "CIBW_BEFORE_ALL": before_all_command,
+            "CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_LINUX": f'{before_all_command} && python -c "import sys; assert sys.version_info >= (3, 6)"',
+            "CIBW_ENVIRONMENT": "TEST_VAL='123'",
+        },
+    )
 
     # also check that we got the right wheels
-    (project_dir / 'text_info.txt').unlink()
-    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels('spam', '0.1.0')
+    (project_dir / "text_info.txt").unlink()
+    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0")
     assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)
 
 
 def test_failing_command(tmp_path):
-    project_dir = tmp_path / 'project'
+    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
     test_projects.new_c_project().generate(project_dir)
 
     with pytest.raises(subprocess.CalledProcessError):
-        utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir, add_env={
-            'CIBW_BEFORE_ALL': 'false',
-            'CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_WINDOWS': 'exit /b 1',
-        })
+        utils.cibuildwheel_run(
+            project_dir,
+            add_env={
+                "CIBW_BEFORE_ALL": "false",
+                "CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_WINDOWS": "exit /b 1",
+            },
+        )
 
 
 def test_cwd(tmp_path):
-    project_dir = tmp_path / 'project'
+    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
     test_projects.new_c_project().generate(project_dir)
 
-    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir, add_env={
-        'CIBW_BEFORE_ALL': f'''python -c "import os; assert os.getcwd() == {str(project_dir)!r}"''',
-        'CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_LINUX': '''python -c "import os; assert os.getcwd() == '/project'"''',
-    })
+    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(
+        project_dir,
+        add_env={
+            "CIBW_BEFORE_ALL": f'''python -c "import os; assert os.getcwd() == {str(project_dir)!r}"''',
+            "CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_LINUX": '''python -c "import os; assert os.getcwd() == '/project'"''',
+        },
+    )
 
-    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels('spam', '0.1.0')
+    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0")
     assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)

test/test_before_build.py

@@ -6,8 +6,9 @@ import pytest
 from . import test_projects, utils
 
 project_with_before_build_asserts = test_projects.new_c_project(
-    setup_py_add=textwrap.dedent(r'''
-        import sys, os
+    setup_py_add=textwrap.dedent(
+        r"""
+        import os
 
         # assert that the Python version as written to pythonversion.txt in the CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD step
         # is the same one as is currently running.
@@ -24,51 +25,68 @@ project_with_before_build_asserts = test_projects.new_c_project(
             stored_executable = f.read()
         print('stored_executable', stored_executable)
         print('sys.executable', sys.executable)
+
         # windows/mac are case insensitive
-        assert os.path.realpath(stored_executable).lower() == os.path.realpath(sys.executable).lower()
-    ''')
+        stored_path = os.path.realpath(stored_executable).lower()
+        current_path = os.path.realpath(sys.executable).lower()
+
+        # TODO: This is not valid in an virtual environment
+        assert stored_path == current_path, '{0} != {1}'.format(stored_path, current_path)
+        """
+    )
 )
 
 
 def test(tmp_path):
-    project_dir = tmp_path / 'project'
+    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
     project_with_before_build_asserts.generate(project_dir)
 
-    before_build = ('''python -c "import sys; open('{output_dir}pythonversion.txt', 'w').write(sys.version)" && '''
-                    '''python -c "import sys; open('{output_dir}pythonexecutable.txt', 'w').write(sys.executable)"''')
+    before_build = (
+        """python -c "import sys; open('{output_dir}pythonversion.txt', 'w').write(sys.version)" && """
+        '''python -c "import sys; open('{output_dir}pythonexecutable.txt', 'w').write(sys.executable)"'''
+    )
 
     # build the wheels
-    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir, add_env={
-        # write python version information to a temporary file, this is
-        # checked in setup.py
-        'CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD': before_build.format(output_dir='/tmp/'),
-        'CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_WINDOWS': before_build.format(output_dir=r'c:\\'),
-    })
+    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(
+        project_dir,
+        add_env={
+            # write python version information to a temporary file, this is
+            # checked in setup.py
+            "CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD": before_build.format(output_dir="/tmp/"),
+            "CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_WINDOWS": before_build.format(output_dir=r"c:\\"),
+        },
+    )
 
