docs: add Python 3.8 to the identifer list (#728)

This reverts commit af45aface9.

.circleci/config.yml

@@ -1,36 +1,9 @@
 version: 2
 
 jobs:
-  flake8:
-    docker:
-      - image: circleci/python:3.6
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-
-      - run:
-          name: Install flake8
-          command: sudo python -m pip install flake8
-      - run:
-          name: Test.
-          command: flake8 .
   osx-python3.6:
     macos:
-      xcode: "9.4.1"
-    environment:
-      PYTHON: python3
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-
-      - run:
-          name: Prepare the environment.
-          command: bash .circleci/prepare.sh
-      - run:
-          name: Test.
-          command: venv/bin/python ./bin/run_tests.py
-
-  osx-python3.7:
-    macos:
-      xcode: "10.0.0"
+      xcode: 9.4.1
     environment:
       PYTHON: python3
     steps:
@@ -42,6 +15,7 @@ jobs:
       - run:
           name: Test.
           command: venv/bin/python ./bin/run_tests.py
+          no_output_timeout: 30m
 
   linux-python3.6:
     docker:
@@ -58,12 +32,11 @@ jobs:
       - run:
           name: Test.
           command: venv/bin/python ./bin/run_tests.py
+          no_output_timeout: 30m
 
 workflows:
   version: 2
   all-tests:
     jobs:
-      - flake8
       - osx-python3.6
-      - osx-python3.7
       - linux-python3.6

.circleci/prepare.sh

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
+set -o errexit
+set -o xtrace
+
 $PYTHON --version
 $PYTHON -m pip --version
-$PYTHON -m pip install -q --user --ignore-installed --upgrade virtualenv
 $PYTHON -m virtualenv -p $PYTHON venv
-venv/bin/python -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
+venv/bin/python -m pip install -e ".[dev]"
 venv/bin/python -m pip freeze
 venv/bin/python --version

.github/auto-merge.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# config file for https://github.com/bobvanderlinden/probot-auto-merge
+
+# no approvals required, just the label is enough
+minApprovals: {}
+
+requiredLabels:
+- merge when green

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -1,29 +1,84 @@
 name: Test
 
-on: [push, pull_request]
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - master
+      - 1.x
+  pull_request:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'docs/**'
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    # allow manual runs on branches without a PR
 
 jobs:
+  pre-commit:
+    name: Pre-commit checks (mypy, flake8, etc.)
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+    - uses: pre-commit/action@v2.0.0
+
   test:
     name: Test cibuildwheel on ${{ matrix.os }}
+    needs: pre-commit
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-18.04, windows-latest, macos-latest]
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]
         python_version: ['3.7']
+    timeout-minutes: 180
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v1
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v1
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
       name: Install Python ${{ matrix.python_version }}
       with:
         python-version: ${{ matrix.python_version }}
 
     - name: Install dependencies
       run: |
-        python -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
-    - name: Install Visual C++ for Python 2.7
-      if: startsWith(matrix.os, 'windows')
+        python -m pip install -e ".[dev]"
+
+    - name: Sample build
+      if: "contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'CI: Sample build')"
       run: |
-        choco install vcpython27 -f -y
+        python bin/sample_build.py
+
+    - name: Get some sample wheels
+      run: |
+        python -m test.test_projects test.test_0_basic.basic_project sample_proj
+        cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse sample_proj
+      env:
+        CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS: x86_64 universal2 arm64
+
+    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+      with:
+        name: sample_wheels
+        path: wheelhouse
+
     - name: Test cibuildwheel
       run: |
         python ./bin/run_tests.py
+
+  test-emulated:
+    name: Test emulated cibuildwheel using qemu
+    needs: pre-commit
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 180
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+    - name: Install dependencies
+      run: |
+        python -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
+
+    - name: Set up QEMU
+      id: qemu
+      uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v1
+      with:
+        platforms: all
+
+    - name: Run the emulation tests
+      run: |
+        pytest --run-emulation test/test_emulation.py

.github/workflows/update-dependencies.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+name: Update dependencies
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+  schedule:
+    - cron: '0 6 * * 1'  # "At 06:00 on Monday."
+
+jobs:
+  update-dependencies:
+    name: Update dependencies
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+      name: Install Python 3.9
+      with:
+        python-version: 3.9
+        architecture: x64
+    - name: Install dependencies
+      run: python -m pip install ".[dev]"
+    - name: "Run update: dependencies"
+      run: python ./bin/update_dependencies.py
+    - name: "Run update: python configs"
+      run: python ./bin/update_pythons.py --force
+    - name: Create Pull Request
+      if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' && github.repository == 'pypa/cibuildwheel'
+      uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v3
+      with:
+        commit-message: Update dependencies
+        title: '[Bot] Update dependencies'
+        body: |
+          Update the versions of our dependencies.
+
+          PR generated by "Update dependencies" [workflow](https://github.com/${{github.repository}}/actions/runs/${{github.run_id}}).
+        branch: update-dependencies-pr
+        delete-branch: true

.gitignore

@@ -89,8 +89,10 @@ venv3/
 venv2/
 ENV/
 env/
-env3/
 env2/
+env2?/
+env3/
+env3?/
 
 # Spyder project settings
 .spyderproject
@@ -100,3 +102,15 @@ env2/
 
 # VSCode project settings
 /.vscode
+
+# MyPy cache
+.mypy_cache/
+
+# Output cache for setup.py checker
+all_known_setup.yaml
+
+# mkdocs
+site/
+
+# Virtual environments
+venv*

.gitlab-ci.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+linux:
+  image: python:3.8
+  services:
+    - name: docker:dind
+      entrypoint: ["env", "-u", "DOCKER_HOST"]
+      command: ["dockerd-entrypoint.sh"]
+  variables:
+    DOCKER_HOST: tcp://docker:2375/
+    DOCKER_DRIVER: overlay2
+    # See https://github.com/docker-library/docker/pull/166
+    DOCKER_TLS_CERTDIR: ""
+  script:
+    - curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh
+    - python -m pip install -e ".[dev]"
+    - python ./bin/run_tests.py

