Bump version: v2.0.0a4

* feat: support pypa build

fix: update `cibuildwheel.linux.troubleshoot` to know about build

Workaround issue with PyPy venv module by installing build[virtualenv]

fix: test_dependency_constraints_file when using build

fix: test/test_pep518.py

fix: use `strtobool` to parse `CIBW_PYPA_BUILD`

fix: update `cibuildwheel.linux.troubleshoot` to know about `python -m pip wheel`

test: use `build_mode` in `test/test_dependency_versions.py` tests

* refactor: use build-backend instead

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-authored-by: Joe Rickerby <joerick@mac.com>

* refactor: use literal types for build_frontend

* refactor(tests): build_mode -> build_frontend_env

* Update test/test_before_build.py

Co-authored-by: Joe Rickerby <joerick@mac.com>

.circleci/config.yml

@@ -1,25 +1,9 @@
 version: 2
 
 jobs:
-  flake8-mypy:
-    docker:
-      - image: circleci/python:3.6
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-
-      - run:
-          name: Install flake8 & mypy
-          command: sudo python -m pip install flake8 mypy
-      - run:
-          name: flake8
-          command: flake8
-      - run:
-          name: mypy
-          command: mypy
-
   osx-python3.6:
     macos:
-      xcode: "9.4.1"
+      xcode: 9.4.1
     environment:
       PYTHON: python3
     steps:
@@ -54,6 +38,5 @@ workflows:
   version: 2
   all-tests:
     jobs:
-      - flake8-mypy
       - osx-python3.6
       - linux-python3.6

.circleci/prepare.sh

@@ -4,6 +4,6 @@ set -o xtrace
 $PYTHON --version
 $PYTHON -m pip --version
 $PYTHON -m virtualenv -p $PYTHON venv
-venv/bin/python -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
+venv/bin/python -m pip install -e ".[dev]"
 venv/bin/python -m pip freeze
 venv/bin/python --version

.github/auto-merge.yml

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-# config file for https://github.com/bobvanderlinden/probot-auto-merge
-
-# no approvals required, just the label is enough
-minApprovals: {}
-
-requiredLabels:
-- merge when green

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+version: 2
+updates:
+  # Maintain dependencies for GitHub Actions
+  - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "weekly"
+    ignore:
+      - dependency-name: "actions/*"
+        update-types: ["version-update:semver-minor", "version-update:semver-patch"]

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -1,22 +1,33 @@
 name: Test
 
 on:
-  push: {}
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - main
   pull_request:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'docs/**'
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    # allow manual runs on branches without a PR
 
 jobs:
-  test:
-    # skip branch builds on joerick/cibuildwheel, but always build `master` and pull requests
-    if: github.repository != 'joerick/cibuildwheel' || github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' || github.event_name == 'pull_request'
+  pre-commit:
+    name: Pre-commit checks (mypy, flake8, etc.)
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+    - uses: pre-commit/action@v2.0.3
 
+  test:
     name: Test cibuildwheel on ${{ matrix.os }}
+    needs: pre-commit
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-18.04, windows-latest, macos-latest]
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]
         python_version: ['3.7']
+    timeout-minutes: 180
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v2
     - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
@@ -26,11 +37,47 @@ jobs:
 
     - name: Install dependencies
       run: |
-        python -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
-    - name: Install Visual C++ for Python 2.7
-      if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+        python -m pip install ".[test]"
+
+    - name: Sample build
+      if: "contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'CI: Sample build')"
       run: |
-        choco install vcpython27 -f -y
+        python bin/sample_build.py
+
+    - name: Get some sample wheels
+      run: |
+        python -m test.test_projects test.test_0_basic.basic_project sample_proj
+        cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse sample_proj
+      env:
+        CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS: x86_64 universal2 arm64
+
+    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+      with:
+        name: sample_wheels
+        path: wheelhouse
+
     - name: Test cibuildwheel
       run: |
         python ./bin/run_tests.py
+
+  test-emulated:
+    name: Test emulated cibuildwheel using qemu
+    needs: pre-commit
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 180
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+    - name: Install dependencies
+      run: |
+        python -m pip install ".[test]"
+
+    - name: Set up QEMU
+      id: qemu
+      uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v1
+      with:
+        platforms: all
+
+    - name: Run the emulation tests
+      run: |
+        pytest --run-emulation test/test_emulation.py

.github/workflows/update-dependencies.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+name: Update dependencies
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+  schedule:
+    - cron: '0 6 * * 1'  # "At 06:00 on Monday."
+
+jobs:
+  update-dependencies:
+    name: Update dependencies
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - uses: excitedleigh/setup-nox@v2.0.0
+
+    - name: "Run update: dependencies"
+      run: nox --force-color -s update_constraints
+    - name: "Run update: python configs"
+      run: nox --force-color -s update_pins
+    - name: "Run update: docs user projects"
+      run: nox --force-color -s update_proj
+
+    # we use this step to grab a Github App auth token, so that PRs generated by this workflow
+    # run the GHA tests.
+    - uses: tibdex/github-app-token@v1
+      id: generate-token
+      with:
+        app_id: ${{ secrets.CIBUILDWHEEL_BOT_APP_ID }}
+        private_key: ${{ secrets.CIBUILDWHEEL_BOT_APP_PRIVATE_KEY }}
+
+    - name: Create Pull Request
+      if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' && github.repository == 'pypa/cibuildwheel'
+      uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v3
+      with:
+        commit-message: Update dependencies
+        title: '[Bot] Update dependencies'
+        body: |
+          Update the versions of our dependencies.
+
+          PR generated by "Update dependencies" [workflow](https://github.com/${{github.repository}}/actions/runs/${{github.run_id}}).
+        branch: update-dependencies-pr
+        token: ${{ steps.generate-token.outputs.token }}
+        delete-branch: true

.gitignore

@@ -105,3 +105,15 @@ env3?/
 
 # MyPy cache
 .mypy_cache/
+
+# Output cache for setup.py checker
+all_known_setup.yaml
+
+# mkdocs
+site/
+
+# Virtual environments
+venv*
+
+# PyCharm
+.idea/

.gitlab-ci.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+linux:
+  image: python:3.8
+  services:
+    - name: docker:dind
+      entrypoint: ["env", "-u", "DOCKER_HOST"]
+      command: ["dockerd-entrypoint.sh"]
+  variables:
+    DOCKER_HOST: tcp://docker:2375/
+    DOCKER_DRIVER: overlay2
+    # See https://github.com/docker-library/docker/pull/166
+    DOCKER_TLS_CERTDIR: ""
+  script:
+    - curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh
+    - python -m pip install -e ".[dev]"
+    - python ./bin/run_tests.py

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -1,21 +1,82 @@
 repos:
--   repo: https://gitlab.com/pycqa/flake8
-    rev: 3.8.1
-    hooks:
-    - id: flake8
-      pass_filenames: true
-      # this seems to need to be here in addition to setup.cfg
-      exclude: cibuildwheel/resources/
--   repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
-    rev: v2.3.0
-    hooks:
-    - id: check-yaml
-    - id: check-merge-conflict
-    - id: end-of-file-fixer
-      exclude: cibuildwheel/resources/pinned_docker_images.cfg
--   repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy
-    rev: ''  # Use the sha / tag you want to point at
-    hooks:
-    - id: mypy
-      files: cibuildwheel|test
-      exclude: cibuildwheel/resources
+
+- repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
+  rev: v4.0.1
+  hooks:
+  - id: check-case-conflict
+  - id: check-merge-conflict
+  - id: check-yaml
+  - id: check-toml
+  - id: debug-statements
+  - id: end-of-file-fixer
+    exclude: (cibuildwheel/resources/pinned_docker_images.cfg)|(.svg$)
+  - id: mixed-line-ending
+  - id: trailing-whitespace
+
+- repo: https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade
+  rev: v2.19.4
+  hooks:
+  - id: pyupgrade
+    name: PyUpgrade 3.6+
+    args: ["--py36-plus"]
+    exclude: ^bin/
+  - id: pyupgrade
+    name: PyUpgrade 3.7+ on bin
+    exclude: ^(cibuildwheel|unit_test|test)/
+    args: ["--py37-plus"]
+
+- repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/isort
+  rev: 5.9.1
+  hooks:
+  - id: isort
+
+- repo: https://github.com/psf/black
+  rev: 21.6b0
+  hooks:
+  - id: black
+
+- repo: https://github.com/asottile/setup-cfg-fmt
+  rev: v1.17.0
+  hooks:
+  - id: setup-cfg-fmt
+    stages: [manual]
+
+- repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy
+  rev: v0.902
+  hooks:
+  - id: mypy
+    exclude: ^(bin|cibuildwheel/resources|docs)/.*py$
+    args: ["--python-version=3.6", "--scripts-are-modules"]
+    additional_dependencies:
+      - packaging
+      - types-jinja2
+      - types-certifi
+      - types-toml
+  - id: mypy
+    name: mypy 3.7+ on bin/
+    files: ^(bin|docs)/.*py$
+    args: ["--python-version=3.7", "--scripts-are-modules"]
+    additional_dependencies:
+      - packaging
+      - rich
+      - types-jinja2
+      - types-pyyaml
+      - types-click
+      - types-requests
+      - types-toml
+
+- repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/flake8
+  rev: 3.9.2
+  hooks:
+  - id: flake8
+    exclude: cibuildwheel/resources/
+    additional_dependencies: [flake8-bugbear]
+
+- repo: local
+  hooks:
+  - id: disallow-caps
+    name: Disallow improper capitalization
+    language: pygrep
+    entry: PyBind|Numpy|Cmake|Github
+    types:
+    - markdown

.readthedocs.yml

@@ -6,6 +6,9 @@ mkdocs:
   configuration: mkdocs.yml
 
 python:
-  version: 3.7
+  version: 3.8
   install:
-    - requirements: requirements-dev.txt
+    - method: pip
+      path: .
+      extra_requirements:
+        - docs

.travis.yml

@@ -1,57 +1,53 @@
-language: minimal
+os: linux
+dist: focal
+language: python
 
 branches:
   only:
-  - master
+  - main
 
 jobs:
   include:
     - name: Linux | x86_64 + i686 | Python 3.6
-      language: python
       python: 3.6
       services: docker
       env: PYTHON=python
 
     - name: Linux | arm64 | Python 3.6
-      language: python
       python: 3.6
       services: docker
-      arch: arm64
+      arch: arm64-graviton2
+      group: edge
+      virt: vm
       env: PYTHON=python
 
     - name: Linux | ppc64le | Python 3.6
-      language: python
       python: 3.6
       services: docker
       arch: ppc64le
-      env: PYTHON=python
-
-    - name: macOS | x86_64 | Python 3.x
-      os: osx
-      env: PYTHON=python3
+      allow_failure: True
+      env:
+        - PYTHON=python
+        # skip test_manylinuxXXXX_only, it uses too much disk space
+        # c.f. https://travis-ci.community/t/running-out-of-disk-space-quota-when-using-docker-on-ppc64le/11634
+        - PYTEST_ADDOPTS='-k "not test_manylinuxXXXX_only"'
 
     - name: Windows | x86_64 | Python 3.6
       os: windows
       language: shell
       before_install:
-       - choco install python3 --version 3.6.8 --no-progress -y
-       # Update root certificates to fix SSL error; see http://www.chawn.com/RootCerts.htm
-       - powershell "md C:\temp\certs; CertUtil -generateSSTFromWU C:\temp\certs\RootStore.sst; Get-ChildItem -Path C:\\temp\certs\Rootstore.sst | Import-Certificate -CertStoreLocation Cert:\\LocalMachine\\Root\\ | out-null"
+        - choco upgrade python3 -y --version 3.6.8 --limit-output
+        # Update root certificates to fix SSL error; see http://www.chawn.com/RootCerts.htm
+        - powershell "md C:\temp\certs; CertUtil -generateSSTFromWU C:\temp\certs\RootStore.sst; Get-ChildItem -Path C:\\temp\certs\Rootstore.sst | Import-Certificate -CertStoreLocation Cert:\\LocalMachine\\Root\\ | out-null"
       env:
         - PYTHON=C:\\Python36\\python
 
-    - &linux_s390x_36
-      name: Linux | s390x | Python 3.6
-      language: python
+    - name: Linux | s390x | Python 3.6
       python: 3.6
       services: docker
       arch: s390x
       env: PYTHON=python
 
-  allow_failures:
-    # must repeat the s390x job above exactly to match
-    - *linux_s390x_36
-
-install: $PYTHON -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
+install: $PYTHON -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
 
 script: $PYTHON ./bin/run_tests.py

CI.md

@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 This is a summary of the Python versions and platforms covered by the different CI platforms:
 
-|          | 3.6                          | 3.7                                      | 3.8              |
-|----------|------------------------------|------------------------------------------|------------------|
-| Linux    | Travis CI / CircleCI         | AppVeyor² / GitHub Actions               | Azure Pipelines  |
-| macOS    | CircleCI                     | AppVeyor² / Travis CI¹ / GitHub Actions  | Azure Pipelines  |
-| Windows  | Travis CI / Azure Pipelines  | AppVeyor² / GitHub Actions               | Azure Pipelines  |
+|          | 3.6                          | 3.7                         | 3.8              |
+|----------|------------------------------|-----------------------------|------------------|
+| Linux    | Travis CI / CircleCI         | AppVeyor¹ / GitHub Actions  | Azure Pipelines  |
+| macOS    | CircleCI                     | AppVeyor¹ / GitHub Actions  | Azure Pipelines  |
+| Windows  | Travis CI / Azure Pipelines  | AppVeyor¹ / GitHub Actions  | Azure Pipelines  |
 
-> ¹ Python version not really pinned, but dependent on the (default) version of image used.
-> ² AppVeyor only runs the "basic" test to reduce load.
+> ¹ AppVeyor only runs the "basic" test to reduce load.
 
 Non-x86 architectures are covered on Travis CI using Python 3.6.

CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md

@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-# Contributor Covenant Code of Conduct
-
-## Our Pledge
-
-In the interest of fostering an open and welcoming environment, we as contributors and maintainers pledge to making participation in our project and our community a harassment-free experience for everyone, regardless of age, body size, disability, ethnicity, gender identity and expression, level of experience, nationality, personal appearance, race, religion, or sexual identity and orientation.
-
-## Our Standards
-
-Examples of behavior that contributes to creating a positive environment include:
-
-* Using welcoming and inclusive language
-* Being respectful of differing viewpoints and experiences
-* Gracefully accepting constructive criticism
-* Focusing on what is best for the community
-* Showing empathy towards other community members
-
-Examples of unacceptable behavior by participants include:
-
-* The use of sexualized language or imagery and unwelcome sexual attention or advances
-* Trolling, insulting/derogatory comments, and personal or political attacks
-* Public or private harassment
-* Publishing others' private information, such as a physical or electronic address, without explicit permission
-* Other conduct which could reasonably be considered inappropriate in a professional setting
-
-## Our Responsibilities
-
-Project maintainers are responsible for clarifying the standards of acceptable behavior and are expected to take appropriate and fair corrective action in response to any instances of unacceptable behavior.
-
-Project maintainers have the right and responsibility to remove, edit, or reject comments, commits, code, wiki edits, issues, and other contributions that are not aligned to this Code of Conduct, or to ban temporarily or permanently any contributor for other behaviors that they deem inappropriate, threatening, offensive, or harmful.
-
-## Scope
-
-This Code of Conduct applies both within project spaces and in public spaces when an individual is representing the project or its community. Examples of representing a project or community include using an official project e-mail address, posting via an official social media account, or acting as an appointed representative at an online or offline event. Representation of a project may be further defined and clarified by project maintainers.
-
-## Enforcement
-
-Instances of abusive, harassing, or otherwise unacceptable behavior may be reported by contacting the project team at joerick@mac.com. The project team will review and investigate all complaints, and will respond in a way that it deems appropriate to the circumstances. The project team is obligated to maintain confidentiality with regard to the reporter of an incident. Further details of specific enforcement policies may be posted separately.
-
-Project maintainers who do not follow or enforce the Code of Conduct in good faith may face temporary or permanent repercussions as determined by other members of the project's leadership.
-
-## Attribution
-
-This Code of Conduct is adapted from the [Contributor Covenant][homepage], version 1.4, available at [http://contributor-covenant.org/version/1/4][version]
-
-[homepage]: http://contributor-covenant.org
-[version]: http://contributor-covenant.org/version/1/4/

LICENSE

@@ -22,7 +22,3 @@ SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
 CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
 OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
 OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
-
-
-Get-pip and Pip (bundled in cibuildwheel/resources) are licensed under the MIT
-license. See https://github.com/pypa/get-pip/blob/master/LICENSE.txt

README.md

@@ -1,7 +1,14 @@
 cibuildwheel
 ============
 
-[![PyPI](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/cibuildwheel.svg)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/cibuildwheel) [![Documentation Status](https://readthedocs.org/projects/cibuildwheel/badge/?version=stable)](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/?badge=stable) [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/joerick/cibuildwheel.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/joerick/cibuildwheel) [![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/wbsgxshp05tt1tif/branch/master?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/joerick/cibuildwheel/branch/master) [![CircleCI](https://circleci.com/gh/joerick/cibuildwheel.svg?style=svg)](https://circleci.com/gh/joerick/cibuildwheel) [![Build Status](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_apis/build/status/joerick.cibuildwheel?branchName=master)](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_build/latest?definitionId=2&branchName=master)
+[![PyPI](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/cibuildwheel.svg)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/cibuildwheel)
+[![Documentation Status](https://readthedocs.org/projects/cibuildwheel/badge/?version=stable)](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/?badge=stable)
+[![Actions Status](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/workflows/Test/badge.svg)](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/actions)
+[![Travis Status](https://img.shields.io/travis/com/pypa/cibuildwheel/main?logo=travis)](https://travis-ci.com/pypa/cibuildwheel)
+[![Appveyor status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/gt3vwl88yt0y3hur/branch/main?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/joerick/cibuildwheel/branch/main)
+[![CircleCI Status](https://img.shields.io/circleci/build/gh/pypa/cibuildwheel/main?logo=circleci)](https://circleci.com/gh/pypa/cibuildwheel)
+[![Azure Status](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_apis/build/status/pypa.cibuildwheel?branchName=main)](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_build/latest?definitionId=4&branchName=main)
+
 
 [Documentation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.org)
 
@@ -9,92 +16,89 @@ cibuildwheel
 
 Python wheels are great. Building them across **Mac, Linux, Windows**, on **multiple versions of Python**, is not.
 
-`cibuildwheel` is here to help. `cibuildwheel` runs on your CI server - currently it supports Azure Pipelines, Travis CI, AppVeyor, GitHub Actions and CircleCI - and it builds and tests your wheels across all of your platforms.
+`cibuildwheel` is here to help. `cibuildwheel` runs on your CI server - currently it supports GitHub Actions, Azure Pipelines, Travis CI, AppVeyor, CircleCI, and GitLab CI - and it builds and tests your wheels across all of your platforms.
 
 
 What does it do?
 ----------------
 
-|   | macOS x86_64 | Windows 64bit | Windows 32bit | manylinux x86_64 | manylinux i686 | manylinux aarch64 | manylinux ppc64le | manylinux s390x |
-|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
-| CPython 2.7     | ✅ | ✅¹ | ✅¹ | ✅ | ✅ |     |     |     |
-| CPython 3.5     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² |
-| CPython 3.6     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² |
-| CPython 3.7     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² |
-| CPython 3.8     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² |
-| CPython 3.9³    | 🛠 | 🛠  | 🛠  | 🛠 | 🛠 | 🛠  | 🛠  |    |
-| PyPy 2.7 v7.3.0 | ✅ |     | ✅  | ✅ |    |     |     |     |
-| PyPy 3.6 v7.3.0 | ✅ |     | ✅  | ✅ |    |     |     |     |
+|   | macOS Intel | macOS Apple Silicon | Windows 64bit | Windows 32bit | manylinux x86_64 | manylinux i686 | manylinux aarch64 | manylinux ppc64le | manylinux s390x |
+|---------------|----|-----|-----|-----|----|-----|----|-----|-----|
+| CPython 3.6   | ✅ | N/A | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
+| CPython 3.7   | ✅ | N/A | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
+| CPython 3.8   | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
+| CPython 3.9   | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
+| CPython 3.10¹ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  |
+| PyPy 3.7 v7.3 | ✅ | N/A | ✅  | N/A | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | N/A | N/A |
 
-<sup>¹ Not supported on Travis</sup><br>
-<sup>² Beta support until Travis CI fixes <a href="https://travis-ci.community/t/no-space-left-on-device-for-system-z/5954/11">a bug</a></sup><br>
-<sup>³ Python 3.9 is not yet ABI stable, so you shouldn't publish wheels with it yet. But if you want to check that your wheels build on Python 3.9, try our [`python3.9` branch](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/pull/382)!</sup>
+<sup>¹ Available as a prerelease under a [flag](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#prerelease-pythons)</sup><br>
 
-- Builds manylinux, macOS and Windows wheels for CPython and PyPy using Azure Pipelines, Travis CI, AppVeyor, and CircleCI
+- Builds manylinux, macOS 10.9+, and Windows wheels for CPython and PyPy
+- Works on GitHub Actions, Azure Pipelines, Travis CI, AppVeyor, CircleCI, and GitLab CI
 - Bundles shared library dependencies on Linux and macOS through [auditwheel](https://github.com/pypa/auditwheel) and [delocate](https://github.com/matthew-brett/delocate)
-- Runs the library test suite against the wheel-installed version of your library
+- Runs your library's tests against the wheel-installed version of your library
+
+See the [cibuildwheel 1 documentation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/1.x/) if you need to build unsupported versions of Python, such as Python 2.
 
 Usage
 -----
 
-`cibuildwheel` currently works on **Travis CI**, **Azure Pipelines**, **AppVeyor** and **GitHub Actions** to build wheels for all three supported platforms (Linux, macOS, Windows). On **CircleCI** Linux and macOS wheels can be built.
+`cibuildwheel` runs inside a CI service. Supported platforms depend on which service you're using:
 
-|                 | Linux | macOS | Windows |
-|-----------------|-------|-------|---------|
-| Azure Pipelines | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      |
-| Travis CI       | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      |
-| AppVeyor        | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      |
-| GitHub Actions  | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      |
-| CircleCI        | ✅    | ✅    |         |
+|                 | Linux | macOS | Windows | Linux ARM |
+|-----------------|-------|-------|---------|--------------|
+| GitHub Actions  | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅¹          |
+| Azure Pipelines | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      |              |
+| Travis CI       | ✅    |       | ✅      | ✅           |
+| AppVeyor        | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      |              |
+| CircleCI        | ✅    | ✅    |         |              |
+| Gitlab CI       | ✅    |       |         |              |
 
-`cibuildwheel` is not intended to run on your development machine. Because it uses system Python from Python.org it will try to install packages globally - not what you expect from a build tool! Instead, isolated CI services like Travis CI, CircleCI, Azure Pipelines and AppVeyor are ideal.
+<sup>¹ [Requires emulation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#emulation), distributed separately. Other services may also support Linux ARM through emulation or third-party build hosts, but these are not tested in our CI.</sup><br>
+
+`cibuildwheel` is not intended to run on your development machine. Because it uses system Python from Python.org on macOS and Windows, it will try to install packages globally - not what you expect from a build tool! Instead, isolated CI services like those mentioned above are ideal. For Linux builds, it uses manylinux docker images, so those can be done locally for testing in a pinch.
 
 <!--intro-end-->
 
 Example setup
 -------------
 
-To build manylinux, macOS, and Windows wheels on Travis CI and upload them to PyPI whenever you tag a version, you could use this `.travis.yml`:
+To build manylinux, macOS, and Windows wheels on GitHub Actions, you could use this `.github/workflows/wheels.yml`:
 
 ```yaml
-language: python
+name: Build
+
+on: [push, pull_request]
 
 jobs:
-  include:
-    # perform a linux build
-    - services: docker
-    # and a mac build
-    - os: osx
-      language: shell
-    # and a windows build
-    - os: windows
-      language: shell
-      before_install:
-        - choco install python --version 3.8.0
-        - export PATH="/c/Python38:/c/Python38/Scripts:$PATH"
+  build_wheels:
+    name: Build wheels on ${{ matrix.os }}
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        os: [ubuntu-20.04, windows-2019, macOS-10.15]
 
-env:
-  global:
-    - TWINE_USERNAME=__token__
-    # Note: TWINE_PASSWORD is set to a PyPI API token in Travis settings
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
 
-install:
-  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.5.0
+      # Used to host cibuildwheel
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
 
-script:
-  # build the wheels, put them into './wheelhouse'
-  - python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
+      - name: Install cibuildwheel
+        run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.0.0a4
 
-after_success:
-  # if the release was tagged, upload them to PyPI
-  - |
-    if [[ $TRAVIS_TAG ]]; then
-      python3 -m pip install twine
-      python3 -m twine upload wheelhouse/*.whl
-    fi
+      - name: Build wheels
+        run: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
+        # to supply options, put them in 'env', like:
+        # env:
+        #   CIBW_SOME_OPTION: value
+
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+        with:
+          path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl
 ```
 
-For more information, including how to build on Appveyor, Azure, CircleCI, check out the [documentation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.org) and also check out [the examples](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/tree/master/examples).
+For more information, including PyPI deployment, and the use of other CI services or the dedicated GitHub Action, check out the [documentation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.org) and the [examples](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/tree/main/examples).
 
 Options
 -------
@@ -103,42 +107,231 @@ Options
 |---|--------|-------------|
 | **Build selection** | [`CIBW_PLATFORM`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#platform)  | Override the auto-detected target platform |
 |   | [`CIBW_BUILD`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#build-skip)  <br> [`CIBW_SKIP`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#build-skip)  | Choose the Python versions to build |
+|   | [`CIBW_ARCHS`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#archs)  | Change the architectures built on your machine by default |
+|   | [`CIBW_PROJECT_REQUIRES_PYTHON`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#requires-python)  | Manually set the Python compatibility of your project |
+|   | [`CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#prerelease-pythons)  | Enable building with pre-release versions of Python |
 | **Build customization** | [`CIBW_ENVIRONMENT`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#environment)  | Set environment variables needed during the build |
 |   | [`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#before-all)  | Execute a shell command on the build system before any wheels are built. |
 |   | [`CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#before-build)  | Execute a shell command preparing each wheel's build |
 |   | [`CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#repair-wheel-command)  | Execute a shell command to repair each (non-pure Python) built wheel |
-|   | [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  <br> [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  <br> [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_X86_64_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  <br> [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_AARCH64_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  <br> [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_PPC64LE_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  <br> [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_S390X_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  | Specify alternative manylinux docker images |
+|   | [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  <br> [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  <br> [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_X86_64_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  <br> [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_AARCH64_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  <br> [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_PPC64LE_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  <br> [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_S390X_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  <br> [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_AARCH64_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  <br> [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_I686_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  | Specify alternative manylinux docker images |
 |   | [`CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#dependency-versions)  | Specify how cibuildwheel controls the versions of the tools it uses |
 | **Testing** | [`CIBW_TEST_COMMAND`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#test-command)  | Execute a shell command to test each built wheel |
 |   | [`CIBW_BEFORE_TEST`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#before-test)  | Execute a shell command before testing each wheel |
 |   | [`CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#test-requires)  | Install Python dependencies before running the tests |
 |   | [`CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#test-extras)  | Install your wheel for testing using extras_require |
+|   | [`CIBW_TEST_SKIP`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#test-skip)  | Skip running tests on some builds |
 | **Other** | [`CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#build-verbosity)  | Increase/decrease the output of pip wheel |
 
+These options can be specified in a pyproject.toml file, as well; see [configuration](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#configuration).
 
 Working examples
 ----------------
 
+<!--working-examples-start-->
+
 Here are some repos that use cibuildwheel.
 
-- [pyinstrument_cext](https://github.com/joerick/pyinstrument_cext)
-- [websockets](https://github.com/aaugustin/websockets)
-- [Parselmouth](https://github.com/YannickJadoul/Parselmouth)
-- [python-admesh](https://github.com/admesh/python-admesh)
-- [pybase64](https://github.com/mayeut/pybase64)
-- [KDEpy](https://github.com/tommyod/KDEpy)
-- [AutoPy](https://github.com/autopilot-rs/autopy)
-- [apriltags2-ethz](https://github.com/safijari/apriltags2_ethz)
-- [TgCrypto](https://github.com/pyrogram/tgcrypto)
-- [Twisted](https://github.com/twisted/twisted)
-- [gmic-py](https://github.com/dtschump/gmic-py)
-- [creme](https://github.com/creme-ml/creme)
-- [PyAV](https://github.com/PyAV-Org/PyAV)
-- [aiortc](https://github.com/aiortc/aiortc)
-- [aioquic](https://github.com/aiortc/aioquic)
-- [pikepdf](https://github.com/pikepdf/pikepdf)
+<!-- START bin/projects.py -->
 
-> Add your repo here! Send a PR.
+<!-- this section is generated by bin/projects.py. Don't edit it directly, instead, edit docs/data/projects.yml -->
+
+| Name                              | CI | OS | Notes |
+|-----------------------------------|----|----|:------|
+| [scikit-learn][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The machine learning library. A complex but clean config using many of cibuildwheel's features to build a large project with Cython and C++ extensions.  |
+| [Matplotlib][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The venerable Matplotlib, a Python library with C++ portions |
+| [MyPy][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | MyPyC, the compiled component of MyPy. |
+| [psutil][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Cross-platform lib for process and system monitoring in Python |
+| [scikit-image][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Image processing library. Uses cibuildwheel to build and test a project that uses Cython with platform-native code.  |
+| [twisted-iocpsupport][]           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] | A submodule of Twisted that hooks into native C APIs using Cython. |
+| [websockets][]                    | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Library for building WebSocket servers and clients. Mostly written in Python, with a small C 'speedups' extension module.  |
+| [pyzmq][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for zeromq, the networking library. Uses Cython and CFFI.  |
+| [aiortc][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | WebRTC and ORTC implementation for Python using asyncio. |
+| [River][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | 🌊 Online machine learning in Python |
+| [coverage.py][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The coverage tool for Python |
+| [numexpr][]                       | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast numerical array expression evaluator for Python, NumPy, PyTables, pandas, bcolz and more |
+| [h5py][]                          | ![azurepipelines icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | HDF5 for Python -- The h5py package is a Pythonic interface to the HDF5 binary data format. |
+| [Dependency Injector][]           | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Dependency injection framework for Python, uses Windows TravisCI |
+| [PyAV][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Pythonic bindings for FFmpeg's libraries. |
+| [PyTables][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python package to manage extremely large amounts of data |
+| [ruptures][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Extensive Cython + NumPy [pyproject.toml](https://github.com/deepcharles/ruptures/blob/master/pyproject.toml) example. |
+| [aioquic][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | QUIC and HTTP/3 implementation in Python |
+| [pikepdf][]                       | ![azurepipelines icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python library for reading and writing PDF, powered by qpdf |
+| [google neuroglancer][]           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | WebGL-based viewer for volumetric data |
+| [DeepForest][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | An Efficient, Scalable and Optimized Python Framework for Deep Forest (2021.2.1) |
+| [AutoPy][]                        | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes a Windows Travis build. |
+| [Parselmouth][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python interface to the Praat software package, using pybind11, C++17 and CMake, with the core Praat static library built only once and shared between wheels. |
+| [python-rapidjson][]              | ![travisci icon][] ![gitlab icon][] ![appveyor icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python wrapper around rapidjson |
+| [Rtree][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Rtree: spatial index for Python GIS ¶ |
+| [python-snappy][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python bindings for the snappy google library |
+| [markupsafe][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Safely add untrusted strings to HTML/XML markup. |
+| [H3-py][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python bindings for H3, a hierarchical hexagonal geospatial indexing system |
+| [pybind11 cmake_example][]        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Example pybind11 module built with a CMake-based build system |
+| [KDEpy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Kernel Density Estimation in Python |
+| [cyvcf2][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | cython + htslib == fast VCF and BCF processing |
+| [pybind11 python_example][]       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Example pybind11 module built with a Python-based build system |
+| [sourmash][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Quickly search, compare, and analyze genomic and metagenomic data sets. |
+| [dd-trace-py][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Uses custom alternate arch emulation on GitHub |
+| [iminuit][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Jupyter-friendly Python interface for C++ MINUIT2 |
+| [time-machine][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Time mocking library using only the CPython C API. |
+| [CTranslate2][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes libraries from the [Intel oneAPI toolkit](https://software.intel.com/content/www/us/en/develop/tools/oneapi/base-toolkit.html). The Linux wheels also include CUDA libraries for GPU execution. |
+| [matrixprofile][]                 | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python 3 library making time series data mining tasks, utilizing matrix profile algorithms, accessible to everyone. |
+| [jq.py][]                         | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for jq |
+| [Tokenizer][]                     | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast and customizable text tokenization library with BPE and SentencePiece support |
+| [PyGLM][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Fast OpenGL Mathematics (GLM) for Python |
+| [bx-python][]                     | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A library that includes Cython extensions. |
+| [iDynTree][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] | Uses manylinux_2_24 |
+| [boost-histogram][]               | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Supports full range of wheels, including PyPy and alternate archs. |
+| [TgCrypto][]                      | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes a Windows Travis build. |
+| [pybase64][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast Base64 encoding/decoding in Python |
+| [etebase-py][]                    | ![travisci icon][] | ![linux icon][] | Python bindings to a Rust library using `setuptools-rust`, and `sccache` for improved speed. |
+| [pyjet][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The interface between FastJet and NumPy |
+| [numpythia][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The interface between PYTHIA and NumPy |
+| [fathon][]                        | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | python package for DFA (Detrended Fluctuation Analysis) and related algorithms |
+| [GSD][]                           | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Cython and NumPy project with 64-bit wheels. |
+| [polaroid][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Full range of wheels for setuptools rust, with auto release and PyPI deploy. |
+| [pybind11 scikit_build_example][] | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | An example combining scikit-build and pybind11 |
+| [pyinstrument_cext][]             | ![travisci icon][] ![appveyor icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A simple C extension, without external dependencies |
+| [Imagecodecs (fork)][]            | ![azurepipelines icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Over 20 external dependencies in compiled libraries, custom docker image, `libomp`, `openblas` and `install_name_tool` for macOS. |
+| [xmlstarlet][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python 3.6+ CFFI bindings with true MSVC build. |
+| [CorrectionLib][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Structured JSON powered correction library for HEP, designed for the CMS experiment at CERN. |
+| [SiPM][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | High performance library for SiPM detectors simulation using C++17, OpenMP and AVX2 intrinsics. |
+
+[scikit-learn]: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn
+[Matplotlib]: https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib
+[MyPy]: https://github.com/mypyc/mypy_mypyc-wheels
+[psutil]: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil
+[scikit-image]: https://github.com/scikit-image/scikit-image
+[twisted-iocpsupport]: https://github.com/twisted/twisted-iocpsupport
+[websockets]: https://github.com/aaugustin/websockets
+[pyzmq]: https://github.com/zeromq/pyzmq
+[aiortc]: https://github.com/aiortc/aiortc
+[River]: https://github.com/online-ml/river
+[coverage.py]: https://github.com/nedbat/coveragepy
+[numexpr]: https://github.com/pydata/numexpr
+[h5py]: https://github.com/h5py/h5py
+[Dependency Injector]: https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector
+[PyAV]: https://github.com/PyAV-Org/PyAV
+[PyTables]: https://github.com/PyTables/PyTables
+[ruptures]: https://github.com/deepcharles/ruptures
+[aioquic]: https://github.com/aiortc/aioquic
+[pikepdf]: https://github.com/pikepdf/pikepdf
+[google neuroglancer]: https://github.com/google/neuroglancer
+[DeepForest]: https://github.com/LAMDA-NJU/Deep-Forest
+[AutoPy]: https://github.com/autopilot-rs/autopy
+[Parselmouth]: https://github.com/YannickJadoul/Parselmouth
+[python-rapidjson]: https://github.com/python-rapidjson/python-rapidjson
+[Rtree]: https://github.com/Toblerity/rtree
+[python-snappy]: https://github.com/andrix/python-snappy
+[markupsafe]: https://github.com/pallets/markupsafe
+[H3-py]: https://github.com/uber/h3-py
+[pybind11 cmake_example]: https://github.com/pybind/cmake_example
+[KDEpy]: https://github.com/tommyod/KDEpy
+[cyvcf2]: https://github.com/brentp/cyvcf2
+[pybind11 python_example]: https://github.com/pybind/python_example
+[sourmash]: https://github.com/dib-lab/sourmash
+[dd-trace-py]: https://github.com/DataDog/dd-trace-py
+[iminuit]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/iminuit
+[time-machine]: https://github.com/adamchainz/time-machine
+[CTranslate2]: https://github.com/OpenNMT/CTranslate2
+[matrixprofile]: https://github.com/matrix-profile-foundation/matrixprofile
+[jq.py]: https://github.com/mwilliamson/jq.py
+[Tokenizer]: https://github.com/OpenNMT/Tokenizer
+[PyGLM]: https://github.com/Zuzu-Typ/PyGLM
+[bx-python]: https://github.com/bxlab/bx-python
+[iDynTree]: https://github.com/robotology/idyntree
+[boost-histogram]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/boost-histogram
+[TgCrypto]: https://github.com/pyrogram/tgcrypto
+[pybase64]: https://github.com/mayeut/pybase64
+[etebase-py]: https://github.com/etesync/etebase-py
+[pyjet]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/pyjet
+[numpythia]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/numpythia
+[fathon]: https://github.com/stfbnc/fathon
+[GSD]: https://github.com/glotzerlab/gsd
+[polaroid]: https://github.com/daggy1234/polaroid
+[pybind11 scikit_build_example]: https://github.com/pybind/scikit_build_example
+[pyinstrument_cext]: https://github.com/joerick/pyinstrument_cext
+[Imagecodecs (fork)]: https://github.com/czaki/imagecodecs_build
+[xmlstarlet]: https://github.com/dimitern/xmlstarlet
+[CorrectionLib]: https://github.com/cms-nanoAOD/correctionlib
+[SiPM]: https://github.com/EdoPro98/SimSiPM
+
+[appveyor icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/appveyor.svg
+[github icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/github.svg
+[azurepipelines icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/azurepipelines.svg
+[circleci icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/circleci.svg
+[gitlab icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/gitlab.svg
+[travisci icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/travisci.svg
+[windows icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/windows.svg
+[apple icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/apple.svg
+[linux icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/linux.svg
+
+<!-- scikit-learn: 46184, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- Matplotlib: 13797, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- MyPy: 10905, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- psutil: 7420, last pushed 14 days ago -->
+<!-- scikit-image: 4387, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- twisted-iocpsupport: 4280, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- websockets: 3418, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- pyzmq: 2821, last pushed 3 days ago -->
+<!-- aiortc: 2441, last pushed 9 days ago -->
+<!-- River: 1669, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- coverage.py: 1630, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- numexpr: 1597, last pushed 109 days ago -->
+<!-- h5py: 1530, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- Dependency Injector: 1396, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- PyAV: 1279, last pushed 15 days ago -->
+<!-- PyTables: 1028, last pushed 87 days ago -->
+<!-- ruptures: 739, last pushed 4 days ago -->
+<!-- aioquic: 680, last pushed 6 days ago -->
+<!-- pikepdf: 655, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- google neuroglancer: 646, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- DeepForest: 621, last pushed 21 days ago -->
+<!-- AutoPy: 542, last pushed 4 days ago -->
+<!-- Parselmouth: 521, last pushed 27 days ago -->
+<!-- python-rapidjson: 423, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- Rtree: 408, last pushed 92 days ago -->
+<!-- python-snappy: 403, last pushed 116 days ago -->
+<!-- markupsafe: 401, last pushed 4 days ago -->
+<!-- H3-py: 392, last pushed 8 days ago -->
+<!-- pybind11 cmake_example: 278, last pushed 21 days ago -->
+<!-- KDEpy: 276, last pushed 18 days ago -->
+<!-- cyvcf2: 266, last pushed 53 days ago -->
+<!-- pybind11 python_example: 255, last pushed 21 days ago -->
+<!-- sourmash: 250, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- dd-trace-py: 248, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- iminuit: 181, last pushed 17 days ago -->
+<!-- time-machine: 173, last pushed 6 days ago -->
+<!-- CTranslate2: 168, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- matrixprofile: 166, last pushed 17 days ago -->
+<!-- jq.py: 159, last pushed 10 days ago -->
+<!-- Tokenizer: 146, last pushed 13 days ago -->
+<!-- PyGLM: 104, last pushed 41 days ago -->
+<!-- bx-python: 103, last pushed 7 days ago -->
+<!-- iDynTree: 82, last pushed 6 days ago -->
+<!-- boost-histogram: 80, last pushed 3 days ago -->
+<!-- TgCrypto: 66, last pushed 22 days ago -->
+<!-- pybase64: 62, last pushed 5 days ago -->
+<!-- etebase-py: 50, last pushed 168 days ago -->
+<!-- pyjet: 28, last pushed 32 days ago -->
+<!-- numpythia: 28, last pushed 21 days ago -->
+<!-- fathon: 26, last pushed 19 days ago -->
+<!-- GSD: 17, last pushed 17 days ago -->
+<!-- polaroid: 16, last pushed 12 days ago -->
+<!-- pybind11 scikit_build_example: 14, last pushed 20 days ago -->
+<!-- pyinstrument_cext: 10, last pushed 129 days ago -->
+<!-- Imagecodecs (fork): 9, last pushed 13 days ago -->
+<!-- xmlstarlet: 7, last pushed 63 days ago -->
+<!-- CorrectionLib: 6, last pushed 9 days ago -->
+<!-- SiPM: 3, last pushed 18 days ago -->
+
+<!-- END bin/projects.py -->
+
+> Add your repo here! Let us know on [GitHub Discussions](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/discussions/485), or send a PR, adding your information to `docs/data/projects.yml`.
+>
+> <sup>I'd like to include notes here to indicate why an example might be interesting to cibuildwheel users - the styles/technologies/techniques used in each. Please include that in future additions!</sup>
+
+<!--working-examples-end-->
 
 Legal note
 ----------
@@ -152,6 +345,259 @@ This is similar to static linking, so it might have some licence implications. C
 Changelog
 =========
 