     # also check that we got the right wheels
-    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels('spam', '0.1.0')
+    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0")
     assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)
 
 
 def test_failing_command(tmp_path):
-    project_dir = tmp_path / 'project'
+    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
     test_projects.new_c_project().generate(project_dir)
 
     with pytest.raises(subprocess.CalledProcessError):
-        utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir, add_env={
-            'CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD': 'false',
-            'CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_WINDOWS': 'exit /b 1',
-        })
+        utils.cibuildwheel_run(
+            project_dir,
+            add_env={
+                "CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD": "false",
+                "CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_WINDOWS": "exit /b 1",
+            },
+        )
 
 
 def test_cwd(tmp_path):
-    project_dir = tmp_path / 'project'
+    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
     test_projects.new_c_project().generate(project_dir)
 
-    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir, add_env={
-        'CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD': f'''python -c "import os; assert os.getcwd() == {str(project_dir)!r}"''',
-        'CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_LINUX': '''python -c "import os; assert os.getcwd() == '/project'"''',
-    })
+    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(
+        project_dir,
+        add_env={
+            "CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD": f'''python -c "import os; assert os.getcwd() == {str(project_dir)!r}"''',
+            "CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_LINUX": '''python -c "import os; assert os.getcwd() == '/project'"''',
+        },
+    )
 
-    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels('spam', '0.1.0')
+    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0")
     assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)

test/test_before_test.py

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 from . import test_projects, utils
 
 before_test_project = test_projects.new_c_project()
-before_test_project.files['test/spam_test.py'] = r'''
+before_test_project.files[
+    "test/spam_test.py"
+] = r"""
 import sys
 import os
 from unittest import TestCase
@@ -30,28 +32,31 @@ class TestBeforeTest(TestCase):
         #  vssadm~1 instead of vssadministrator
 
         assert os.stat(stored_prefix) == os.stat(sys.prefix)
-'''
+"""
 
 
 def test(tmp_path):
-    project_dir = tmp_path / 'project'
+    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
     before_test_project.generate(project_dir)
-    test_project_dir = project_dir / 'dependency'
+    test_project_dir = project_dir / "dependency"
     test_projects.new_c_project().generate(test_project_dir)
 
     # build the wheels
-    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir, add_env={
-        # write python version information to a temporary file, this is
-        # checked in setup.py
-        'CIBW_BEFORE_TEST': '''python -c "import sys; open('/tmp/pythonversion.txt', 'w').write(sys.version)" && python -c "import sys; open('/tmp/pythonprefix.txt', 'w').write(sys.prefix)" && python -m pip install {project}/dependency''',
-        'CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_WINDOWS': '''python -c "import sys; open('c:\\pythonversion.txt', 'w').write(sys.version)" && python -c "import sys; open('c:\\pythonprefix.txt', 'w').write(sys.prefix)" && python -m pip install {project}/dependency''',
-        'CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES': 'nose',
-        # the 'false ||' bit is to ensure this command runs in a shell on
-        # mac/linux.
-        'CIBW_TEST_COMMAND': 'false || nosetests {project}/test',
-        'CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS': 'nosetests {project}/test',
-    })
+    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(
+        project_dir,
+        add_env={
+            # write python version information to a temporary file, this is
+            # checked in setup.py
+            "CIBW_BEFORE_TEST": """python -c "import sys; open('/tmp/pythonversion.txt', 'w').write(sys.version)" && python -c "import sys; open('/tmp/pythonprefix.txt', 'w').write(sys.prefix)" && python -m pip install {project}/dependency""",
+            "CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_WINDOWS": """python -c "import sys; open('c:\\pythonversion.txt', 'w').write(sys.version)" && python -c "import sys; open('c:\\pythonprefix.txt', 'w').write(sys.prefix)" && python -m pip install {project}/dependency""",
+            "CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES": "pytest",
+            # the 'false ||' bit is to ensure this command runs in a shell on
+            # mac/linux.
+            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND": "false || pytest {project}/test",
+            "CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS": "pytest {project}/test",
+        },
+    )
 