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+repos:
+
+- repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
+  rev: v3.4.0
+  hooks:
+  - id: check-case-conflict
+  - id: check-merge-conflict
+  - id: check-yaml
+  - id: check-toml
+  - id: debug-statements
+  - id: end-of-file-fixer
+    exclude: (cibuildwheel/resources/pinned_docker_images.cfg)|(.svg$)
+  - id: mixed-line-ending
+  - id: trailing-whitespace
+
+- repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/isort
+  rev: 5.8.0
+  hooks:
+  - id: isort
+
+- repo: https://github.com/psf/black
+  rev: 21.4b2
+  hooks:
+  - id: black
+
+- repo: https://github.com/asottile/setup-cfg-fmt
+  rev: v1.17.0
+  hooks:
+  - id: setup-cfg-fmt
+    stages: [manual]
+
+- repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy
+  rev: v0.812
+  hooks:
+  - id: mypy
+    exclude: ^(bin/|cibuildwheel/resources/).*py$
+    additional_dependencies: [packaging]
+    args: ["--python-version=3.6", "--ignore-missing-imports", "--scripts-are-modules"]
+  - id: mypy
+    name: mypy 3.7+ on bin/
+    files: ^bin/.*py$
+    additional_dependencies: [packaging]
+    args: ["--python-version=3.7", "--ignore-missing-imports", "--scripts-are-modules"]
+
+- repo: https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade
+  rev: v2.14.0
+  hooks:
+  - id: pyupgrade
+    name: PyUpgrade 3.6+
+    args: ["--py36-plus"]
+    exclude: ^bin/
+  - id: pyupgrade
+    name: PyUpgrade 3.7+ on bin
+    exclude: ^(cibuildwheel|unit_test|test)/
+    args: ["--py37-plus"]
+
+- repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/flake8
+  rev: 3.9.1
+  hooks:
+  - id: flake8
+    exclude: cibuildwheel/resources/
+    additional_dependencies: [flake8-bugbear]
+
+- repo: local
+  hooks:
+  - id: disallow-caps
+    name: Disallow improper capitalization
+    language: pygrep
+    entry: PyBind|Numpy|Cmake|Github
+    types:
+    - markdown

.readthedocs.yml

@@ -6,6 +6,9 @@ mkdocs:
   configuration: mkdocs.yml
 
 python:
-  version: 3.7
+  version: 3.8
   install:
-    - requirements: requirements-dev.txt
+    - method: pip
+      path: .
+      extra_requirements:
+        - docs

.travis.yml

@@ -1,51 +1,50 @@
-language: minimal
+os: linux
+dist: focal
+language: python
+
+branches:
+  only:
+  - master
 
 jobs:
   include:
-    - name: Linux | x86_64 + i686 | Python 3.5
-      language: python
-      python: 3.5
+    - name: Linux | x86_64 + i686 | Python 3.6
+      python: 3.6
       services: docker
       env: PYTHON=python
 
-    - name: Linux | arm64 | Python 3.5
-      language: python
-      python: 3.5
+    - name: Linux | arm64 | Python 3.6
+      python: 3.6
       services: docker
       arch: arm64
       env: PYTHON=python
 
-    - name: Linux | ppc64le | Python 3.5
-      language: python
-      python: 3.5
+    - name: Linux | ppc64le | Python 3.6
+      python: 3.6
       services: docker
       arch: ppc64le
-      env: PYTHON=python
+      env:
+        - PYTHON=python
+        # skip test_manylinuxXXXX_only, it uses too much disk space
+        # c.f. https://travis-ci.community/t/running-out-of-disk-space-quota-when-using-docker-on-ppc64le/11634
+        - PYTEST_ADDOPTS='-k "not test_manylinuxXXXX_only"'
 
-    - name: macOS | x86_64 | Python 3.x
-      os: osx
-      env: PYTHON=python3
-
-    - name: Windows | x86_64 | Python 3.5
+    - name: Windows | x86_64 | Python 3.6
       os: windows
       language: shell
       before_install:
-       - choco install python3 --version 3.5.4 --no-progress -y
+        - choco upgrade python3 -y --version 3.6.8 --limit-output
+        # Update root certificates to fix SSL error; see http://www.chawn.com/RootCerts.htm
+        - powershell "md C:\temp\certs; CertUtil -generateSSTFromWU C:\temp\certs\RootStore.sst; Get-ChildItem -Path C:\\temp\certs\Rootstore.sst | Import-Certificate -CertStoreLocation Cert:\\LocalMachine\\Root\\ | out-null"
       env:
-        - PYTHON=C:\\Python35\\python
+        - PYTHON=C:\\Python36\\python
 
-    - &linux_s390x_35
-      name: Linux | s390x | Python 3.5
-      language: python
-      python: 3.5
+    - name: Linux | s390x | Python 3.6
+      python: 3.6
       services: docker
       arch: s390x
       env: PYTHON=python
 
-  allow_failures:
-    # must repeat the s390x job above exactly to match
-    - *linux_s390x_35
-
-install: $PYTHON -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
+install: $PYTHON -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
 
 script: $PYTHON ./bin/run_tests.py

CI.md

@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 This is a summary of the Python versions and platforms covered by the different CI platforms:
 
-|          | 3.5              | 3.6              | 3.7                                               | 3.8              |
-|----------|------------------|------------------|---------------------------------------------------|------------------|
-| Linux    | Travis CI        | CircleCI         | AppVeyor / GitHub Actions                         | Azure Pipelines  |
-| macOS    | Azure Pipelines  | CircleCI         | AppVeyor / Travis CI¹ / CircleCI / GitHub Actions | Azure Pipelines  |
-| Windows  | TravisCI         | Azure Pipelines  | AppVeyor / GitHub Actions                         | Azure Pipelines  |
+|          | 3.6                          | 3.7                                      | 3.8              |
+|----------|------------------------------|------------------------------------------|------------------|
+| Linux    | Travis CI / CircleCI         | AppVeyor² / GitHub Actions               | Azure Pipelines  |
+| macOS    | CircleCI                     | AppVeyor² / Travis CI¹ / GitHub Actions  | Azure Pipelines  |
+| Windows  | Travis CI / Azure Pipelines  | AppVeyor² / GitHub Actions               | Azure Pipelines  |
 
 > ¹ Python version not really pinned, but dependent on the (default) version of image used.
+> ² AppVeyor only runs the "basic" test to reduce load.
 
-Non-x86 architectures are covered on Travis CI using Python 3.5.
+Non-x86 architectures are covered on Travis CI using Python 3.6.

CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md

@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-# Contributor Covenant Code of Conduct
-
-## Our Pledge
-
-In the interest of fostering an open and welcoming environment, we as contributors and maintainers pledge to making participation in our project and our community a harassment-free experience for everyone, regardless of age, body size, disability, ethnicity, gender identity and expression, level of experience, nationality, personal appearance, race, religion, or sexual identity and orientation.
-
-## Our Standards
-
-Examples of behavior that contributes to creating a positive environment include:
-
-* Using welcoming and inclusive language
-* Being respectful of differing viewpoints and experiences
-* Gracefully accepting constructive criticism
-* Focusing on what is best for the community
-* Showing empathy towards other community members
-
-Examples of unacceptable behavior by participants include:
-
-* The use of sexualized language or imagery and unwelcome sexual attention or advances
-* Trolling, insulting/derogatory comments, and personal or political attacks
-* Public or private harassment
-* Publishing others' private information, such as a physical or electronic address, without explicit permission
-* Other conduct which could reasonably be considered inappropriate in a professional setting
-
-## Our Responsibilities
-
-Project maintainers are responsible for clarifying the standards of acceptable behavior and are expected to take appropriate and fair corrective action in response to any instances of unacceptable behavior.
-
-Project maintainers have the right and responsibility to remove, edit, or reject comments, commits, code, wiki edits, issues, and other contributions that are not aligned to this Code of Conduct, or to ban temporarily or permanently any contributor for other behaviors that they deem inappropriate, threatening, offensive, or harmful.
-
-## Scope
-
-This Code of Conduct applies both within project spaces and in public spaces when an individual is representing the project or its community. Examples of representing a project or community include using an official project e-mail address, posting via an official social media account, or acting as an appointed representative at an online or offline event. Representation of a project may be further defined and clarified by project maintainers.
-
-## Enforcement
-
-Instances of abusive, harassing, or otherwise unacceptable behavior may be reported by contacting the project team at joerick@mac.com. The project team will review and investigate all complaints, and will respond in a way that it deems appropriate to the circumstances. The project team is obligated to maintain confidentiality with regard to the reporter of an incident. Further details of specific enforcement policies may be posted separately.
-
-Project maintainers who do not follow or enforce the Code of Conduct in good faith may face temporary or permanent repercussions as determined by other members of the project's leadership.
-
-## Attribution
-
-This Code of Conduct is adapted from the [Contributor Covenant][homepage], version 1.4, available at [http://contributor-covenant.org/version/1/4][version]
-
-[homepage]: http://contributor-covenant.org
-[version]: http://contributor-covenant.org/version/1/4/

LICENSE

@@ -22,3 +22,7 @@ SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
 CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
 OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
 OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+
+Get-pip and Pip (bundled in cibuildwheel/resources) are licensed under the MIT
+license. See https://github.com/pypa/get-pip/blob/master/LICENSE.txt

README.md

@@ -1,7 +1,14 @@
 cibuildwheel
 ============
 
-[![PyPI](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/cibuildwheel.svg)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/cibuildwheel) [![Documentation Status](https://readthedocs.org/projects/cibuildwheel/badge/?version=stable)](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/?badge=stable) [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/joerick/cibuildwheel.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/joerick/cibuildwheel) [![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/wbsgxshp05tt1tif/branch/master?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/joerick/cibuildwheel/branch/master) [![CircleCI](https://circleci.com/gh/joerick/cibuildwheel.svg?style=svg)](https://circleci.com/gh/joerick/cibuildwheel) [![Build Status](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_apis/build/status/joerick.cibuildwheel?branchName=master)](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_build/latest?definitionId=2&branchName=master)
+[![PyPI](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/cibuildwheel.svg)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/cibuildwheel)
+[![Documentation Status](https://readthedocs.org/projects/cibuildwheel/badge/?version=stable)](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/?badge=stable)
+[![Actions Status](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/workflows/Test/badge.svg)](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/actions)
+[![Travis Status](https://img.shields.io/travis/com/pypa/cibuildwheel/master?logo=travis)](https://travis-ci.com/pypa/cibuildwheel)
+[![Appveyor status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/gt3vwl88yt0y3hur/branch/master?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/joerick/cibuildwheel/branch/master)
+[![CircleCI Status](https://img.shields.io/circleci/build/gh/pypa/cibuildwheel/master?logo=circleci)](https://circleci.com/gh/pypa/cibuildwheel)
+[![Azure Status](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_apis/build/status/pypa.cibuildwheel?branchName=master)](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_build/latest?definitionId=4&branchName=master)
+
 
 [Documentation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.org)
 
@@ -9,90 +16,90 @@ cibuildwheel
 
 Python wheels are great. Building them across **Mac, Linux, Windows**, on **multiple versions of Python**, is not.
 
-`cibuildwheel` is here to help. `cibuildwheel` runs on your CI server - currently it supports Azure Pipelines, Travis CI, AppVeyor, GitHub Actions and CircleCI - and it builds and tests your wheels across all of your platforms.
+`cibuildwheel` is here to help. `cibuildwheel` runs on your CI server - currently it supports GitHub Actions, Azure Pipelines, Travis CI, AppVeyor, CircleCI, and GitLab CI - and it builds and tests your wheels across all of your platforms.
 
 
 What does it do?
 ----------------
 
-|   | macOS x86_64 | Windows 64bit | Windows 32bit | manylinux x86_64 | manylinux i686 | manylinux aarch64 | manylinux ppc64le | manylinux s390x |
-|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
-| CPython 2.7     | ✅ | ✅¹ | ✅¹ | ✅ | ✅ |     |     |     |
-| CPython 3.5     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² |
-| CPython 3.6     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² |
-| CPython 3.7     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² |
-| CPython 3.8     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² |
-| PyPy 2.7 v7.3.0 | ✅ |     | ✅  | ✅ |    |     |     |     |
-| PyPy 3.6 v7.3.0 | ✅ |     | ✅  | ✅ |    |     |     |     |
+|   | macOS Intel | macOS Apple Silicon | Windows 64bit | Windows 32bit | manylinux x86_64 | manylinux i686 | manylinux aarch64 | manylinux ppc64le | manylinux s390x |
+|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+| CPython 2.7     | ✅ |   | ✅¹ | ✅¹ | ✅ | ✅ |    |    |   |
+| CPython 3.5     | ✅ |   | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
+| CPython 3.6     | ✅ |   | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
+| CPython 3.7     | ✅ |   | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
+| CPython 3.8     | ✅ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
+| CPython 3.9     | ✅ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
+| PyPy 2.7 v7.3.3 | ✅ |    |    | ✅  | ✅ |    |    |    |   |
+| PyPy 3.6 v7.3.3 | ✅ |    |    | ✅  | ✅ |    |    |    |   |
+| PyPy 3.7 (beta) v7.3.3 | ✅ | |  | ✅  | ✅ |    |    |   |    |
 
