Bump version: v1.7.3

[Bot] Update dependencies

.circleci/config.yml

@@ -1,38 +1,9 @@
 version: 2
 
 jobs:
-  flake8:
-    docker:
-      - image: circleci/python:3.6
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-
-      - run:
-          name: Install flake8
-          command: sudo python -m pip install flake8
-      - run:
-          name: Test.
-          command: flake8 .
-
   osx-python3.6:
     macos:
-      xcode: "9.4.1"
-    environment:
-      PYTHON: python3
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-
-      - run:
-          name: Prepare the environment.
-          command: bash .circleci/prepare.sh
-      - run:
-          name: Test.
-          command: venv/bin/python ./bin/run_tests.py
-          no_output_timeout: 30m
-
-  osx-python3.7:
-    macos:
-      xcode: "10.0.0"
+      xcode: 9.4.1
     environment:
       PYTHON: python3
     steps:
@@ -67,7 +38,5 @@ workflows:
   version: 2
   all-tests:
     jobs:
-      - flake8
       - osx-python3.6
-      - osx-python3.7
       - linux-python3.6

.circleci/prepare.sh

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+set -o errexit
+set -o xtrace
+
 $PYTHON --version
 $PYTHON -m pip --version
-$PYTHON -m pip install -q --user --ignore-installed --upgrade virtualenv
 $PYTHON -m virtualenv -p $PYTHON venv
 venv/bin/python -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
 venv/bin/python -m pip freeze

.github/auto-merge.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# config file for https://github.com/bobvanderlinden/probot-auto-merge
+
+# no approvals required, just the label is enough
+minApprovals: {}
+
+requiredLabels:
+- merge when green

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -1,25 +1,35 @@
 name: Test
 
 on:
-  push: {}
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - master
   pull_request:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'docs/**'
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    # allow manual runs on branches without a PR
 
 jobs:
-  test:
-    # skip branch builds on joerick/cibuildwheel, but always build `master` and pull requests
-    if: github.repository != 'joerick/cibuildwheel' || github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' || github.event_name == 'pull_request'
+  pre-commit:
+    name: Pre-commit checks (mypy, flake8, etc.)
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+    - uses: pre-commit/action@v2.0.0
 
+  test:
     name: Test cibuildwheel on ${{ matrix.os }}
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-18.04, windows-latest, macos-latest]
         python_version: ['3.7']
+    timeout-minutes: 180
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v1
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v1
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
       name: Install Python ${{ matrix.python_version }}
       with:
         python-version: ${{ matrix.python_version }}
@@ -27,10 +37,21 @@ jobs:
     - name: Install dependencies
       run: |
         python -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
+
     - name: Install Visual C++ for Python 2.7
-      if: startsWith(matrix.os, 'windows')
+      if: runner.os == 'Windows'
       run: |
         choco install vcpython27 -f -y
+
+    - name: Get PR labels
+      id: pr-labels
+      uses: joerick/pr-labels-action@v1.0.6
+
+    - name: Sample build
+      if: contains(steps.pr-labels.outputs.labels, ' ci-sample-build ')
+      run: |
+        python bin/sample_build.py
+
     - name: Test cibuildwheel
       run: |
         python ./bin/run_tests.py

.github/workflows/update-dependencies.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+name: Update dependencies
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+  schedule:
+    - cron: '0 6 * * 1'  # "At 06:00 on Monday."
+
+jobs:
+  update-dependencies:
+    name: Update dependencies
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+      name: Install Python 3.9
+      with:
+        python-version: 3.9
+        architecture: x64
+    - name: Install dependencies
+      run: python -m pip install requests pip-tools
+    - name: Run update
+      run: python ./bin/update_dependencies.py
+    - name: Create Pull Request
+      if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/master'
+      uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v3
+      with:
+        commit-message: Update dependencies
+        title: '[Bot] Update dependencies'
+        body: |
+          Update the versions of our dependencies.
+
+          PR generated by "Update dependencies" [workflow](https://github.com/${{github.repository}}/actions/runs/${{github.run_id}}).
+        branch: update-dependencies-pr
+        delete-branch: true

.gitignore

@@ -102,3 +102,6 @@ env3?/
 
 # VSCode project settings
 /.vscode
+
+# MyPy cache
+.mypy_cache/

.gitlab-ci.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+linux:
+  image: python:3.8
+  services:
+    - name: docker:dind
+      entrypoint: ["env", "-u", "DOCKER_HOST"]
+      command: ["dockerd-entrypoint.sh"]
+  variables:
+    DOCKER_HOST: tcp://docker:2375/
+    DOCKER_DRIVER: overlay2
+    # See https://github.com/docker-library/docker/pull/166
+    DOCKER_TLS_CERTDIR: ""
+  script:
+    - curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh
+    - python -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
+    - python ./bin/run_tests.py

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+repos:
+- repo: https://gitlab.com/pycqa/flake8
+  rev: 3.8.3
+  hooks:
+  - id: flake8
+    exclude: cibuildwheel/resources/
+    additional_dependencies: [flake8-bugbear]
+
+- repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
+  rev: v3.2.0
+  hooks:
+  - id: check-case-conflict
+  - id: check-merge-conflict
+  - id: check-yaml
+  - id: end-of-file-fixer
+    exclude: (cibuildwheel/resources/pinned_docker_images.cfg)|(.svg$)
+  - id: mixed-line-ending
+  - id: trailing-whitespace
+
+- repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy
+  rev: v0.782
+  hooks:
+  - id: mypy
+    files: ^(cibuildwheel/|test/|bin/projects.py)
+    pass_filenames: false

.travis.yml

@@ -6,50 +6,54 @@ branches:
 
 jobs:
   include:
-    - name: Linux | x86_64 + i686 | Python 3.5
+    - name: Linux | x86_64 + i686 | Python 3.6
       language: python
-      python: 3.5
+      python: 3.6
       services: docker
       env: PYTHON=python
 
-    - name: Linux | arm64 | Python 3.5
+    - name: Linux | arm64 | Python 3.6
       language: python
-      python: 3.5
+      python: 3.6
       services: docker
       arch: arm64
       env: PYTHON=python
 
-    - name: Linux | ppc64le | Python 3.5
+    - name: Linux | ppc64le | Python 3.6
       language: python
-      python: 3.5
+      python: 3.6
       services: docker
       arch: ppc64le
       env: PYTHON=python
 
     - name: macOS | x86_64 | Python 3.x
       os: osx
-      env: PYTHON=python3
+      env:
+        - PYTHON=python3
+        - PYTEST_ADDOPTS='-k "unit_test or test_0_basic" --suppress-no-test-exit-code'
 
-    - name: Windows | x86_64 | Python 3.5
+    - name: Windows | x86_64 | Python 3.6
       os: windows
       language: shell
       before_install:
-       - choco install python3 --version 3.5.4 --no-progress -y
+       - choco install python3 --version 3.6.8 --no-progress -y
+       # Update root certificates to fix SSL error; see http://www.chawn.com/RootCerts.htm
+       - powershell "md C:\temp\certs; CertUtil -generateSSTFromWU C:\temp\certs\RootStore.sst; Get-ChildItem -Path C:\\temp\certs\Rootstore.sst | Import-Certificate -CertStoreLocation Cert:\\LocalMachine\\Root\\ | out-null"
       env:
-        - PYTHON=C:\\Python35\\python
+        - PYTHON=C:\\Python36\\python
 
-    - &linux_s390x_35
-      name: Linux | s390x | Python 3.5
+    - &linux_s390x_36
+      name: Linux | s390x | Python 3.6
       language: python
-      python: 3.5
+      python: 3.6
       services: docker
       arch: s390x
       env: PYTHON=python
 
   allow_failures:
     # must repeat the s390x job above exactly to match
-    - *linux_s390x_35
+    - *linux_s390x_36
 
-install: $PYTHON -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
+install: $PYTHON -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt pytest-custom-exit-code
 
 script: $PYTHON ./bin/run_tests.py

CI.md

@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 This is a summary of the Python versions and platforms covered by the different CI platforms:
 
-|          | 3.5              | 3.6              | 3.7                                               | 3.8              |
-|----------|------------------|------------------|---------------------------------------------------|------------------|
-| Linux    | Travis CI        | CircleCI         | AppVeyor / GitHub Actions                         | Azure Pipelines  |
-| macOS    | Azure Pipelines  | CircleCI         | AppVeyor / Travis CI¹ / CircleCI / GitHub Actions | Azure Pipelines  |
-| Windows  | TravisCI         | Azure Pipelines  | AppVeyor / GitHub Actions                         | Azure Pipelines  |
+|          | 3.6                          | 3.7                                      | 3.8              |
+|----------|------------------------------|------------------------------------------|------------------|
+| Linux    | Travis CI / CircleCI         | AppVeyor² / GitHub Actions               | Azure Pipelines  |
+| macOS    | CircleCI                     | AppVeyor² / Travis CI¹ / GitHub Actions  | Azure Pipelines  |
+| Windows  | Travis CI / Azure Pipelines  | AppVeyor² / GitHub Actions               | Azure Pipelines  |
 
 > ¹ Python version not really pinned, but dependent on the (default) version of image used.
+> ² AppVeyor only runs the "basic" test to reduce load.
 
-Non-x86 architectures are covered on Travis CI using Python 3.5.
+Non-x86 architectures are covered on Travis CI using Python 3.6.

README.md

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ cibuildwheel
 
 Python wheels are great. Building them across **Mac, Linux, Windows**, on **multiple versions of Python**, is not.
 
-`cibuildwheel` is here to help. `cibuildwheel` runs on your CI server - currently it supports Azure Pipelines, Travis CI, AppVeyor, GitHub Actions and CircleCI - and it builds and tests your wheels across all of your platforms.
+`cibuildwheel` is here to help. `cibuildwheel` runs on your CI server - currently it supports GitHub Actions, Azure Pipelines, Travis CI, AppVeyor, and CircleCI - and it builds and tests your wheels across all of your platforms.
 
 
 What does it do?
@@ -17,16 +17,19 @@ What does it do?
 
 |   | macOS x86_64 | Windows 64bit | Windows 32bit | manylinux x86_64 | manylinux i686 | manylinux aarch64 | manylinux ppc64le | manylinux s390x |
 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
-| CPython 2.7     | ✅ | ✅¹ | ✅¹ | ✅ | ✅ |     |     |     |
-| CPython 3.5     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² |
-| CPython 3.6     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² |
-| CPython 3.7     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² |
-| CPython 3.8     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² |
-| PyPy 2.7 v7.3.0 | ✅ |     | ✅  | ✅ |    |     |     |     |
-| PyPy 3.6 v7.3.0 | ✅ |     | ✅  | ✅ |    |     |     |     |
+| CPython 2.7     | ✅ | ✅¹ | ✅¹ | ✅ | ✅ |    |    |    |
+| CPython 3.5     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅ | ✅² | ✅² | ✅³ |
+| CPython 3.6     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅ | ✅² | ✅² | ✅³ |
+| CPython 3.7     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅ | ✅² | ✅² | ✅³ |
+| CPython 3.8     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅ | ✅² | ✅² | ✅³ |
+| CPython 3.9     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅ | ✅² | ✅² | ✅³ |
+| PyPy 2.7 v7.3.3 | ✅ |    | ✅  | ✅ |    |    |    |    |
+| PyPy 3.6 v7.3.3 | ✅ |    | ✅  | ✅ |    |    |    |    |
+| PyPy 3.7 (beta) v7.3.3 | ✅ |    | ✅  | ✅ |    |    |    |    |
 
 <sup>¹ Not supported on Travis</sup><br>
-<sup>² Beta support until Travis CI fixes <a href="https://travis-ci.community/t/no-space-left-on-device-for-system-z/5954/11">a bug</a></sup>
+<sup>² Only supported on Travis</sup><br>
+<sup>³ Beta support until Travis CI fixes <a href="https://travis-ci.community/t/no-space-left-on-device-for-system-z/5954/11">a bug</a></sup><br>
 
 - Builds manylinux, macOS and Windows wheels for CPython and PyPy using Azure Pipelines, Travis CI, AppVeyor, and CircleCI
 - Bundles shared library dependencies on Linux and macOS through [auditwheel](https://github.com/pypa/auditwheel) and [delocate](https://github.com/matthew-brett/delocate)
@@ -35,64 +38,61 @@ What does it do?
 Usage
 -----
 
-`cibuildwheel` currently works on **Travis CI**, **Azure Pipelines**, **AppVeyor** and **GitHub Actions** to build wheels for all three supported platforms (Linux, macOS, Windows). On **CircleCI** Linux and macOS wheels can be built.
+`cibuildwheel` currently works on **Travis CI**, **Azure Pipelines**, **AppVeyor**, **GitHub Actions**, **CircleCI**, and **Gitlab CI**. Check the table below for supported platforms on each service:
 
-|                 | Linux | macOS | Windows |
-|-----------------|-------|-------|---------|
-| Azure Pipelines | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      |
-| Travis CI       | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      |
-| AppVeyor        | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      |
-| GitHub Actions  | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      |
-| CircleCI        | ✅    | ✅    |         |
+|                 | Linux | macOS | Windows | Linux ARM |
+|-----------------|-------|-------|---------|--------------|
+| Azure Pipelines | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✴️¹           |
+| Travis CI       | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅           |
+| AppVeyor        | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      |              |
+| GitHub Actions  | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✴️¹           |
+| CircleCI        | ✅    | ✅    |         |              |
+| Gitlab CI       | ✅    |       |         |              |
 
-`cibuildwheel` is not intended to run on your development machine. Because it uses system Python from Python.org it will try to install packages globally - not what you expect from a build tool! Instead, isolated CI services like Travis CI, CircleCI, Azure Pipelines and AppVeyor are ideal.
+<sup>¹ Requires a "third-party build host"; expected to work with cibuildwheel but not directly tested by our CI.</sup><br>
+
+`cibuildwheel` is not intended to run on your development machine. Because it uses system Python from Python.org it will try to install packages globally - not what you expect from a build tool! Instead, isolated CI services like those mentioned above are ideal.
 
 <!--intro-end-->
 
 Example setup
 -------------
 
-To build manylinux, macOS, and Windows wheels on Travis CI and upload them to PyPI whenever you tag a version, you could use this `.travis.yml`:
+To build manylinux, macOS, and Windows wheels on Github Actions, you could use this `.github/workflows/wheels.yml`:
 
 ```yaml
-language: python
+name: Build
+
+on: [push, pull_request]
 
 jobs:
-  include:
-    # perform a linux build
-    - services: docker
-    # and a mac build
-    - os: osx
-      language: shell
-    # and a windows build
-    - os: windows
-      language: shell
-      before_install:
-        - choco install python --version 3.8.0
-        - export PATH="/c/Python38:/c/Python38/Scripts:$PATH"
+  build_wheels:
+    name: Build wheels on ${{ matrix.os }}
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        os: [ubuntu-20.04, windows-2019, macOS-10.15]
 
-env:
-  global:
-    - TWINE_USERNAME=__token__
-    # Note: TWINE_PASSWORD is set to a PyPI API token in Travis settings
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
 
-install:
-  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.4.1
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+        name: Install Python
 
-script:
-  # build the wheels, put them into './wheelhouse'
-  - python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
+      - name: Install cibuildwheel
+        run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.7.3
 
-after_success:
-  # if the release was tagged, upload them to PyPI
-  - |
-    if [[ $TRAVIS_TAG ]]; then
-      python3 -m pip install twine
-      python3 -m twine upload wheelhouse/*.whl
-    fi
+      - name: Build wheels
+        run: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
+        env:
+          CIBW_SKIP: "cp27-* pp27-*"  # skip Python 2.7 wheels
+
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+        with:
+          path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl
 ```
 
-For more information, including how to build on Appveyor, Azure, CircleCI, check out the [documentation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.org) and also check out [the examples](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/tree/master/examples).
+For more information, including building on Python 2, PyPI deployment, and the use of other CI services like Travis CI, Appveyor, Azure Pipelines, or CircleCI, check out the [documentation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.org) and the [examples](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/tree/master/examples).
 
 Options
 -------
@@ -100,36 +100,161 @@ Options
 |   | Option | Description |
 |---|--------|-------------|
 | **Build selection** | [`CIBW_PLATFORM`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#platform)  | Override the auto-detected target platform |
-|   | [`CIBW_BUILD`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#build-skip)  [`CIBW_SKIP`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#build-skip)  | Choose the Python versions to build |
-| **Build environment** | [`CIBW_ENVIRONMENT`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#environment)  | Set environment variables needed during the build |
+|   | [`CIBW_BUILD`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#build-skip)  <br> [`CIBW_SKIP`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#build-skip)  | Choose the Python versions to build |
+| **Build customization** | [`CIBW_ENVIRONMENT`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#environment)  | Set environment variables needed during the build |
+|   | [`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#before-all)  | Execute a shell command on the build system before any wheels are built. |
 |   | [`CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#before-build)  | Execute a shell command preparing each wheel's build |
 |   | [`CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#repair-wheel-command)  | Execute a shell command to repair each (non-pure Python) built wheel |
-|   | [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_X86_64_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  | Specify alternative manylinux docker images |
+|   | [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  <br> [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  <br> [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_X86_64_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  <br> [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_AARCH64_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  <br> [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_PPC64LE_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  <br> [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_S390X_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  | Specify alternative manylinux docker images |
+|   | [`CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#dependency-versions)  | Specify how cibuildwheel controls the versions of the tools it uses |
 | **Testing** | [`CIBW_TEST_COMMAND`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#test-command)  | Execute a shell command to test each built wheel |
-|   | [`CIBW_BEFORE_TEST`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#before-test)  | Execute shell command to prepare test environment |
+|   | [`CIBW_BEFORE_TEST`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#before-test)  | Execute a shell command before testing each wheel |
 |   | [`CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#test-requires)  | Install Python dependencies before running the tests |
 |   | [`CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#test-extras)  | Install your wheel for testing using extras_require |
 | **Other** | [`CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#build-verbosity)  | Increase/decrease the output of pip wheel |
 
+
 Working examples
 ----------------
 
+<!--working-examples-start-->
+
 Here are some repos that use cibuildwheel.
 
-- [pyinstrument_cext](https://github.com/joerick/pyinstrument_cext)
-- [websockets](https://github.com/aaugustin/websockets)
-- [Parselmouth](https://github.com/YannickJadoul/Parselmouth)
-- [python-admesh](https://github.com/admesh/python-admesh)
-- [pybase64](https://github.com/mayeut/pybase64)
-- [KDEpy](https://github.com/tommyod/KDEpy)
-- [AutoPy](https://github.com/autopilot-rs/autopy)
-- [apriltags2-ethz](https://github.com/safijari/apriltags2_ethz)
-- [TgCrypto](https://github.com/pyrogram/tgcrypto)
-- [Twisted](https://github.com/twisted/twisted)
-- [gmic-py](https://github.com/dtschump/gmic-py)
-- [creme](https://github.com/creme-ml/creme)
+<!-- START bin/projects.py -->
 
-> Add your repo here! Send a PR.
+<!-- this section is generated by bin/projects.py. Don't edit it directly, instead, edit docs/data/projects.yml -->
+
+| Name                              | CI | OS | Notes |
+|-----------------------------------|----|----|:------|
+| [scikit-learn][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The machine learning library. A complex but clean config using many of cibuildwheel's features to build a large project with Cython and C++ extensions.  |
+| [Matplotlib][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The venerable Matplotlib, a Python library with C++ portions |
+| [psutil][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Cross-platform lib for process and system monitoring in Python |
+| [twisted-iocpsupport][]           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] | A submodule of Twisted that hooks into native C APIs using Cython. |
+| [scikit-image][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Image processing library. Uses cibuildwheel to build and test a project that uses Cython with platform-native code.  |
+| [websockets][]                    | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Library for building WebSocket servers and clients. Mostly written in Python, with a small C 'speedups' extension module.  |
+| [pyzmq][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for zeromq, the networking library. Uses Cython and CFFI.  |
+| [aiortc][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | WebRTC and ORTC implementation for Python using asyncio. |
+| [h5py][]                          | ![azurepipelines icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | HDF5 for Python -- The h5py package is a Pythonic interface to the HDF5 binary data format. |
+| [coverage.py][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The coverage tool for Python |
+| [River][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | 🌊 Online machine learning in Python |
+| [PyAV][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Pythonic bindings for FFmpeg's libraries. |
+| [Dependency Injector][]           | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Dependency injection framework for Python, uses Windows TravisCI |
+| [aioquic][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | QUIC and HTTP/3 implementation in Python |
+| [google neuroglancer][]           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | WebGL-based viewer for volumetric data |
+| [AutoPy][]                        | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes a Windows Travis build. |
+| [pikepdf][]                       | ![azurepipelines icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python library for reading and writing PDF, powered by qpdf |
+| [Parselmouth][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python interface to the Praat software package, using pybind11, C++17 and CMake, with the core Praat static library built only once and shared between wheels. |
+| [python-rapidjson][]              | ![travisci icon][] ![gitlab icon][] ![appveyor icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python wrapper around rapidjson |
+| [Rtree][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Rtree: spatial index for Python GIS ¶ |
+| [KDEpy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Kernel Density Estimation in Python |
+| [pybind11 python_example][]       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Example pybind11 module built with a Python-based build system |
+| [pybind11 cmake_example][]        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Example pybind11 module built with a CMake-based build system |
+| [iminuit][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Jupyter-friendly Python interface for C++ MINUIT2 |
+| [jq.py][]                         | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for jq |
+| [bx-python][]                     | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A library that includes Cython extensions. |
+| [boost-histogram][]               | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Supports full range of wheels, including PyPy and alternate archs. |
+| [pybase64][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast Base64 encoding/decoding in Python |
+| [TgCrypto][]                      | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes a Windows Travis build. |
+| [etebase-py][]                    | ![travisci icon][] | ![linux icon][] | Python bindings to a Rust library using `setuptools-rust`, and `sccache` for improved speed. |
+| [pyjet][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The interface between FastJet and NumPy |
+| [numpythia][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The interface between PYTHIA and NumPy |
+| [fathon][]                        | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | python package for DFA (Detrended Fluctuation Analysis) and related algorithms |
+| [pyinstrument_cext][]             | ![travisci icon][] ![appveyor icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A simple C extension, without external dependencies |
+| [xmlstarlet][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python 3.6+ CFFI bindings with true MSVC build. |
+| [pybind11 scikit_build_example][] | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | An example combining scikit-build and pybind11 |
+
+[scikit-learn]: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn
+[Matplotlib]: https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib
+[psutil]: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil
+[twisted-iocpsupport]: https://github.com/twisted/twisted-iocpsupport
+[scikit-image]: https://github.com/scikit-image/scikit-image
+[websockets]: https://github.com/aaugustin/websockets
+[pyzmq]: https://github.com/zeromq/pyzmq
+[aiortc]: https://github.com/aiortc/aiortc
+[h5py]: https://github.com/h5py/h5py
+[coverage.py]: https://github.com/nedbat/coveragepy
+[River]: https://github.com/online-ml/river
+[PyAV]: https://github.com/PyAV-Org/PyAV
+[Dependency Injector]: https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector
+[aioquic]: https://github.com/aiortc/aioquic
+[google neuroglancer]: https://github.com/google/neuroglancer
+[AutoPy]: https://github.com/autopilot-rs/autopy
+[pikepdf]: https://github.com/pikepdf/pikepdf
+[Parselmouth]: https://github.com/YannickJadoul/Parselmouth
+[python-rapidjson]: https://github.com/python-rapidjson/python-rapidjson
+[Rtree]: https://github.com/Toblerity/rtree
+[KDEpy]: https://github.com/tommyod/KDEpy
+[pybind11 python_example]: https://github.com/pybind/python_example
+[pybind11 cmake_example]: https://github.com/pybind/cmake_example
+[iminuit]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/iminuit
+[jq.py]: https://github.com/mwilliamson/jq.py
+[bx-python]: https://github.com/bxlab/bx-python
+[boost-histogram]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/boost-histogram
+[pybase64]: https://github.com/mayeut/pybase64
+[TgCrypto]: https://github.com/pyrogram/tgcrypto
+[etebase-py]: https://github.com/etesync/etebase-py
+[pyjet]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/pyjet
+[numpythia]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/numpythia
+[fathon]: https://github.com/stfbnc/fathon
+[pyinstrument_cext]: https://github.com/joerick/pyinstrument_cext
+[xmlstarlet]: https://github.com/dimitern/xmlstarlet
+[pybind11 scikit_build_example]: https://github.com/pybind/scikit_build_example
+
+[appveyor icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/appveyor.svg
+[github icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/github.svg
+[azurepipelines icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/azurepipelines.svg
+[circleci icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/circleci.svg
+[gitlab icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/gitlab.svg
+[travisci icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/travisci.svg
+[windows icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/windows.svg
+[apple icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/apple.svg
+[linux icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/linux.svg
+
+<!-- scikit-learn: 43477, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- Matplotlib: 12823, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- psutil: 6887, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- twisted-iocpsupport: 4114, last pushed 2 days ago -->
+<!-- scikit-image: 4104, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- websockets: 3089, last pushed 10 days ago -->
+<!-- pyzmq: 2654, last pushed 20 days ago -->
+<!-- aiortc: 2073, last pushed 7 days ago -->
+<!-- h5py: 1455, last pushed 12 days ago -->
+<!-- coverage.py: 1441, last pushed 3 days ago -->
+<!-- River: 1219, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- PyAV: 1114, last pushed 14 days ago -->
+<!-- Dependency Injector: 1030, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- aioquic: 552, last pushed 49 days ago -->
+<!-- google neuroglancer: 550, last pushed 7 days ago -->
+<!-- AutoPy: 507, last pushed 105 days ago -->
+<!-- pikepdf: 487, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- Parselmouth: 433, last pushed 26 days ago -->
+<!-- python-rapidjson: 407, last pushed 10 days ago -->
+<!-- Rtree: 378, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- KDEpy: 230, last pushed 9 days ago -->
+<!-- pybind11 python_example: 221, last pushed 44 days ago -->
+<!-- pybind11 cmake_example: 219, last pushed 7 days ago -->
+<!-- iminuit: 166, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- jq.py: 138, last pushed 73 days ago -->
+<!-- bx-python: 94, last pushed 1 days ago -->
+<!-- boost-histogram: 63, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- pybase64: 52, last pushed 2 days ago -->
+<!-- TgCrypto: 49, last pushed 36 days ago -->
+<!-- etebase-py: 40, last pushed 3 days ago -->
+<!-- pyjet: 27, last pushed 29 days ago -->
+<!-- numpythia: 23, last pushed 28 days ago -->
+<!-- fathon: 18, last pushed 1 days ago -->
+<!-- pyinstrument_cext: 10, last pushed 29 days ago -->
+<!-- xmlstarlet: 7, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- pybind11 scikit_build_example: 0, last pushed 42 days ago -->
+
+<!-- END bin/projects.py -->
+
+> Add your repo here! Send a PR, adding your information to `docs/data/projects.yml`.
+>
+> <sup>I'd like to include notes here to indicate why an example might be interesting to cibuildwheel users - the styles/technologies/techniques used in each. Please include that in future additions!</sup>
+
+<!--working-examples-end-->
 
 Legal note
 ----------
@@ -143,6 +268,161 @@ This is similar to static linking, so it might have some licence implications. C
 Changelog
 =========
 
+<!--changelog-start-->
+
+### 1.7.3
+
+_1 January 2021_
+
+- 🛠 Added a patch for Pypy to ensure header files are available for building
+  in a virtualenv. (#502)
+- 🛠 Some preparatory work towards using cibuildwheel as a Github Action.
+  Check out
+  [the FAQ](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#option-1-github-action)
+  for information on how to use it. We'll be fully updating the docs to this
+  approach in a subsequent release (#494)
+
+### 1.7.2
+
+_21 December 2020_
+
+- 🛠 Update dependencies, notably wheel==0.36.2 and pip==20.3.3, and CPython to
+  their latest bugfix releases (#489)
+- 📚 Switch to a Github example in the README (#479)
+- 📚 Create Working Examples table, with many projects that use cibuildwheel (#474)
+- 📚 Import Working Examples table and Changelog to docs
+
+### 1.7.1
+
+_3 December 2020_
+
+- 🛠 Update manylinux2010 image to resolve issues with 'yum' repositories
+  (#472)
+
+### 1.7.0
+
+_26 November 2020_
+
+- ✨ New logging format, that uses 'fold groups' in CI services that support
+  it. (#458)
+- 🛠 Update PyPy to 7.3.3 (#460)
+- 🐛 Fix a bug where CIBW_BEFORE_ALL runs with a very old version of Python on
+  Linux. (#464)
+
+### 1.6.4
+
+_31 October 2020_
+
+- 🐛 Fix crash on Appveyor during nuget install due to old system CA
+  certificates. We now use certifi's CA certs to download files. (#455)
+
+### 1.6.3
+
+_12 October 2020_
+
+- 🐛 Fix missing SSL certificates on macOS (#447)
+- 🛠 Update OpenSSL Python 3.5 patch to 1.1.1h on macOS (#449)
+
+### 1.6.2
+
+_9 October 2020_
+
+- ✨ Python 3.9 updated to the final release version - v3.9.0 (#440)
+- 🛠 Pypy updated to v7.3.2, adding alpha support for Python 3.7 (#430)
+
+### 1.6.1
+
+_20 September 2020_
+
+- 🛠 Add PPC64LE manylinux image supporting Python 3.9. (#436)
+- 📚 Add project URLs to PyPI listing (#428)
+
+### 1.6.0
+
+_9 September 2020_
+
+- 🌟 Add Python 3.9 support! This initial support uses release candidate
+  builds. You can start publishing wheels for Python 3.9 now, ahead of
+  the official release. (#382)
+
+  Minor note - if you're building PPC64LE wheels, the manylinux image pinned
+  by this version is
+  [still on Python 3.9b3](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux/issues/758), not a
+  release candidate. We'd advise holding off on distributing 3.9 ppc64le wheels
+  until a subsequent version of cibuildwheel.
+- 🌟 Add Gitlab CI support. Gitlab CI can now build Linux wheels, using
+  cibuildwheel. (#419)
+- 🐛 Fix a bug that causes pyproject.toml dependencies to fail to install on
+  Windows (#420)
+- 📚 Added some information about Windows VC++ runtimes and how they relate
+  to wheels.
+
+### 1.5.5
+
+_22 July 2020_
+
+- 🐛 Fix a bug that would cause command substitutions in CIBW_ENVIRONMENT to
+  produce no output on Linux (#411)
+- 🐛 Fix regression (introduced in 1.5.3) which caused BEFORE_BUILD and
+  BEFORE_ALL to be executed in the wrong directory (#410)
+
+### 1.5.4
+
+_19 June 2020_
+
+- 🐛 Fix a bug that would cause command substitutions in CIBW_ENVIRONMENT
+  variables to not interpret quotes in commands correctly (#406, #408)
+
+### 1.5.3
+
+_19 July 2020_
+
+- 🛠 Update CPython 3.8 to 3.8.3 (#405)
+- 🛠 Internal refactoring of Linux build, to move control flow into Python (#386)
+
+### 1.5.2
+
+_8 July 2020_
+
+- 🐛 Fix an issue on Windows where pyproject.toml would cause an error when
+  some requirements formats were used. (#401)
+- 🛠 Update CPython 3.7 to 3.7.8 (#394)
+
+### 1.5.1
+
+_25 June 2020_
+
+- 🐛 Fix "OSError: [WinError 17] The system cannot move the file to a different
+  disk drive" on Github Actions (#388, #389)
+
+### 1.5.0
+
+_24 June 2020_
+
+- 🌟 Add [`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#before-all)
+  option, which lets you run a command on the build machine before any wheels
+  are built. This is especially useful when building on Linux, to `make`
+  something external to Python, or to `yum install` a dependency. (#342)
+- ✨ Added support for projects using pyproject.toml instead of setup.py
+  (#360, #358)
+- ✨ Added workaround to allow Python 3.5 on Windows to pull dependencies from
+  pyproject.toml. (#358)
+- 📚 Improved Github Actions examples and docs (#354, #362)
+- 🐛 Ensure pip wheel uses the specified package, and doesn't build a wheel
+  from PyPI (#369)
+- 🛠 Internal changes: using pathlib.Path, precommit hooks, testing
+  improvements.
+
+### 1.4.2
+
+_25 May 2020_
+
+- 🛠 Dependency updates, including CPython 3.8.3 & manylinux images.
+- 🛠 Lots of internal updates - type annotations and checking using mypy, and
+  a new integration testing system.
+- ⚠️ Removed support for *running* cibuildwheel using Python 3.5. cibuildwheel
+  will continue to build Python 3.5 wheels until EOL.
+
 ### 1.4.1
 
 _4 May 2020_
@@ -155,7 +435,7 @@ _4 May 2020_
 
 _2 May 2020_
 
-- ✨ Deterministic builds. cibuildwheel now locks the versions of the tools it
+- 🌟 Deterministic builds. cibuildwheel now locks the versions of the tools it
   uses. This means that pinning your version of cibuildwheel pins the versions
   of pip, setuptools, manylinux etc. that are used under the hood. This should
   make things more reliable. But note that we don't control the entire build
@@ -185,7 +465,7 @@ _2 May 2020_
 
 _12 March 2020_
 
-- ✨ Add support for building on Github Actions! Check out the
+- 🌟 Add support for building on Github Actions! Check out the
   [docs](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/setup/#github-actions)
   for information on how to set it up. (#194)
 - ✨ Add the `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST` option, which lets you run a command to
@@ -195,9 +475,9 @@ _12 March 2020_
 
 _8 March 2020_
 
-- ✨ Add support for building PyPy wheels, across Manylinux, macOS, and
+- 🌟 Add support for building PyPy wheels, across Manylinux, macOS, and
   Windows. (#185)
-- ✨ Added the ability to build ARM64 (aarch64), ppc64le, and s390x wheels,
+- 🌟 Added the ability to build ARM64 (aarch64), ppc64le, and s390x wheels,
   using manylinux2014 and Travis CI. (#273)
 - ✨ You can now build macOS wheels on Appveyor. (#230)
 - 🛠 Changed default macOS minimum target to 10.9, from 10.6. This allows the
@@ -218,7 +498,7 @@ _8 March 2020_
 
 _7 December 2019_
 
-- ✨ Add support for building manylinux2014 wheels. To use, set
+- 🌟 Add support for building manylinux2014 wheels. To use, set
   `CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE` and CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE to
   `manylinux2014`.
 - ✨ Add support for [Linux on Appveyor](https://www.appveyor.com/blog/2018/03/06/appveyor-for-linux/) (#204, #207)
@@ -231,8 +511,8 @@ _7 December 2019_
 
 _10 November 2019_
 
-- ✨ Add support for building Python 3.8 wheels! (#180)
-- ✨ Add support for building manylinux2010 wheels. cibuildwheel will now
+- 🌟 Add support for building Python 3.8 wheels! (#180)
+- 🌟 Add support for building manylinux2010 wheels. cibuildwheel will now
   build using the manylinux2010 images by default. If your project is still
   manylinux1 compatible, you should get both manylinux1 and manylinux2010
   wheels - you can upload both to PyPI. If you always require manylinux1 wheels, you can
@@ -268,7 +548,7 @@ _28 May 2019_
 
 _26 May 2019_
 
-- ✨ Add support for building on Azure pipelines! This lets you build all
+- 🌟 Add support for building on Azure pipelines! This lets you build all
   Linux, Mac and Windows wheels on one service, so it promises to be the
   easiest to set up! Check out the quickstart in the docs, or
   [cibuildwheel-azure-example](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel-azure-example)
@@ -298,8 +578,8 @@ _3 February 2019_
 
 _23 September 2018_
 
-- ✨ Add `CIBW_BUILD` option, for specifying which specific builds to perform (#101)
-- ✨ Add support for building Mac and Linux on CircleCI (#91, #97)
+- 🌟 Add `CIBW_BUILD` option, for specifying which specific builds to perform (#101)
+- 🌟 Add support for building Mac and Linux on CircleCI (#91, #97)
 - 🛠 Improved support for building universal wheels (#95)
 - 🛠 Ensure log output is unbuffered and therefore in the correct order (#92)
 - 🛠 Improved error reporting for errors that occur inside a package's setup.py (#88)
@@ -419,6 +699,8 @@ _31 March 2017_
 
 - 🌟 First public release!
 