     # also check that we got the right wheels
-    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels('spam', '0.1.0')
+    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0")
     assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)

test/test_build_skip.py

@@ -3,27 +3,33 @@ import textwrap
 from . import test_projects, utils
 
 project_with_skip_asserts = test_projects.new_c_project(
-    setup_py_add=textwrap.dedent(r'''
-        # explode if run on Python 2.7 or Python 3.7 (these should be skipped)
-        if sys.version_info[0:2] == (2, 7):
-            raise Exception("Python 2.7 should not be built")
+    setup_py_add=textwrap.dedent(
+        r"""
+        # explode if run on PyPyor Python 3.7 (these should be skipped)
+        if sys.implementation.name != "cpython":
+            raise Exception("Only CPython shall be built")
         if sys.version_info[0:2] == (3, 7):
-            raise Exception("Python 3.7 should be skipped")
-    ''')
+            raise Exception("CPython 3.7 should be skipped")
+        """
+    )
 )
 
 
 def test(tmp_path):
-    project_dir = tmp_path / 'project'
+    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
     project_with_skip_asserts.generate(project_dir)
 
     # build the wheels
-    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir, add_env={
-        'CIBW_BUILD': 'cp3?-*',
-        'CIBW_SKIP': 'cp37-*',
-    })
+    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(
+        project_dir,
+        add_env={
+            "CIBW_BUILD": "cp3*-*",
+            "CIBW_SKIP": "cp37-*",
+        },
+    )
 
-    # check that we got the right wheels. There should be no 2.7 or 3.7.
-    expected_wheels = [w for w in utils.expected_wheels('spam', '0.1.0')
-                       if ('-cp3' in w) and ('-cp37' not in w)]
+    # check that we got the right wheels. There should be no PyPy or 3.7.
+    expected_wheels = [
+        w for w in utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0") if ("-cp3" in w) and ("-cp37" not in w)
+    ]
     assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)

test/test_cpp_standards.py

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ from .test_projects import TestProject
 
 cpp_test_project = TestProject()
 
-cpp_test_project.files['setup.py'] = jinja2.Template(r'''
+setup_py_template = r"""
 from setuptools import Extension, setup
 
 setup(
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ setup(
     ext_modules=[Extension('spam', sources=['spam.cpp'], language="c++", extra_compile_args={{ extra_compile_args }})],
     version="0.1.0",
 )
-''')
+"""
 
-cpp_test_project.files['spam.cpp'] = jinja2.Template(r'''
+spam_cpp_template = r"""
 #include <Python.h>
 
 {{ spam_cpp_top_level_add }}
@@ -36,174 +36,96 @@ spam_system(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 }
 
 /* Module initialization */
-
-#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
-    #define MOD_INIT(name) PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit_##name(void)
-    #define MOD_DEF(m, name, doc, methods, module_state_size) \
-        static struct PyModuleDef moduledef = { \
-            PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT, name, doc, module_state_size, methods, }; \
-        m = PyModule_Create(&moduledef);
-    #define MOD_RETURN(m) return m;
-#else
-    #define MOD_INIT(name) PyMODINIT_FUNC init##name(void)
-    #define MOD_DEF(m, name, doc, methods, module_state_size) \
-        m = Py_InitModule3(name, methods, doc);
-    #define MOD_RETURN(m) return;
-#endif
-
 static PyMethodDef module_methods[] = {
     {"system", (PyCFunction)spam_system, METH_VARARGS,
      "Execute a shell command."},
     {NULL}  /* Sentinel */
 };
 