-<sup>¹ Not supported on Travis</sup><br>
-<sup>² Beta support until Travis CI fixes <a href="https://travis-ci.community/t/no-space-left-on-device-for-system-z/5954/11">a bug</a></sup>
+<sup>¹ Only using a workaround with a newer compiler; Microsoft removed the 2008 compiler for Python 2.7 in April 2021.</sup><br>
 
-- Builds manylinux, macOS and Windows wheels for CPython and PyPy using Azure Pipelines, Travis CI, AppVeyor, and CircleCI
+- Builds manylinux, macOS 10.9+, and Windows wheels for CPython and PyPy
+- Works on GitHub Actions, Azure Pipelines, Travis CI, AppVeyor, CircleCI, and GitLab CI
 - Bundles shared library dependencies on Linux and macOS through [auditwheel](https://github.com/pypa/auditwheel) and [delocate](https://github.com/matthew-brett/delocate)
-- Runs the library test suite against the wheel-installed version of your library
+- Runs your library's tests against the wheel-installed version of your library
 
 Usage
 -----
 
-`cibuildwheel` currently works on **Travis CI**, **Azure Pipelines**, **AppVeyor** and **GitHub Actions** to build wheels for all three supported platforms (Linux, macOS, Windows). On **CircleCI** Linux and macOS wheels can be built.
+`cibuildwheel` runs inside a CI service. Supported platforms depend on which service you're using:
 
-|                 | Linux | macOS | Windows |
-|-----------------|-------|-------|---------|
-| Azure Pipelines | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      |
-| Travis CI       | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      |
-| AppVeyor        | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      |
-| GitHub Actions  | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      |
-| CircleCI        | ✅    | ✅    |         |
+|                 | Linux | macOS | Windows | Linux ARM |
+|-----------------|-------|-------|---------|--------------|
+| GitHub Actions  | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅¹          |
+| Azure Pipelines | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      |              |
+| Travis CI       | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅           |
+| AppVeyor        | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      |              |
+| CircleCI        | ✅    | ✅    |         |              |
+| Gitlab CI       | ✅    |       |         |              |
 
-`cibuildwheel` is not intended to run on your development machine. Because it uses system Python from Python.org it will try to install packages globally - not what you expect from a build tool! Instead, isolated CI services like Travis CI, CircleCI, Azure Pipelines and AppVeyor are ideal.
+<sup>¹ [Requires emulation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#emulation), distributed separately. Other services may also support Linux ARM through emulation or third-party build hosts, but these are not tested in our CI.</sup><br>
+
+`cibuildwheel` is not intended to run on your development machine. Because it uses system Python from Python.org on macOS and Windows, it will try to install packages globally - not what you expect from a build tool! Instead, isolated CI services like those mentioned above are ideal. For Linux builds, it uses manylinux docker images, so those can be done locally for testing in a pinch.
 
 <!--intro-end-->
 
 Example setup
 -------------
 
-To build manylinux, macOS, and Windows wheels on Travis CI and upload them to PyPI whenever you tag a version, you could use this `.travis.yml`:
+To build manylinux, macOS, and Windows wheels on GitHub Actions, you could use this `.github/workflows/wheels.yml`:
 
 ```yaml
-language: python
+name: Build
+
+on: [push, pull_request]
 
 jobs:
-  include:
-    # perform a linux build
-    - services: docker
-    # and a mac build
-    - os: osx
-      language: shell
-    # and a windows build
-    - os: windows
-      language: shell
-      before_install:
-        - choco install python --version 3.8.0
-        - export PATH="/c/Python38:/c/Python38/Scripts:$PATH"
+  build_wheels:
+    name: Build wheels on ${{ matrix.os }}
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        os: [ubuntu-20.04, windows-2019, macOS-10.15]
 
-env:
-  global:
-    - TWINE_USERNAME=__token__
-    # Note: TWINE_PASSWORD is set to a PyPI API token in Travis settings
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
 
-install:
-  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.3.0
+      # Used to host cibuildwheel
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
 
-script:
-  # build the wheels, put them into './wheelhouse'
-  - python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
+      - name: Install cibuildwheel
+        run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.12.0
 
-after_success:
-  # if the release was tagged, upload them to PyPI
-  - |
-    if [[ $TRAVIS_TAG ]]; then
-      python3 -m pip install twine
-      python3 -m twine upload wheelhouse/*.whl
-    fi
+      - name: Build wheels
+        run: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
+        # to supply options, put them in 'env', like:
+        # env:
+        #   CIBW_SOME_OPTION: value
+
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+        with:
+          path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl
 ```
 
-For more information, including how to build on Appveyor, Azure, CircleCI, check out the [documentation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.org) and also check out [the examples](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/tree/master/examples).
+For more information, including building on Python 2, PyPI deployment, and the use of other CI services or the dedicated GitHub Action, check out the [documentation](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.org) and the [examples](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/tree/master/examples).
 
 Options
 -------
@@ -100,35 +107,230 @@ Options
 |   | Option | Description |
 |---|--------|-------------|
 | **Build selection** | [`CIBW_PLATFORM`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#platform)  | Override the auto-detected target platform |
-|   | [`CIBW_BUILD`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#build-skip)  [`CIBW_SKIP`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#build-skip)  | Choose the Python versions to build |
-| **Build environment** | [`CIBW_ENVIRONMENT`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#environment)  | Set environment variables needed during the build |
+|   | [`CIBW_BUILD`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#build-skip)  <br> [`CIBW_SKIP`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#build-skip)  | Choose the Python versions to build |
+|   | [`CIBW_ARCHS`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#archs)  | Change the architectures built on your machine by default |
+|   | [`CIBW_PROJECT_REQUIRES_PYTHON`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#requires-python)  | Manually set the Python compatibility of your project |
+| **Build customization** | [`CIBW_ENVIRONMENT`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#environment)  | Set environment variables needed during the build |
+|   | [`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#before-all)  | Execute a shell command on the build system before any wheels are built. |
 |   | [`CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#before-build)  | Execute a shell command preparing each wheel's build |
 |   | [`CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#repair-wheel-command)  | Execute a shell command to repair each (non-pure Python) built wheel |
-|   | [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_X86_64_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  | Specify alternative manylinux docker images |
+|   | [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  <br> [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  <br> [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_X86_64_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  <br> [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_AARCH64_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  <br> [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_PPC64LE_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  <br> [`CIBW_MANYLINUX_S390X_IMAGE`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)  | Specify alternative manylinux docker images |
+|   | [`CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#dependency-versions)  | Specify how cibuildwheel controls the versions of the tools it uses |
 | **Testing** | [`CIBW_TEST_COMMAND`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#test-command)  | Execute a shell command to test each built wheel |
-|   | [`CIBW_BEFORE_TEST`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#before-test)  | Execute shell command to prepare test environment |
+|   | [`CIBW_BEFORE_TEST`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#before-test)  | Execute a shell command before testing each wheel |
 |   | [`CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#test-requires)  | Install Python dependencies before running the tests |
 |   | [`CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#test-extras)  | Install your wheel for testing using extras_require |
+|   | [`CIBW_TEST_SKIP`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#test-skip)  | Skip running tests on some builds |
 | **Other** | [`CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#build-verbosity)  | Increase/decrease the output of pip wheel |
 