+<!--changelog-start-->
+
+### v2.0.0 (prerelease)
+
+_This release is currently in prerelease. The below release notes will be condensed into a single entry when we do a final release._
+
+_v2.0.0a3 (22 Jun 2021)_
+
+- 🌟 You can now configure cibuildwheel options inside your project's `pyproject.toml`! Environment variables still work of course. Check out the [documentation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/latest/options/#setting-options) for more info.
+
+_v2.0.0a2 (1 Jun 2021)_
+
+- 🌟 Added the ability to test building wheels on CPython 3.10! Because CPython 3.10 is in beta, these wheels should not be distributed, because they might not be compatible with the final release, but it's available to build for testing purposes. Use the flag [`--prerelease-pythons` or `CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/latest/options/#prerelease-pythons) to test. (#675)
+- ✨ Added the ability to build CPython 3.8 wheels for Apple Silicon. (#704)
+- 🛠 Update to the latest build dependencies, including auditwheel 4. (#633)
+- 🛠 Use the unified pypa/manylinux images to build PyPy (#671)
+- ⚠️ Removed support for building Python 2.7 and Python 3.5 wheels, for both CPython and PyPy. If you still need to build on these versions, please use the latest v1.x version. (#596)
+
+### v1.12.0
+
+_22 June 2021_
+
+- ✨ Adds support building macOS universal2/arm64 wheels on Python 3.8.
+
+### v1.11.1
+
+_28 May 2021_
+
+- ✨ cibuildwheel is now part of the PyPA!
+- 📚 Minor docs changes, fixing links related to the above transition
+- 🛠 Update manylinux pins to the last version containing Python 2.7 and 3.5. (#674)
+
+### v1.11.0
+
+_1 May 2021_
+
+- 📚 Lots of docs improvements! (#650, #623, #616, #609, #606)
+- 🐛 Fix nuget "Package is not found" error on Windows. (#653)
+- ⚠️ cibuildwheel will no longer build Windows 2.7 wheels, unless you specify a custom toolchain using `DISTUTILS_USE_SDK=1` and `MSSdk=1`. This is because Microsoft have stopped distributing Visual C++ Compiler for Python 2.7. See [this FAQ entry](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#windows-and-python-27) for more details. (#649)
+- 🐛 Fix crash on Windows due to missing `which` command (#641).
+
+### v1.10.0
+
+_22 Feb 2021_
+
+- ✨ Added `manylinux_2_24` support. To use these new Debian-based manylinux
+  images, set your [manylinux image](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)
+  options to `manylinux_2_24`.
+- 🛠 On macOS, we now set `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` in before running
+  `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`. This is useful when using `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL` to build a
+  shared library.
+- 🛠 An empty `CIBW_BUILD` option is now the same as being unset i.e, `*`.
+  This makes some build matrix configuration easier. (#588)
+- 📚 Neatened up documentation - added tabs to a few places (#576), fixed some
+  formatting issues.
+
+### v1.9.0
+
+_5 February 2021_
+
+- 🌟 Added support for Apple Silicon wheels on macOS! You can now
+  cross-compile `universal2` and `arm64` wheels on your existing macOS Intel
+  runners, by setting
+  [CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#archs).
+  Xcode 12.2 or later is required, but you don't need macOS 11.0 - you can
+  still build on macOS 10.15. See
+  [this FAQ entry](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#apple-silicon)
+  for more information. (#484)
+- 🌟 Added auto-detection of your package's Python compatibility, via declared
+   [`requires-python`](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0621/#requires-python)
+  in your `pyproject.toml`, or
+  [`python_requires`](https://packaging.python.org/guides/distributing-packages-using-setuptools/#python-requires)
+  in `setup.cfg` or `setup.py`. If your project has these set, cibuildwheel
+  will automatically skip builds on versions of Python that your package
+  doesn't support. Hopefully this makes the first-run experience of
+  cibuildwheel a bit easier. If you need to override this for any reason,
+  look at [`CIBW_PROJECT_REQUIRES_PYTHON`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#requires-python).
+  (#536)
+- 🌟 cibuildwheel can now be invoked as a native GitHub Action! You can now
+  invoke cibuildwheel in a GHA build step like:
+
+  ```yaml
+  - name: Build wheels
+    uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@version # e.g. v1.9.0
+    with:
+      output-dir: wheelhouse
+    # env:
+    #   CIBW_SOME_OPTION: value
+  ```
+
+  This saves a bit of boilerplate, and you can [use Dependabot to keep the
+  pinned version up-to-date](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#automatic-updates).
+
+- ✨ Added `auto64` and `auto32` shortcuts to the
+  [CIBW_ARCHS](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#archs)
+  option. (#553)
+- ✨ cibuildwheel now prints a list of the wheels built at the end of each
+  run. (#570)
+- 📚 Lots of minor docs improvements.
+
+### 1.8.0
+
+_22 January 2021_
+
+- 🌟 Added support for emulated builds! You can now build manylinux wheels on
+  ARM64`aarch64`, as well as `ppc64le` and 's390x'. To build under emulation,
+  register QEMU via binfmt_misc and set the
+  [`CIBW_ARCHS_LINUX`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#archs)
+  option to the architectures you want to run. See
+  [this FAQ entry](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#emulation)
+  for more information. (#482)
+- ✨ Added `CIBW_TEST_SKIP` option. This allows you to choose certain builds
+  whose tests you'd like to skip. This might be useful when running a slow
+  test suite under emulation, for example. (#537)
+- ✨ Added `curly-{brace,bracket,paren}` style globbing to `CIBW_BUILD` and
+  `CIBW_SKIP`. This gives more expressivity, letting you do things like
+  `CIBW_BUILD=cp39-manylinux_{aarch64,ppc64le}`. (#527)
+- 🛠 cibuildwheel will now exit with an error if it's called with options that
+  skip all builds on a platform. This feature can be disabled by adding
+  `--allow-empty` on the command line. (#545)
+
+### 1.7.4
+
+_2 January 2021_
+
+- 🐛 Fix the PyPy virtualenv patch to work on macOS 10.14 (#506)
+
+### 1.7.3
+
+_1 January 2021_
+
+- 🛠 Added a patch for Pypy to ensure header files are available for building
+  in a virtualenv. (#502)
+- 🛠 Some preparatory work towards using cibuildwheel as a GitHub Action.
+  Check out
+  [the FAQ](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#option-1-github-action)
+  for information on how to use it. We'll be fully updating the docs to this
+  approach in a subsequent release (#494)
+
+### 1.7.2
+
+_21 December 2020_
+
+- 🛠 Update dependencies, notably wheel==0.36.2 and pip==20.3.3, and CPython to
+  their latest bugfix releases (#489)
+- 📚 Switch to a GitHub example in the README (#479)
+- 📚 Create Working Examples table, with many projects that use cibuildwheel (#474)
+- 📚 Import Working Examples table and Changelog to docs
+
+### 1.7.1
+
+_3 December 2020_
+
+- 🛠 Update manylinux2010 image to resolve issues with 'yum' repositories
+  (#472)
+
+### 1.7.0
+
+_26 November 2020_
+
+- ✨ New logging format, that uses 'fold groups' in CI services that support
+  it. (#458)
+- 🛠 Update PyPy to 7.3.3 (#460)
+- 🐛 Fix a bug where CIBW_BEFORE_ALL runs with a very old version of Python on
+  Linux. (#464)
+
+### 1.6.4
+
+_31 October 2020_
+
+- 🐛 Fix crash on Appveyor during nuget install due to old system CA
+  certificates. We now use certifi's CA certs to download files. (#455)
+
+### 1.6.3
+
+_12 October 2020_
+
+- 🐛 Fix missing SSL certificates on macOS (#447)
+- 🛠 Update OpenSSL Python 3.5 patch to 1.1.1h on macOS (#449)
+
+### 1.6.2
+
+_9 October 2020_
+
+- ✨ Python 3.9 updated to the final release version - v3.9.0 (#440)
+- 🛠 Pypy updated to v7.3.2, adding alpha support for Python 3.7 (#430)
+
+### 1.6.1
+
+_20 September 2020_
+
+- 🛠 Add PPC64LE manylinux image supporting Python 3.9. (#436)
+- 📚 Add project URLs to PyPI listing (#428)
+
+### 1.6.0
+
+_9 September 2020_
+
+- 🌟 Add Python 3.9 support! This initial support uses release candidate
+  builds. You can start publishing wheels for Python 3.9 now, ahead of
+  the official release. (#382)
+
+  Minor note - if you're building PPC64LE wheels, the manylinux image pinned
+  by this version is
+  [still on Python 3.9b3](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux/issues/758), not a
+  release candidate. We'd advise holding off on distributing 3.9 ppc64le wheels
+  until a subsequent version of cibuildwheel.
+
+- 🌟 Add Gitlab CI support. Gitlab CI can now build Linux wheels, using
+  cibuildwheel. (#419)
+- 🐛 Fix a bug that causes pyproject.toml dependencies to fail to install on
+  Windows (#420)
+- 📚 Added some information about Windows VC++ runtimes and how they relate
+  to wheels.
+
+### 1.5.5
+
+_22 July 2020_
+
+- 🐛 Fix a bug that would cause command substitutions in CIBW_ENVIRONMENT to
+  produce no output on Linux (#411)
+- 🐛 Fix regression (introduced in 1.5.3) which caused BEFORE_BUILD and
+  BEFORE_ALL to be executed in the wrong directory (#410)
+
+### 1.5.4
+
+_19 June 2020_
+
+- 🐛 Fix a bug that would cause command substitutions in CIBW_ENVIRONMENT
+  variables to not interpret quotes in commands correctly (#406, #408)
+
+### 1.5.3
+
+_19 July 2020_
+
+- 🛠 Update CPython 3.8 to 3.8.3 (#405)
+- 🛠 Internal refactoring of Linux build, to move control flow into Python (#386)
+
+### 1.5.2
+
+_8 July 2020_
+
+- 🐛 Fix an issue on Windows where pyproject.toml would cause an error when
+  some requirements formats were used. (#401)
+- 🛠 Update CPython 3.7 to 3.7.8 (#394)
+
+### 1.5.1
+
+_25 June 2020_
+
+- 🐛 Fix "OSError: [WinError 17] The system cannot move the file to a different
+  disk drive" on GitHub Actions (#388, #389)
+
 ### 1.5.0
 
 _24 June 2020_
@@ -164,7 +610,7 @@ _24 June 2020_
   (#360, #358)
 - ✨ Added workaround to allow Python 3.5 on Windows to pull dependencies from
   pyproject.toml. (#358)
-- 📚 Improved Github Actions examples and docs (#354, #362)
+- 📚 Improved GitHub Actions examples and docs (#354, #362)
 - 🐛 Ensure pip wheel uses the specified package, and doesn't build a wheel
   from PyPI (#369)
 - 🛠 Internal changes: using pathlib.Path, precommit hooks, testing
@@ -204,6 +650,7 @@ _2 May 2020_
   options - if you always want to use the latest toolchain, you can still do
   that, or you can specify your own pip constraints file and manylinux image.
   (#256)
+
 - ✨ Added `package_dir` command line option, meaning we now support building
   a package that lives in a subdirectory and pulls in files from the wider
   project. See [the `package_dir` option help](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#command-line-options)
@@ -214,6 +661,7 @@ _2 May 2020_
   will be copied into the Docker container. If your builds are slower on this
   version, that's likely the reason. `cd` to your project and then call
   `cibuildwheel` from there. (#319, #295)
+
 - 🛠 On macOS, we make `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` default to `10.9` if it's
   not set. This should make things more consistent between Python versions.
 - 🛠 Dependency updates - CPython 3.7.7, CPython 2.7.18, Pypy 7.3.1.
@@ -222,7 +670,7 @@ _2 May 2020_
 
 _12 March 2020_
 
-- 🌟 Add support for building on Github Actions! Check out the
+- 🌟 Add support for building on GitHub Actions! Check out the
   [docs](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/setup/#github-actions)
   for information on how to set it up. (#194)
 - ✨ Add the `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST` option, which lets you run a command to
@@ -308,7 +756,7 @@ _26 May 2019_
 - 🌟 Add support for building on Azure pipelines! This lets you build all
   Linux, Mac and Windows wheels on one service, so it promises to be the
   easiest to set up! Check out the quickstart in the docs, or
-  [cibuildwheel-azure-example](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel-azure-example)
+  [cibuildwheel-azure-example](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel-azure-example)
   for an example project. (#126, #132)
 - 🛠 Internal change - the end-to-end test projects format was updated, so we
   can more precisely assert what should be produced for each one. (#136, #137).
@@ -456,17 +904,22 @@ _31 March 2017_
 
 - 🌟 First public release!
 
+<!--changelog-end-->
+
 Contributing
 ============
 
 For more info on how to contribute to cibuildwheel, see the [docs](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/).
 
+Everyone interacting with the cibuildwheel project via codebase, issue tracker, chat rooms, or otherwise is expected to follow the [PSF Code of Conduct](https://github.com/pypa/.github/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md).
+
 Maintainers
 -----------
 
 - Joe Rickerby [@joerick](https://github.com/joerick)
 - Yannick Jadoul [@YannickJadoul](https://github.com/YannickJadoul)
 - Matthieu Darbois [@mayeut](https://github.com/mayeut)
+- Henry Schreiner [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii)
 
 Credits
 -------
@@ -479,13 +932,15 @@ Credits
 
 Massive props also to-
 
-- @zfrenchee for [help debugging many issues](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/issues/2)
-- @lelit for some great bug reports and [contributions](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/pull/73)
-- @mayeut for a [phenomenal PR](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/pull/71) patching Python itself for better compatibility!
+- @zfrenchee for [help debugging many issues](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/2)
+- @lelit for some great bug reports and [contributions](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/73)
+- @mayeut for a [phenomenal PR](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/71) patching Python itself for better compatibility!
+- @czaki for being a super-contributor over many PRs and helping out with countless issues!
+- @mattip for his help with adding PyPy support to cibuildwheel
 
 See also
 ========
 
 If you'd like to keep wheel building separate from the package itself, check out [astrofrog/autowheel](https://github.com/astrofrog/autowheel). It builds packages using cibuildwheel from source distributions on PyPI.
 
-If `cibuildwheel` is too limited for your needs, consider [matthew-brett/multibuild](http://github.com/matthew-brett/multibuild). `multibuild` is a toolbox for building a wheel on various platforms. It can do a lot more than this project - it's used to build SciPy!
+Another very similar tool to consider is [matthew-brett/multibuild](http://github.com/matthew-brett/multibuild). `multibuild` is a shell script toolbox for building a wheel on various platforms. It is used as a basis to build some of the big data science tools, like SciPy.

action.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+name: cibuildwheel
+description: 'Installs and runs cibuildwheel on the current runner'
+inputs:
+  package-dir:
+    description: 'Input directory, defaults to "."'
+    required: false
+    default: .
+  output-dir:
+    description: 'Folder to place the outputs in, defaults to "wheelhouse"'
+    required: false
+    default: wheelhouse
+branding:
+  icon: package
+  color: yellow
+
+runs:
+  using: composite
+  steps:
+
+    # This needs powershell-core because github.action path is a Windows-style
+    # path on Windows.  Powershell-core understands both types of paths.
+    - run: >
+        pipx run
+        --spec ${{ github.action_path }}
+        cibuildwheel
+        ${{ inputs.package-dir }}
+        --output-dir ${{ inputs.output-dir }}
+      shell: pwsh

appveyor.yml

@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
 environment:
-  # workaround an appveyor bug on macos 
-  # see https://github.com/appveyor/ci/issues/3376#issuecomment-611314299
-  APPVEYOR_CONSOLE_DISABLE_PTY: true
   matrix:
     - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Ubuntu
       APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python37-x64-ubuntu"
@@ -10,11 +7,6 @@ environment:
     - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: macos-mojave
       APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python37-x64-macos-mojave"
 
-# while pypy libffi dependency is failing the build, allow failures on macos
-matrix:	
-  allow_failures:	
-    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: macos-mojave
-
 stack: python 3.7
 
 build: off
@@ -23,19 +15,19 @@ init:
 - cmd: set PATH=C:\Python37;C:\Python37\Scripts;%PATH%
 - ps: |
       $BRANCH = if ($env:APPVEYOR_PULL_REQUEST_HEAD_REPO_BRANCH) { $env:APPVEYOR_PULL_REQUEST_HEAD_REPO_BRANCH } else { $env:APPVEYOR_REPO_BRANCH }
-      if (-not ($BRANCH -eq 'master' -or $BRANCH.ToLower().StartsWith('appveyor-'))) {
-        $env:PYTEST_ADDOPTS='-k "unit_test or _basic" --suppress-no-test-exit-code'
+      if (-not ($BRANCH -eq 'main' -or $BRANCH.ToLower().StartsWith('appveyor-'))) {
+        $env:PYTEST_ADDOPTS='-k "unit_test or test_0_basic" --suppress-no-test-exit-code'
       }
 
-install: python -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt pytest-custom-exit-code
+install: python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
 
 # the '-u' flag is required so the output is in the correct order.
-# See https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/pull/24 for more info.
+# See https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/24 for more info.
 test_script: python -u ./bin/run_tests.py
 
 branches:
   only:
-    - master
+    - main
 
 skip_commits:
   files:

azure-pipelines.yml

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ jobs:
       inputs:
         versionSpec: '3.8'
     - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt pytest-azurepipelines
+        python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-azurepipelines
         python ./bin/run_tests.py
 
 - job: macos_38
@@ -16,29 +16,27 @@ jobs:
       inputs:
         versionSpec: '3.8'
     - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt pytest-azurepipelines
+        python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-azurepipelines
         python ./bin/run_tests.py
 
 - job: windows_36
   pool: {vmImage: 'vs2017-win2016'}
+  timeoutInMinutes: 180
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
       inputs:
         versionSpec: '3.6'
-    - script: choco install vcpython27 -f -y
-      displayName: Install Visual C++ for Python 2.7
     - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt pytest-azurepipelines
+        python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-azurepipelines
         python ./bin/run_tests.py
 
 - job: windows_38
   pool: {vmImage: 'vs2017-win2016'}
+  timeoutInMinutes: 180
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
       inputs:
         versionSpec: '3.8'
-    - script: choco install vcpython27 -f -y
-      displayName: Install Visual C++ for Python 2.7
     - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt pytest-azurepipelines
+        python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-azurepipelines
         python ./bin/run_tests.py

bin/bump_version.py

@@ -1,41 +1,83 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
-import click
-from pathlib import Path
-import os
-import cibuildwheel
-from packaging.version import Version, InvalidVersion
-import subprocess
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import glob
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import urllib.parse
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import click
+from packaging.version import InvalidVersion, Version
+
+import cibuildwheel
 
 config = [
     # file path, version find/replace format
-    ('cibuildwheel/__init__.py', "__version__ = '{}'"),
-    ('setup.py', "version='{}'"),
-    ('README.md', "cibuildwheel=={}"),
-    ('examples/*', "cibuildwheel=={}"),
+    ("README.md", "cibuildwheel=={}"),
+    ("cibuildwheel/__init__.py", '__version__ = "{}"'),
+    ("docs/faq.md", "cibuildwheel=={}"),
+    ("docs/faq.md", "cibuildwheel@v{}"),
+    ("docs/setup.md", "cibuildwheel=={}"),
+    ("examples/*", "cibuildwheel=={}"),
+    ("examples/*", "cibuildwheel@v{}"),
+    ("setup.cfg", "version = {}"),
 ]
 
+RED = "\u001b[31m"
+GREEN = "\u001b[32m"
+OFF = "\u001b[0m"
+
 
 @click.command()
-def bump_version():
-    git_changes_result = subprocess.run(['git diff-index --quiet HEAD --'], shell=True)
+def bump_version() -> None:
+    current_version = cibuildwheel.__version__
+
+    try:
+        commit_date_str = subprocess.run(
+            [
+                "git",
+                "show",
+                "--no-patch",
+                "--pretty=format:%ci",
+                f"v{current_version}^{{commit}}",
+            ],
+            check=True,
+            capture_output=True,
+            encoding="utf8",
+        ).stdout
+        cd_date, cd_time, cd_tz = commit_date_str.split(" ")
+
+        url_opts = urllib.parse.urlencode({"q": f"is:pr merged:>{cd_date}T{cd_time}{cd_tz}"})
+        url = f"https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pulls?{url_opts}"
+
+        print(f"PRs merged since last release:\n  {url}")
+        print()
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+        print(e)
+        print("Failed to get previous version tag information.")
+
+    git_changes_result = subprocess.run(["git diff-index --quiet HEAD --"], shell=True)
     repo_has_uncommitted_changes = git_changes_result.returncode != 0
 
     if repo_has_uncommitted_changes:
-        print('error: Uncommitted changes detected.')
-        exit(1)
+        print("error: Uncommitted changes detected.")
+        sys.exit(1)
 
-    current_version = cibuildwheel.__version__
+    # fmt: off
     print(              'Current version:', current_version)  # noqa
     new_version = input('    New version: ').strip()
+    # fmt: on
 
     try:
         Version(new_version)
     except InvalidVersion:
         print("error: This version doesn't conform to PEP440")
-        print('       https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0440/')
-        exit(1)
+        print("       https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0440/")
+        sys.exit(1)
 
     actions = []
 
@@ -43,71 +85,81 @@ def bump_version():
         paths = [Path(p) for p in glob.glob(path_pattern)]
 
         if not paths:
-            print(f'error: Pattern {path_pattern} didn’t match any files')
-            exit(1)
+            print(f"error: Pattern {path_pattern} didn't match any files")
+            sys.exit(1)
 
         find_pattern = version_pattern.format(current_version)
         replace_pattern = version_pattern.format(new_version)
         found_at_least_one_file_needing_update = False
 
         for path in paths:
-            contents = path.read_text(encoding='utf8')
+            contents = path.read_text(encoding="utf8")
             if find_pattern in contents:
                 found_at_least_one_file_needing_update = True
                 actions.append(
-                    (path, find_pattern, replace_pattern)
+                    (
+                        path,
+                        find_pattern,
+                        replace_pattern,
+                    )
                 )
 
         if not found_at_least_one_file_needing_update:
-            print('error: Didn’t find any occurences of “{}” in “{}”'.format(find_pattern, path_pattern))
-            exit(1)
+            print(f'''error: Didn't find any occurrences of "{find_pattern}" in "{path_pattern}"''')
+            sys.exit(1)
 
     print()
     print("Here's the plan:")
     print()
 
     for action in actions:
-        print('{}  {red}{}{off} → {green}{}{off}'.format(
-            *action,
-            red="\u001b[31m", green="\u001b[32m", off="\u001b[0m"
-        ))
+        path, find, replace = action
+        print(f"{path}  {RED}{find}{OFF} → {GREEN}{replace}{OFF}")
 
-    print('Then commit, and tag as v{}'.format(new_version))
+    print(f"Then commit, and tag as v{new_version}")
 
-    answer = input('Proceed? [y/N] ').strip()
+    answer = input("Proceed? [y/N] ").strip()
 
-    if answer != 'y':
-        print('Aborted')
-        exit(1)
+    if answer != "y":
+        print("Aborted")
+        sys.exit(1)
 
     for path, find, replace in actions:
-        contents = path.read_text(encoding='utf8')
+        contents = path.read_text(encoding="utf8")
         contents = contents.replace(find, replace)
-        path.write_text(contents, encoding='utf8')
+        path.write_text(contents, encoding="utf8")
 
-    print('Files updated. If you want to update the changelog as part of this')
-    print('commit, do that now.')
+    print("Files updated. If you want to update the changelog as part of this")
+    print("commit, do that now.")
+    print()
 
-    while input('Type "done" to continue: ').strip().lower() != 'done':
+    while input('Type "done" to continue: ').strip().lower() != "done":
         pass
 
-    subprocess.run([
-        'git', 'commit',
-        '-a',
-        '-m', f'Bump version: v{new_version}'
-    ], check=True)
+    subprocess.run(
+        [
+            "git",
+            "commit",
+            "--all",
+            f"--message=Bump version: v{new_version}",
+        ],
+        check=True,
+    )
 
-    subprocess.run([
-        'git', 'tag',
-        '-a',
-        '-m', f'v{new_version}',
-        f'v{new_version}'
-    ], check=True)
+    subprocess.run(
+        [
+            "git",
+            "tag",
+            "--annotate",
+            f"--message=v{new_version}",
+            f"v{new_version}",
+        ],
+        check=True,
+    )
 
-    print('Done.')
+    print("Done.")
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    os.chdir(os.path.dirname(__file__))
-    os.chdir('..')
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    os.chdir(Path(__file__).parent.parent.resolve())
     bump_version()

bin/inspect_all_known_projects.py

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import ast
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Iterator
+
+import click
+import yaml
+from ghapi.core import GhApi, HTTP404NotFoundError  # type: ignore
+from rich import print
+
+from cibuildwheel.projectfiles import Analyzer
+
+DIR = Path(__file__).parent.resolve()
+
+
+def parse(contents: str) -> str | None:
+    try:
+        tree = ast.parse(contents)
+        analyzer = Analyzer()
+        analyzer.visit(tree)
+        return analyzer.requires_python or ""
+    except Exception:
+        return None
+
+
+def check_repo(name: str, contents: str) -> str:
+    s = f"  {name}: "
+    if name == "setup.py":
+        if "python_requires" not in contents:
+            s += "❌"
+        res = parse(contents)
+        if res is None:
+            s += "⚠️ "
+        elif res:
+            s += "✅ " + res
+        elif "python_requires" in contents:
+            s += "☑️"
+
+    elif name == "setup.cfg":
+        s += "✅" if "python_requires" in contents else "❌"
+    else:
+        s += "✅" if "requires-python" in contents else "❌"
+
+    return s
+
+
+class MaybeRemote:
+    def __init__(self, cached_file: Path | str, *, online: bool) -> None:
+        self.online = online
+        if self.online:
+            self.contents: dict[str, dict[str, str | None]] = {
+                "setup.py": {},
+                "setup.cfg": {},
+                "pyproject.toml": {},
+            }
+        else:
+            with open(cached_file) as f:
+                self.contents = yaml.safe_load(f)
+
+    def get(self, repo: str, filename: str) -> str | None:
+        if self.online:
+            try:
+                self.contents[filename][repo] = (
+                    GhApi(*repo.split("/")).get_content(filename).decode()
+                )
+            except HTTP404NotFoundError:
+                self.contents[filename][repo] = None
+            return self.contents[filename][repo]
+        elif repo in self.contents[filename]:
+            return self.contents[filename][repo]
+        else:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"Trying to access {repo}:{filename} and not in cache, rebuild cache"
+            )
+
+    def save(self, filename: Path | str) -> None:
+        with open(filename, "w") as f:
+            yaml.safe_dump(self.contents, f, default_flow_style=False)
+
+    def on_each(self, repos: list[str]) -> Iterator[tuple[str, str, str | None]]:
+        for repo in repos:
+            print(f"[bold]{repo}:")
+            for filename in sorted(self.contents, reverse=True):
+                yield repo, filename, self.get(repo, filename)
+
+
+@click.command()
+@click.option("--online", is_flag=True, help="Remember to set GITHUB_TOKEN")
+def main(online: bool) -> None:
+    with open(DIR / "../docs/data/projects.yml") as f:
+        known = yaml.safe_load(f)
+
+    repos = [x["gh"] for x in known]
+
+    ghinfo = MaybeRemote("all_known_setup.yaml", online=online)
+
+    for _, filename, contents in ghinfo.on_each(repos):
+        if contents is None:
+            print(f"[red]  {filename}: Not found")
+        else:
+            print(check_repo(filename, contents))
+
+    if online:
+        ghinfo.save("all_known_setup.yaml")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

bin/make_dependency_update_pr.py

@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import os
+import sys
+import textwrap
 import time
 from pathlib import Path
 from subprocess import run
 
 import click
-import textwrap
 
 
 def shell(cmd, **kwargs):
@@ -14,62 +17,66 @@ def shell(cmd, **kwargs):
 
 
 def git_repo_has_changes():
-    unstaged_changes = shell('git diff-index --quiet HEAD --').returncode != 0
-    staged_changes = shell('git diff-index --quiet --cached HEAD --').returncode != 0
+    unstaged_changes = shell("git diff-index --quiet HEAD --").returncode != 0
+    staged_changes = shell("git diff-index --quiet --cached HEAD --").returncode != 0
     return unstaged_changes or staged_changes
 
 
 @click.command()
 def main():
-    project_root = Path(__file__).parent / '..'
+    project_root = Path(__file__).parent / ".."
     os.chdir(project_root)
 
     if git_repo_has_changes():
-        print('Your git repo has uncommitted changes. Commit or stash before continuing.')
-        exit(1)
+        print("Your git repo has uncommitted changes. Commit or stash before continuing.")
+        sys.exit(1)
 
-    previous_branch = shell('git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD',
-                            check=True,
-                            capture_output=True,
-                            encoding='utf8').stdout.strip()
+    previous_branch = shell(
+        "git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD", check=True, capture_output=True, encoding="utf8"
+    ).stdout.strip()
 
-    shell('git fetch origin', check=True)
+    shell("git fetch origin", check=True)
 
-    timestamp = time.strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H-%M-%S', time.gmtime())
-    branch_name = f'update-constraints-{timestamp}'
+    timestamp = time.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H-%M-%S", time.gmtime())
+    branch_name = f"update-constraints-{timestamp}"
 
-    shell(f'git checkout -b {branch_name} origin/master', check=True)
+    shell(f"git checkout -b {branch_name} origin/main", check=True)
 
     try:
-        shell('bin/update_dependencies.py', check=True)
+        shell("bin/update_dependencies.py", check=True)
 
         if not git_repo_has_changes():
-            print('Done: no constraint updates required.')
+            print("Done: no constraint updates required.")
             return
 
         shell('git commit -a -m "Update dependencies"', check=True)
+        body = textwrap.dedent(
+            f"""
+            Update the versions of our dependencies.
+
+            PR generated by `{os.path.basename(__file__)}`.
+            """
+        )
         run(
             [
-                'gh', 'pr', 'create',
-                '--repo', 'joerick/cibuildwheel',
-                '--base', 'master',
-                '--title', 'Update dependencies',
-                '--body', textwrap.dedent(f'''
-                    Update the versions of our dependencies.
-
-                    PR generated by `{os.path.basename(__file__)}`.
-                ''')
+                "gh",
+                "pr",
+                "create",
+                "--repo=pypa/cibuildwheel",
+                "--base=main",
+                "--title=Update dependencies",
+                f"--body='{body}'",
             ],
-            check=True
+            check=True,
         )
 
-        print('Done.')
+        print("Done.")
     finally:
         # remove any local changes
-        shell('git checkout -- .')
-        shell(f'git checkout {previous_branch}', check=True)
-        shell(f'git branch -D --force {branch_name}', check=True)
+        shell("git checkout -- .")
+        shell(f"git checkout {previous_branch}", check=True)
+        shell(f"git branch -D --force {branch_name}", check=True)
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     main.main(standalone_mode=True)

bin/projects.py

@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+"""
+Convert a yaml project list into a nice table.
+
+Suggested usage:
+
+    ./bin/projects.py docs/data/projects.yml --online --auth $GITHUB_API_TOKEN --readme README.md
+    git diff
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import builtins
+import functools
+import textwrap
+import urllib.request
+import xml.dom.minidom
+from datetime import datetime
+from io import StringIO
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any, TextIO
+
+import click
+import yaml
+from github import Github, GithubException
+
+ICONS = (
+    "appveyor",
+    "github",
+    "azurepipelines",
+    "circleci",
+    "gitlab",
+    "travisci",
+    "windows",
+    "apple",
+    "linux",
+)
+
+
+class Project:
+    NAME: int = 0
+
+    def __init__(self, config: dict[str, Any], github: Github | None = None):
+        try:
+            self.name: str = config["name"]
+            self.gh: str = config["gh"]
+        except KeyError:
+            print("Invalid config, needs at least gh and name!", config)
+            raise
+
+        self.stars_repo: str = config.get("stars", self.gh)
+        self.notes: str = config.get("notes", "")
+        self.ci: list[str] = config.get("ci", [])
+        self.os: list[str] = config.get("os", [])
+
+        self.online = github is not None
+        if github is not None:
+            try:
+                repo = github.get_repo(self.stars_repo)
+            except GithubException:
+                print(f"Broken: {self.stars_repo}")
+                raise
+
+            self.num_stars: int = repo.stargazers_count
+            self.pushed_at = repo.pushed_at
+            if not self.notes:
+                notes = repo.description
+                if repo.description:
+                    self.notes = notes
+        else:
+            self.num_stars = 0
+            self.pushed_at = datetime.utcnow()
+
+        name_len = len(self.name) + 4
+        self.__class__.NAME = max(self.__class__.NAME, name_len)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other: Project) -> bool:
+        if self.online:
+            return self.num_stars < other.num_stars
+        else:
+            return self.name < other.name
+
+    @classmethod
+    def header(cls) -> str:
+        return textwrap.dedent(
+            f"""\
+                | {'Name':{cls.NAME}} | CI | OS | Notes |
+                |{'':-^{cls.NAME+2  }}|----|----|:------|"""
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def namelink(self) -> str:
+        return f"[{self.name}][]"
+
+    @property
+    def starslink(self) -> str:
+        return f"![{self.name} stars][]"
+
+    @property
+    def url(self) -> str:
+        return f"https://github.com/{self.gh}"
+
+    @property
+    def ci_icons(self) -> str:
+        return " ".join(f"![{icon} icon][]" for icon in self.ci)
+
+    @property
+    def os_icons(self) -> str:
+        return " ".join(f"![{icon} icon][]" for icon in self.os)
+
+    def table_row(self) -> str:
+        notes = self.notes.replace("\n", " ")
+        return f"| {self.namelink: <{self.NAME}} | {self.ci_icons} | {self.os_icons} | {notes} |"
+
+    def links(self) -> str:
+        return f"[{self.name}]: {self.url}"
+
+    def info(self) -> str:
+        days = (datetime.utcnow() - self.pushed_at).days
+        return f"<!-- {self.name}: {self.num_stars}, last pushed {days} days ago -->"
+
+
+def fetch_icon(icon_name: str) -> None:
+    url = f"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/simple-icons@v4/icons/{icon_name}.svg"
+    with urllib.request.urlopen(url) as f:
+        original_svg_data = f.read()
+
+    document = xml.dom.minidom.parseString(original_svg_data)
+    svgElement = document.documentElement
+    assert svgElement.nodeName == "svg"
+    svgElement.setAttribute("width", "16px")
+    svgElement.setAttribute("fill", "#606060")
+
+    icon_path = path_for_icon(icon_name)
+    icon_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    with open(path_for_icon(icon_name), "w") as f:
+        f.write(svgElement.toxml())
+
+
+def path_for_icon(icon_name: str) -> Path:
+    return Path(".") / "docs" / "data" / "readme_icons" / f"{icon_name}.svg"
+
+
+def str_projects(
+    config: list[dict[str, Any]],
+    *,
+    online: bool = True,
+    auth: str | None = None,
+) -> str:
+    io = StringIO()
+    print = functools.partial(builtins.print, file=io)
+
+    if online:
+        for icon in ICONS:
+            fetch_icon(icon)
+
+    github = Github(auth) if online else None
+
+    projects = sorted((Project(item, github) for item in config), reverse=online)
+
+    print(Project.header())
+    for project in projects:
+        print(project.table_row())
+
+    print()
+    for project in projects:
+        print(project.links())
+
+    print()
+    for icon in ICONS:
+        print(f"[{icon} icon]: {path_for_icon(icon).as_posix()}")
+
+    print()
+    for project in projects:
+        print(project.info())
+
+    return io.getvalue()
+
+
+@click.command(help="Try ./bin/projects.py docs/data/projects.yml --readme README.md")
+@click.argument("input", type=click.File("r"))
+@click.option("--online/--no-online", default=True, help="Get info from GitHub")
+@click.option("--auth", help="GitHub authentication token")
+@click.option("--readme", type=click.File("r+"), help="Modify a readme file if given")
+def projects(
+    input: TextIO,
+    online: bool,
+    auth: str | None,
+    readme: TextIO | None,
+) -> None:
+    config = yaml.safe_load(input)
+    output = str_projects(config, online=online, auth=auth)
+
+    if readme is None:
+        print(output)
+    else:
+        text = readme.read()
+        start_str = "<!-- START bin/projects.py -->\n"
+        start = text.find(start_str)
+        end = text.find("<!-- END bin/projects.py -->\n")
+        generated_note = f"<!-- this section is generated by bin/projects.py. Don't edit it directly, instead, edit {input.name} -->"
+        new_text = f"{text[:start + len(start_str)]}\n{generated_note}\n\n{output}\n{text[end:]}"
+
+        readme.seek(0)
+        readme.write(new_text)
+        readme.truncate()
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    projects()

bin/run_example_ci_configs.py

@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import shutil
+import sys
+import textwrap
+import time
+from collections import namedtuple
+from glob import glob
+from pathlib import Path
+from subprocess import run
+from urllib.parse import quote
+
+import click
+
+
+def shell(cmd, **kwargs):
+    return run([cmd], shell=True, **kwargs)
+
+
+def git_repo_has_changes():
+    unstaged_changes = shell("git diff-index --quiet HEAD --").returncode != 0
+    staged_changes = shell("git diff-index --quiet --cached HEAD --").returncode != 0
+    return unstaged_changes or staged_changes
+
+
+def generate_basic_project(path):
+    sys.path.insert(0, "")
+    from test.test_projects.c import new_c_project
+
+    project = new_c_project()
+    project.generate(path)
+
+
+CIService = namedtuple("CIService", "name dst_config_path badge_md")
+services = [
+    CIService(
+        name="appveyor",
+        dst_config_path="appveyor.yml",
+        badge_md="[![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/wbsgxshp05tt1tif/branch/{branch}?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/pypa/cibuildwheel/branch/{branch})",
+    ),
+    CIService(
+        name="azure-pipelines",
+        dst_config_path="azure-pipelines.yml",
+        badge_md="[![Build Status](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_apis/build/status/joerick.cibuildwheel?branchName={branch})](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_build/latest?definitionId=2&branchName={branch})",
+    ),
+    CIService(
+        name="circleci",
+        dst_config_path=".circleci/config.yml",
+        badge_md="[![CircleCI](https://circleci.com/gh/pypa/cibuildwheel/tree/{branch_escaped}.svg?style=svg)](https://circleci.com/gh/pypa/cibuildwheel/tree/{branch})",
+    ),
+    CIService(
+        name="github",
+        dst_config_path=".github/workflows/example.yml",
+        badge_md="[![Build](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/workflows/Build/badge.svg?branch={branch})](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/actions)",
+    ),
+    CIService(
+        name="travis-ci",
+        dst_config_path=".travis.yml",
+        badge_md="[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/pypa/cibuildwheel.svg?branch={branch})](https://travis-ci.org/pypa/cibuildwheel)",
+    ),
+    CIService(
+        name="gitlab",
+        dst_config_path=".gitlab-ci.yml",
+        badge_md="[![Gitlab](https://gitlab.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/badges/{branch}/pipeline.svg)](https://gitlab.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/-/commits/{branch})",
+    ),
+]
+
+
+def ci_service_for_config_file(config_file):
+    service_name = Path(config_file).name.rsplit("-", 1)[0]
+
+    for service in services:
+        if service.name == service_name:
+            return service
+
+    raise ValueError(f"unknown ci service for config file {config_file}")
+
+
+@click.command()
+@click.argument("config_files", nargs=-1, type=click.Path())
+def run_example_ci_configs(config_files=None):
+    """
+    Test the example configs. If no files are specified, will test
+    examples/*-minimal.yml
+    """
+
+    if len(config_files) == 0:
+        config_files = glob("examples/*-minimal.yml")
+
+    # check each CI service has at most 1 config file
+    configs_by_service = {}
+    for config_file in config_files:
+        service = ci_service_for_config_file(config_file)
+        if service.name in configs_by_service:
+            raise Exception("You cannot specify more than one config per CI service")
+        configs_by_service[service.name] = config_file
+
+    if git_repo_has_changes():
+        print("Your git repo has uncommitted changes. Commit or stash before continuing.")
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    previous_branch = shell(
+        "git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD", check=True, capture_output=True, encoding="utf8"
+    ).stdout.strip()
+
+    timestamp = time.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H-%M-%S", time.gmtime())
+    branch_name = f"example-config-test---{previous_branch}-{timestamp}"
+
+    try:
+        shell(f"git checkout --orphan {branch_name}", check=True)
+
+        example_project = Path("example_root")
+        generate_basic_project(example_project)
+
+        for config_file in config_files:
+            service = ci_service_for_config_file(config_file)
+            src_config_file = Path(config_file)
+            dst_config_file = example_project / service.dst_config_path
+
+            dst_config_file.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+            shutil.copyfile(src_config_file, dst_config_file)
+
+        run(["git", "add", example_project], check=True)
+        message = textwrap.dedent(
+            f"""\
+            Test example minimal configs
+
+            Testing files: {config_files}
+            Generated from branch: {previous_branch}
+            Time: {timestamp}
+            """
+        )
+        run(["git", "commit", "--no-verify", "--message", message], check=True)
+        shell(f"git subtree --prefix={example_project} push origin {branch_name}", check=True)
+
+        print("---")
+        print()
+        print("> **Examples test run**")
+        print("> ")
+        print(f"> Branch: [{branch_name}](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/tree/{branch_name})")
+        print("> ")
+        print("> | Service | Config | Status |")
+        print("> |---|---|---|")
+        for config_file in config_files:
+            service = ci_service_for_config_file(config_file)
+            badge = service.badge_md.format(
+                branch=branch_name, branch_escaped=quote(branch_name, safe="")
+            )
+            print(f"> | {service.name} | `{config_file}` | {badge} |")
+        print("> ")
+        print("> Generated by `bin/run_example_ci_config.py`")
+        print()
+        print("---")
+    finally:
+        # remove any local changes
+        shutil.rmtree(example_project, ignore_errors=True)
+        shell("git checkout -- .")
+        shell(f"git checkout {previous_branch}", check=True)
+        shell(f"git branch -D --force {branch_name}", check=True)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    os.chdir(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+    os.chdir("..")
+    run_example_ci_configs(standalone_mode=True)

bin/run_tests.py

@@ -5,12 +5,19 @@ import subprocess
 import sys
 from pathlib import Path
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     # move cwd to the project root
     os.chdir(Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1])
 
     # run the unit tests
-    subprocess.check_call([sys.executable, '-m', 'pytest', 'unit_test'])
+    unit_test_args = [sys.executable, "-m", "pytest", "unit_test"]
+    # run the docker unit tests only on Linux
+    if sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
+        unit_test_args += ["--run-docker"]
+    subprocess.run(unit_test_args, check=True)
 
     # run the integration tests
-    subprocess.check_call([sys.executable, '-m', 'pytest', '-x', '--durations', '0', 'test'])
+    subprocess.run(
+        [sys.executable, "-m", "pytest", "-x", "--durations", "0", "--timeout=2400", "test"],
+        check=True,
+    )

bin/sample_build.py

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import argparse
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import tempfile
+from pathlib import Path
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    # move cwd to the project root
+    os.chdir(Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1])
+
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Runs a sample build")
+    parser.add_argument("project_python_path", nargs="?", default="test.test_0_basic.basic_project")
+
+    options = parser.parse_args()
+
+    project_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+    subprocess.run(
+        [sys.executable, "-m", "test.test_projects", options.project_python_path, project_dir],
+        check=True,
+    )
+
+    sys.exit(subprocess.run([sys.executable, "-m", "cibuildwheel"], cwd=project_dir).returncode)

bin/update_dependencies.py

@@ -1,99 +1,40 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
+# This file supports 3.6+
 
-import configparser
 import os
+import shutil
 import subprocess
-from collections import namedtuple
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
 
-import requests
+DIR = Path(__file__).parent.resolve()
+RESOURCES = DIR.parent / "cibuildwheel/resources"
 
-os.chdir(os.path.dirname(__file__))
-os.chdir('..')
+python_version = "".join(str(v) for v in sys.version_info[:2])
+
+env = os.environ.copy()
 
 # CUSTOM_COMPILE_COMMAND is a pip-compile option that tells users how to
 # regenerate the constraints files
-os.environ['CUSTOM_COMPILE_COMMAND'] = "bin/update_constraints.py"
-subprocess.check_call([
-    'pip-compile',
-    '--allow-unsafe',
-    '--upgrade',
-    'cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in',
-])
-for python_version in ['27', '35', '36']:
-    subprocess.check_call([
-        f'./env{python_version}/bin/pip-compile',
-        '--allow-unsafe',
-        '--upgrade',
-        'cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in',
-        '--output-file', f'cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python{python_version}.txt'
-    ])
+env["CUSTOM_COMPILE_COMMAND"] = "bin/update_dependencies.py"
 
-Image = namedtuple('Image', [
-    'manylinux_version',
-    'platform',
-    'image_name',
-])
+os.chdir(DIR.parent)
 