+<!--changelog-end-->
+
 Contributing
 ============
 
@@ -430,6 +712,7 @@ Maintainers
 - Joe Rickerby [@joerick](https://github.com/joerick)
 - Yannick Jadoul [@YannickJadoul](https://github.com/YannickJadoul)
 - Matthieu Darbois [@mayeut](https://github.com/mayeut)
+- Henry Schreiner [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii)
 
 Credits
 -------
@@ -451,4 +734,4 @@ See also
 
 If you'd like to keep wheel building separate from the package itself, check out [astrofrog/autowheel](https://github.com/astrofrog/autowheel). It builds packages using cibuildwheel from source distributions on PyPI.
 
-If `cibuildwheel` is too limited for your needs, consider [matthew-brett/multibuild](http://github.com/matthew-brett/multibuild). `multibuild` is a toolbox for building a wheel on various platforms. It can do a lot more than this project - it's used to build SciPy!
+Another very similar tool to consider is [matthew-brett/multibuild](http://github.com/matthew-brett/multibuild). `multibuild` is a shell script toolbox for building a wheel on various platforms. It is used as a basis to build some of the big data science tools, like SciPy.

action.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+name: cibuildwheel
+description: 'Installs and runs cibuildwheel on the current runner'
+inputs:
+  package-dir:
+    description: 'Input directory, defaults to "."'
+    required: false
+    default: .
+  output-dir:
+    description: 'Folder to place the outputs in, defaults to "wheelhouse"'
+    required: false
+    default: wheelhouse
+branding:
+  icon: package
+  color: yellow
+
+runs:
+  using: composite
+  steps:
+
+    # This needs powershell-core because github.action path is a Windows-style
+    # path on Windows.  Powershell-core understands both types of paths.
+    - run: python -m pip install ${{ github.action_path }}
+      shell: pwsh
+
+    - run: python -m cibuildwheel ${{ inputs.package-dir }} --output-dir ${{ inputs.output-dir }}
+      shell: bash

appveyor.yml

@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
 environment:
-  # workaround an appveyor bug on macos 
-  # see https://github.com/appveyor/ci/issues/3376#issuecomment-611314299
-  APPVEYOR_CONSOLE_DISABLE_PTY: true
   matrix:
     - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Ubuntu
       APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME: "python37-x64-ubuntu"
@@ -19,7 +16,7 @@ init:
 - ps: |
       $BRANCH = if ($env:APPVEYOR_PULL_REQUEST_HEAD_REPO_BRANCH) { $env:APPVEYOR_PULL_REQUEST_HEAD_REPO_BRANCH } else { $env:APPVEYOR_REPO_BRANCH }
       if (-not ($BRANCH -eq 'master' -or $BRANCH.ToLower().StartsWith('appveyor-'))) {
-        $env:PYTEST_ADDOPTS='-k "unit_test or _basic" --suppress-no-test-exit-code'
+        $env:PYTEST_ADDOPTS='-k "unit_test or test_0_basic" --suppress-no-test-exit-code'
       }
 
 install: python -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt pytest-custom-exit-code

azure-pipelines.yml

@@ -6,17 +6,7 @@ jobs:
       inputs:
         versionSpec: '3.8'
     - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
-        python ./bin/run_tests.py
-
-- job: macos_35
-  pool: {vmImage: 'macOS-10.15'}
-  steps:
-    - task: UsePythonVersion@0
-      inputs:
-        versionSpec: '3.5'
-    - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
+        python -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt pytest-azurepipelines
         python ./bin/run_tests.py
 
 - job: macos_38
@@ -26,11 +16,12 @@ jobs:
       inputs:
         versionSpec: '3.8'
     - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
+        python -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt pytest-azurepipelines
         python ./bin/run_tests.py
 
 - job: windows_36
   pool: {vmImage: 'vs2017-win2016'}
+  timeoutInMinutes: 180
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
       inputs:
@@ -38,11 +29,12 @@ jobs:
     - script: choco install vcpython27 -f -y
       displayName: Install Visual C++ for Python 2.7
     - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
+        python -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt pytest-azurepipelines
         python ./bin/run_tests.py
 
 - job: windows_38
   pool: {vmImage: 'vs2017-win2016'}
+  timeoutInMinutes: 180
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
       inputs:
@@ -50,6 +42,5 @@ jobs:
     - script: choco install vcpython27 -f -y
       displayName: Install Visual C++ for Python 2.7
     - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
+        python -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt pytest-azurepipelines
         python ./bin/run_tests.py
-

bin/bump_version.py

@@ -7,18 +7,41 @@ import cibuildwheel
 from packaging.version import Version, InvalidVersion
 import subprocess
 import glob
+import urllib.parse
 
 config = [
     # file path, version find/replace format
-    ('cibuildwheel/__init__.py', "__version__ = '{}'"),
-    ('setup.py', "version='{}'"),
     ('README.md', "cibuildwheel=={}"),
+    ('cibuildwheel/__init__.py', "__version__ = '{}'"),
+    ('docs/faq.md', "cibuildwheel=={}"),
+    ('docs/faq.md', "cibuildwheel@v{}"),
+    ('docs/setup.md', "cibuildwheel@v{}"),
     ('examples/*', "cibuildwheel=={}"),
+    ('setup.py', "version='{}'"),
 ]
 
 
 @click.command()
 def bump_version():
+    current_version = cibuildwheel.__version__
+
+    try:
+        commit_date_str = subprocess.run([
+            'git',
+            'show', '-s', '--pretty=format:%ci',
+            f'v{current_version}^{{commit}}'
+        ], check=True, capture_output=True, encoding='utf8').stdout
+        commit_date_parts = commit_date_str.split(' ')
+
+        url = 'https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/pulls?' + urllib.parse.urlencode({
+            'q': f'is:pr merged:>{commit_date_parts[0]}T{commit_date_parts[1]}{commit_date_parts[2]}',
+        })
+        print(f'PRs merged since last release:\n  {url}')
+        print()
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+        print(e)
+        print('Failed to get previous version tag information.')
+
     git_changes_result = subprocess.run(['git diff-index --quiet HEAD --'], shell=True)
     repo_has_uncommitted_changes = git_changes_result.returncode != 0
 
@@ -26,7 +49,6 @@ def bump_version():
         print('error: Uncommitted changes detected.')
         exit(1)
 
-    current_version = cibuildwheel.__version__
     print(              'Current version:', current_version)  # noqa
     new_version = input('    New version: ').strip()
 
@@ -87,6 +109,7 @@ def bump_version():
 
     print('Files updated. If you want to update the changelog as part of this')
     print('commit, do that now.')
+    print()
 
     while input('Type "done" to continue: ').strip().lower() != 'done':
         pass

bin/dev_run_test

@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 
-cd "$(dirname "$0")"
-cd ..
-
-CIBW_PLATFORM=linux ./bin/run_test.py $1
+CIBW_PLATFORM=linux pytest "$@"

bin/projects.py

@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+"""
+Convert a yaml project list into a nice table.
+
+Suggested usage:
+
+    ./bin/projects.py docs/data/projects.yml --online --auth $GITHUB_API_TOKEN --readme README.md
+    git diff
+"""
+
+import builtins
+import functools
+from datetime import datetime
+from io import StringIO
+from typing import Dict, Any, List, Optional, TextIO
+
+import click
+import yaml
+from github import Github
+import urllib.request
+import xml.dom.minidom
+from pathlib import Path
+
+
+ICONS = (
+    "appveyor",
+    "github",
+    "azurepipelines",
+    "circleci",
+    "gitlab",
+    "travisci",
+    "windows",
+    "apple",
+    "linux",
+)
+
+
+class Project:
+    NAME: int = 0
+
+    def __init__(self, config: Dict[str, Any], github: Optional[Github] = None):
+        try:
+            self.name: str = config["name"]
+            self.gh: str = config["gh"]
+        except KeyError:
+            print("Invalid config, needs at least gh and name!", config)
+            raise
+
+        self.stars_repo: str = config.get("stars", self.gh)
+        self.notes: str = config.get("notes", "")
+        self.ci: List[str] = config.get("ci", [])
+        self.os: List[str] = config.get("os", [])
+
+        self.online = github is not None
+        if github is not None:
+            repo = github.get_repo(self.stars_repo)
+            self.num_stars = repo.stargazers_count
+            self.pushed_at = repo.pushed_at
+            if not self.notes:
+                notes = repo.description
+                if repo.description:
+                    self.notes = notes
+        else:
+            self.num_stars = 0
+            self.pushed_at = datetime.utcnow()
+
+        name_len = len(self.name) + 4
+        self.__class__.NAME = max(self.__class__.NAME, name_len)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other: "Project") -> bool:
+        if self.online:
+            return self.num_stars < other.num_stars
+        else:
+            return self.name < other.name
+
+    @classmethod
+    def header(cls) -> str:
+        return (
+            f"| {'Name':{cls.NAME}} | CI | OS | Notes |\n"
+            f"|{'':-^{cls.NAME+2  }}|----|----|:------|"
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def namelink(self) -> str:
+        return f"[{self.name}][]"
+
+    @property
+    def starslink(self) -> str:
+        return f"![{self.name} stars][]"
+
+    @property
+    def url(self) -> str:
+        return f"https://github.com/{self.gh}"
+
+    @property
+    def ci_icons(self) -> str:
+        return " ".join(f"![{icon} icon][]" for icon in self.ci)
+
+    @property
+    def os_icons(self) -> str:
+        return " ".join(f"![{icon} icon][]" for icon in self.os)
+
+    def table_row(self) -> str:
+        notes = self.notes.replace('\n', ' ')
+        return f"| {self.namelink: <{self.NAME}} | {self.ci_icons} | {self.os_icons} | {notes} |"
+
+    def links(self) -> str:
+        return f"[{self.name}]: {self.url}"
+
+    def info(self) -> str:
+        days = (datetime.utcnow() - self.pushed_at).days
+        return f"<!-- {self.name}: {self.num_stars}, last pushed {days} days ago -->"
+
+
+def fetch_icon(icon_name: str) -> None:
+    url = f'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/simple-icons@v4/icons/{icon_name}.svg'
+    with urllib.request.urlopen(url) as f:
+        original_svg_data = f.read()
+
+    document = xml.dom.minidom.parseString(original_svg_data)
+    svgElement = document.documentElement
+    assert svgElement.nodeName == 'svg'
+    svgElement.setAttribute('width', '16px')
+    svgElement.setAttribute('fill', '#606060')
+
+    icon_path = path_for_icon(icon_name)
+    icon_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    with open(path_for_icon(icon_name), 'w') as f:
+        f.write(svgElement.toxml())
+
+
+def path_for_icon(icon_name: str) -> Path:
+    return Path('.') / 'docs' / 'data' / 'readme_icons' / f'{icon_name}.svg'
+
+
+def str_projects(
+    config: List[Dict[str, Any]], *, online: bool = True, auth: Optional[str] = None
+) -> str:
+    io = StringIO()
+    print = functools.partial(builtins.print, file=io)
+
+    if online:
+        for icon in ICONS:
+            fetch_icon(icon)
+
+    github = Github(auth) if online else None
+
+    projects = sorted((Project(item, github) for item in config), reverse=online)
+
+    print(Project.header())
+    for project in projects:
+        print(project.table_row())
+
+    print()
+    for project in projects:
+        print(project.links())
+
+    print()
+    for icon in ICONS:
+        print(f"[{icon} icon]: {path_for_icon(icon).as_posix()}")
+
+    print()
+    for project in projects:
+        print(project.info())
+
+    return io.getvalue()
+
+
+@click.command()
+@click.argument("input", type=click.File("r"))
+@click.option("--online/--no-online", default=True, help="Get info from GitHub")
+@click.option("--auth", help="GitHub authentication token")
+@click.option("--readme", type=click.File("r+"), help="Modify a readme file if given")
+def projects(
+    input: TextIO, online: bool, auth: Optional[str], readme: Optional[TextIO]
+) -> None:
+    config = yaml.safe_load(input)
+    output = str_projects(config, online=online, auth=auth)
+
+    if readme is None:
+        print(output)
+    else:
+        text = readme.read()
+        start_str = "<!-- START bin/projects.py -->\n"
+        start = text.find(start_str)
+        end = text.find("<!-- END bin/projects.py -->\n")
+        generated_note = f'<!-- this section is generated by bin/projects.py. Don\'t edit it directly, instead, edit {input.name} -->'
+        new_text = f"{text[:start + len(start_str)]}\n{generated_note}\n\n{output}\n{text[end:]}"
+
+        readme.seek(0)
+        readme.write(new_text)
+        readme.truncate()
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    projects()

bin/run_example_ci_configs.py

@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+import shutil
+from subprocess import run
+import sys
+import textwrap
+import time
+import click
+from collections import namedtuple
+from urllib.parse import quote
+
+
+def shell(cmd, **kwargs):
+    return run([cmd], shell=True, **kwargs)
+
+
+def git_repo_has_changes():
+    unstaged_changes = shell('git diff-index --quiet HEAD --').returncode != 0
+    staged_changes = shell('git diff-index --quiet --cached HEAD --').returncode != 0
+    return unstaged_changes or staged_changes
+
+
+def generate_basic_project(path):
+    sys.path.insert(0, '')
+    from test.test_projects.c import new_c_project
+
+    project = new_c_project()
+    project.generate(path)
+
+
+CIService = namedtuple('CIService', 'name src_config_path dst_config_path badge_md')
+services = [
+    CIService(
+        name='appveyor',
+        src_config_path='examples/appveyor-minimal.yml',
+        dst_config_path='appveyor.yml',
+        badge_md='[![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/wbsgxshp05tt1tif/branch/{branch}?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/joerick/cibuildwheel/branch/{branch})',
+    ),
+    CIService(
+        name='azure-pipelines',
+        src_config_path='examples/azure-pipelines-minimal.yml',
+        dst_config_path='azure-pipelines.yml',
+        badge_md='[![Build Status](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_apis/build/status/joerick.cibuildwheel?branchName={branch})](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_build/latest?definitionId=2&branchName={branch})',
+    ),
+    CIService(
+        name='circle-ci',
+        src_config_path='examples/circleci-minimal.yml',
+        dst_config_path='.circleci/config.yml',
+        badge_md='[![CircleCI](https://circleci.com/gh/joerick/cibuildwheel/tree/{branch_escaped}.svg?style=svg)](https://circleci.com/gh/joerick/cibuildwheel/tree/{branch})',
+    ),
+    CIService(
+        name='github',
+        src_config_path='examples/github-minimal.yml',
+        dst_config_path='.github/workflows/example.yml',
+        badge_md='[![Build](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/workflows/Build/badge.svg?branch={branch})](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/actions)',
+    ),
+    CIService(
+        name='travis-ci',
+        src_config_path='examples/travis-ci-minimal.yml',
+        dst_config_path='.travis.yml',
+        badge_md='[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/joerick/cibuildwheel.svg?branch={branch})](https://travis-ci.org/joerick/cibuildwheel)',
+    ),
+    CIService(
+        name='gitlab',
+        src_config_path='examples/gitlab-minimal.yml',
+        dst_config_path='.gitlab-ci.yml',
+        badge_md='[![Gitlab](https://gitlab.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/badges/{branch}/pipeline.svg)](https://gitlab.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/-/commits/{branch})'
+    ),
+]
+
+
+@click.command()
+def run_example_ci_configs():
+    if git_repo_has_changes():
+        print('Your git repo has uncommitted changes. Commit or stash before continuing.')
+        exit(1)
+
+    previous_branch = shell('git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD',
+                            check=True,
+                            capture_output=True,
+                            encoding='utf8').stdout.strip()
+
+    timestamp = time.strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H-%M-%S', time.gmtime())
+    branch_name = f'example-config-test---{previous_branch}-{timestamp}'
+
+    try:
+        shell(f'git checkout --orphan {branch_name}', check=True)
+
+        example_project = Path('example_root')
+        generate_basic_project(example_project)
+
+        for service in services:
+            src_config_file = Path(service.src_config_path)
+            dst_config_file = example_project / service.dst_config_path
+
+            dst_config_file.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+            shutil.copyfile(src_config_file, dst_config_file)
+
+        run(['git', 'add', example_project], check=True)
+        run(['git', 'commit', '-m', textwrap.dedent(f'''
+            Test example minimal configs
+
+            Testing files: {[s.src_config_path for s in services]}
+            Generated from branch: {previous_branch}
+            Time: {timestamp}
+        ''')], check=True)
+        shell(f'git subtree --prefix={example_project} push origin {branch_name}', check=True)
+
+        print('---')
+        print()
+        print('> **Examples test run**')
+        print('> ')
+        print(f'> Branch: [{branch_name}](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/tree/{branch_name})')
+        print('> ')
+        print('> | Service | Config | Status |')
+        print('> |---|---|---|')
+        for service in services:
+            badge = service.badge_md.format(branch=branch_name, branch_escaped=quote(branch_name, safe=''))
+            print(f'> | {service.name} | `{service.src_config_path}` | {badge} |')
+        print('> ')
+        print('> Generated by `bin/run_example_ci_config.py`')
+        print()
+        print('---')
+    finally:
+        # remove any local changes
+        shutil.rmtree(example_project, ignore_errors=True)
+        shell('git checkout -- .')
+        shell(f'git checkout {previous_branch}', check=True)
+        shell(f'git branch -D --force {branch_name}', check=True)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    os.chdir(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+    os.chdir('..')
+    run_example_ci_configs(standalone_mode=True)

bin/run_test.py

@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-
-import argparse
-import os
-import subprocess
-import sys
-
-
-def single_run(test_project):
-    # run the test
-    subprocess.check_call(
-        [sys.executable, '-m', 'pytest', '-vv', os.path.join(test_project, 'cibuildwheel_test.py')],
-    )
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
-    parser.add_argument("test_project_dir")
-    args = parser.parse_args()
-
-    project_path = os.path.abspath(args.test_project_dir)
-
-    if not os.path.exists(project_path):
-        print('No test project not found.', file=sys.stderr)
-        exit(2)
-
-    single_run(project_path)

bin/run_tests.py

@@ -3,28 +3,18 @@
 import os
 import subprocess
 import sys
-from glob import glob
+from pathlib import Path
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     # move cwd to the project root
-    os.chdir(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
+    os.chdir(Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1])
 
     # run the unit tests
-
-    subprocess.check_call([sys.executable, '-m', 'pytest', 'unit_test'])
+    unit_test_args = [sys.executable, '-m', 'pytest', 'unit_test']
+    # run the docker unit tests only on Linux
+    if sys.platform.startswith('linux'):
+        unit_test_args += ['--run-docker']
+    subprocess.check_call(unit_test_args)
 
     # run the integration tests
-
-    test_projects = sorted(glob('test/??_*'))
-
-    if len(test_projects) == 0:
-        print('No test projects found. Aborting.', file=sys.stderr)
-        exit(2)
-
-    print('Testing projects:', test_projects)
-
-    run_test_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)), 'run_test.py')
-    for project_path in test_projects:
-        subprocess.check_call([sys.executable, run_test_path, project_path])
-
-    print('%d projects built successfully.' % len(test_projects))
+    subprocess.check_call([sys.executable, '-m', 'pytest', '-x', '--durations', '0', '--timeout=1200', 'test'])

bin/sample_build.py

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import argparse
+import tempfile
+from pathlib import Path
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    # move cwd to the project root
+    os.chdir(Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1])
+
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Runs a sample build')
+    parser.add_argument('project_python_path', nargs='?', default='test.test_0_basic.basic_project')
+
+    options = parser.parse_args()
+
+    project_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+    subprocess.run([
+        sys.executable, '-m', 'test.test_projects',
+        options.project_python_path, project_dir
+    ], check=True)
+
+    exit(subprocess.run(['cibuildwheel'], cwd=project_dir).returncode)

bin/update_dependencies.py

@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@
 
 import configparser
 import os
+import shutil
 import subprocess
+import sys
 from collections import namedtuple
 
 import requests
@@ -12,21 +14,39 @@ os.chdir('..')
 
 # CUSTOM_COMPILE_COMMAND is a pip-compile option that tells users how to
 # regenerate the constraints files
-os.environ['CUSTOM_COMPILE_COMMAND'] = "bin/update_constraints.py"
-subprocess.check_call([
-    'pip-compile',
-    '--allow-unsafe',
-    '--upgrade',
-    'cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in',
-])
-for python_version in ['27', '35', '36']:
-    subprocess.check_call([
-        f'./env{python_version}/bin/pip-compile',
-        '--allow-unsafe',
-        '--upgrade',
-        'cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in',
-        '--output-file', f'cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python{python_version}.txt'
-    ])
+os.environ['CUSTOM_COMPILE_COMMAND'] = "bin/update_dependencies.py"
+
+PYTHON_VERSIONS = ['27', '35', '36', '37', '38', '39']
+
+if '--no-docker' in sys.argv:
+    for python_version in PYTHON_VERSIONS:
+        subprocess.check_call([
+            f'./env{python_version}/bin/pip-compile',
+            '--allow-unsafe',
+            '--upgrade',
+            'cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in',
+            '--output-file', f'cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python{python_version}.txt'
+        ])
+else:
+    image = 'quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64:latest'
+    subprocess.check_call(['docker', 'pull', image])
+    for python_version in PYTHON_VERSIONS:
+        abi_flags = '' if int(python_version) >= 38 else 'm'
+        python_path = f'/opt/python/cp{python_version}-cp{python_version}{abi_flags}/bin/'
+        subprocess.check_call([
+            'docker', 'run', '--rm',
+            '-e', 'CUSTOM_COMPILE_COMMAND',
+            '-v', f'{os.getcwd()}:/volume',
+            '--workdir', '/volume', image,
+            'bash', '-c',
+            f'{python_path}pip install pip-tools &&'
+            f'{python_path}pip-compile --allow-unsafe --upgrade '
+            'cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in '
+            f'--output-file cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python{python_version}.txt'
+        ])
+
+# default constraints.txt
+shutil.copyfile(f'cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python{PYTHON_VERSIONS[-1]}.txt', 'cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.txt')
 
 Image = namedtuple('Image', [
     'manylinux_version',

cibuildwheel/__init__.py

@@ -1 +1 @@
-__version__ = '1.4.1'
+__version__ = '1.7.3'

cibuildwheel/__main__.py

@@ -4,6 +4,9 @@ import sys
 import textwrap
 import traceback
 from configparser import ConfigParser
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, overload
 
 import cibuildwheel
 import cibuildwheel.linux
@@ -14,14 +17,20 @@ from cibuildwheel.environment import (
     parse_environment,
 )
 from cibuildwheel.util import (
+    BuildOptions,
     BuildSelector,
     DependencyConstraints,
     Unbuffered,
-    BuildOptions
+    detect_ci_provider,
+    resources_dir,
 )
 
 
-def get_option_from_environment(option_name, platform=None, default=None):
+@overload
+def get_option_from_environment(option_name: str, platform: Optional[str], default: str) -> str: ...  # noqa: E704
+@overload
+def get_option_from_environment(option_name: str, platform: Optional[str] = None, default: None = None) -> Optional[str]: ...  # noqa: E704 E302
+def get_option_from_environment(option_name: str, platform: Optional[str] = None, default: Optional[str] = None) -> Optional[str]:  # noqa: E302
     '''
     Returns an option from the environment, optionally scoped by the platform.
 