+
 Working examples
 ----------------
 
+<!--working-examples-start-->
+
 Here are some repos that use cibuildwheel.
 
-- [pyinstrument_cext](https://github.com/joerick/pyinstrument_cext)
-- [websockets](https://github.com/aaugustin/websockets)
-- [Parselmouth](https://github.com/YannickJadoul/Parselmouth)
-- [python-admesh](https://github.com/admesh/python-admesh)
-- [pybase64](https://github.com/mayeut/pybase64)
-- [KDEpy](https://github.com/tommyod/KDEpy)
-- [AutoPy](https://github.com/autopilot-rs/autopy)
-- [apriltags2-ethz](https://github.com/safijari/apriltags2_ethz)
-- [TgCrypto](https://github.com/pyrogram/tgcrypto)
-- [Twisted](https://github.com/twisted/twisted)
-- [gmic-py](https://github.com/dtschump/gmic-py)
+<!-- START bin/projects.py -->
 
-> Add your repo here! Send a PR.
+<!-- this section is generated by bin/projects.py. Don't edit it directly, instead, edit docs/data/projects.yml -->
+
+| Name                              | CI | OS | Notes |
+|-----------------------------------|----|----|:------|
+| [scikit-learn][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The machine learning library. A complex but clean config using many of cibuildwheel's features to build a large project with Cython and C++ extensions.  |
+| [Matplotlib][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The venerable Matplotlib, a Python library with C++ portions |
+| [MyPy][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | MyPyC, the compiled component of MyPy. |
+| [psutil][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Cross-platform lib for process and system monitoring in Python |
+| [scikit-image][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Image processing library. Uses cibuildwheel to build and test a project that uses Cython with platform-native code.  |
+| [twisted-iocpsupport][]           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] | A submodule of Twisted that hooks into native C APIs using Cython. |
+| [websockets][]                    | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Library for building WebSocket servers and clients. Mostly written in Python, with a small C 'speedups' extension module.  |
+| [pyzmq][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for zeromq, the networking library. Uses Cython and CFFI.  |
+| [aiortc][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | WebRTC and ORTC implementation for Python using asyncio. |
+| [River][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | 🌊 Online machine learning in Python |
+| [coverage.py][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The coverage tool for Python |
+| [numexpr][]                       | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast numerical array expression evaluator for Python, NumPy, PyTables, pandas, bcolz and more |
+| [h5py][]                          | ![azurepipelines icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | HDF5 for Python -- The h5py package is a Pythonic interface to the HDF5 binary data format. |
+| [Dependency Injector][]           | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Dependency injection framework for Python, uses Windows TravisCI |
+| [PyAV][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Pythonic bindings for FFmpeg's libraries. |
+| [PyTables][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python package to manage extremely large amounts of data |
+| [ruptures][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Extensive Cython + NumPy [pyproject.toml](https://github.com/deepcharles/ruptures/blob/master/pyproject.toml) example. |
+| [aioquic][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | QUIC and HTTP/3 implementation in Python |
+| [pikepdf][]                       | ![azurepipelines icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python library for reading and writing PDF, powered by qpdf |
+| [DeepForest][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | An Efficient, Scalable and Optimized Python Framework for Deep Forest (2021.2.1) |
+| [google neuroglancer][]           | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | WebGL-based viewer for volumetric data |
+| [AutoPy][]                        | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes a Windows Travis build. |
+| [Parselmouth][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python interface to the Praat software package, using pybind11, C++17 and CMake, with the core Praat static library built only once and shared between wheels. |
+| [python-rapidjson][]              | ![travisci icon][] ![gitlab icon][] ![appveyor icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python wrapper around rapidjson |
+| [Rtree][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Rtree: spatial index for Python GIS ¶ |
+| [python-snappy][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python bindings for the snappy google library |
+| [markupsafe][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Safely add untrusted strings to HTML/XML markup. |
+| [H3-py][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Python bindings for H3, a hierarchical hexagonal geospatial indexing system |
+| [pybind11 cmake_example][]        | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Example pybind11 module built with a CMake-based build system |
+| [KDEpy][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Kernel Density Estimation in Python |
+| [cyvcf2][]                        | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | cython + htslib == fast VCF and BCF processing |
+| [pybind11 python_example][]       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Example pybind11 module built with a Python-based build system |
+| [sourmash][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Quickly search, compare, and analyze genomic and metagenomic data sets. |
+| [dd-trace-py][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Uses custom alternate arch emulation on GitHub |
+| [iminuit][]                       | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Jupyter-friendly Python interface for C++ MINUIT2 |
+| [time-machine][]                  | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Time mocking library using only the CPython C API. |
+| [matrixprofile][]                 | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A Python 3 library making time series data mining tasks, utilizing matrix profile algorithms, accessible to everyone. |
+| [CTranslate2][]                   | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes libraries from the [Intel oneAPI toolkit](https://software.intel.com/content/www/us/en/develop/tools/oneapi/base-toolkit.html). The Linux wheels also include CUDA libraries for GPU execution. |
+| [jq.py][]                         | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python bindings for jq |
+| [Tokenizer][]                     | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast and customizable text tokenization library with BPE and SentencePiece support |
+| [PyGLM][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Fast OpenGL Mathematics (GLM) for Python |
+| [bx-python][]                     | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A library that includes Cython extensions. |
+| [boost-histogram][]               | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Supports full range of wheels, including PyPy and alternate archs. |
+| [iDynTree][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] | Uses manylinux_2_24 |
+| [TgCrypto][]                      | ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Includes a Windows Travis build. |
+| [pybase64][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Fast Base64 encoding/decoding in Python |
+| [etebase-py][]                    | ![travisci icon][] | ![linux icon][] | Python bindings to a Rust library using `setuptools-rust`, and `sccache` for improved speed. |
+| [pyjet][]                         | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The interface between FastJet and NumPy |
+| [numpythia][]                     | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The interface between PYTHIA and NumPy |
+| [fathon][]                        | ![travisci icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | python package for DFA (Detrended Fluctuation Analysis) and related algorithms |
+| [polaroid][]                      | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Full range of wheels for setuptools rust, with auto release and PyPI deploy. |
+| [GSD][]                           | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | Cython and NumPy project with 64-bit wheels. |