-images = [
-    Image('manylinux1', 'x86_64', 'quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_x86_64'),
-    Image('manylinux1', 'i686', 'quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_i686'),
+subprocess.run(
+    [
+        "pip-compile",
+        "--allow-unsafe",
+        "--upgrade",
+        "cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in",
+        f"--output-file=cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python{python_version}.txt",
+    ],
+    check=True,
+    env=env,
+)
 
-    Image('manylinux2010', 'x86_64', 'quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64'),
-    Image('manylinux2010', 'i686', 'quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686'),
-    Image('manylinux2010', 'pypy_x86_64', 'pypywheels/manylinux2010-pypy_x86_64'),
-
-    Image('manylinux2014', 'x86_64', 'quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64'),
-    Image('manylinux2014', 'i686', 'quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686'),
-    Image('manylinux2014', 'aarch64', 'quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64'),
-    Image('manylinux2014', 'ppc64le', 'quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le'),
-    Image('manylinux2014', 's390x', 'quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x'),
-]
-
-config = configparser.ConfigParser()
-
-for image in images:
-    # get the tag name whose digest matches 'latest'
-    if image.image_name.startswith('quay.io/'):
-        _, _, repository_name = image.image_name.partition('/')
-        response = requests.get(
-            f'https://quay.io/api/v1/repository/{repository_name}?includeTags=true'
-        )
-        response.raise_for_status()
-        repo_info = response.json()
-        tags_dict = repo_info['tags']
-
-        latest_tag = tags_dict.pop('latest')
-        # find the tag whose manifest matches 'latest'
-        tag_name = next(
-            name
-            for (name, info) in tags_dict.items()
-            if info['manifest_digest'] == latest_tag['manifest_digest']
-        )
-    else:
-        response = requests.get(
-            f'https://hub.docker.com/v2/repositories/{image.image_name}/tags'
-        )
-        response.raise_for_status()
-        tags = response.json()['results']
-
-        latest_tag = next(
-            tag for tag in tags if tag['name'] == 'latest'
-        )
-        # i don't know what it would mean to have multiple images per tag
-        assert len(latest_tag['images']) == 1
-        digest = latest_tag['images'][0]['digest']
-
-        pinned_tag = next(
-            tag
-            for tag in tags
-            if tag != latest_tag and tag['images'][0]['digest'] == digest
-        )
-        tag_name = pinned_tag['name']
-
-    if not config.has_section(image.platform):
-        config[image.platform] = {}
-
-    config[image.platform][image.manylinux_version] = f'{image.image_name}:{tag_name}'
-
-with open('cibuildwheel/resources/pinned_docker_images.cfg', 'w') as f:
-    config.write(f)
+# default constraints.txt
+if python_version == "39":
+    shutil.copyfile(
+        RESOURCES / f"constraints-python{python_version}.txt",
+        RESOURCES / "constraints.txt",
+    )

bin/update_docker.py

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import configparser
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import NamedTuple
+
+import requests
+
+DIR = Path(__file__).parent.resolve()
+RESOURCES = DIR.parent / "cibuildwheel/resources"
+
+
+class Image(NamedTuple):
+    manylinux_version: str
+    platform: str
+    image_name: str
+    tag: str | None  # Set this to pin the image
+
+
+images = [
+    Image("manylinux1", "x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_x86_64", None),
+    Image("manylinux1", "i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_i686", None),
+    # 2010 images
+    Image("manylinux2010", "x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64", None),
+    Image("manylinux2010", "i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686", None),
+    Image("manylinux2010", "pypy_x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64", None),
+    Image("manylinux2010", "pypy_i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686", None),
+    # 2014 images
+    Image("manylinux2014", "x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64", None),
+    Image("manylinux2014", "i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686", None),
+    Image("manylinux2014", "aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64", None),
+    Image("manylinux2014", "ppc64le", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le", None),
+    Image("manylinux2014", "s390x", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x", None),
+    Image("manylinux2014", "pypy_x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64", None),
+    Image("manylinux2014", "pypy_i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686", None),
+    Image("manylinux2014", "pypy_aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64", None),
+    # 2_24 images
+    Image("manylinux_2_24", "x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64", None),
+    Image("manylinux_2_24", "i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_i686", None),
+    Image("manylinux_2_24", "aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_aarch64", None),
+    Image("manylinux_2_24", "ppc64le", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_ppc64le", None),
+    Image("manylinux_2_24", "s390x", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_s390x", None),
+    Image("manylinux_2_24", "pypy_x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64", None),
+    Image("manylinux_2_24", "pypy_i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_i686", None),
+    Image("manylinux_2_24", "pypy_aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_aarch64", None),
+]
+
+config = configparser.ConfigParser()
+
+for image in images:
+    # get the tag name whose digest matches 'latest'
+    if image.tag is not None:
+        # image has been pinned, do not update
+        tag_name = image.tag
+    elif image.image_name.startswith("quay.io/"):
+        _, _, repository_name = image.image_name.partition("/")
+        response = requests.get(
+            f"https://quay.io/api/v1/repository/{repository_name}?includeTags=true"
+        )
+        response.raise_for_status()
+        repo_info = response.json()
+        tags_dict = repo_info["tags"]
+
+        latest_tag = tags_dict.pop("latest")
+        # find the tag whose manifest matches 'latest'
+        tag_name = next(
+            name
+            for (name, info) in tags_dict.items()
+            if info["manifest_digest"] == latest_tag["manifest_digest"]
+        )
+    else:
+        response = requests.get(f"https://hub.docker.com/v2/repositories/{image.image_name}/tags")
+        response.raise_for_status()
+        tags = response.json()["results"]
+
+        latest_tag = next(tag for tag in tags if tag["name"] == "latest")
+        # i don't know what it would mean to have multiple images per tag
+        assert len(latest_tag["images"]) == 1
+        digest = latest_tag["images"][0]["digest"]
+
+        pinned_tag = next(
+            tag for tag in tags if tag != latest_tag and tag["images"][0]["digest"] == digest
+        )
+        tag_name = pinned_tag["name"]
+
+    if not config.has_section(image.platform):
+        config[image.platform] = {}
+
+    config[image.platform][image.manylinux_version] = f"{image.image_name}:{tag_name}"
+
+with open(RESOURCES / "pinned_docker_images.cfg", "w") as f:
+    config.write(f)

bin/update_pythons.py

@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import copy
+import difflib
+import logging
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any, Iterable, Union, cast
+
+import click
+import requests
+import rich
+import toml
+from packaging.specifiers import Specifier
+from packaging.version import Version
+from rich.logging import RichHandler
+from rich.syntax import Syntax
+
+from cibuildwheel.extra import InlineArrayDictEncoder
+from cibuildwheel.typing import Final, Literal, TypedDict
+
+log = logging.getLogger("cibw")
+
+# Looking up the dir instead of using utils.resources_dir
+# since we want to write to it.
+DIR: Final[Path] = Path(__file__).parent.parent.resolve()
+RESOURCES_DIR: Final[Path] = DIR / "cibuildwheel/resources"
+
+
+ArchStr = Literal["32", "64"]
+
+
+class ConfigWinCP(TypedDict):
+    identifier: str
+    version: str
+    arch: str
+
+
+class ConfigWinPP(TypedDict):
+    identifier: str
+    version: str
+    arch: str
+    url: str
+
+
+class ConfigMacOS(TypedDict):
+    identifier: str
+    version: str
+    url: str
+
+
+AnyConfig = Union[ConfigWinCP, ConfigWinPP, ConfigMacOS]
+
+
+# The following set of "Versions" classes allow the initial call to the APIs to
+# be cached and reused in the `update_version_*` methods.
+
+
+class WindowsVersions:
+    def __init__(self, arch_str: ArchStr) -> None:
+
+        response = requests.get("https://api.nuget.org/v3/index.json")
+        response.raise_for_status()
+        api_info = response.json()
+
+        for resource in api_info["resources"]:
+            if resource["@type"] == "PackageBaseAddress/3.0.0":
+                endpoint = resource["@id"]
+
+        ARCH_DICT = {"32": "win32", "64": "win_amd64"}
+        PACKAGE_DICT = {"32": "pythonx86", "64": "python"}
+
+        self.arch_str = arch_str
+        self.arch = ARCH_DICT[arch_str]
+        package = PACKAGE_DICT[arch_str]
+
+        response = requests.get(f"{endpoint}{package}/index.json")
+        response.raise_for_status()
+        cp_info = response.json()
+
+        self.version_dict = {Version(v): v for v in cp_info["versions"]}
+
+    def update_version_windows(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigWinCP | None:
+
+        # Specifier.filter selects all non pre-releases that match the spec,
+        # unless there are only pre-releases, then it selects pre-releases
+        # instead (like pip)
+        unsorted_versions = cast(Iterable[Version], spec.filter(self.version_dict))
+        versions = sorted(unsorted_versions, reverse=True)
+
+        log.debug(f"Windows {self.arch} {spec} has {', '.join(str(v) for v in versions)}")
+
+        if not versions:
+            return None
+
+        version = versions[0]
+        identifier = f"cp{version.major}{version.minor}-{self.arch}"
+        return ConfigWinCP(
+            identifier=identifier,
+            version=self.version_dict[version],
+            arch=self.arch_str,
+        )
+
+
+class PyPyVersions:
+    def __init__(self, arch_str: ArchStr):
+
+        response = requests.get("https://downloads.python.org/pypy/versions.json")
+        response.raise_for_status()
+
+        releases = [r for r in response.json() if r["pypy_version"] != "nightly"]
+        for release in releases:
+            release["pypy_version"] = Version(release["pypy_version"])
+            release["python_version"] = Version(release["python_version"])
+
+        self.releases = [
+            r
+            for r in releases
+            if not r["pypy_version"].is_prerelease and not r["pypy_version"].is_devrelease
+        ]
+        self.arch = arch_str
+
+    def get_arch_file(self, release: dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+        urls: list[str] = [
+            rf["download_url"]
+            for rf in release["files"]
+            if "" in rf["platform"] == f"win{self.arch}"
+        ]
+        return urls[0] if urls else ""
+
+    def update_version_windows(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigWinCP:
+        releases = [r for r in self.releases if spec.contains(r["python_version"])]
+        releases = sorted(releases, key=lambda r: r["pypy_version"])  # type: ignore
+        releases = [r for r in releases if self.get_arch_file(r)]
+
+        if not releases:
+            raise RuntimeError(f"PyPy Win {self.arch} not found for {spec}! {self.releases}")
+
+        version_arch = "win32" if self.arch == "32" else "win_amd64"
+
+        release = releases[-1]
+        version = release["python_version"]
+        identifier = f"pp{version.major}{version.minor}-{version_arch}"
+        url = self.get_arch_file(release)
+
+        return ConfigWinPP(
+            identifier=identifier,
+            version=f"{version.major}.{version.minor}",
+            arch=self.arch,
+            url=url,
+        )
+
+    def update_version_macos(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigMacOS:
+        if self.arch != "64":
+            raise RuntimeError("Other archs not supported yet on macOS")
+
+        releases = [r for r in self.releases if spec.contains(r["python_version"])]
+        releases = sorted(releases, key=lambda r: r["pypy_version"])  # type: ignore
+
+        if not releases:
+            raise RuntimeError(f"PyPy macOS {self.arch} not found for {spec}!")
+
+        release = releases[-1]
+        version = release["python_version"]
+        identifier = f"pp{version.major}{version.minor}-macosx_x86_64"
+
+        (url,) = (
+            rf["download_url"]
+            for rf in release["files"]
+            if "" in rf["platform"] == "darwin" and rf["arch"] == "x64"
+        )
+
+        return ConfigMacOS(
+            identifier=identifier,
+            version=f"{version.major}.{version.minor}",
+            url=url,
+        )
+
+
+class CPythonVersions:
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+
+        response = requests.get(
+            "https://www.python.org/api/v2/downloads/release/?is_published=true"
+        )
+        response.raise_for_status()
+
+        releases_info = response.json()
+
+        self.versions_dict: dict[Version, int] = {}
+        for release in releases_info:
+            # Removing the prefix, Python 3.9 would use: release["name"].removeprefix("Python ")
+            version = Version(release["name"][7:])
+
+            uri = int(release["resource_uri"].rstrip("/").split("/")[-1])
+            self.versions_dict[version] = uri
+
+    def update_version_macos(
+        self, identifier: str, version: Version, spec: Specifier
+    ) -> ConfigMacOS | None:
+
+        # see note above on Specifier.filter
+        unsorted_versions = cast(Iterable[Version], spec.filter(self.versions_dict))
+        sorted_versions = sorted(unsorted_versions, reverse=True)
+
+        if version <= Version("3.8.9999"):
+            file_ident = "macosx10.9.pkg"
+        else:
+            file_ident = "macos11.pkg"
+
+        for new_version in sorted_versions:
+            # Find the first patch version that contains the requested file
+            uri = self.versions_dict[new_version]
+            response = requests.get(
+                f"https://www.python.org/api/v2/downloads/release_file/?release={uri}"
+            )
+            response.raise_for_status()
+            file_info = response.json()
+
+            urls = [rf["url"] for rf in file_info if file_ident in rf["url"]]
+            if urls:
+                return ConfigMacOS(
+                    identifier=identifier,
+                    version=f"{new_version.major}.{new_version.minor}",
+                    url=urls[0],
+                )
+
+        return None
+
+
+# This is a universal interface to all the above Versions classes. Given an
+# identifier, it updates a config dict.
+
+
+class AllVersions:
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.windows_32 = WindowsVersions("32")
+        self.windows_64 = WindowsVersions("64")
+        self.windows_pypy_64 = PyPyVersions("64")
+
+        self.macos_cpython = CPythonVersions()
+        self.macos_pypy = PyPyVersions("64")
+
+    def update_config(self, config: dict[str, str]) -> None:
+        identifier = config["identifier"]
+        version = Version(config["version"])
+        spec = Specifier(f"=={version.major}.{version.minor}.*")
+        log.info(f"Reading in '{identifier}' -> {spec} @ {version}")
+        orig_config = copy.copy(config)
+        config_update: AnyConfig | None = None
+
+        # We need to use ** in update due to MyPy (probably a bug)
+        if "macos" in identifier:
+            if identifier.startswith("cp"):
+                config_update = self.macos_cpython.update_version_macos(identifier, version, spec)
+            elif identifier.startswith("pp"):
+                config_update = self.macos_pypy.update_version_macos(spec)
+        elif "win32" in identifier:
+            if identifier.startswith("cp"):
+                config_update = self.windows_32.update_version_windows(spec)
+        elif "win_amd64" in identifier:
+            if identifier.startswith("cp"):
+                config_update = self.windows_64.update_version_windows(spec)
+            elif identifier.startswith("pp"):
+                config_update = self.windows_pypy_64.update_version_windows(spec)
+
+        assert config_update is not None, f"{identifier} not found!"
+        config.update(**config_update)
+
+        if config != orig_config:
+            log.info(f"  Updated {orig_config} to {config}")
+
+
+@click.command()
+@click.option("--force", is_flag=True)
+@click.option(
+    "--level", default="INFO", type=click.Choice(["WARNING", "INFO", "DEBUG"], case_sensitive=False)
+)
+def update_pythons(force: bool, level: str) -> None:
+
+    logging.basicConfig(
+        level="INFO",
+        format="%(message)s",
+        datefmt="[%X]",
+        handlers=[RichHandler(rich_tracebacks=True, markup=True)],
+    )
+    log.setLevel(level)
+
+    all_versions = AllVersions()
+    toml_file_path = RESOURCES_DIR / "build-platforms.toml"
+
+    original_toml = toml_file_path.read_text()
+    configs = toml.loads(original_toml)
+
+    for config in configs["windows"]["python_configurations"]:
+        all_versions.update_config(config)
+
+    for config in configs["macos"]["python_configurations"]:
+        all_versions.update_config(config)
+
+    result_toml = toml.dumps(configs, encoder=InlineArrayDictEncoder())  # type: ignore
+
+    rich.print()  # spacer
+
+    if original_toml == result_toml:
+        rich.print("[green]Check complete, Python configurations unchanged.")
+        return
+
+    rich.print("Python configurations updated.")
+    rich.print("Changes:")
+    rich.print()
+
+    toml_relpath = toml_file_path.relative_to(DIR).as_posix()
+    diff_lines = difflib.unified_diff(
+        original_toml.splitlines(keepends=True),
+        result_toml.splitlines(keepends=True),
+        fromfile=toml_relpath,
+        tofile=toml_relpath,
+    )
+    rich.print(Syntax("".join(diff_lines), "diff", theme="ansi_light"))
+    rich.print()
+
+    if force:
+        toml_file_path.write_text(result_toml)
+        rich.print("[green]TOML file updated.")
+    else:
+        rich.print("[yellow]File left unchanged. Use --force flag to update.")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    update_pythons()

cibuildwheel/__init__.py

@@ -1 +1 @@
-__version__ = '1.5.0'
+__version__ = "2.0.0a4"

cibuildwheel/__main__.py

@@ -5,158 +5,259 @@ import textwrap
 import traceback
 from configparser import ConfigParser
 from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Set, Union
 
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, overload
+from packaging.specifiers import SpecifierSet
 
 import cibuildwheel
 import cibuildwheel.linux
 import cibuildwheel.macos
+import cibuildwheel.util
 import cibuildwheel.windows
-from cibuildwheel.environment import (
-    EnvironmentParseError,
-    parse_environment,
-)
+from cibuildwheel.architecture import Architecture, allowed_architectures_check
+from cibuildwheel.environment import EnvironmentParseError, parse_environment
+from cibuildwheel.options import ConfigOptions
+from cibuildwheel.projectfiles import get_requires_python_str
+from cibuildwheel.typing import PLATFORMS, PlatformName, assert_never
 from cibuildwheel.util import (
+    BuildFrontend,
     BuildOptions,
     BuildSelector,
     DependencyConstraints,
+    TestSelector,
     Unbuffered,
+    detect_ci_provider,
     resources_dir,
 )
 
-
-@overload
-def get_option_from_environment(option_name: str, platform: Optional[str], default: str) -> str: ...  # noqa: E704
-@overload
-def get_option_from_environment(option_name: str, platform: Optional[str] = None, default: None = None) -> Optional[str]: ...  # noqa: E704 E302
-def get_option_from_environment(option_name: str, platform: Optional[str] = None, default: Optional[str] = None) -> Optional[str]:  # noqa: E302
-    '''
-    Returns an option from the environment, optionally scoped by the platform.
-
-    Example:
-      get_option_from_environment('CIBW_COLOR', platform='macos')
-
-      This will return the value of CIBW_COLOR_MACOS if it exists, otherwise the value of
-      CIBW_COLOR.
-    '''
-    if platform:
-        option = os.environ.get(f'{option_name}_{platform.upper()}')
-        if option is not None:
-            return option
-
-    return os.environ.get(option_name, default)
-
-
-def strtobool(val: str) -> bool:
-    if val.lower() in ('y', 'yes', 't', 'true', 'on', '1'):
-        return True
-    return False
+MANYLINUX_ARCHS = (
+    "x86_64",
+    "i686",
+    "pypy_x86_64",
+    "aarch64",
+    "ppc64le",
+    "s390x",
+    "pypy_aarch64",
+    "pypy_i686",
+)
 
 
 def main() -> None:
+    platform: PlatformName
+
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
-        description='Build wheels for all the platforms.',
-        epilog='''
-            Most options are supplied via environment variables.
-            See https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel#options for info.
-        ''')
+        description="Build wheels for all the platforms.",
+        epilog="""
+            Most options are supplied via environment variables or in
+            --config-file (pyproject.toml usually). See
+            https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel#options for info.
+        """,
+    )
 
-    parser.add_argument('--platform',
-                        choices=['auto', 'linux', 'macos', 'windows'],
-                        default=os.environ.get('CIBW_PLATFORM', 'auto'),
-                        help='''
-                            Platform to build for. For "linux" you need docker running, on Mac
-                            or Linux. For "macos", you need a Mac machine, and note that this
-                            script is going to automatically install MacPython on your system,
-                            so don't run on your development machine. For "windows", you need to
-                            run in Windows, and it will build and test for all versions of
-                            Python. Default: auto.
-                        ''')
-    parser.add_argument('--output-dir',
-                        default=os.environ.get('CIBW_OUTPUT_DIR', 'wheelhouse'),
-                        help='Destination folder for the wheels.')
-    parser.add_argument('package_dir',
-                        default='.',
-                        nargs='?',
-                        help='''
-                            Path to the package that you want wheels for. Must be a subdirectory of
-                            the working directory. When set, the working directory is still
-                            considered the 'project' and is copied into the Docker container on
-                            Linux. Default: the working directory.
-                        ''')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--platform",
+        choices=["auto", "linux", "macos", "windows"],
+        default=os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "auto"),
+        help="""
+            Platform to build for. For "linux" you need docker running, on Mac
+            or Linux. For "macos", you need a Mac machine, and note that this
+            script is going to automatically install MacPython on your system,
+            so don't run on your development machine. For "windows", you need to
+            run in Windows, and it will build and test for all versions of
+            Python. Default: auto.
+        """,
+    )
 
-    parser.add_argument('--print-build-identifiers',
-                        action='store_true',
-                        help='Print the build identifiers matched by the current invocation and exit.')
+    arch_list_str = ", ".join(a.name for a in Architecture)
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--archs",
+        default=None,
+        help=f"""
+            Comma-separated list of CPU architectures to build for.
+            When set to 'auto', builds the architectures natively supported
+            on this machine. Set this option to build an architecture
+            via emulation, for example, using binfmt_misc and QEMU.
+            Default: auto.
+            Choices: auto, auto64, auto32, native, all, {arch_list_str}
+        """,
+    )
+
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--output-dir",
+        help="Destination folder for the wheels.",
+    )
+
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--config-file",
+        help="""
+            TOML config file for cibuildwheel. Defaults to pyproject.toml, but
+            can be overridden with this option.
+        """,
+    )
+
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "package_dir",
+        default=".",
+        nargs="?",
+        help="""
+            Path to the package that you want wheels for. Must be a subdirectory of
+            the working directory. When set, the working directory is still
+            considered the 'project' and is copied into the Docker container on
+            Linux. Default: the working directory.
+        """,
+    )
+
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--print-build-identifiers",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Print the build identifiers matched by the current invocation and exit.",
+    )
+
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--allow-empty",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Do not report an error code if the build does not match any wheels.",
+    )
+
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--prerelease-pythons",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Enable pre-release Python versions if available.",
+    )
 
     args = parser.parse_args()
 
-    detect_obsolete_options()
-
-    if args.platform != 'auto':
+    if args.platform != "auto":
         platform = args.platform
     else:
-        ci = strtobool(os.environ.get('CI', 'false')) or 'BITRISE_BUILD_NUMBER' in os.environ or 'AZURE_HTTP_USER_AGENT' in os.environ or 'GITHUB_WORKFLOW' in os.environ
-        if not ci:
-            print('cibuildwheel: Unable to detect platform. cibuildwheel should run on your CI server, '
-                  'Travis CI, AppVeyor, Azure Pipelines, GitHub Actions and CircleCI are supported. You '
-                  'can run on your development machine or other CI providers using the --platform argument. '
-                  'Check --help output for more information.',
-                  file=sys.stderr)
-            exit(2)
-        if sys.platform.startswith('linux'):
-            platform = 'linux'
-        elif sys.platform == 'darwin':
-            platform = 'macos'
-        elif sys.platform == 'win32':
-            platform = 'windows'
+        ci_provider = detect_ci_provider()
+        if ci_provider is None:
+            print(
+                textwrap.dedent(
+                    """
+                    cibuildwheel: Unable to detect platform. cibuildwheel should run on your CI server;
+                    Travis CI, AppVeyor, Azure Pipelines, GitHub Actions, CircleCI, and Gitlab are
+                    supported. You can run on your development machine or other CI providers using the
+                    --platform argument. Check --help output for more information.
+                    """
+                ),
+                file=sys.stderr,
+            )
+            sys.exit(2)
+        if sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
+            platform = "linux"
+        elif sys.platform == "darwin":
+            platform = "macos"
+        elif sys.platform == "win32":
+            platform = "windows"
         else:
-            print('cibuildwheel: Unable to detect platform from "sys.platform" in a CI environment. You can run '
-                  'cibuildwheel using the --platform argument. Check --help output for more information.',
-                  file=sys.stderr)
-            exit(2)
+            print(
+                'cibuildwheel: Unable to detect platform from "sys.platform" in a CI environment. You can run '
+                "cibuildwheel using the --platform argument. Check --help output for more information.",
+                file=sys.stderr,
+            )
+            sys.exit(2)
+
+    if platform not in PLATFORMS:
+        print(f"cibuildwheel: Unsupported platform: {platform}", file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(2)
 
     package_dir = Path(args.package_dir)
-    output_dir = Path(args.output_dir)
 
-    if platform == 'linux':
-        repair_command_default = 'auditwheel repair -w {dest_dir} {wheel}'
-    elif platform == 'macos':
-        repair_command_default = 'delocate-listdeps {wheel} && delocate-wheel --require-archs x86_64 -w {dest_dir} {wheel}'
+    manylinux_identifiers = {
+        f"manylinux-{build_platform}-image" for build_platform in MANYLINUX_ARCHS
+    }
+    disallow = {
+        "linux": {"dependency-versions"},
+        "macos": manylinux_identifiers,
+        "windows": manylinux_identifiers,
+    }
+    options = ConfigOptions(package_dir, args.config_file, platform=platform, disallow=disallow)
+    output_dir = Path(
+        args.output_dir
+        if args.output_dir is not None
+        else os.environ.get("CIBW_OUTPUT_DIR", "wheelhouse")
+    )
+
+    build_config = options("build", env_plat=False, sep=" ") or "*"
+    skip_config = options("skip", env_plat=False, sep=" ")
+    test_skip = options("test-skip", env_plat=False, sep=" ")
+
+    archs_config_str = args.archs or options("archs", sep=" ")
+
+    build_frontend_str = options("build-frontend", env_plat=False)
+    environment_config = options("environment", table={"item": '{k}="{v}"', "sep": " "})
+    before_all = options("before-all", sep=" && ")
+    before_build = options("before-build", sep=" && ")
+    repair_command = options("repair-wheel-command", sep=" && ")
+
+    dependency_versions = options("dependency-versions")
+    test_command = options("test-command", sep=" && ")
+    before_test = options("before-test", sep=" && ")
+    test_requires = options("test-requires", sep=" ").split()
+    test_extras = options("test-extras", sep=",")
+    build_verbosity_str = options("build-verbosity")
+
+    prerelease_pythons = args.prerelease_pythons or cibuildwheel.util.strtobool(
+        os.environ.get("CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS", "0")
+    )
+
+    build_frontend: BuildFrontend
+    if build_frontend_str == "build":
+        build_frontend = "build"
+    elif build_frontend_str == "pip":
+        build_frontend = "pip"
     else:
-        repair_command_default = ''
+        msg = f"cibuildwheel: Unrecognised build frontend '{build_frontend}', only 'pip' and 'build' are supported"
+        print(msg, file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(2)
 
-    build_config, skip_config = os.environ.get('CIBW_BUILD', '*'), os.environ.get('CIBW_SKIP', '')
-    environment_config = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_ENVIRONMENT', platform=platform, default='')
-    before_all = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_BEFORE_ALL', platform=platform, default='')
-    before_build = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD', platform=platform)
-    repair_command = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND', platform=platform, default=repair_command_default)
-    dependency_versions = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS', platform=platform, default='pinned')
-    test_command = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_TEST_COMMAND', platform=platform)
-    before_test = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_BEFORE_TEST', platform=platform)
-    test_requires = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES', platform=platform, default='').split()
-    test_extras = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS', platform=platform, default='')
-    build_verbosity_str = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY', platform=platform, default='')
+    package_files = {"setup.py", "setup.cfg", "pyproject.toml"}
 
-    build_selector = BuildSelector(build_config, skip_config)
+    if not any(package_dir.joinpath(name).exists() for name in package_files):
+        names = ", ".join(sorted(package_files, reverse=True))
+        msg = f"cibuildwheel: Could not find any of {{{names}}} at root of package"
+        print(msg, file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(2)
+
+    # This is not supported in tool.cibuildwheel, as it comes from a standard location.
+    # Passing this in as an environment variable will override pyproject.toml, setup.cfg, or setup.py
+    requires_python_str: Optional[str] = os.environ.get(
+        "CIBW_PROJECT_REQUIRES_PYTHON"
+    ) or get_requires_python_str(package_dir)
+    requires_python = None if requires_python_str is None else SpecifierSet(requires_python_str)
+
+    deprecated_selectors("CIBW_BUILD", build_config, error=True)
+    deprecated_selectors("CIBW_SKIP", skip_config)
+    deprecated_selectors("CIBW_TEST_SKIP", test_skip)
+
+    build_selector = BuildSelector(
+        build_config=build_config,
+        skip_config=skip_config,
+        requires_python=requires_python,
+        prerelease_pythons=prerelease_pythons,
+    )
+    test_selector = TestSelector(skip_config=test_skip)
 
     try:
         environment = parse_environment(environment_config)
     except (EnvironmentParseError, ValueError):
         print(f'cibuildwheel: Malformed environment option "{environment_config}"', file=sys.stderr)
         traceback.print_exc(None, sys.stderr)
-        exit(2)
+        sys.exit(2)
 
-    if dependency_versions == 'pinned':
-        dependency_constraints: Optional[DependencyConstraints] = DependencyConstraints.with_defaults()
-    elif dependency_versions == 'latest':
+    if dependency_versions == "pinned":
+        dependency_constraints: Optional[
+            DependencyConstraints
+        ] = DependencyConstraints.with_defaults()
+    elif dependency_versions == "latest":
         dependency_constraints = None
     else:
         dependency_versions_path = Path(dependency_versions)
         dependency_constraints = DependencyConstraints(dependency_versions_path)
 
     if test_extras:
-        test_extras = f'[{test_extras}]'
+        test_extras = f"[{test_extras}]"
 
     try:
         build_verbosity = min(3, max(-3, int(build_verbosity_str)))
@@ -165,20 +266,20 @@ def main() -> None:
 
     # Add CIBUILDWHEEL environment variable
     # This needs to be passed on to the docker container in linux.py
-    os.environ['CIBUILDWHEEL'] = '1'
+    os.environ["CIBUILDWHEEL"] = "1"
 
-    if not any((package_dir / name).exists()
-               for name in ["setup.py", "setup.cfg", "pyproject.toml"]):
-        print('cibuildwheel: Could not find setup.py, setup.cfg or pyproject.toml at root of package', file=sys.stderr)
-        exit(2)
+    archs = Architecture.parse_config(archs_config_str, platform=platform)
+
+    identifiers = get_build_identifiers(platform, build_selector, archs)
 
     if args.print_build_identifiers:
-        print_build_identifiers(platform, build_selector)
-        exit(0)
+        for identifier in identifiers:
+            print(identifier)
+        sys.exit(0)
 
-    manylinux_images: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None
-    if platform == 'linux':
-        pinned_docker_images_file = resources_dir / 'pinned_docker_images.cfg'
+    manylinux_images: Dict[str, str] = {}
+    if platform == "linux":
+        pinned_docker_images_file = resources_dir / "pinned_docker_images.cfg"
         all_pinned_docker_images = ConfigParser()
         all_pinned_docker_images.read(pinned_docker_images_file)
         # all_pinned_docker_images looks like a dict of dicts, e.g.
@@ -187,17 +288,14 @@ def main() -> None:
         #   'pypy_x86_64': {'manylinux2010': '...' }
         #   ... }
 
-        manylinux_images = {}
-
-        for build_platform in ['x86_64', 'i686', 'pypy_x86_64', 'aarch64', 'ppc64le', 's390x']:
+        for build_platform in MANYLINUX_ARCHS:
             pinned_images = all_pinned_docker_images[build_platform]
 
-            config_name = f'CIBW_MANYLINUX_{build_platform.upper()}_IMAGE'
-            config_value = os.environ.get(config_name)
+            config_value = options(f"manylinux-{build_platform}-image")
 
             if config_value is None:
                 # default to manylinux2010 if it's available, otherwise manylinux2014
-                image = pinned_images.get('manylinux2010') or pinned_images.get('manylinux2014')
+                image = pinned_images.get("manylinux2010") or pinned_images.get("manylinux2014")
             elif config_value in pinned_images:
                 image = pinned_images[config_value]
             else:
@@ -206,6 +304,7 @@ def main() -> None:
             manylinux_images[build_platform] = image
 
     build_options = BuildOptions(
+        architectures=archs,
         package_dir=package_dir,
         output_dir=output_dir,
         test_command=test_command,
@@ -216,10 +315,12 @@ def main() -> None:
         before_all=before_all,
         build_verbosity=build_verbosity,
         build_selector=build_selector,
+        test_selector=test_selector,
         repair_command=repair_command,
         environment=environment,
         dependency_constraints=dependency_constraints,
-        manylinux_images=manylinux_images,
+        manylinux_images=manylinux_images or None,
+        build_frontend=build_frontend,
     )
 
     # Python is buffering by default when running on the CI platforms, giving problems interleaving subprocess call output with unflushed calls to 'print'
@@ -227,93 +328,113 @@ def main() -> None:
 
     print_preamble(platform, build_options)
 
+    try:
+        allowed_architectures_check(platform, build_options.architectures)
+    except ValueError as err:
+        print("cibuildwheel:", *err.args, file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(4)
+
+    if not identifiers:
+        print(f"cibuildwheel: No build identifiers selected: {build_selector}", file=sys.stderr)
+        if not args.allow_empty:
+            sys.exit(3)
+
     if not output_dir.exists():
         output_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
 
-    if platform == 'linux':
-        cibuildwheel.linux.build(build_options)
-    elif platform == 'windows':
-        cibuildwheel.windows.build(build_options)
-    elif platform == 'macos':
-        cibuildwheel.macos.build(build_options)
-    else:
-        print(f'cibuildwheel: Unsupported platform: {platform}', file=sys.stderr)
-        exit(2)
+    with cibuildwheel.util.print_new_wheels(
+        "\n{n} wheels produced in {m:.0f} minutes:", output_dir
+    ):
+        if platform == "linux":
+            cibuildwheel.linux.build(build_options)
+        elif platform == "windows":
+            cibuildwheel.windows.build(build_options)
+        elif platform == "macos":
+            cibuildwheel.macos.build(build_options)
+        else:
+            assert_never(platform)
 
 
-def detect_obsolete_options() -> None:
-    # Check the old 'MANYLINUX1_*_IMAGE' options
-    for (deprecated, alternative) in [('CIBW_MANYLINUX1_X86_64_IMAGE', 'CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE'),
-                                      ('CIBW_MANYLINUX1_I686_IMAGE', 'CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE')]:
-        if deprecated in os.environ:
-            print(f"'{deprecated}' has been deprecated, and will be removed in a future release. Use the option '{alternative}' instead.")
-            if alternative not in os.environ:
-                print(f"Using value of option '{deprecated}' as replacement for '{alternative}'")
-                os.environ[alternative] = os.environ[deprecated]
-            else:
-                print(f"Option '{alternative}' is not empty. Please unset '{deprecated}'")
-                exit(2)
-
-    # Check for deprecated identifiers in 'CIBW_BUILD' and 'CIBW_SKIP' options
-    for option in ['CIBW_BUILD', 'CIBW_SKIP']:
-        for deprecated, alternative in [('manylinux1', 'manylinux'),
-                                        ('macosx_10_6_intel', 'macosx_x86_64'),
-                                        ('macosx_10_9_x86_64', 'macosx_x86_64')]:
-            if option in os.environ and deprecated in os.environ[option]:
-                print(f"Build identifiers with '{deprecated}' have been deprecated. Replacing all occurences of '{deprecated}' with '{alternative}' in the option '{option}'")
-                os.environ[option] = os.environ[option].replace(deprecated, alternative)
+def deprecated_selectors(name: str, selector: str, *, error: bool = False) -> None:
+    if "p2" in selector or "p35" in selector:
+        msg = f"cibuildwheel 2.x no longer supports Python < 3.6. Please use the 1.x series or update {name}"
+        print(msg, file=sys.stderr)
+        if error:
+            sys.exit(4)
 
 
 def print_preamble(platform: str, build_options: BuildOptions) -> None:
-    print(textwrap.dedent('''
-             _ _       _ _   _       _           _
-         ___|_| |_ _ _|_| |_| |_ _ _| |_ ___ ___| |
-        |  _| | . | | | | | . | | | |   | -_| -_| |
-        |___|_|___|___|_|_|___|_____|_|_|___|___|_|
-        '''))
+    print(
+        textwrap.dedent(
+            """
+                 _ _       _ _   _       _           _
+             ___|_| |_ _ _|_| |_| |_ _ _| |_ ___ ___| |
+            |  _| | . | | | | | . | | | |   | -_| -_| |
+            |___|_|___|___|_|_|___|_____|_|_|___|___|_|
+            """
+        )
+    )
 
-    print(f'cibuildwheel version {cibuildwheel.__version__}\n')
+    print(f"cibuildwheel version {cibuildwheel.__version__}\n")
 
-    print('Build options:')
-    print(f'  platform: {platform!r}')
+    print("Build options:")
+    print(f"  platform: {platform!r}")
     for option, value in sorted(build_options._asdict().items()):
-        print(f'  {option}: {value!r}')
+        print(f"  {option}: {value!r}")
 
     warnings = detect_warnings(platform, build_options)
     if warnings:
-        print('\nWarnings:')
+        print("\nWarnings:")
         for warning in warnings:
-            print('  ' + warning)
+            print("  " + warning)
 
-    print('\nHere we go!\n')
+    print("\nHere we go!\n")
 
 
-def print_build_identifiers(platform: str, build_selector: BuildSelector) -> None:
-    python_configurations: List[Any] = []
-    if platform == 'linux':
-        python_configurations = cibuildwheel.linux.get_python_configurations(build_selector)
-    elif platform == 'windows':
-        python_configurations = cibuildwheel.windows.get_python_configurations(build_selector)
-    elif platform == 'macos':
-        python_configurations = cibuildwheel.macos.get_python_configurations(build_selector)
+def get_build_identifiers(
+    platform: PlatformName, build_selector: BuildSelector, architectures: Set[Architecture]
+) -> List[str]:
+    python_configurations: Union[
+        List[cibuildwheel.linux.PythonConfiguration],
+        List[cibuildwheel.windows.PythonConfiguration],
+        List[cibuildwheel.macos.PythonConfiguration],
+    ]
 
-    for config in python_configurations:
-        print(config.identifier)
+    if platform == "linux":
+        python_configurations = cibuildwheel.linux.get_python_configurations(
+            build_selector, architectures
+        )
+    elif platform == "windows":
+        python_configurations = cibuildwheel.windows.get_python_configurations(
+            build_selector, architectures
+        )
+    elif platform == "macos":
+        python_configurations = cibuildwheel.macos.get_python_configurations(
+            build_selector, architectures
+        )
+    else:
+        assert_never(platform)
+
+    return [config.identifier for config in python_configurations]
 
 
 def detect_warnings(platform: str, build_options: BuildOptions) -> List[str]:
     warnings = []
 
     # warn about deprecated {python} and {pip}
-    for option_name in ['test_command', 'before_build']:
+    for option_name in ["test_command", "before_build"]:
         option_value = getattr(build_options, option_name)
 
-        if option_value:
-            if '{python}' in option_value or '{pip}' in option_value:
-                warnings.append(option_name + ": '{python}' and '{pip}' are no longer needed, and will be removed in a future release. Simply use 'python' or 'pip' instead.")
+        if option_value and ("{python}" in option_value or "{pip}" in option_value):
+            # Reminder: in an f-string, double braces means literal single brace
+            msg = (
+                f"{option_name}: '{{python}}' and '{{pip}}' are no longer needed, "
+                "and will be removed in a future release. Simply use 'python' or 'pip' instead."
+            )
+            warnings.append(msg)
 
     return warnings
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     main()

cibuildwheel/architecture.py

@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+import functools
+import platform as platform_module
+import re
+from enum import Enum
+from typing import Set
+
+from .typing import Literal, PlatformName, assert_never
+
+PRETTY_NAMES = {"linux": "Linux", "macos": "macOS", "windows": "Windows"}
+
+
+@functools.total_ordering
+class Architecture(Enum):
+    value: str
+
+    # mac/linux archs
+    x86_64 = "x86_64"
+
+    # linux archs
+    i686 = "i686"
+    aarch64 = "aarch64"
+    ppc64le = "ppc64le"
+    s390x = "s390x"
+
+    # mac archs
+    universal2 = "universal2"
+    arm64 = "arm64"
+
+    # windows archs
+    x86 = "x86"
+    AMD64 = "AMD64"
+
+    # Allow this to be sorted
+    def __lt__(self, other: "Architecture") -> bool:
+        return self.value < other.value
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def parse_config(config: str, platform: PlatformName) -> "Set[Architecture]":
+        result = set()
+        for arch_str in re.split(r"[\s,]+", config):
+            if arch_str == "auto":
+                result |= Architecture.auto_archs(platform=platform)
+            elif arch_str == "native":
+                result.add(Architecture(platform_module.machine()))
+            elif arch_str == "all":
+                result |= Architecture.all_archs(platform=platform)
+            elif arch_str == "auto64":
+                result |= Architecture.bitness_archs(platform=platform, bitness="64")
+            elif arch_str == "auto32":
+                result |= Architecture.bitness_archs(platform=platform, bitness="32")
+            else:
+                result.add(Architecture(arch_str))
+        return result
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def auto_archs(platform: PlatformName) -> "Set[Architecture]":
+        native_architecture = Architecture(platform_module.machine())
+        result = {native_architecture}
+
+        if platform == "linux" and native_architecture == Architecture.x86_64:
+            # x86_64 machines can run i686 docker containers
+            result.add(Architecture.i686)
+
+        if platform == "windows" and native_architecture == Architecture.AMD64:
+            result.add(Architecture.x86)
+
+        if platform == "macos" and native_architecture == Architecture.arm64:
+            # arm64 can build and test both archs of a universal2 wheel.
+            result.add(Architecture.universal2)
+
+        return result
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def all_archs(platform: PlatformName) -> "Set[Architecture]":
+        if platform == "linux":
+            return {
+                Architecture.x86_64,
+                Architecture.i686,
+                Architecture.aarch64,
+                Architecture.ppc64le,
+                Architecture.s390x,
+            }
+        elif platform == "macos":
+            return {Architecture.x86_64, Architecture.arm64, Architecture.universal2}
+        elif platform == "windows":
+            return {Architecture.x86, Architecture.AMD64}
+        else:
+            assert_never(platform)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def bitness_archs(platform: PlatformName, bitness: Literal["64", "32"]) -> "Set[Architecture]":
+        archs_32 = {Architecture.i686, Architecture.x86}
+        auto_archs = Architecture.auto_archs(platform)
+
+        if bitness == "64":
+            return auto_archs - archs_32
+        elif bitness == "32":
+            return auto_archs & archs_32
+        else:
+            assert_never(bitness)
+
+
+def allowed_architectures_check(
+    platform: PlatformName,
+    architectures: Set[Architecture],
+) -> None:
+
+    allowed_architectures = Architecture.all_archs(platform)
+
+    msg = f"{PRETTY_NAMES[platform]} only supports {sorted(allowed_architectures)} at the moment."
+
+    if platform != "linux":
+        msg += " If you want to set emulation architectures on Linux, use CIBW_ARCHS_LINUX instead."
+
+    if not architectures <= allowed_architectures:
+        msg = f"Invalid archs option {architectures}. " + msg
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    if not architectures:
+        msg = "Empty archs option set. " + msg
+        raise ValueError(msg)

cibuildwheel/bashlex_eval.py

@@ -1,21 +1,31 @@
-import shlex
 import subprocess
+from typing import Callable, Dict, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Sequence
 