@@ -32,20 +41,14 @@ def get_option_from_environment(option_name, platform=None, default=None):
       CIBW_COLOR.
     '''
     if platform:
-        option = os.environ.get('%s_%s' % (option_name, platform.upper()))
+        option = os.environ.get(f'{option_name}_{platform.upper()}')
         if option is not None:
             return option
 
     return os.environ.get(option_name, default)
 
 
-def strtobool(val):
-    if val.lower() in ('y', 'yes', 't', 'true', 'on', '1'):
-        return True
-    return False
-
-
-def main():
+def main() -> None:
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
         description='Build wheels for all the platforms.',
         epilog='''
@@ -88,13 +91,14 @@ def main():
     if args.platform != 'auto':
         platform = args.platform
     else:
-        ci = strtobool(os.environ.get('CI', 'false')) or 'BITRISE_BUILD_NUMBER' in os.environ or 'AZURE_HTTP_USER_AGENT' in os.environ or 'GITHUB_WORKFLOW' in os.environ
-        if not ci:
-            print('cibuildwheel: Unable to detect platform. cibuildwheel should run on your CI server, '
-                  'Travis CI, AppVeyor, Azure Pipelines, GitHub Actions and CircleCI are supported. You '
-                  'can run on your development machine or other CI providers using the --platform argument. '
-                  'Check --help output for more information.',
-                  file=sys.stderr)
+        ci_provider = detect_ci_provider()
+        if ci_provider is None:
+            print(textwrap.dedent('''
+                cibuildwheel: Unable to detect platform. cibuildwheel should run on your CI server;
+                Travis CI, AppVeyor, Azure Pipelines, GitHub Actions, CircleCI, and Gitlab are
+                supported. You can run on your development machine or other CI providers using the
+                --platform argument. Check --help output for more information.
+            '''), file=sys.stderr)
             exit(2)
         if sys.platform.startswith('linux'):
             platform = 'linux'
@@ -108,65 +112,69 @@ def main():
                   file=sys.stderr)
             exit(2)
 
-    output_dir = args.output_dir
-    test_command = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_TEST_COMMAND', platform=platform)
-    test_requires = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES', platform=platform, default='').split()
-    test_extras = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS', platform=platform, default='')
-    package_dir = args.package_dir
-    before_build = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD', platform=platform)
-    build_verbosity = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY', platform=platform, default='')
-    build_config, skip_config = os.environ.get('CIBW_BUILD', '*'), os.environ.get('CIBW_SKIP', '')
+    package_dir = Path(args.package_dir)
+    output_dir = Path(args.output_dir)
+
     if platform == 'linux':
         repair_command_default = 'auditwheel repair -w {dest_dir} {wheel}'
     elif platform == 'macos':
         repair_command_default = 'delocate-listdeps {wheel} && delocate-wheel --require-archs x86_64 -w {dest_dir} {wheel}'
     else:
         repair_command_default = ''
-    repair_command = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND', platform=platform, default=repair_command_default)
+
+    build_config, skip_config = os.environ.get('CIBW_BUILD', '*'), os.environ.get('CIBW_SKIP', '')
     environment_config = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_ENVIRONMENT', platform=platform, default='')
-    before_test = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_BEFORE_TEST', platform=platform, default='')
-
+    before_all = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_BEFORE_ALL', platform=platform, default='')
+    before_build = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD', platform=platform)
+    repair_command = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND', platform=platform, default=repair_command_default)
     dependency_versions = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS', platform=platform, default='pinned')
-    if dependency_versions == 'pinned':
-        dependency_constraints = DependencyConstraints.with_defaults()
-    elif dependency_versions == 'latest':
-        dependency_constraints = None
-    else:
-        dependency_constraints = DependencyConstraints(dependency_versions)
+    test_command = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_TEST_COMMAND', platform=platform)
+    before_test = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_BEFORE_TEST', platform=platform)
+    test_requires = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES', platform=platform, default='').split()
+    test_extras = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS', platform=platform, default='')
+    build_verbosity_str = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY', platform=platform, default='')
 
-    if test_extras:
-        test_extras = '[{0}]'.format(test_extras)
-
-    try:
-        build_verbosity = min(3, max(-3, int(build_verbosity)))
-    except ValueError:
-        build_verbosity = 0
+    build_selector = BuildSelector(build_config, skip_config)
 
     try:
         environment = parse_environment(environment_config)
     except (EnvironmentParseError, ValueError):
-        print('cibuildwheel: Malformed environment option "%s"' % environment_config, file=sys.stderr)
+        print(f'cibuildwheel: Malformed environment option "{environment_config}"', file=sys.stderr)
         traceback.print_exc(None, sys.stderr)
         exit(2)
 
-    build_selector = BuildSelector(build_config, skip_config)
+    if dependency_versions == 'pinned':
+        dependency_constraints: Optional[DependencyConstraints] = DependencyConstraints.with_defaults()
+    elif dependency_versions == 'latest':
+        dependency_constraints = None
+    else:
+        dependency_versions_path = Path(dependency_versions)
+        dependency_constraints = DependencyConstraints(dependency_versions_path)
+
+    if test_extras:
+        test_extras = f'[{test_extras}]'
+
+    try:
+        build_verbosity = min(3, max(-3, int(build_verbosity_str)))
+    except ValueError:
+        build_verbosity = 0
 
     # Add CIBUILDWHEEL environment variable
     # This needs to be passed on to the docker container in linux.py
     os.environ['CIBUILDWHEEL'] = '1'
 
-    if not os.path.exists(os.path.join(package_dir, 'setup.py')):
-        print('cibuildwheel: Could not find setup.py at root of package', file=sys.stderr)
+    if not any((package_dir / name).exists()
+               for name in ["setup.py", "setup.cfg", "pyproject.toml"]):
+        print('cibuildwheel: Could not find setup.py, setup.cfg or pyproject.toml at root of package', file=sys.stderr)
         exit(2)
 
     if args.print_build_identifiers:
         print_build_identifiers(platform, build_selector)
         exit(0)
 
+    manylinux_images: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None
     if platform == 'linux':
-        pinned_docker_images_file = os.path.join(
-            os.path.dirname(__file__), 'resources', 'pinned_docker_images.cfg'
-        )
+        pinned_docker_images_file = resources_dir / 'pinned_docker_images.cfg'
         all_pinned_docker_images = ConfigParser()
         all_pinned_docker_images.read(pinned_docker_images_file)
         # all_pinned_docker_images looks like a dict of dicts, e.g.
@@ -180,7 +188,7 @@ def main():
         for build_platform in ['x86_64', 'i686', 'pypy_x86_64', 'aarch64', 'ppc64le', 's390x']:
             pinned_images = all_pinned_docker_images[build_platform]
 
-            config_name = 'CIBW_MANYLINUX_{}_IMAGE'.format(build_platform.upper())
+            config_name = f'CIBW_MANYLINUX_{build_platform.upper()}_IMAGE'
             config_value = os.environ.get(config_name)
 
             if config_value is None:
@@ -193,32 +201,30 @@ def main():
 
             manylinux_images[build_platform] = image
 
-    else:
-        manylinux_images = None
-
     build_options = BuildOptions(
         package_dir=package_dir,
         output_dir=output_dir,
         test_command=test_command,
         test_requires=test_requires,
         test_extras=test_extras,
+        before_test=before_test,
         before_build=before_build,
+        before_all=before_all,
         build_verbosity=build_verbosity,
         build_selector=build_selector,
         repair_command=repair_command,
         environment=environment,
-        before_test=before_test,
         dependency_constraints=dependency_constraints,
         manylinux_images=manylinux_images,
     )
 
     # Python is buffering by default when running on the CI platforms, giving problems interleaving subprocess call output with unflushed calls to 'print'
-    sys.stdout = Unbuffered(sys.stdout)
+    sys.stdout = Unbuffered(sys.stdout)  # type: ignore
 
     print_preamble(platform, build_options)
 
-    if not os.path.exists(output_dir):
-        os.makedirs(output_dir)
+    if not output_dir.exists():
+        output_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
 
     if platform == 'linux':
         cibuildwheel.linux.build(build_options)
@@ -227,21 +233,21 @@ def main():
     elif platform == 'macos':
         cibuildwheel.macos.build(build_options)
     else:
-        print('cibuildwheel: Unsupported platform: {}'.format(platform), file=sys.stderr)
+        print(f'cibuildwheel: Unsupported platform: {platform}', file=sys.stderr)
         exit(2)
 
 
-def detect_obsolete_options():
+def detect_obsolete_options() -> None:
     # Check the old 'MANYLINUX1_*_IMAGE' options
     for (deprecated, alternative) in [('CIBW_MANYLINUX1_X86_64_IMAGE', 'CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE'),
                                       ('CIBW_MANYLINUX1_I686_IMAGE', 'CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE')]:
         if deprecated in os.environ:
-            print("'{}' has been deprecated, and will be removed in a future release. Use the option '{}' instead.".format(deprecated, alternative))
+            print(f"'{deprecated}' has been deprecated, and will be removed in a future release. Use the option '{alternative}' instead.")
             if alternative not in os.environ:
-                print("Using value of option '{}' as replacement for '{}'".format(deprecated, alternative))
+                print(f"Using value of option '{deprecated}' as replacement for '{alternative}'")
                 os.environ[alternative] = os.environ[deprecated]
             else:
-                print("Option '{}' is not empty. Please unset '{}'".format(alternative, deprecated))
+                print(f"Option '{alternative}' is not empty. Please unset '{deprecated}'")
                 exit(2)
 
     # Check for deprecated identifiers in 'CIBW_BUILD' and 'CIBW_SKIP' options
@@ -250,15 +256,11 @@ def detect_obsolete_options():
                                         ('macosx_10_6_intel', 'macosx_x86_64'),
                                         ('macosx_10_9_x86_64', 'macosx_x86_64')]:
             if option in os.environ and deprecated in os.environ[option]:
-                print("Build identifiers with '{deprecated}' have been deprecated. Replacing all occurences of '{deprecated}' with '{alternative}' in the option '{option}'".format(
-                    deprecated=deprecated,
-                    alternative=alternative,
-                    option=option,
-                ))
+                print(f"Build identifiers with '{deprecated}' have been deprecated. Replacing all occurences of '{deprecated}' with '{alternative}' in the option '{option}'")
                 os.environ[option] = os.environ[option].replace(deprecated, alternative)
 
 
-def print_preamble(platform, build_options):
+def print_preamble(platform: str, build_options: BuildOptions) -> None:
     print(textwrap.dedent('''
              _ _       _ _   _       _           _
          ___|_| |_ _ _|_| |_| |_ _ _| |_ ___ ___| |
@@ -266,12 +268,12 @@ def print_preamble(platform, build_options):
         |___|_|___|___|_|_|___|_____|_|_|___|___|_|
         '''))
 
-    print('cibuildwheel version %s\n' % cibuildwheel.__version__)
+    print(f'cibuildwheel version {cibuildwheel.__version__}\n')
 
     print('Build options:')
-    print('  platform: %r' % platform)
+    print(f'  platform: {platform!r}')
     for option, value in sorted(build_options._asdict().items()):
-        print('  %s: %r' % (option, value))
+        print(f'  {option}: {value!r}')
 
     warnings = detect_warnings(platform, build_options)
     if warnings:
@@ -282,21 +284,20 @@ def print_preamble(platform, build_options):
     print('\nHere we go!\n')
 
 
-def print_build_identifiers(platform, build_selector):
+def print_build_identifiers(platform: str, build_selector: BuildSelector) -> None:
+    python_configurations: List[Any] = []
     if platform == 'linux':
         python_configurations = cibuildwheel.linux.get_python_configurations(build_selector)
     elif platform == 'windows':
         python_configurations = cibuildwheel.windows.get_python_configurations(build_selector)
     elif platform == 'macos':
         python_configurations = cibuildwheel.macos.get_python_configurations(build_selector)
-    else:
-        python_configurations = []
 
     for config in python_configurations:
         print(config.identifier)
 
 
-def detect_warnings(platform, build_options):
+def detect_warnings(platform: str, build_options: BuildOptions) -> List[str]:
     warnings = []
 
     # warn about deprecated {python} and {pip}

cibuildwheel/bashlex_eval.py

@@ -1,13 +1,23 @@
-import shlex
 import subprocess
-from collections import namedtuple
+from typing import Callable, Dict, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Sequence
 
-import bashlex
+import bashlex  # type: ignore
 
-NodeExecutionContext = namedtuple('NodeExecutionContext', ['environment', 'input'])
+# a function that takes a command and the environment, and returns the result
+EnvironmentExecutor = Callable[[List[str], Dict[str, str]], str]
 
 
-def evaluate(value, environment):
+def local_environment_executor(command: List[str], env: Dict[str, str]) -> str:
+    return subprocess.check_output(command, env=env, universal_newlines=True)
+
+
+class NodeExecutionContext(NamedTuple):
+    environment: Dict[str, str]
+    input: str
+    executor: EnvironmentExecutor
+
+
+def evaluate(value: str, environment: Dict[str, str], executor: Optional[EnvironmentExecutor] = None) -> str:
     if not value:
         # empty string evaluates to empty string
         # (but trips up bashlex)
@@ -16,55 +26,79 @@ def evaluate(value, environment):
     command_node = bashlex.parsesingle(value)
 
     if len(command_node.parts) != 1:
-        raise ValueError('"%s" has too many parts' % value)
+        raise ValueError(f'"{value}" has too many parts')
 
     value_word_node = command_node.parts[0]
 
     return evaluate_node(
         value_word_node,
-        context=NodeExecutionContext(environment=environment, input=value)
+        context=NodeExecutionContext(environment=environment, input=value, executor=executor or local_environment_executor)
     )
 
 
-def evaluate_node(node, context):
+def evaluate_node(node: bashlex.ast.node, context: NodeExecutionContext) -> str:
     if node.kind == 'word':
         return evaluate_word_node(node, context=context)
     elif node.kind == 'commandsubstitution':
-        return evaluate_command_node(node.command, context=context)
+        node_result = evaluate_command_node(node.command, context=context)
+        # bash removes training newlines in command substitution
+        return node_result.rstrip()
     elif node.kind == 'parameter':
         return evaluate_parameter_node(node, context=context)
     else:
-        raise ValueError('Unsupported bash construct: "%s"' % node.word)
+        raise ValueError(f'Unsupported bash construct: "{node.kind}"')
 
 
-def evaluate_word_node(node, context):
-    word_start = node.pos[0]
-    word_end = node.pos[1]
-    word_string = context.input[word_start:word_end]
-    letters = list(word_string)
+def evaluate_word_node(node: bashlex.ast.node, context: NodeExecutionContext) -> str:
+    value = node.word
 
     for part in node.parts:
-        part_start = part.pos[0] - word_start
-        part_end = part.pos[1] - word_start
+        part_string = context.input[part.pos[0]:part.pos[1]]
+        part_value = evaluate_node(part, context=context)
 
-        # Set all the characters in the part to None
-        for i in range(part_start, part_end):
-            letters[i] = None
+        if part_string not in value:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                'bash parse failed. part "{}" not found in "{}". Word was "{}". Full input was "{}"'.format(
+                    part_string, value, node.word, context.input,
+                )
+            )
 
-        letters[part_start] = evaluate_node(part, context=context)
+        value = value.replace(part_string, part_value, 1)
 
-    # remove the None letters and concat
-    value = ''.join(l for l in letters if l is not None)
-
-    # apply bash-like quotes/whitespace treatment
-    return ' '.join(word.strip() for word in shlex.split(value))
+    return value
 
 
-def evaluate_command_node(node, context):
-    words = [evaluate_node(part, context=context) for part in node.parts]
-    command = ' '.join(words)
-    return subprocess.check_output(shlex.split(command), env=context.environment, universal_newlines=True)
+def evaluate_command_node(node: bashlex.ast.node, context: NodeExecutionContext) -> str:
+    if any(n.kind == 'operator' for n in node.parts):
+        return evaluate_nodes_as_compound_command(node.parts, context=context)
+    else:
+        return evaluate_nodes_as_simple_command(node.parts, context=context)
 
 
-def evaluate_parameter_node(node, context):
+def evaluate_nodes_as_compound_command(nodes: Sequence[bashlex.ast.node], context: NodeExecutionContext) -> str:
+    # bashlex doesn't support any operators besides ';' inside command
+    # substitutions, so we only need to handle that case. We do so assuming
+    # that `set -o errexit` is on, because it's easier to code!
+
+    result = ''
+    for node in nodes:
+        if node.kind == 'command':
+            result += evaluate_command_node(node, context=context)
+        elif node.kind == 'operator':
+            if node.op == ';':
+                pass
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(f'Unsupported bash operator: "{node.op}"')
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f'Unsupported bash node in compound command: "{node.kind}"')
+
+    return result
+
+
+def evaluate_nodes_as_simple_command(nodes: List[bashlex.ast.node], context: NodeExecutionContext):
+    command = [evaluate_node(part, context=context) for part in nodes]
+    return context.executor(command, context.environment)
+
+
+def evaluate_parameter_node(node: bashlex.ast.node, context: NodeExecutionContext) -> str:
     return context.environment.get(node.value, '')

cibuildwheel/docker_container.py

@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+import io
+import json
+import os
+import shlex
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import uuid
+from os import PathLike
+from pathlib import Path, PurePath
+from typing import IO, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Union
+
+
+class DockerContainer:
+    '''
+    An object that represents a running Docker container.
+
+    Intended for use as a context manager e.g.
+    `with DockerContainer('ubuntu') as docker:`
+
+    A bash shell is running in the remote container. When `call()` is invoked,
+    the command is relayed to the remote shell, and the results are streamed
+    back to cibuildwheel.
+    '''
+    UTILITY_PYTHON = '/opt/python/cp38-cp38/bin/python'
+
+    process: subprocess.Popen
+    bash_stdin: IO[bytes]
+    bash_stdout: IO[bytes]
+
+    def __init__(self, docker_image: str, simulate_32_bit: bool = False, cwd: Optional[Union[str, PathLike]] = None):
+        self.docker_image = docker_image
+        self.simulate_32_bit = simulate_32_bit
+        self.cwd = cwd
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> 'DockerContainer':
+        self.name = f'cibuildwheel-{uuid.uuid4()}'
+        cwd_args = ['-w', str(self.cwd)] if self.cwd else []
+        shell_args = ['linux32', '/bin/bash'] if self.simulate_32_bit else ['/bin/bash']
+        subprocess.run(
+            [
+                'docker', 'create',
+                '--env', 'CIBUILDWHEEL',
+                '--name', self.name,
+                '-i',
+                '-v', '/:/host',  # ignored on CircleCI
+                *cwd_args,
+                self.docker_image,
+                *shell_args
+            ],
+            check=True,
+        )
+        self.process = subprocess.Popen(
+            [
+                'docker', 'start',
+                '--attach', '--interactive',
+                self.name,
+            ],
+            stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+        )
+
+        assert self.process.stdin and self.process.stdout
+        self.bash_stdin = self.process.stdin
+        self.bash_stdout = self.process.stdout
+
+        # run a noop command to block until the container is responding
+        self.call(['/bin/true'])
+
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        self.bash_stdin.close()
+        self.process.terminate()
+        self.process.wait()
+
+        subprocess.run(['docker', 'rm', '--force', '-v', self.name], stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
+        self.name = None
+
+    def copy_into(self, from_path: Path, to_path: PurePath) -> None:
+        # `docker cp` causes 'no space left on device' error when
+        # a container is running and the host filesystem is
+        # mounted. https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/38995
+        # Use `docker exec` instead.
+
+        if from_path.is_dir():
+            self.call(['mkdir', '-p', to_path])
+            subprocess.run(
+                f'tar cf - . | docker exec -i {self.name} tar -xC {shell_quote(to_path)} -f -',
+                shell=True,
+                check=True,
+                cwd=from_path)
+        else:
+            subprocess.run(
+                f'cat {shell_quote(from_path)} | docker exec -i {self.name} sh -c "cat > {shell_quote(to_path)}"',
+                shell=True,
+                check=True)
+
+    def copy_out(self, from_path: PurePath, to_path: Path) -> None:
+        # note: we assume from_path is a dir
+        to_path.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+        subprocess.run(
+            f'docker exec -i {self.name} tar -cC {shell_quote(from_path)} -f - . | tar -xf -',
+            shell=True,
+            check=True,
+            cwd=to_path
+        )
+
+    def glob(self, path: PurePath, pattern: str) -> List[PurePath]:
+        glob_pattern = os.path.join(str(path), pattern)
+
+        path_strs = json.loads(self.call([
+            self.UTILITY_PYTHON,
+            '-c',
+            f'import sys, json, glob; json.dump(glob.glob({glob_pattern!r}), sys.stdout)'
+        ], capture_output=True))
+
+        return [PurePath(p) for p in path_strs]
+
+    def call(self, args: Sequence[Union[str, PathLike]], env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
+             capture_output=False, cwd: Optional[Union[str, PathLike]] = None) -> str:
+
+        chdir = f'cd {cwd}' if cwd else ''
+        env_assignments = ' '.join(f'{shlex.quote(k)}={shlex.quote(v)}'
+                                   for k, v in env.items()) if env is not None else ''
+        command = ' '.join(shlex.quote(str(a)) for a in args)
+        end_of_message = str(uuid.uuid4())
+
+        # log the command we're executing
+        print(f'    + {command}')
+
+        # Write a command to the remote shell. First we change the
+        # cwd, if that's required. Then, we use the `env` utility to run
+        # `command` inside the specified environment. We use `env` because it
+        # can cope with spaces and strange characters in the name or value.
+        # Finally, the remote shell is told to write a footer - this will show
+        # up in the output so we know when to stop reading, and will include
+        # the returncode of `command`.
+        self.bash_stdin.write(bytes(f'''(
+            {chdir}
+            env {env_assignments} {command}
+            printf "%04d%s\n" $? {end_of_message}
+        )
+        ''', encoding='utf8', errors='surrogateescape'))
+        self.bash_stdin.flush()
+
+        if capture_output:
+            output_io: IO[bytes] = io.BytesIO()
+        else:
+            output_io = sys.stdout.buffer
+
+        while True:
+            line = self.bash_stdout.readline()
+
+            if line.endswith(b'%s\n' % (bytes(end_of_message, encoding='utf8'))):
+                footer_offset = (
+                    len(line)
+                    - 1  # newline character
+                    - len(end_of_message)  # delimiter
+                    - 4  # 4 returncode decimals
+                )
+                returncode_str = line[footer_offset:footer_offset+4]
+                returncode = int(returncode_str)
+                # add the last line to output, without the footer
+                output_io.write(line[0:footer_offset])
+                break
+            else:
+                output_io.write(line)
+
+        if isinstance(output_io, io.BytesIO):
+            output = str(output_io.getvalue(), encoding='utf8', errors='surrogateescape')
+        else:
+            output = ''
+
+        if returncode != 0:
+            raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(returncode, args, output)
+
+        return output
+
+    def get_environment(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        return json.loads(self.call([
+            self.UTILITY_PYTHON,
+            '-c',
+            'import sys, json, os; json.dump(os.environ.copy(), sys.stdout)'
+        ], capture_output=True))
+
+    def environment_executor(self, command: List[str], environment: Dict[str, str]) -> str:
+        # used as an EnvironmentExecutor to evaluate commands and capture output
+        return self.call(command, env=environment, capture_output=True)
+
+
+def shell_quote(path: PurePath) -> str:
+    return shlex.quote(str(path))

cibuildwheel/environment.py

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-import bashlex
+import bashlex  # type: ignore
+
+from typing import Dict, List, Mapping, Optional
 
 from . import bashlex_eval
 
@@ -7,13 +9,7 @@ class EnvironmentParseError(Exception):
     pass
 
 
-def parse_environment(env_string):
-    env_items = split_env_items(env_string)
-    assignments = [EnvironmentAssignment(item) for item in env_items]
-    return ParsedEnvironment(assignments=assignments)
-
-
-def split_env_items(env_string):
+def split_env_items(env_string: str) -> List[str]:
     '''Splits space-separated variable assignments into a list of individual assignments.
 
     >>> split_env_items('VAR=abc')
@@ -43,39 +39,47 @@ def split_env_items(env_string):
 
 
 class EnvironmentAssignment:
-    def __init__(self, assignment):
+    def __init__(self, assignment: str):
         name, equals, value = assignment.partition('=')
         if not equals:
             raise EnvironmentParseError(assignment)
         self.name = name
         self.value = value
 
-    def evaluated_value(self, environment):
+    def evaluated_value(self, environment: Dict[str, str], executor: Optional[bashlex_eval.EnvironmentExecutor] = None) -> str:
         '''Returns the value of this assignment, as evaluated in the environment'''
-        return bashlex_eval.evaluate(self.value, environment=environment)
+        return bashlex_eval.evaluate(self.value, environment=environment, executor=executor)
 
-    def as_shell_assignment(self):
-        return 'export %s=%s' % (self.name, self.value)
+    def as_shell_assignment(self) -> str:
+        return f'export {self.name}={self.value}'
 
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return '%s=%s' % (self.name, self.value)
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f'{self.name}={self.value}'
 
 
 class ParsedEnvironment:
-    def __init__(self, assignments):
+    def __init__(self, assignments: List[EnvironmentAssignment]):
         self.assignments = assignments
 
-    def as_dictionary(self, prev_environment):
-        environment = prev_environment.copy()
+    def as_dictionary(self,
+                      prev_environment: Mapping[str, str],
+                      executor: Optional[bashlex_eval.EnvironmentExecutor] = None) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        environment = dict(**prev_environment)
 
         for assignment in self.assignments:
-            value = assignment.evaluated_value(environment=environment)
+            value = assignment.evaluated_value(environment=environment, executor=executor)
             environment[assignment.name] = value
 
         return environment
 
-    def as_shell_commands(self):
+    def as_shell_commands(self) -> List[str]:
         return [a.as_shell_assignment() for a in self.assignments]
 
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return 'ParsedEnvironment(%r)' % [repr(a) for a in self.assignments]
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f'ParsedEnvironment({[repr(a) for a in self.assignments]!r})'
+
+
+def parse_environment(env_string: str) -> ParsedEnvironment:
+    env_items = split_env_items(env_string)
+    assignments = [EnvironmentAssignment(item) for item in env_items]
+    return ParsedEnvironment(assignments=assignments)

cibuildwheel/linux.py

@@ -1,27 +1,18 @@
-import os
 import platform
-import shlex
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import textwrap
-import uuid
-from collections import namedtuple
+from os import PathLike
+from pathlib import Path, PurePath
+from typing import List, NamedTuple, Union
 
-from .util import (
-    get_build_verbosity_extra_flags,
-    prepare_command,
-    BuildOptions
-)
+from .docker_container import DockerContainer
+from .logger import log
+from .util import (BuildOptions, BuildSelector, NonPlatformWheelError,
+                   get_build_verbosity_extra_flags, prepare_command)
 
 
-def call(args, input=None, universal_newlines=False):
-    print('+ ' + ' '.join(shlex.quote(a) for a in args))
-    subprocess.run(
-        args, input=input, universal_newlines=universal_newlines, check=True
-    )
-
-
-def matches_platform(identifier):
+def matches_platform(identifier: str) -> bool:
     pm = platform.machine()
     if pm == "x86_64":
         # x86_64 machines can run i686 docker containers
@@ -42,43 +33,58 @@ def matches_platform(identifier):
     return False
 
 
-def get_python_configurations(build_selector):
-    PythonConfiguration = namedtuple('PythonConfiguration', ['version', 'identifier', 'path'])
+class PythonConfiguration(NamedTuple):
+    version: str
+    identifier: str
+    path_str: str
+
+    @property
+    def path(self):
+        return PurePath(self.path_str)
+
+
+def get_python_configurations(build_selector: BuildSelector) -> List[PythonConfiguration]:
     python_configurations = [
-        PythonConfiguration(version='2.7', identifier='cp27-manylinux_x86_64', path='/opt/python/cp27-cp27m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='2.7', identifier='cp27-manylinux_x86_64', path='/opt/python/cp27-cp27mu'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.5', identifier='cp35-manylinux_x86_64', path='/opt/python/cp35-cp35m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.6', identifier='cp36-manylinux_x86_64', path='/opt/python/cp36-cp36m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.7', identifier='cp37-manylinux_x86_64', path='/opt/python/cp37-cp37m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.8', identifier='cp38-manylinux_x86_64', path='/opt/python/cp38-cp38'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='2.7', identifier='cp27-manylinux_i686', path='/opt/python/cp27-cp27m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='2.7', identifier='cp27-manylinux_i686', path='/opt/python/cp27-cp27mu'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.5', identifier='cp35-manylinux_i686', path='/opt/python/cp35-cp35m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.6', identifier='cp36-manylinux_i686', path='/opt/python/cp36-cp36m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.7', identifier='cp37-manylinux_i686', path='/opt/python/cp37-cp37m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.8', identifier='cp38-manylinux_i686', path='/opt/python/cp38-cp38'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='2.7', identifier='pp27-manylinux_x86_64', path='/opt/python/pp27-pypy_73'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.6', identifier='pp36-manylinux_x86_64', path='/opt/python/pp36-pypy36_pp73'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.5', identifier='cp35-manylinux_aarch64', path='/opt/python/cp35-cp35m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.6', identifier='cp36-manylinux_aarch64', path='/opt/python/cp36-cp36m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.7', identifier='cp37-manylinux_aarch64', path='/opt/python/cp37-cp37m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.8', identifier='cp38-manylinux_aarch64', path='/opt/python/cp38-cp38'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.5', identifier='cp35-manylinux_ppc64le', path='/opt/python/cp35-cp35m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.6', identifier='cp36-manylinux_ppc64le', path='/opt/python/cp36-cp36m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.7', identifier='cp37-manylinux_ppc64le', path='/opt/python/cp37-cp37m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.8', identifier='cp38-manylinux_ppc64le', path='/opt/python/cp38-cp38'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.5', identifier='cp35-manylinux_s390x', path='/opt/python/cp35-cp35m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.6', identifier='cp36-manylinux_s390x', path='/opt/python/cp36-cp36m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.7', identifier='cp37-manylinux_s390x', path='/opt/python/cp37-cp37m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.8', identifier='cp38-manylinux_s390x', path='/opt/python/cp38-cp38'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='2.7', identifier='cp27-manylinux_x86_64', path_str='/opt/python/cp27-cp27m'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='2.7', identifier='cp27-manylinux_x86_64', path_str='/opt/python/cp27-cp27mu'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.5', identifier='cp35-manylinux_x86_64', path_str='/opt/python/cp35-cp35m'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.6', identifier='cp36-manylinux_x86_64', path_str='/opt/python/cp36-cp36m'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.7', identifier='cp37-manylinux_x86_64', path_str='/opt/python/cp37-cp37m'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.8', identifier='cp38-manylinux_x86_64', path_str='/opt/python/cp38-cp38'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.9', identifier='cp39-manylinux_x86_64', path_str='/opt/python/cp39-cp39'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='2.7', identifier='cp27-manylinux_i686', path_str='/opt/python/cp27-cp27m'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='2.7', identifier='cp27-manylinux_i686', path_str='/opt/python/cp27-cp27mu'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.5', identifier='cp35-manylinux_i686', path_str='/opt/python/cp35-cp35m'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.6', identifier='cp36-manylinux_i686', path_str='/opt/python/cp36-cp36m'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.7', identifier='cp37-manylinux_i686', path_str='/opt/python/cp37-cp37m'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.8', identifier='cp38-manylinux_i686', path_str='/opt/python/cp38-cp38'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.9', identifier='cp39-manylinux_i686', path_str='/opt/python/cp39-cp39'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='2.7', identifier='pp27-manylinux_x86_64', path_str='/opt/python/pp27-pypy_73'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.6', identifier='pp36-manylinux_x86_64', path_str='/opt/python/pp36-pypy36_pp73'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.7', identifier='pp37-manylinux_x86_64', path_str='/opt/python/pp37-pypy37_pp73'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.5', identifier='cp35-manylinux_aarch64', path_str='/opt/python/cp35-cp35m'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.6', identifier='cp36-manylinux_aarch64', path_str='/opt/python/cp36-cp36m'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.7', identifier='cp37-manylinux_aarch64', path_str='/opt/python/cp37-cp37m'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.8', identifier='cp38-manylinux_aarch64', path_str='/opt/python/cp38-cp38'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.9', identifier='cp39-manylinux_aarch64', path_str='/opt/python/cp39-cp39'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.5', identifier='cp35-manylinux_ppc64le', path_str='/opt/python/cp35-cp35m'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.6', identifier='cp36-manylinux_ppc64le', path_str='/opt/python/cp36-cp36m'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.7', identifier='cp37-manylinux_ppc64le', path_str='/opt/python/cp37-cp37m'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.8', identifier='cp38-manylinux_ppc64le', path_str='/opt/python/cp38-cp38'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.9', identifier='cp39-manylinux_ppc64le', path_str='/opt/python/cp39-cp39'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.5', identifier='cp35-manylinux_s390x', path_str='/opt/python/cp35-cp35m'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.6', identifier='cp36-manylinux_s390x', path_str='/opt/python/cp36-cp36m'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.7', identifier='cp37-manylinux_s390x', path_str='/opt/python/cp37-cp37m'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.8', identifier='cp38-manylinux_s390x', path_str='/opt/python/cp38-cp38'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.9', identifier='cp39-manylinux_s390x', path_str='/opt/python/cp39-cp39'),
     ]
     # skip builds as required
     return [c for c in python_configurations if matches_platform(c.identifier) and build_selector(c.identifier)]
 
 
-def build(options: BuildOptions):
+def build(options: BuildOptions) -> None:
     try:
-        subprocess.check_call(['docker', '--version'])
+        subprocess.check_output(['docker', '--version'])
     except Exception:
         print('cibuildwheel: Docker not found. Docker is required to run Linux builds. '
               'If you\'re building on Travis CI, add `services: [docker]` to your .travis.yml.'
@@ -86,6 +92,7 @@ def build(options: BuildOptions):
               file=sys.stderr)
         exit(2)
 
+    assert options.manylinux_images is not None
     python_configurations = get_python_configurations(options.build_selector)
     platforms = [
         ('cp', 'manylinux_x86_64', options.manylinux_images['x86_64']),
@@ -96,194 +103,176 @@ def build(options: BuildOptions):
         ('pp', 'manylinux_x86_64', options.manylinux_images['pypy_x86_64']),
     ]
 
-    if not os.path.realpath(options.package_dir).startswith(os.path.realpath('.')):
+    cwd = Path.cwd()
+    abs_package_dir = options.package_dir.resolve()
+    if cwd != abs_package_dir and cwd not in abs_package_dir.parents:
         raise Exception('package_dir must be inside the working directory')
 
-    container_package_dir = os.path.join('/project', os.path.relpath(options.package_dir, '.'))
+    container_project_path = PurePath('/project')
+    container_package_dir = container_project_path / abs_package_dir.relative_to(cwd)
+    container_output_dir = PurePath('/output')
 
     for implementation, platform_tag, docker_image in platforms:
         platform_configs = [c for c in python_configurations if c.identifier.startswith(implementation) and c.identifier.endswith(platform_tag)]
         if not platform_configs:
             continue
 
-        container_name = 'cibuildwheel-{}'.format(uuid.uuid4())
-
         try:
-            shell_cmd = ['linux32', '/bin/bash'] if platform_tag.endswith("i686") else ['/bin/bash']
-            call(['docker', 'create',
-                  '--env', 'CIBUILDWHEEL',
-                  '--name', container_name,
-                  '-i',
-                  '-v', '/:/host',  # ignored on CircleCI
-                  docker_image,
-                  '/bin/bash'])
+            log.step(f'Starting Docker image {docker_image}...')
+            with DockerContainer(docker_image, simulate_32_bit=platform_tag.endswith('i686'), cwd=container_project_path) as docker:
 
-            call(['docker', 'cp', '.', container_name + ':/project'])
+                log.step('Copying project into Docker...')
+                docker.copy_into(Path.cwd(), container_project_path)
 
-            call(['docker', 'start', container_name])
+                if options.before_all:
+                    log.step('Running before_all...')
 