+| [pybind11 scikit_build_example][] | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | An example combining scikit-build and pybind11 |
+| [pyinstrument_cext][]             | ![travisci icon][] ![appveyor icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | A simple C extension, without external dependencies |
+| [xmlstarlet][]                    | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Python 3.6+ CFFI bindings with true MSVC build. |
+| [CorrectionLib][]                 | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Structured JSON powered correction library for HEP, designed for the CMS experiment at CERN. |
+| [Imagecodecs (fork)][]            | ![azurepipelines icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Over 20 external dependencies in compiled libraries, custom docker image, `libomp`, `openblas` and `install_name_tool` for macOS. |
+| [SiPM][]                          | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | High performance library for SiPM detectors simulation using C++17, OpenMP and AVX2 intrinsics. |
+
+[scikit-learn]: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn
+[Matplotlib]: https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib
+[MyPy]: https://github.com/mypyc/mypy_mypyc-wheels
+[psutil]: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil
+[scikit-image]: https://github.com/scikit-image/scikit-image
+[twisted-iocpsupport]: https://github.com/twisted/twisted-iocpsupport
+[websockets]: https://github.com/aaugustin/websockets
+[pyzmq]: https://github.com/zeromq/pyzmq
+[aiortc]: https://github.com/aiortc/aiortc
+[River]: https://github.com/online-ml/river
+[coverage.py]: https://github.com/nedbat/coveragepy
+[numexpr]: https://github.com/pydata/numexpr
+[h5py]: https://github.com/h5py/h5py
+[Dependency Injector]: https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector
+[PyAV]: https://github.com/PyAV-Org/PyAV
+[PyTables]: https://github.com/PyTables/PyTables
+[ruptures]: https://github.com/deepcharles/ruptures
+[aioquic]: https://github.com/aiortc/aioquic
+[pikepdf]: https://github.com/pikepdf/pikepdf
+[DeepForest]: https://github.com/LAMDA-NJU/Deep-Forest
+[google neuroglancer]: https://github.com/google/neuroglancer
+[AutoPy]: https://github.com/autopilot-rs/autopy
+[Parselmouth]: https://github.com/YannickJadoul/Parselmouth
+[python-rapidjson]: https://github.com/python-rapidjson/python-rapidjson
+[Rtree]: https://github.com/Toblerity/rtree
+[python-snappy]: https://github.com/andrix/python-snappy
+[markupsafe]: https://github.com/pallets/markupsafe
+[H3-py]: https://github.com/uber/h3-py
+[pybind11 cmake_example]: https://github.com/pybind/cmake_example
+[KDEpy]: https://github.com/tommyod/KDEpy
+[cyvcf2]: https://github.com/brentp/cyvcf2
+[pybind11 python_example]: https://github.com/pybind/python_example
+[sourmash]: https://github.com/dib-lab/sourmash
+[dd-trace-py]: https://github.com/DataDog/dd-trace-py
+[iminuit]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/iminuit
+[time-machine]: https://github.com/adamchainz/time-machine
+[matrixprofile]: https://github.com/matrix-profile-foundation/matrixprofile
+[CTranslate2]: https://github.com/OpenNMT/CTranslate2
+[jq.py]: https://github.com/mwilliamson/jq.py
+[Tokenizer]: https://github.com/OpenNMT/Tokenizer
+[PyGLM]: https://github.com/Zuzu-Typ/PyGLM
+[bx-python]: https://github.com/bxlab/bx-python
+[boost-histogram]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/boost-histogram
+[iDynTree]: https://github.com/robotology/idyntree
+[TgCrypto]: https://github.com/pyrogram/tgcrypto
+[pybase64]: https://github.com/mayeut/pybase64
+[etebase-py]: https://github.com/etesync/etebase-py
+[pyjet]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/pyjet
+[numpythia]: https://github.com/scikit-hep/numpythia
+[fathon]: https://github.com/stfbnc/fathon
+[polaroid]: https://github.com/daggy1234/polaroid
+[GSD]: https://github.com/glotzerlab/gsd
+[pybind11 scikit_build_example]: https://github.com/pybind/scikit_build_example
+[pyinstrument_cext]: https://github.com/joerick/pyinstrument_cext
+[xmlstarlet]: https://github.com/dimitern/xmlstarlet
+[CorrectionLib]: https://github.com/cms-nanoAOD/correctionlib
+[Imagecodecs (fork)]: https://github.com/czaki/imagecodecs_build
+[SiPM]: https://github.com/EdoPro98/SimSiPM
+
+[appveyor icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/appveyor.svg
+[github icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/github.svg
+[azurepipelines icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/azurepipelines.svg
+[circleci icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/circleci.svg
+[gitlab icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/gitlab.svg
+[travisci icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/travisci.svg
+[windows icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/windows.svg
+[apple icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/apple.svg
+[linux icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/linux.svg
+
+<!-- scikit-learn: 45793, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- Matplotlib: 13636, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- MyPy: 10696, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- psutil: 7319, last pushed 4 days ago -->
+<!-- scikit-image: 4342, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- twisted-iocpsupport: 4266, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- websockets: 3349, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- pyzmq: 2792, last pushed 1 days ago -->
+<!-- aiortc: 2396, last pushed 32 days ago -->
+<!-- River: 1604, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- coverage.py: 1592, last pushed 6 days ago -->
+<!-- numexpr: 1586, last pushed 75 days ago -->
+<!-- h5py: 1517, last pushed 1 days ago -->
+<!-- Dependency Injector: 1318, last pushed 20 days ago -->
+<!-- PyAV: 1246, last pushed 2 days ago -->
+<!-- PyTables: 1023, last pushed 53 days ago -->
+<!-- ruptures: 704, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- aioquic: 644, last pushed 13 days ago -->
+<!-- pikepdf: 624, last pushed 9 days ago -->
+<!-- DeepForest: 591, last pushed 6 days ago -->
+<!-- google neuroglancer: 586, last pushed 3 days ago -->
+<!-- AutoPy: 533, last pushed 251 days ago -->
+<!-- Parselmouth: 511, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- python-rapidjson: 420, last pushed 156 days ago -->
+<!-- Rtree: 403, last pushed 59 days ago -->
+<!-- python-snappy: 398, last pushed 82 days ago -->
+<!-- markupsafe: 390, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- H3-py: 376, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- pybind11 cmake_example: 271, last pushed 6 days ago -->
+<!-- KDEpy: 264, last pushed 7 days ago -->
+<!-- cyvcf2: 260, last pushed 19 days ago -->
+<!-- pybind11 python_example: 250, last pushed 6 days ago -->
+<!-- sourmash: 241, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- dd-trace-py: 237, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- iminuit: 181, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- time-machine: 160, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- matrixprofile: 158, last pushed 68 days ago -->
+<!-- CTranslate2: 157, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- jq.py: 152, last pushed 15 days ago -->
+<!-- Tokenizer: 140, last pushed 14 days ago -->
+<!-- PyGLM: 103, last pushed 7 days ago -->
+<!-- bx-python: 102, last pushed 47 days ago -->
+<!-- boost-histogram: 78, last pushed 0 days ago -->
+<!-- iDynTree: 75, last pushed 3 days ago -->
+<!-- TgCrypto: 64, last pushed 16 days ago -->
+<!-- pybase64: 62, last pushed 1 days ago -->
+<!-- etebase-py: 50, last pushed 134 days ago -->
+<!-- pyjet: 28, last pushed 6 days ago -->
+<!-- numpythia: 28, last pushed 15 days ago -->
+<!-- fathon: 25, last pushed 65 days ago -->
+<!-- polaroid: 16, last pushed 69 days ago -->
+<!-- GSD: 16, last pushed 1 days ago -->
+<!-- pybind11 scikit_build_example: 14, last pushed 6 days ago -->
+<!-- pyinstrument_cext: 10, last pushed 95 days ago -->
+<!-- xmlstarlet: 7, last pushed 29 days ago -->
+<!-- CorrectionLib: 5, last pushed 5 days ago -->
+<!-- Imagecodecs (fork): 3, last pushed 19 days ago -->
+<!-- SiPM: 2, last pushed 15 days ago -->
+
+<!-- END bin/projects.py -->
+
+> Add your repo here! Let us know on [GitHub Discussions](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/discussions/485), or send a PR, adding your information to `docs/data/projects.yml`.
+>
+> <sup>I'd like to include notes here to indicate why an example might be interesting to cibuildwheel users - the styles/technologies/techniques used in each. Please include that in future additions!</sup>
+
+<!--working-examples-end-->
 