-from typing import Dict, NamedTuple
+import bashlex
 
-import bashlex  # type: ignore
+# a function that takes a command and the environment, and returns the result
+EnvironmentExecutor = Callable[[List[str], Dict[str, str]], str]
+
+
+def local_environment_executor(command: List[str], env: Dict[str, str]) -> str:
+    return subprocess.run(
+        command, env=env, universal_newlines=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, check=True
+    ).stdout
 
 
 class NodeExecutionContext(NamedTuple):
     environment: Dict[str, str]
     input: str
+    executor: EnvironmentExecutor
 
 
-def evaluate(value: str, environment: Dict[str, str]) -> str:
+def evaluate(
+    value: str, environment: Dict[str, str], executor: Optional[EnvironmentExecutor] = None
+) -> str:
     if not value:
         # empty string evaluates to empty string
         # (but trips up bashlex)
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
     command_node = bashlex.parsesingle(value)
 
@@ -26,49 +36,76 @@ def evaluate(value: str, environment: Dict[str, str]) -> str:
 
     return evaluate_node(
         value_word_node,
-        context=NodeExecutionContext(environment=environment, input=value)
+        context=NodeExecutionContext(
+            environment=environment, input=value, executor=executor or local_environment_executor
+        ),
     )
 
 
 def evaluate_node(node: bashlex.ast.node, context: NodeExecutionContext) -> str:
-    if node.kind == 'word':
+    if node.kind == "word":
         return evaluate_word_node(node, context=context)
-    elif node.kind == 'commandsubstitution':
-        return evaluate_command_node(node.command, context=context)
-    elif node.kind == 'parameter':
+    elif node.kind == "commandsubstitution":
+        node_result = evaluate_command_node(node.command, context=context)
+        # bash removes training newlines in command substitution
+        return node_result.rstrip()
+    elif node.kind == "parameter":
         return evaluate_parameter_node(node, context=context)
     else:
-        raise ValueError(f'Unsupported bash construct: "{node.word}"')
+        raise ValueError(f'Unsupported bash construct: "{node.kind}"')
 
 
 def evaluate_word_node(node: bashlex.ast.node, context: NodeExecutionContext) -> str:
-    word_start = node.pos[0]
-    word_end = node.pos[1]
-    word_string = context.input[word_start:word_end]
-    letters = list(word_string)
+    value: str = node.word
 
     for part in node.parts:
-        part_start = part.pos[0] - word_start
-        part_end = part.pos[1] - word_start
+        part_string = context.input[part.pos[0] : part.pos[1]]
+        part_value = evaluate_node(part, context=context)
 
-        # Set all the characters in the part to None
-        for i in range(part_start, part_end):
-            letters[i] = ''
+        if part_string not in value:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f'bash parse failed. part "{part_string}" not found in "{value}". '
+                f'Word was "{node.word}". Full input was "{context.input}"'
+            )
 
-        letters[part_start] = evaluate_node(part, context=context)
+        value = value.replace(part_string, part_value, 1)
 
-    # remove the None letters and concat
-    value = ''.join(letters)
-
-    # apply bash-like quotes/whitespace treatment
-    return ' '.join(word.strip() for word in shlex.split(value))
+    return value
 
 
 def evaluate_command_node(node: bashlex.ast.node, context: NodeExecutionContext) -> str:
-    words = [evaluate_node(part, context=context) for part in node.parts]
-    command = ' '.join(words)
-    return subprocess.check_output(shlex.split(command), env=context.environment, universal_newlines=True)
+    if any(n.kind == "operator" for n in node.parts):
+        return evaluate_nodes_as_compound_command(node.parts, context=context)
+    else:
+        return evaluate_nodes_as_simple_command(node.parts, context=context)
+
+
+def evaluate_nodes_as_compound_command(
+    nodes: Sequence[bashlex.ast.node], context: NodeExecutionContext
+) -> str:
+    # bashlex doesn't support any operators besides ';' inside command
+    # substitutions, so we only need to handle that case. We do so assuming
+    # that `set -o errexit` is on, because it's easier to code!
+
+    result = ""
+    for node in nodes:
+        if node.kind == "command":
+            result += evaluate_command_node(node, context=context)
+        elif node.kind == "operator":
+            if node.op != ";":
+                raise ValueError(f'Unsupported bash operator: "{node.op}"')
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f'Unsupported bash node in compound command: "{node.kind}"')
+
+    return result
+
+
+def evaluate_nodes_as_simple_command(
+    nodes: List[bashlex.ast.node], context: NodeExecutionContext
+) -> str:
+    command = [evaluate_node(part, context=context) for part in nodes]
+    return context.executor(command, context.environment)
 
 
 def evaluate_parameter_node(node: bashlex.ast.node, context: NodeExecutionContext) -> str:
-    return context.environment.get(node.value, '')
+    return context.environment.get(node.value, "")

cibuildwheel/docker_container.py

@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+import io
+import json
+import os
+import shlex
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import uuid
+from pathlib import Path, PurePath
+from types import TracebackType
+from typing import IO, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Type, cast
+
+from .typing import PathOrStr, PopenBytes
+
+
+class DockerContainer:
+    """
+    An object that represents a running Docker container.
+
+    Intended for use as a context manager e.g.
+    `with DockerContainer('ubuntu') as docker:`
+
+    A bash shell is running in the remote container. When `call()` is invoked,
+    the command is relayed to the remote shell, and the results are streamed
+    back to cibuildwheel.
+    """
+
+    UTILITY_PYTHON = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38/bin/python"
+
+    process: PopenBytes
+    bash_stdin: IO[bytes]
+    bash_stdout: IO[bytes]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, docker_image: str, simulate_32_bit: bool = False, cwd: Optional[PathOrStr] = None
+    ):
+        if not docker_image:
+            raise ValueError("Must have a non-empty docker image to run.")
+
+        self.docker_image = docker_image
+        self.simulate_32_bit = simulate_32_bit
+        self.cwd = cwd
+        self.name: Optional[str] = None
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> "DockerContainer":
+        self.name = f"cibuildwheel-{uuid.uuid4()}"
+        cwd_args = ["-w", str(self.cwd)] if self.cwd else []
+        shell_args = ["linux32", "/bin/bash"] if self.simulate_32_bit else ["/bin/bash"]
+        subprocess.run(
+            [
+                "docker",
+                "create",
+                "--env=CIBUILDWHEEL",
+                f"--name={self.name}",
+                "--interactive",
+                "--volume=/:/host",  # ignored on CircleCI
+                *cwd_args,
+                self.docker_image,
+                *shell_args,
+            ],
+            check=True,
+        )
+        self.process = subprocess.Popen(
+            [
+                "docker",
+                "start",
+                "--attach",
+                "--interactive",
+                self.name,
+            ],
+            stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+        )
+
+        assert self.process.stdin and self.process.stdout
+        self.bash_stdin = self.process.stdin
+        self.bash_stdout = self.process.stdout
+
+        # run a noop command to block until the container is responding
+        self.call(["/bin/true"])
+
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
+        exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
+        exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType],
+    ) -> None:
+
+        self.bash_stdin.close()
+        self.process.terminate()
+        self.process.wait()
+
+        assert isinstance(self.name, str)
+
+        subprocess.run(["docker", "rm", "--force", "-v", self.name], stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
+        self.name = None
+
+    def copy_into(self, from_path: Path, to_path: PurePath) -> None:
+        # `docker cp` causes 'no space left on device' error when
+        # a container is running and the host filesystem is
+        # mounted. https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/38995
+        # Use `docker exec` instead.
+
+        if from_path.is_dir():
+            self.call(["mkdir", "-p", to_path])
+            subprocess.run(
+                f"tar cf - . | docker exec -i {self.name} tar -xC {shell_quote(to_path)} -f -",
+                shell=True,
+                check=True,
+                cwd=from_path,
+            )
+        else:
+            subprocess.run(
+                f'cat {shell_quote(from_path)} | docker exec -i {self.name} sh -c "cat > {shell_quote(to_path)}"',
+                shell=True,
+                check=True,
+            )
+
+    def copy_out(self, from_path: PurePath, to_path: Path) -> None:
+        # note: we assume from_path is a dir
+        to_path.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+        subprocess.run(
+            f"docker exec -i {self.name} tar -cC {shell_quote(from_path)} -f - . | tar -xf -",
+            shell=True,
+            check=True,
+            cwd=to_path,
+        )
+
+    def glob(self, path: PurePath, pattern: str) -> List[PurePath]:
+        glob_pattern = os.path.join(str(path), pattern)
+
+        path_strs = json.loads(
+            self.call(
+                [
+                    self.UTILITY_PYTHON,
+                    "-c",
+                    f"import sys, json, glob; json.dump(glob.glob({glob_pattern!r}), sys.stdout)",
+                ],
+                capture_output=True,
+            )
+        )
+
+        return [PurePath(p) for p in path_strs]
+
+    def call(
+        self,
+        args: Sequence[PathOrStr],
+        env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
+        capture_output: bool = False,
+        cwd: Optional[PathOrStr] = None,
+    ) -> str:
+
+        chdir = f"cd {cwd}" if cwd else ""
+        env_assignments = (
+            " ".join(f"{shlex.quote(k)}={shlex.quote(v)}" for k, v in env.items())
+            if env is not None
+            else ""
+        )
+        command = " ".join(shlex.quote(str(a)) for a in args)
+        end_of_message = str(uuid.uuid4())
+
+        # log the command we're executing
+        print(f"    + {command}")
+
+        # Write a command to the remote shell. First we change the
+        # cwd, if that's required. Then, we use the `env` utility to run
+        # `command` inside the specified environment. We use `env` because it
+        # can cope with spaces and strange characters in the name or value.
+        # Finally, the remote shell is told to write a footer - this will show
+        # up in the output so we know when to stop reading, and will include
+        # the returncode of `command`.
+        self.bash_stdin.write(
+            bytes(
+                f"""(
+            {chdir}
+            env {env_assignments} {command}
+            printf "%04d%s\n" $? {end_of_message}
+        )
+        """,
+                encoding="utf8",
+                errors="surrogateescape",
+            )
+        )
+        self.bash_stdin.flush()
+
+        if capture_output:
+            output_io: IO[bytes] = io.BytesIO()
+        else:
+            output_io = sys.stdout.buffer
+
+        while True:
+            line = self.bash_stdout.readline()
+
+            if line.endswith(bytes(end_of_message, encoding="utf8") + b"\n"):
+                # fmt: off
+                footer_offset = (
+                    len(line)
+                    - 1  # newline character
+                    - len(end_of_message)  # delimiter
+                    - 4  # 4 returncode decimals
+                )
+                # fmt: on
+                returncode_str = line[footer_offset : footer_offset + 4]
+                returncode = int(returncode_str)
+                # add the last line to output, without the footer
+                output_io.write(line[0:footer_offset])
+                break
+            else:
+                output_io.write(line)
+
+        if isinstance(output_io, io.BytesIO):
+            output = str(output_io.getvalue(), encoding="utf8", errors="surrogateescape")
+        else:
+            output = ""
+
+        if returncode != 0:
+            raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(returncode, args, output)
+
+        return output
+
+    def get_environment(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        env = json.loads(
+            self.call(
+                [
+                    self.UTILITY_PYTHON,
+                    "-c",
+                    "import sys, json, os; json.dump(os.environ.copy(), sys.stdout)",
+                ],
+                capture_output=True,
+            )
+        )
+        return cast(Dict[str, str], env)
+
+    def environment_executor(self, command: List[str], environment: Dict[str, str]) -> str:
+        # used as an EnvironmentExecutor to evaluate commands and capture output
+        return self.call(command, env=environment, capture_output=True)
+
+
+def shell_quote(path: PurePath) -> str:
+    return shlex.quote(str(path))

cibuildwheel/environment.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-import bashlex  # type: ignore
+from typing import Dict, List, Mapping, Optional
 
-from typing import Dict, List, Mapping
+import bashlex
 
 from . import bashlex_eval
 
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ class EnvironmentParseError(Exception):
 
 
 def split_env_items(env_string: str) -> List[str]:
-    '''Splits space-separated variable assignments into a list of individual assignments.
+    """Splits space-separated variable assignments into a list of individual assignments.
 
     >>> split_env_items('VAR=abc')
     ['VAR=abc']
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ def split_env_items(env_string: str) -> List[str]:
     ['PATH="$PATH;/opt/cibw_test_path"']
     >>> split_env_items('PATH2="something with spaces"')
     ['PATH2="something with spaces"']
-    '''
+    """
     if not env_string:
         return []
 
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ def split_env_items(env_string: str) -> List[str]:
     result = []
 
     for word_node in command_node.parts:
-        part_string = env_string[word_node.pos[0]:word_node.pos[1]]
+        part_string = env_string[word_node.pos[0] : word_node.pos[1]]
         result.append(part_string)
 
     return result
@@ -40,32 +40,40 @@ def split_env_items(env_string: str) -> List[str]:
 
 class EnvironmentAssignment:
     def __init__(self, assignment: str):
-        name, equals, value = assignment.partition('=')
+        name, equals, value = assignment.partition("=")
         if not equals:
             raise EnvironmentParseError(assignment)
         self.name = name
         self.value = value
 
-    def evaluated_value(self, environment: Dict[str, str]) -> str:
-        '''Returns the value of this assignment, as evaluated in the environment'''
-        return bashlex_eval.evaluate(self.value, environment=environment)
+    def evaluated_value(
+        self,
+        environment: Dict[str, str],
+        executor: Optional[bashlex_eval.EnvironmentExecutor] = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Returns the value of this assignment, as evaluated in the environment"""
+        return bashlex_eval.evaluate(self.value, environment=environment, executor=executor)
 
     def as_shell_assignment(self) -> str:
-        return f'export {self.name}={self.value}'
+        return f"export {self.name}={self.value}"
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return f'{self.name}={self.value}'
+        return f"{self.name}={self.value}"
 
 
 class ParsedEnvironment:
     def __init__(self, assignments: List[EnvironmentAssignment]):
         self.assignments = assignments
 
-    def as_dictionary(self, prev_environment: Mapping[str, str]) -> Dict[str, str]:
+    def as_dictionary(
+        self,
+        prev_environment: Mapping[str, str],
+        executor: Optional[bashlex_eval.EnvironmentExecutor] = None,
+    ) -> Dict[str, str]:
         environment = dict(**prev_environment)
 
         for assignment in self.assignments:
-            value = assignment.evaluated_value(environment=environment)
+            value = assignment.evaluated_value(environment=environment, executor=executor)
             environment[assignment.name] = value
 
         return environment
@@ -74,7 +82,7 @@ class ParsedEnvironment:
         return [a.as_shell_assignment() for a in self.assignments]
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return f'ParsedEnvironment({[repr(a) for a in self.assignments]!r})'
+        return f"ParsedEnvironment({[repr(a) for a in self.assignments]!r})"
 
 
 def parse_environment(env_string: str) -> ParsedEnvironment:

cibuildwheel/extra.py

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+"""
+These are utilities for the `/bin` scripts, not for the `cibuildwheel` program.
+"""
+
+from typing import Any, Dict
+
+import toml.encoder
+from packaging.version import Version
+
+
+class InlineArrayDictEncoder(toml.encoder.TomlEncoder):  # type: ignore
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self.dump_funcs[Version] = lambda v: f'"{v}"'
+
+    def dump_sections(self, o: Dict[str, Any], sup: str) -> Any:
+        if not all(isinstance(a, list) for a in o.values()):
+            return super().dump_sections(o, sup)
+        val = ""
+        for k, v in o.items():
+            inner = ",\n  ".join(self.dump_inline_table(d_i).strip() for d_i in v)
+            val += f"{k} = [\n  {inner},\n]\n"
+        return val, self._dict()

cibuildwheel/linux.py

@@ -1,330 +1,340 @@
-import os
-import platform
-import shlex
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import textwrap
-import uuid
 from pathlib import Path, PurePath
+from typing import List, NamedTuple, Set
 
-from typing import List, NamedTuple, Optional, Union
-
+from .architecture import Architecture
+from .docker_container import DockerContainer
+from .logger import log
+from .typing import PathOrStr, assert_never
 from .util import (
     BuildOptions,
     BuildSelector,
+    NonPlatformWheelError,
     get_build_verbosity_extra_flags,
     prepare_command,
+    read_python_configs,
 )
 
 
-def call(args: List[str], input: Optional[Union[str, bytes]] = None, universal_newlines: bool = False) -> None:
-    print('+ ' + ' '.join(shlex.quote(a) for a in args))
-    subprocess.run(
-        args, input=input, universal_newlines=universal_newlines, check=True
-    )
-
-
-def matches_platform(identifier: str) -> bool:
-    pm = platform.machine()
-    if pm == "x86_64":
-        # x86_64 machines can run i686 docker containers
-        if identifier.endswith('x86_64') or identifier.endswith('i686'):
-            return True
-    elif pm == "i686":
-        if identifier.endswith('i686'):
-            return True
-    elif pm == "aarch64":
-        if identifier.endswith('aarch64'):
-            return True
-    elif pm == "ppc64le":
-        if identifier.endswith('ppc64le'):
-            return True
-    elif pm == "s390x":
-        if identifier.endswith('s390x'):
-            return True
-    return False
-
-
 class PythonConfiguration(NamedTuple):
     version: str
     identifier: str
-    path: str
+    path_str: str
+
+    @property
+    def path(self) -> PurePath:
+        return PurePath(self.path_str)
 
 
-def get_python_configurations(build_selector: BuildSelector) -> List[PythonConfiguration]:
-    python_configurations = [
-        PythonConfiguration(version='2.7', identifier='cp27-manylinux_x86_64', path='/opt/python/cp27-cp27m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='2.7', identifier='cp27-manylinux_x86_64', path='/opt/python/cp27-cp27mu'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.5', identifier='cp35-manylinux_x86_64', path='/opt/python/cp35-cp35m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.6', identifier='cp36-manylinux_x86_64', path='/opt/python/cp36-cp36m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.7', identifier='cp37-manylinux_x86_64', path='/opt/python/cp37-cp37m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.8', identifier='cp38-manylinux_x86_64', path='/opt/python/cp38-cp38'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='2.7', identifier='cp27-manylinux_i686', path='/opt/python/cp27-cp27m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='2.7', identifier='cp27-manylinux_i686', path='/opt/python/cp27-cp27mu'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.5', identifier='cp35-manylinux_i686', path='/opt/python/cp35-cp35m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.6', identifier='cp36-manylinux_i686', path='/opt/python/cp36-cp36m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.7', identifier='cp37-manylinux_i686', path='/opt/python/cp37-cp37m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.8', identifier='cp38-manylinux_i686', path='/opt/python/cp38-cp38'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='2.7', identifier='pp27-manylinux_x86_64', path='/opt/python/pp27-pypy_73'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.6', identifier='pp36-manylinux_x86_64', path='/opt/python/pp36-pypy36_pp73'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.5', identifier='cp35-manylinux_aarch64', path='/opt/python/cp35-cp35m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.6', identifier='cp36-manylinux_aarch64', path='/opt/python/cp36-cp36m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.7', identifier='cp37-manylinux_aarch64', path='/opt/python/cp37-cp37m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.8', identifier='cp38-manylinux_aarch64', path='/opt/python/cp38-cp38'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.5', identifier='cp35-manylinux_ppc64le', path='/opt/python/cp35-cp35m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.6', identifier='cp36-manylinux_ppc64le', path='/opt/python/cp36-cp36m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.7', identifier='cp37-manylinux_ppc64le', path='/opt/python/cp37-cp37m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.8', identifier='cp38-manylinux_ppc64le', path='/opt/python/cp38-cp38'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.5', identifier='cp35-manylinux_s390x', path='/opt/python/cp35-cp35m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.6', identifier='cp36-manylinux_s390x', path='/opt/python/cp36-cp36m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.7', identifier='cp37-manylinux_s390x', path='/opt/python/cp37-cp37m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.8', identifier='cp38-manylinux_s390x', path='/opt/python/cp38-cp38'),
+def get_python_configurations(
+    build_selector: BuildSelector,
+    architectures: Set[Architecture],
+) -> List[PythonConfiguration]:
+
+    full_python_configs = read_python_configs("linux")
+
+    python_configurations = [PythonConfiguration(**item) for item in full_python_configs]
+
+    # return all configurations whose arch is in our `architectures` set,
+    # and match the build/skip rules
+    return [
+        c
+        for c in python_configurations
+        if any(c.identifier.endswith(arch.value) for arch in architectures)
+        and build_selector(c.identifier)
     ]
-    # skip builds as required
-    return [c for c in python_configurations if matches_platform(c.identifier) and build_selector(c.identifier)]
 
 
 def build(options: BuildOptions) -> None:
     try:
-        subprocess.check_call(['docker', '--version'])
+        # check docker is installed
+        subprocess.run(["docker", "--version"], check=True, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
     except Exception:
-        print('cibuildwheel: Docker not found. Docker is required to run Linux builds. '
-              'If you\'re building on Travis CI, add `services: [docker]` to your .travis.yml.'
-              'If you\'re building on Circle CI in Linux, add a `setup_remote_docker` step to your .circleci/config.yml',
-              file=sys.stderr)
-        exit(2)
+        print(
+            "cibuildwheel: Docker not found. Docker is required to run Linux builds. "
+            "If you're building on Travis CI, add `services: [docker]` to your .travis.yml."
+            "If you're building on Circle CI in Linux, add a `setup_remote_docker` step to your .circleci/config.yml",
+            file=sys.stderr,
+        )
+        sys.exit(2)
 
     assert options.manylinux_images is not None
-    python_configurations = get_python_configurations(options.build_selector)
+    python_configurations = get_python_configurations(options.build_selector, options.architectures)
     platforms = [
-        ('cp', 'manylinux_x86_64', options.manylinux_images['x86_64']),
-        ('cp', 'manylinux_i686', options.manylinux_images['i686']),
-        ('cp', 'manylinux_aarch64', options.manylinux_images['aarch64']),
-        ('cp', 'manylinux_ppc64le', options.manylinux_images['ppc64le']),
-        ('cp', 'manylinux_s390x', options.manylinux_images['s390x']),
-        ('pp', 'manylinux_x86_64', options.manylinux_images['pypy_x86_64']),
+        ("cp", "manylinux_x86_64", options.manylinux_images["x86_64"]),
+        ("cp", "manylinux_i686", options.manylinux_images["i686"]),
+        ("cp", "manylinux_aarch64", options.manylinux_images["aarch64"]),
+        ("cp", "manylinux_ppc64le", options.manylinux_images["ppc64le"]),
+        ("cp", "manylinux_s390x", options.manylinux_images["s390x"]),
+        ("pp", "manylinux_x86_64", options.manylinux_images["pypy_x86_64"]),
+        ("pp", "manylinux_aarch64", options.manylinux_images["pypy_aarch64"]),
+        ("pp", "manylinux_i686", options.manylinux_images["pypy_i686"]),
     ]
 
     cwd = Path.cwd()
     abs_package_dir = options.package_dir.resolve()
     if cwd != abs_package_dir and cwd not in abs_package_dir.parents:
-        raise Exception('package_dir must be inside the working directory')
+        raise Exception("package_dir must be inside the working directory")
 
-    container_package_dir = PurePath('/project') / abs_package_dir.relative_to(cwd)
+    container_project_path = PurePath("/project")
+    container_package_dir = container_project_path / abs_package_dir.relative_to(cwd)
+    container_output_dir = PurePath("/output")
 
     for implementation, platform_tag, docker_image in platforms:
-        platform_configs = [c for c in python_configurations if c.identifier.startswith(implementation) and c.identifier.endswith(platform_tag)]
+        platform_configs = [
+            c
+            for c in python_configurations
+            if c.identifier.startswith(implementation) and c.identifier.endswith(platform_tag)
+        ]
         if not platform_configs:
             continue
 
-        shell_cmd = ['linux32', '/bin/bash'] if platform_tag.endswith("i686") else ['/bin/bash']
-
-        container_name = f'cibuildwheel-{uuid.uuid4()}'
-        call(['docker', 'create',
-              '--env', 'CIBUILDWHEEL',
-              '--name', container_name,
-              '-i',
-              '-v', '/:/host',  # ignored on CircleCI
-              docker_image,
-              '/bin/bash'])
-
         try:
-            call(['docker', 'cp', '.', container_name + ':/project'])
+            log.step(f"Starting Docker image {docker_image}...")
+            with DockerContainer(
+                docker_image,
+                simulate_32_bit=platform_tag.endswith("i686"),
+                cwd=container_project_path,
+            ) as docker:
 
-            call(['docker', 'start', container_name])
+                log.step("Copying project into Docker...")
+                docker.copy_into(Path.cwd(), container_project_path)
 
-            if options.before_all:
-                call(
-                    ['docker', 'exec', '-i', container_name] + shell_cmd,
-                    universal_newlines=True,
-                    input='''
-                        PS4='    + '
+                if options.before_all:
+                    log.step("Running before_all...")
 
-                        set -o errexit
-                        set -o xtrace
-
-                        # add a modern Python interpreter to PATH so it can be used by BEFORE_ALL
-                        # commands
-                        export PATH=/opt/python/cp38-cp38:$PATH
-
-                        {environment_exports}
-
-                        sh -c {before_all}
-
-                    '''.format(
-                        environment_exports='\n'.join(options.environment.as_shell_commands()),
-                        before_all=shlex.quote(prepare_command(options.before_all, project='/project', package=container_package_dir))
+                    env = docker.get_environment()
+                    env["PATH"] = f'/opt/python/cp38-cp38/bin:{env["PATH"]}'
+                    env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
+                    env = options.environment.as_dictionary(
+                        env, executor=docker.environment_executor
                     )
-                )
 
-            for config in platform_configs:
-                if options.dependency_constraints:
-                    constraints_file = options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(config.version)
+                    before_all_prepared = prepare_command(
+                        options.before_all,
+                        project=container_project_path,
+                        package=container_package_dir,
+                    )
+                    docker.call(["sh", "-c", before_all_prepared], env=env)
 
-                    # `docker cp` causes 'no space left on device' error when
-                    # a container is running and the host filesystem is
-                    # mounted. https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/38995
-                    # Use `docker exec` instead.
-                    with open(constraints_file, 'rb') as f:
-                        call(
-                            ['docker', 'exec', '-i', container_name, 'sh', '-c', 'cat > /constraints.txt'],
-                            input=f.read(),
+                for config in platform_configs:
+                    log.build_start(config.identifier)
+
+                    dependency_constraint_flags: List[PathOrStr] = []
+
+                    if options.dependency_constraints:
+                        constraints_file = options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
+                            config.version
+                        )
+                        container_constraints_file = PurePath("/constraints.txt")
+
+                        docker.copy_into(constraints_file, container_constraints_file)
+                        dependency_constraint_flags = ["-c", container_constraints_file]
+
+                    log.step("Setting up build environment...")
+
+                    env = docker.get_environment()
+
+                    # put this config's python top of the list
+                    python_bin = config.path / "bin"
+                    env["PATH"] = f'{python_bin}:{env["PATH"]}'
+
+                    env = options.environment.as_dictionary(
+                        env, executor=docker.environment_executor
+                    )
+
+                    # check config python is still on PATH
+                    which_python = docker.call(
+                        ["which", "python"], env=env, capture_output=True
+                    ).strip()
+                    if PurePath(which_python) != python_bin / "python":
+                        print(
+                            "cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it.",
+                            file=sys.stderr,
+                        )
+                        sys.exit(1)
+
+                    which_pip = docker.call(["which", "pip"], env=env, capture_output=True).strip()
+                    if PurePath(which_pip) != python_bin / "pip":
+                        print(
+                            "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.",
+                            file=sys.stderr,
+                        )
+                        sys.exit(1)
+
+                    if options.before_build:
+                        log.step("Running before_build...")
+                        before_build_prepared = prepare_command(
+                            options.before_build,
+                            project=container_project_path,
+                            package=container_package_dir,
+                        )
+                        docker.call(["sh", "-c", before_build_prepared], env=env)
+
+                    log.step("Building wheel...")
+
+                    temp_dir = PurePath("/tmp/cibuildwheel")
+                    built_wheel_dir = temp_dir / "built_wheel"
+                    docker.call(["rm", "-rf", built_wheel_dir])
+                    docker.call(["mkdir", "-p", built_wheel_dir])
+
+                    verbosity_flags = get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(options.build_verbosity)
+
+                    if options.build_frontend == "pip":
+                        docker.call(
+                            [
+                                "python",
+                                "-m",
+                                "pip",
+                                "wheel",
+                                container_package_dir,
+                                f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                                "--no-deps",
+                                *verbosity_flags,
+                            ],
+                            env=env,
+                        )
+                    elif options.build_frontend == "build":
+                        config_setting = " ".join(verbosity_flags)
+                        docker.call(
+                            [
+                                "python",
+                                "-m",
+                                "build",
+                                container_package_dir,
+                                "--wheel",
+                                f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                                f"--config-setting={config_setting}",
+                            ],
+                            env=env,
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        assert_never(options.build_frontend)
+
+                    built_wheel = docker.glob(built_wheel_dir, "*.whl")[0]
+
+                    repaired_wheel_dir = temp_dir / "repaired_wheel"
+                    docker.call(["rm", "-rf", repaired_wheel_dir])
+                    docker.call(["mkdir", "-p", repaired_wheel_dir])
+
+                    if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
+                        raise NonPlatformWheelError()
+
+                    if options.repair_command:
+                        log.step("Repairing wheel...")
+                        repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(
+                            options.repair_command, wheel=built_wheel, dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir
+                        )
+                        docker.call(["sh", "-c", repair_command_prepared], env=env)
+                    else:
+                        docker.call(["mv", built_wheel, repaired_wheel_dir])
+
+                    repaired_wheels = docker.glob(repaired_wheel_dir, "*.whl")
+
+                    if options.test_command and options.test_selector(config.identifier):
+                        log.step("Testing wheel...")
+
+                        # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
+                        # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
+                        docker.call(
+                            ["pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env
+                        )
+                        venv_dir = (
+                            PurePath(docker.call(["mktemp", "-d"], capture_output=True).strip())
+                            / "venv"
                         )
 
-                call(
-                    ['docker', 'exec', '-i', container_name] + shell_cmd,
-                    universal_newlines=True,
-                    input='''
-                        # give xtrace output an extra level of indent inside docker
-                        PS4='    + '
+                        docker.call(
+                            ["python", "-m", "virtualenv", "--no-download", venv_dir], env=env
+                        )
 
-                        set -o errexit
-                        set -o xtrace
-                        mkdir -p /output
-                        cd /project
+                        virtualenv_env = env.copy()
+                        virtualenv_env["PATH"] = f"{venv_dir / 'bin'}:{virtualenv_env['PATH']}"
 
-                        PYBIN="{config_python_bin}"
-
-                        export PATH="$PYBIN:$PATH"
-                        {environment_exports}
-
-                        # check the active python and pip are in PYBIN
-                        if [ "$(which pip)" != "$PYBIN/pip" ]; then
-                        echo "cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it."
-                        exit 1
-                        fi
-                        if [ "$(which python)" != "$PYBIN/python" ]; then
-                        echo "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it."
-                        exit 1
-                        fi
-
-                        if [ ! -z {before_build} ]; then
-                            sh -c {before_build}
-                        fi
-
-                        # Build the wheel
-                        rm -rf /tmp/built_wheel
-                        mkdir /tmp/built_wheel
-                        pip wheel {package_dir} -w /tmp/built_wheel --no-deps {build_verbosity_flag}
-                        built_wheel=(/tmp/built_wheel/*.whl)
-
-                        # repair the wheel
-                        rm -rf /tmp/repaired_wheels
-                        mkdir /tmp/repaired_wheels
-                        # NOTE: 'built_wheel' here is a bash array of glob matches; "$built_wheel" returns
-                        # the first element
-                        if [[ "$built_wheel" == *none-any.whl ]] || [ -z {repair_command} ]; then
-                            # pure Python wheel or empty repair command
-                            mv "$built_wheel" /tmp/repaired_wheels
-                        else
-                            sh -c {repair_command} repair_command "$built_wheel"
-                        fi
-                        repaired_wheels=(/tmp/repaired_wheels/*.whl)
-
-                        if [ ! -z {test_command} ]; then
-                            # Set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
-                            # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
-                            pip install {dependency_install_flags} virtualenv
-                            venv_dir=`mktemp -d`/venv
-                            python -m virtualenv --no-download "$venv_dir"
-
-                            # run the tests in a subshell to keep that `activate`
-                            # script from polluting the env
-                            (
-                                source "$venv_dir/bin/activate"
-
-                                echo "Running tests using `which python`"
-
-                                if [ ! -z {before_test} ]; then
-                                    sh -c {before_test}
-                                fi
-
-                                # Install the wheel we just built
-                                # Note: If auditwheel produced two wheels, it's because the earlier produced wheel
-                                # conforms to multiple manylinux standards. These multiple versions of the wheel are
-                                # functionally the same, differing only in name, wheel metadata, and possibly include
-                                # different external shared libraries. so it doesn't matter which one we run the tests on.
-                                # Let's just pick the first one.
-                                pip install "${{repaired_wheels[0]}}"{test_extras}
-
-                                # Install any requirements to run the tests
-                                if [ ! -z "{test_requires}" ]; then
-                                    pip install {test_requires}
-                                fi
-
-                                # Run the tests from a different directory
-                                pushd $HOME
-                                sh -c {test_command}
-                                popd
+                        if options.before_test:
+                            before_test_prepared = prepare_command(
+                                options.before_test,
+                                project=container_project_path,
+                                package=container_package_dir,
                             )
-                            # exit if tests failed (needed for older bash versions)
-                            if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
-                              exit 1;
-                            fi
+                            docker.call(["sh", "-c", before_test_prepared], env=virtualenv_env)
 
-                            # clean up
-                            rm -rf "$venv_dir"
-                        fi
+                        # Install the wheel we just built
+                        # Note: If auditwheel produced two wheels, it's because the earlier produced wheel
+                        # conforms to multiple manylinux standards. These multiple versions of the wheel are
+                        # functionally the same, differing only in name, wheel metadata, and possibly include
+                        # different external shared libraries. so it doesn't matter which one we run the tests on.
+                        # Let's just pick the first one.
+                        wheel_to_test = repaired_wheels[0]
+                        docker.call(
+                            ["pip", "install", str(wheel_to_test) + options.test_extras],
+                            env=virtualenv_env,
+                        )
 
-                        # we're all done here; move it to output
-                        mv "${{repaired_wheels[@]}}" /output
-                        for repaired_wheel in "${{repaired_wheels[@]}}"; do
-                            chown {uid}:{gid} "/output/$(basename "$repaired_wheel")"
-                        done
-                    '''.format(
-                        config_python_bin=config.path + '/bin',
-                        package_dir=container_package_dir,
-                        test_requires=' '.join(options.test_requires),
-                        test_extras=options.test_extras,
-                        test_command=shlex.quote(
-                            prepare_command(options.test_command, project='/project', package=container_package_dir) if options.test_command else ''
-                        ),
-                        before_build=shlex.quote(
-                            prepare_command(options.before_build, project='/project', package=container_package_dir) if options.before_build else ''
-                        ),
-                        build_verbosity_flag=' '.join(get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(options.build_verbosity)),
-                        repair_command=shlex.quote(
-                            prepare_command(options.repair_command, wheel='"$1"', dest_dir='/tmp/repaired_wheels') if options.repair_command else ''
-                        ),
-                        environment_exports='\n'.join(options.environment.as_shell_commands()),
-                        uid=os.getuid(),
-                        gid=os.getgid(),
-                        before_test=shlex.quote(
-                            prepare_command(options.before_test, project='/project', package=container_package_dir) if options.before_test else ''
-                        ),
-                        dependency_install_flags='-c /constraints.txt' if options.dependency_constraints else '',
-                    )
-                )
+                        # Install any requirements to run the tests
+                        if options.test_requires:
+                            docker.call(
+                                ["pip", "install", *options.test_requires], env=virtualenv_env
+                            )
 
-            # copy the output back into the host
-            call(['docker', 'cp',
-                  container_name + ':/output/.',
-                  str(options.output_dir.resolve())])
+                        # Run the tests from a different directory
+                        test_command_prepared = prepare_command(
+                            options.test_command,
+                            project=container_project_path,
+                            package=container_package_dir,
+                        )
+                        docker.call(
+                            ["sh", "-c", test_command_prepared], cwd="/root", env=virtualenv_env
+                        )
+
+                        # clean up test environment
+                        docker.call(["rm", "-rf", venv_dir])
+
+                    # move repaired wheels to output
+                    docker.call(["mkdir", "-p", container_output_dir])
+                    docker.call(["mv", *repaired_wheels, container_output_dir])
+
+                    log.build_end()
+
+                log.step("Copying wheels back to host...")
+                # copy the output back into the host
+                docker.copy_out(container_output_dir, options.output_dir)
+                log.step_end()
         except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
+            log.step_end_with_error(
+                f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout}"
+            )
             troubleshoot(options.package_dir, error)
-            exit(1)
-        finally:
-            # Still gets executed, even when 'exit(1)' gets called
-            call(['docker', 'rm', '--force', '-v', container_name])
+            sys.exit(1)
 
 
 def troubleshoot(package_dir: Path, error: Exception) -> None:
-    if (isinstance(error, subprocess.CalledProcessError) and 'exec' in error.cmd):
-        # the bash script failed
-        print('Checking for common errors...')
-        so_files = list(package_dir.glob('**/*.so'))
+    if isinstance(error, subprocess.CalledProcessError) and (
+        error.cmd[0:4] == ["python", "-m", "pip", "wheel"]
+        or error.cmd[0:3] == ["python", "-m", "build"]
+    ):
+        # the wheel build step failed
+        print("Checking for common errors...")
+        so_files = list(package_dir.glob("**/*.so"))
 
         if so_files:
-            print(textwrap.dedent('''
-                NOTE: Shared object (.so) files found in this project.
+            print(
+                textwrap.dedent(
+                    """
+                    NOTE: Shared object (.so) files found in this project.
 
-                  These files might be built against the wrong OS, causing problems with
-                  auditwheel.
+                    These files might be built against the wrong OS, causing problems with
+                    auditwheel.
 