-            for config in platform_configs:
-                if options.dependency_constraints:
-                    constraints_file = options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(config.version)
+                    env = docker.get_environment()
+                    env['PATH'] = f'/opt/python/cp38-cp38/bin:{env["PATH"]}'
+                    env = options.environment.as_dictionary(env, executor=docker.environment_executor)
 
-                    # `docker cp` causes 'no space left on device' error when
-                    # a container is running and the host filesystem is
-                    # mounted. https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/38995
-                    # Use `docker exec` instead.
-                    with open(constraints_file, 'rb') as f:
-                        call(
-                            ['docker', 'exec', '-i', container_name, 'sh', '-c', 'cat > /constraints.txt'],
-                            input=f.read(),
-                        )
+                    before_all_prepared = prepare_command(options.before_all, project=container_project_path, package=container_package_dir)
+                    docker.call(['sh', '-c', before_all_prepared], env=env)
 
-                call(
-                    ['docker', 'exec', '-i', container_name] + shell_cmd,
-                    universal_newlines=True,
-                    input='''
-                        # give xtrace output an extra level of indent inside docker
-                        PS4='    + '
+                for config in platform_configs:
+                    log.build_start(config.identifier)
 
-                        set -o errexit
-                        set -o xtrace
-                        mkdir -p /output
-                        cd /project
+                    dependency_constraint_flags: List[Union[str, PathLike]] = []
+                    if config.identifier.startswith("pp"):
+                        # Patch PyPy to make sure headers get installed into a venv
+                        patch_version = '_27' if config.version == '2.7' else ''
+                        patch_path = Path(__file__).absolute().parent / 'resources' / f'pypy_venv{patch_version}.patch'
+                        patch_docker_path = PurePath('/pypy_venv.patch')
+                        docker.copy_into(patch_path, patch_docker_path)
+                        try:
+                            docker.call(['patch', '--force', '-p1', '-d', config.path, '-i', patch_docker_path])
+                        except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+                            print("PyPy patch not applied", file=sys.stderr)
 
-                        PYBIN="{config_python_bin}"
+                    if options.dependency_constraints:
+                        constraints_file = options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(config.version)
+                        container_constraints_file = PurePath('/constraints.txt')
 
-                        export PATH="$PYBIN:$PATH"
-                        {environment_exports}
+                        docker.copy_into(constraints_file, container_constraints_file)
+                        dependency_constraint_flags = ['-c', container_constraints_file]
 
-                        # check the active python and pip are in PYBIN
-                        if [ "$(which pip)" != "$PYBIN/pip" ]; then
-                        echo "cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it."
-                        exit 1
-                        fi
-                        if [ "$(which python)" != "$PYBIN/python" ]; then
-                        echo "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it."
-                        exit 1
-                        fi
+                    log.step('Setting up build environment...')
 
-                        if [ ! -z {before_build} ]; then
-                            sh -c {before_build}
-                        fi
+                    env = docker.get_environment()
 
-                        # Build the wheel
-                        rm -rf /tmp/built_wheel
-                        mkdir /tmp/built_wheel
-                        pip wheel {package_dir} -w /tmp/built_wheel --no-deps {build_verbosity_flag}
-                        built_wheel=(/tmp/built_wheel/*.whl)
+                    # put this config's python top of the list
+                    python_bin = config.path / 'bin'
+                    env['PATH'] = f'{python_bin}:{env["PATH"]}'
 
-                        # repair the wheel
-                        rm -rf /tmp/repaired_wheels
-                        mkdir /tmp/repaired_wheels
-                        # NOTE: 'built_wheel' here is a bash array of glob matches; "$built_wheel" returns
-                        # the first element
-                        if [[ "$built_wheel" == *none-any.whl ]] || [ -z {repair_command} ]; then
-                            # pure Python wheel or empty repair command
-                            mv "$built_wheel" /tmp/repaired_wheels
-                        else
-                            sh -c {repair_command} repair_command "$built_wheel"
-                        fi
-                        repaired_wheels=(/tmp/repaired_wheels/*.whl)
+                    env = options.environment.as_dictionary(env, executor=docker.environment_executor)
 
-                        if [ ! -z {test_command} ]; then
-                            # Set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
-                            # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
-                            pip install {dependency_install_flags} virtualenv
-                            venv_dir=`mktemp -d`/venv
-                            python -m virtualenv --no-download "$venv_dir"
-                            export __CIBW_VIRTUALENV_PATH__=$venv_dir
+                    # check config python and pip are still on PATH
+                    which_python = docker.call(['which', 'python'], env=env, capture_output=True).strip()
+                    if PurePath(which_python) != python_bin / 'python':
+                        print("cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it.", file=sys.stderr)
+                        exit(1)
 
-                            # run the tests in a subshell to keep that `activate`
-                            # script from polluting the env
-                            (
-                                source "$venv_dir/bin/activate"
+                    which_pip = docker.call(['which', 'pip'], env=env, capture_output=True).strip()
+                    if PurePath(which_pip) != python_bin / 'pip':
+                        print("cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.", file=sys.stderr)
+                        exit(1)
 
-                                echo "Running tests using `which python`"
+                    if options.before_build:
+                        log.step('Running before_build...')
+                        before_build_prepared = prepare_command(options.before_build, project=container_project_path, package=container_package_dir)
+                        docker.call(['sh', '-c', before_build_prepared], env=env)
 
-                                if [ ! -z {before_test} ]; then
-                                    sh -c {before_test}
-                                fi
+                    log.step('Building wheel...')
 
-                                # Install the wheel we just built
-                                # Note: If auditwheel produced two wheels, it's because the earlier produced wheel
-                                # conforms to multiple manylinux standards. These multiple versions of the wheel are
-                                # functionally the same, differing only in name, wheel metadata, and possibly include
-                                # different external shared libraries. so it doesn't matter which one we run the tests on.
-                                # Let's just pick the first one.
-                                pip install "${{repaired_wheels[0]}}"{test_extras}
+                    temp_dir = PurePath('/tmp/cibuildwheel')
+                    built_wheel_dir = temp_dir / 'built_wheel'
+                    docker.call(['rm', '-rf', built_wheel_dir])
+                    docker.call(['mkdir', '-p', built_wheel_dir])
 
-                                # Install any requirements to run the tests
-                                if [ ! -z "{test_requires}" ]; then
-                                    pip install {test_requires}
-                                fi
+                    docker.call([
+                        'pip', 'wheel',
+                        container_package_dir,
+                        '-w', built_wheel_dir,
+                        '--no-deps',
+                        *get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(options.build_verbosity)
+                    ], env=env)
 
-                                # Run the tests from a different directory
-                                pushd $HOME
-                                sh -c {test_command}
-                                popd
-                            )
-                            # exit if tests failed (needed for older bash versions)
-                            if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
-                              exit 1;
-                            fi
+                    built_wheel = docker.glob(built_wheel_dir, '*.whl')[0]
 
-                            # clean up
-                            rm -rf "$venv_dir"
-                        fi
+                    repaired_wheel_dir = temp_dir / 'repaired_wheel'
+                    docker.call(['rm', '-rf', repaired_wheel_dir])
+                    docker.call(['mkdir', '-p', repaired_wheel_dir])
 
-                        # we're all done here; move it to output
-                        mv "${{repaired_wheels[@]}}" /output
-                        for repaired_wheel in "${{repaired_wheels[@]}}"; do
-                            chown {uid}:{gid} "/output/$(basename "$repaired_wheel")"
-                        done
-                    '''.format(
-                        config_python_bin=config.path + '/bin',
-                        package_dir=container_package_dir,
-                        test_requires=' '.join(options.test_requires),
-                        test_extras=options.test_extras,
-                        test_command=shlex.quote(
-                            prepare_command(options.test_command, project='/project', package=container_package_dir) if options.test_command else ''
-                        ),
-                        before_build=shlex.quote(
-                            prepare_command(options.before_build, project='/project', package=container_package_dir) if options.before_build else ''
-                        ),
-                        build_verbosity_flag=' '.join(get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(options.build_verbosity)),
-                        repair_command=shlex.quote(
-                            prepare_command(options.repair_command, wheel='"$1"', dest_dir='/tmp/repaired_wheels') if options.repair_command else ''
-                        ),
-                        environment_exports='\n'.join(options.environment.as_shell_commands()),
-                        uid=os.getuid(),
-                        gid=os.getgid(),
-                        before_test=shlex.quote(
-                            prepare_command(options.before_test, project='/project', package=container_package_dir) if options.before_test else ''
-                        ),
-                        dependency_install_flags='-c /constraints.txt' if options.dependency_constraints else '',
-                    )
-                )
+                    if built_wheel.name.endswith('none-any.whl'):
+                        raise NonPlatformWheelError()
 
-            # copy the output back into the host
-            call(['docker', 'cp',
-                  container_name + ':/output/.',
-                  os.path.abspath(options.output_dir)])
+                    if options.repair_command:
+                        log.step('Repairing wheel...')
+                        repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(options.repair_command, wheel=built_wheel, dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir)
+                        docker.call(['sh', '-c', repair_command_prepared], env=env)
+                    else:
+                        docker.call(['mv', built_wheel, repaired_wheel_dir])
+
+                    repaired_wheels = docker.glob(repaired_wheel_dir, '*.whl')
+
+                    if options.test_command:
+                        log.step('Testing wheel...')
+
+                        # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
+                        # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
+                        docker.call(['pip', 'install', 'virtualenv', *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env)
+                        venv_dir = PurePath(docker.call(['mktemp', '-d'], capture_output=True).strip()) / 'venv'
+
+                        docker.call(['python', '-m', 'virtualenv', '--no-download', venv_dir], env=env)
+
+                        virtualenv_env = env.copy()
+                        virtualenv_env['PATH'] = f"{venv_dir / 'bin'}:{virtualenv_env['PATH']}"
+
+                        if options.before_test:
+                            before_test_prepared = prepare_command(options.before_test, project=container_project_path, package=container_package_dir)
+                            docker.call(['sh', '-c', before_test_prepared], env=virtualenv_env)
+
+                        # Install the wheel we just built
+                        # Note: If auditwheel produced two wheels, it's because the earlier produced wheel
+                        # conforms to multiple manylinux standards. These multiple versions of the wheel are
+                        # functionally the same, differing only in name, wheel metadata, and possibly include
+                        # different external shared libraries. so it doesn't matter which one we run the tests on.
+                        # Let's just pick the first one.
+                        wheel_to_test = repaired_wheels[0]
+                        docker.call(['pip', 'install', str(wheel_to_test) + options.test_extras], env=virtualenv_env)
+
+                        # Install any requirements to run the tests
+                        if options.test_requires:
+                            docker.call(['pip', 'install', *options.test_requires], env=virtualenv_env)
+
+                        # Run the tests from a different directory
+                        test_command_prepared = prepare_command(options.test_command, project=container_project_path, package=container_package_dir)
+                        docker.call(['sh', '-c', test_command_prepared], cwd='/root', env=virtualenv_env)
+
+                        # clean up test environment
+                        docker.call(['rm', '-rf', venv_dir])
+
+                    # move repaired wheels to output
+                    docker.call(['mkdir', '-p', container_output_dir])
+                    docker.call(['mv', *repaired_wheels, container_output_dir])
+
+                    log.build_end()
+
+                log.step('Copying wheels back to host...')
+                # copy the output back into the host
+                docker.copy_out(container_output_dir, options.output_dir)
+                log.step_end()
         except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
+            log.error(f'Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout}')
             troubleshoot(options.package_dir, error)
             exit(1)
-        finally:
-            # Still gets executed, even when 'exit(1)' gets called
-            call(['docker', 'rm', '--force', '-v', container_name])
 
 
-def troubleshoot(package_dir, error):
-    if (isinstance(error, subprocess.CalledProcessError) and 'exec' in error.cmd):
-        # the bash script failed
+def troubleshoot(package_dir: Path, error: Exception) -> None:
+    if (isinstance(error, subprocess.CalledProcessError) and error.cmd[0:2] == ['pip', 'wheel']):
+        # the 'pip wheel' step failed.
         print('Checking for common errors...')
-        so_files = []
-        for root, dirs, files in os.walk(package_dir):
-            for name in files:
-                _, ext = os.path.splitext(name)
-                if ext == '.so':
-                    so_files.append(os.path.join(root, name))
+        so_files = list(package_dir.glob('**/*.so'))
 
         if so_files:
             print(textwrap.dedent('''
@@ -294,8 +283,8 @@ def troubleshoot(package_dir, error):
 
                   If you're using Cython and have previously done an in-place build,
                   remove those build files (*.so and *.c) before starting cibuildwheel.
-            '''))
+            '''), file=sys.stderr)
 
             print('  Files detected:')
-            print('\n'.join(['    ' + f for f in so_files]))
+            print('\n'.join([f'    {f}' for f in so_files]))
             print('')

cibuildwheel/logger.py

@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+import codecs
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+import time
+from typing import Optional, Union
+
+from cibuildwheel.util import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider
+
+DEFAULT_FOLD_PATTERN = ('{name}', '')
+FOLD_PATTERNS = {
+    'azure': ('##[group]{name}', '##[endgroup]'),
+    'travis': ('travis_fold:start:{identifier}\n{name}', 'travis_fold:end:{identifier}'),
+    'github': ('::group::{name}', '::endgroup::{name}'),
+}
+
+PLATFORM_IDENTIFIER_DESCIPTIONS = {
+    'manylinux_x86_64': 'manylinux x86_64',
+    'manylinux_i686': 'manylinux i686',
+    'manylinux_aarch64': 'manylinux aarch64',
+    'manylinux_ppc64le': 'manylinux ppc64le',
+    'manylinux_s390x': 'manylinux s390x',
+    'win32': 'Windows 32bit',
+    'win_amd64': 'Windows 64bit',
+    'macosx_x86_64': 'macOS x86_64',
+}
+
+
+class Logger:
+    fold_mode: str
+    colors_enabled: bool
+    unicode_enabled: bool
+    active_build_identifier: Optional[str] = None
+    build_start_time: Optional[float] = None
+    step_start_time: Optional[float] = None
+    active_fold_group_name: Optional[str] = None
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        if sys.platform == 'win32' and hasattr(sys.stdout, 'reconfigure'):
+            # the encoding on Windows can be a 1-byte charmap, but all CIs
+            # support utf8, so we hardcode that
+            sys.stdout.reconfigure(encoding='utf8')
+
+        self.unicode_enabled = file_supports_unicode(sys.stdout)
+
+        ci_provider = detect_ci_provider()
+
+        if ci_provider == CIProvider.azure_pipelines:
+            self.fold_mode = 'azure'
+            self.colors_enabled = True
+
+        elif ci_provider == CIProvider.github_actions:
+            self.fold_mode = 'github'
+            self.colors_enabled = True
+
+        elif ci_provider == CIProvider.travis_ci:
+            self.fold_mode = 'travis'
+            self.colors_enabled = True
+
+        elif ci_provider == CIProvider.appveyor:
+            self.fold_mode = 'disabled'
+            self.colors_enabled = True
+
+        else:
+            self.fold_mode = 'disabled'
+            self.colors_enabled = file_supports_color(sys.stdout)
+
+    def build_start(self, identifier: str):
+        self.step_end()
+        c = self.colors
+        description = build_description_from_identifier(identifier)
+        print()
+        print(f'{c.bold}{c.blue}Building {identifier} wheel{c.end}')
+        print(f'{description}')
+        print()
+
+        self.build_start_time = time.time()
+        self.active_build_identifier = identifier
+
+    def build_end(self):
+        assert self.build_start_time is not None
+        assert self.active_build_identifier is not None
+        self.step_end()
+
+        c = self.colors
+        s = self.symbols
+        duration = time.time() - self.build_start_time
+
+        print()
+        print(f'{c.green}{s.done} {c.end}{self.active_build_identifier} finished in {duration:.2f}s')
+        self.build_start_time = None
+        self.active_build_identifier = None
+
+    def step(self, step_description: str):
+        self.step_end()
+        self.step_start_time = time.time()
+        self._start_fold_group(step_description)
+
+    def step_end(self, success=True):
+        if self.step_start_time is not None:
+            self._end_fold_group()
+            c = self.colors
+            s = self.symbols
+            duration = time.time() - self.step_start_time
+            if success:
+                print(f'{c.green}{s.done} {c.end}{duration:.2f}s'.rjust(78))
+            else:
+                print(f'{c.red}{s.error} {c.end}{duration:.2f}s'.rjust(78))
+
+            self.step_start_time = None
+
+    def error(self, error: Union[Exception, str]):
+        self.step_end(success=False)
+        print()
+
+        if self.fold_mode == 'github':
+            print(f'::error::{error}')
+        else:
+            c = self.colors
+            print(f'{c.bright_red}Error{c.end} {error}')
+
+    def _start_fold_group(self, name: str):
+        self._end_fold_group()
+        self.active_fold_group_name = name
+        fold_start_pattern = FOLD_PATTERNS.get(self.fold_mode, DEFAULT_FOLD_PATTERN)[0]
+        identifier = self._fold_group_identifier(name)
+
+        print(fold_start_pattern.format(name=self.active_fold_group_name, identifier=identifier))
+        print()
+        sys.stdout.flush()
+
+    def _end_fold_group(self):
+        if self.active_fold_group_name:
+            fold_start_pattern = FOLD_PATTERNS.get(self.fold_mode, DEFAULT_FOLD_PATTERN)[1]
+            identifier = self._fold_group_identifier(self.active_fold_group_name)
+            print(fold_start_pattern.format(name=self.active_fold_group_name, identifier=identifier))
+            sys.stdout.flush()
+            self.active_fold_group_name = None
+
+    def _fold_group_identifier(self, name: str):
+        '''
+        Travis doesn't like fold groups identifiers that have spaces in. This
+        method converts them to ascii identifiers
+        '''
+        # whitespace to underscores
+        identifier = re.sub(r'\s+', '_', name)
+        # remove non-alphanum
+        identifier = re.sub(r'[^A-Za-z\d_]+', '', identifier)
+        # trim underscores
+        identifier = identifier.strip('_')
+        # lowercase, shorten
+        return identifier.lower()[:20]
+
+    @property
+    def colors(self):
+        if self.colors_enabled:
+            return Colors.enabled
+        else:
+            return Colors.disabled
+
+    @property
+    def symbols(self):
+        if self.unicode_enabled:
+            return Symbols.unicode
+        else:
+            return Symbols.ascii
+
+
+def build_description_from_identifier(identifier: str):
+    python_identifier, _, platform_identifier = identifier.partition('-')
+
+    build_description = ''
+
+    python_interpreter = python_identifier[0:2]
+    python_version = python_identifier[2:4]
+
+    if python_interpreter == 'cp':
+        build_description += 'CPython'
+    elif python_interpreter == 'pp':
+        build_description += 'PyPy'
+    else:
+        raise Exception('unknown python')
+
+    build_description += f' {python_version[0]}.{python_version[1]} '
+
+    try:
+        build_description += PLATFORM_IDENTIFIER_DESCIPTIONS[platform_identifier]
+    except KeyError as e:
+        raise Exception('unknown platform') from e
+
+    return build_description
+
+
+class Colors:
+    class Enabled:
+        red = '\033[31m'
+        green = '\033[32m'
+        yellow = '\033[33m'
+        blue = '\033[34m'
+        cyan = '\033[36m'
+        bright_red = '\033[91m'
+        bright_green = '\033[92m'
+        white = '\033[37m\033[97m'
+
+        bg_grey = '\033[48;5;235m'
+
+        bold = '\033[1m'
+        faint = '\033[2m'
+
+        end = '\033[0m'
+
+    class Disabled:
+        def __getattr__(self, attr: str) -> str:
+            return ''
+
+    enabled = Enabled()
+    disabled = Disabled()
+
+
+class Symbols:
+    class Unicode:
+        done = '✓'
+        error = '✕'
+
+    class Ascii:
+        done = 'done'
+        error = 'failed'
+
+    unicode = Unicode()
+    ascii = Ascii()
+
+
+def file_supports_color(file_obj):
+    """
+    Returns True if the running system's terminal supports color.
+    """
+    plat = sys.platform
+    supported_platform = (plat != 'win32' or 'ANSICON' in os.environ)
+
+    is_a_tty = file_is_a_tty(file_obj)
+
+    return (supported_platform and is_a_tty)
+
+
+def file_is_a_tty(file_obj):
+    return hasattr(file_obj, 'isatty') and file_obj.isatty()
+
+
+def file_supports_unicode(file_obj):
+    encoding = getattr(file_obj, 'encoding', None)
+    if not encoding:
+        return False
+
+    codec_info = codecs.lookup(encoding)
+
+    return ('utf' in codec_info.name)
+
+
+'''
+Global instance of the Logger.
+'''
+# (there's only one stdout per-process, so a global instance is justified)
+log = Logger()

cibuildwheel/macos.py

@@ -4,98 +4,113 @@ import shutil
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import tempfile
-from collections import namedtuple
-from glob import glob
+from os import PathLike
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Dict, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Sequence, Union
 
-from .util import (
-    download,
-    get_build_verbosity_extra_flags,
-    prepare_command,
-    get_pip_script,
-    BuildOptions
-)
+from .environment import ParsedEnvironment
+from .logger import log
+from .util import (BuildOptions, BuildSelector, NonPlatformWheelError,
+                   download, get_build_verbosity_extra_flags, get_pip_script,
+                   install_certifi_script, prepare_command)
 
 
-def call(args, env=None, cwd=None, shell=False):
+def call(args: Union[str, Sequence[Union[str, PathLike]]], env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None, cwd: Optional[str] = None, shell: bool = False) -> int:
     # print the command executing for the logs
     if shell:
-        print('+ %s' % args)
+        print(f'+ {args}')
     else:
-        print('+ ' + ' '.join(shlex.quote(a) for a in args))
+        print('+ ' + ' '.join(shlex.quote(str(a)) for a in args))
 
     return subprocess.check_call(args, env=env, cwd=cwd, shell=shell)
 
 
-def get_python_configurations(build_selector):
-    PythonConfiguration = namedtuple('PythonConfiguration', ['version', 'identifier', 'url'])
+class PythonConfiguration(NamedTuple):
+    version: str
+    identifier: str
+    url: str
+
+
+def get_python_configurations(build_selector: BuildSelector) -> List[PythonConfiguration]:
     python_configurations = [
         # CPython
         PythonConfiguration(version='2.7', identifier='cp27-macosx_x86_64', url='https://www.python.org/ftp/python/2.7.18/python-2.7.18-macosx10.9.pkg'),
         PythonConfiguration(version='3.5', identifier='cp35-macosx_x86_64', url='https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.5.4/python-3.5.4-macosx10.6.pkg'),
         PythonConfiguration(version='3.6', identifier='cp36-macosx_x86_64', url='https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.6.8/python-3.6.8-macosx10.9.pkg'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.7', identifier='cp37-macosx_x86_64', url='https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.7.7/python-3.7.7-macosx10.9.pkg'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.8', identifier='cp38-macosx_x86_64', url='https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.2/python-3.8.2-macosx10.9.pkg'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.7', identifier='cp37-macosx_x86_64', url='https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.7.9/python-3.7.9-macosx10.9.pkg'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.8', identifier='cp38-macosx_x86_64', url='https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.7/python-3.8.7-macosx10.9.pkg'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.9', identifier='cp39-macosx_x86_64', url='https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.9.1/python-3.9.1-macosx10.9.pkg'),
         # PyPy
-        PythonConfiguration(version='2.7', identifier='pp27-macosx_x86_64', url='https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy2.7-v7.3.1-osx64.tar.bz2'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.6', identifier='pp36-macosx_x86_64', url='https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.6-v7.3.1-osx64.tar.bz2'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='2.7', identifier='pp27-macosx_x86_64', url='https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy2.7-v7.3.3-osx64.tar.bz2'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.6', identifier='pp36-macosx_x86_64', url='https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.6-v7.3.3-osx64.tar.bz2'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.7', identifier='pp37-macosx_x86_64', url='https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.7-v7.3.3-osx64.tar.bz2'),
     ]
 
     # skip builds as required
     return [c for c in python_configurations if build_selector(c.identifier)]
 
 
-SYMLINKS_DIR = '/tmp/cibw_bin'
+SYMLINKS_DIR = Path('/tmp/cibw_bin')
 
 
-def make_symlinks(installation_bin_path, python_executable, pip_executable):
-    assert os.path.exists(os.path.join(installation_bin_path, python_executable))
+def make_symlinks(installation_bin_path: Path, python_executable: str, pip_executable: str) -> None:
+    assert (installation_bin_path / python_executable).exists()
 
     # Python bin folders on Mac don't symlink `python3` to `python`, and neither
     # does PyPy for `pypy` or `pypy3`, so we do that so `python` and `pip` always
     # point to the active configuration.
-    if os.path.exists(SYMLINKS_DIR):
+    if SYMLINKS_DIR.exists():
         shutil.rmtree(SYMLINKS_DIR)
-    os.makedirs(SYMLINKS_DIR)
+    SYMLINKS_DIR.mkdir(parents=True)
 
-    os.symlink(os.path.join(installation_bin_path, python_executable), os.path.join(SYMLINKS_DIR, 'python'))
-    os.symlink(os.path.join(installation_bin_path, python_executable + '-config'), os.path.join(SYMLINKS_DIR, 'python-config'))
-    os.symlink(os.path.join(installation_bin_path, pip_executable), os.path.join(SYMLINKS_DIR, 'pip'))
+    (SYMLINKS_DIR / 'python').symlink_to(installation_bin_path / python_executable)
+    (SYMLINKS_DIR / 'python-config').symlink_to(installation_bin_path / (python_executable + '-config'))
+    (SYMLINKS_DIR / 'pip').symlink_to(installation_bin_path / pip_executable)
 
 
-def install_cpython(version, url):
+def install_cpython(version: str, url: str) -> Path:
     installed_system_packages = subprocess.check_output(['pkgutil', '--pkgs'], universal_newlines=True).splitlines()
 
     # if this version of python isn't installed, get it from python.org and install
-    python_package_identifier = 'org.python.Python.PythonFramework-{}'.format(version)
+    python_package_identifier = f'org.python.Python.PythonFramework-{version}'
+    python_executable = 'python3' if version[0] == '3' else 'python'
+    installation_bin_path = Path(f'/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/{version}/bin')
+
     if python_package_identifier not in installed_system_packages:
         # download the pkg
-        download(url, '/tmp/Python.pkg')
+        download(url, Path('/tmp/Python.pkg'))
         # install
         call(['sudo', 'installer', '-pkg', '/tmp/Python.pkg', '-target', '/'])
         # patch open ssl
         if version == '3.5':
-            open_ssl_patch_url = 'https://github.com/mayeut/patch-macos-python-openssl/releases/download/v1.0.2u/patch-macos-python-%s-openssl-v1.0.2u.tar.gz' % version
-            download(open_ssl_patch_url, '/tmp/python-patch.tar.gz')
-            call(['sudo', 'tar', '-C', '/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/{}/'.format(version), '-xmf', '/tmp/python-patch.tar.gz'])
+            open_ssl_patch_url = f'https://github.com/mayeut/patch-macos-python-openssl/releases/download/v1.1.1h/patch-macos-python-{version}-openssl-v1.1.1h.tar.gz'
+            download(open_ssl_patch_url, Path('/tmp/python-patch.tar.gz'))
+            call(['sudo', 'tar', '-C', f'/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/{version}/', '-xmf', '/tmp/python-patch.tar.gz'])
+
+        call(["sudo", str(installation_bin_path/python_executable), str(install_certifi_script)])
 
-    installation_bin_path = '/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/{}/bin'.format(version)
-    python_executable = 'python3' if version[0] == '3' else 'python'
     pip_executable = 'pip3' if version[0] == '3' else 'pip'
     make_symlinks(installation_bin_path, python_executable, pip_executable)
 
     return installation_bin_path
 
 
-def install_pypy(version, url):
+def install_pypy(version: str, url: str) -> Path:
     pypy_tar_bz2 = url.rsplit('/', 1)[-1]
-    assert pypy_tar_bz2.endswith(".tar.bz2")
-    pypy_base_filename = os.path.splitext(os.path.splitext(pypy_tar_bz2)[0])[0]
-    installation_path = os.path.join('/tmp', pypy_base_filename)
-    if not os.path.exists(installation_path):
-        download(url, os.path.join("/tmp", pypy_tar_bz2))
-        call(['tar', '-C', '/tmp', '-xf', os.path.join("/tmp", pypy_tar_bz2)])
+    extension = ".tar.bz2"
+    assert pypy_tar_bz2.endswith(extension)
+    pypy_base_filename = pypy_tar_bz2[:-len(extension)]
+    installation_path = Path('/tmp') / pypy_base_filename
+    if not installation_path.exists():
+        downloaded_tar_bz2 = Path("/tmp") / pypy_tar_bz2
+        download(url, downloaded_tar_bz2)
+        call(['tar', '-C', '/tmp', '-xf', downloaded_tar_bz2])
+        # Patch PyPy to make sure headers get installed into a venv
+        patch_version = '_27' if version == '2.7' else ''
+        patch_path = Path(__file__).absolute().parent / 'resources' / f'pypy_venv{patch_version}.patch'
+        call(['patch', '--force', '-d', installation_path, patch_path])
 
-    installation_bin_path = os.path.join(installation_path, 'bin')
+    installation_bin_path = installation_path / 'bin'
     python_executable = 'pypy3' if version[0] == '3' else 'pypy'
     pip_executable = 'pip3' if version[0] == '3' else 'pip'
     make_symlinks(installation_bin_path, python_executable, pip_executable)
@@ -103,18 +118,25 @@ def install_pypy(version, url):
     return installation_bin_path
 
 
-def setup_python(python_configuration, dependency_constraint_flags, environment):
-    if python_configuration.identifier.startswith('cp'):
+def setup_python(python_configuration: PythonConfiguration,
+                 dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[Union[str, PathLike]],
+                 environment: ParsedEnvironment) -> Dict[str, str]:
+    implementation_id = python_configuration.identifier.split("-")[0]
+    log.step(f'Installing Python {implementation_id}...')
+
+    if implementation_id.startswith('cp'):
         installation_bin_path = install_cpython(python_configuration.version, python_configuration.url)
-    elif python_configuration.identifier.startswith('pp'):
+    elif implementation_id.startswith('pp'):
         installation_bin_path = install_pypy(python_configuration.version, python_configuration.url)
     else:
         raise ValueError("Unknown Python implementation")
 
+    log.step('Setting up build environment...')
+
     env = os.environ.copy()
     env['PATH'] = os.pathsep.join([
-        SYMLINKS_DIR,
-        installation_bin_path,
+        str(SYMLINKS_DIR),
+        str(installation_bin_path),
         env['PATH'],
     ])
 
@@ -136,15 +158,14 @@ def setup_python(python_configuration, dependency_constraint_flags, environment)
         exit(1)
 