 Legal note
 ----------
@@ -142,11 +344,316 @@ This is similar to static linking, so it might have some licence implications. C
 Changelog
 =========
 
+<!--changelog-start-->
+
+### v1.12.0
+
+_22 June 2021_
+
+- ✨ Adds support building universal2/arm64 wheels on Python 3.8.
+
+### v1.11.1
+
+_28 May 2021_
+
+- ✨ cibuildwheel is now part of the PyPA!
+- 📚 Minor docs changes, fixing links related to the above transition
+- 🛠 Update manylinux pins to the last version containing Python 2.7 and 3.5. (#674)
+
+### v1.11.0
+
+_1 May 2021_
+
+- 📚 Lots of docs improvements! (#650, #623, #616, #609, #606)
+- 🐛 Fix nuget "Package is not found" error on Windows. (#653)
+- ⚠️ cibuildwheel will no longer build Windows 2.7 wheels, unless you specify a custom toolchain using `DISTUTILS_USE_SDK=1` and `MSSdk=1`. This is because Microsoft have stopped distributing Visual C++ Compiler for Python 2.7. See [this FAQ entry](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#windows-and-python-27) for more details. (#649)
+- 🐛 Fix crash on Windows due to missing `which` command (#641).
+
+### v1.10.0
+
+_22 Feb 2021_
+
+- ✨ Added `manylinux_2_24` support. To use these new Debian-based manylinux
+  images, set your [manylinux image](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)
+  options to `manylinux_2_24`.
+- 🛠 On macOS, we now set `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` in before running
+  `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`. This is useful when using `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL` to build a
+  shared library.
+- 🛠 An empty `CIBW_BUILD` option is now the same as being unset i.e, `*`.
+  This makes some build matrix configuration easier. (#588)
+- 📚 Neatened up documentation - added tabs to a few places (#576), fixed some
+  formatting issues.
+
+### v1.9.0
+
+_5 February 2021_
+
+- 🌟 Added support for Apple Silicon wheels on macOS! You can now
+  cross-compile `universal2` and `arm64` wheels on your existing macOS Intel
+  runners, by setting
+  [CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#archs).
+  Xcode 12.2 or later is required, but you don't need macOS 11.0 - you can
+  still build on macOS 10.15. See
+  [this FAQ entry](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#apple-silicon)
+  for more information. (#484)
+- 🌟 Added auto-detection of your package's Python compatibility, via declared
+   [`requires-python`](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0621/#requires-python)
+  in your `pyproject.toml`, or
+  [`python_requires`](https://packaging.python.org/guides/distributing-packages-using-setuptools/#python-requires)
+  in `setup.cfg` or `setup.py`. If your project has these set, cibuildwheel
+  will automatically skip builds on versions of Python that your package
+  doesn't support. Hopefully this makes the first-run experience of
+  cibuildwheel a bit easier. If you need to override this for any reason,
+  look at [`CIBW_PROJECT_REQUIRES_PYTHON`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#requires-python).
+  (#536)
+- 🌟 cibuildwheel can now be invoked as a native GitHub Action! You can now
+  invoke cibuildwheel in a GHA build step like:
+
+  ```yaml
+  - name: Build wheels
+    uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@version # e.g. v1.9.0
+    with:
+      output-dir: wheelhouse
+    # env:
+    #   CIBW_SOME_OPTION: value
+  ```
+
+  This saves a bit of boilerplate, and you can [use Dependabot to keep the
+  pinned version up-to-date](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#automatic-updates).
+
+- ✨ Added `auto64` and `auto32` shortcuts to the
+  [CIBW_ARCHS](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#archs)
+  option. (#553)
+- ✨ cibuildwheel now prints a list of the wheels built at the end of each
+  run. (#570)
+- 📚 Lots of minor docs improvements.
+
+### 1.8.0
+
+_22 January 2021_
+
+- 🌟 Added support for emulated builds! You can now build manylinux wheels on
+  ARM64`aarch64`, as well as `ppc64le` and 's390x'. To build under emulation,
+  register QEMU via binfmt_misc and set the
+  [`CIBW_ARCHS_LINUX`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#archs)
+  option to the architectures you want to run. See
+  [this FAQ entry](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#emulation)
+  for more information. (#482)
+- ✨ Added `CIBW_TEST_SKIP` option. This allows you to choose certain builds
+  whose tests you'd like to skip. This might be useful when running a slow
+  test suite under emulation, for example. (#537)
+- ✨ Added `curly-{brace,bracket,paren}` style globbing to `CIBW_BUILD` and
+  `CIBW_SKIP`. This gives more expressivity, letting you do things like