-                  If you're using Cython and have previously done an in-place build,
-                  remove those build files (*.so and *.c) before starting cibuildwheel.
-            '''))
+                    If you're using Cython and have previously done an in-place build,
+                    remove those build files (*.so and *.c) before starting cibuildwheel.
+                    """
+                ),
+                file=sys.stderr,
+            )
 
-            print('  Files detected:')
-            print('\n'.join([f'    {f}' for f in so_files]))
-            print('')
+            print("  Files detected:")
+            print("\n".join(f"    {f}" for f in so_files))
+            print("")

cibuildwheel/logger.py

@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+import codecs
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+import time
+from typing import IO, AnyStr, Optional, Union
+
+from cibuildwheel.util import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider
+
+DEFAULT_FOLD_PATTERN = ("{name}", "")
+FOLD_PATTERNS = {
+    "azure": ("##[group]{name}", "##[endgroup]"),
+    "travis": ("travis_fold:start:{identifier}\n{name}", "travis_fold:end:{identifier}"),
+    "github": ("::group::{name}", "::endgroup::{name}"),
+}
+
+PLATFORM_IDENTIFIER_DESCIPTIONS = {
+    "manylinux_x86_64": "manylinux x86_64",
+    "manylinux_i686": "manylinux i686",
+    "manylinux_aarch64": "manylinux aarch64",
+    "manylinux_ppc64le": "manylinux ppc64le",
+    "manylinux_s390x": "manylinux s390x",
+    "win32": "Windows 32bit",
+    "win_amd64": "Windows 64bit",
+    "macosx_x86_64": "macOS x86_64",
+    "macosx_universal2": "macOS Universal 2 - x86_64 and arm64",
+    "macosx_arm64": "macOS arm64 - Apple Silicon",
+}
+
+
+class Logger:
+    fold_mode: str
+    colors_enabled: bool
+    unicode_enabled: bool
+    active_build_identifier: Optional[str] = None
+    build_start_time: Optional[float] = None
+    step_start_time: Optional[float] = None
+    active_fold_group_name: Optional[str] = None
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        if sys.platform == "win32" and hasattr(sys.stdout, "reconfigure"):
+            # the encoding on Windows can be a 1-byte charmap, but all CIs
+            # support utf8, so we hardcode that
+            sys.stdout.reconfigure(encoding="utf8")
+
+        self.unicode_enabled = file_supports_unicode(sys.stdout)
+
+        ci_provider = detect_ci_provider()
+
+        if ci_provider == CIProvider.azure_pipelines:
+            self.fold_mode = "azure"
+            self.colors_enabled = True
+
+        elif ci_provider == CIProvider.github_actions:
+            self.fold_mode = "github"
+            self.colors_enabled = True
+
+        elif ci_provider == CIProvider.travis_ci:
+            self.fold_mode = "travis"
+            self.colors_enabled = True
+
+        elif ci_provider == CIProvider.appveyor:
+            self.fold_mode = "disabled"
+            self.colors_enabled = True
+
+        else:
+            self.fold_mode = "disabled"
+            self.colors_enabled = file_supports_color(sys.stdout)
+
+    def build_start(self, identifier: str) -> None:
+        self.step_end()
+        c = self.colors
+        description = build_description_from_identifier(identifier)
+        print()
+        print(f"{c.bold}{c.blue}Building {identifier} wheel{c.end}")
+        print(f"{description}")
+        print()
+
+        self.build_start_time = time.time()
+        self.active_build_identifier = identifier
+
+    def build_end(self) -> None:
+        assert self.build_start_time is not None
+        assert self.active_build_identifier is not None
+        self.step_end()
+
+        c = self.colors
+        s = self.symbols
+        duration = time.time() - self.build_start_time
+
+        print()
+        print(
+            f"{c.green}{s.done} {c.end}{self.active_build_identifier} finished in {duration:.2f}s"
+        )
+        self.build_start_time = None
+        self.active_build_identifier = None
+
+    def step(self, step_description: str) -> None:
+        self.step_end()
+        self.step_start_time = time.time()
+        self._start_fold_group(step_description)
+
+    def step_end(self, success: bool = True) -> None:
+        if self.step_start_time is not None:
+            self._end_fold_group()
+            c = self.colors
+            s = self.symbols
+            duration = time.time() - self.step_start_time
+            if success:
+                print(f"{c.green}{s.done} {c.end}{duration:.2f}s".rjust(78))
+            else:
+                print(f"{c.red}{s.error} {c.end}{duration:.2f}s".rjust(78))
+
+            self.step_start_time = None
+
+    def step_end_with_error(self, error: Union[BaseException, str]) -> None:
+        self.step_end(success=False)
+        self.error(error)
+
+    def warning(self, message: str) -> None:
+        if self.fold_mode == "github":
+            print(f"::warning::{message}\n", file=sys.stderr)
+        else:
+            c = self.colors
+            print(f"{c.yellow}Warning{c.end}: {message}\n", file=sys.stderr)
+
+    def error(self, error: Union[BaseException, str]) -> None:
+        if self.fold_mode == "github":
+            print(f"::error::{error}\n", file=sys.stderr)
+        else:
+            c = self.colors
+            print(f"{c.bright_red}Error{c.end}: {error}\n", file=sys.stderr)
+
+    def _start_fold_group(self, name: str) -> None:
+        self._end_fold_group()
+        self.active_fold_group_name = name
+        fold_start_pattern = FOLD_PATTERNS.get(self.fold_mode, DEFAULT_FOLD_PATTERN)[0]
+        identifier = self._fold_group_identifier(name)
+
+        print(fold_start_pattern.format(name=self.active_fold_group_name, identifier=identifier))
+        print()
+        sys.stdout.flush()
+
+    def _end_fold_group(self) -> None:
+        if self.active_fold_group_name:
+            fold_start_pattern = FOLD_PATTERNS.get(self.fold_mode, DEFAULT_FOLD_PATTERN)[1]
+            identifier = self._fold_group_identifier(self.active_fold_group_name)
+            print(
+                fold_start_pattern.format(name=self.active_fold_group_name, identifier=identifier)
+            )
+            sys.stdout.flush()
+            self.active_fold_group_name = None
+
+    def _fold_group_identifier(self, name: str) -> str:
+        """
+        Travis doesn't like fold groups identifiers that have spaces in. This
+        method converts them to ascii identifiers
+        """
+        # whitespace to underscores
+        identifier = re.sub(r"\s+", "_", name)
+        # remove non-alphanum
+        identifier = re.sub(r"[^A-Za-z\d_]+", "", identifier)
+        # trim underscores
+        identifier = identifier.strip("_")
+        # lowercase, shorten
+        return identifier.lower()[:20]
+
+    @property
+    def colors(self) -> "Colors":
+        if self.colors_enabled:
+            return Colors(enabled=True)
+        else:
+            return Colors(enabled=False)
+
+    @property
+    def symbols(self) -> "Symbols":
+        if self.unicode_enabled:
+            return Symbols(unicode=True)
+        else:
+            return Symbols(unicode=False)
+
+
+def build_description_from_identifier(identifier: str) -> str:
+    python_identifier, _, platform_identifier = identifier.partition("-")
+
+    build_description = ""
+
+    python_interpreter = python_identifier[0:2]
+    python_version = python_identifier[2:]
+
+    if python_interpreter == "cp":
+        build_description += "CPython"
+    elif python_interpreter == "pp":
+        build_description += "PyPy"
+    else:
+        raise Exception("unknown python")
+
+    build_description += f" {python_version[0]}.{python_version[1:]} "
+
+    try:
+        build_description += PLATFORM_IDENTIFIER_DESCIPTIONS[platform_identifier]
+    except KeyError as e:
+        raise Exception("unknown platform") from e
+
+    return build_description
+
+
+class Colors:
+    def __init__(self, *, enabled: bool) -> None:
+        self.red = "\033[31m" if enabled else ""
+        self.green = "\033[32m" if enabled else ""
+        self.yellow = "\033[33m" if enabled else ""
+        self.blue = "\033[34m" if enabled else ""
+        self.cyan = "\033[36m" if enabled else ""
+        self.bright_red = "\033[91m" if enabled else ""
+        self.bright_green = "\033[92m" if enabled else ""
+        self.white = "\033[37m\033[97m" if enabled else ""
+
+        self.bg_grey = "\033[48;5;235m" if enabled else ""
+
+        self.bold = "\033[1m" if enabled else ""
+        self.faint = "\033[2m" if enabled else ""
+
+        self.end = "\033[0m" if enabled else ""
+
+
+class Symbols:
+    def __init__(self, *, unicode: bool) -> None:
+        self.done = "✓" if unicode else "done"
+        self.error = "✕" if unicode else "failed"
+
+
+def file_supports_color(file_obj: IO[AnyStr]) -> bool:
+    """
+    Returns True if the running system's terminal supports color.
+    """
+    plat = sys.platform
+    supported_platform = plat != "win32" or "ANSICON" in os.environ
+
+    is_a_tty = file_is_a_tty(file_obj)
+
+    return supported_platform and is_a_tty
+
+
+def file_is_a_tty(file_obj: IO[AnyStr]) -> bool:
+    return hasattr(file_obj, "isatty") and file_obj.isatty()
+
+
+def file_supports_unicode(file_obj: IO[AnyStr]) -> bool:
+    encoding = getattr(file_obj, "encoding", None)
+    if not encoding:
+        return False
+
+    codec_info = codecs.lookup(encoding)
+
+    return "utf" in codec_info.name
+
+
+"""
+Global instance of the Logger.
+"""
+# (there's only one stdout per-process, so a global instance is justified)
+log = Logger()

cibuildwheel/macos.py

@@ -1,32 +1,71 @@
 import os
+import platform
+import re
 import shlex
 import shutil
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import tempfile
 from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Sequence, Set, Tuple, cast
 
-from typing import Dict, List, Optional, NamedTuple, Union
-
+from .architecture import Architecture
 from .environment import ParsedEnvironment
+from .logger import log
+from .typing import Literal, PathOrStr, assert_never
 from .util import (
+    BuildFrontend,
     BuildOptions,
     BuildSelector,
+    NonPlatformWheelError,
     download,
     get_build_verbosity_extra_flags,
-    get_pip_script,
+    get_pip_version,
+    install_certifi_script,
     prepare_command,
+    read_python_configs,
+    unwrap,
 )
 
 
-def call(args: Union[str, List[str]], env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None, cwd: Optional[str] = None, shell: bool = False) -> int:
+def call(
+    args: Sequence[PathOrStr],
+    env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
+    cwd: Optional[str] = None,
+    shell: bool = False,
+) -> None:
     # print the command executing for the logs
     if shell:
-        print(f'+ {args}')
+        print(f"+ {args}")
     else:
-        print('+ ' + ' '.join(shlex.quote(a) for a in args))
+        print("+ " + " ".join(shlex.quote(str(a)) for a in args))
 
-    return subprocess.check_call(args, env=env, cwd=cwd, shell=shell)
+    subprocess.run(args, env=env, cwd=cwd, shell=shell, check=True)
+
+
+def get_macos_version() -> Tuple[int, int]:
+    """
+    Returns the macOS major/minor version, as a tuple, e.g. (10, 15) or (11, 0)
+
+    These tuples can be used in comparisons, e.g.
+        (10, 14) <= (11, 0) == True
+        (10, 14) <= (10, 16) == True
+        (11, 2) <= (11, 0) != True
+    """
+    version_str, _, _ = platform.mac_ver()
+    version = tuple(map(int, version_str.split(".")[:2]))
+    return cast(Tuple[int, int], version)
+
+
+def get_macos_sdks() -> List[str]:
+    output = subprocess.run(
+        ["xcodebuild", "-showsdks"],
+        universal_newlines=True,
+        check=True,
+        stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+    ).stdout
+
+    return [m.group(1) for m in re.finditer(r"-sdk (macosx\S+)", output)]
 
 
 class PythonConfiguration(NamedTuple):
@@ -35,24 +74,47 @@ class PythonConfiguration(NamedTuple):
     url: str
 
 
-def get_python_configurations(build_selector: BuildSelector) -> List[PythonConfiguration]:
+def get_python_configurations(
+    build_selector: BuildSelector, architectures: Set[Architecture]
+) -> List[PythonConfiguration]:
+
+    full_python_configs = read_python_configs("macos")
+
+    python_configurations = [PythonConfiguration(**item) for item in full_python_configs]
+
+    # filter out configs that don't match any of the selected architectures
     python_configurations = [
-        # CPython
-        PythonConfiguration(version='2.7', identifier='cp27-macosx_x86_64', url='https://www.python.org/ftp/python/2.7.18/python-2.7.18-macosx10.9.pkg'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.5', identifier='cp35-macosx_x86_64', url='https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.5.4/python-3.5.4-macosx10.6.pkg'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.6', identifier='cp36-macosx_x86_64', url='https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.6.8/python-3.6.8-macosx10.9.pkg'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.7', identifier='cp37-macosx_x86_64', url='https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.7.7/python-3.7.7-macosx10.9.pkg'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.8', identifier='cp38-macosx_x86_64', url='https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.3/python-3.8.3-macosx10.9.pkg'),
-        # PyPy
-        PythonConfiguration(version='2.7', identifier='pp27-macosx_x86_64', url='https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy2.7-v7.3.1-osx64.tar.bz2'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.6', identifier='pp36-macosx_x86_64', url='https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.6-v7.3.1-osx64.tar.bz2'),
+        c
+        for c in python_configurations
+        if any(c.identifier.endswith(a.value) for a in architectures)
     ]
 
-    # skip builds as required
-    return [c for c in python_configurations if build_selector(c.identifier)]
+    # skip builds as required by BUILD/SKIP
+    python_configurations = [c for c in python_configurations if build_selector(c.identifier)]
+
+    # When running on macOS 11 and x86_64, the reported OS is '10.16', but
+    # there is no such OS - it really means macOS 11.
+    if get_macos_version() >= (10, 16):
+        if any(c.identifier.startswith("pp") for c in python_configurations):
+            # pypy doesn't work on macOS 11 yet
+            # See https://foss.heptapod.net/pypy/pypy/-/issues/3314
+            log.warning(
+                unwrap(
+                    """
+                    PyPy is currently unsupported when building on macOS 11. To build macOS PyPy
+                    wheels, build on an older OS, such as macOS 10.15. To silence this warning,
+                    deselect PyPy by adding "pp*-macosx*" to your CIBW_SKIP option.
+                    """
+                )
+            )
+            python_configurations = [
+                c for c in python_configurations if not c.identifier.startswith("pp")
+            ]
+
+    return python_configurations
 
 
-SYMLINKS_DIR = Path('/tmp/cibw_bin')
+SYMLINKS_DIR = Path("/tmp/cibw_bin")
 
 
 def make_symlinks(installation_bin_path: Path, python_executable: str, pip_executable: str) -> None:
@@ -65,68 +127,84 @@ def make_symlinks(installation_bin_path: Path, python_executable: str, pip_execu
         shutil.rmtree(SYMLINKS_DIR)
     SYMLINKS_DIR.mkdir(parents=True)
 
-    (SYMLINKS_DIR / 'python').symlink_to(installation_bin_path / python_executable)
-    (SYMLINKS_DIR / 'python-config').symlink_to(installation_bin_path / (python_executable + '-config'))
-    (SYMLINKS_DIR / 'pip').symlink_to(installation_bin_path / pip_executable)
+    (SYMLINKS_DIR / "python").symlink_to(installation_bin_path / python_executable)
+    (SYMLINKS_DIR / "python-config").symlink_to(
+        installation_bin_path / (python_executable + "-config")
+    )
+    (SYMLINKS_DIR / "pip").symlink_to(installation_bin_path / pip_executable)
 
 
 def install_cpython(version: str, url: str) -> Path:
-    installed_system_packages = subprocess.check_output(['pkgutil', '--pkgs'], universal_newlines=True).splitlines()
+    installed_system_packages = subprocess.run(
+        ["pkgutil", "--pkgs"], universal_newlines=True, check=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE
+    ).stdout.splitlines()
 
     # if this version of python isn't installed, get it from python.org and install
-    python_package_identifier = f'org.python.Python.PythonFramework-{version}'
+    python_package_identifier = f"org.python.Python.PythonFramework-{version}"
+    python_executable = "python3"
+    installation_bin_path = Path(f"/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/{version}/bin")
+
     if python_package_identifier not in installed_system_packages:
         # download the pkg
-        download(url, Path('/tmp/Python.pkg'))
+        download(url, Path("/tmp/Python.pkg"))
         # install
-        call(['sudo', 'installer', '-pkg', '/tmp/Python.pkg', '-target', '/'])
-        # patch open ssl
-        if version == '3.5':
-            open_ssl_patch_url = f'https://github.com/mayeut/patch-macos-python-openssl/releases/download/v1.0.2u/patch-macos-python-{version}-openssl-v1.0.2u.tar.gz'
-            download(open_ssl_patch_url, Path('/tmp/python-patch.tar.gz'))
-            call(['sudo', 'tar', '-C', f'/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/{version}/', '-xmf', '/tmp/python-patch.tar.gz'])
+        call(["sudo", "installer", "-pkg", "/tmp/Python.pkg", "-target", "/"])
+        call(["sudo", str(installation_bin_path / python_executable), str(install_certifi_script)])
 
-    installation_bin_path = Path(f'/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/{version}/bin')
-    python_executable = 'python3' if version[0] == '3' else 'python'
-    pip_executable = 'pip3' if version[0] == '3' else 'pip'
+    pip_executable = "pip3"
     make_symlinks(installation_bin_path, python_executable, pip_executable)
 
     return installation_bin_path
 
 
 def install_pypy(version: str, url: str) -> Path:
-    pypy_tar_bz2 = url.rsplit('/', 1)[-1]
+    pypy_tar_bz2 = url.rsplit("/", 1)[-1]
     extension = ".tar.bz2"
     assert pypy_tar_bz2.endswith(extension)
-    pypy_base_filename = pypy_tar_bz2[:-len(extension)]
-    installation_path = Path('/tmp') / pypy_base_filename
+    pypy_base_filename = pypy_tar_bz2[: -len(extension)]
+    installation_path = Path("/tmp") / pypy_base_filename
     if not installation_path.exists():
         downloaded_tar_bz2 = Path("/tmp") / pypy_tar_bz2
         download(url, downloaded_tar_bz2)
-        call(['tar', '-C', '/tmp', '-xf', str(downloaded_tar_bz2)])
+        call(["tar", "-C", "/tmp", "-xf", downloaded_tar_bz2])
 
-    installation_bin_path = installation_path / 'bin'
-    python_executable = 'pypy3' if version[0] == '3' else 'pypy'
-    pip_executable = 'pip3' if version[0] == '3' else 'pip'
+    installation_bin_path = installation_path / "bin"
+    python_executable = "pypy3"
+    pip_executable = "pip3"
     make_symlinks(installation_bin_path, python_executable, pip_executable)
 
     return installation_bin_path
 
 
-def setup_python(python_configuration: PythonConfiguration, dependency_constraint_flags: List[str], environment: ParsedEnvironment) -> Dict[str, str]:
-    if python_configuration.identifier.startswith('cp'):
-        installation_bin_path = install_cpython(python_configuration.version, python_configuration.url)
-    elif python_configuration.identifier.startswith('pp'):
+def setup_python(
+    python_configuration: PythonConfiguration,
+    dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr],
+    environment: ParsedEnvironment,
+    build_frontend: BuildFrontend,
+) -> Dict[str, str]:
+
+    implementation_id = python_configuration.identifier.split("-")[0]
+    log.step(f"Installing Python {implementation_id}...")
+
+    if implementation_id.startswith("cp"):
+        installation_bin_path = install_cpython(
+            python_configuration.version, python_configuration.url
+        )
+    elif implementation_id.startswith("pp"):
         installation_bin_path = install_pypy(python_configuration.version, python_configuration.url)
     else:
         raise ValueError("Unknown Python implementation")
 
+    log.step("Setting up build environment...")
+
     env = os.environ.copy()
-    env['PATH'] = os.pathsep.join([
-        str(SYMLINKS_DIR),
-        str(installation_bin_path),
-        env['PATH'],
-    ])
+    env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(
+        [
+            str(SYMLINKS_DIR),
+            str(installation_bin_path),
+            env["PATH"],
+        ]
+    )
 
     # Fix issue with site.py setting the wrong `sys.prefix`, `sys.exec_prefix`,
     # `sys.path`, ... for PyPy: https://foss.heptapod.net/pypy/pypy/issues/3175
@@ -134,132 +212,398 @@ def setup_python(python_configuration: PythonConfiguration, dependency_constrain
     # testing virtualenv- see https://github.com/theacodes/nox/issues/44 and
     # https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/issues/620
     # Also see https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/9516
-    env.pop('__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__', None)
+    env.pop("__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__", None)
     env = environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=env)
 
-    # check what version we're on
-    call(['which', 'python'], env=env)
-    call(['python', '--version'], env=env)
-    which_python = subprocess.check_output(['which', 'python'], env=env, universal_newlines=True).strip()
-    if which_python != '/tmp/cibw_bin/python':
-        print("cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it.", file=sys.stderr)
-        exit(1)
+    # we version pip ourselves, so we don't care about pip version checking
+    env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
 
-    # install pip & wheel
-    call(['python', str(get_pip_script)] + dependency_constraint_flags, env=env, cwd="/tmp")
-    assert (installation_bin_path / 'pip').exists()
-    call(['which', 'pip'], env=env)
-    call(['pip', '--version'], env=env)
-    which_pip = subprocess.check_output(['which', 'pip'], env=env, universal_newlines=True).strip()
-    if which_pip != '/tmp/cibw_bin/pip':
-        print("cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.", file=sys.stderr)
-        exit(1)
-    call(['pip', 'install', '--upgrade', 'setuptools', 'wheel', 'delocate'] + dependency_constraint_flags, env=env)
+    # check what version we're on
+    call(["which", "python"], env=env)
+    call(["python", "--version"], env=env)
+    which_python = subprocess.run(
+        ["which", "python"], env=env, universal_newlines=True, check=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE
+    ).stdout.strip()
+    if which_python != "/tmp/cibw_bin/python":
+        print(
+            "cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it.",
+            file=sys.stderr,
+        )
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    # Install pip
+
+    requires_reinstall = not (installation_bin_path / "pip").exists()
+    if requires_reinstall:
+        # maybe pip isn't installed at all. ensurepip resolves that.
+        call(["python", "-m", "ensurepip"], env=env, cwd="/tmp")
+
+    # upgrade pip to the version matching our constraints
+    # if necessary, reinstall it to ensure that it's available on PATH as 'pip'
+    call(
+        [
+            "python",
+            "-m",
+            "pip",
+            "install",
+            "--force-reinstall" if requires_reinstall else "--upgrade",
+            "pip",
+            *dependency_constraint_flags,
+        ],
+        env=env,
+        cwd="/tmp",
+    )
+
+    assert (installation_bin_path / "pip").exists()
+    call(["which", "pip"], env=env)
+    call(["pip", "--version"], env=env)
+    which_pip = subprocess.run(
+        ["which", "pip"], env=env, universal_newlines=True, check=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE
+    ).stdout.strip()
+    if which_pip != "/tmp/cibw_bin/pip":
+        print(
+            "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.",
+            file=sys.stderr,
+        )
+        sys.exit(1)
 
     # Set MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET to 10.9, if the user didn't set it.
-    # CPython 3.5 defaults to 10.6, and pypy defaults to 10.7, causing
-    # inconsistencies if it's left unset.
-    env.setdefault('MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET', '10.9')
+    # PyPy defaults to 10.7, causing inconsistencies if it's left unset.
+    env.setdefault("MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET", "10.9")
 
-    if python_configuration.version == '3.5':
-        # Cross-compilation platform override - CPython 3.5 has an
-        # i386/x86_64 version of Python, but we only want a x64_64 build
-        env.setdefault('_PYTHON_HOST_PLATFORM', 'macosx-10.9-x86_64')
-        # https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/a5ed2fe0eedefa1649aa93ee74a0bafc8e628a10/Lib/_osx_support.py#L260
-        env.setdefault('ARCHFLAGS', '-arch x86_64')
+    config_is_arm64 = python_configuration.identifier.endswith("arm64")
+    config_is_universal2 = python_configuration.identifier.endswith("universal2")
+
+    if python_configuration.version not in {"3.6", "3.7"}:
+        if config_is_arm64:
+            # macOS 11 is the first OS with arm64 support, so the wheels
+            # have that as a minimum.
+            env.setdefault("_PYTHON_HOST_PLATFORM", "macosx-11.0-arm64")
+            env.setdefault("ARCHFLAGS", "-arch arm64")
+        elif config_is_universal2:
+            env.setdefault("_PYTHON_HOST_PLATFORM", "macosx-10.9-universal2")
+            env.setdefault("ARCHFLAGS", "-arch arm64 -arch x86_64")
+        elif python_configuration.identifier.endswith("x86_64"):
+            # even on the macos11.0 Python installer, on the x86_64 side it's
+            # compatible back to 10.9.
+            env.setdefault("_PYTHON_HOST_PLATFORM", "macosx-10.9-x86_64")
+            env.setdefault("ARCHFLAGS", "-arch x86_64")
+
+    building_arm64 = config_is_arm64 or config_is_universal2
+    if building_arm64 and get_macos_version() < (10, 16) and "SDKROOT" not in env:
+        # xcode 12.2 or higher can build arm64 on macos 10.15 or below, but
+        # needs the correct SDK selected.
+        sdks = get_macos_sdks()
+
+        # Different versions of Xcode contain different SDK versions...
+        # we're happy with anything newer than macOS 11.0
+        arm64_compatible_sdks = [s for s in sdks if not s.startswith("macosx10.")]
+
+        if not arm64_compatible_sdks:
+            log.warning(
+                unwrap(
+                    """
+                    SDK for building arm64-compatible wheels not found. You need Xcode 12.2 or later
+                    to build universal2 or arm64 wheels.
+                    """
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            env.setdefault("SDKROOT", arm64_compatible_sdks[0])
+
+    log.step("Installing build tools...")
+    if build_frontend == "pip":
+        call(
+            [
+                "pip",
+                "install",
+                "--upgrade",
+                "setuptools",
+                "wheel",
+                "delocate",
+                *dependency_constraint_flags,
+            ],
+            env=env,
+        )
+    elif build_frontend == "build":
+        call(
+            [
+                "pip",
+                "install",
+                "--upgrade",
+                "delocate",
+                "build[virtualenv]",
+                *dependency_constraint_flags,
+            ],
+            env=env,
+        )
+    else:
+        assert_never(build_frontend)
 
     return env
 
 
 def build(options: BuildOptions) -> None:
-    temp_dir = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix='cibuildwheel'))
-    built_wheel_dir = temp_dir / 'built_wheel'
-    repaired_wheel_dir = temp_dir / 'repaired_wheel'
+    temp_dir = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="cibuildwheel"))
+    built_wheel_dir = temp_dir / "built_wheel"
+    repaired_wheel_dir = temp_dir / "repaired_wheel"
 
-    if options.before_all:
-        env = options.environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=os.environ)
-        before_all_prepared = prepare_command(options.before_all, project='.', package=options.package_dir)
-        call([before_all_prepared], shell=True, env=env)
-
-    python_configurations = get_python_configurations(options.build_selector)
-
-    for config in python_configurations:
-        dependency_constraint_flags = []
-        if options.dependency_constraints:
-            dependency_constraint_flags = [
-                '-c', str(options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(config.version))
-            ]
-
-        env = setup_python(config, dependency_constraint_flags, options.environment)
-
-        # run the before_build command
-        if options.before_build:
-            before_build_prepared = prepare_command(options.before_build, project='.', package=options.package_dir)
-            call(before_build_prepared, env=env, shell=True)
-
-        # build the wheel
-        if built_wheel_dir.exists():
-            shutil.rmtree(built_wheel_dir)
-        built_wheel_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
-        # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
-        # see https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/pull/369
-        call(['pip', 'wheel', str(options.package_dir.resolve()), '-w', str(built_wheel_dir), '--no-deps'] + get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(options.build_verbosity), env=env)
-        built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob('*.whl'))
-
-        # repair the wheel
-        if repaired_wheel_dir.exists():
-            shutil.rmtree(repaired_wheel_dir)
-        repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
-        if built_wheel.name.endswith('none-any.whl') or not options.repair_command:
-            # pure Python wheel or empty repair command
-            built_wheel.rename(repaired_wheel_dir / built_wheel.name)
-        else:
-            repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(options.repair_command, wheel=built_wheel, dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir)
-            call(repair_command_prepared, env=env, shell=True)
-        repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob('*.whl'))
-
-        if options.test_command:
-            # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
-            # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
-            call(['pip', 'install', 'virtualenv'] + dependency_constraint_flags, env=env)
-            venv_dir = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp())
-
-            # Use --no-download to ensure determinism by using seed libraries
-            # built into virtualenv
-            call(['python', '-m', 'virtualenv', '--no-download', str(venv_dir)], env=env)
-
-            virtualenv_env = env.copy()
-            virtualenv_env['PATH'] = os.pathsep.join([
-                str(venv_dir / 'bin'),
-                virtualenv_env['PATH'],
-            ])
-
-            # check that we are using the Python from the virtual environment
-            call(['which', 'python'], env=virtualenv_env)
-
-            if options.before_test:
-                before_test_prepared = prepare_command(options.before_test, project='.', package=options.package_dir)
-                call(before_test_prepared, env=virtualenv_env, shell=True)
-
-            # install the wheel
-            call(['pip', 'install', str(repaired_wheel) + options.test_extras], env=virtualenv_env)
-
-            # test the wheel
-            if options.test_requires:
-                call(['pip', 'install'] + options.test_requires, env=virtualenv_env)
-
-            # run the tests from $HOME, with an absolute path in the command
-            # (this ensures that Python runs the tests against the installed wheel
-            # and not the repo code)
-            test_command_prepared = prepare_command(
-                options.test_command,
-                project=Path('.').resolve(),
-                package=options.package_dir.resolve()
+    try:
+        if options.before_all:
+            log.step("Running before_all...")
+            env = options.environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=os.environ)
+            env.setdefault("MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET", "10.9")
+            before_all_prepared = prepare_command(
+                options.before_all, project=".", package=options.package_dir
             )
-            call(test_command_prepared, cwd=os.environ['HOME'], env=virtualenv_env, shell=True)
+            call([before_all_prepared], shell=True, env=env)
 
-            # clean up
-            shutil.rmtree(venv_dir)
+        python_configurations = get_python_configurations(
+            options.build_selector, options.architectures
+        )
 
-        # we're all done here; move it to output (overwrite existing)
-        repaired_wheel.replace(options.output_dir / repaired_wheel.name)
+        for config in python_configurations:
+            log.build_start(config.identifier)
+
+            config_is_arm64 = config.identifier.endswith("arm64")
+            config_is_universal2 = config.identifier.endswith("universal2")
+
+            dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr] = []
+            if options.dependency_constraints:
+                dependency_constraint_flags = [
+                    "-c",
+                    options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(config.version),
+                ]
+
+            env = setup_python(
+                config,
+                dependency_constraint_flags,
+                options.environment,
+                options.build_frontend,
+            )
+
+            if options.before_build:
+                log.step("Running before_build...")
+                before_build_prepared = prepare_command(
+                    options.before_build, project=".", package=options.package_dir
+                )
+                call(before_build_prepared, env=env, shell=True)
+
+            log.step("Building wheel...")
+            if built_wheel_dir.exists():
+                shutil.rmtree(built_wheel_dir)
+            built_wheel_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
+
+            verbosity_flags = get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(options.build_verbosity)
+
+            if options.build_frontend == "pip":
+                # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
+                # see https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
+                call(
+                    [
+                        "python",
+                        "-m",
+                        "pip",
+                        "wheel",
+                        options.package_dir.resolve(),
+                        f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                        "--no-deps",
+                        *verbosity_flags,
+                    ],
+                    env=env,
+                )
+            elif options.build_frontend == "build":
+                config_setting = " ".join(verbosity_flags)
+                build_env = env.copy()
+                if options.dependency_constraints:
+                    build_env["PIP_CONSTRAINT"] = str(
+                        options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(config.version)
+                    )
+                build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = get_pip_version(env)
+                call(
+                    [
+                        "python",
+                        "-m",
+                        "build",
+                        options.package_dir,
+                        "--wheel",
+                        f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                        f"--config-setting={config_setting}",
+                    ],
+                    env=build_env,
+                )
+            else:
+                assert_never(options.build_frontend)
+
+            built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+
+            if repaired_wheel_dir.exists():
+                shutil.rmtree(repaired_wheel_dir)
+            repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
+
+            if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
+                raise NonPlatformWheelError()
+
+            if options.repair_command:
+                log.step("Repairing wheel...")
+
+                if config_is_universal2:
+                    delocate_archs = "x86_64,arm64"
+                elif config_is_arm64:
+                    delocate_archs = "arm64"
+                else:
+                    delocate_archs = "x86_64"
+
+                repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(
+                    options.repair_command,
+                    wheel=built_wheel,
+                    dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir,
+                    delocate_archs=delocate_archs,
+                )
+                call(repair_command_prepared, env=env, shell=True)
+            else:
+                shutil.move(str(built_wheel), repaired_wheel_dir)
+
+            repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+
+            log.step_end()
+
+            if options.test_command and options.test_selector(config.identifier):
+                machine_arch = platform.machine()
+                testing_archs: List[Literal["x86_64", "arm64"]] = []
+
+                if config_is_arm64:
+                    testing_archs = ["arm64"]
+                elif config_is_universal2:
+                    testing_archs = ["x86_64", "arm64"]
+                else:
+                    testing_archs = ["x86_64"]
+
+                for testing_arch in testing_archs:
+                    if config_is_universal2:
+                        arch_specific_identifier = f"{config.identifier}:{testing_arch}"
+                        if not options.test_selector(arch_specific_identifier):
+                            continue
+
+                    if machine_arch == "x86_64" and testing_arch == "arm64":
+                        if config_is_arm64:
+                            log.warning(
+                                unwrap(
+                                    """
+                                    While arm64 wheels can be built on x86_64, they cannot be
+                                    tested. The ability to test the arm64 wheels will be added in a
+                                    future release of cibuildwheel, once Apple Silicon CI runners
+                                    are widely available. To silence this warning, set
+                                    `CIBW_TEST_SKIP: *-macosx_arm64`.
+                                    """
+                                )
+                            )
+                        elif config_is_universal2:
+                            log.warning(
+                                unwrap(
+                                    """
+                                    While universal2 wheels can be built on x86_64, the arm64 part
+                                    of them cannot currently be tested. The ability to test the
+                                    arm64 part of a universal2 wheel will be added in a future
+                                    release of cibuildwheel, once Apple Silicon CI runners are
+                                    widely available. To silence this warning, set
+                                    `CIBW_TEST_SKIP: *-macosx_universal2:arm64`.
+                                    """
+                                )
+                            )
+                        else:
+                            raise RuntimeError("unreachable")
+
+                        # skip this test
+                        continue
+
+                    log.step(
+                        "Testing wheel..."
+                        if testing_arch == machine_arch
+                        else f"Testing wheel on {testing_arch}..."
+                    )
+
+                    # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
+                    # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
+                    call(["pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env)
+                    venv_dir = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp())
+
+                    arch_prefix = []
+                    if testing_arch != machine_arch:
+                        if machine_arch == "arm64" and testing_arch == "x86_64":
+                            # rosetta2 will provide the emulation with just the arch prefix.
+                            arch_prefix = ["arch", "-x86_64"]
+                        else:
+                            raise RuntimeError(
+                                "don't know how to emulate {testing_arch} on {machine_arch}"
+                            )
+
+                    # define a custom 'call' function that adds the arch prefix each time
+                    def call_with_arch(args: Sequence[PathOrStr], **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+                        if isinstance(args, str):
+                            args = " ".join(arch_prefix) + " " + args
+                        else:
+                            args = [*arch_prefix, *args]
+                        call(args, **kwargs)
+
+                    # Use --no-download to ensure determinism by using seed libraries
+                    # built into virtualenv
+                    call_with_arch(
+                        ["python", "-m", "virtualenv", "--no-download", venv_dir], env=env
+                    )
+
+                    virtualenv_env = env.copy()
+                    virtualenv_env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(
+                        [
+                            str(venv_dir / "bin"),
+                            virtualenv_env["PATH"],
+                        ]
+                    )
+
+                    # check that we are using the Python from the virtual environment
+                    call_with_arch(["which", "python"], env=virtualenv_env)
+
+                    if options.before_test:
+                        before_test_prepared = prepare_command(
+                            options.before_test, project=".", package=options.package_dir
+                        )
+                        call_with_arch(before_test_prepared, env=virtualenv_env, shell=True)
+
+                    # install the wheel
+                    call_with_arch(
+                        ["pip", "install", f"{repaired_wheel}{options.test_extras}"],
+                        env=virtualenv_env,
+                    )
+
+                    # test the wheel
+                    if options.test_requires:
+                        call_with_arch(
+                            ["pip", "install"] + options.test_requires, env=virtualenv_env
+                        )
+
+                    # run the tests from $HOME, with an absolute path in the command
+                    # (this ensures that Python runs the tests against the installed wheel
+                    # and not the repo code)
+                    test_command_prepared = prepare_command(
+                        options.test_command,
+                        project=Path(".").resolve(),
+                        package=options.package_dir.resolve(),
+                    )
+                    call_with_arch(
+                        test_command_prepared,
+                        cwd=os.environ["HOME"],
+                        env=virtualenv_env,
+                        shell=True,
+                    )
+
+                    # clean up
+                    shutil.rmtree(venv_dir)
+
+            # we're all done here; move it to output (overwrite existing)
+            shutil.move(str(repaired_wheel), options.output_dir)
+            log.build_end()
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
+        log.step_end_with_error(
+            f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout}"
+        )
+        sys.exit(1)

cibuildwheel/options.py

@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Mapping, Optional, Set, Tuple, Union
+
+import toml
+
+from .typing import PLATFORMS, TypedDict
+from .util import resources_dir
+
+Setting = Union[Dict[str, str], List[str], str]
+
+
+class TableFmt(TypedDict):
+    item: str
+    sep: str
+
+
+class ConfigOptionError(KeyError):
+    pass
+
+
+def _dig_first(*pairs: Tuple[Mapping[str, Any], str]) -> Setting:
+    """
+    Return the first dict item that matches from pairs of dicts and keys.
+    Final result is will throw a KeyError if missing.
+
+    _dig_first((dict1, "key1"), (dict2, "key2"), ...)
+    """
+    (dict_like, key), *others = pairs
+    return dict_like.get(key, _dig_first(*others)) if others else dict_like[key]
+
+
+class ConfigOptions:
+    """
+    Gets options from the environment, config or defaults, optionally scoped
+    by the platform.
+
+    Example:
+      >>> options = ConfigOptions(package_dir, platform='macos')
+      >>> options('cool-color')
+
+      This will return the value of CIBW_COOL_COLOR_MACOS if it exists,
+      otherwise the value of CIBW_COOL_COLOR, otherwise
+      'tool.cibuildwheel.macos.cool-color' or 'tool.cibuildwheel.cool-color'
+      from pyproject.toml, or from cibuildwheel/resources/defaults.toml. An
+      error is thrown if there are any unexpected keys or sections in
+      tool.cibuildwheel.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        package_path: Path,
+        config_file: Optional[str] = None,
+        *,
+        platform: str,
+        disallow: Optional[Dict[str, Set[str]]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.platform = platform
+        self.disallow = disallow or {}
+
+        # Open defaults.toml, loading both global and platform sections
+        defaults_path = resources_dir / "defaults.toml"
+        self.default_options, self.default_platform_options = self._load_file(defaults_path)
+
+        # load the project config file
+        config_options: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        config_platform_options: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+        if config_file is not None:
+            config_path = Path(config_file.format(package=package_path))
+            config_options, config_platform_options = self._load_file(config_path)
+        else:
+            # load pyproject.toml, if it's available
+            pyproject_toml_path = package_path / "pyproject.toml"
+            if pyproject_toml_path.exists():
+                config_options, config_platform_options = self._load_file(pyproject_toml_path)
+
+        # validate project config
+        for option_name in config_options:
+            if not self._is_valid_global_option(option_name):
+                raise ConfigOptionError(f'Option "{option_name}" not supported in a config file')
+
+        for option_name in config_platform_options:
+            if not self._is_valid_platform_option(option_name):
+                raise ConfigOptionError(
+                    f'Option "{option_name}" not supported in the "{self.platform}" section'
+                )
+
+        self.config_options = config_options
+        self.config_platform_options = config_platform_options
+
+    def _is_valid_global_option(self, name: str) -> bool:
+        """
+        Returns True if an option with this name is allowed in the
+        [tool.cibuildwheel] section of a config file.
+        """
+        allowed_option_names = self.default_options.keys() | PLATFORMS
+
+        return name in allowed_option_names
+
+    def _is_valid_platform_option(self, name: str) -> bool:
+        """
+        Returns True if an option with this name is allowed in the
+        [tool.cibuildwheel.<current-platform>] section of a config file.
+        """
+        disallowed_platform_options = self.disallow.get(self.platform, set())
+        if name in disallowed_platform_options:
+            return False
+
+        allowed_option_names = self.default_options.keys() | self.default_platform_options.keys()
+
+        return name in allowed_option_names
+
+    def _load_file(self, filename: Path) -> Tuple[Dict[str, Any], Dict[str, Any]]:
+        """
+        Load a toml file, returns global and platform as separate dicts.
+        """
+        config = toml.load(filename)
+
+        global_options = config.get("tool", {}).get("cibuildwheel", {})
+        platform_options = global_options.get(self.platform, {})
+
+        return global_options, platform_options
+
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        *,
+        env_plat: bool = True,
+        sep: Optional[str] = None,
+        table: Optional[TableFmt] = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        """
+        Get and return the value for the named option from environment,
+        configuration file, or the default. If env_plat is False, then don't
+        accept platform versions of the environment variable. If this is an
+        array it will be merged with "sep" before returning. If it is a table,
+        it will be formatted with "table['item']" using {k} and {v} and merged
+        with "table['sep']".
+        """
+
+        if name not in self.default_options and name not in self.default_platform_options:
+            raise ConfigOptionError(f"{name} must be in cibuildwheel/resources/defaults.toml file")
+
+        # Environment variable form
+        envvar = f"CIBW_{name.upper().replace('-', '_')}"
+        plat_envvar = f"{envvar}_{self.platform.upper()}"
+
+        # get the option from the environment, then the config file, then finally the default.
+        # platform-specific options are preferred, if they're allowed.
+        result = _dig_first(
+            (os.environ if env_plat else {}, plat_envvar),  # type: ignore
+            (os.environ, envvar),
+            (self.config_platform_options, name),
+            (self.config_options, name),
+            (self.default_platform_options, name),
+            (self.default_options, name),
+        )
+
+        if isinstance(result, dict):
+            if table is None:
+                raise ConfigOptionError(f"{name} does not accept a table")
+            return table["sep"].join(table["item"].format(k=k, v=v) for k, v in result.items())
+        elif isinstance(result, list):
+            if sep is None:
+                raise ConfigOptionError(f"{name} does not accept a list")
+            return sep.join(result)
+        elif isinstance(result, int):
+            return str(result)
+        else:
+            return result

cibuildwheel/projectfiles.py

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+import ast
+import sys
+from configparser import ConfigParser
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+import toml
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 8):
+    Constant = ast.Str
+
+    def get_constant(x: ast.Str) -> str:
+        return x.s
+
+
+else:
+    Constant = ast.Constant
+
+    def get_constant(x: ast.Constant) -> Any:
+        return x.value
+
+
+class Analyzer(ast.NodeVisitor):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.requires_python: Optional[str] = None
+
+    def visit(self, content: ast.AST) -> None:
+        for node in ast.walk(content):
+            for child in ast.iter_child_nodes(node):
+                child.parent = node  # type: ignore
+        super().visit(content)
+
+    def visit_keyword(self, node: ast.keyword) -> None:
+        self.generic_visit(node)
+        if node.arg == "python_requires":
+            # Must not be nested in an if or other structure
+            # This will be Module -> Expr -> Call -> keyword
+            if not hasattr(node.parent.parent.parent, "parent") and isinstance(  # type: ignore
+                node.value, Constant
+            ):
+                self.requires_python = get_constant(node.value)
+
+
+def setup_py_python_requires(content: str) -> Optional[str]:
+    try:
+        tree = ast.parse(content)
+        analyzer = Analyzer()
+        analyzer.visit(tree)
+        return analyzer.requires_python or None
+    except Exception:
+        return None
+
+
+def get_requires_python_str(package_dir: Path) -> Optional[str]:
+    "Return the python requires string from the most canonical source available, or None"
+
+    # Read in from pyproject.toml:project.requires-python
+    try:
+        info = toml.load(package_dir / "pyproject.toml")
+        return str(info["project"]["requires-python"])
+    except (FileNotFoundError, KeyError, IndexError, TypeError):
+        pass
+
+    # Read in from setup.cfg:options.python_requires
+    try:
+        config = ConfigParser()
+        config.read(package_dir / "setup.cfg")
+        return str(config["options"]["python_requires"])
+    except (FileNotFoundError, KeyError, IndexError, TypeError):
+        pass
+
+    try:
+        with open(package_dir / "setup.py") as f:
+            return setup_py_python_requires(f.read())
+    except FileNotFoundError:
+        pass
+
+    return None

cibuildwheel/resources/build-platforms.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+[linux]
+python_configurations = [
+  { identifier = "cp36-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
+  { identifier = "cp37-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
+  { identifier = "cp36-manylinux_i686", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
+  { identifier = "cp37-manylinux_i686", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_i686", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_i686", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_i686", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
+  { identifier = "pp37-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/pp37-pypy37_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "cp36-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
+  { identifier = "cp37-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
+  { identifier = "cp36-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
+  { identifier = "cp37-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
+  { identifier = "cp36-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
+  { identifier = "cp37-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.10", path_str = "/opt/python/cp310-cp310" },
+  { identifier = "pp37-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/pp37-pypy37_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "pp37-manylinux_i686", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/pp37-pypy37_pp73" },
+]
+
+[macos]
+python_configurations = [
+  { identifier = "cp36-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.6", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.6.8/python-3.6.8-macosx10.9.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp37-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.7", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.7.9/python-3.7.9-macosx10.9.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.8", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.10/python-3.8.10-macosx10.9.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-macosx_arm64", version = "3.8", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.10/python-3.8.10-macosx10.9.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-macosx_universal2", version = "3.8", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.10/python-3.8.10-macosx10.9.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.9", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.9.5/python-3.9.5-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-macosx_arm64", version = "3.9", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.9.5/python-3.9.5-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-macosx_universal2", version = "3.9", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.9.5/python-3.9.5-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.10", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.10.0/python-3.10.0b3-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-macosx_arm64", version = "3.10", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.10.0/python-3.10.0b3-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-macosx_universal2", version = "3.10", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.10.0/python-3.10.0b3-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "pp37-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.7", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.7-v7.3.5-osx64.tar.bz2" },
+]
+
+[windows]
+python_configurations = [
+  { identifier = "cp36-win32", version = "3.6.8", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp36-win_amd64", version = "3.6.8", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp37-win32", version = "3.7.9", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp37-win_amd64", version = "3.7.9", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-win32", version = "3.8.10", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-win_amd64", version = "3.8.10", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-win32", version = "3.9.5", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-win_amd64", version = "3.9.5", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-win32", version = "3.10.0-b3", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp310-win_amd64", version = "3.10.0-b3", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "pp37-win_amd64", version = "3.7", arch = "64", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.7-v7.3.5-win64.zip" },
+]

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python27.txt

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-#
-# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile
-# To update, run:
-#
-#    bin/update_constraints.py
-#
-appdirs==1.4.4            # via virtualenv
-configparser==4.0.2       # via importlib-metadata
-contextlib2==0.6.0.post1  # via importlib-metadata, importlib-resources, virtualenv
-delocate==0.8.0           # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.0            # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.0.12          # via virtualenv
-importlib-metadata==1.6.0  # via importlib-resources, virtualenv
-importlib-resources==1.5.0  # via virtualenv
-pathlib2==2.3.5           # via importlib-metadata, importlib-resources, virtualenv
-scandir==1.10.0           # via pathlib2
-singledispatch==3.4.0.3   # via importlib-resources
-six==1.15.0               # via pathlib2, virtualenv
-typing==3.7.4.1           # via importlib-resources
-virtualenv==20.0.21       # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-wheel==0.34.2             # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in, delocate
-zipp==1.2.0               # via importlib-metadata, importlib-resources
-
-# The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
-pip==20.1.1               # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-setuptools==44.1.0        # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python35.txt

@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-#
-# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile
-# To update, run:
-#
-#    bin/update_constraints.py
-#
-appdirs==1.4.4            # via virtualenv
-delocate==0.8.0           # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.0            # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.0.12          # via virtualenv
-importlib-metadata==1.6.0  # via importlib-resources, virtualenv
-importlib-resources==1.5.0  # via virtualenv
-six==1.15.0               # via virtualenv
-virtualenv==20.0.21       # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-wheel==0.34.2             # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in, delocate
-zipp==1.2.0               # via importlib-metadata, importlib-resources
-
-# The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
-pip==20.1.1               # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-setuptools==46.4.0        # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python36.txt