     # install pip & wheel
-    call(['python', get_pip_script] + dependency_constraint_flags, env=env, cwd="/tmp")
-    assert os.path.exists(os.path.join(installation_bin_path, 'pip'))
+    call(['python', get_pip_script, *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env, cwd="/tmp")
+    assert (installation_bin_path / 'pip').exists()
     call(['which', 'pip'], env=env)
     call(['pip', '--version'], env=env)
     which_pip = subprocess.check_output(['which', 'pip'], env=env, universal_newlines=True).strip()
     if which_pip != '/tmp/cibw_bin/pip':
         print("cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.", file=sys.stderr)
         exit(1)
-    call(['pip', 'install', '--upgrade', 'setuptools', 'wheel', 'delocate'] + dependency_constraint_flags, env=env)
 
     # Set MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET to 10.9, if the user didn't set it.
     # CPython 3.5 defaults to 10.6, and pypy defaults to 10.7, causing
@@ -158,93 +179,122 @@ def setup_python(python_configuration, dependency_constraint_flags, environment)
         # https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/a5ed2fe0eedefa1649aa93ee74a0bafc8e628a10/Lib/_osx_support.py#L260
         env.setdefault('ARCHFLAGS', '-arch x86_64')
 
+    log.step('Installing build tools...')
+    call(['pip', 'install', '--upgrade', 'setuptools', 'wheel', 'delocate', *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env)
+
     return env
 
 
-def build(options: BuildOptions):
-    temp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix='cibuildwheel')
-    built_wheel_dir = os.path.join(temp_dir, 'built_wheel')
-    repaired_wheel_dir = os.path.join(temp_dir, 'repaired_wheel')
+def build(options: BuildOptions) -> None:
+    temp_dir = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix='cibuildwheel'))
+    built_wheel_dir = temp_dir / 'built_wheel'
+    repaired_wheel_dir = temp_dir / 'repaired_wheel'
 
-    python_configurations = get_python_configurations(options.build_selector)
+    try:
+        if options.before_all:
+            log.step('Running before_all...')
+            env = options.environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=os.environ)
+            before_all_prepared = prepare_command(options.before_all, project='.', package=options.package_dir)
+            call([before_all_prepared], shell=True, env=env)
 
-    for config in python_configurations:
-        dependency_constraint_flags = []
-        if options.dependency_constraints:
-            dependency_constraint_flags = [
-                '-c', options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(config.version)
-            ]
+        python_configurations = get_python_configurations(options.build_selector)
 
-        env = setup_python(config, dependency_constraint_flags, options.environment)
+        for config in python_configurations:
+            log.build_start(config.identifier)
 
-        # run the before_build command
-        if options.before_build:
-            before_build_prepared = prepare_command(options.before_build, project='.', package=options.package_dir)
-            call(before_build_prepared, env=env, shell=True)
+            dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[Union[str, PathLike]] = []
+            if options.dependency_constraints:
+                dependency_constraint_flags = [
+                    '-c', options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(config.version)
+                ]
 
-        # build the wheel
-        if os.path.exists(built_wheel_dir):
-            shutil.rmtree(built_wheel_dir)
-        os.makedirs(built_wheel_dir)
-        call(['pip', 'wheel', options.package_dir, '-w', built_wheel_dir, '--no-deps'] + get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(options.build_verbosity), env=env)
-        built_wheel = glob(os.path.join(built_wheel_dir, '*.whl'))[0]
+            env = setup_python(config, dependency_constraint_flags, options.environment)
 
-        # repair the wheel
-        if os.path.exists(repaired_wheel_dir):
-            shutil.rmtree(repaired_wheel_dir)
-        os.makedirs(repaired_wheel_dir)
-        if built_wheel.endswith('none-any.whl') or not options.repair_command:
-            # pure Python wheel or empty repair command
-            shutil.move(built_wheel, repaired_wheel_dir)
-        else:
-            repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(options.repair_command, wheel=built_wheel, dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir)
-            call(repair_command_prepared, env=env, shell=True)
-        repaired_wheel = glob(os.path.join(repaired_wheel_dir, '*.whl'))[0]
+            if options.before_build:
+                log.step('Running before_build...')
+                before_build_prepared = prepare_command(options.before_build, project='.', package=options.package_dir)
+                call(before_build_prepared, env=env, shell=True)
 
-        if options.test_command:
-            # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
-            # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
-            call(['pip', 'install', 'virtualenv'] + dependency_constraint_flags, env=env)
-            venv_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+            log.step('Building wheel...')
+            if built_wheel_dir.exists():
+                shutil.rmtree(built_wheel_dir)
+            built_wheel_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
 
-            # Use --no-download to ensure determinism by using seed libraries
-            # built into virtualenv
-            call(['python', '-m', 'virtualenv', '--no-download', venv_dir], env=env)
+            # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
+            # see https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/pull/369
+            call([
+                'pip', 'wheel',
+                options.package_dir.resolve(),
+                '-w', built_wheel_dir,
+                '--no-deps',
+                *get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(options.build_verbosity)
+            ], env=env)
 
-            virtualenv_env = env.copy()
-            virtualenv_env['PATH'] = os.pathsep.join([
-                os.path.join(venv_dir, 'bin'),
-                virtualenv_env['PATH'],
-            ])
-            virtualenv_env["__CIBW_VIRTUALENV_PATH__"] = venv_dir
+            built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob('*.whl'))
 
-            # check that we are using the Python from the virtual environment
-            call(['which', 'python'], env=virtualenv_env)
+            if repaired_wheel_dir.exists():
+                shutil.rmtree(repaired_wheel_dir)
+            repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
 
-            if options.before_test:
-                before_test_prepared = prepare_command(options.before_test, project='.', package=options.package_dir)
-                call(before_test_prepared, env=virtualenv_env, shell=True)
+            if built_wheel.name.endswith('none-any.whl'):
+                raise NonPlatformWheelError()
 
-            # install the wheel
-            call(['pip', 'install', repaired_wheel + options.test_extras], env=virtualenv_env)
+            if options.repair_command:
+                log.step('Repairing wheel...')
+                repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(options.repair_command, wheel=built_wheel, dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir)
+                call(repair_command_prepared, env=env, shell=True)
+            else:
+                shutil.move(str(built_wheel), repaired_wheel_dir)
 
-            # test the wheel
-            if options.test_requires:
-                call(['pip', 'install'] + options.test_requires, env=virtualenv_env)
+            repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob('*.whl'))
 
-            # run the tests from $HOME, with an absolute path in the command
-            # (this ensures that Python runs the tests against the installed wheel
-            # and not the repo code)
-            test_command_prepared = prepare_command(
-                options.test_command,
-                project=os.path.abspath('.'),
-                package=os.path.abspath(options.package_dir)
-            )
-            call(test_command_prepared, cwd=os.environ['HOME'], env=virtualenv_env, shell=True)
+            if options.test_command:
+                log.step('Testing wheel...')
+                # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
+                # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
+                call(['pip', 'install', 'virtualenv', *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env)
+                venv_dir = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp())
 
-            # clean up
-            shutil.rmtree(venv_dir)
+                # Use --no-download to ensure determinism by using seed libraries
+                # built into virtualenv
+                call(['python', '-m', 'virtualenv', '--no-download', venv_dir], env=env)
 
-        # we're all done here; move it to output (overwrite existing)
-        dst = os.path.join(options.output_dir, os.path.basename(repaired_wheel))
-        shutil.move(repaired_wheel, dst)
+                virtualenv_env = env.copy()
+                virtualenv_env['PATH'] = os.pathsep.join([
+                    str(venv_dir / 'bin'),
+                    virtualenv_env['PATH'],
+                ])
+
+                # check that we are using the Python from the virtual environment
+                call(['which', 'python'], env=virtualenv_env)
+
+                if options.before_test:
+                    before_test_prepared = prepare_command(options.before_test, project='.', package=options.package_dir)
+                    call(before_test_prepared, env=virtualenv_env, shell=True)
+
+                # install the wheel
+                call(['pip', 'install', str(repaired_wheel) + options.test_extras], env=virtualenv_env)
+
+                # test the wheel
+                if options.test_requires:
+                    call(['pip', 'install'] + options.test_requires, env=virtualenv_env)
+
+                # run the tests from $HOME, with an absolute path in the command
+                # (this ensures that Python runs the tests against the installed wheel
+                # and not the repo code)
+                test_command_prepared = prepare_command(
+                    options.test_command,
+                    project=Path('.').resolve(),
+                    package=options.package_dir.resolve()
+                )
+                call(test_command_prepared, cwd=os.environ['HOME'], env=virtualenv_env, shell=True)
+
+                # clean up
+                shutil.rmtree(venv_dir)
+
+            # we're all done here; move it to output (overwrite existing)
+            shutil.move(str(repaired_wheel), options.output_dir)
+            log.build_end()
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
+        log.error(f'Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout}')
+        exit(1)

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python27.txt

@@ -2,25 +2,54 @@
 # This file is autogenerated by pip-compile
 # To update, run:
 #
-#    bin/update_constraints.py
+#    bin/update_dependencies.py
 #
-appdirs==1.4.3            # via virtualenv
-configparser==4.0.2       # via importlib-metadata
-contextlib2==0.6.0.post1  # via importlib-metadata, importlib-resources, virtualenv
-delocate==0.8.0           # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.0            # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.0.12          # via virtualenv
-importlib-metadata==1.6.0  # via importlib-resources, virtualenv
-importlib-resources==1.5.0  # via virtualenv
-pathlib2==2.3.5           # via importlib-metadata, importlib-resources, virtualenv
-scandir==1.10.0           # via pathlib2
-singledispatch==3.4.0.3   # via importlib-resources
-six==1.14.0               # via pathlib2, virtualenv
-typing==3.7.4.1           # via importlib-resources
-virtualenv==20.0.18       # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-wheel==0.34.2             # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in, delocate
-zipp==1.2.0               # via importlib-metadata, importlib-resources
+appdirs==1.4.4
+    # via virtualenv
+configparser==4.0.2
+    # via importlib-metadata
+contextlib2==0.6.0.post1
+    # via
+    #   importlib-metadata
+    #   importlib-resources
+delocate==0.8.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.3.1
+    # via virtualenv
+filelock==3.0.12
+    # via virtualenv
+importlib-metadata==2.1.1
+    # via virtualenv
+importlib-resources==3.3.1
+    # via virtualenv
+pathlib2==2.3.5
+    # via
+    #   importlib-metadata
+    #   importlib-resources
+    #   virtualenv
+scandir==1.10.0
+    # via pathlib2
+singledispatch==3.4.0.3
+    # via importlib-resources
+six==1.15.0
+    # via
+    #   pathlib2
+    #   virtualenv
+typing==3.7.4.3
+    # via importlib-resources
+virtualenv==20.2.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+wheel==0.36.2
+    # via
+    #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+    #   delocate
+zipp==1.2.0
+    # via
+    #   importlib-metadata
+    #   importlib-resources
 
 # The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
-pip==20.1                 # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-setuptools==44.1.0        # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+pip==20.3.3
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+setuptools==44.1.1
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python35.txt

@@ -2,19 +2,35 @@
 # This file is autogenerated by pip-compile
 # To update, run:
 #
-#    bin/update_constraints.py
+#    bin/update_dependencies.py
 #
-appdirs==1.4.3            # via virtualenv
-delocate==0.8.0           # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.0            # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.0.12          # via virtualenv
-importlib-metadata==1.6.0  # via importlib-resources, virtualenv
-importlib-resources==1.5.0  # via virtualenv
-six==1.14.0               # via virtualenv
-virtualenv==20.0.18       # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-wheel==0.34.2             # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in, delocate
-zipp==1.2.0               # via importlib-metadata, importlib-resources
+appdirs==1.4.4
+    # via virtualenv
+delocate==0.8.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.3.1
+    # via virtualenv
+filelock==3.0.12
+    # via virtualenv
+importlib-metadata==2.1.1
+    # via virtualenv
+importlib-resources==3.2.1
+    # via virtualenv
+six==1.15.0
+    # via virtualenv
+virtualenv==20.2.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+wheel==0.36.2
+    # via
+    #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+    #   delocate
+zipp==1.2.0
+    # via
+    #   importlib-metadata
+    #   importlib-resources
 
 # The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
-pip==20.1                 # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-setuptools==46.1.3        # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+pip==20.3.3
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+setuptools==50.3.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python36.txt

@@ -2,19 +2,37 @@
 # This file is autogenerated by pip-compile
 # To update, run:
 #
-#    bin/update_constraints.py
+#    bin/update_dependencies.py
 #
-appdirs==1.4.3            # via virtualenv
-delocate==0.8.0           # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.0            # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.0.12          # via virtualenv
-importlib-metadata==1.6.0  # via importlib-resources, virtualenv
-importlib-resources==1.5.0  # via virtualenv
-six==1.14.0               # via virtualenv
-virtualenv==20.0.18       # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-wheel==0.34.2             # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in, delocate
-zipp==3.1.0               # via importlib-metadata, importlib-resources
+appdirs==1.4.4
+    # via virtualenv
+delocate==0.8.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.3.1
+    # via virtualenv
+filelock==3.0.12
+    # via virtualenv
+importlib-metadata==3.3.0
+    # via virtualenv
+importlib-resources==4.1.1
+    # via virtualenv
+six==1.15.0
+    # via virtualenv
+typing-extensions==3.7.4.3
+    # via importlib-metadata
+virtualenv==20.2.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+wheel==0.36.2
+    # via
+    #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+    #   delocate
+zipp==3.4.0
+    # via
+    #   importlib-metadata
+    #   importlib-resources
 
 # The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
-pip==20.1                 # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-setuptools==46.1.3        # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+pip==20.3.3
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+setuptools==51.1.1
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python37.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#
+# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile
+# To update, run:
+#
+#    bin/update_dependencies.py
+#
+appdirs==1.4.4
+    # via virtualenv
+delocate==0.8.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.3.1
+    # via virtualenv
+filelock==3.0.12
+    # via virtualenv
+importlib-metadata==3.3.0
+    # via virtualenv
+six==1.15.0
+    # via virtualenv
+typing-extensions==3.7.4.3
+    # via importlib-metadata
+virtualenv==20.2.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+wheel==0.36.2
+    # via
+    #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+    #   delocate
+zipp==3.4.0
+    # via importlib-metadata
+
+# The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
+pip==20.3.3
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+setuptools==51.1.1
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python38.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#
+# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile
+# To update, run:
+#
+#    bin/update_dependencies.py
+#
+appdirs==1.4.4
+    # via virtualenv
+delocate==0.8.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.3.1
+    # via virtualenv
+filelock==3.0.12
+    # via virtualenv
+six==1.15.0
+    # via virtualenv
+virtualenv==20.2.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+wheel==0.36.2
+    # via
+    #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+    #   delocate
+
+# The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
+pip==20.3.3
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+setuptools==51.1.1
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python39.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#
+# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile
+# To update, run:
+#
+#    bin/update_dependencies.py
+#
+appdirs==1.4.4
+    # via virtualenv
+delocate==0.8.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.3.1
+    # via virtualenv
+filelock==3.0.12
+    # via virtualenv
+six==1.15.0
+    # via virtualenv
+virtualenv==20.2.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+wheel==0.36.2
+    # via
+    #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+    #   delocate
+
+# The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
+pip==20.3.3
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+setuptools==51.1.1
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.txt

@@ -2,18 +2,27 @@
 # This file is autogenerated by pip-compile
 # To update, run:
 #
-#    bin/update_constraints.py
+#    bin/update_dependencies.py
 #
-appdirs==1.4.3            # via virtualenv
-delocate==0.8.0           # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-distlib==0.3.0            # via virtualenv
-filelock==3.0.12          # via virtualenv
-importlib-metadata==1.6.0  # via virtualenv
-six==1.14.0               # via virtualenv
-virtualenv==20.0.18       # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-wheel==0.34.2             # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in, delocate
-zipp==3.1.0               # via importlib-metadata
+appdirs==1.4.4
+    # via virtualenv
+delocate==0.8.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.3.1
+    # via virtualenv
+filelock==3.0.12
+    # via virtualenv
+six==1.15.0
+    # via virtualenv
+virtualenv==20.2.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+wheel==0.36.2
+    # via
+    #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+    #   delocate
 
 # The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
-pip==20.1                 # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
-setuptools==46.1.3        # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+pip==20.3.3
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+setuptools==51.1.1
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/install_certifi.py

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+# Based on: https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/master/Mac/BuildScript/resources/install_certificates.command
+
+# install_certifi.py
+#
+# sample script to install or update a set of default Root Certificates
+# for the ssl module.  Uses the certificates provided by the certifi package:
+#       https://pypi.org/project/certifi/
+
+import os
+import os.path
+import ssl
+import stat
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+STAT_0o775 = (stat.S_IRUSR | stat.S_IWUSR | stat.S_IXUSR
+              | stat.S_IRGRP | stat.S_IWGRP | stat.S_IXGRP
+              | stat.S_IROTH | stat.S_IXOTH)
+
+if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
+    FileNotFoundError = OSError
+
+
+def main():
+    openssl_dir, openssl_cafile = os.path.split(
+        ssl.get_default_verify_paths().openssl_cafile)
+    print(" -- pip install --upgrade certifi")
+    subprocess.check_call([sys.executable,
+                           "-E", "-s", "-m", "pip", "install", "--upgrade", "certifi"])
+
+    import certifi
+    # change working directory to the default SSL directory
+    os.chdir(openssl_dir)
+    relpath_to_certifi_cafile = os.path.relpath(certifi.where())
+
+    print(" -- removing any existing file or link")
+    try:
+        os.remove(openssl_cafile)
+    except FileNotFoundError:
+        pass
+    print(" -- creating symlink to certifi certificate bundle")
+    os.symlink(relpath_to_certifi_cafile, openssl_cafile)
+
+    print(" -- setting permissions")
+    os.chmod(openssl_cafile, STAT_0o775)
+    print(" -- update complete")
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()

cibuildwheel/resources/pinned_docker_images.cfg

@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
 [x86_64]
-manylinux1 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_x86_64:2020-04-25-37c204c
-manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64:2020-04-29-0e1afc5
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2020-05-01-b37d76b
+manylinux1 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_x86_64:2020-12-30-e2b3664
+manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64:2020-12-30-3161d69
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2020-12-30-68d3257
 
 [i686]
-manylinux1 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_i686:2020-04-25-37c204c
-manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686:2020-04-29-0e1afc5
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2020-05-01-b37d76b
+manylinux1 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_i686:2020-12-30-e2b3664
+manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686:2020-12-30-3161d69
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2020-12-30-68d3257
 
 [pypy_x86_64]
-manylinux2010 = pypywheels/manylinux2010-pypy_x86_64:2020-04-25-eb2cdff
+manylinux2010 = pypywheels/manylinux2010-pypy_x86_64:2020-12-11-f1e0e80
 
 [aarch64]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2020-05-01-b37d76b
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2020-12-30-68d3257
 
 [ppc64le]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le:2020-05-01-b37d76b
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le:2020-12-30-68d3257
 
 [s390x]
-manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x:2020-05-01-b37d76b
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x:2020-12-30-68d3257
 

cibuildwheel/resources/pypy3.6.patch

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
---- a/lib_pypy/_sysconfigdata.py	Tue Jan 28 22:54:59 2020 +0200
-+++ b/lib_pypy/_sysconfigdata.py	Wed Jan 29 19:21:23 2020 +0200
-@@ -47,4 +47,5 @@
-     build_time_vars['CC'] += ' -arch %s' % (arch,)
-     if "CXX" in build_time_vars:
-         build_time_vars['CXX'] += ' -arch %s' % (arch,)
-+    build_time_vars['MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET'] = '10.7'

cibuildwheel/resources/pypy_venv.patch

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+diff --git a/lib-python/3/sysconfig.py b/lib-python/3/sysconfig.py
+index 0d08cde66b4150e1772c13fdc6fe34d079c2b10d..30c77d165a2505d98bc7660ff0cc3b728f56c682 100644
+--- a/lib-python/3/sysconfig.py
++++ b/lib-python/3/sysconfig.py
+@@ -618,9 +618,6 @@ def get_config_vars(*args):
+             import _osx_support
+             _osx_support.customize_config_vars(_CONFIG_VARS)
+
+-        _CONFIG_VARS['INCLUDEPY'] = os.path.join(_CONFIG_VARS['prefix'],
+-                                                 'include')
+-
+     if args:
+         vals = []
+         for name in args:
+diff --git a/lib_pypy/_sysconfigdata.py b/lib_pypy/_sysconfigdata.py
+index f1cca41a4b7553819bb1a2a63af1c1a9b8591ce9..a34216e8e12b82abd72fabdd7793b3e8bb19bbcf 100644
+--- a/lib_pypy/_sysconfigdata.py
++++ b/lib_pypy/_sysconfigdata.py
+@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ from distutils.spawn import find_executable
+
+ so_ext = _imp.extension_suffixes()[0]
+
++mybase = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+
+ build_time_vars = {
+     # SOABI is PEP 3149 compliant, but CPython3 has so_ext.split('.')[1]
+@@ -25,7 +26,8 @@ build_time_vars = {
+     'AR': "ar",
+     'ARFLAGS': "rc",
+     'EXE': "",
+-    'LIBDIR': os.path.join(sys.prefix, 'bin'),
++    'LIBDIR': os.path.join(mybase, 'lib'),
++    'INCLUDEPY': os.path.join(mybase, 'include'),
+ }
+
+ if find_executable("gcc"):

cibuildwheel/resources/pypy_venv_27.patch

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+--- a/lib-python/2.7/sysconfig.py
++++ b/lib-python/2.7/sysconfig.py
+@@ -553,9 +553,6 @@ def get_config_vars(*args):
+             if type_ == imp.C_EXTENSION:
+                 _CONFIG_VARS['SOABI'] = suffix.split('.')[1]
+                 break
+-        _CONFIG_VARS['INCLUDEPY'] = os.path.join(_CONFIG_VARS['prefix'],
+-                                                 'include')
+-
+     if args:
+         vals = []
+         for name in args:
+--- a/lib_pypy/_sysconfigdata.py
++++ b/lib_pypy/_sysconfigdata.py
+@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
+-import imp
++import imp, os
++
++mybase = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+
+ build_time_vars = {
+     "SO": [s[0] for s in imp.get_suffixes() if s[2] == imp.C_EXTENSION][0]
+ }
++
++build_time_vars['LIBDIR'] = os.path.join(mybase, 'lib')
++build_time_vars['INCLUDEPY'] = os.path.join(mybase, 'include')
++

cibuildwheel/util.py

@@ -1,13 +1,19 @@
 import os
+import ssl
+import textwrap
 import urllib.request
+from enum import Enum
 from fnmatch import fnmatch
+from pathlib import Path
 from time import sleep
-from typing import NamedTuple, List, Optional, Dict
+from typing import Dict, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Union
+
+import certifi
 
 from .environment import ParsedEnvironment
 
 
-def prepare_command(command, **kwargs):
+def prepare_command(command: str, **kwargs: Union[str, os.PathLike]) -> str:
     '''
     Preprocesses a command by expanding variables like {python}.
 
@@ -17,7 +23,7 @@ def prepare_command(command, **kwargs):
     return command.format(python='python', pip='pip', **kwargs)
 
 
-def get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(level):
+def get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(level: int) -> List[str]:
     if level > 0:
         return ['-' + level * 'v']
     elif level < 0:
@@ -27,46 +33,53 @@ def get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(level):
 
 
 class BuildSelector:
-    def __init__(self, build_config, skip_config):
+    def __init__(self, build_config: str, skip_config: str):
         self.build_patterns = build_config.split()
         self.skip_patterns = skip_config.split()
 
-    def __call__(self, build_id):
-        def match_any(patterns):
+    def __call__(self, build_id: str) -> bool:
+        def match_any(patterns: List[str]) -> bool:
             return any(fnmatch(build_id, pattern) for pattern in patterns)
         return match_any(self.build_patterns) and not match_any(self.skip_patterns)
 
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return 'BuildSelector({!r} - {!r})'.format(' '.join(self.build_patterns), ' '.join(self.skip_patterns))
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        if not self.skip_patterns:
+            return f'BuildSelector({" ".join(self.build_patterns)!r})'
+        else:
+            return f'BuildSelector({" ".join(self.build_patterns)!r} - {" ".join(self.skip_patterns)!r})'
 
 
 # Taken from https://stackoverflow.com/a/107717
 class Unbuffered:
-    def __init__(self, stream):
+    def __init__(self, stream):  # type: ignore
         self.stream = stream
 
-    def write(self, data):
+    def write(self, data):  # type: ignore
         self.stream.write(data)
         self.stream.flush()
 
-    def writelines(self, datas):
+    def writelines(self, datas):  # type: ignore
         self.stream.writelines(datas)
         self.stream.flush()
 
-    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):  # type: ignore
         return getattr(self.stream, attr)
 
 
-def download(url, dest):
-    print('+ Download ' + url + ' to ' + dest)
-    dest_dir = os.path.dirname(dest)
-    if not os.path.exists(dest_dir):
-        os.makedirs(dest_dir)
+def download(url: str, dest: Path) -> None:
+    print(f'+ Download {url} to {dest}')
+    dest_dir = dest.parent
+    if not dest_dir.exists():
+        dest_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
 
+    # we've had issues when relying on the host OS' CA certificates on Windows,
+    # so we use certifi (this sounds odd but requests also does this by default)
+    cafile = os.environ.get('SSL_CERT_FILE', certifi.where())
+    context = ssl.create_default_context(cafile=cafile)
     repeat_num = 3
     for i in range(repeat_num):
         try:
-            response = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
+            response = urllib.request.urlopen(url, context=context)
         except Exception:
             if i == repeat_num - 1:
                 raise
@@ -75,57 +88,106 @@ def download(url, dest):
         break
 
     try:
-        with open(dest, 'wb') as file:
-            file.write(response.read())
+        dest.write_bytes(response.read())
     finally:
         response.close()
 
 
 class DependencyConstraints:
-    def __init__(self, base_file_path):
-        assert os.path.exists(base_file_path)
-        self.base_file_path = os.path.abspath(base_file_path)
+    def __init__(self, base_file_path: Path):
+        assert base_file_path.exists()
+        self.base_file_path = base_file_path.resolve()
 
-    @classmethod
-    def with_defaults(cls):
-        return cls(
-            base_file_path=os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'resources', 'constraints.txt')
+    @staticmethod
+    def with_defaults() -> 'DependencyConstraints':
+        return DependencyConstraints(
+            base_file_path=resources_dir / 'constraints.txt'
         )
 
-    def get_for_python_version(self, version):
+    def get_for_python_version(self, version: str) -> Path:
         version_parts = version.split('.')
 
         # try to find a version-specific dependency file e.g. if
         # ./constraints.txt is the base, look for ./constraints-python27.txt
-        base, ext = os.path.splitext(self.base_file_path)
-        specific = base + '-python{}{}'.format(version_parts[0], version_parts[1])
-        specific_file_path = specific + ext
-        if os.path.exists(specific_file_path):
+        specific_stem = self.base_file_path.stem + f'-python{version_parts[0]}{version_parts[1]}'
+        specific_name = specific_stem + self.base_file_path.suffix
+        specific_file_path = self.base_file_path.with_name(specific_name)
+        if specific_file_path.exists():
             return specific_file_path
         else:
             return self.base_file_path
 
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f'{self.__class__.__name__}{self.base_file_path!r})'
 
-BuildOptions = NamedTuple("BuildOptions", [
-    ("package_dir", str),
-    ("output_dir", str),
-    ("test_command", Optional[str]),
-    ("test_requires", List[str]),
-    ("test_extras", str),
-    ("before_build", Optional[str]),
-    ("build_verbosity", int),
-    ("build_selector", BuildSelector),
-    ("repair_command", str),
-    ("environment", ParsedEnvironment),
-    ("before_test", str),
-    ("dependency_constraints", Optional[DependencyConstraints]),
-    ("manylinux_images", Optional[Dict[str, str]]),
-])
 
-"""
-Replace this definition with a class-style NamedTuple in the
-PEP526 style when Python 3.5 host support is dropped
-"""
+class BuildOptions(NamedTuple):
+    package_dir: Path
+    output_dir: Path
+    build_selector: BuildSelector
+    environment: ParsedEnvironment
+    before_all: str
+    before_build: Optional[str]
+    repair_command: str
+    manylinux_images: Optional[Dict[str, str]]
+    dependency_constraints: Optional[DependencyConstraints]
+    test_command: Optional[str]
+    before_test: Optional[str]
+    test_requires: List[str]
+    test_extras: str
+    build_verbosity: int
 
-resources_dir = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'resources'))
-get_pip_script = os.path.join(resources_dir, 'get-pip.py')
+
+resources_dir = Path(__file__).resolve().parent / 'resources'
+get_pip_script = resources_dir / 'get-pip.py'
+install_certifi_script = resources_dir / "install_certifi.py"
+
+
+class NonPlatformWheelError(Exception):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        message = textwrap.dedent('''
+            cibuildwheel: Build failed because a pure Python wheel was generated.
+
+            If you intend to build a pure-Python wheel, you don't need cibuildwheel - use
+            `pip wheel -w DEST_DIR .` instead.
+
+            If you expected a platform wheel, check your project configuration, or run
+            cibuildwheel with CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY=1 to view build logs.
+        ''')
+
+        super().__init__(message)
+
+
+def strtobool(val: str) -> bool:
+    if val.lower() in ('y', 'yes', 't', 'true', 'on', '1'):
+        return True
+    return False
+
+
+class CIProvider(str, Enum):
+    travis_ci = 'travis'
+    appveyor = 'appveyor'
+    circle_ci = 'circle_ci'
+    azure_pipelines = 'azure_pipelines'
+    github_actions = 'github_actions'
+    gitlab = 'gitlab'
+    other = 'other'
+
+
+def detect_ci_provider() -> Optional[CIProvider]:
+    if 'TRAVIS' in os.environ:
+        return CIProvider.travis_ci
+    elif 'APPVEYOR' in os.environ:
+        return CIProvider.appveyor
+    elif 'CIRCLECI' in os.environ:
+        return CIProvider.circle_ci
+    elif 'AZURE_HTTP_USER_AGENT' in os.environ:
+        return CIProvider.azure_pipelines
+    elif 'GITHUB_ACTIONS' in os.environ:
+        return CIProvider.github_actions
+    elif 'GITLAB_CI' in os.environ:
+        return CIProvider.gitlab
+    elif strtobool(os.environ.get('CI', 'false')):
+        return CIProvider.other
+    else:
+        return None

cibuildwheel/windows.py

@@ -3,37 +3,51 @@ import shutil
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import tempfile
-from collections import namedtuple
-from glob import glob
+from os import PathLike
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Dict, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Sequence, Union
 from zipfile import ZipFile
 
-from .util import (
-    download,
-    get_build_verbosity_extra_flags,
-    prepare_command,
-    get_pip_script,
-    BuildOptions
-)
+import toml
 
+from .environment import ParsedEnvironment
+from .logger import log
+from .util import (BuildOptions, BuildSelector, NonPlatformWheelError,
+                   download, get_build_verbosity_extra_flags, get_pip_script,
+                   prepare_command)
 
-IS_RUNNING_ON_AZURE = os.path.exists('C:\\hostedtoolcache')
+IS_RUNNING_ON_AZURE = Path('C:\\hostedtoolcache').exists()
 IS_RUNNING_ON_TRAVIS = os.environ.get('TRAVIS_OS_NAME') == 'windows'
 
 
-def shell(args, env=None, cwd=None):
-    print('+ ' + ' '.join(args))
-    return subprocess.check_call(' '.join(args), env=env, cwd=cwd, shell=True)
+def call(args: Sequence[Union[str, PathLike]], env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
+         cwd: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+    print('+ ' + ' '.join(str(a) for a in args))
+    # we use shell=True here, even though we don't need a shell due to a bug
+    # https://bugs.python.org/issue8557
+    subprocess.check_call([str(a) for a in args], env=env, cwd=cwd, shell=True)
 