-MOD_INIT(spam)
+PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit_spam(void)
 {
-    PyObject* m;
-
-    MOD_DEF(m,
-            "spam",
-            "Example module",
-            module_methods,
-            -1)
-
-    MOD_RETURN(m)
+    static struct PyModuleDef moduledef = {
+        PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT, "spam", "Example module", -1, module_methods,
+    };
+    return PyModule_Create(&moduledef);
 }
-''')
+"""
 
+cpp_test_project.files["setup.py"] = jinja2.Template(setup_py_template)
+cpp_test_project.files["spam.cpp"] = jinja2.Template(spam_cpp_template)
 
 cpp11_project = cpp_test_project.copy()
-cpp11_project.template_context['extra_compile_args'] = (
-    ['/std:c++11'] if utils.platform == 'windows' else ['-std=c++11']
+cpp11_project.template_context["extra_compile_args"] = (
+    ["/std:c++11"] if utils.platform == "windows" else ["-std=c++11"]
 )
-cpp11_project.template_context['spam_cpp_top_level_add'] = '#include <array>'
+cpp11_project.template_context["spam_cpp_top_level_add"] = "#include <array>"
 
 
 def test_cpp11(tmp_path):
     # This test checks that the C++11 standard is supported
-    project_dir = tmp_path / 'project'
+    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
 
     cpp11_project.generate(project_dir)
 
-    # VC++ for Python 2.7 does not support modern standards
-    add_env = {'CIBW_SKIP': 'cp27-win* pp27-win32'}
-
-    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir, add_env=add_env)
-    expected_wheels = [w for w in utils.expected_wheels('spam', '0.1.0')
-                       if 'cp27-cp27m-win' not in w and 'pp27-pypy_73-win32' not in w]
+    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir)
+    expected_wheels = [w for w in utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0")]
 
     assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)
 
 
 cpp14_project = cpp_test_project.copy()
-cpp14_project.template_context['extra_compile_args'] = (
-    ['/std:c++14'] if utils.platform == 'windows' else ['-std=c++14']
+cpp14_project.template_context["extra_compile_args"] = (
+    ["/std:c++14"] if utils.platform == "windows" else ["-std=c++14"]
 )
-cpp14_project.template_context['spam_cpp_top_level_add'] = "int a = 100'000;"
+cpp14_project.template_context["spam_cpp_top_level_add"] = "int a = 100'000;"
 
 
 def test_cpp14(tmp_path):
     # This test checks that the C++14 standard is supported
-    project_dir = tmp_path / 'project'
+    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
 
     cpp14_project.generate(project_dir)
 
-    # VC++ for Python 2.7 does not support modern standards
-    # The manylinux1 docker image does not have a compiler which supports C++11
-    add_env = {'CIBW_SKIP': 'cp27-win* pp27-win32'}
-
-    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir, add_env=add_env)
-    expected_wheels = [w for w in utils.expected_wheels('spam', '0.1.0')
-                       if 'cp27-cp27m-win' not in w
-                       and 'pp27-pypy_73-win32' not in w]
+    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir)
+    expected_wheels = [w for w in utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0")]
 
     assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)
 
 
 cpp17_project = cpp_test_project.copy()
 
-# Python and PyPy 2.7 headers use the `register` keyword, which is forbidden in
-# the C++17 standard, so we need the -Wno-register or /wd5033 options
-cpp17_project.template_context['extra_compile_args'] = (
-    ['/std:c++17', '/wd5033'] if utils.platform == 'windows' else ['-std=c++17', '-Wno-register']
-)
-cpp17_project.template_context['spam_cpp_top_level_add'] = r'''
+cpp17_project.template_context["extra_compile_args"] = [
+    "/std:c++17" if utils.platform == "windows" else "-std=c++17"
+]
+cpp17_project.template_context[
+    "spam_cpp_top_level_add"
+] = r"""
 #include <utility>
 auto a = std::pair(5.0, false);
-'''
+"""
 
 
 def test_cpp17(tmp_path):
     # This test checks that the C++17 standard is supported
-    project_dir = tmp_path / 'project'
+    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
 
     cpp17_project.generate(project_dir)
 