@@ -2,19 +2,37 @@
 # This file is autogenerated by pip-compile
 # To update, run:
 #
-#    bin/update_constraints.py
+#    bin/update_dependencies.py
 #
-appdirs==1.4.4            # via virtualenv
-delocate==0.8.0           # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.0            # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.0.12          # via virtualenv
-importlib-metadata==1.6.0  # via importlib-resources, virtualenv
-importlib-resources==1.5.0  # via virtualenv
-six==1.15.0               # via virtualenv
-virtualenv==20.0.21       # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-wheel==0.34.2             # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in, delocate
-zipp==3.1.0               # via importlib-metadata, importlib-resources
+appdirs==1.4.4
+    # via virtualenv
+delocate==0.8.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.3.2
+    # via virtualenv
+filelock==3.0.12
+    # via virtualenv
+importlib-metadata==4.5.0
+    # via virtualenv
+importlib-resources==5.1.4
+    # via virtualenv
+six==1.16.0
+    # via virtualenv
+typing-extensions==3.10.0.0
+    # via importlib-metadata
+virtualenv==20.4.7
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+wheel==0.36.2
+    # via
+    #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+    #   delocate
+zipp==3.4.1
+    # via
+    #   importlib-metadata
+    #   importlib-resources
 
 # The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
-pip==20.1.1               # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-setuptools==46.4.0        # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+pip==21.1.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+setuptools==57.0.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python37.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#
+# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile
+# To update, run:
+#
+#    bin/update_dependencies.py
+#
+appdirs==1.4.4
+    # via virtualenv
+delocate==0.8.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.3.2
+    # via virtualenv
+filelock==3.0.12
+    # via virtualenv
+importlib-metadata==4.5.0
+    # via virtualenv
+six==1.16.0
+    # via virtualenv
+typing-extensions==3.10.0.0
+    # via importlib-metadata
+virtualenv==20.4.7
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+wheel==0.36.2
+    # via
+    #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+    #   delocate
+zipp==3.4.1
+    # via importlib-metadata
+
+# The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
+pip==21.1.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+setuptools==57.0.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python38.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#
+# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile
+# To update, run:
+#
+#    bin/update_dependencies.py
+#
+appdirs==1.4.4
+    # via virtualenv
+delocate==0.8.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.3.2
+    # via virtualenv
+filelock==3.0.12
+    # via virtualenv
+six==1.16.0
+    # via virtualenv
+virtualenv==20.4.7
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+wheel==0.36.2
+    # via
+    #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+    #   delocate
+
+# The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
+pip==21.1.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+setuptools==57.0.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python39.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#
+# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile
+# To update, run:
+#
+#    bin/update_dependencies.py
+#
+appdirs==1.4.4
+    # via virtualenv
+delocate==0.8.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.3.2
+    # via virtualenv
+filelock==3.0.12
+    # via virtualenv
+six==1.16.0
+    # via virtualenv
+virtualenv==20.4.7
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+wheel==0.36.2
+    # via
+    #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+    #   delocate
+
+# The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
+pip==21.1.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+setuptools==57.0.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.txt

@@ -2,18 +2,27 @@
 # This file is autogenerated by pip-compile
 # To update, run:
 #
-#    bin/update_constraints.py
+#    bin/update_dependencies.py
 #
-appdirs==1.4.4            # via virtualenv
-delocate==0.8.0           # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.0            # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.0.12          # via virtualenv
-importlib-metadata==1.6.0  # via virtualenv
-six==1.15.0               # via virtualenv
-virtualenv==20.0.21       # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-wheel==0.34.2             # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in, delocate
-zipp==3.1.0               # via importlib-metadata
+appdirs==1.4.4
+    # via virtualenv
+delocate==0.8.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.3.2
+    # via virtualenv
+filelock==3.0.12
+    # via virtualenv
+six==1.16.0
+    # via virtualenv
+virtualenv==20.4.7
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+wheel==0.36.2
+    # via
+    #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+    #   delocate
 
 # The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
-pip==20.1.1               # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-setuptools==46.4.0        # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+pip==21.1.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+setuptools==57.0.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/defaults.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+[tool.cibuildwheel]
+build = "*"
+skip = ""
+test-skip = ""
+
+archs = ["auto"]
+build-frontend = "pip"
+dependency-versions = "pinned"
+environment = {}
+build-verbosity = ""
+
+before-all = ""
+before-build = ""
+repair-wheel-command = ""
+
+test-command = ""
+before-test = ""
+test-requires = []
+test-extras = []
+
+manylinux-x86_64-image = "manylinux2010"
+manylinux-i686-image = "manylinux2010"
+manylinux-aarch64-image = "manylinux2014"
+manylinux-ppc64le-image = "manylinux2014"
+manylinux-s390x-image = "manylinux2014"
+manylinux-pypy_x86_64-image = "manylinux2010"
+manylinux-pypy_i686-image = "manylinux2010"
+manylinux-pypy_aarch64-image = "manylinux2014"
+
+
+[tool.cibuildwheel.linux]
+repair-wheel-command = "auditwheel repair -w {dest_dir} {wheel}"
+
+[tool.cibuildwheel.macos]
+repair-wheel-command = [
+  "delocate-listdeps {wheel}",
+  "delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} {wheel}",
+]
+
+[tool.cibuildwheel.windows]

cibuildwheel/resources/install_certifi.py

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# Based on: https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/master/Mac/BuildScript/resources/install_certificates.command
+
+# install_certifi.py
+#
+# sample script to install or update a set of default Root Certificates
+# for the ssl module.  Uses the certificates provided by the certifi package:
+#       https://pypi.org/project/certifi/
+
+import os
+import os.path
+import ssl
+import stat
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+STAT_0o775 = (
+    stat.S_IRUSR
+    | stat.S_IWUSR
+    | stat.S_IXUSR
+    | stat.S_IRGRP
+    | stat.S_IWGRP
+    | stat.S_IXGRP
+    | stat.S_IROTH
+    | stat.S_IXOTH
+)
+
+
+def main():
+    openssl_dir, openssl_cafile = os.path.split(ssl.get_default_verify_paths().openssl_cafile)
+    print(" -- pip install --upgrade certifi")
+    subprocess.check_call(
+        [sys.executable, "-E", "-s", "-m", "pip", "install", "--upgrade", "certifi"]
+    )
+
+    import certifi
+
+    # change working directory to the default SSL directory
+    os.chdir(openssl_dir)
+    relpath_to_certifi_cafile = os.path.relpath(certifi.where())
+
+    print(" -- removing any existing file or link")
+    try:
+        os.remove(openssl_cafile)
+    except FileNotFoundError:
+        pass
+    print(" -- creating symlink to certifi certificate bundle")
+    os.symlink(relpath_to_certifi_cafile, openssl_cafile)
+
+    print(" -- setting permissions")
+    os.chmod(openssl_cafile, STAT_0o775)
+    print(" -- update complete")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

cibuildwheel/resources/pinned_docker_images.cfg

@@ -1,22 +1,38 @@
 [x86_64]
-manylinux1 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_x86_64:2020-05-25-b56702d
-manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64:2020-05-20-c7bbd11
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2020-05-17-2f8ac3b
+manylinux1 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_x86_64:2021-05-31-f12b4c4
+manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64:2021-06-07-00faba2
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2021-06-07-00faba2
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64:2021-06-07-00faba2
 
 [i686]
-manylinux1 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_i686:2020-05-25-b56702d
-manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686:2020-05-20-c7bbd11
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2020-05-17-2f8ac3b
+manylinux1 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_i686:2021-05-31-f12b4c4
+manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686:2021-06-07-00faba2
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2021-06-07-00faba2
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_i686:2021-06-07-00faba2
 
 [pypy_x86_64]
-manylinux2010 = pypywheels/manylinux2010-pypy_x86_64:2020-04-25-eb2cdff
+manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64:2021-06-07-00faba2
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2021-06-07-00faba2
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64:2021-06-07-00faba2
+
+[pypy_i686]
+manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686:2021-06-07-00faba2
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2021-06-07-00faba2
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_i686:2021-06-07-00faba2
 
 [aarch64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2020-05-17-2f8ac3b
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2021-06-07-00faba2
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_aarch64:2021-06-07-00faba2
 
 [ppc64le]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le:2020-05-17-2f8ac3b
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le:2021-06-07-00faba2
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_ppc64le:2021-06-07-00faba2
 
 [s390x]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x:2020-05-17-2f8ac3b
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x:2021-06-07-00faba2
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_s390x:2021-06-07-00faba2
+
+[pypy_aarch64]
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2021-06-07-00faba2
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_aarch64:2021-06-07-00faba2
 

cibuildwheel/typing.py

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, NoReturn, Set, Union
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 8):
+    from typing_extensions import Final, Literal, TypedDict
+else:
+    from typing import Final, Literal, TypedDict
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    "Final",
+    "Literal",
+    "TypedDict",
+    "Set",
+    "Union",
+    "PopenBytes",
+    "PathOrStr",
+    "PlatformName",
+    "PLATFORMS",
+    "assert_never",
+)
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    PopenBytes = subprocess.Popen[bytes]
+    PathOrStr = Union[str, os.PathLike[str]]
+else:
+    PopenBytes = subprocess.Popen
+    PathOrStr = Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"]
+
+
+PlatformName = Literal["linux", "macos", "windows"]
+PLATFORMS: Final[Set[PlatformName]] = {"linux", "macos", "windows"}
+
+
+def assert_never(value: NoReturn) -> NoReturn:
+    assert False, f"Unhandled value: {value} ({type(value).__name__})"  # noqa: B011

cibuildwheel/util.py

@@ -1,45 +1,138 @@
+import contextlib
+import fnmatch
+import itertools
 import os
+import re
+import ssl
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import textwrap
+import time
 import urllib.request
-from fnmatch import fnmatch
+from enum import Enum
 from pathlib import Path
 from time import sleep
+from typing import Dict, Iterator, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Set
 
-from typing import Dict, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Union
+import bracex
+import certifi
+import toml
+from packaging.specifiers import SpecifierSet
+from packaging.version import Version
 
+from .architecture import Architecture
 from .environment import ParsedEnvironment
+from .typing import Literal, PathOrStr, PlatformName
+
+resources_dir = Path(__file__).parent / "resources"
+
+install_certifi_script = resources_dir / "install_certifi.py"
+
+BuildFrontend = Literal["pip", "build"]
 
 
-def prepare_command(command: str, **kwargs: Union[str, os.PathLike]) -> str:
-    '''
+def prepare_command(command: str, **kwargs: PathOrStr) -> str:
+    """
     Preprocesses a command by expanding variables like {python}.
 
     For example, used in the test_command option to specify the path to the
     project's root.
-    '''
-    return command.format(python='python', pip='pip', **kwargs)
+    """
+    return command.format(python="python", pip="pip", **kwargs)
 
 
 def get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(level: int) -> List[str]:
     if level > 0:
-        return ['-' + level * 'v']
+        return ["-" + level * "v"]
     elif level < 0:
-        return ['-' + -level * 'q']
+        return ["-" + -level * "q"]
     else:
         return []
 
 
-class BuildSelector:
-    def __init__(self, build_config: str, skip_config: str):
+def read_python_configs(config: PlatformName) -> List[Dict[str, str]]:
+    input_file = resources_dir / "build-platforms.toml"
+    loaded_file = toml.load(input_file)
+    results: List[Dict[str, str]] = list(loaded_file[config]["python_configurations"])
+    return results
+
+
+class IdentifierSelector:
+    """
+    This class holds a set of build/skip patterns. You call an instance with a
+    build identifier, and it returns True if that identifier should be
+    included. Only call this on valid identifiers, ones that have at least 2
+    numeric digits before the first dash. If a pre-release version X.Y is present,
+    you can filter it with prerelease="XY".
+    """
+
+    # a pattern that skips prerelease versions, when include_prereleases is False.
+    PRERELEASE_SKIP = "cp310-*"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        build_config: str,
+        skip_config: str,
+        requires_python: Optional[SpecifierSet] = None,
+        prerelease_pythons: bool = False,
+    ):
         self.build_patterns = build_config.split()
         self.skip_patterns = skip_config.split()
+        self.requires_python = requires_python
+        self.prerelease_pythons = prerelease_pythons
 
     def __call__(self, build_id: str) -> bool:
-        def match_any(patterns: List[str]) -> bool:
-            return any(fnmatch(build_id, pattern) for pattern in patterns)
-        return match_any(self.build_patterns) and not match_any(self.skip_patterns)
+        # Filter build selectors by python_requires if set
+        if self.requires_python is not None:
+            py_ver_str = build_id.split("-")[0]
+            major = int(py_ver_str[2])
+            minor = int(py_ver_str[3:])
+            version = Version(f"{major}.{minor}.99")
+            if not self.requires_python.contains(version):
+                return False
+
+        build_patterns = itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+            bracex.expand(p) for p in self.build_patterns
+        )
+
+        unexpanded_skip_patterns = self.skip_patterns.copy()
+
+        if not self.prerelease_pythons:
+            # filter out the prerelease pythons, alongside the user-defined
+            # skip patterns
+            unexpanded_skip_patterns += BuildSelector.PRERELEASE_SKIP.split()
+
+        skip_patterns = itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+            bracex.expand(p) for p in unexpanded_skip_patterns
+        )
+
+        build: bool = any(fnmatch.fnmatch(build_id, pat) for pat in build_patterns)
+        skip: bool = any(fnmatch.fnmatch(build_id, pat) for pat in skip_patterns)
+        return build and not skip
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return f'BuildSelector({" ".join(self.build_patterns)!r} - {" ".join(self.skip_patterns)!r})'
+        result = f'{self.__class__.__name__}(build_config={" ".join(self.build_patterns)!r}'
+
+        if self.skip_patterns:
+            result += f', skip_config={" ".join(self.skip_patterns)!r}'
+        if self.prerelease_pythons:
+            result += ", prerelease_pythons=True"
+
+        result += ")"
+
+        return result
+
+
+class BuildSelector(IdentifierSelector):
+    pass
+
+
+# Note that requires-python is not needed for TestSelector, as you can't test
+# what you can't build.
+class TestSelector(IdentifierSelector):
+    def __init__(self, *, skip_config: str):
+        super().__init__(build_config="*", skip_config=skip_config)
 
 
 # Taken from https://stackoverflow.com/a/107717
@@ -60,15 +153,19 @@ class Unbuffered:
 
 
 def download(url: str, dest: Path) -> None:
-    print(f'+ Download {url} to {dest}')
+    print(f"+ Download {url} to {dest}")
     dest_dir = dest.parent
     if not dest_dir.exists():
         dest_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
 
+    # we've had issues when relying on the host OS' CA certificates on Windows,
+    # so we use certifi (this sounds odd but requests also does this by default)
+    cafile = os.environ.get("SSL_CERT_FILE", certifi.where())
+    context = ssl.create_default_context(cafile=cafile)
     repeat_num = 3
     for i in range(repeat_num):
         try:
-            response = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
+            response = urllib.request.urlopen(url, context=context)
         except Exception:
             if i == repeat_num - 1:
                 raise
@@ -88,17 +185,15 @@ class DependencyConstraints:
         self.base_file_path = base_file_path.resolve()
 
     @staticmethod
-    def with_defaults() -> 'DependencyConstraints':
-        return DependencyConstraints(
-            base_file_path=resources_dir / 'constraints.txt'
-        )
+    def with_defaults() -> "DependencyConstraints":
+        return DependencyConstraints(base_file_path=resources_dir / "constraints.txt")
 
     def get_for_python_version(self, version: str) -> Path:
-        version_parts = version.split('.')
+        version_parts = version.split(".")
 
         # try to find a version-specific dependency file e.g. if
-        # ./constraints.txt is the base, look for ./constraints-python27.txt
-        specific_stem = self.base_file_path.stem + f'-python{version_parts[0]}{version_parts[1]}'
+        # ./constraints.txt is the base, look for ./constraints-python36.txt
+        specific_stem = self.base_file_path.stem + f"-python{version_parts[0]}{version_parts[1]}"
         specific_name = specific_stem + self.base_file_path.suffix
         specific_file_path = self.base_file_path.with_name(specific_name)
         if specific_file_path.exists():
@@ -106,11 +201,15 @@ class DependencyConstraints:
         else:
             return self.base_file_path
 
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}{self.base_file_path!r})"
+
 
 class BuildOptions(NamedTuple):
     package_dir: Path
     output_dir: Path
     build_selector: BuildSelector
+    architectures: Set[Architecture]
     environment: ParsedEnvironment
     before_all: str
     before_build: Optional[str]
@@ -118,11 +217,106 @@ class BuildOptions(NamedTuple):
     manylinux_images: Optional[Dict[str, str]]
     dependency_constraints: Optional[DependencyConstraints]
     test_command: Optional[str]
+    test_selector: TestSelector
     before_test: Optional[str]
     test_requires: List[str]
     test_extras: str
     build_verbosity: int
+    build_frontend: BuildFrontend
 
 
-resources_dir = Path(__file__).resolve().parent / 'resources'
-get_pip_script = resources_dir / 'get-pip.py'
+class NonPlatformWheelError(Exception):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        message = textwrap.dedent(
+            """
+            cibuildwheel: Build failed because a pure Python wheel was generated.
+
+            If you intend to build a pure-Python wheel, you don't need cibuildwheel - use
+            `pip wheel -w DEST_DIR .` instead.
+
+            If you expected a platform wheel, check your project configuration, or run
+            cibuildwheel with CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY=1 to view build logs.
+            """
+        )
+
+        super().__init__(message)
+
+
+def strtobool(val: str) -> bool:
+    return val.lower() in {"y", "yes", "t", "true", "on", "1"}
+
+
+class CIProvider(Enum):
+    travis_ci = "travis"
+    appveyor = "appveyor"
+    circle_ci = "circle_ci"
+    azure_pipelines = "azure_pipelines"
+    github_actions = "github_actions"
+    gitlab = "gitlab"
+    other = "other"
+
+
+def detect_ci_provider() -> Optional[CIProvider]:
+    if "TRAVIS" in os.environ:
+        return CIProvider.travis_ci
+    elif "APPVEYOR" in os.environ:
+        return CIProvider.appveyor
+    elif "CIRCLECI" in os.environ:
+        return CIProvider.circle_ci
+    elif "AZURE_HTTP_USER_AGENT" in os.environ:
+        return CIProvider.azure_pipelines
+    elif "GITHUB_ACTIONS" in os.environ:
+        return CIProvider.github_actions
+    elif "GITLAB_CI" in os.environ:
+        return CIProvider.gitlab
+    elif strtobool(os.environ.get("CI", "false")):
+        return CIProvider.other
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def unwrap(text: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Unwraps multi-line text to a single line
+    """
+    # remove initial line indent
+    text = textwrap.dedent(text)
+    # remove leading/trailing whitespace
+    text = text.strip()
+    # remove consecutive whitespace
+    return re.sub(r"\s+", " ", text)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def print_new_wheels(msg: str, output_dir: Path) -> Iterator[None]:
+    """
+    Prints the new items in a directory upon exiting. The message to display
+    can include {n} for number of wheels, {s} for total number of seconds,
+    and/or {m} for total number of minutes. Does not print anything if this
+    exits via exception.
+    """
+
+    start_time = time.time()
+    existing_contents = set(output_dir.iterdir())
+    yield
+    final_contents = set(output_dir.iterdir())
+    new_contents = final_contents - existing_contents
+    n = len(new_contents)
+    s = time.time() - start_time
+    m = s / 60
+    print(msg.format(n=n, s=s, m=m), *sorted(f"  {f.name}" for f in new_contents), sep="\n")
+
+
+def get_pip_version(env: Dict[str, str]) -> str:
+    # we use shell=True here for windows, even though we don't need a shell due to a bug
+    # https://bugs.python.org/issue8557
+    shell = sys.platform.startswith("win")
+    versions_output_text = subprocess.check_output(
+        ["python", "-m", "pip", "freeze", "--all"], universal_newlines=True, shell=shell, env=env
+    )
+    (pip_version,) = (
+        version[5:]
+        for version in versions_output_text.strip().splitlines()
+        if version.startswith("pip==")
+    )
+    return pip_version

cibuildwheel/windows.py

@@ -4,70 +4,82 @@ import subprocess
 import sys
 import tempfile
 from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Dict, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Sequence, Set
 from zipfile import ZipFile
-import toml
-
-from typing import Dict, List, Optional, NamedTuple
 
+from .architecture import Architecture
 from .environment import ParsedEnvironment
+from .logger import log
+from .typing import PathOrStr, assert_never
 from .util import (
+    BuildFrontend,
     BuildOptions,
     BuildSelector,
+    NonPlatformWheelError,
     download,
     get_build_verbosity_extra_flags,
-    get_pip_script,
+    get_pip_version,
     prepare_command,
+    read_python_configs,
 )
 
 
-IS_RUNNING_ON_AZURE = Path('C:\\hostedtoolcache').exists()
-IS_RUNNING_ON_TRAVIS = os.environ.get('TRAVIS_OS_NAME') == 'windows'
+def call(
+    args: Sequence[PathOrStr], env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None, cwd: Optional[str] = None
+) -> None:
+    print("+ " + " ".join(str(a) for a in args))
+    # we use shell=True here, even though we don't need a shell due to a bug
+    # https://bugs.python.org/issue8557
+    subprocess.run([str(a) for a in args], env=env, cwd=cwd, shell=True, check=True)
 
 
-def shell(args: List[str], env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None, cwd: Optional[str] = None) -> int:
-    print('+ ' + ' '.join(args))
-    return subprocess.check_call(' '.join(args), env=env, cwd=cwd, shell=True)
+def shell(command: str, env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None, cwd: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+    print(f"+ {command}")
+    subprocess.run(command, env=env, cwd=cwd, shell=True, check=True)
 
 
 def get_nuget_args(version: str, arch: str) -> List[str]:
-    python_name = 'python' if version[0] == '3' else 'python2'
-    if arch == '32':
-        python_name = python_name + 'x86'
-    return [python_name, '-Version', version, '-OutputDirectory', 'C:\\cibw\\python']
+    python_name = "python"
+    if arch == "32":
+        python_name += "x86"
+    return [
+        python_name,
+        "-Version",
+        version,
+        "-FallbackSource",
+        "https://api.nuget.org/v3/index.json",
+        "-OutputDirectory",
+        "C:\\cibw\\python",
+    ]
 
 
 class PythonConfiguration(NamedTuple):
     version: str
     arch: str
     identifier: str
-    url: Optional[str]
+    url: Optional[str] = None
 
 
-def get_python_configurations(build_selector: BuildSelector) -> List[PythonConfiguration]:
-    python_configurations = [
-        # CPython
-        PythonConfiguration(version='2.7.18', arch='32', identifier='cp27-win32', url=None),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='2.7.18', arch='64', identifier='cp27-win_amd64', url=None),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.5.4', arch='32', identifier='cp35-win32', url=None),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.5.4', arch='64', identifier='cp35-win_amd64', url=None),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.6.8', arch='32', identifier='cp36-win32', url=None),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.6.8', arch='64', identifier='cp36-win_amd64', url=None),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.7.7', arch='32', identifier='cp37-win32', url=None),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.7.7', arch='64', identifier='cp37-win_amd64', url=None),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.8.3', arch='32', identifier='cp38-win32', url=None),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.8.3', arch='64', identifier='cp38-win_amd64', url=None),
-        # PyPy
-        PythonConfiguration(version='2.7', arch='32', identifier='pp27-win32', url='https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy2.7-v7.3.1-win32.zip'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.6', arch='32', identifier='pp36-win32', url='https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.6-v7.3.1-win32.zip'),
-    ]
+def get_python_configurations(
+    build_selector: BuildSelector,
+    architectures: Set[Architecture],
+) -> List[PythonConfiguration]:
 
-    if IS_RUNNING_ON_TRAVIS:
-        # cannot install VCForPython27.msi which is needed for compiling C software
-        # try with (and similar): msiexec /i VCForPython27.msi ALLUSERS=1 ACCEPT=YES /passive
-        python_configurations = [c for c in python_configurations if not c.version.startswith('2.7')]
+    full_python_configs = read_python_configs("windows")
+
+    python_configurations = [PythonConfiguration(**item) for item in full_python_configs]
+
+    map_arch = {
+        "32": Architecture.x86,
+        "64": Architecture.AMD64,
+    }
 
     # skip builds as required
-    python_configurations = [c for c in python_configurations if build_selector(c.identifier)]
+    python_configurations = [
+        c
+        for c in python_configurations
+        if build_selector(c.identifier) and map_arch[c.arch] in architectures
+    ]
 
     return python_configurations
 
@@ -79,208 +91,326 @@ def extract_zip(zip_src: Path, dest: Path) -> None:
 
 def install_cpython(version: str, arch: str, nuget: Path) -> Path:
     nuget_args = get_nuget_args(version, arch)
-    installation_path = Path(nuget_args[-1]) / (nuget_args[0] + '.' + version) / 'tools'
-    shell([str(nuget), 'install'] + nuget_args)
+    installation_path = Path(nuget_args[-1]) / (nuget_args[0] + "." + version) / "tools"
+    call([nuget, "install", *nuget_args])
     return installation_path
 
 
 def install_pypy(version: str, arch: str, url: str) -> Path:
-    assert arch == '32'
+    assert arch == "64" and "win64" in url
     # Inside the PyPy zip file is a directory with the same name
-    zip_filename = url.rsplit('/', 1)[-1]
+    zip_filename = url.rsplit("/", 1)[-1]
     extension = ".zip"
     assert zip_filename.endswith(extension)
-    installation_path = Path('C:\\cibw') / zip_filename[:-len(extension)]
+    installation_path = Path("C:\\cibw") / zip_filename[: -len(extension)]
     if not installation_path.exists():
-        pypy_zip = Path('C:\\cibw') / zip_filename
+        pypy_zip = Path("C:\\cibw") / zip_filename
         download(url, pypy_zip)
         # Extract to the parent directory because the zip file still contains a directory
         extract_zip(pypy_zip, installation_path.parent)
-        pypy_exe = 'pypy3.exe' if version[0] == '3' else 'pypy.exe'
-        (installation_path / 'python.exe').symlink_to(installation_path / pypy_exe)
+        (installation_path / "python.exe").symlink_to(installation_path / "pypy3.exe")
     return installation_path
 
 
-def setup_python(python_configuration: PythonConfiguration, dependency_constraint_flags: List[str], environment: ParsedEnvironment) -> Dict[str, str]:
-    nuget = Path('C:\\cibw\\nuget.exe')
-    if not nuget.exists():
-        download('https://dist.nuget.org/win-x86-commandline/latest/nuget.exe', nuget)
+def setup_python(
+    python_configuration: PythonConfiguration,
+    dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr],
+    environment: ParsedEnvironment,
+    build_frontend: BuildFrontend,
+) -> Dict[str, str]:
 
-    if python_configuration.identifier.startswith('cp'):
-        installation_path = install_cpython(python_configuration.version, python_configuration.arch, nuget)
-    elif python_configuration.identifier.startswith('pp'):
+    nuget = Path("C:\\cibw\\nuget.exe")
+    if not nuget.exists():
+        log.step("Downloading nuget...")
+        download("https://dist.nuget.org/win-x86-commandline/latest/nuget.exe", nuget)
+
+    implementation_id = python_configuration.identifier.split("-")[0]
+    log.step(f"Installing Python {implementation_id}...")
+
+    if implementation_id.startswith("cp"):
+        installation_path = install_cpython(
+            python_configuration.version, python_configuration.arch, nuget
+        )
+    elif implementation_id.startswith("pp"):
         assert python_configuration.url is not None
-        installation_path = install_pypy(python_configuration.version, python_configuration.arch, python_configuration.url)
+        installation_path = install_pypy(
+            python_configuration.version, python_configuration.arch, python_configuration.url
+        )
     else:
         raise ValueError("Unknown Python implementation")
 
-    assert (installation_path / 'python.exe').exists()
+    assert (installation_path / "python.exe").exists()
+
+    log.step("Setting up build environment...")
 
     # set up PATH and environment variables for run_with_env
     env = os.environ.copy()
-    env['PYTHON_VERSION'] = python_configuration.version
-    env['PYTHON_ARCH'] = python_configuration.arch
-    env['PATH'] = os.pathsep.join([
-        str(installation_path),
-        str(installation_path / 'Scripts'),
-        env['PATH']
-    ])
+    env["PYTHON_VERSION"] = python_configuration.version
+    env["PYTHON_ARCH"] = python_configuration.arch
+    env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(
+        [str(installation_path), str(installation_path / "Scripts"), env["PATH"]]
+    )
+    env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
+
     # update env with results from CIBW_ENVIRONMENT
     env = environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=env)
 
     # for the logs - check we're running the right version of python
-    shell(['where', 'python'], env=env)
-    shell(['python', '--version'], env=env)
-    shell(['python', '-c', '"import struct; print(struct.calcsize(\'P\') * 8)"'], env=env)
-    where_python = subprocess.check_output(['where', 'python'], env=env, universal_newlines=True).splitlines()[0].strip()
-    if where_python != str(installation_path / 'python.exe'):
-        print("cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it.", file=sys.stderr)
-        exit(1)
+    call(["where", "python"], env=env)
+    call(["python", "--version"], env=env)
+    call(["python", "-c", "\"import struct; print(struct.calcsize('P') * 8)\""], env=env)
+    where_python = (
+        subprocess.run(
+            ["where", "python"],
+            env=env,
+            universal_newlines=True,
+            check=True,
+            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+        )
+        .stdout.splitlines()[0]
+        .strip()
+    )
+    if where_python != str(installation_path / "python.exe"):
+        print(
+            "cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it.",
+            file=sys.stderr,
+        )
+        sys.exit(1)
 
-    # make sure pip is installed
-    if not (installation_path / 'Scripts' / 'pip.exe').exists():
-        shell(['python', str(get_pip_script)] + dependency_constraint_flags, env=env, cwd="C:\\cibw")
-    assert (installation_path / 'Scripts' / 'pip.exe').exists()
-    where_pip = subprocess.check_output(['where', 'pip'], env=env, universal_newlines=True).splitlines()[0].strip()
-    if where_pip.strip() != str(installation_path / 'Scripts' / 'pip.exe'):
-        print("cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.", file=sys.stderr)
-        exit(1)
+    log.step("Installing build tools...")
 
-    # prepare the Python environment
-    shell(['python', '-m', 'pip', 'install', '--upgrade', 'pip'] + dependency_constraint_flags, env=env)
-    shell(['pip', '--version'], env=env)
-    shell(['pip', 'install', '--upgrade', 'setuptools', 'wheel'] + dependency_constraint_flags, env=env)
+    # Install pip
+
+    requires_reinstall = not (installation_path / "Scripts" / "pip.exe").exists()
+    if requires_reinstall:
+        # maybe pip isn't installed at all. ensurepip resolves that.
+        call(["python", "-m", "ensurepip"], env=env, cwd="C:\\cibw")
+
+    # upgrade pip to the version matching our constraints
+    # if necessary, reinstall it to ensure that it's available on PATH as 'pip.exe'
+    call(
+        [
+            "python",
+            "-m",
+            "pip",
+            "install",
+            "--force-reinstall" if requires_reinstall else "--upgrade",
+            "pip",
+            *dependency_constraint_flags,
+        ],
+        env=env,
+        cwd="C:\\cibw",
+    )
+
+    assert (installation_path / "Scripts" / "pip.exe").exists()
+    where_pip = (
+        subprocess.run(
+            ["where", "pip"], env=env, universal_newlines=True, check=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE
+        )
+        .stdout.splitlines()[0]
+        .strip()
+    )
+    if where_pip.strip() != str(installation_path / "Scripts" / "pip.exe"):
+        print(
+            "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.",
+            file=sys.stderr,
+        )
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    call(["pip", "--version"], env=env)
+
+    if build_frontend == "pip":
+        call(
+            [
+                "pip",
+                "install",
+                "--upgrade",
+                "setuptools",
+                "wheel",
+                *dependency_constraint_flags,
+            ],
+            env=env,
+        )
+    elif build_frontend == "build":
+        call(
+            ["pip", "install", "--upgrade", "build[virtualenv]", *dependency_constraint_flags],
+            env=env,
+        )
+    else:
+        assert_never(build_frontend)
 
     return env
 
 
-def pep_518_cp35_workaround(package_dir: Path, env: Dict[str, str]) -> None:
-    """
-    Python 3.5 PEP 518 hack (see https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/8392#issuecomment-639563494)
-    Basically, nuget's Python is an embedded Python distribution, which is not supported by pip.
-    Before version 3.6, there was no way to disable the "embedded" behavior, including the ignoring
-    of environment variables, including the ones pip uses to setup PEP 518 builds.
-
-    The fix here is as suggested in that issue; we manually setup the PEP 518 requirements. Since we
-    are in a fresh environment (except for pinned cibuildweel dependencies), the build is already
-    mostly "isolated".
-    """
-
-    pyproject_path = package_dir / 'pyproject.toml'
-
-    if pyproject_path.exists():
-        data = toml.load(pyproject_path)
-        requirements = (
-            data['build-system'].get('requires', [])
-            if 'build-system' in data
-            else []
-        )
-        if requirements:
-            shell(['pip', 'install'] + requirements, env=env)
-
-
 def build(options: BuildOptions) -> None:
-    temp_dir = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix='cibuildwheel'))
-    built_wheel_dir = temp_dir / 'built_wheel'
-    repaired_wheel_dir = temp_dir / 'repaired_wheel'
+    temp_dir = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="cibuildwheel"))
+    built_wheel_dir = temp_dir / "built_wheel"
+    repaired_wheel_dir = temp_dir / "repaired_wheel"
 
-    # install nuget as best way to provide python
-    nuget = Path('C:\\cibw\\nuget.exe')
-    download('https://dist.nuget.org/win-x86-commandline/latest/nuget.exe', nuget)
-
-    if options.before_all:
-        env = options.environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=os.environ)
-        before_all_prepared = prepare_command(options.before_all, project='.', package=options.package_dir)
-        shell([before_all_prepared], env=env)
-
-    python_configurations = get_python_configurations(options.build_selector)
-    for config in python_configurations:
-        dependency_constraint_flags = []
-        if options.dependency_constraints:
-            dependency_constraint_flags = [
-                '-c', str(options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(config.version))
-            ]
-
-        # install Python
-        env = setup_python(config, dependency_constraint_flags, options.environment)
-
-        # run the before_build command
-        if options.before_build:
-            before_build_prepared = prepare_command(options.before_build, project='.', package=options.package_dir)
-            shell([before_build_prepared], env=env)
-
-        # activate the PEP 518 patch if on Windows Python 3.5
-        # (will only have an effect if PEP 517 builds are used):
-        if config.version.startswith('3.5'):
-            pep_518_cp35_workaround(options.package_dir, env)
-
-        # build the wheel
-        if built_wheel_dir.exists():
-            shutil.rmtree(built_wheel_dir)
-        built_wheel_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
-        # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
-        # see https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/pull/369
-        shell(['pip', 'wheel', str(options.package_dir.resolve()), '-w', str(built_wheel_dir), '--no-deps'] + get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(options.build_verbosity), env=env)
-        built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob('*.whl'))
-
-        # repair the wheel
-        if repaired_wheel_dir.exists():
-            shutil.rmtree(repaired_wheel_dir)
-        repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
-        if built_wheel.name.endswith('none-any.whl') or not options.repair_command:
-            # pure Python wheel or empty repair command
-            built_wheel.rename(repaired_wheel_dir / built_wheel.name)
-        else:
-            repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(options.repair_command, wheel=built_wheel, dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir)
-            shell([repair_command_prepared], env=env)
-        repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob('*.whl'))
-
-        if options.test_command:
-            # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
-            # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
-            shell(['pip', 'install', 'virtualenv'] + dependency_constraint_flags, env=env)
-            venv_dir = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp())
-
-            # Use --no-download to ensure determinism by using seed libraries
-            # built into virtualenv
-            shell(['python', '-m', 'virtualenv', '--no-download', str(venv_dir)], env=env)
-
-            virtualenv_env = env.copy()
-            virtualenv_env['PATH'] = os.pathsep.join([
-                str(venv_dir / 'Scripts'),
-                virtualenv_env['PATH'],
-            ])
-
-            # check that we are using the Python from the virtual environment
-            shell(['which', 'python'], env=virtualenv_env)
-
-            if options.before_test:
-                before_test_prepared = prepare_command(
-                    options.before_test,
-                    project='.',
-                    package=options.package_dir
-                )
-                shell([before_test_prepared], env=virtualenv_env)
-
-            # install the wheel
-            shell(['pip', 'install', str(repaired_wheel) + options.test_extras], env=virtualenv_env)
-
-            # test the wheel
-            if options.test_requires:
-                shell(['pip', 'install'] + options.test_requires, env=virtualenv_env)
-
-            # run the tests from c:\, with an absolute path in the command
-            # (this ensures that Python runs the tests against the installed wheel
-            # and not the repo code)
-            test_command_prepared = prepare_command(
-                options.test_command,
-                project=Path('.').resolve(),
-                package=options.package_dir.resolve()
+    try:
+        if options.before_all:
+            log.step("Running before_all...")
+            env = options.environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=os.environ)
+            before_all_prepared = prepare_command(
+                options.before_all, project=".", package=options.package_dir
             )
-            shell([test_command_prepared], cwd='c:\\', env=virtualenv_env)
+            shell(before_all_prepared, env=env)
 
-            # clean up
-            shutil.rmtree(venv_dir)
+        python_configurations = get_python_configurations(
+            options.build_selector, options.architectures
+        )
 
-        # we're all done here; move it to output (remove if already exists)
-        repaired_wheel.replace(options.output_dir / repaired_wheel.name)
+        for config in python_configurations:
+            log.build_start(config.identifier)
+
+            dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr] = []
+            if options.dependency_constraints:
+                dependency_constraint_flags = [
+                    "-c",
+                    options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(config.version),
+                ]
+
+            # install Python
+            env = setup_python(
+                config,
+                dependency_constraint_flags,
+                options.environment,
+                options.build_frontend,
+            )
+
+            # run the before_build command
+            if options.before_build:
+                log.step("Running before_build...")
+                before_build_prepared = prepare_command(
+                    options.before_build, project=".", package=options.package_dir
+                )
+                shell(before_build_prepared, env=env)
+
+            log.step("Building wheel...")
+            if built_wheel_dir.exists():
+                shutil.rmtree(built_wheel_dir)
+            built_wheel_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
+
+            verbosity_flags = get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(options.build_verbosity)
+
+            if options.build_frontend == "pip":
+                # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
+                # see https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
+                call(
+                    [
+                        "python",
+                        "-m",
+                        "pip",
+                        "wheel",
+                        options.package_dir.resolve(),
+                        f"--wheel-dir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                        "--no-deps",
+                        *get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(options.build_verbosity),
+                    ],
+                    env=env,
+                )
+            elif options.build_frontend == "build":
+                config_setting = " ".join(verbosity_flags)
+                build_env = env.copy()
+                if options.dependency_constraints:
+                    build_env["PIP_CONSTRAINT"] = str(
+                        options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(config.version)
+                    )
+                build_env["VIRTUALENV_PIP"] = get_pip_version(env)
+                call(
+                    [
+                        "python",
+                        "-m",
+                        "build",
+                        options.package_dir,
+                        "--wheel",
+                        f"--outdir={built_wheel_dir}",
+                        f"--config-setting={config_setting}",
+                    ],
+                    env=build_env,
+                )
+            else:
+                assert_never(options.build_frontend)
+
+            built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+
+            # repair the wheel
+            if repaired_wheel_dir.exists():
+                shutil.rmtree(repaired_wheel_dir)
+            repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
+
+            if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
+                raise NonPlatformWheelError()
+
+            if options.repair_command:
+                log.step("Repairing wheel...")
+                repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(
+                    options.repair_command, wheel=built_wheel, dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir
+                )
+                shell(repair_command_prepared, env=env)
+            else:
+                shutil.move(str(built_wheel), repaired_wheel_dir)
+
+            repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+
+            if options.test_command and options.test_selector(config.identifier):
+                log.step("Testing wheel...")
+                # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
+                # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
+                call(["pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env)
+                venv_dir = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp())
+
+                # Use --no-download to ensure determinism by using seed libraries
+                # built into virtualenv
+                call(["python", "-m", "virtualenv", "--no-download", venv_dir], env=env)
+
+                virtualenv_env = env.copy()
+                virtualenv_env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(
+                    [
+                        str(venv_dir / "Scripts"),
+                        virtualenv_env["PATH"],
+                    ]
+                )
+
+                # check that we are using the Python from the virtual environment
+                call(["where", "python"], env=virtualenv_env)
+
+                if options.before_test:
+                    before_test_prepared = prepare_command(
+                        options.before_test,
+                        project=".",
+                        package=options.package_dir,
+                    )
+                    shell(before_test_prepared, env=virtualenv_env)
+
+                # install the wheel
+                call(
+                    ["pip", "install", str(repaired_wheel) + options.test_extras],
+                    env=virtualenv_env,
+                )
+
+                # test the wheel
+                if options.test_requires:
+                    call(["pip", "install"] + options.test_requires, env=virtualenv_env)
+
+                # run the tests from c:\, with an absolute path in the command
+                # (this ensures that Python runs the tests against the installed wheel
+                # and not the repo code)
+                test_command_prepared = prepare_command(
+                    options.test_command,
+                    project=Path(".").resolve(),
+                    package=options.package_dir.resolve(),
+                )
+                shell(test_command_prepared, cwd="c:\\", env=virtualenv_env)
+
+                # clean up
+                shutil.rmtree(venv_dir)
+
+            # we're all done here; move it to output (remove if already exists)
+            shutil.move(str(repaired_wheel), options.output_dir)
+            log.build_end()
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
+        log.step_end_with_error(
+            f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout}"
+        )
+        sys.exit(1)

docs/changelog.md

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+---
+title: Changelog
+---
+
+{%
+   include-markdown "../README.md"
+   start="<!--changelog-start-->"
+   end="<!--changelog-end-->"
+%}
+
+<script>
+  // undo the scrollTop that the theme did on this page, as there are loads
+  // of toc entries and it's disorientating.
+  window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {
+    $('.wy-nav-side').scrollTop(0)
+  })
+</script>

docs/contributing.md

@@ -2,12 +2,14 @@
 title: Contributing
 ---
 
-Wheel-building can be pretty complex. I expect users to find many edge-cases - please help the rest of the community out by documenting these, adding features to support them, and reporting bugs.
+Wheel-building can be pretty complex. We expect users to find edge-cases - please help the rest of the community out by documenting these, adding features to support them, and reporting bugs.
 
-I plan to be pretty liberal in accepting pull requests, as long as they align with the design goals below.
+If you have an idea for a modification or feature, it's probably best to raise an issue first and discuss it with the maintainer team. Once we have rough consensus on a design, begin work in a PR.
 
 `cibuildwheel` is indie open source. We're not paid to work on this.
 
+Everyone contributing to the cibuildwheel project is expected to follow the [PSF Code of Conduct](https://github.com/pypa/.github/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md).
+
 Design Goals
 ------------
 
@@ -27,4 +29,111 @@ cibuildwheel doesn't really do anything itself - it's always deferring to other
 
 We're not responsible for errors in those tools, for fixing errors/crashes there. But cibuildwheel's job is providing users with an 'integrated' user experience across those tools. We provide an abstraction. The user says 'build me some wheels', not 'open the docker container, build a wheel with pip, fix up the symbols with auditwheel' etc.  However, errors have a habit of breaking abstractions. And this is where users get confused, because the mechanism of cibuildwheel is laid bare, and they must understand a little bit how it works to debug.
 