 
-def get_nuget_args(version, arch):
+def shell(command: str, env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None, cwd: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+    print(f'+ {command}')
+    subprocess.check_call(command, env=env, cwd=cwd, shell=True)
+
+
+def get_nuget_args(version: str, arch: str) -> List[str]:
     python_name = 'python' if version[0] == '3' else 'python2'
     if arch == '32':
         python_name = python_name + 'x86'
     return [python_name, '-Version', version, '-OutputDirectory', 'C:\\cibw\\python']
 
 
-def get_python_configurations(build_selector):
-    PythonConfiguration = namedtuple('PythonConfiguration', ['version', 'arch', 'identifier', 'url'])
+class PythonConfiguration(NamedTuple):
+    version: str
+    arch: str
+    identifier: str
+    url: Optional[str]
+
+
+def get_python_configurations(build_selector: BuildSelector) -> List[PythonConfiguration]:
     python_configurations = [
         # CPython
         PythonConfiguration(version='2.7.18', arch='32', identifier='cp27-win32', url=None),
@@ -42,13 +56,16 @@ def get_python_configurations(build_selector):
         PythonConfiguration(version='3.5.4', arch='64', identifier='cp35-win_amd64', url=None),
         PythonConfiguration(version='3.6.8', arch='32', identifier='cp36-win32', url=None),
         PythonConfiguration(version='3.6.8', arch='64', identifier='cp36-win_amd64', url=None),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.7.7', arch='32', identifier='cp37-win32', url=None),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.7.7', arch='64', identifier='cp37-win_amd64', url=None),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.8.2', arch='32', identifier='cp38-win32', url=None),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.8.2', arch='64', identifier='cp38-win_amd64', url=None),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.7.9', arch='32', identifier='cp37-win32', url=None),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.7.9', arch='64', identifier='cp37-win_amd64', url=None),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.8.7', arch='32', identifier='cp38-win32', url=None),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.8.7', arch='64', identifier='cp38-win_amd64', url=None),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.9.1', arch='32', identifier='cp39-win32', url=None),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.9.1', arch='64', identifier='cp39-win_amd64', url=None),
         # PyPy
-        PythonConfiguration(version='2.7', arch='32', identifier='pp27-win32', url='https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy2.7-v7.3.1-win32.zip'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.6', arch='32', identifier='pp36-win32', url='https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.6-v7.3.1-win32.zip'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='2.7', arch='32', identifier='pp27-win32', url='https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy2.7-v7.3.3-win32.zip'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.6', arch='32', identifier='pp36-win32', url='https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.6-v7.3.3-win32.zip'),
+        PythonConfiguration(version='3.7', arch='32', identifier='pp37-win32', url='https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.7-v7.3.3-win32.zip'),
     ]
 
     if IS_RUNNING_ON_TRAVIS:
@@ -62,184 +79,248 @@ def get_python_configurations(build_selector):
     return python_configurations
 
 
-def extract_zip(zip_src, dest):
+def extract_zip(zip_src: Path, dest: Path) -> None:
     with ZipFile(zip_src) as zip:
         zip.extractall(dest)
 
 
-def install_cpython(version, arch, nuget):
+def install_cpython(version: str, arch: str, nuget: Path) -> Path:
     nuget_args = get_nuget_args(version, arch)
-    installation_path = os.path.join(nuget_args[-1], nuget_args[0] + '.' + version, 'tools')
-    shell([nuget, 'install'] + nuget_args)
+    installation_path = Path(nuget_args[-1]) / (nuget_args[0] + '.' + version) / 'tools'
+    call([nuget, 'install', *nuget_args])
     return installation_path
 
 
-def install_pypy(version, arch, url):
+def install_pypy(version: str, arch: str, url: str) -> Path:
     assert arch == '32'
     # Inside the PyPy zip file is a directory with the same name
     zip_filename = url.rsplit('/', 1)[-1]
-    installation_path = os.path.join('C:\\cibw', os.path.splitext(zip_filename)[0])
-    if not os.path.exists(installation_path):
-        pypy_zip = os.path.join('C:\\cibw', zip_filename)
+    extension = ".zip"
+    assert zip_filename.endswith(extension)
+    installation_path = Path('C:\\cibw') / zip_filename[:-len(extension)]
+    if not installation_path.exists():
+        pypy_zip = Path('C:\\cibw') / zip_filename
         download(url, pypy_zip)
         # Extract to the parent directory because the zip file still contains a directory
-        extract_zip(pypy_zip, os.path.dirname(installation_path))
+        extract_zip(pypy_zip, installation_path.parent)
         pypy_exe = 'pypy3.exe' if version[0] == '3' else 'pypy.exe'
-        shell(['mklink', os.path.join(installation_path, 'python.exe'), os.path.join(installation_path, pypy_exe)])
+        (installation_path / 'python.exe').symlink_to(installation_path / pypy_exe)
     return installation_path
 
 
-def setup_python(python_configuration, dependency_constraint_flags, environment):
-    nuget = 'C:\\cibw\\nuget.exe'
-    if not os.path.exists(nuget):
+def setup_python(python_configuration: PythonConfiguration, dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[Union[str, PathLike]], environment: ParsedEnvironment) -> Dict[str, str]:
+    nuget = Path('C:\\cibw\\nuget.exe')
+    if not nuget.exists():
+        log.step('Downloading nuget...')
         download('https://dist.nuget.org/win-x86-commandline/latest/nuget.exe', nuget)
 
-    if python_configuration.identifier.startswith('cp'):
+    implementation_id = python_configuration.identifier.split("-")[0]
+    log.step(f'Installing Python {implementation_id}...')
+
+    if implementation_id.startswith('cp'):
         installation_path = install_cpython(python_configuration.version, python_configuration.arch, nuget)
-    elif python_configuration.identifier.startswith('pp'):
+    elif implementation_id.startswith('pp'):
+        assert python_configuration.url is not None
         installation_path = install_pypy(python_configuration.version, python_configuration.arch, python_configuration.url)
     else:
         raise ValueError("Unknown Python implementation")
 
-    assert os.path.exists(os.path.join(installation_path, 'python.exe'))
+    assert (installation_path / 'python.exe').exists()
+
+    log.step('Setting up build environment...')
 
     # set up PATH and environment variables for run_with_env
     env = os.environ.copy()
     env['PYTHON_VERSION'] = python_configuration.version
     env['PYTHON_ARCH'] = python_configuration.arch
     env['PATH'] = os.pathsep.join([
-        installation_path,
-        os.path.join(installation_path, 'Scripts'),
+        str(installation_path),
+        str(installation_path / 'Scripts'),
         env['PATH']
     ])
     # update env with results from CIBW_ENVIRONMENT
     env = environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=env)
 
     # for the logs - check we're running the right version of python
-    shell(['where', 'python'], env=env)
-    shell(['python', '--version'], env=env)
-    shell(['python', '-c', '"import struct; print(struct.calcsize(\'P\') * 8)"'], env=env)
+    call(['where', 'python'], env=env)
+    call(['python', '--version'], env=env)
+    call(['python', '-c', '"import struct; print(struct.calcsize(\'P\') * 8)"'], env=env)
     where_python = subprocess.check_output(['where', 'python'], env=env, universal_newlines=True).splitlines()[0].strip()
-    if where_python != os.path.join(installation_path, 'python.exe'):
+    if where_python != str(installation_path / 'python.exe'):
         print("cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it.", file=sys.stderr)
         exit(1)
 
     # make sure pip is installed
-    if not os.path.exists(os.path.join(installation_path, 'Scripts', 'pip.exe')):
-        shell(['python', get_pip_script] + dependency_constraint_flags, env=env, cwd="C:\\cibw")
-    assert os.path.exists(os.path.join(installation_path, 'Scripts', 'pip.exe'))
+    if not (installation_path / 'Scripts' / 'pip.exe').exists():
+        call(['python', get_pip_script, *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env, cwd="C:\\cibw")
+    assert (installation_path / 'Scripts' / 'pip.exe').exists()
     where_pip = subprocess.check_output(['where', 'pip'], env=env, universal_newlines=True).splitlines()[0].strip()
-    if where_pip.strip() != os.path.join(installation_path, 'Scripts', 'pip.exe'):
+    if where_pip.strip() != str(installation_path / 'Scripts' / 'pip.exe'):
         print("cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.", file=sys.stderr)
         exit(1)
 
-    # prepare the Python environment
-    shell(['python', '-m', 'pip', 'install', '--upgrade', 'pip'] + dependency_constraint_flags, env=env)
-    shell(['pip', '--version'], env=env)
-    shell(['pip', 'install', '--upgrade', 'setuptools', 'wheel'] + dependency_constraint_flags, env=env)
+    log.step('Installing build tools...')
+
+    call(['python', '-m', 'pip', 'install', '--upgrade', 'pip', *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env)
+    call(['pip', '--version'], env=env)
+    call(['pip', 'install', '--upgrade', 'setuptools', 'wheel', *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env)
 
     return env
 
 
-def build(options: BuildOptions):
-    temp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix='cibuildwheel')
-    built_wheel_dir = os.path.join(temp_dir, 'built_wheel')
-    repaired_wheel_dir = os.path.join(temp_dir, 'repaired_wheel')
+def pep_518_cp35_workaround(package_dir: Path, env: Dict[str, str]) -> None:
+    """
+    Python 3.5 PEP 518 hack (see https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/8392#issuecomment-639563494)
+    Basically, nuget's Python is an embedded Python distribution, which is not supported by pip.
+    Before version 3.6, there was no way to disable the "embedded" behavior, including the ignoring
+    of environment variables, including the ones pip uses to setup PEP 518 builds.
 
-    # install nuget as best way to provide python
-    nuget = 'C:\\cibw\\nuget.exe'
-    download('https://dist.nuget.org/win-x86-commandline/latest/nuget.exe', nuget)
+    The fix here is as suggested in that issue; we manually setup the PEP 518 requirements. Since we
+    are in a fresh environment (except for pinned cibuildweel dependencies), the build is already
+    mostly "isolated".
+    """
 
-    python_configurations = get_python_configurations(options.build_selector)
-    for config in python_configurations:
-        dependency_constraint_flags = []
-        if options.dependency_constraints:
-            dependency_constraint_flags = [
-                '-c', options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(config.version)
-            ]
+    pyproject_path = package_dir / 'pyproject.toml'
 
-        # install Python
-        env = setup_python(config, dependency_constraint_flags, options.environment)
+    if pyproject_path.exists():
+        data = toml.load(pyproject_path)
+        requirements = (
+            data['build-system'].get('requires', [])
+            if 'build-system' in data
+            else []
+        )
 
-        # run the before_build command
-        if options.before_build:
-            before_build_prepared = prepare_command(options.before_build, project='.', package=options.package_dir)
-            shell([before_build_prepared], env=env)
+        if requirements:
+            log.step('Performing PEP518 workaround...')
+            with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as d:
+                reqfile = Path(d) / "requirements.txt"
+                with reqfile.open("w") as f:
+                    for r in requirements:
+                        print(r, file=f)
+                call(['pip', 'install', '-r', reqfile], env=env)
 
-        # build the wheel
-        if os.path.exists(built_wheel_dir):
-            shutil.rmtree(built_wheel_dir)
-        os.makedirs(built_wheel_dir)
-        shell(['pip', 'wheel', options.package_dir, '-w', built_wheel_dir, '--no-deps'] + get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(options.build_verbosity), env=env)
-        built_wheel = glob(os.path.join(built_wheel_dir, '*.whl'))[0]
 
-        # repair the wheel
-        if os.path.exists(repaired_wheel_dir):
-            shutil.rmtree(repaired_wheel_dir)
-        os.makedirs(repaired_wheel_dir)
-        if built_wheel.endswith('none-any.whl') or not options.repair_command:
-            # pure Python wheel or empty repair command
-            shutil.move(built_wheel, repaired_wheel_dir)
-        else:
-            repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(options.repair_command, wheel=built_wheel, dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir)
-            shell([repair_command_prepared], env=env)
-        repaired_wheel = glob(os.path.join(repaired_wheel_dir, '*.whl'))[0]
+def build(options: BuildOptions) -> None:
+    temp_dir = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix='cibuildwheel'))
+    built_wheel_dir = temp_dir / 'built_wheel'
+    repaired_wheel_dir = temp_dir / 'repaired_wheel'
 
-        if options.test_command:
-            # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
-            # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
-            shell(['pip', 'install', 'virtualenv'] + dependency_constraint_flags, env=env)
-            venv_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+    try:
+        if options.before_all:
+            log.step('Running before_all...')
+            env = options.environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=os.environ)
+            before_all_prepared = prepare_command(options.before_all, project='.', package=options.package_dir)
+            shell(before_all_prepared, env=env)
 
-            # Use --no-download to ensure determinism by using seed libraries
-            # built into virtualenv
-            shell(['python', '-m', 'virtualenv', '--no-download', venv_dir], env=env)
+        python_configurations = get_python_configurations(options.build_selector)
 
-            virtualenv_env = env.copy()
+        for config in python_configurations:
+            log.build_start(config.identifier)
 
-            venv_script_path = os.path.join(venv_dir, 'Scripts')
-            if os.path.exists(os.path.join(venv_dir, 'bin')):
-                # pypy2.7 bugfix
-                venv_script_path = os.pathsep.join([venv_script_path, os.path.join(venv_dir, 'bin')])
-            virtualenv_env['PATH'] = os.pathsep.join([
-                venv_script_path,
-                virtualenv_env['PATH'],
-            ])
-            virtualenv_env["__CIBW_VIRTUALENV_PATH__"] = venv_dir
+            dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[Union[str, PathLike]] = []
+            if options.dependency_constraints:
+                dependency_constraint_flags = [
+                    '-c', options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(config.version)
+                ]
 
-            # check that we are using the Python from the virtual environment
-            shell(['which', 'python'], env=virtualenv_env)
+            # install Python
+            env = setup_python(config, dependency_constraint_flags, options.environment)
 
-            if options.before_test:
-                before_test_prepared = prepare_command(
-                    options.before_test,
-                    project='.',
-                    package=options.package_dir
+            # run the before_build command
+            if options.before_build:
+                log.step('Running before_build...')
+                before_build_prepared = prepare_command(options.before_build, project='.', package=options.package_dir)
+                shell(before_build_prepared, env=env)
+
+            # activate the PEP 518 patch if on Windows Python 3.5
+            # (will only have an effect if PEP 517 builds are used):
+            if config.version.startswith('3.5'):
+                pep_518_cp35_workaround(options.package_dir, env)
+
+            log.step('Building wheel...')
+            if built_wheel_dir.exists():
+                shutil.rmtree(built_wheel_dir)
+            built_wheel_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
+            # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
+            # see https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/pull/369
+            call([
+                'pip', 'wheel',
+                options.package_dir.resolve(),
+                '-w', built_wheel_dir,
+                '--no-deps',
+                *get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(options.build_verbosity)
+            ], env=env)
+
+            built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob('*.whl'))
+
+            # repair the wheel
+            if repaired_wheel_dir.exists():
+                shutil.rmtree(repaired_wheel_dir)
+            repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
+
+            if built_wheel.name.endswith('none-any.whl'):
+                raise NonPlatformWheelError()
+
+            if options.repair_command:
+                log.step('Repairing wheel...')
+                repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(options.repair_command, wheel=built_wheel, dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir)
+                shell(repair_command_prepared, env=env)
+            else:
+                shutil.move(str(built_wheel), repaired_wheel_dir)
+
+            repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob('*.whl'))
+
+            if options.test_command:
+                log.step('Testing wheel...')
+                # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
+                # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
+                call(['pip', 'install', 'virtualenv', *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env)
+                venv_dir = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp())
+
+                # Use --no-download to ensure determinism by using seed libraries
+                # built into virtualenv
+                call(['python', '-m', 'virtualenv', '--no-download', venv_dir], env=env)
+
+                virtualenv_env = env.copy()
+                virtualenv_env['PATH'] = os.pathsep.join([
+                    str(venv_dir / 'Scripts'),
+                    virtualenv_env['PATH'],
+                ])
+
+                # check that we are using the Python from the virtual environment
+                call(['which', 'python'], env=virtualenv_env)
+
+                if options.before_test:
+                    before_test_prepared = prepare_command(
+                        options.before_test,
+                        project='.',
+                        package=options.package_dir
+                    )
+                    shell(before_test_prepared, env=virtualenv_env)
+
+                # install the wheel
+                call(['pip', 'install', str(repaired_wheel) + options.test_extras], env=virtualenv_env)
+
+                # test the wheel
+                if options.test_requires:
+                    call(['pip', 'install'] + options.test_requires, env=virtualenv_env)
+
+                # run the tests from c:\, with an absolute path in the command
+                # (this ensures that Python runs the tests against the installed wheel
+                # and not the repo code)
+                test_command_prepared = prepare_command(
+                    options.test_command,
+                    project=Path('.').resolve(),
+                    package=options.package_dir.resolve()
                 )
-                shell([before_test_prepared], env=virtualenv_env)
+                shell(test_command_prepared, cwd='c:\\', env=virtualenv_env)
 
-            # install the wheel
-            shell(['pip', 'install', repaired_wheel + options.test_extras], env=virtualenv_env)
+                # clean up
+                shutil.rmtree(venv_dir)
 
-            # test the wheel
-            if options.test_requires:
-                shell(['pip', 'install'] + options.test_requires, env=virtualenv_env)
-
-            # run the tests from c:\, with an absolute path in the command
-            # (this ensures that Python runs the tests against the installed wheel
-            # and not the repo code)
-            test_command_prepared = prepare_command(
-                options.test_command,
-                project=os.path.abspath('.'),
-                package=os.path.abspath(options.package_dir)
-            )
-            shell([test_command_prepared], cwd='c:\\', env=virtualenv_env)
-
-            # clean up
-            shutil.rmtree(venv_dir)
-
-        # we're all done here; move it to output (remove if already exists)
-        dst = os.path.join(options.output_dir, os.path.basename(repaired_wheel))
-        if os.path.isfile(dst):
-            os.remove(dst)
-        shutil.move(repaired_wheel, dst)
+            # we're all done here; move it to output (remove if already exists)
+            shutil.move(str(repaired_wheel), options.output_dir)
+            log.build_end()
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
+        log.error(f'Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout}')
+        exit(1)

docs/changelog.md

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+---
+title: Changelog
+---
+
+{%
+   include-markdown "../README.md"
+   start="<!--changelog-start-->"
+   end="<!--changelog-end-->"
+%}
+
+<script>
+  // undo the scrollTop that the theme did on this page, as there are loads
+  // of toc entries and it's disorientating.
+  window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {
+    $('.wy-nav-side').scrollTop(0)
+  })
+</script>

docs/contributing.md

@@ -28,3 +28,79 @@ cibuildwheel doesn't really do anything itself - it's always deferring to other
 We're not responsible for errors in those tools, for fixing errors/crashes there. But cibuildwheel's job is providing users with an 'integrated' user experience across those tools. We provide an abstraction. The user says 'build me some wheels', not 'open the docker container, build a wheel with pip, fix up the symbols with auditwheel' etc.  However, errors have a habit of breaking abstractions. And this is where users get confused, because the mechanism of cibuildwheel is laid bare, and they must understand a little bit how it works to debug.
 
 So, if we can, I'd like to improve the experience on errors as well. In [this](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/issues/139) case, it takes a bit of knowledge to understand that the linux builds are happening in a totally different OS via docker, that the linked symbols won't match, that auditwheel will fail because of this. A problem with how the tools fit together, instead of the tools themselves.
+
+Maintainer notes
+----------------
+
+## Testing minimal configs
+
+cibuildwheel's _minimal_ example configs can be tested on a simple project on cibuildwheel's existing CI. These should be run whenever the minimal configs change.
+
+To test minimal configs, make sure you have a clean git repo, then run the script:
+
+```bash
+bin/run_example_ci_configs.py
+```
+
+The script will create an isolated 'orphan' commit containing all the minimal config CI files, and a simple C extension project, and push that to a branch on the `origin` repo. The project's CI is already set up to run on branch push, so will begin testing.
+
+The script then outputs a Markdown table that can be copy/pasted into a PR to monitor and record the test.
+
+## Preparing environments
+
+The dependency update script in the next section requires multiple python versions installed. One way to do this is to use `pyenv`:
+
+```bash
+pyenv install 2.7.18
+pyenv install 3.5.9
+pyenv install 3.6.11
+pyenv install 3.7.8
+# Optionally add 3.8 and make it the local version;
+# otherwise assuming 3.8+ already is your current python version
+```
+
+Then, you need to make the required virtual environments:
+
+```bash
+$(pyenv prefix 2.7.18)/bin/python -m pip install virtualenv
+$(pyenv prefix 2.7.18)/bin/python -m virtualenv env27
+$(pyenv prefix 3.5.9)/bin/python -m venv env35
+$(pyenv prefix 3.6.11)/bin/python -m venv env36
+$(pyenv prefix 3.7.8)/bin/python -m venv env37
+```
+
+<!-- Note for fish users: use zsh/bash for these lines for now, there's not a nice one-line fish replacement -->
+
+And, you need to install the requirements into each environment:
+
+```bash
+for f in env*/bin/pip; do $f install pip-tools; done
+```
+
+
+## Making a release
+
+Before making a release, ensure pinned dependencies are up-to-date. Run the script:
+
+```bash
+bin/make_dependency_update_pr.py
+```
+
+If updates are needed, this will push a PR with those updates for the CI to test. Once green, merge this PR.
+
+Then, increment the project version number using:
+
+```bash
+bin/bump_version.py
+```
+
+You'll be prompted to enter the new version number. Update the changelog when prompted. The script will create a 'bump version' commit and version tag.
+
+Finally, cut the release and upload to PyPI/Github.
+
+```bash
+rm -rf dist
+python setup.py sdist bdist_wheel
+twine upload dist/*
+git push && git push --tags
+```

docs/cpp_standards.md

@@ -30,6 +30,40 @@ For more details see https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/compiler_support, https:/
 
 ## Windows and Python 2.7
 
-Visual C++ for Python 2.7 does not support modern standards of C++. When building on Appveyor, you will need to either use the "Visual Studio 2017" or "Visual Studio 2019" image, but Python 2.7 is not supported on these images - skip it by setting `CIBW_SKIP=cp27-win*`.
+Visual C++ for Python 2.7 does not support modern C++ standards (i.e., C++11 and later). When building on Appveyor, you will need to either use the "Visual Studio 2017" or "Visual Studio 2019" image, but Python 2.7 is not supported on these images - skip it by setting `CIBW_SKIP=cp27-win*`.
 
-There is an optional workaround for this, though: the pybind11 project argues and shows that it is [possible to compile Python 2.7 extension with a newer compiler](https://pybind11.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq.html#working-with-ancient-visual-studio-2008-builds-on-windows) and has an example project showing how to do this: https://github.com/pybind/python_example. The main catch is that a user might need to install a newer "Microsoft Visual C++ Redistributable", since the newer C++ standard libraries are not included by default with the Python 2.7 installation.
+There is an optional workaround for this, though: the pybind11 project argues and shows that it is [possible to compile Python 2.7 extension with a newer compiler](https://pybind11.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq.html#working-with-ancient-visual-studio-2008-builds-on-windows) and has an example project showing how to do this: https://github.com/pybind/python_example. The main catch is that a user might need to install [a newer "Microsoft Visual C++ Redistributable"](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/2977003/the-latest-supported-visual-c-downloads), since the newer C++ standard library's binaries are not included by default with the Python 2.7 installation.
+
+Forcing `distutils` or `setuptools` to use a more recent version of MSVC that supports modern C++ can be done in the following way:
+
+1. Set the environment variables `DISTUTILS_USE_SDK=1` and `MSSdk=1`. These two environment variables will tell `distutils`/`setuptools` to not search and set up a build environment that uses Visual C++ for Python 2.7 (aka. MSVC 9).
+2. Set up the build Visual Studio build environment you want to use, making sure that e.g. `PATH` contains `cl`, `link`, etc.
+    - Usually, this can be done through `vcvarsall.bat x86` or `vcvarsall.bat x64`. The exact location of this file depends on the installation, but the default path for VS 2019 Community (e.g. used in AppVeyor's `Visual Studio 2019` image) is `C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Community\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvarsall.bat`. **Note**: `vcvarsall.bat` changes the environment variables, so this cannot be run in a subprocess/subshell and consequently running `vsvarsall.bat` in `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD` does not have any effect.
+    - In Azure Pipelines, [a `VSBuild` task is available](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/devops/pipelines/tasks/build/visual-studio-build)
+    - In GitHub Actions, the default shell is powershell, so you'll need to use `shell: cmd` to source a `.bat` file, and the directory is `"C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Enterprise\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvarsall.bat"`. Or you can use an action, such as the [`ilammy/msvc-dev-cmd@v1`](https://github.com/ilammy/msvc-dev-cmd) action to setup the environment (see example below).
+3. Next, call `cibuildwheel`. Unfortunately, MSVC has separate toolchains for compiling 32-bit and 64-bit, so you will need to run `cibuildwheel` twice: once with `CIBW_BUILD=*-win32` after setting up the `x86` build environment, and once with `CIBW_BUILD=*-win_amd64` in a `x64` environment (see previous step).
+
+
+**GitHub Action example with ilammy/msvc-dev-cmd**:
+
+```yaml
+  - uses: ilammy/msvc-dev-cmd@v1
+
+  - name: Build 64-bit wheel
+    run: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
+    env:
+      CIBW_BUILD: cp27-win_amd64
+      DISTUTILS_USE_SDK: 1
+      MSSdk: 1
+
+  - uses: ilammy/msvc-dev-cmd@v1
+    with:
+      arch: x86
+
+  - name: Build 32-bit wheel
+    run: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
+    env:
+      CIBW_BUILD: cp27-win32
+      DISTUTILS_USE_SDK: 1
+      MSSdk: 1
+```

docs/data/projects.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+# Fields:
+# name: required, printed name
+# gh: Github repo (eventually a url: could be added for non-github projects)
+# stars: Github repo (optional, if different from package, such as for Twisted)
+# os: Operating system list, [windows, apple, linux] (optional)
+# ci: [appveyor, github, azurepipelines, circleci, gitlab, travisci] (optional)
+# notes: (text, optional)
+
+- name: Matplotlib
+  gh: matplotlib/matplotlib
+  notes: The venerable Matplotlib, a Python library with C++ portions
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: pyinstrument_cext
+  gh: joerick/pyinstrument_cext
+  ci: [travisci, appveyor]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  notes: A simple C extension, without external dependencies
+
+- name: websockets
+  gh: aaugustin/websockets
+  ci: [travisci]
+  ci_config: .travis.yml
+  os: [apple, linux]
+  notes: |
+    Library for building WebSocket servers and clients. Mostly written in
+    Python, with a small C 'speedups' extension module.
+
+- name: Parselmouth
+  gh: YannickJadoul/Parselmouth
+  notes: A Python interface to the Praat software package, using pybind11, C++17 and CMake, with the core Praat static library built only once and shared between wheels.
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+# Seems to be defunct
+# - name: python-admesh
+#   gh: admesh/python-admesh
+
+- name: pybase64
+  gh: mayeut/pybase64
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+
+- name: KDEpy
+  gh: tommyod/KDEpy
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: AutoPy
+  gh: autopilot-rs/autopy
+  ci: [travisci]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  notes: Includes a Windows Travis build.
+
+# Seems to be defunct
+# - name: apriltags2-ethz
+#  gh: safijari/apriltags2_ethz
+
+- name: TgCrypto
+  gh: pyrogram/tgcrypto
+  ci: [travisci]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  notes: Includes a Windows Travis build.
+
+- name: twisted-iocpsupport
+  gh: twisted/twisted-iocpsupport
+  stars: twisted/twisted
+  notes: A submodule of Twisted that hooks into native C APIs using Cython.
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows]
+
+# cibuildwheel moved to backup folder
+# - name: gmic-py
+# gh: myselfhimself/gmic-py
+
+- name: River
+  gh: online-ml/river
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: PyAV
+  gh: PyAV-Org/PyAV
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  notes: Pythonic bindings for FFmpeg's libraries.
+
+- name: aiortc
+  gh: aiortc/aiortc
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+  notes: WebRTC and ORTC implementation for Python using asyncio.
+
+- name: aioquic
+  gh: aiortc/aioquic
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: pikepdf
+  gh: pikepdf/pikepdf
+  ci: [azurepipelines]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: fathon
+  gh: stfbnc/fathon
+  ci: [travisci]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+
+- name: etebase-py
+  gh: etesync/etebase-py
+  notes: Python bindings to a Rust library using `setuptools-rust`, and `sccache` for improved speed.
+  ci: [travisci]
+  os: [linux]
+
+- name: xmlstarlet
+  gh: dimitern/xmlstarlet
+  notes: Python 3.6+ CFFI bindings with true MSVC build.
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: bx-python
+  gh: bxlab/bx-python
+  notes: A library that includes Cython extensions.
+  ci: [travisci]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+
+- name: coverage.py
+  gh: nedbat/coveragepy
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  notes: The coverage tool for Python
+
+- name: scikit-learn
+  gh: scikit-learn/scikit-learn
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  ci_config: .github/workflows/wheels.yml
+  notes: |
+    The machine learning library. A complex but clean config using many of
+    cibuildwheel's features to build a large project with Cython and C++
+    extensions.
+
+- name: scikit-image
+  gh: scikit-image/scikit-image
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  ci_config: .github/workflows/cibuildwheel.yml
+  notes: |
+    Image processing library. Uses cibuildwheel to build and test a project
+    that uses Cython with platform-native code.
+
+- name: google neuroglancer
+  gh: google/neuroglancer
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: h5py
+  gh: h5py/h5py
+  ci: [azurepipelines]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: pyzmq
+  gh: zeromq/pyzmq
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  ci_config: .github/workflows/wheels.yml
+  notes: |
+    Python bindings for zeromq, the networking library. Uses Cython and CFFI.
+
+- name: python-rapidjson
+  gh: python-rapidjson/python-rapidjson
+  ci: [travisci, gitlab, appveyor]
+  os: [windows, linux]
+
+- name: jq.py
+  gh: mwilliamson/jq.py
+  ci: [travisci]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+
+- name: pybind11 python_example
+  gh: pybind/python_example
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: pybind11 cmake_example
+  gh: pybind/cmake_example
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: pybind11 scikit_build_example
+  gh: pybind/scikit_build_example
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: iminuit
+  gh: scikit-hep/iminuit
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: pyjet
+  gh: scikit-hep/pyjet
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: numpythia
+  gh: scikit-hep/numpythia
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+
+- name: boost-histogram
+  gh: scikit-hep/boost-histogram
+  ci: [github, travisci]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  notes: Supports full range of wheels, including PyPy and alternate archs.
+
+- name: Rtree
+  gh: Toblerity/rtree
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: psutil
+  gh: giampaolo/psutil
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: Dependency Injector
+  gh: ets-labs/python-dependency-injector
+  ci: [travisci]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  notes: Dependency injection framework for Python, uses Windows TravisCI

docs/data/readme_icons/apple.svg

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16px" fill="#606060"><title>Apple icon</title><path d="M12.152 6.896c-.948 0-2.415-1.078-3.96-1.04-2.04.027-3.91 1.183-4.961 3.014-2.117 3.675-.546 9.103 1.519 12.09 1.013 1.454 2.208 3.09 3.792 3.039 1.52-.065 2.09-.987 3.935-.987 1.831 0 2.35.987 3.96.948 1.637-.026 2.676-1.48 3.676-2.948 1.156-1.688 1.636-3.325 1.662-3.415-.039-.013-3.182-1.221-3.22-4.857-.026-3.04 2.48-4.494 2.597-4.559-1.429-2.09-3.623-2.324-4.39-2.376-2-.156-3.675 1.09-4.61 1.09zM15.53 3.83c.843-1.012 1.4-2.427 1.245-3.83-1.207.052-2.662.805-3.532 1.818-.78.896-1.454 2.338-1.273 3.714 1.338.104 2.715-.688 3.559-1.701"/></svg>