-    if os.environ.get('APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE', '') == 'Visual Studio 2015':
-        pytest.skip('Visual Studio 2015 does not support C++17')
+    if os.environ.get("APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE", "") == "Visual Studio 2015":
+        pytest.skip("Visual Studio 2015 does not support C++17")
 
     # Pypy's distutils sets the default compiler to 'msvc9compiler', which
     # is too old to support cpp17.
-    add_env = {'CIBW_SKIP': 'cp27-win* pp??-*'}
+    add_env = {"CIBW_SKIP": "pp??-*"}
 
-    if utils.platform == 'macos':
-        add_env['MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET'] = '10.13'
+    if utils.platform == "macos":
+        add_env["MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET"] = "10.13"
 
     actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir, add_env=add_env)
-    expected_wheels = [w for w in utils.expected_wheels('spam', '0.1.0', macosx_deployment_target='10.13')
-                       if 'cp27-cp27m-win' not in w
-                       and '-pp' not in w]
-
-    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)
-
-
-def test_cpp17_py27_modern_msvc_workaround(tmp_path):
-    # This test checks the workaround for building Python 2.7 wheel with MSVC 14
-
-    if utils.platform != 'windows':
-        pytest.skip('the test is only relevant to the Windows build')
-
-    if os.environ.get('APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE', '') == 'Visual Studio 2015':
-        pytest.skip('Visual Studio 2015 does not support C++17')
-
-    project_dir = tmp_path / 'project'
-    cpp17_project.generate(project_dir)
-
-    # VC++ for Python 2.7 (i.e., MSVC 9) does not support modern standards
-    # This is a workaround which forces distutils/setupstools to a newer version
-    # Wheels compiled need a more modern C++ redistributable installed, which is not
-    # included with Python: see documentation for more info
-    # DISTUTILS_USE_SDK and MSSdk=1 tell distutils/setuptools that we are adding
-    # MSVC's compiler, tools, and libraries to PATH ourselves
-    add_env = {'DISTUTILS_USE_SDK': '1', 'MSSdk': '1'}
-
-    # Use existing setuptools code to run Visual Studio's vcvarsall.bat and get the
-    # necessary environment variables, since running vcvarsall.bat in a subprocess
-    # does not keep the relevant environment variables
-    # There are different environment variables for 32-bit/64-bit targets, so we
-    # need to run cibuildwheel twice, once for 32-bit with `vcvarsall.bat x86, and
-    # once for 64-bit with `vcvarsall.bat x64`
-    # In a normal CI setup, just run vcvarsall.bat before running cibuildwheel and set
-    # DISTUTILS_USE_SDK and MSSdk
-    import setuptools
-
-    def add_vcvars(prev_env, platform):
-        vcvarsall_env = setuptools.msvc.msvc14_get_vc_env(platform)
-        env = prev_env.copy()
-        for vcvar in ['path', 'include', 'lib']:
-            env[vcvar] = vcvarsall_env[vcvar]
-        return env
-
-    add_env_x86 = add_vcvars(add_env, 'x86')
-    add_env_x86['CIBW_BUILD'] = '?p27-win32'
-    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir, add_env=add_env_x86)
-
-    add_env_x64 = add_vcvars(add_env, 'x64')
-    add_env_x64['CIBW_BUILD'] = 'cp27-win_amd64'
-    actual_wheels += utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir, add_env=add_env_x64)
-
-    expected_wheels = [w for w in utils.expected_wheels('spam', '0.1.0', exclude_27=False)
-                       if 'cp27-cp27m-win' in w
-                       or 'pp27-pypy_73-win32' in w]
+    expected_wheels = [
+        w
+        for w in utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0", macosx_deployment_target="10.13")
+        if "-pp" not in w
+    ]
 
     assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)