-So, if we can, I'd like to improve the experience on errors as well. In [this](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/issues/139) case, it takes a bit of knowledge to understand that the linux builds are happening in a totally different OS via docker, that the linked symbols won't match, that auditwheel will fail because of this. A problem with how the tools fit together, instead of the tools themselves.
+So, if we can, I'd like to improve the experience on errors as well. In [this](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/139) case, it takes a bit of knowledge to understand that the Linux builds are happening in a different OS via Docker, that the linked symbols won't match, that auditwheel will fail because of this. A problem with how the tools fit together, instead of the tools themselves.
+
+Maintainer notes
+----------------
+
+### Nox support
+
+Most developer tasks have a nox interface. This allows you to very simply run tasks without worrying about setting up a development environment (as shown below). This is a slower than setting up a development environment and reusing it, but has the (important) benefit of being highly reproducible; an earlier run does not affect a current run, or anything else on your machine.
+
+Install [nox](https://nox.thea.codes); homebrew is recommend on macOS, otherwise, pipx is a great choice - in fact, you can use `pipx run nox` and avoid installing completely.
+
+You can see a list of sessions by typing `nox -l`; here are a few common ones:
+
+```console
+nox -s lint          # Run the linters (default)
+nox -s tests         # Run the tests   (default)
+nox -s docs -- serve # Build and serve the documentation
+nox -s build         # Make SDist and wheel
+```
+
+More advanced users can run the update scripts. `update_pins` should work directly, but `update_constraints` needs all versions of Python installed. If you don't want to do that locally, a fast way to run it to use docker to run nox:
+
+```console
+docker run --rm -itv $PWD:/src -w /src quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64:latest pipx run nox -s update_constraints
+```
+
+### Local testing
+
+You should run:
+
+```console
+python3 -m venv venv
+. venv/bin/activate
+pip install -e .[dev]
+```
+
+To prepare a development environment.
+
+### Testing sample configs
+
+cibuildwheel's  example configs can be tested on a simple project on cibuildwheel's existing CI. These should be run whenever the minimal configs change.
+
+To test minimal configs, make sure you have a clean git repo, then run the script:
+
+```bash
+bin/run_example_ci_configs.py
+```
+
+The script will create an isolated 'orphan' commit containing all the minimal config CI files, and a simple C extension project, and push that to a branch on the `origin` repo. The project's CI is already set up to run on branch push, so will begin testing.
+
+You can test any other configs using `bin/run_example_ci_configs.py CONFIG_PATH`, e.g.
+
+```bash
+bin/run_example_ci_configs.py examples/github-with-qemu.yml
+```
+
+The script then outputs a Markdown table that can be copy/pasted into a PR to monitor and record the test.
+
+### Preparing environments
+
+This has been moved to using docker, so you only need the following instructions if you add `--no-docker` to avoid using docker.
+
+The dependency update script in the next section requires multiple python versions installed. One way to do this is to use `pyenv`:
+
+```bash
+pyenv install 3.6.11
+pyenv install 3.7.8
+# Optionally add 3.8 and make it the local version;
+# otherwise assuming 3.8+ already is your current python version
+```
+
+Then, you need to make the required virtual environments:
+
+```bash
+$(pyenv prefix 3.6.11)/bin/python -m venv env36
+$(pyenv prefix 3.7.8)/bin/python -m venv env37
+```
+
+<!-- Note for fish users: use zsh/bash for these lines for now, there's not a nice one-line fish replacement -->
+
+And, you need to install the requirements into each environment:
+
+```bash
+for f in env*/bin/pip; do $f install pip-tools; done
+```
+
+### Making a release
+
+Before making a release, ensure pinned dependencies are up-to-date. Autoupdates are run weekly, with a PR being raised with any changes as required, so just make sure the latest one is merged before continuing.
+
+Then, increment the project version number using:
+
+```bash
+bin/bump_version.py
+```
+
+You'll be prompted to enter the new version number. Update the changelog when prompted. The script will create a 'bump version' commit and version tag.
+
+Finally, cut the release and upload to PyPI/GitHub.
+
+```bash
+rm -rf dist
+python setup.py sdist bdist_wheel
+twine upload dist/*
+git push && git push --tags
+```
+
+Then head to https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/releases and create a GitHub release from the new tag, pasting in the changelog entry.

docs/cpp_standards.md

@@ -5,10 +5,6 @@ title: Modern C++ standards
 Building Python wheels with modern C++ standards (C++11 and later) requires a few tricks.
 
 
-## Python 2.7 and C++17
-
-The Python 2.7 header files use the `register` keyword, which is [reserved and unused from C+17 onwards](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/keyword/register). Compiling a wheel for Python 2.7 with the C++17 standard is still possible to allow usage of `register` using proper flag `-Wno-register` for gcc/clang and `/wd5033` for MSVC.
-
 ## manylinux1 and C++14
 The default `manylinux1` image (based on CentOS 5) contains a version of GCC and libstdc++ that only supports C++11 and earlier standards. There are however ways to compile wheels with the C++14 standard (and later): https://github.com/pypa/manylinux/issues/118
 
@@ -27,43 +23,3 @@ To get C++17 support, Xcode 9.3+ is needed, requiring at least macOS 10.13 on th
 However, if only C++17 compiler and standard template library (STL) features are used (not needing a C++17 runtime) it might be possible to set `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` to a lower value, such as `"10.9"`. To find out if this is the case, try compiling and running with a lower `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET`: if C++17 features are used that require a more recent deployment target, building the wheel should fail.
 
 For more details see https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/compiler_support, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xcode, and https://xcodereleases.com/: Xcode 10 needs macOS 10.13 and Xcode 11 needs macOS 10.14.
-
-## Windows and Python 2.7
-
-Visual C++ for Python 2.7 does not support modern C++ standards (i.e., C++11 and later). When building on Appveyor, you will need to either use the "Visual Studio 2017" or "Visual Studio 2019" image, but Python 2.7 is not supported on these images - skip it by setting `CIBW_SKIP=cp27-win*`.
-
-There is an optional workaround for this, though: the pybind11 project argues and shows that it is [possible to compile Python 2.7 extension with a newer compiler](https://pybind11.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq.html#working-with-ancient-visual-studio-2008-builds-on-windows) and has an example project showing how to do this: https://github.com/pybind/python_example. The main catch is that a user might need to install [a newer "Microsoft Visual C++ Redistributable"](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/2977003/the-latest-supported-visual-c-downloads), since the newer C++ standard library's binaries are not included by default with the Python 2.7 installation.
-
-Forcing `distutils` or `setuptools` to use a more recent version of MSVC that supports modern C++ can be done in the following way:
-
-1. Set the environment variables `DISTUTILS_USE_SDK=1` and `MSSdk=1`. These two environment variables will tell `distutils`/`setuptools` to not search and set up a build environment that uses Visual C++ for Python 2.7 (aka. MSVC 9).
-2. Set up the build Visual Studio build environment you want to use, making sure that e.g. `PATH` contains `cl`, `link`, etc.
-    - Usually, this can be done through `vcvarsall.bat x86` or `vcvarsall.bat x64`. The exact location of this file depends on the installation, but the default path for VS 2019 Community (e.g. used in AppVeyor's `Visual Studio 2019` image) is `C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Community\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvarsall.bat`. **Note**: `vcvarsall.bat` changes the environment variables, so this cannot be run in a subprocess/subshell and consequently running `vsvarsall.bat` in `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD` does not have any effect.
-    - In Azure Pipelines, [a `VSBuild` task is available](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/devops/pipelines/tasks/build/visual-studio-build)
-    - In GitHub Actions, the default shell is powershell, so you'll need to use `shell: cmd` to source a `.bat` file, and the directory is `"C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Enterprise\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvarsall.bat"`. Or you can use an action, such as the [`ilammy/msvc-dev-cmd@v1`](https://github.com/ilammy/msvc-dev-cmd) action to setup the environment (see example below).
-3. Next, call `cibuildwheel`. Unfortunately, MSVC has separate toolchains for compiling 32-bit and 64-bit, so you will need to run `cibuildwheel` twice: once with `CIBW_BUILD=*-win32` after setting up the `x86` build environment, and once with `CIBW_BUILD=*-win_amd64` in a `x64` environment (see previous step).
-
-
-**GitHub Action example with ilammy/msvc-dev-cmd**:
-
-```yaml
-  - uses: ilammy/msvc-dev-cmd@v1
-
-  - name: Build 64-bit wheel
-    run: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
-    env:
-      CIBW_BUILD: cp27-win_amd64
-      DISTUTILS_USE_SDK: 1
-      MSSdk: 1
-
-  - uses: ilammy/msvc-dev-cmd@v1
-    with:
-      arch: x86
-
-  - name: Build 32-bit wheel
-    run: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
-    env:
-      CIBW_BUILD: cp27-win32
-      DISTUTILS_USE_SDK: 1
-      MSSdk: 1
-```

docs/data/projects.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,365 @@
+# Fields:
+# name: required, printed name
+# gh: GitHub repo (eventually a url: could be added for non-github projects)
+# stars: GitHub repo (optional, if different from package, such as for Twisted)
+# pypi: The pypi name, if different from the GitHub package name
+# os: Operating system list, [windows, apple, linux] (optional)
+# ci: [appveyor, github, azurepipelines, circleci, gitlab, travisci] (optional)
+# notes: (text, optional)
+
+- name: Matplotlib
+  gh: matplotlib/matplotlib
+  notes: The venerable Matplotlib, a Python library with C++ portions
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: pyinstrument_cext
+  gh: joerick/pyinstrument_cext
+  ci: [travisci, appveyor]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  notes: A simple C extension, without external dependencies
+
+- name: websockets
+  gh: aaugustin/websockets
+  ci: [travisci]
+  ci_config: .travis.yml
+  os: [apple, linux]
+  notes: |
+    Library for building WebSocket servers and clients. Mostly written in
+    Python, with a small C 'speedups' extension module.
+
+- name: Parselmouth
+  gh: YannickJadoul/Parselmouth
+  pypi: praat-parselmouth
+  notes: A Python interface to the Praat software package, using pybind11, C++17 and CMake, with the core Praat static library built only once and shared between wheels.
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+# Seems to be defunct
+# - name: python-admesh
+#   gh: admesh/python-admesh
+
+- name: pybase64
+  gh: mayeut/pybase64
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+
+- name: KDEpy
+  gh: tommyod/KDEpy
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: AutoPy
+  gh: autopilot-rs/autopy
+  ci: [travisci]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  notes: Includes a Windows Travis build.
+
+# Seems to be defunct
+# - name: apriltags2-ethz
+#  gh: safijari/apriltags2_ethz
+
+- name: TgCrypto
+  gh: pyrogram/tgcrypto
+  ci: [travisci]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  notes: Includes a Windows Travis build.
+
+- name: twisted-iocpsupport
+  gh: twisted/twisted-iocpsupport
+  stars: twisted/twisted
+  notes: A submodule of Twisted that hooks into native C APIs using Cython.
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows]
+
+# cibuildwheel moved to backup folder
+# - name: gmic-py
+# gh: myselfhimself/gmic-py
+
+- name: River
+  gh: online-ml/river
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: PyAV
+  gh: PyAV-Org/PyAV
+  pypi: av
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  notes: Pythonic bindings for FFmpeg's libraries.
+
+- name: aiortc
+  gh: aiortc/aiortc
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+  notes: WebRTC and ORTC implementation for Python using asyncio.
+
+- name: aioquic
+  gh: aiortc/aioquic
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: pikepdf
+  gh: pikepdf/pikepdf
+  ci: [azurepipelines]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: fathon
+  gh: stfbnc/fathon
+  ci: [travisci]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+
+- name: etebase-py
+  gh: etesync/etebase-py
+  pypi: etebase
+  notes: Python bindings to a Rust library using `setuptools-rust`, and `sccache` for improved speed.
+  ci: [travisci]
+  os: [linux]
+
+- name: xmlstarlet
+  gh: dimitern/xmlstarlet
+  notes: Python 3.6+ CFFI bindings with true MSVC build.
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: bx-python
+  gh: bxlab/bx-python
+  notes: A library that includes Cython extensions.
+  ci: [travisci]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+
+- name: coverage.py
+  gh: nedbat/coveragepy
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  notes: The coverage tool for Python
+
+- name: scikit-learn
+  gh: scikit-learn/scikit-learn
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  ci_config: .github/workflows/wheels.yml
+  notes: |
+    The machine learning library. A complex but clean config using many of
+    cibuildwheel's features to build a large project with Cython and C++
+    extensions.
+
+- name: scikit-image
+  gh: scikit-image/scikit-image
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  ci_config: .github/workflows/cibuildwheel.yml
+  notes: |
+    Image processing library. Uses cibuildwheel to build and test a project
+    that uses Cython with platform-native code.
+
+- name: google neuroglancer
+  gh: google/neuroglancer
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: h5py
+  gh: h5py/h5py
+  ci: [azurepipelines]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: pyzmq
+  gh: zeromq/pyzmq
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  ci_config: .github/workflows/wheels.yml
+  notes: |
+    Python bindings for zeromq, the networking library. Uses Cython and CFFI.
+
+- name: python-rapidjson
+  gh: python-rapidjson/python-rapidjson
+  ci: [travisci, gitlab, appveyor]
+  os: [windows, linux]
+
+- name: jq.py
+  gh: mwilliamson/jq.py
+  pypi: jq
+  ci: [travisci]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+
+- name: pybind11 python_example
+  gh: pybind/python_example
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: pybind11 cmake_example
+  gh: pybind/cmake_example
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: pybind11 scikit_build_example
+  gh: pybind/scikit_build_example
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: iminuit
+  gh: scikit-hep/iminuit
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: pyjet
+  gh: scikit-hep/pyjet
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: numpythia
+  gh: scikit-hep/numpythia
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+
+- name: boost-histogram
+  gh: scikit-hep/boost-histogram
+  ci: [github, travisci]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  notes: Supports full range of wheels, including PyPy and alternate archs.
+
+- name: Rtree
+  gh: Toblerity/rtree
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: psutil
+  gh: giampaolo/psutil
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: Dependency Injector
+  gh: ets-labs/python-dependency-injector
+  pypi: dependency-injector
+  ci: [travisci]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  notes: Dependency injection framework for Python, uses Windows TravisCI
+
+- name: numexpr
+  gh: pydata/numexpr
+  ci: [github, travisci]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: PyTables
+  gh: PyTables/PyTables
+  pypi: tables
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: dd-trace-py
+  gh: DataDog/dd-trace-py
+  pypi: ddtrace
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  notes: Uses custom alternate arch emulation on GitHub
+
+- name: Tokenizer
+  gh: OpenNMT/Tokenizer
+  ci: [github, travisci]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+
+- name: matrixprofile
+  gh: matrix-profile-foundation/matrixprofile
+  ci: [travisci]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: cyvcf2
+  gh: brentp/cyvcf2
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+
+- name: CTranslate2
+  gh: OpenNMT/CTranslate2
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+  notes: Includes libraries from the [Intel oneAPI toolkit](https://software.intel.com/content/www/us/en/develop/tools/oneapi/base-toolkit.html). The Linux wheels also include CUDA libraries for GPU execution.
+
+- name: MyPy
+  gh: mypyc/mypy_mypyc-wheels
+  stars: python/mypy
+  pypi: mypy
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+  notes: MyPyC, the compiled component of MyPy.
+
+- name: Imagecodecs (fork)
+  gh: czaki/imagecodecs_build
+  stars: cgohlke/imagecodecs
+  pypi: imagecodecs
+  ci: [azurepipelines]
+  ci_config: azure-pipelines.yaml
+  os: [apple, linux]
+  notes: Over 20 external dependencies in compiled libraries, custom docker image, `libomp`, `openblas` and `install_name_tool` for macOS.
+
+- name: ruptures
+  gh: deepcharles/ruptures
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+  notes: Extensive Cython + NumPy [pyproject.toml](https://github.com/deepcharles/ruptures/blob/master/pyproject.toml) example.
+
+- name: time-machine
+  gh: adamchainz/time-machine
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+  notes: Time mocking library using only the CPython C API.
+
+- name: polaroid
+  gh: daggy1234/polaroid
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+  notes: Full range of wheels for setuptools rust, with auto release and PyPI deploy.
+
+- name: python-snappy
+  gh: andrix/python-snappy
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: sourmash
+  gh: dib-lab/sourmash
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: markupsafe
+  gh: pallets/markupsafe
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: SiPM
+  gh: EdoPro98/SimSiPM
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+  notes: High performance library for SiPM detectors simulation using C++17, OpenMP and AVX2 intrinsics.
+
+- name: CorrectionLib
+  gh: cms-nanoAOD/correctionlib
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+  notes: Structured JSON powered correction library for HEP, designed for the CMS experiment at CERN.
+
+- name: GSD
+  gh: glotzerlab/gsd
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+  notes: Cython and NumPy project with 64-bit wheels.
+
+- name: PyGLM
+  gh: Zuzu-Typ/PyGLM
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: iDynTree
+  gh: robotology/idyntree
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [linux]
+  notes: Uses manylinux_2_24
+
+- name: H3-py
+  gh: uber/h3-py
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: DeepForest
+  gh: LAMDA-NJU/Deep-Forest
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]

docs/data/readme_icons/apple.svg

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16px" fill="#606060"><title>Apple icon</title><path d="M12.152 6.896c-.948 0-2.415-1.078-3.96-1.04-2.04.027-3.91 1.183-4.961 3.014-2.117 3.675-.546 9.103 1.519 12.09 1.013 1.454 2.208 3.09 3.792 3.039 1.52-.065 2.09-.987 3.935-.987 1.831 0 2.35.987 3.96.948 1.637-.026 2.676-1.48 3.676-2.948 1.156-1.688 1.636-3.325 1.662-3.415-.039-.013-3.182-1.221-3.22-4.857-.026-3.04 2.48-4.494 2.597-4.559-1.429-2.09-3.623-2.324-4.39-2.376-2-.156-3.675 1.09-4.61 1.09zM15.53 3.83c.843-1.012 1.4-2.427 1.245-3.83-1.207.052-2.662.805-3.532 1.818-.78.896-1.454 2.338-1.273 3.714 1.338.104 2.715-.688 3.559-1.701"/></svg>

docs/data/readme_icons/appveyor.svg

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16px" fill="#606060"><title>AppVeyor icon</title><path d="M 12,0 C 18.6,0 24,5.4 24,12 24,18.6 18.6,24 12,24 5.4,24 0,18.6 0,12 0,5.4 5.4,0 12,0 Z m 2.94,14.34 C 16.26,12.66 16.08,10.26 14.4,9 12.78,7.74 10.38,8.04 9,9.72 7.68,11.4 7.86,13.8 9.54,15.06 c 1.68,1.26 4.08,0.96 5.4,-0.72 z m -6.42,7.8 c 0.72,0.3 2.28,0.6 3.06,0.6 l 5.22,-7.56 c 1.68,-2.52 1.26,-5.94 -1.08,-7.8 -2.1,-1.68 -5.04,-1.62 -7.14,0 l -7.26,5.58 c 0.18,1.92 0.72,2.88 0.72,2.94 l 4.14,-4.5 c -0.3,1.98 0.42,4.02 2.1,5.28 1.44,1.14 3.18,1.44 4.86,1.08 z"/></svg>

docs/data/readme_icons/azurepipelines.svg

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16px" fill="#606060"><title>Azure Pipelines icon</title><path d="M1.7997 22.1998h4.2001V24H.0004v-6.0002h1.7993v4.2zM12.6229 9.8975l-7.6353 7.6353 1.4792 1.4792 7.6345-7.6362-1.4784-1.4783zM4.365 15.1793l-.391-.3908c-.5042-.5042-.5828-1.3004-.1869-1.8934l4.6036-6.8958H.9979c-.5513.0014-.9975.4487-.9975 1v5.5002l3.5021 3.6036.8625-.9238zM23.9996.9999v8.9306a2 2 0 0 1-.8893 1.6632l-12.2834 8.2005a.9999.9999 0 0 1-1.2622-.1246L8.04 18.1457c.3313-.3313 6.4656-6.4672 6.7684-6.7698l-2.1855-2.1855L5.8533 15.96l-1.5258-1.525a1.0001 1.0001 0 0 1-.1246-1.2623L12.4034.8893A2 2 0 0 1 14.0666 0h8.9331c.5522 0 .9999.4477.9999.9999zm-2.9997 5.0003c0-1.6567-1.343-2.9997-2.9997-2.9997s-2.9997 1.343-2.9997 2.9997 1.343 2.9997 2.9997 2.9997 2.9997-1.343 2.9997-2.9997zM10.272 20.4625c-.4008 0-.7776-.156-1.0609-.4392l-.368-.3679-.8435.8417 3.4996 3.4996h5.5003c.5522 0 .9999-.4477.9999-.9999v-7.3899L11.1045 20.21a1.4944 1.4944 0 0 1-.8325.2525z"/></svg>

docs/data/readme_icons/circleci.svg

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16px" fill="#606060"><title>CircleCI icon</title><path d="M8.963 12c0-1.584 1.284-2.855 2.855-2.855 1.572 0 2.856 1.284 2.856 2.855 0 1.572-1.284 2.856-2.856 2.856-1.57 0-2.855-1.284-2.855-2.856zm2.855-12C6.215 0 1.522 3.84.19 9.025c-.01.036-.01.07-.01.12 0 .313.252.576.575.576H5.59c.23 0 .433-.13.517-.333.997-2.16 3.18-3.672 5.712-3.672 3.466 0 6.286 2.82 6.286 6.287 0 3.47-2.82 6.29-6.29 6.29-2.53 0-4.714-1.5-5.71-3.673-.097-.19-.29-.336-.517-.336H.755c-.312 0-.575.253-.575.576 0 .037.014.072.014.12C1.514 20.16 6.214 24 11.818 24c6.624 0 12-5.375 12-12 0-6.623-5.376-12-12-12z"/></svg>

docs/data/readme_icons/github.svg

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16px" fill="#606060"><title>GitHub icon</title><path d="M12 .297c-6.63 0-12 5.373-12 12 0 5.303 3.438 9.8 8.205 11.385.6.113.82-.258.82-.577 0-.285-.01-1.04-.015-2.04-3.338.724-4.042-1.61-4.042-1.61C4.422 18.07 3.633 17.7 3.633 17.7c-1.087-.744.084-.729.084-.729 1.205.084 1.838 1.236 1.838 1.236 1.07 1.835 2.809 1.305 3.495.998.108-.776.417-1.305.76-1.605-2.665-.3-5.466-1.332-5.466-5.93 0-1.31.465-2.38 1.235-3.22-.135-.303-.54-1.523.105-3.176 0 0 1.005-.322 3.3 1.23.96-.267 1.98-.399 3-.405 1.02.006 2.04.138 3 .405 2.28-1.552 3.285-1.23 3.285-1.23.645 1.653.24 2.873.12 3.176.765.84 1.23 1.91 1.23 3.22 0 4.61-2.805 5.625-5.475 5.92.42.36.81 1.096.81 2.22 0 1.606-.015 2.896-.015 3.286 0 .315.21.69.825.57C20.565 22.092 24 17.592 24 12.297c0-6.627-5.373-12-12-12"/></svg>

docs/data/readme_icons/gitlab.svg

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16px" fill="#606060"><title>GitLab icon</title><path d="M4.845.904c-.435 0-.82.28-.955.692C2.639 5.449 1.246 9.728.07 13.335a1.437 1.437 0 00.522 1.607l11.071 8.045c.2.145.472.144.67-.004l11.073-8.04a1.436 1.436 0 00.522-1.61c-1.285-3.942-2.683-8.256-3.817-11.746a1.004 1.004 0 00-.957-.684.987.987 0 00-.949.69l-2.405 7.408H8.203l-2.41-7.408a.987.987 0 00-.942-.69h-.006zm-.006 1.42l2.173 6.678H2.675zm14.326 0l2.168 6.678h-4.341zm-10.593 7.81h6.862c-1.142 3.52-2.288 7.04-3.434 10.559L8.572 10.135zm-5.514.005h4.321l3.086 9.5zm13.567 0h4.325c-2.467 3.17-4.95 6.328-7.411 9.502 1.028-3.167 2.059-6.334 3.086-9.502zM2.1 10.762l6.977 8.947-7.817-5.682a.305.305 0 01-.112-.341zm19.798 0l.952 2.922a.305.305 0 01-.11.341v.002l-7.82 5.68.026-.035z"/></svg>

docs/data/readme_icons/travisci.svg

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16px" fill="#606060"><title>Travis CI icon</title><path d="M9.32 13.025a.485.485 0 1 1-.97 0c0-.446-.167-.758-.406-.758-.239 0-.405.312-.405.758a.485.485 0 1 1-.97 0c0-1.187.713-1.728 1.375-1.728s1.376.541 1.376 1.728zm6.017.485a.485.485 0 0 0 .485-.485c0-.446.167-.758.405-.758s.405.312.405.758a.485.485 0 1 0 .97 0c0-1.187-.713-1.728-1.375-1.728s-1.375.541-1.375 1.728c0 .268.217.485.485.485zm7.967-4.454l-.191 2.459a.801.801 0 0 1-.367.623.852.852 0 0 1-.46.13 1.07 1.07 0 0 1-.366-.068c-.271-.101-.544-.192-.817-.285a8.978 8.978 0 0 1-.094 1.614c-.04.242-.092.471-.138.707a.485.485 0 0 1-.024.125 19.471 19.471 0 0 1-1.033 3.513l.033-.02.897-.537c.193-.137.599-.122.815.1a.645.645 0 0 1 .173.577.743.743 0 0 1-.053.159c-.061.135-.319.706-.866 1.906-.675 1.483-2.06 1.77-2.121 1.782.001.001-.907.214-1.879.44C15.458 23.419 13.87 24 12.087 24c-1.84 0-3.448-.58-4.787-1.713l-1.924-.45c-.041-.008-1.427-.294-2.103-1.778l-.87-1.914c-.005-.019-.05-.158-.053-.177-.009-.625.621-.914 1.023-.632l.858.512c.006.003.074.043.171.085a20.443 20.443 0 0 1-.982-3.444c-.063-.317-.129-.63-.183-.96a8.937 8.937 0 0 1-.09-1.7c-.357.118-.713.24-1.066.372-.292.109-.593.087-.827-.062a.802.802 0 0 1-.366-.621L.695 9.055c-.036-.475.305-.969.794-1.152l.3-.117c.225-.089.505-.198.837-.318C3.65 3.124 7.566 0 12.041 0c4.516 0 8.438 3.158 9.434 7.549.472.153.843.281 1.036.355.492.183.833.677.793 1.152zm-4.612 8.973c.369-.815.678-1.708.93-2.67l-.997.713a.952.952 0 0 1-.655.166l-4.467-.47a.96.96 0 0 1-.821-.698l-.558-1.923a2.482 2.482 0 0 0-.244 0l-.56 1.93a.955.955 0 0 1-.82.691l-4.471.471a.951.951 0 0 1-.642-.162l-.723-.503c.231.889.506 1.708.824 2.451.609-.028 1.207-.069 1.209-.069.001 0 .434-.039.788-.332l1.061-.885c.148-.165.652-.465 1.33-.271.196.055.495.146.815.243.062.019.12.05.17.092.532.445 1.832.445 2.365.002a.481.481 0 0 1 .168-.091c.337-.103.631-.192.823-.247.68-.193 1.182.108 1.374.314l1.016.843c.353.294.785.332.789.332-.001.001.658.045 1.296.073zm-6.605 5.001a6.42 6.42 0 0 0 1.949-.313c-.932-.209-1.555-1.019-1.588-1.062l-.406-.542-.407.543c-.031.043-.641.842-1.558 1.06.63.196 1.295.314 2.01.314zm6.941-4.016a63.622 63.622 0 0 1-1.701-.089 2.519 2.519 0 0 1-1.339-.554l-1.065-.888c-.055-.051-.187-.152-.442-.083-.176.05-.436.13-.717.216-.878.655-2.567.655-3.443-.003a43.693 43.693 0 0 0-.709-.212c-.258-.076-.386.03-.411.052l-1.097.918a2.523 2.523 0 0 1-1.341.553s-.872.059-1.594.085h-.002l-.106.004a2.41 2.41 0 0 1-1.341-.343l-.018-.01.453.996c.463 1.017 1.389 1.225 1.427 1.232.014.004 2.754.646 3.822.889.781.174 1.447-.696 1.454-.705l.795-1.061c.183-.245.594-.245.776 0l.796 1.061c.007.009.682.881 1.455.705 1.067-.243 3.807-.886 3.807-.886a2.193 2.193 0 0 0 1.442-1.236l.452-.993-.026.015a2.27 2.27 0 0 1-1.327.337zm1.096-7.412a28.286 28.286 0 0 0-15.998-.075 8.025 8.025 0 0 0 .067 1.845c.045.275.1.535.152.8l1.591 1.108 4.461-.476.642-2.243a.488.488 0 0 1 .395-.345 3.855 3.855 0 0 1 1.135.003.482.482 0 0 1 .394.344l.652 2.245 4.462.468 1.864-1.336c.036-.19.079-.374.111-.568a7.89 7.89 0 0 0 .072-1.77zm2.214-2.623c-.005-.034-.073-.133-.165-.167l-.004-.001c-.22-.083-.68-.242-1.256-.423l-.007-.005c-.955-.299-2.771-.823-4.267-.99a.485.485 0 0 1 .108-.964c1.192.134 2.529.466 3.637.787C19.298 3.552 15.913.97 12.041.97c-3.832 0-7.207 2.549-8.318 6.165a20.252 20.252 0 0 1 3.27-.705.484.484 0 1 1 .121.962 19.235 19.235 0 0 0-3.909.899l-.005.004c-.432.149-.785.288-1.056.394l-.315.123c-.094.035-.162.135-.167.175l.177 2.264a29.36 29.36 0 0 1 10.164-1.817c3.442 0 6.881.607 10.157 1.82l.178-2.275zm-8.534-5.986h-3.539a.485.485 0 0 0-.485.485v.811a.485.485 0 1 0 .97 0v-.326h.746v3.308h-.521a.485.485 0 1 0 0 .97h2.061a.485.485 0 1 0 0-.97h-.57V3.963h.853v.326a.485.485 0 1 0 .97 0v-.811a.485.485 0 0 0-.485-.485z"/></svg>

docs/data/readme_icons/windows.svg

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16px" fill="#606060"><title>Windows icon</title><path d="M0 3.449L9.75 2.1v9.451H0m10.949-9.602L24 0v11.4H10.949M0 12.6h9.75v9.451L0 20.699M10.949 12.6H24V24l-12.9-1.801"/></svg>

docs/deliver-to-pypi.md

@@ -9,14 +9,14 @@ After you've built your wheels, you'll probably want to deliver them to PyPI.
 On your development machine, do the following...
 
 ```bash
-# Clear out your 'dist' folder. 
+# Clear out your 'dist' folder.
 rm -rf dist
 # Make a source distribution
 python setup.py sdist
 
 # 🏃🏻
 # Go and download your wheel files from wherever you put them. e.g. your CI
-# provider can be configured to store them for you. Put them all into the 
+# provider can be configured to store them for you. Put them all into the
 # 'dist' folder.
 
 # Upload using 'twine' (you may need to 'pip install twine')
@@ -33,4 +33,4 @@ Obviously, manual steps are for chumps, so we can automate this a little by usin
 
 If you don't need much control over the release of a package, you can set up cibuildwheel to deliver the wheels straight to PyPI. This doesn't require anycloud storage to work - you just need to bump the version and tag it.
 
-[`examples/travis-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/blob/master/examples/travis-deploy.yml) and [`examples/github-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/blob/master/examples/travis-deploy.yml) are example configurations that automatocially upload wheels to PyPI. Also check out [this example repo](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel-autopypi-example) for more detailed instructions on how to set this up.
+[`examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml) and [`examples/github-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/examples/github-deploy.yml) are example configurations that automatically upload wheels to PyPI. Also check out [this example repo](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel-autopypi-example) for more detailed instructions on how to set this up.

docs/extra.css

@@ -1,15 +1,20 @@
 
 /* Global styles */
 
+body {
+    overflow-wrap: break-word;
+}
+
 p {
     margin-bottom: 12px;
+    line-height: 26px;
 }
 
 code {
     font-size: 85%;
     background-color: rgba(27,31,35,.05);
     border-radius: 3px;
-    padding: .2em .4em;
+    padding: .15em .4em;
     color: inherit;
     border: none;
     margin: 0 1px;
@@ -19,9 +24,9 @@ code, pre, tt {
     font-family: SFMono-Regular, Consolas, Liberation Mono, Menlo, monospace;
 }
 
-.hljs {
-    padding: 1em;
-    background-color: #f6f8fa;
+pre code, pre code.hljs {
+  padding: 1em;
+  background-color: #f6f8fa;
 }
 
 h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
@@ -29,7 +34,6 @@ h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
     border-bottom: 1px solid  #e1e4e5;
     margin-bottom: 0.8em;
     padding-bottom: 0.2em;
-
 }
 
 .rst-content blockquote {
@@ -40,6 +44,14 @@ h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
     white-space: normal;
 }
 
+.rst-content .admonition {
+  line-height: inherit;
+}
+
+.admonition code {
+  border: none;
+}
+
 /*
     Code block filename style
 
@@ -59,7 +71,7 @@ h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
     background-color: #eff1f3;
     font-size: 85%;
     font-weight: bold;
-    
+
     border-top-left-radius: 3px;
     border-top-right-radius: 3px;
 
@@ -84,5 +96,126 @@ h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
     padding-top: 0.9em;
 }
 
+.toctree-l3 {
+  border-left: 10px solid transparent;
+}
+
 /* import font awesome 4 for icons */
 @import url(https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css);
+
+
+/* Tabs */
+
+/* Style the tab */
+.tabs {
+  margin-bottom: 1em;
+  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
+}
+
+.tabs-header {
+  background-color: white;
+  display: flex;
+  justify-content: flex-start;
+  overflow-x: auto;
+  overflow-y: hidden;
+  position: relative;
+}
+.tabs-header::before {
+  position: absolute;
+  content: "";
+  bottom: 0;
+  left: 0;
+  right: 0;
+  height: 2px;
+  background: #ccc;
+}
+.tabs-header > * {
+  position: relative;
+}
+
+/* Style the buttons that are used to open the tab content */
+.tabs-header button {
+  background-color: transparent;
+  border: none;
+  outline: none;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  color: inherit;
+  font: inherit;
+  font-size: 0.9em;
+  font-weight: 600;
+  padding: 8px 16px;
+  border-bottom: 2px solid #ccc;
+}
+
+.tabs-header button:focus-visible {
+  /* preserve an outline for accesibility purposes */
+  outline: 1px solid currentColor;
+  outline-offset: -1px;
+}
+
+/* Change background color of buttons on hover */
+.tabs-header button:hover {
+  background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.02);
+}
+
+/* Create an active/current tablink class */
+.tabs-header button.active {
+  color: #4086bd;
+  border-bottom-color: currentColor;
+}
+
+/* Style the tab content */
+.tabs-content {
+  background-color: #f1f6fa;
+  padding: 1px 1em;
+  padding-top: 0.8em;
+
+  /* don't collapse inner margins */
+  overflow-y: hidden;
+}
+
+/* Examples tabs styling */
+
+.tabs.examples .tabs-header {
+  justify-content: flex-end;
+  background-color: transparent;
+  border-bottom-style: none;
+  padding: 0;
+}
+.tabs.examples .tabs-header::before {
+  height: 0;
+}
+.tabs.examples .tabs-header button {
+  padding: 6px 12px;
+  border-bottom: none;
+  color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
+  font-size: 0.8em;
+  border-top-left-radius: 4px;
+  border-top-right-radius: 4px;
+}
+.tabs-header button:hover {
+  background-color: unset;
+}
+
+.tabs.examples .tabs-header button.active {
+  border-bottom-style: none;
+  background: #f6f8fa;
+  color: inherit;
+}
+.tabs.examples .tabs-content {
+  padding: 0;
+  background-color: transparent;
+  background-color: #f6f8fa;
+}
+.tabs.examples .tabs-content .tab > * {
+  padding-left: 0.8em;
+  padding-right: 0.8em;
+}
+.tabs.examples .tabs-content .tab > pre {
+  padding-left: 0;
+  padding-right: 0;
+  margin-bottom: 0.5em;
+}
+.tabs.examples pre:first-child {
+  margin-top: 0;
+}

docs/extra.js

@@ -1,4 +1,60 @@
-
+// add classes for code-block-filename styling
 $('.rst-content pre')
     .prev('blockquote')
     .addClass('code-block-filename');
+
+var tabConversionIterations = 0
+
+// convert tab admonition to tabs
+while (true) {
+  const firstTab = $('.rst-content .admonition.tab').first()
+  if (firstTab.length == 0) break;
+
+  const otherTabs = firstTab.nextUntil(':not(.admonition.tab)');
+  const allTabs = $($.merge($.merge([], firstTab), otherTabs));
+
+  const tabContainer = $('<div>').addClass('tabs');
+  const headerContainer = $('<div>').addClass('tabs-header');
+  const contentContainer = $('<div>').addClass('tabs-content');
+
+  tabContainer.insertBefore(firstTab);
+  tabContainer.append(headerContainer, contentContainer)
+
+  // add extra classes from the first tab to the container
+  const classes = Array.from(firstTab[0].classList)
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < classes.length; i++) {
+    const element = classes[i];
+    if (element == 'tab' || element == 'admonition') {
+      continue
+    }
+    tabContainer.addClass(element)
+  }
+
+  const selectTab = function (index) {
+    headerContainer.children().removeClass('active')
+    headerContainer.children().eq(index).addClass('active')
+    contentContainer.children().hide()
+    contentContainer.children().eq(index).show()
+  }
+
+  allTabs.each(function (tabI, el) {
+    const $el = $(el)
+    const titleElement = $el.children('.admonition-title')
+    const title = titleElement.text()
+    const button = $('<button>').text(title)
+    button.click(function () {
+      selectTab(tabI)
+    })
+    headerContainer.append(button)
+
+    titleElement.remove()
+    $el.removeClass('admonition')
+    contentContainer.append($el)
+  })
+
+  selectTab(0)
+
+  // this will catch infinite loops which can occur when editing the above
+  if (tabConversionIterations++ > 1000) throw 'too many iterations'
+}

docs/faq.md

@@ -12,18 +12,135 @@ If your wheel didn't compile, check the list below for some debugging tips.
 
 - Windows: missing C feature. The Windows C compiler doesn't support C language features invented after 1990, so you'll have to backport your C code to C90. For me, this mostly involved putting my variable declarations at the top of the function like an animal.
 
-- MacOS: calling cibuildwheel from a python3 script and getting a `ModuleNotFoundError`? Due to a [bug](https://bugs.python.org/issue22490) in CPython, you'll need to [unset the `__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__` variable](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/issues/133#issuecomment-478288597) before activating a venv.
+- MacOS: calling cibuildwheel from a python3 script and getting a `ModuleNotFoundError`? Due to a (fixed) [bug](https://bugs.python.org/issue22490) in CPython, you'll need to [unset the `__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__` variable](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/133#issuecomment-478288597) before activating a venv.
+
+### Building Python 2.7 / PyPy2 wheels
+
+See the [cibuildwheel verison 1 docs](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/1.x/) for information about building Python 2.7 or PyPy2 wheels. There are lots of tricks and workaround there that are no longer required for Python 3 in cibuildwheel 2.
 
 ### Linux builds on Docker
 
 Linux wheels are built in the [`manylinux` docker images](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux) to provide binary compatible wheels on Linux, according to [PEP 571](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0571/). Because of this, when building with `cibuildwheel` on Linux, a few things should be taken into account:
 
-- Programs and libraries cannot be installed on the Travis CI Ubuntu host with `apt-get`, but can be installed inside of the Docker image using `yum` or manually. The same goes for environment variables that are potentially needed to customize the wheel building. `cibuildwheel` supports this by providing the `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT` and `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD` options to setup the build environment inside the running Docker image. See [the options docs](options.md#build-environment) for details on these options.
+- Programs and libraries are not installed on the Travis CI Ubuntu host, but rather should be installed inside of the Docker image (using `yum` for `manylinux2010` or `manylinux2014`, and `apt-get` for `manylinux_2_24`) or manually. The same goes for environment variables that are potentially needed to customize the wheel building. `cibuildwheel` supports this by providing the `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT` and `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD` options to setup the build environment inside the running Docker image. See [the options docs](options.md#build-environment) for details on these options.
 
 - The project directory is mounted in the running Docker instance as `/project`, the output directory for the wheels as `/output`. In general, this is handled transparently by `cibuildwheel`. For a more finegrained level of control however, the root of the host file system is mounted as `/host`, allowing for example to access shared files, caches, etc. on the host file system.  Note that this is not available on CircleCI due to their Docker policies.
 
 - Alternative dockers images can be specified with the `CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE`, `CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE`, and `CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_X86_64_IMAGE` options to allow for a custom, preconfigured build environment for the Linux builds. See [options](options.md#manylinux-image) for more details.
 
+### Building macOS wheels for Apple Silicon {: #apple-silicon}
+
+`cibuildwheel` supports cross-compiling `universal2` and `arm64` wheels on `x86_64` runners. With the introduction of Apple Silicon, you now have several choices for wheels for Python 3.9+:
+
+#### `x86_64`
+
+The traditional wheel for Apple, loads on Intel machines, and on
+Apple Silicon when running Python under Rosetta 2 emulation.
+
+Due to a change in naming, Pip 20.3+ (or an installer using packaging 20.5+)
+is required to install a binary wheel on macOS Big Sur.
+
+#### `arm64`
+
+The native wheel for macOS on Apple Silicon.
+
+Requires Pip 20.3+ (or packaging 20.5+) to install.
+
+#### `universal2`
+
+This wheel contains both architectures, causing it to be up to twice the
+size (data files do not get doubled, only compiled code). It requires
+Pip 20.3 (Packaging 20.6+) to load on Intel, and Pip 21.0.1 (Packaging 20.9+)
+to load on Apple Silicon.
+
+!!! note
+    The dual-architecture `universal2` has a few benefits, but a key benefit
+    to a universal wheel is that a user can bundle these wheels into an
+    application and ship a single binary.
+
+    However, if you have a large library, then you might prefer to ship
+    the two single-arch wheels instead - `x86_64` and `arm64`. In rare cases,
+    you might want to build all three, but in that case, pip will not download
+    the universal wheels, because it prefers the most specific wheel
+    available.
+
+Generally speaking, because Pip 20.3 is required for the `universal2` wheel,
+most packages should provide both `x86_64` and `universal2` wheels for now.
+Once Pip 20.3+ is common on macOS, then it should be possible to ship only the
+`universal2` wheel.
+
+**Apple Silicon wheels are not built by default**, but can be enabled by adding extra archs to the [`CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS` option](options.md#archs) - e.g. `x86_64 arm64 universal2`. Cross-compilation is provided by the Xcode toolchain.
+
+!!! important
+    When cross-compiling on Intel, it is not possible to test `arm64` and the `arm64` part of a `universal2` wheel.
+
+    `cibuildwheel` will raise a warning to notify you of this - these warnings be be silenced by skipping testing on these platforms: `CIBW_TEST_SKIP: *_arm64 *_universal2:arm64`.
+
+Hopefully, cross-compilation is a temporary situation. Once we have widely
+available Apple Silicon CI runners, we can build and test `arm64` and
+`universal2` wheels natively. That's why `universal2` wheels are not yet built
+by default, and require opt-in by setting `CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS`.
+
+!!! note
+    Your runner needs Xcode Command Line Tools 12.2 or later to build `universal2` or `arm64`.
+
+    Only CPython 3.8 and newer support `universal2` and `arm64` wheels.
+
+Here's an example GitHub Actions workflow with a job that builds for Apple Silicon:
+
+> .github/workflows/build_macos.yml
+```yml
+{% include "../examples/github-apple-silicon.yml" %}
+```
+
+### Building non-native architectures using emulation  {: #emulation}
+
+cibuildwheel supports building non-native architectures on Linux, via
+emulation through the binfmt_misc kernel feature. The easiest way to use this
+is via the [docker/setup-qemu-action][setup-qemu-action] on GitHub Actions or
+[tonistiigi/binfmt][binfmt].
+
+[setup-qemu-action]: https://github.com/docker/setup-qemu-action
+[binfmt]: https://hub.docker.com/r/tonistiigi/binfmt
+
+Check out the following config for an example of how to set it up on GitHub
+Actions. Once QEMU is set up and registered, you just need to set the
+`CIBW_ARCHS_LINUX` environment variable (or use the `--archs` option on
+Linux), and the other architectures are emulated automatically.
+
+> .github/workflows/build.yml
+
+```yaml
+{% include "../examples/github-with-qemu.yml" %}
+```
+
+### Building Apple Silicon wheels on Intel {: #apple-silicon}
+
+`cibuildwheel` supports cross-compiling `universal2` and `arm64` wheels on `x86_64` runners.
+
+These wheels are not built by default, but can be enabled by setting the [`CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS` option](options.md#archs) to `x86_64 arm64 universal2`. Cross-compilation is provided by the Xcode toolchain.
+
+!!! important
+    When cross-compiling on Intel, it is not possible to test `arm64` and the `arm64` part of a `universal2` wheel.
+
+    `cibuildwheel` will raise a warning to notify you of this - these warnings be be silenced by skipping testing on these platforms: `CIBW_TEST_SKIP: *_arm64 *_universal2:arm64`.
+
+Hopefully, this is a temporary situation. Once we have widely available Apple Silicon CI runners, we can build and test `arm64` and `universal2` wheels more natively. That's why `universal2` wheels are not yet built by default, and require opt-in by setting `CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS`.
+
+!!! note
+    Your runner image needs Xcode Command Line Tools 12.2 or later to build `universal2` and `arm64`.
+
+    So far, only CPython 3.9 supports `universal2` and `arm64` wheels.
+
+Here's an example GitHub Actions workflow with a job that builds for Apple Silicon:
+
+> .github/workflows/build_macos.yml
+
+```yml
+{% include "../examples/github-apple-silicon.yml" %}
+```
+
+
 ### Building packages with optional C extensions
 
 `cibuildwheel` defines the environment variable `CIBUILDWHEEL` to the value `1` allowing projects for which the C extension is optional to make it mandatory when building wheels.
@@ -61,3 +178,76 @@ python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
 python3 -m pip install twine
 python3 -m twine upload wheelhouse/*.whl
 ```
+
+### 'ImportError: DLL load failed: The specific module could not be found' error on Windows
+
+Visual Studio and MSVC link the compiled binary wheels to the Microsoft Visual C++ Runtime. Normally, these are included with Python, but when compiling with a newer version of Visual Studio, it is possible users will run into problems on systems that do not have these runtime libraries installed. The solution is to ask users to download the corresponding Visual C++ Redistributable from the [Microsoft website](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/2977003/the-latest-supported-visual-c-downloads) and install it. Since a Python installation normally includes these VC++ Redistributable files for [the version of the MSVC compiler used to compile Python](https://wiki.python.org/moin/WindowsCompilers), this is typically only a problem when compiling a Python C extension with a newer compiler.
+
+Additionally, Visual Studio 2019 started linking to an even newer DLL, `VCRUNTIME140_1.dll`, besides the `VCRUNTIME140.dll` that is included with recent Python versions (starting from Python 3.5; see [here](https://wiki.python.org/moin/WindowsCompilers) for more details on the corresponding Visual Studio & MSVC versions used to compile the different Python versions). To avoid this extra dependency on `VCRUNTIME140_1.dll`, the [`/d2FH4-` flag](https://devblogs.microsoft.com/cppblog/making-cpp-exception-handling-smaller-x64/) can be added to the MSVC invocations (check out [this issue](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/423) for details and references).
+
+To add the `/d2FH4-` flag to a standard `setup.py` using `setuptools`, the `extra_compile_args` option can be used:
+
+```python
+    ext_modules=[
+        Extension(
+            'c_module',
+            sources=['extension.c'],
+            extra_compile_args=['/d2FH4-'] if sys.platform == 'win32' else []
+        )
+    ],
+```
+
+To investigate the dependencies of a C extension (i.e., the `.pyd` file, a DLL in disguise) on Windows, [Dependency Walker](http://www.dependencywalker.com/) is a great tool.
+
+
+### Automatic updates {: #automatic-updates}
+
+Selecting a moving target (like the latest release) is generally a bad idea in CI. If something breaks, you can't tell whether it was your code or an upstream update that caused the breakage, and in a worse-case scenario, it could occur during a release.
+There are two suggested methods for keeping cibuildwheel up to date that instead involve scheduled pull requests using GitHub's dependabot.
+
+#### Option 1: GitHub Action
+
+If you use GitHub Actions for builds, you can use cibuildwheel as an action:
+
+```yaml
+uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.0.0a4
+```
+
+This is a composite step that just runs cibuildwheel using pipx. You can set command-line options as `with:` parameters, and use `env:` as normal.
+
+Then, your `dependabot.yml` file could look like this:
+
+```yaml
+version: 2
+updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "weekly"
+    ignore:
+      # Optional: Official actions have moving tags like v1;
+      # if you use those, you don't need updates.
+      - dependency-name: "actions/*"
+```
+
+#### Option 2: Requirement files
+
+The second option, and the only one that supports other CI systems, is using a `requirements-*.txt` file. The file should have a distinct name and have only one entry:
+
+```bash
+# requirements-cibw.txt
+cibuildwheel==2.0.0a4
+```
+
+Then your install step would have `python -m pip install -r requirements-cibw.txt` in it. Your `dependabot.yml` file could look like this:
+
+```yaml
+version: 2
+updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: "pip"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "daily"
+```
+
+This will also try to update other pins in all requirement files, so be sure you want to do that. The only control you have over the files used is via the directory option.