docs/data/readme_icons/appveyor.svg

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16px" fill="#606060"><title>AppVeyor icon</title><path d="M 12,0 C 18.6,0 24,5.4 24,12 24,18.6 18.6,24 12,24 5.4,24 0,18.6 0,12 0,5.4 5.4,0 12,0 Z m 2.94,14.34 C 16.26,12.66 16.08,10.26 14.4,9 12.78,7.74 10.38,8.04 9,9.72 7.68,11.4 7.86,13.8 9.54,15.06 c 1.68,1.26 4.08,0.96 5.4,-0.72 z m -6.42,7.8 c 0.72,0.3 2.28,0.6 3.06,0.6 l 5.22,-7.56 c 1.68,-2.52 1.26,-5.94 -1.08,-7.8 -2.1,-1.68 -5.04,-1.62 -7.14,0 l -7.26,5.58 c 0.18,1.92 0.72,2.88 0.72,2.94 l 4.14,-4.5 c -0.3,1.98 0.42,4.02 2.1,5.28 1.44,1.14 3.18,1.44 4.86,1.08 z"/></svg>

docs/data/readme_icons/azurepipelines.svg

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16px" fill="#606060"><title>Azure Pipelines icon</title><path d="M1.8 18H0v6h6v-1.8H1.8zM23 0h-8.93a2 2 0 0 0-1.67.89L9 5.99H1a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v5.5l3.5 3.61 1.2-1.29 1.5 1.5L5 17.53l1.48 1.48 1.22-1.22 1.5 1.51L8 20.5l3.5 3.5H17a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-8l5.11-3.4A2 2 0 0 0 24 9.92V1a1 1 0 0 0-1-1zm-5 9a3 3 0 1 1 0-6 3 3 0 0 1 0 6z"/></svg>

docs/data/readme_icons/circleci.svg

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16px" fill="#606060"><title>CircleCI icon</title><path d="M8.963 12c0-1.584 1.284-2.855 2.855-2.855 1.572 0 2.856 1.284 2.856 2.855 0 1.572-1.284 2.856-2.856 2.856-1.57 0-2.855-1.284-2.855-2.856zm2.855-12C6.215 0 1.522 3.84.19 9.025c-.01.036-.01.07-.01.12 0 .313.252.576.575.576H5.59c.23 0 .433-.13.517-.333.997-2.16 3.18-3.672 5.712-3.672 3.466 0 6.286 2.82 6.286 6.287 0 3.47-2.82 6.29-6.29 6.29-2.53 0-4.714-1.5-5.71-3.673-.097-.19-.29-.336-.517-.336H.755c-.312 0-.575.253-.575.576 0 .037.014.072.014.12C1.514 20.16 6.214 24 11.818 24c6.624 0 12-5.375 12-12 0-6.623-5.376-12-12-12z"/></svg>

docs/data/readme_icons/github.svg

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16px" fill="#606060"><title>GitHub icon</title><path d="M12 .297c-6.63 0-12 5.373-12 12 0 5.303 3.438 9.8 8.205 11.385.6.113.82-.258.82-.577 0-.285-.01-1.04-.015-2.04-3.338.724-4.042-1.61-4.042-1.61C4.422 18.07 3.633 17.7 3.633 17.7c-1.087-.744.084-.729.084-.729 1.205.084 1.838 1.236 1.838 1.236 1.07 1.835 2.809 1.305 3.495.998.108-.776.417-1.305.76-1.605-2.665-.3-5.466-1.332-5.466-5.93 0-1.31.465-2.38 1.235-3.22-.135-.303-.54-1.523.105-3.176 0 0 1.005-.322 3.3 1.23.96-.267 1.98-.399 3-.405 1.02.006 2.04.138 3 .405 2.28-1.552 3.285-1.23 3.285-1.23.645 1.653.24 2.873.12 3.176.765.84 1.23 1.91 1.23 3.22 0 4.61-2.805 5.625-5.475 5.92.42.36.81 1.096.81 2.22 0 1.606-.015 2.896-.015 3.286 0 .315.21.69.825.57C20.565 22.092 24 17.592 24 12.297c0-6.627-5.373-12-12-12"/></svg>

docs/data/readme_icons/gitlab.svg

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16px" fill="#606060"><title>GitLab icon</title><path d="M4.845.904c-.435 0-.82.28-.955.692C2.639 5.449 1.246 9.728.07 13.335a1.437 1.437 0 00.522 1.607l11.071 8.045c.2.145.472.144.67-.004l11.073-8.04a1.436 1.436 0 00.522-1.61c-1.285-3.942-2.683-8.256-3.817-11.746a1.004 1.004 0 00-.957-.684.987.987 0 00-.949.69l-2.405 7.408H8.203l-2.41-7.408a.987.987 0 00-.942-.69h-.006zm-.006 1.42l2.173 6.678H2.675zm14.326 0l2.168 6.678h-4.341zm-10.593 7.81h6.862c-1.142 3.52-2.288 7.04-3.434 10.559L8.572 10.135zm-5.514.005h4.321l3.086 9.5zm13.567 0h4.325c-2.467 3.17-4.95 6.328-7.411 9.502 1.028-3.167 2.059-6.334 3.086-9.502zM2.1 10.762l6.977 8.947-7.817-5.682a.305.305 0 01-.112-.341zm19.798 0l.952 2.922a.305.305 0 01-.11.341v.002l-7.82 5.68.026-.035z"/></svg>

docs/data/readme_icons/travisci.svg

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16px" fill="#606060"><title>Travis CI icon</title><path d="M9.32 13.025a.485.485 0 1 1-.97 0c0-.446-.167-.758-.406-.758-.239 0-.405.312-.405.758a.485.485 0 1 1-.97 0c0-1.187.713-1.728 1.375-1.728s1.376.541 1.376 1.728zm6.017.485a.485.485 0 0 0 .485-.485c0-.446.167-.758.405-.758s.405.312.405.758a.485.485 0 1 0 .97 0c0-1.187-.713-1.728-1.375-1.728s-1.375.541-1.375 1.728c0 .268.217.485.485.485zm7.967-4.454l-.191 2.459a.801.801 0 0 1-.367.623.852.852 0 0 1-.46.13 1.07 1.07 0 0 1-.366-.068c-.271-.101-.544-.192-.817-.285a8.978 8.978 0 0 1-.094 1.614c-.04.242-.092.471-.138.707a.485.485 0 0 1-.024.125 19.471 19.471 0 0 1-1.033 3.513l.033-.02.897-.537c.193-.137.599-.122.815.1a.645.645 0 0 1 .173.577.743.743 0 0 1-.053.159c-.061.135-.319.706-.866 1.906-.675 1.483-2.06 1.77-2.121 1.782.001.001-.907.214-1.879.44C15.458 23.419 13.87 24 12.087 24c-1.84 0-3.448-.58-4.787-1.713l-1.924-.45c-.041-.008-1.427-.294-2.103-1.778l-.87-1.914c-.005-.019-.05-.158-.053-.177-.009-.625.621-.914 1.023-.632l.858.512c.006.003.074.043.171.085a20.443 20.443 0 0 1-.982-3.444c-.063-.317-.129-.63-.183-.96a8.937 8.937 0 0 1-.09-1.7c-.357.118-.713.24-1.066.372-.292.109-.593.087-.827-.062a.802.802 0 0 1-.366-.621L.695 9.055c-.036-.475.305-.969.794-1.152l.3-.117c.225-.089.505-.198.837-.318C3.65 3.124 7.566 0 12.041 0c4.516 0 8.438 3.158 9.434 7.549.472.153.843.281 1.036.355.492.183.833.677.793 1.152zm-4.612 8.973c.369-.815.678-1.708.93-2.67l-.997.713a.952.952 0 0 1-.655.166l-4.467-.47a.96.96 0 0 1-.821-.698l-.558-1.923a2.482 2.482 0 0 0-.244 0l-.56 1.93a.955.955 0 0 1-.82.691l-4.471.471a.951.951 0 0 1-.642-.162l-.723-.503c.231.889.506 1.708.824 2.451.609-.028 1.207-.069 1.209-.069.001 0 .434-.039.788-.332l1.061-.885c.148-.165.652-.465 1.33-.271.196.055.495.146.815.243.062.019.12.05.17.092.532.445 1.832.445 2.365.002a.481.481 0 0 1 .168-.091c.337-.103.631-.192.823-.247.68-.193 1.182.108 1.374.314l1.016.843c.353.294.785.332.789.332-.001.001.658.045 1.296.073zm-6.605 5.001a6.42 6.42 0 0 0 1.949-.313c-.932-.209-1.555-1.019-1.588-1.062l-.406-.542-.407.543c-.031.043-.641.842-1.558 1.06.63.196 1.295.314 2.01.314zm6.941-4.016a63.622 63.622 0 0 1-1.701-.089 2.519 2.519 0 0 1-1.339-.554l-1.065-.888c-.055-.051-.187-.152-.442-.083-.176.05-.436.13-.717.216-.878.655-2.567.655-3.443-.003a43.693 43.693 0 0 0-.709-.212c-.258-.076-.386.03-.411.052l-1.097.918a2.523 2.523 0 0 1-1.341.553s-.872.059-1.594.085h-.002l-.106.004a2.41 2.41 0 0 1-1.341-.343l-.018-.01.453.996c.463 1.017 1.389 1.225 1.427 1.232.014.004 2.754.646 3.822.889.781.174 1.447-.696 1.454-.705l.795-1.061c.183-.245.594-.245.776 0l.796 1.061c.007.009.682.881 1.455.705 1.067-.243 3.807-.886 3.807-.886a2.193 2.193 0 0 0 1.442-1.236l.452-.993-.026.015a2.27 2.27 0 0 1-1.327.337zm1.096-7.412a28.286 28.286 0 0 0-15.998-.075 8.025 8.025 0 0 0 .067 1.845c.045.275.1.535.152.8l1.591 1.108 4.461-.476.642-2.243a.488.488 0 0 1 .395-.345 3.855 3.855 0 0 1 1.135.003.482.482 0 0 1 .394.344l.652 2.245 4.462.468 1.864-1.336c.036-.19.079-.374.111-.568a7.89 7.89 0 0 0 .072-1.77zm2.214-2.623c-.005-.034-.073-.133-.165-.167l-.004-.001c-.22-.083-.68-.242-1.256-.423l-.007-.005c-.955-.299-2.771-.823-4.267-.99a.485.485 0 0 1 .108-.964c1.192.134 2.529.466 3.637.787C19.298 3.552 15.913.97 12.041.97c-3.832 0-7.207 2.549-8.318 6.165a20.252 20.252 0 0 1 3.27-.705.484.484 0 1 1 .121.962 19.235 19.235 0 0 0-3.909.899l-.005.004c-.432.149-.785.288-1.056.394l-.315.123c-.094.035-.162.135-.167.175l.177 2.264a29.36 29.36 0 0 1 10.164-1.817c3.442 0 6.881.607 10.157 1.82l.178-2.275zm-8.534-5.986h-3.539a.485.485 0 0 0-.485.485v.811a.485.485 0 1 0 .97 0v-.326h.746v3.308h-.521a.485.485 0 1 0 0 .97h2.061a.485.485 0 1 0 0-.97h-.57V3.963h.853v.326a.485.485 0 1 0 .97 0v-.811a.485.485 0 0 0-.485-.485z"/></svg>

docs/data/readme_icons/windows.svg

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16px" fill="#606060"><title>Windows icon</title><path d="M0 3.449L9.75 2.1v9.451H0m10.949-9.602L24 0v11.4H10.949M0 12.6h9.75v9.451L0 20.699M10.949 12.6H24V24l-12.9-1.801"/></svg>

docs/deliver-to-pypi.md

@@ -9,14 +9,14 @@ After you've built your wheels, you'll probably want to deliver them to PyPI.
 On your development machine, do the following...
 
 ```bash
-# Clear out your 'dist' folder. 
+# Clear out your 'dist' folder.
 rm -rf dist
 # Make a source distribution
 python setup.py sdist
 
 # 🏃🏻
 # Go and download your wheel files from wherever you put them. e.g. your CI
-# provider can be configured to store them for you. Put them all into the 
+# provider can be configured to store them for you. Put them all into the
 # 'dist' folder.
 
 # Upload using 'twine' (you may need to 'pip install twine')
@@ -33,4 +33,4 @@ Obviously, manual steps are for chumps, so we can automate this a little by usin
 
 If you don't need much control over the release of a package, you can set up cibuildwheel to deliver the wheels straight to PyPI. This doesn't require anycloud storage to work - you just need to bump the version and tag it.
 
-Check out [this example repo](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel-autopypi-example) for instructions on how to set this up.
+[`examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/blob/master/examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml) and [`examples/github-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/blob/master/examples/github-deploy.yml) are example configurations that automatically upload wheels to PyPI. Also check out [this example repo](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel-autopypi-example) for more detailed instructions on how to set this up.

docs/extra.css

@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
     border-bottom: 1px solid  #e1e4e5;
     margin-bottom: 0.8em;
     padding-bottom: 0.2em;
-
 }
 
 .rst-content blockquote {
@@ -59,7 +58,7 @@ h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
     background-color: #eff1f3;
     font-size: 85%;
     font-weight: bold;
-    
+
     border-top-left-radius: 3px;
     border-top-right-radius: 3px;
 

docs/extra.js

@@ -2,4 +2,3 @@
 $('.rst-content pre')
     .prev('blockquote')
     .addClass('code-block-filename');
-

docs/faq.md

@@ -61,3 +61,76 @@ python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
 python3 -m pip install twine
 python3 -m twine upload wheelhouse/*.whl
 ```
+
+### 'ImportError: DLL load failed: The specific module could not be found' error on Windows
+
+Visual Studio and MSVC link the compiled binary wheels to the Microsoft Visual C++ Runtime. Normally, these are included with Python, but when compiling with a newer version of Visual Studio, it is possible users will run into problems on systems that do not have these runtime libraries installed. The solution is to ask users to download the corresponding Visual C++ Redistributable from the [Microsoft website](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/2977003/the-latest-supported-visual-c-downloads) and install it. Since a Python installation normally includes these VC++ Redistributable files for [the version of the MSVC compiler used to compile Python](https://wiki.python.org/moin/WindowsCompilers), this is typically only a problem when compiling a Python 2.7 C extension with a newer compiler, e.g. to support a modern C++ standard (see [the section on modern C++ standards for Python 2.7](cpp_standards.md#windows-and-python-27) for more details).
+
+Additionally, Visual Studio 2019 started linking to an even newer DLL, `VCRUNTIME140_1.dll`, besides the `VCRUNTIME140.dll` that is included with recent Python versions (starting from Python 3.5; see [here](https://wiki.python.org/moin/WindowsCompilers) for more details on the corresponding Visual Studio & MSVC versions used to compile the different Python versions). To avoid this extra dependency on `VCRUNTIME140_1.dll`, the [`/d2FH4-` flag](https://devblogs.microsoft.com/cppblog/making-cpp-exception-handling-smaller-x64/) can be added to the MSVC invocations (check out [this issue](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/issues/423) for details and references).
+
+To add the `/d2FH4-` flag to a standard `setup.py` using `setuptools`, the `extra_compile_args` option can be used:
+
+```python
+    ext_modules=[
+        Extension(
+            'c_module',
+            sources=['extension.c'],
+            extra_compile_args=['/d2FH4-'] if sys.platform == 'win32' else []
+        )
+    ],
+```
+
+To investigate the dependencies of a C extension (i.e., the `.pyd` file, a DLL in disguise) on Windows, [Dependency Walker](http://www.dependencywalker.com/) is a great tool.
+
+
+### Automatic updates {: #automatic-updates}
+
+Selecting a moving target (like the latest release) is generally a bad idea in CI. If something breaks, you can't tell whether it was your code or an upstream update that caused the breakage, and in a worse-case scenario, it could occur during a release.
+There are two suggested methods for keeping cibuildwheel up to date that instead involve scheduled pull requests using GitHub's dependabot.
+
+#### Option 1: GitHub Action
+
+If you use GitHub Actions for builds, you can use cibuildwheel as an action:
+
+```yaml
+uses: joerick/cibuildwheel@v1.7.3
+```
+
+This is a composite step that just installs and runs cibuildwheel. You can set command-line options as `with:` parameters, and use `env:` as normal.
+
+Then, your `dependabot.yml` file could look like this:
+
+```yaml
+version: 2
+updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "weekly"
+    ignore:
+      # Optional: Official actions have moving tags like v1;
+      # if you use those, you don't need updates.
+      - dependency-name: "actions/*"
+```
+
+#### Option 2: Requirement files
+
+The second option, and the only one that supports other CI systems, is using a `requirements-*.txt` file. The file should have a distinct name and have only one entry:
+
+```bash
+# requirements-cibw.txt
+cibuildwheel==1.7.3
+```
+
+Then your install step would have `python -m pip install -r requirements-cibw.txt` in it. Your `dependabot.yml` file could look like this:
+
+```yaml
+version: 2
+updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: "pip"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "daily"
+```
+
+This will also try to update other pins in all requirement files, so be sure you want to do that. The only control you have over the files used is via the directory option.

docs/index.md

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 title: Home
 ---
 
-{% 
-   includemarkdown "../README.md"
-   start="<!--intro-start-->" 
+{%
+   include-markdown "../README.md"
+   start="<!--intro-start-->"
    end="<!--intro-end-->"
 %}
 

docs/mkdocs_include_markdown_plugin/mkdocs_include_markdown_plugin/plugin.py

@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
-import cgi
-import io
-import os
-import re
-
-import mkdocs
-
-INCLUDE_TAG_REGEX = re.compile(
-    r'''
-        {% # opening tag
-        \s*
-        include # directive name
-        \s+
-        "(?P<filename>[^"]+)" # "filename"
-        \s*
-        %} # closing tag
-    ''',
-    flags=re.VERBOSE,
-)
-
-INCLUDEMARKDOWN_TAG_REGEX = re.compile(
-    r'''
-        {% # opening tag
-        \s*
-        includemarkdown # directive name
-        \s+
-        "(?P<filename>[^"]+)" # "filename"
-        (?:\s+start="(?P<start>[^"]+)")? # optional start expression
-        (?:\s+end="(?P<end>[^"]+)")? # optional end expression
-        \s*
-        %} # closing tag
-    ''',
-    flags=re.VERBOSE,
-)
-
-
-class ImportMarkdownPlugin(mkdocs.plugins.BasePlugin):
-    def on_page_markdown(self, markdown, page, **kwargs):
-        page_src_path = page.file.abs_src_path
-
-        def found_include_tag(match):
-            filename = match.group('filename')
-
-            file_path_abs = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(page_src_path), filename)
-
-            if not os.path.exists(file_path_abs):
-                raise ValueError('file not found', filename)
-
-            with io.open(file_path_abs, encoding='utf8') as f:
-                text_to_include = f.read()
-
-            # Allow good practice of having a final newline in the file
-            if text_to_include.endswith('\n'):
-                text_to_include = text_to_include[:-1]
-
-            return text_to_include
-
-        def found_includemarkdown_tag(match):
-            filename = match.group('filename')
-            start = match.group('start')
-            end = match.group('end')
-
-            file_path_abs = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(page_src_path), filename)
-
-            if not os.path.exists(file_path_abs):
-                raise ValueError('file not found', filename)
-
-            with io.open(file_path_abs, encoding='utf8') as f:
-                text_to_include = f.read()
-
-            if start:
-                _, _, text_to_include = text_to_include.partition(start)
-
-            if end:
-                text_to_include, _, _ = text_to_include.partition(end)
-
-            return (
-                '<!-- BEGIN INCLUDE %s %s %s -->\n' % (
-                    filename, cgi.escape(start or ''), cgi.escape(end or '')
-                )
-                + text_to_include
-                + '\n<!-- END INCLUDE -->'
-            )
-
-        markdown = re.sub(INCLUDE_TAG_REGEX, found_include_tag, markdown)
-        markdown = re.sub(INCLUDEMARKDOWN_TAG_REGEX, found_includemarkdown_tag, markdown)
-        return markdown

docs/mkdocs_include_markdown_plugin/setup.py

@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-from setuptools import setup
-
-setup(
-    name='mkdocs_include_markdown_plugin',
-    version='1.0',
-    author='Joe Rickerby',
-    license='Apache 2',
-    packages=['mkdocs_include_markdown_plugin'],
-    entry_points={
-        'mkdocs.plugins': [
-            'importmarkdown = mkdocs_include_markdown_plugin.plugin:ImportMarkdownPlugin',
-        ]
-    },
-    zip_safe=False
-)

docs/options.md

@@ -52,7 +52,6 @@ env:
 
 ## Build selection
 
-
 ### `CIBW_PLATFORM` {: #platform}
 
 > Override the auto-detected target platform
@@ -67,6 +66,7 @@ For `linux` you need Docker running, on macOS or Linux. For `macos`, you need a
 
 This option can also be set using the command-line option `--platform`.
 
+
 ### `CIBW_BUILD`, `CIBW_SKIP` {: #build-skip}
 
 > Choose the Python versions to build
@@ -86,13 +86,16 @@ When setting the options, you can use shell-style globbing syntax (as per [`fnma
 | Python 3.6      | cp36-macosx_x86_64  | cp36-manylinux_x86_64  | cp36-manylinux_i686  | cp36-win_amd64  | cp36-win32     | cp36-manylinux_aarch64 | cp36-manylinux_ppc64le | cp36-manylinux_s390x |
 | Python 3.7      | cp37-macosx_x86_64  | cp37-manylinux_x86_64  | cp37-manylinux_i686  | cp37-win_amd64  | cp37-win32     | cp37-manylinux_aarch64 | cp37-manylinux_ppc64le | cp37-manylinux_s390x |
 | Python 3.8      | cp38-macosx_x86_64  | cp38-manylinux_x86_64  | cp38-manylinux_i686  | cp38-win_amd64  | cp38-win32     | cp38-manylinux_aarch64 | cp38-manylinux_ppc64le | cp38-manylinux_s390x |
-| PyPy 2.7 v7.3.0 | pp27-macosx_x86_64  | pp27-manylinux_x86_64  |                      |                 | pp27-win32     |                        |                        |                      |
-| PyPy 3.6 v7.3.0 | pp36-macosx_x86_64  | pp36-manylinux_x86_64  |                      |                 | pp36-win32     |                        |                        |                      |
+| Python 3.9      | cp39-macosx_x86_64  | cp39-manylinux_x86_64  | cp39-manylinux_i686  | cp39-win_amd64  | cp39-win32     | cp39-manylinux_aarch64 | cp39-manylinux_ppc64le | cp39-manylinux_s390x |
+| PyPy 2.7 v7.3.3 | pp27-macosx_x86_64  | pp27-manylinux_x86_64  |                      |                 | pp27-win32     |                        |                        |                      |
+| PyPy 3.6 v7.3.3 | pp36-macosx_x86_64  | pp36-manylinux_x86_64  |                      |                 | pp36-win32     |                        |                        |                      |
+| PyPy 3.7 (beta) v7.3.3 | pp37-macosx_x86_64  | pp37-manylinux_x86_64  |                      |                 | pp37-win32     |                        |                        |                      |
+
 
 The list of supported and currently selected build identifiers can also be retrieved by passing the `--print-build-identifiers` flag to `cibuildwheel`.
 The format is `python_tag-platform_tag`, with tags similar to those in [PEP 425](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0425/#details).
 
-For CPython, the minimally supported macOS version is 10.9; for PyPy 2.7 and PyPy 3.6, respectively macOS 10.7 and 10.13 or higher is required.
+For CPython, the minimally supported macOS version is 10.9; for PyPy 2.7 and PyPy 3.6/3.7, respectively macOS 10.7 and 10.13 or higher is required.
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -155,7 +158,6 @@ CIBW_SKIP: pp*
 
 ## Build customization
 
-
 ### `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT` {: #environment}
 > Set environment variables needed during the build
 
@@ -191,6 +193,28 @@ CIBW_ENVIRONMENT: "BUILD_TIME=$(date) SAMPLE_TEXT=\"sample text\""
 !!! note
     `cibuildwheel` always defines the environment variable `CIBUILDWHEEL=1`. This can be useful for [building wheels with optional extensions](faq.md#building-packages-with-optional-c-extensions).
 
+### `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL` {: #before-all}
+> Execute a shell command on the build system before any wheels are built.
+
+Shell command to prepare a common part of the project (e.g. build or install libraries which does not depend on the specific version of Python).
+
+This option is very useful for the Linux build, where builds take place in isolated Docker containers managed by cibuildwheel. This command will run inside the container before the wheel builds start. Note, if you're building both x86_64 and i686 wheels (the default), your build uses two different Docker images. In that case, this command will execute twice - once per build container.
+
+The placeholder `{package}` can be used here; it will be replaced by the path to the package being built by `cibuildwheel`.
+
+On Windows and macOS, the version of Python available inside `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL` is whatever is available on the host machine. On Linux, a modern Python version is available on PATH.
+
+Platform-specific variants also available:<br/>
+ `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_LINUX`
+
+#### Examples
+```yaml
+# build third party library
+CIBW_BEFORE_ALL: make -C third_party_lib
+
+# install system library
+CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_LINUX: yum install -y libffi-dev
+```
 
 ### `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD` {: #before-build}
 > Execute a shell command preparing each wheel's build
@@ -296,6 +320,7 @@ CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE: dockcross/manylinux-x64
 CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE: dockcross/manylinux-x86
 ```
 
+
 ### `CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS` {: #dependency-versions}
 > Specify how cibuildwheel controls the versions of the tools it uses
 
@@ -372,6 +397,35 @@ CIBW_TEST_COMMAND: pytest {package}/tests
 ```
 
 
+### `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST` {: #before-test}
+> Execute a shell command before testing each wheel
+
+A shell command to run in **each** test virtual environment, before your wheel is installed and tested. This is useful if you need to install a non pip package, change values of environment variables
+or perform multi step pip installation (e.g. installing `scikit-build` or `cython` before install test package)
+
+The active Python binary can be accessed using `python`, and pip with `pip`; `cibuildwheel` makes sure the right version of Python and pip will be executed. The placeholder `{package}` can be used here; it will be replaced by the path to the package being built by `cibuildwheel`.
+
+The command is run in a shell, so you can write things like `cmd1 && cmd2`.
+
+Platform-specific variants also available:<br/>
+ `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_LINUX`
+
+#### Examples
+```yaml
+# install test dependencies with overwritten environment variables.
+CIBW_BEFORE_TEST: CC=gcc CXX=g++ pip install -r requirements.txt
+
+# chain commands using &&
+CIBW_BEFORE_TEST: rm -rf ./data/cache && mkdir -p ./data/cache
+
+# install non pip python package
+CIBW_BEFORE_TEST: cd some_dir; ./configure; make; make install
+
+# install python packages that are required to install test dependencies
+CIBW_BEFORE_TEST: pip install cmake scikit-build
+```
+
+
 ### `CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES` {: #test-requires}
 > Install Python dependencies before running the tests
 