docs/index.md

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 title: Home
 ---
 
-{% 
-   includemarkdown "../README.md"
-   start="<!--intro-start-->" 
+{%
+   include-markdown "../README.md"
+   start="<!--intro-start-->"
    end="<!--intro-end-->"
 %}
 

docs/main.py

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+import subprocess
+from typing import Any
+
+# Requires Python 3.7+
+
+
+def define_env(env: Any) -> None:
+    "Hook function for mkdocs-macros"
+
+    @env.macro
+    def subprocess_run(*args: str) -> str:
+        "Run a subprocess and return the stdout"
+        return subprocess.run(args, check=True, capture_output=True, text=True).stdout

docs/mkdocs_include_markdown_plugin/mkdocs_include_markdown_plugin/plugin.py

@@ -1,84 +0,0 @@
-import cgi
-import re
-from pathlib import Path
-
-import mkdocs
-
-INCLUDE_TAG_REGEX = re.compile(
-    r'''
-        {% # opening tag
-        \s*
-        include # directive name
-        \s+
-        "(?P<filename>[^"]+)" # "filename"
-        \s*
-        %} # closing tag
-    ''',
-    flags=re.VERBOSE,
-)
-
-INCLUDEMARKDOWN_TAG_REGEX = re.compile(
-    r'''
-        {% # opening tag
-        \s*
-        includemarkdown # directive name
-        \s+
-        "(?P<filename>[^"]+)" # "filename"
-        (?:\s+start="(?P<start>[^"]+)")? # optional start expression
-        (?:\s+end="(?P<end>[^"]+)")? # optional end expression
-        \s*
-        %} # closing tag
-    ''',
-    flags=re.VERBOSE,
-)
-
-
-class ImportMarkdownPlugin(mkdocs.plugins.BasePlugin):
-    def on_page_markdown(self, markdown, page, **kwargs):
-        page_src_path = page.file.abs_src_path
-
-        def found_include_tag(match):
-            filename = match.group('filename')
-
-            file_path_abs = Path(page_src_path).parent / filename
-
-            if not file_path_abs.exists():
-                raise ValueError('file not found', filename)
-
-            text_to_include = file_path_abs.read_text(encoding='utf8')
-
-            # Allow good practice of having a final newline in the file
-            if text_to_include.endswith('\n'):
-                text_to_include = text_to_include[:-1]
-
-            return text_to_include
-
-        def found_includemarkdown_tag(match):
-            filename = match.group('filename')
-            start = match.group('start')
-            end = match.group('end')
-
-            file_path_abs = Path(page_src_path).parent / filename
-
-            if not file_path_abs.exists():
-                raise ValueError('file not found', filename)
-
-            text_to_include = file_path_abs.read_text(encoding='utf8')
-
-            if start:
-                _, _, text_to_include = text_to_include.partition(start)
-
-            if end:
-                text_to_include, _, _ = text_to_include.partition(end)
-
-            return (
-                '<!-- BEGIN INCLUDE %s %s %s -->\n' % (
-                    filename, cgi.escape(start or ''), cgi.escape(end or '')
-                )
-                + text_to_include
-                + '\n<!-- END INCLUDE -->'
-            )
-
-        markdown = re.sub(INCLUDE_TAG_REGEX, found_include_tag, markdown)
-        markdown = re.sub(INCLUDEMARKDOWN_TAG_REGEX, found_includemarkdown_tag, markdown)
-        return markdown

docs/mkdocs_include_markdown_plugin/setup.py

@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-from setuptools import setup
-
-setup(
-    name='mkdocs_include_markdown_plugin',
-    version='1.0',
-    author='Joe Rickerby',
-    license='Apache 2',
-    packages=['mkdocs_include_markdown_plugin'],
-    entry_points={
-        'mkdocs.plugins': [
-            'importmarkdown = mkdocs_include_markdown_plugin.plugin:ImportMarkdownPlugin',
-        ]
-    },
-    zip_safe=False
-)

docs/setup.md

@@ -4,67 +4,130 @@ title: 'Setup'
 
 # GitHub Actions [linux/mac/windows] {: #github-actions}
 
-To build Linux, Mac, and Windows wheels using Github Actions, create a `.github/workflows/build.yml` file in your repo.
+To build Linux, Mac, and Windows wheels using GitHub Actions, create a `.github/workflows/build_wheels.yml` file in your repo.
 
-> build.yml
-```yaml
-{% include "../examples/github-minimal.yml" %}
-```
+!!! tab "Action"
+    For GitHub Actions, `cibuildwheel` provides an action you can use. This is
+    concise and enables easier auto updating via GitHub's Dependabot; see
+    [Automatic updates](faq.md#automatic-updates).
 
-Commit this file, and push to Github - either to your default branch, or to a PR branch. The build should start automatically.
+    > .github/workflows/build_wheels.yml
+
+    ```yaml
+    {% include "../examples/github-minimal.yml" %}
+    ```
+
+
+    You can use `env:` with the action just like you would with `run:`; you can
+    also use `with:` to set the command line options: `package-dir: .` and
+    `output-dir: wheelhouse` (those values are the defaults).
+
+!!! tab "pipx"
+    The GitHub Actions runners have pipx installed, so you can easily build in
+    just one line. This is internally how the action works; the main benefit of
+    the action form is easy updates via GitHub's Dependabot.
+
+    > .github/workflows/build_wheels.yml
+
+    ```yaml
+    name: Build
+
+    on: [push, pull_request]
+
+    jobs:
+      build_wheels:
+        name: Build wheels on ${{ matrix.os }}
+        runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+        strategy:
+          matrix:
+            os: [ubuntu-20.04, windows-2019, macos-10.15]
+
+        steps:
+          - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+
+          - name: Build wheels
+            run: pipx run cibuildwheel==2.0.0a4
+
+          - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+            with:
+              path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl
+    ```
+
+!!! tab "Generic"
+    This is the most generic form using setup-python and pip; it looks the most
+    like the other CI examples. If you want to avoid having setup that takes
+    advantage of GitHub Actions features or pipx being preinstalled, this might
+    appeal to you.
+
+    > .github/workflows/build_wheels.yml
+
+    ```yaml
+    name: Build
+
+    on: [push, pull_request]
+
+    jobs:
+      build_wheels:
+        name: Build wheels on ${{ matrix.os }}
+        runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+        strategy:
+          matrix:
+            os: [ubuntu-20.04, windows-2019, macos-10.15]
+
+        steps:
+          - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+
+          # Used to host cibuildwheel
+          - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+
+          - name: Install cibuildwheel
+            run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.0.0a4
+
+          - name: Build wheels
+            run: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
+
+          - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+            with:
+              path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl
+    ```
+
+
+Commit this file, and push to GitHub - either to your default branch, or to a PR branch. The build should start automatically.
 
 For more info on this file, check out the [docs](https://help.github.com/en/actions/reference/workflow-syntax-for-github-actions).
 
-[`examples/github-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/blob/master/examples/github-deploy.yml) extends this minimal example with a demonstration of how to automatically upload the built wheels to PyPI.
+[`examples/github-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/examples/github-deploy.yml) extends this minimal example with a demonstration of how to automatically upload the built wheels to PyPI.
+
 
 # Azure Pipelines [linux/mac/windows] {: #azure-pipelines}
 
 To build Linux, Mac, and Windows wheels on Azure Pipelines, create a `azure-pipelines.yml` file in your repo.
 
 > azure-pipelines.yml
+
 ```yaml
 {% include "../examples/azure-pipelines-minimal.yml" %}
 ```
 
-!!! note
-    To support Python 3.5 on Windows, make sure to specify the use of `{vmImage: 'vs2017-win2016'}` on Windows, to ensure the required toolchain is available.
-
 Commit this file, enable building of your repo on Azure Pipelines, and push.
 
 Wheels will be stored for you and available through the Pipelines interface. For more info on this file, check out the [docs](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/devops/pipelines/yaml-schema).
 
-# Travis CI [linux/mac/windows] {: #travis-ci}
+# Travis CI [linux/windows] {: #travis-ci}
 
-To build Linux, Mac, and Windows wheels on Travis CI, create a `.travis.yml` file in your repo.
+To build Linux and Windows wheels on Travis CI, create a `.travis.yml` file in your repo.
 
 > .travis.yml
+
 ```yaml
 {% include "../examples/travis-ci-minimal.yml" %}
 ```
 
-Note that building Windows Python 2.7 wheels on Travis is unsupported.
-
 Commit this file, enable building of your repo on Travis CI, and push.
 
 Then setup a deployment method by following the [Travis CI deployment docs](https://docs.travis-ci.com/user/deployment/), or see [Delivering to PyPI](deliver-to-pypi.md). For more info on `.travis.yml`, check out the [docs](https://docs.travis-ci.com/).
 
-[`examples/travis-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/blob/master/examples/travis-deploy.yml) extends this minimal example with a demonstration of how to automatically upload the built wheels to PyPI.
-
-# CircleCI [linux/mac] {: #circleci}
-
-To build Linux and Mac wheels on CircleCI, create a `.circleci/config.yml` file in your repo,
-
-> .circleci/config.yml
-```yaml
-{% include "../examples/circleci-minimal.yml" %}
-```
-
-Commit this file, enable building of your repo on CircleCI, and push.
-
-!!! note
-    CircleCI doesn't enable free macOS containers for open source by default, but you can ask for access. See [here](https://circleci.com/docs/2.0/oss/#overview) for more information.
-
-CircleCI will store the built wheels for you - you can access them from the project console. Check out the CircleCI [docs](https://circleci.com/docs/2.0/configuration-reference/#section=configuration) for more info on this config file.
+[`examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml) extends this minimal example with a demonstration of how to automatically upload the built wheels to PyPI.
 
 # AppVeyor [linux/mac/windows] {: #appveyor}
 
@@ -82,6 +145,37 @@ AppVeyor will store the built wheels for you - you can access them from the proj
 
 For more info on this config file, check out the [docs](https://www.appveyor.com/docs/).
 
+# CircleCI [linux/mac] {: #circleci}
+
+To build Linux and Mac wheels on CircleCI, create a `.circleci/config.yml` file in your repo,
+
+> .circleci/config.yml
+
+```yaml
+{% include "../examples/circleci-minimal.yml" %}
+```
+
+Commit this file, enable building of your repo on CircleCI, and push.
+
+!!! note
+    CircleCI doesn't enable free macOS containers for open source by default, but you can ask for access. See [here](https://circleci.com/docs/2.0/oss/#overview) for more information.
+
+CircleCI will store the built wheels for you - you can access them from the project console. Check out the CircleCI [docs](https://circleci.com/docs/2.0/configuration-reference/#section=configuration) for more info on this config file.
+
+# Gitlab CI [linux] {: #gitlab-ci}
+
+To build Linux wheels on Gitlab CI, create a `.gitlab-ci.yml` file in your repo,
+
+> .gitlab-ci.yml
+
+```yaml
+{% include "../examples/gitlab-minimal.yml" %}
+```
+
+Commit this file, and push to Gitlab. The pipeline should start automatically.
+
+Gitlab will store the built wheels for you - you can access them from the Pipelines view. Check out the Gitlab [docs](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/yaml/) for more info on this config file.
+
 > ⚠️ Got an error? Check the [FAQ](faq.md).
 
 <script>

docs/working-examples.md

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+---
+title: Working examples
+---
+
+{%
+   include-markdown "../README.md"
+   start="<!--working-examples-start-->"
+   end="<!--working-examples-end-->"
+%}
+
+<style>
+.wy-nav-content {
+  /* this table benefits from a wider page */
+  max-width: 1000px;
+}
+.rst-content .section table img {
+  /* make the icons darker on this page */
+  filter: brightness(0.5);
+}
+</style>

examples/appveyor-minimal.yml

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ stack: python 3.7
 init:
 - cmd: set PATH=C:\Python37;C:\Python37\Scripts;%PATH%
 
-install: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.5.0
+install: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.0.0a4
 
 build_script: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
 

examples/azure-pipelines-minimal.yml

@@ -4,9 +4,12 @@ jobs:
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
     - bash: |
+        set -o errexit
         python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        pip3 install cibuildwheel==1.5.0
-        cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
+        pip3 install cibuildwheel==2.0.0a4
+      displayName: Install dependencies
+    - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
+      displayName: Build wheels
     - task: PublishBuildArtifacts@1
       inputs: {pathtoPublish: 'wheelhouse'}
 
@@ -15,21 +18,25 @@ jobs:
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
     - bash: |
+        set -o errexit
         python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        pip3 install cibuildwheel==1.5.0
-        cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
+        python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.0.0a4
+      displayName: Install dependencies
+    - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
+      displayName: Build wheels
     - task: PublishBuildArtifacts@1
-      inputs: {pathtoPublish: 'wheelhouse'}
+      inputs: {pathtoPublish: wheelhouse}
 
 - job: windows
   pool: {vmImage: 'vs2017-win2016'}
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
-    - script: choco install vcpython27 -f -y
-      displayName: Install Visual C++ for Python 2.7
     - bash: |
+        set -o errexit
         python -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        pip install cibuildwheel==1.5.0
-        cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
+        pip install cibuildwheel==2.0.0a4
+      displayName: Install dependencies
+    - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
+      displayName: Build wheels
     - task: PublishBuildArtifacts@1
       inputs: {pathtoPublish: 'wheelhouse'}

examples/circleci-minimal.yml

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ jobs:
       - run:
           name: Build the Linux wheels.
           command: |
-            pip3 install --user cibuildwheel==1.5.0
+            pip3 install --user cibuildwheel==2.0.0a4
             cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       - store_artifacts:
           path: wheelhouse/
@@ -19,13 +19,13 @@ jobs:
   osx-wheels:
     working_directory: ~/osx-wheels
     macos:
-      xcode: "10.0.0"
+      xcode: 10.0.0
     steps:
       - checkout
       - run:
           name: Build the OS X wheels.
           command: |
-            pip3 install --user cibuildwheel==1.5.0
+            pip3 install cibuildwheel==2.0.0a4
             cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       - store_artifacts:
           path: wheelhouse/

examples/github-apple-silicon.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+name: Build
+
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+jobs:
+  build_wheels_macos:
+    name: Build wheels on macos-10.15
+    runs-on: macos-10.15
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+
+      - name: Build wheels
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.0.0a4
+        env:
+          CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS: x86_64 universal2
+
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+        with:
+          path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl

examples/github-deploy.yml

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-18.04, windows-latest, macos-latest]
+        os: [ubuntu-20.04, windows-2019, macos-10.15]
 
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v2
@@ -24,20 +24,10 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
         name: Install Python
         with:
-          python-version: '3.7'
-
-      - name: Install cibuildwheel
-        run: |
-          python -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.5.0
-
-      - name: Install Visual C++ for Python 2.7
-        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
-        run: |
-          choco install vcpython27 -f -y
+          python-version: '3.8'
 
       - name: Build wheels
-        run: |
-          python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.0.0a4
 
       - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
         with:
@@ -52,7 +42,7 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
         name: Install Python
         with:
-          python-version: '3.7'
+          python-version: '3.8'
 
       - name: Build sdist
         run: python setup.py sdist
@@ -74,7 +64,7 @@ jobs:
           name: artifact
           path: dist
 
-      - uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@master
+      - uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@v1.4.2
         with:
           user: __token__
           password: ${{ secrets.pypi_password }}

examples/github-minimal.yml

@@ -8,28 +8,16 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-18.04, windows-latest, macos-latest]
+        os: [ubuntu-20.04, windows-2019, macos-10.15]
 
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v2
 
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
-        name: Install Python
-        with:
-          python-version: '3.7'
-
-      - name: Install cibuildwheel
-        run: |
-          python -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.5.0
-
-      - name: Install Visual C++ for Python 2.7
-        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
-        run: |
-          choco install vcpython27 -f -y
-
       - name: Build wheels
-        run: |
-          python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.0.0a4
+        # to supply options, put them in 'env', like:
+        # env:
+        #   CIBW_SOME_OPTION: value
 
       - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
         with:

examples/github-with-qemu.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+name: Build
+
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+jobs:
+  build_wheels:
+    name: Build wheels on ${{ matrix.os }}
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        os: [ubuntu-20.04, windows-2019, macos-10.15]
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+        name: Install Python
+        with:
+          python-version: '3.7'
+
+      - name: Set up QEMU
+        if: runner.os == 'Linux'
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v1
+        with:
+          platforms: all
+
+      - name: Build wheels
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.0.0a4
+        env:
+          # configure cibuildwheel to build native archs ('auto'), and some
+          # emulated ones
+          CIBW_ARCHS_LINUX: auto aarch64 ppc64le s390x
+
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+        with:
+          path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl

examples/gitlab-minimal.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+linux:
+  image: python:3.8
+  # make a docker daemon available for cibuildwheel to use
+  services:
+    - name: docker:dind
+      entrypoint: ["env", "-u", "DOCKER_HOST"]
+      command: ["dockerd-entrypoint.sh"]
+  variables:
+    DOCKER_HOST: tcp://docker:2375/
+    DOCKER_DRIVER: overlay2
+    # See https://github.com/docker-library/docker/pull/166
+    DOCKER_TLS_CERTDIR: ""
+  script:
+    - curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh
+    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.0.0a4
+    - cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
+  artifacts:
+    paths:
+      - wheelhouse/

examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml

@@ -1,40 +1,35 @@
 # As written, this configuration will build your wheels on every
 # commit, but will only push to PyPI on tagged commits.
 
+os: linux
+dist: focal
 language: python
 
 jobs:
   include:
     # perform a linux build
     - services: docker
-    # and a mac build
-    - os: osx
-      language: shell
     # and a windows build
     - os: windows
       language: shell
       before_install:
-        - choco install python --version 3.8.0
+        - choco upgrade python -y --version 3.8.6
         - export PATH="/c/Python38:/c/Python38/Scripts:$PATH"
         # make sure it's on PATH as 'python3'
         - ln -s /c/Python38/python.exe /c/Python38/python3.exe
 
-env:
-  global:
-    - TWINE_USERNAME=__token__
-    # Note: TWINE_PASSWORD is set to a PyPI API token in Travis settings
-
 install:
-  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.5.0
+  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.0.0a4
 
 script:
   # build the wheels, put them into './wheelhouse'
   - python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
 
-after_success:
-  # if the release was tagged, upload them to PyPI
-  - |
-    if [[ $TRAVIS_TAG ]]; then
-      python3 -m pip install twine
-      python3 -m twine upload wheelhouse/*.whl
-    fi
+deploy:
+  provider: pypi
+  username: "__token__"
+  skip_cleanup: true
+  on:
+    tags: true
+  password:
+    secure: "" # Set to an encrypted API token. See https://docs.travis-ci.com/user/deployment/pypi/

examples/travis-ci-minimal.yml

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+os: linux
+dist: focal
 language: python
 
 jobs:
@@ -13,20 +15,17 @@ jobs:
     # perform a linux S390X build
     - services: docker
       arch: s390x
-    # and a mac build
-    - os: osx
-      language: shell
     # and a windows build
     - os: windows
       language: shell
       before_install:
-        - choco install python --version 3.8.0
+        - choco upgrade python -y --version 3.8.6
         - export PATH="/c/Python38:/c/Python38/Scripts:$PATH"
         # make sure it's on PATH as 'python3'
         - ln -s /c/Python38/python.exe /c/Python38/python3.exe
 
 install:
-  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.5.0
+  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.0.0a4
 
 script:
   # build the wheels, put them into './wheelhouse'

examples/travis-ci-test-and-deploy.yml

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 # In this configuration, the package is tested against multiple versions of python
 # on Linux and on one version of Python on Windows. If and only if all tests pass
 # will the wheels be built and deployed. Further, deployment is only initiated if
-# the current branch is "master", the current commit is tagged, and the current
+# the current branch is "main", the current commit is tagged, and the current
 # repo is yours (e.g. it won't run on a Pull Request). For convenience, a source
 # distribution is also created.
 
+os: linux
+dist: focal
 language: python
 python:
   - 3.6
@@ -14,7 +16,7 @@ python:
 before_install:
   - |
     if [[ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" = windows ]]; then
-        choco install python --version 3.8.0
+        choco upgrade python -y --version 3.8.6
         export PATH="/c/Python38:/c/Python38/Scripts:$PATH"
         # make sure it's on PATH as 'python3'
         ln -s /c/Python38/python.exe /c/Python38/python3.exe
@@ -32,9 +34,9 @@ stages:
   # Only execute deployment stage on tagged commits, and from your repository
   # (e.g. not PRs). Replace with your repo name.
   - name: deploy
-    if: tag IS PRESENT AND repo = joerick/cibuildwheel
+    if: tag IS PRESENT AND repo = pypa/cibuildwheel
     # To only build tags that look like vX.Y.Z:
-    #   if: tag =~ ^v\d+\.\d+\.\d+$ AND repo = joerick/cibuildwheel
+    #   if: tag =~ ^v\d+\.\d+\.\d+$ AND repo = pypa/cibuildwheel
 
 jobs:
   include:
@@ -55,17 +57,7 @@ jobs:
     - stage: deploy
       name: Build and deploy Linux wheels
       services: docker
-      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.5.0
-      script: python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
-      after_success: |
-        python3 -m pip install twine
-        python3 -m twine upload --skip-existing wheelhouse/*.whl
-    # Deploy on mac
-    - stage: deploy
-      name: Build and deploy macOS wheels
-      os: osx
-      language: shell
-      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.5.0
+      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.0.0a4
       script: python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       after_success: |
         python3 -m pip install twine
@@ -75,7 +67,7 @@ jobs:
       name: Build and deploy Windows wheels
       os: windows
       language: shell
-      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.5.0
+      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.0.0a4
       script: python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       after_success: |
         python3 -m pip install twine

mkdocs.yml

@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ theme:
   highlightjs: true
   hljs_languages:
       - yaml
-repo_url: https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel
+repo_url: https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel
+edit_uri: edit/main/docs/
 
 extra_css:
   - extra.css
@@ -20,16 +21,27 @@ nav:
   - deliver-to-pypi.md
   - cpp_standards.md
   - faq.md
+  - working-examples.md
   - contributing.md
+  - changelog.md
 
 markdown_extensions:
-  - fenced_code
+  - md_in_html
   - toc:
       permalink: True
   - attr_list
   - admonition
   - pymdownx.magiclink:
       repo_url_shortener: True
+  - pymdownx.highlight:
+      # use highlightjs - it's built-in to the theme
+      use_pygments: False
+  - pymdownx.superfences
 
 plugins:
-  - importmarkdown
+  - include-markdown
+  - search
+  - macros:
+      module_name: docs/main
+      j2_variable_start_string: «
+      j2_variable_end_string: »

noxfile.py

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+import shutil
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import nox
+
+nox.options.sessions = ["lint", "tests"]
+
+PYTHON_ALL_VERSIONS = ["3.6", "3.7", "3.8", "3.9"]
+
+DIR = Path(__file__).parent.resolve()
+
+
+@nox.session
+def tests(session):
+    """
+    Run the unit and regular tests.
+    """
+    unit_test_args = ["--run-docker"] if sys.platform.startswith("linux") else []
+    session.install("-e", ".[test]")
+    if session.posargs:
+        session.run("pytest", *session.posargs)
+    else:
+        session.run("pytest", "unit_test", *unit_test_args)
+        session.run("pytest", "test", "-x", "--durations", "0", "--timeout=2400", "test")
+
+
+@nox.session
+def lint(session):
+    """
+    Run the linter.
+    """
+    session.install("pre-commit")
+    session.run("pre-commit", "run", "--all-files")
+
+
+@nox.session(python=PYTHON_ALL_VERSIONS)
+def update_constraints(session):
+    """
+    Update the dependencies inplace.
+    """
+    session.install("requests", "pip-tools")
+    session.run("python", "bin/update_dependencies.py")
+
+
+@nox.session
+def update_pins(session):
+    """
+    Update the python and docker pins version inplace.
+    """
+    session.install("-e", ".[bin]")
+    session.run("python", "bin/update_pythons.py", "--force")
+    session.run("python", "bin/update_docker.py")
+
+
+@nox.session
+def update_proj(session):
+    """
+    Update the README inplace.
+    """
+    session.install("-e", ".[bin]")
+    session.run("python", "bin/projects.py", "docs/data/projects.yml", "--readme=README.md")
+
+
+@nox.session
+def docs(session):
+    """
+    Build the docs.
+    """
+    session.install("-e", ".[docs]")
+
+    if session.posargs:
+        if "serve" in session.posargs:
+            session.run("mkdocs", "serve")
+        else:
+            print("Unrecognized args, use 'serve'")
+    else:
+        session.run("mkdocs", "build")
+
+
+@nox.session
+def build(session):
+    """
+    Build an SDist and wheel.
+    """
+
+    build_p = DIR.joinpath("build")
+    if build_p.exists():
+        shutil.rmtree(build_p)
+
+    dist_p = DIR.joinpath("dist")
+    if dist_p.exists():
+        shutil.rmtree(dist_p)
+
+    session.install("build")
+    session.run("python", "-m", "build")

pyproject.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+[build-system]
+requires = [
+    "setuptools>=42",
+    "wheel"
+]
+
+build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
+
+
+[tool.black]
+line-length = 100
+target-version = ['py36', 'py37', 'py38', 'py39']
+
+
+[tool.isort]
+profile = "black"
+multi_line_output = 3
+
+
+[tool.pytest.ini_options]
+minversion = 6.0
+junit_family = "xunit2"
+testpaths = [
+    "test",
+    "unit_test",
+]
+
+
+[tool.mypy]
+python_version = 3.7
+files = [
+    "cibuildwheel/*.py",
+    "test/**/*.py",
+    "unit_test/**/*.py",
+    "bin/*.py"
+]
+warn_unused_configs = true
+warn_redundant_casts = true
+no_implicit_reexport = true
+strict_equality = true
+warn_unused_ignores = true
+check_untyped_defs = true
+
+disallow_subclassing_any = true
+disallow_any_generics = true
+warn_return_any = true
+no_implicit_optional = true
+
+[[tool.mypy.overrides]]
+module = "cibuildwheel.*"
+disallow_untyped_defs = true
+disallow_untyped_calls = true
+disallow_incomplete_defs = true
+disallow_untyped_decorators = true
+
+[[tool.mypy.overrides]]
+module = [
+    "setuptools",
+    "pytest", # ignored in pre-commit to speed up check
+    "bashlex",
+    "toml.encoder", # encoder missing from stub package
+    "bracex",
+    "importlib_resources",
+    "nox",
+    "github",
+]
+ignore_missing_imports = true

requirements-dev.txt

@@ -1,8 +1 @@
--e .
--e ./docs/mkdocs_include_markdown_plugin
-pytest
-mkdocs==1.0.4
-pymdown-extensions
-pip-tools
-requests
-click
+-e .[dev,docs]

setup.cfg

@@ -1,40 +1,67 @@
+[metadata]
+name = cibuildwheel
+version = 2.0.0a4
+description = Build Python wheels on CI with minimal configuration.
+long_description = file: README.md
+long_description_content_type = text/markdown
+url = https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel
+author = Joe Rickerby
+author_email = joerick@mac.com
+license = BSD
+license_file = LICENSE
+classifiers =
+    Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+    Intended Audience :: Developers
+    License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
+    Natural Language :: English
+    Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+    Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
+    Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6
+    Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7
+    Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
+    Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+    Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython
+    Topic :: Software Development :: Build Tools
+keywords = ci,wheel,packaging,pypi,travis,appveyor,macos,linux,windows
+project_urls =
+    Changelog=https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel#changelog
+    Documentation=https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/
+
+[options]
+packages = find:
+install_requires =
+    bashlex!=0.13
+    bracex
+    certifi
+    packaging
+    toml
+    typing_extensions;python_version < '3.8'
+python_requires = >=3.6
+include_package_data = True
+zip_safe = False
+
+[options.entry_points]
+console_scripts =
+    cibuildwheel = cibuildwheel.__main__:main
+
+[options.package_data]
+cibuildwheel = resources/*
+
+[options.packages.find]
+include =
+    cibuildwheel
+
 [flake8]
-ignore = E501,W503,E741
+ignore = E501,W503,E741,E226,B950,E203
+select = C,E,F,W,B,B9
 application-import-names = cibuildwheel
 exclude =
-  cibuildwheel/resources/,
-  dist/,
-  build/,
-  .git/,
-  env/,
-  env2/,
-  env??/,
-  .venv/,
-  site/
-
-[tool:pytest]
-junit_family=xunit2
-
-[mypy]
-python_version = 3.6
-files = cibuildwheel,test
-
-warn_unused_configs = True
-warn_redundant_casts = True
-
-[mypy-cibuildwheel]
-disallow_any_generics = True
-disallow_subclassing_any = True
-disallow_untyped_calls = True
-disallow_untyped_defs = True
-disallow_incomplete_defs = True
-check_untyped_defs = True
-disallow_untyped_decorators = True
-no_implicit_optional = True
-warn_unused_ignores = True
-warn_return_any = True
-no_implicit_reexport = True
-strict_equality = True
-
-[mypy-pytest,setuptools]
-ignore_missing_imports = True
+    cibuildwheel/resources/,
+    dist/,
+    build/,
+    .git/,
+    env/,
+    env2/,
+    env??/,
+    .venv/,
+    site/

setup.py

@@ -1,45 +1,46 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-from pathlib import Path
+from setuptools import setup
 
-try:
-    from setuptools import setup
-except ImportError:
-    from distutils.core import setup
-
-this_directory = Path(__file__).parent
-long_description = (this_directory / 'README.md').read_text(encoding='utf-8')
-
-setup(
-    name='cibuildwheel',
-    version='1.5.0',
-    install_requires=['bashlex!=0.13', 'toml'],
-    description="Build Python wheels on CI with minimal configuration.",
-    long_description=long_description,
-    long_description_content_type='text/markdown',
-    author="Joe Rickerby",
-    author_email='joerick@mac.com',
-    url='https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel',
-    packages=['cibuildwheel', ],
-    license="BSD",
-    zip_safe=False,
-    package_data={
-        'cibuildwheel': ['resources/*'],
-    },
-    # Supported python versions
-    python_requires='>=3.6',
-    keywords='ci wheel packaging pypi travis appveyor macos linux windows',
-    classifiers=[
-        'Intended Audience :: Developers',
-        'Natural Language :: English',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
-        'Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable',
-        'License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython',
-        'Topic :: Software Development :: Build Tools',
+extras = {
+    "docs": [
+        "mkdocs-include-markdown-plugin==2.8.0",
+        "mkdocs==1.0.4",
+        "pymdown-extensions",
+        "mkdocs-macros-plugin",
     ],
-    entry_points={
-        'console_scripts': [
-            'cibuildwheel = cibuildwheel.__main__:main',
-        ],
-    },
-)
+    "test": [
+        "jinja2",
+        "pytest>=6",
+        "pytest-timeout",
+    ],
+    "bin": [
+        "click",
+        "ghapi",
+        "pip-tools",
+        "pygithub",
+        "pyyaml",
+        "requests",
+        "rich>=9.6",
+        "packaging>=20.8",
+    ],
+    "mypy": [
+        "mypy>=0.901",
+        "types-jinja2",
+        "types-certifi",
+        "types-toml",
+        "types-jinja2",
+        "types-pyyaml",
+        "types-click",
+        "types-requests",
+        "types-toml",
+    ],
+}
+
+extras["dev"] = [
+    *extras["mypy"],
+    *extras["test"],
+    *extras["bin"],
+]
+
+extras["all"] = sum(extras.values(), [])
+
+setup(extras_require=extras)

test/conftest.py

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import Dict
+
+import pytest
+
+
+def pytest_addoption(parser) -> None:
+    parser.addoption(
+        "--run-emulation", action="store_true", default=False, help="run emulation tests"
+    )
+
+
+def pytest_configure(config):
+    config.addinivalue_line("markers", "emulation: mark test requiring qemu binfmt_misc to run")
+
+
+def pytest_collection_modifyitems(config, items) -> None:
+    if config.getoption("--run-emulation"):
+        # --run-emulation given in cli: do not skip emulation tests
+        return
+    skip_emulation = pytest.mark.skip(reason="need --run-emulation option to run")
+    for item in items:
+        if "emulation" in item.keywords:
+            item.add_marker(skip_emulation)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(
+    params=[{"CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND": "pip"}, {"CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND": "build"}], ids=["pip", "build"]
+)
+def build_frontend_env(request) -> Dict[str, str]:
+    return request.param  # type: ignore

test/test_0_basic.py

@@ -1,43 +1,59 @@
 import textwrap
-import platform
-from . import test_projects
-from . import utils
+
+import pytest
+
+from cibuildwheel.logger import Logger
+
+from . import test_projects, utils
 
 basic_project = test_projects.new_c_project(
-    setup_py_add=textwrap.dedent('''
+    setup_py_add=textwrap.dedent(
+        """
         import os
 
         if os.environ.get("CIBUILDWHEEL", "0") != "1":
             raise Exception("CIBUILDWHEEL environment variable is not set to 1")
-    ''')
+        """
+    )
 )
 
 
-def test(tmp_path):
-    project_dir = tmp_path / 'project'
+def test(tmp_path, build_frontend_env):
+    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
     basic_project.generate(project_dir)
 
     # build the wheels
-    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir)
+    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir, add_env=build_frontend_env)
 
     # check that the expected wheels are produced
-    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels('spam', '0.1.0')
+    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0")
     assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skip(reason="to keep test output clean")
+def test_sample_build(tmp_path, capfd):
+    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
+    basic_project.generate(project_dir)
+
+    # build the wheels, and let the output passthrough to the caller, so
+    # we can see how it looks
+    with capfd.disabled():
+        logger = Logger()
+        logger.step("test_sample_build")
+        try:
+            utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir)
+        finally:
+            logger.step_end()
+
+
 def test_build_identifiers(tmp_path):
-    project_dir = tmp_path / 'project'
+    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
     basic_project.generate(project_dir)
 
     # check that the number of expected wheels matches the number of build
     # identifiers
-    # after adding CIBW_MANYLINUX_IMAGE to support manylinux2010, there
-    # can be multiple wheels for each wheel, though, so we need to limit
-    # the expected wheels
-    if platform.machine() in ['x86_64', 'i686']:
-        expected_wheels = [w for w in utils.expected_wheels('spam', '0.1.0')
-                           if '-manylinux' not in w or '-manylinux1' in w]
-    else:
-        expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels('spam', '0.1.0')
-    build_identifiers = utils.cibuildwheel_get_build_identifiers(project_dir)
+    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0")
+    build_identifiers = utils.cibuildwheel_get_build_identifiers(
+        project_dir, prerelease_pythons=True
+    )
     assert len(expected_wheels) == len(build_identifiers)

test/test_before_all.py

@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
-import os
+import subprocess
 import textwrap
 
-from . import utils
-from . import test_projects
+import pytest
+
+from . import test_projects, utils
 
 project_with_before_build_asserts = test_projects.new_c_project(
-    setup_py_add=textwrap.dedent(r'''
+    setup_py_add=textwrap.dedent(
+        r"""
         # assert that the Python version as written to text_info.txt in the CIBW_BEFORE_ALL step
         # is the same one as is currently running.
         with open("text_info.txt") as f:
@@ -13,26 +15,62 @@ project_with_before_build_asserts = test_projects.new_c_project(
 
         print("## stored text: " + stored_text)
         assert stored_text == "sample text 123"
-    ''')
+        """
+    )
 )
 
 
 def test(tmp_path):
-    project_dir = tmp_path / 'project'
+    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
     project_with_before_build_asserts.generate(project_dir)
 
-    with open(os.path.join(project_dir, "text_info.txt"), mode='w') as ff:
+    with (project_dir / "text_info.txt").open(mode="w") as ff:
         print("dummy text", file=ff)
 
     # build the wheels
-    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir, add_env={
-        # write python version information to a temporary file, this is
-        # checked in setup.py
-        'CIBW_BEFORE_ALL': '''python -c "import os;open('{project}/text_info.txt', 'w').write('sample text '+os.environ.get('TEST_VAL', ''))"''',
-        'CIBW_ENVIRONMENT': "TEST_VAL='123'"
-    })
+    before_all_command = '''python -c "import os;open('{project}/text_info.txt', 'w').write('sample text '+os.environ.get('TEST_VAL', ''))"'''
+    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(
+        project_dir,
+        add_env={
+            # write python version information to a temporary file, this is
+            # checked in setup.py
+            "CIBW_BEFORE_ALL": before_all_command,
+            "CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_LINUX": f'{before_all_command} && python -c "import sys; assert sys.version_info >= (3, 6)"',
+            "CIBW_ENVIRONMENT": "TEST_VAL='123'",
+        },
+    )
 
     # also check that we got the right wheels
-    os.remove(os.path.join(project_dir, "text_info.txt"))
-    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels('spam', '0.1.0')
+    (project_dir / "text_info.txt").unlink()
+    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0")
+    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)
+
+
+def test_failing_command(tmp_path):
+    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
+    test_projects.new_c_project().generate(project_dir)
+
+    with pytest.raises(subprocess.CalledProcessError):
+        utils.cibuildwheel_run(
+            project_dir,
+            add_env={
+                "CIBW_BEFORE_ALL": "false",
+                "CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_WINDOWS": "exit /b 1",
+            },
+        )
+
+
+def test_cwd(tmp_path):
+    project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
+    test_projects.new_c_project().generate(project_dir)
+
+    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(
+        project_dir,
+        add_env={
+            "CIBW_BEFORE_ALL": f'''python -c "import os; assert os.getcwd() == {str(project_dir)!r}"''',
+            "CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_LINUX": '''python -c "import os; assert os.getcwd() == '/project'"''',
+        },
+    )
+
+    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels("spam", "0.1.0")
     assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)