@@ -411,33 +465,6 @@ Platform-specific variants also available:<br/>
 CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS: test,qt
 ```
 
-### `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST` {: #before-test}
-> Execute a shell command before testing each wheel
-
-A shell command to run in **each** test virtual environment, before your wheel is installed and tested. This is useful if you need to install a non pip package, change values of environment variables
-or perform multi step pip installation (e.g. installing `scikit-build` or `cython` before install test package)
-
-The active Python binary can be accessed using `python`, and pip with `pip`; `cibuildwheel` makes sure the right version of Python and pip will be executed. The placeholder `{package}` can be used here; it will be replaced by the path to the package being built by `cibuildwheel`.
-
-The command is run in a shell, so you can write things like `cmd1 && cmd2`.
-
-Platform-specific variants also available:<br/>
- `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_LINUX`
-
-#### Examples
-```yaml
-# install test dependencies with overwritten environment variables.
-CIBW_BEFORE_TEST: CC=gcc CXX=g++ pip install -r requirements.txt
-
-# chain commands using &&
-CIBW_BEFORE_TEST: rm -rf ./data/cache && mkdir -p ./data/cache
-
-# install non pip python package
-CIBW_BEFORE_TEST: cd some_dir; ./configure; make; make install
-
-# install python packages that are required to install test dependencies
-CIBW_BEFORE_TEST: pip install cmake scikit-build
-```
 
 ## Other
 
@@ -601,7 +628,7 @@ optional arguments:
         var url = 'https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#'+option.id;
         var namesMarkdown = $.map(optionNames, function(n) {
           return '[`'+n+'`]('+url+') '
-        }).join(' ')
+        }).join(' <br> ')
 
         markdown += '| '+namesMarkdown+' '
         markdown += '| '+option.description.trim()+' '

docs/setup.md

@@ -15,6 +15,10 @@ Commit this file, and push to Github - either to your default branch, or to a PR
 
 For more info on this file, check out the [docs](https://help.github.com/en/actions/reference/workflow-syntax-for-github-actions).
 
+[`examples/github-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/blob/master/examples/github-deploy.yml) extends this minimal example with a demonstration of how to automatically upload the built wheels to PyPI.
+
+You can also use cibuildwheel directly as an action with `uses: joerick/cibuildwheel@v1.7.3`; this combines the download and run steps into a single action, and command line arguments are available via `with:`. This makes it easy to manage cibuildwheel updates via normal actions update mechanisms like dependabot, see [Automatic updates](faq.md#automatic-updates).
+
 # Azure Pipelines [linux/mac/windows] {: #azure-pipelines}
 
 To build Linux, Mac, and Windows wheels on Azure Pipelines, create a `azure-pipelines.yml` file in your repo.
@@ -46,6 +50,8 @@ Commit this file, enable building of your repo on Travis CI, and push.
 
 Then setup a deployment method by following the [Travis CI deployment docs](https://docs.travis-ci.com/user/deployment/), or see [Delivering to PyPI](deliver-to-pypi.md). For more info on `.travis.yml`, check out the [docs](https://docs.travis-ci.com/).
 
+[`examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/blob/master/examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml) extends this minimal example with a demonstration of how to automatically upload the built wheels to PyPI.
+
 # CircleCI [linux/mac] {: #circleci}
 
 To build Linux and Mac wheels on CircleCI, create a `.circleci/config.yml` file in your repo,
@@ -62,6 +68,19 @@ Commit this file, enable building of your repo on CircleCI, and push.
 
 CircleCI will store the built wheels for you - you can access them from the project console. Check out the CircleCI [docs](https://circleci.com/docs/2.0/configuration-reference/#section=configuration) for more info on this config file.
 
+# Gitlab CI [linux] {: #gitlab-ci}
+
+To build Linux wheels on Gitlab CI, create a `.gitlab-ci.yml` file in your repo,
+
+> .gitlab-ci.yml
+```yaml
+{% include "../examples/gitlab-minimal.yml" %}
+```
+
+Commit this file, and push to Gitlab. The pipeline should start automatically.
+
+Gitlab will store the built wheels for you - you can access them from the Pipelines view. Check out the Gitlab [docs](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/yaml/) for more info on this config file.
+
 # AppVeyor [linux/mac/windows] {: #appveyor}
 
 To build Linux, Mac, and Windows wheels on AppVeyor, create an `appveyor.yml` file in your repo.

docs/working-examples.md

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+---
+title: Working examples
+---
+
+{%
+   include-markdown "../README.md"
+   start="<!--working-examples-start-->"
+   end="<!--working-examples-end-->"
+%}
+
+<style>
+.wy-nav-content {
+  /* this table benefits from a wider page */
+  max-width: 1000px;
+}
+.rst-content .section table img {
+  /* make the icons darker on this page */
+  filter: brightness(0.5);
+}
+</style>

examples/appveyor-minimal.yml

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ stack: python 3.7
 init:
 - cmd: set PATH=C:\Python37;C:\Python37\Scripts;%PATH%
 
-install: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.4.1
+install: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.7.3
 
 build_script: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
 

examples/azure-pipelines-minimal.yml

@@ -4,9 +4,12 @@ jobs:
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
     - bash: |
+        set -o errexit
         python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        pip3 install cibuildwheel==1.4.1
-        cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
+        pip3 install cibuildwheel==1.7.3
+      displayName: Install dependencies
+    - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
+      displayName: Build wheels
     - task: PublishBuildArtifacts@1
       inputs: {pathtoPublish: 'wheelhouse'}
 
@@ -15,11 +18,14 @@ jobs:
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
     - bash: |
+        set -o errexit
         python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        pip3 install cibuildwheel==1.4.1
-        cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
+        python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.7.3
+      displayName: Install dependencies
+    - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
+      displayName: Build wheels
     - task: PublishBuildArtifacts@1
-      inputs: {pathtoPublish: 'wheelhouse'}
+      inputs: {pathtoPublish: wheelhouse}
 
 - job: windows
   pool: {vmImage: 'vs2017-win2016'}
@@ -28,8 +34,11 @@ jobs:
     - script: choco install vcpython27 -f -y
       displayName: Install Visual C++ for Python 2.7
     - bash: |
+        set -o errexit
         python -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        pip install cibuildwheel==1.4.1
-        cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
+        pip install cibuildwheel==1.7.3
+      displayName: Install dependencies
+    - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
+      displayName: Build wheels
     - task: PublishBuildArtifacts@1
       inputs: {pathtoPublish: 'wheelhouse'}

examples/circleci-minimal.yml

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ jobs:
       - run:
           name: Build the Linux wheels.
           command: |
-            pip3 install --user cibuildwheel==1.4.1
+            pip3 install --user cibuildwheel==1.7.3
             cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       - store_artifacts:
           path: wheelhouse/
@@ -19,13 +19,13 @@ jobs:
   osx-wheels:
     working_directory: ~/osx-wheels
     macos:
-      xcode: "10.0.0"
+      xcode: 10.0.0
     steps:
       - checkout
       - run:
           name: Build the OS X wheels.
           command: |
-            pip3 install --user cibuildwheel==1.4.1
+            pip3 install cibuildwheel==1.7.3
             cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       - store_artifacts:
           path: wheelhouse/

examples/github-deploy.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+name: Build and upload to PyPI
+
+# Build on every branch push, tag push, and pull request change:
+on: [push, pull_request]
+# Alternatively, to publish when a (published) GitHub Release is created, use the following:
+# on:
+#   push:
+#   pull_request:
+#   release:
+#     types:
+#       - published
+
+jobs:
+  build_wheels:
+    name: Build wheels on ${{ matrix.os }}
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        os: [ubuntu-18.04, windows-latest, macos-latest]
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+        name: Install Python
+        with:
+          python-version: '3.7'
+
+      - name: Install cibuildwheel
+        run: |
+          python -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.7.3
+
+      - name: Install Visual C++ for Python 2.7
+        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+        run: |
+          choco install vcpython27 -f -y
+
+      - name: Build wheels
+        run: |
+          python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
+
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+        with:
+          path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl
+
+  build_sdist:
+    name: Build source distribution
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+        name: Install Python
+        with:
+          python-version: '3.7'
+
+      - name: Build sdist
+        run: python setup.py sdist
+
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+        with:
+          path: dist/*.tar.gz
+
+  upload_pypi:
+    needs: [build_wheels, build_sdist]
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    # upload to PyPI on every tag starting with 'v'
+    if: github.event_name == 'push' && startsWith(github.event.ref, 'refs/tags/v')
+    # alternatively, to publish when a GitHub Release is created, use the following rule:
+    # if: github.event_name == 'release' && github.event.action == 'published'
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v2
+        with:
+          name: artifact
+          path: dist
+
+      - uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@master
+        with:
+          user: __token__
+          password: ${{ secrets.pypi_password }}
+          # To test: repository_url: https://test.pypi.org/legacy/

examples/github-minimal.yml

@@ -4,34 +4,33 @@ on: [push, pull_request]
 
 jobs:
   build_wheels:
-    name: Build wheel on ${{ matrix.os }}
+    name: Build wheels on ${{ matrix.os }}
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-18.04, windows-latest, macos-latest]
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
 
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v1
-      name: Install Python
-      with:
-        python-version: '3.7'
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+        name: Install Python
+        with:
+          python-version: '3.7'
 
-    - name: Install cibuildwheel
-      run: |
-        python -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.4.1
+      - name: Install cibuildwheel
+        run: |
+          python -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.7.3
 
-    - name: Install Visual C++ for Python 2.7
-      if: startsWith(matrix.os, 'windows')
-      run: |
-        choco install vcpython27 -f -y
+      - name: Install Visual C++ for Python 2.7
+        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+        run: |
+          choco install vcpython27 -f -y
 
-    - name: Build wheel
-      run: |
-        python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
+      - name: Build wheels
+        run: |
+          python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
 
-    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v1
-      with:
-        name: wheels
-        path: ./wheelhouse
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+        with:
+          path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl

examples/gitlab-minimal.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+linux:
+  image: python:3.8
+  # make a docker daemon available for cibuildwheel to use
+  services:
+    - name: docker:dind
+      entrypoint: ["env", "-u", "DOCKER_HOST"]
+      command: ["dockerd-entrypoint.sh"]
+  variables:
+    DOCKER_HOST: tcp://docker:2375/
+    DOCKER_DRIVER: overlay2
+    # See https://github.com/docker-library/docker/pull/166
+    DOCKER_TLS_CERTDIR: ""
+  script:
+    - curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh
+    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel
+    - cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
+  artifacts:
+    paths:
+      - wheelhouse/

examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml

@@ -19,22 +19,18 @@ jobs:
         # make sure it's on PATH as 'python3'
         - ln -s /c/Python38/python.exe /c/Python38/python3.exe
 
-env:
-  global:
-    - TWINE_USERNAME=__token__
-    # Note: TWINE_PASSWORD is set to a PyPI API token in Travis settings
-
 install:
-  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.4.1
+  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.7.3
 
 script:
   # build the wheels, put them into './wheelhouse'
   - python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
 
-after_success:
-  # if the release was tagged, upload them to PyPI
-  - |
-    if [[ $TRAVIS_TAG ]]; then
-      python3 -m pip install twine
-      python3 -m twine upload wheelhouse/*.whl
-    fi
+deploy:
+  provider: pypi
+  username: "__token__"
+  skip_cleanup: true
+  on:
+    tags: true
+  password:
+    secure: "" # Set to an encrypted API token. See https://docs.travis-ci.com/user/deployment/pypi/

examples/travis-ci-minimal.yml

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ jobs:
         - ln -s /c/Python38/python.exe /c/Python38/python3.exe
 
 install:
-  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.4.1
+  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.7.3
 
 script:
   # build the wheels, put them into './wheelhouse'

examples/travis-ci-test-and-deploy.yml

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 
 language: python
 python:
-  - 3.5
   - 3.6
   - 3.7
   - 3.8
@@ -56,7 +55,7 @@ jobs:
     - stage: deploy
       name: Build and deploy Linux wheels
       services: docker
-      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.4.1
+      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.7.3
       script: python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       after_success: |
         python3 -m pip install twine
@@ -66,7 +65,7 @@ jobs:
       name: Build and deploy macOS wheels
       os: osx
       language: shell
-      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.4.1
+      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.7.3
       script: python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       after_success: |
         python3 -m pip install twine
@@ -76,7 +75,7 @@ jobs:
       name: Build and deploy Windows wheels
       os: windows
       language: shell
-      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.4.1
+      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.7.3
       script: python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       after_success: |
         python3 -m pip install twine

mkdocs.yml

@@ -20,7 +20,9 @@ nav:
   - deliver-to-pypi.md
   - cpp_standards.md
   - faq.md
+  - working-examples.md
   - contributing.md
+  - changelog.md
 
 markdown_extensions:
   - fenced_code
@@ -32,4 +34,4 @@ markdown_extensions:
       repo_url_shortener: True
 
 plugins:
-  - importmarkdown
+  - include-markdown

pyproject.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+[build-system]
+requires = [
+    "setuptools>=42",
+    "wheel"
+]
+
+build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"

requirements-dev.txt

@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
 -e .
--e ./docs/mkdocs_include_markdown_plugin
 pytest
+pytest-timeout
 mkdocs==1.0.4
+mkdocs-include-markdown-plugin==2.1.1
 pymdown-extensions
 pip-tools
 requests
 click
+mypy
+pyyaml
+pygithub
+typing-extensions

setup.cfg

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 [flake8]
-ignore = E501,W503
+ignore = E501,W503,E741,E226,B950
+select = C,E,F,W,B,B9
 application-import-names = cibuildwheel
 exclude =
   cibuildwheel/resources/,
@@ -11,3 +12,30 @@ exclude =
   env??/,
   .venv/,
   site/
+
+[tool:pytest]
+junit_family=xunit2
+
+[mypy]
+python_version = 3.6
+files = cibuildwheel,test
+
+warn_unused_configs = True
+warn_redundant_casts = True
+
+[mypy-cibuildwheel]
+disallow_any_generics = True
+disallow_subclassing_any = True
+disallow_untyped_calls = True
+disallow_untyped_defs = True
+disallow_incomplete_defs = True
+check_untyped_defs = True
+disallow_untyped_decorators = True
+no_implicit_optional = True
+warn_unused_ignores = True
+warn_return_any = True
+no_implicit_reexport = True
+strict_equality = True
+
+[mypy-pytest,setuptools]
+ignore_missing_imports = True

setup.py

@@ -1,26 +1,28 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-import io
-import os
+from pathlib import Path
 
 try:
     from setuptools import setup
 except ImportError:
     from distutils.core import setup
 
-this_directory = os.path.dirname(__file__)
-with io.open(os.path.join(this_directory, 'README.md'), encoding='utf-8') as f:
-    long_description = f.read()
+this_directory = Path(__file__).parent
+long_description = (this_directory / 'README.md').read_text(encoding='utf-8')
 
 setup(
     name='cibuildwheel',
-    version='1.4.1',
-    install_requires=['bashlex!=0.13'],
+    version='1.7.3',
+    install_requires=['bashlex!=0.13', 'toml', 'certifi'],
     description="Build Python wheels on CI with minimal configuration.",
     long_description=long_description,
     long_description_content_type='text/markdown',
     author="Joe Rickerby",
     author_email='joerick@mac.com',
     url='https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel',
+    project_urls={
+        'Changelog': 'https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel#changelog',
+        'Documentation': 'https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/',
+    },
     packages=['cibuildwheel', ],
     license="BSD",
     zip_safe=False,
@@ -28,7 +30,7 @@ setup(
         'cibuildwheel': ['resources/*'],
     },
     # Supported python versions
-    python_requires='>=3.5',
+    python_requires='>=3.6',
     keywords='ci wheel packaging pypi travis appveyor macos linux windows',
     classifiers=[
         'Intended Audience :: Developers',

test/01_basic/cibuildwheel_test.py

@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-import os
-import platform
-
-import utils
-
-project_dir = os.path.dirname(__file__)
-
-
-def test():
-    # build the wheels
-    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir)
-
-    # check that the expected wheels are produced
-    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels('spam', '0.1.0')
-    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)
-
-
-def test_build_identifiers():
-    # check that the number of expected wheels matches the number of build
-    # identifiers
-    # after adding CIBW_MANYLINUX_IMAGE to support manylinux2010, there
-    # can be multiple wheels for each wheel, though, so we need to limit
-    # the expected wheels
-    if platform.machine() in ['x86_64', 'i686']:
-        expected_wheels = [w for w in utils.expected_wheels('spam', '0.1.0')
-                           if '-manylinux' not in w or '-manylinux1' in w]
-    else:
-        expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels('spam', '0.1.0')
-    build_identifiers = utils.cibuildwheel_get_build_identifiers(project_dir)
-    assert len(expected_wheels) == len(build_identifiers)

test/01_basic/setup.py

@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-import os
-
-from setuptools import (
-    Extension,
-    setup,
-)
-
-if os.environ.get('CIBUILDWHEEL', '0') != '1':
-    raise Exception('CIBUILDWHEEL environment variable is not set to 1')
-
-setup(
-    name="spam",
-    ext_modules=[Extension('spam', sources=['spam.c'])],
-    version="0.1.0",
-)

test/01_basic/spam.c

@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-#include <Python.h>
-
-static PyObject *
-spam_system(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-    const char *command;
-    int sts;
-
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s", &command))
-        return NULL;
-    sts = system(command);
-    return PyLong_FromLong(sts);
-}
-
-/* Module initialization */
-
-#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
-    #define MOD_INIT(name) PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit_##name(void)
-    #define MOD_DEF(m, name, doc, methods, module_state_size) \
-        static struct PyModuleDef moduledef = { \
-            PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT, name, doc, module_state_size, methods, }; \
-        m = PyModule_Create(&moduledef);
-    #define MOD_RETURN(m) return m;
-#else
-    #define MOD_INIT(name) PyMODINIT_FUNC init##name(void)
-    #define MOD_DEF(m, name, doc, methods, module_state_size) \
-        m = Py_InitModule3(name, methods, doc);
-    #define MOD_RETURN(m) return;
-#endif
-
-static PyMethodDef module_methods[] = {
-    {"system", (PyCFunction)spam_system, METH_VARARGS, 
-     "Execute a shell command."},
-    {NULL}  /* Sentinel */
-};
-
-MOD_INIT(spam)
-{
-    PyObject* m;
-
-    MOD_DEF(m, 
-            "spam", 
-            "Example module", 
-            module_methods,
-            -1)
-
-    MOD_RETURN(m)
-}

test/02_test/cibuildwheel_test.py

@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-import os
-import subprocess
-
-import pytest
-
-import utils
-
-
-def test():
-    project_dir = os.path.dirname(__file__)
-
-    # build and test the wheels
-    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir, add_env={
-        'CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES': 'nose',
-        # the 'false ||' bit is to ensure this command runs in a shell on
-        # mac/linux.
-        'CIBW_TEST_COMMAND': 'false || nosetests {project}/test',
-        'CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS': 'COLOR 00 || nosetests {project}/test',
-    })
-
-    # also check that we got the right wheels
-    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels('spam', '0.1.0')
-    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)
-
-
-def test_extras_require():
-    project_dir = os.path.dirname(__file__)
-
-    # build and test the wheels
-    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir, add_env={
-        'CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS': 'test',
-        # the 'false ||' bit is to ensure this command runs in a shell on
-        # mac/linux.
-        'CIBW_TEST_COMMAND': 'false || nosetests {project}/test',
-        'CIBW_TEST_COMMAND_WINDOWS': 'COLOR 00 || nosetests {project}/test',
-    })
-
-    # also check that we got the right wheels
-    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels('spam', '0.1.0')
-    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)
-
-
-def test_failing_test(tmp_path):
-    '''Ensure a failing test causes cibuildwheel to error out and exit'''
-    project_dir = os.path.dirname(__file__)
-
-    with pytest.raises(subprocess.CalledProcessError):
-        utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir, output_dir=tmp_path, add_env={
-            'CIBW_TEST_COMMAND': 'false',
-            # manylinux1 has a version of bash that's been shown to have
-            # problems with this, so let's check that.
-            'CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE': 'manylinux1',
-            'CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE': 'manylinux1',
-        })
-    assert len(os.listdir(str(tmp_path))) == 0

test/02_test/setup.py

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-from setuptools import (
-    Extension,
-    setup,
-)
-
-setup(
-    name="spam",
-    ext_modules=[Extension('spam', sources=['spam.c'])],
-    extras_require={'test': ['nose']},
-    version="0.1.0",
-)

test/02_test/spam.c

@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-#include <Python.h>
-
-static PyObject *
-spam_system(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-    const char *command;
-    int sts;
-
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s", &command))
-        return NULL;
-    sts = system(command);
-    return PyLong_FromLong(sts);
-}
-
-/* Module initialization */
-
-#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
-    #define MOD_INIT(name) PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit_##name(void)
-    #define MOD_DEF(m, name, doc, methods, module_state_size) \
-        static struct PyModuleDef moduledef = { \
-            PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT, name, doc, module_state_size, methods, }; \
-        m = PyModule_Create(&moduledef);
-    #define MOD_RETURN(m) return m;
-#else
-    #define MOD_INIT(name) PyMODINIT_FUNC init##name(void)
-    #define MOD_DEF(m, name, doc, methods, module_state_size) \
-        m = Py_InitModule3(name, methods, doc);
-    #define MOD_RETURN(m) return;
-#endif
-
-static PyMethodDef module_methods[] = {
-    {"system", (PyCFunction)spam_system, METH_VARARGS, 
-     "Execute a shell command."},
-    {NULL}  /* Sentinel */
-};
-
-MOD_INIT(spam)
-{
-    PyObject* m;
-
-    MOD_DEF(m, 
-            "spam", 
-            "Example module", 
-            module_methods,
-            -1)
-
-    MOD_RETURN(m)
-}

test/02_test/test/spam_test.py

@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
-import os
-import platform
-import sys
-import struct
-from unittest import TestCase
-
-import spam
-
-
-def path_contains(parent, child):
-    ''' returns True if `child` is inside `parent`.
-
-    Works around path-comparison bugs caused by short-paths on Windows e.g.
-    vssadm~1 instead of vssadministrator
-    '''
-    parent = os.path.abspath(parent)
-    child = os.path.abspath(child)
-
-    while child != os.path.dirname(child):
-        child = os.path.dirname(child)
-        if os.stat(parent) == os.stat(child):
-            # parent and child refer to the same directory on the filesystem
-            return True
-    return False
-
-
-class TestSpam(TestCase):
-    def test_system(self):
-        self.assertEqual(0, spam.system('python -c "exit(0)"'))
-        self.assertNotEqual(0, spam.system('python -c "exit(1)"'))
-
-    def test_virtualenv(self):
-        virtualenv_path = os.environ.get("__CIBW_VIRTUALENV_PATH__")
-        if not virtualenv_path:
-            self.fail("No virtualenv path defined in environment variable __CIBW_VIRTUALENV_PATH__")
-
-        print("=[executable]", sys.executable)
-        print("=[spam location]", spam.__file__)
-        print("=[virtualenv path]", virtualenv_path)
-        print("=[listdir]", os.listdir(virtualenv_path))
-        if os.path.exists(os.path.join(virtualenv_path, 'Scripts')):
-            print("=[listdir]2", os.listdir(os.path.join(virtualenv_path, 'Scripts')))
-        if os.path.exists(os.path.join(virtualenv_path, 'bin')):
-            print("=[listdir]2", os.listdir(os.path.join(virtualenv_path, 'bin')))
-        self.assertTrue(path_contains(virtualenv_path, sys.executable))
-        self.assertTrue(path_contains(virtualenv_path, spam.__file__))
-
-    def test_uname(self):
-        if platform.system() == "Windows":
-            return
-        # if we're running in 32-bit Python, check that the machine is i686.
-        # See #336 for more info.
-        bits = struct.calcsize("P") * 8
-        if bits == 32:
-            self.assertEqual(platform.machine(), "i686")

test/03_before_build/cibuildwheel_test.py

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-import os
-
-import utils
-
-
-def test():
-    project_dir = os.path.dirname(__file__)
-
-    # build the wheels
-    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir, add_env={
-        # write python version information to a temporary file, this is
-        # checked in setup.py
-        'CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD': '''python -c "import sys; open('/tmp/pythonversion.txt', 'w').write(sys.version)" && python -c "import sys; open('/tmp/pythonexecutable.txt', 'w').write(sys.executable)"''',
-        'CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_WINDOWS': '''python -c "import sys; open('c:\\pythonversion.txt', 'w').write(sys.version)" && python -c "import sys; open('c:\\pythonexecutable.txt', 'w').write(sys.executable)"''',
-    })
-
-    # also check that we got the right wheels
-    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels('spam', '0.1.0')
-    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)

test/03_before_build/setup.py

@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-import os
-import sys
-
-from setuptools import (
-    Extension,
-    setup,
-)
-
-# assert that the Python version as written to pythonversion.txt in the CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD step
-# is the same one as is currently running.
-version_file = 'c:\\pythonversion.txt' if sys.platform == 'win32' else '/tmp/pythonversion.txt'
-with open(version_file) as f:
-    stored_version = f.read()
-print('stored_version', stored_version)
-print('sys.version', sys.version)
-assert stored_version == sys.version
-
-# check that the executable also was written
-executable_file = 'c:\\pythonexecutable.txt' if sys.platform == 'win32' else '/tmp/pythonexecutable.txt'
-with open(executable_file) as f:
-    stored_executable = f.read()
-print('stored_executable', stored_executable)
-print('sys.executable', sys.executable)
-# windows/mac are case insensitive
-assert os.path.realpath(stored_executable).lower() == os.path.realpath(sys.executable).lower()
-
-setup(
-    name="spam",
-    ext_modules=[Extension('spam', sources=['spam.c'])],
-    version="0.1.0",
-)

test/03_before_build/spam.c

@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-#include <Python.h>
-
-static PyObject *
-spam_system(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-    const char *command;
-    int sts;
-
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s", &command))
-        return NULL;
-    sts = system(command);
-    return PyLong_FromLong(sts);
-}
-
-/* Module initialization */
-
-#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
-    #define MOD_INIT(name) PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit_##name(void)
-    #define MOD_DEF(m, name, doc, methods, module_state_size) \
-        static struct PyModuleDef moduledef = { \
-            PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT, name, doc, module_state_size, methods, }; \
-        m = PyModule_Create(&moduledef);
-    #define MOD_RETURN(m) return m;
-#else
-    #define MOD_INIT(name) PyMODINIT_FUNC init##name(void)
-    #define MOD_DEF(m, name, doc, methods, module_state_size) \
-        m = Py_InitModule3(name, methods, doc);
-    #define MOD_RETURN(m) return;
-#endif
-
-static PyMethodDef module_methods[] = {
-    {"system", (PyCFunction)spam_system, METH_VARARGS, 
-     "Execute a shell command."},
-    {NULL}  /* Sentinel */
-};
-
-MOD_INIT(spam)
-{
-    PyObject* m;
-
-    MOD_DEF(m, 
-            "spam", 
-            "Example module", 
-            module_methods,
-            -1)
-
-    MOD_RETURN(m)
-}

test/04_build_skip/cibuildwheel_test.py

@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-import os
-
-import utils
-
-
-def test():
-    project_dir = os.path.dirname(__file__)
-
-    # build the wheels
-    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir, add_env={
-        'CIBW_BUILD': 'cp3?-*',
-        'CIBW_SKIP': 'cp37-*',
-    })
-
-    # check that we got the right wheels. There should be no 2.7 or 3.7.
-    expected_wheels = [w for w in utils.expected_wheels('spam', '0.1.0')
-                       if ('-cp3' in w) and ('-cp37' not in w)]
-    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)

test/04_build_skip/setup.py

@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-import sys
-
-from setuptools import (
-    Extension,
-    setup,
-)
-
-# explode if run on Python 2.7 or Python 3.4 (these should be skipped)
-if sys.version_info[0:2] == (2, 7):
-    raise Exception('Python 2.7 should not be built')
-if sys.version_info[0:2] == (3, 4):
-    raise Exception('Python 3.4 should be skipped')
-
-setup(
-    name="spam",
-    ext_modules=[Extension('spam', sources=['spam.c'])],
-    version="0.1.0",
-)

test/04_build_skip/spam.c

@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-#include <Python.h>
-
-static PyObject *
-spam_system(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-    const char *command;
-    int sts;
-
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s", &command))
-        return NULL;
-    sts = system(command);
-    return PyLong_FromLong(sts);
-}
-
-/* Module initialization */
-
-#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
-    #define MOD_INIT(name) PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit_##name(void)
-    #define MOD_DEF(m, name, doc, methods, module_state_size) \
-        static struct PyModuleDef moduledef = { \
-            PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT, name, doc, module_state_size, methods, }; \
-        m = PyModule_Create(&moduledef);
-    #define MOD_RETURN(m) return m;
-#else
-    #define MOD_INIT(name) PyMODINIT_FUNC init##name(void)
-    #define MOD_DEF(m, name, doc, methods, module_state_size) \
-        m = Py_InitModule3(name, methods, doc);
-    #define MOD_RETURN(m) return;
-#endif
-
-static PyMethodDef module_methods[] = {
-    {"system", (PyCFunction)spam_system, METH_VARARGS, 
-     "Execute a shell command."},
-    {NULL}  /* Sentinel */
-};
-
-MOD_INIT(spam)
-{
-    PyObject* m;
-
-    MOD_DEF(m, 
-            "spam", 
-            "Example module", 
-            module_methods,
-            -1)
-
-    MOD_RETURN(m)
-}

test/05_environment/cibuildwheel_test.py

@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-import os
-import pytest
-import subprocess
-import utils
-
-
-def test():
-    project_dir = os.path.dirname(__file__)
-
-    # write some information into the CIBW_ENVIRONMENT, for expansion and
-    # insertion into the environment by cibuildwheel. This is checked
-    # in setup.py
-    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir, add_env={
-        'CIBW_ENVIRONMENT': '''CIBW_TEST_VAR="a b c" CIBW_TEST_VAR_2=1 CIBW_TEST_VAR_3="$(echo 'test string 3')" PATH=$PATH:/opt/cibw_test_path''',
-        'CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_WINDOWS': '''CIBW_TEST_VAR="a b c" CIBW_TEST_VAR_2=1 CIBW_TEST_VAR_3="$(echo 'test string 3')" PATH="$PATH;/opt/cibw_test_path"''',
-    })
-
-    # also check that we got the right wheels built
-    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels('spam', '0.1.0')
-    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)
-
-
-def test_overridden_path(tmp_path):
-    project_dir = os.path.dirname(__file__)
-
-    # mess up PATH, somehow
-    with pytest.raises(subprocess.CalledProcessError):
-        utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir, output_dir=tmp_path, add_env={
-            'CIBW_ENVIRONMENT': '''SOMETHING="$(mkdir new_path && touch new_path/python)" PATH="$(realpath new_path):$PATH"''',
-            'CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_WINDOWS': '''SOMETHING="$(mkdir new_path && type nul > new_path/python.exe)" PATH="$CD\\new_path;$PATH"''',
-        })
-    assert len(os.listdir(str(tmp_path))) == 0

test/05_environment/setup.py

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-import os
-
-from setuptools import (
-    Extension,
-    setup,
-)
-
-# explode if environment isn't correct, as set in CIBW_ENVIRONMENT
-CIBW_TEST_VAR = os.environ.get('CIBW_TEST_VAR')
-CIBW_TEST_VAR_2 = os.environ.get('CIBW_TEST_VAR_2')
-PATH = os.environ.get('PATH')
-
-if CIBW_TEST_VAR != 'a b c':
-    raise Exception('CIBW_TEST_VAR should equal "a b c". It was "%s"' % CIBW_TEST_VAR)
-if CIBW_TEST_VAR_2 != '1':
-    raise Exception('CIBW_TEST_VAR_2 should equal "1". It was "%s"' % CIBW_TEST_VAR_2)
-if '/opt/cibw_test_path' not in PATH:
-    raise Exception('PATH should contain "/opt/cibw_test_path". It was "%s"' % PATH)
-if '$PATH' in PATH:
-    raise Exception('$PATH should be expanded in PATH. It was "%s"' % PATH)
-
-setup(
-    name="spam",
-    ext_modules=[Extension('spam', sources=['spam.c'])],
-    version="0.1.0",
-)

test/05_environment/spam.c

@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-#include <Python.h>
-
-static PyObject *
-spam_system(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-    const char *command;
-    int sts;
-
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s", &command))
-        return NULL;
-    sts = system(command);
-    return PyLong_FromLong(sts);
-}
-
-/* Module initialization */
-
-#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
-    #define MOD_INIT(name) PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit_##name(void)
-    #define MOD_DEF(m, name, doc, methods, module_state_size) \
-        static struct PyModuleDef moduledef = { \
-            PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT, name, doc, module_state_size, methods, }; \
-        m = PyModule_Create(&moduledef);
-    #define MOD_RETURN(m) return m;
-#else
-    #define MOD_INIT(name) PyMODINIT_FUNC init##name(void)
-    #define MOD_DEF(m, name, doc, methods, module_state_size) \
-        m = Py_InitModule3(name, methods, doc);
-    #define MOD_RETURN(m) return;
-#endif
-
-static PyMethodDef module_methods[] = {
-    {"system", (PyCFunction)spam_system, METH_VARARGS, 
-     "Execute a shell command."},
-    {NULL}  /* Sentinel */
-};
-
-MOD_INIT(spam)
-{
-    PyObject* m;
-
-    MOD_DEF(m, 
-            "spam", 
-            "Example module", 
-            module_methods,
-            -1)
-
-    MOD_RETURN(m)
-}

test/06_docker_images/cibuildwheel_test.py

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-import os
-import platform
-
-import pytest
-
-import utils
-
-
-def test():
-    project_dir = os.path.dirname(__file__)
-
-    if utils.platform != 'linux':
-        pytest.skip('the test is only relevant to the linux build')
-    if platform.machine() not in ['x86_64', 'i686']:
-        pytest.skip('this test is currently only possible on x86_64/i686 due to availability of alternative images')
-
-    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir, add_env={
-        'CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE': 'dockcross/manylinux2010-x64',
-        'CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE': 'dockcross/manylinux2010-x86',
-        'CIBW_SKIP': 'pp*',
-    })
-
-    # also check that we got the right wheels built
-    expected_wheels = [w for w in utils.expected_wheels('spam', '0.1.0')
-                       if '-pp' not in w]
-    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)

test/06_docker_images/setup.py

@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-import os
-import sys
-
-from setuptools import (
-    Extension,
-    setup,
-)
-
-# check that we're running in the correct docker image as specified in the
-# environment options CIBW_MANYLINUX1_*_IMAGE
-if 'linux' in sys.platform and not os.path.exists('/dockcross'):
-    raise Exception('/dockcross directory not found. Is this test running in the correct docker image?')
-
-setup(
-    name="spam",
-    ext_modules=[Extension('spam', sources=['spam.c'])],
-    version="0.1.0",
-)

test/06_docker_images/spam.c

@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-#include <Python.h>
-
-static PyObject *
-spam_system(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-    const char *command;
-    int sts;
-
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s", &command))
-        return NULL;
-    sts = system(command);
-    return PyLong_FromLong(sts);
-}
-
-/* Module initialization */
-
-#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
-    #define MOD_INIT(name) PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit_##name(void)
-    #define MOD_DEF(m, name, doc, methods, module_state_size) \
-        static struct PyModuleDef moduledef = { \
-            PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT, name, doc, module_state_size, methods, }; \
-        m = PyModule_Create(&moduledef);
-    #define MOD_RETURN(m) return m;
-#else
-    #define MOD_INIT(name) PyMODINIT_FUNC init##name(void)
-    #define MOD_DEF(m, name, doc, methods, module_state_size) \
-        m = Py_InitModule3(name, methods, doc);
-    #define MOD_RETURN(m) return;
-#endif
-
-static PyMethodDef module_methods[] = {
-    {"system", (PyCFunction)spam_system, METH_VARARGS, 
-     "Execute a shell command."},
-    {NULL}  /* Sentinel */
-};
-
-MOD_INIT(spam)
-{
-    PyObject* m;
-
-    MOD_DEF(m, 
-            "spam", 
-            "Example module", 
-            module_methods,
-            -1)
-
-    MOD_RETURN(m)
-}