+  `CIBW_BUILD=cp39-manylinux_{aarch64,ppc64le}`. (#527)
+- 🛠 cibuildwheel will now exit with an error if it's called with options that
+  skip all builds on a platform. This feature can be disabled by adding
+  `--allow-empty` on the command line. (#545)
+
+### 1.7.4
+
+_2 January 2021_
+
+- 🐛 Fix the PyPy virtualenv patch to work on macOS 10.14 (#506)
+
+### 1.7.3
+
+_1 January 2021_
+
+- 🛠 Added a patch for Pypy to ensure header files are available for building
+  in a virtualenv. (#502)
+- 🛠 Some preparatory work towards using cibuildwheel as a GitHub Action.
+  Check out
+  [the FAQ](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#option-1-github-action)
+  for information on how to use it. We'll be fully updating the docs to this
+  approach in a subsequent release (#494)
+
+### 1.7.2
+
+_21 December 2020_
+
+- 🛠 Update dependencies, notably wheel==0.36.2 and pip==20.3.3, and CPython to
+  their latest bugfix releases (#489)
+- 📚 Switch to a GitHub example in the README (#479)
+- 📚 Create Working Examples table, with many projects that use cibuildwheel (#474)
+- 📚 Import Working Examples table and Changelog to docs
+
+### 1.7.1
+
+_3 December 2020_
+
+- 🛠 Update manylinux2010 image to resolve issues with 'yum' repositories
+  (#472)
+
+### 1.7.0
+
+_26 November 2020_
+
+- ✨ New logging format, that uses 'fold groups' in CI services that support
+  it. (#458)
+- 🛠 Update PyPy to 7.3.3 (#460)
+- 🐛 Fix a bug where CIBW_BEFORE_ALL runs with a very old version of Python on
+  Linux. (#464)
+
+### 1.6.4
+
+_31 October 2020_
+
+- 🐛 Fix crash on Appveyor during nuget install due to old system CA
+  certificates. We now use certifi's CA certs to download files. (#455)
+
+### 1.6.3
+
+_12 October 2020_
+
+- 🐛 Fix missing SSL certificates on macOS (#447)
+- 🛠 Update OpenSSL Python 3.5 patch to 1.1.1h on macOS (#449)
+
+### 1.6.2
+
+_9 October 2020_
+
+- ✨ Python 3.9 updated to the final release version - v3.9.0 (#440)
+- 🛠 Pypy updated to v7.3.2, adding alpha support for Python 3.7 (#430)
+
+### 1.6.1
+
+_20 September 2020_
+
+- 🛠 Add PPC64LE manylinux image supporting Python 3.9. (#436)
+- 📚 Add project URLs to PyPI listing (#428)
+
+### 1.6.0
+
+_9 September 2020_
+
+- 🌟 Add Python 3.9 support! This initial support uses release candidate
+  builds. You can start publishing wheels for Python 3.9 now, ahead of
+  the official release. (#382)
+
+  Minor note - if you're building PPC64LE wheels, the manylinux image pinned
+  by this version is
+  [still on Python 3.9b3](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux/issues/758), not a
+  release candidate. We'd advise holding off on distributing 3.9 ppc64le wheels
+  until a subsequent version of cibuildwheel.
+
+- 🌟 Add Gitlab CI support. Gitlab CI can now build Linux wheels, using
+  cibuildwheel. (#419)
+- 🐛 Fix a bug that causes pyproject.toml dependencies to fail to install on
+  Windows (#420)
+- 📚 Added some information about Windows VC++ runtimes and how they relate
+  to wheels.
+
+### 1.5.5
+
+_22 July 2020_
+
+- 🐛 Fix a bug that would cause command substitutions in CIBW_ENVIRONMENT to
+  produce no output on Linux (#411)
+- 🐛 Fix regression (introduced in 1.5.3) which caused BEFORE_BUILD and
+  BEFORE_ALL to be executed in the wrong directory (#410)
+
+### 1.5.4
+
+_19 June 2020_
+
+- 🐛 Fix a bug that would cause command substitutions in CIBW_ENVIRONMENT
+  variables to not interpret quotes in commands correctly (#406, #408)
+
+### 1.5.3
+
+_19 July 2020_
+
+- 🛠 Update CPython 3.8 to 3.8.3 (#405)
+- 🛠 Internal refactoring of Linux build, to move control flow into Python (#386)
+
+### 1.5.2
+
+_8 July 2020_
+
+- 🐛 Fix an issue on Windows where pyproject.toml would cause an error when
+  some requirements formats were used. (#401)
+- 🛠 Update CPython 3.7 to 3.7.8 (#394)
+
+### 1.5.1
+
+_25 June 2020_
+
+- 🐛 Fix "OSError: [WinError 17] The system cannot move the file to a different
+  disk drive" on GitHub Actions (#388, #389)
+
+### 1.5.0
+
+_24 June 2020_
+
+- 🌟 Add [`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#before-all)
+  option, which lets you run a command on the build machine before any wheels
+  are built. This is especially useful when building on Linux, to `make`
+  something external to Python, or to `yum install` a dependency. (#342)
+- ✨ Added support for projects using pyproject.toml instead of setup.py
+  (#360, #358)
+- ✨ Added workaround to allow Python 3.5 on Windows to pull dependencies from
+  pyproject.toml. (#358)
+- 📚 Improved GitHub Actions examples and docs (#354, #362)
+- 🐛 Ensure pip wheel uses the specified package, and doesn't build a wheel
+  from PyPI (#369)
+- 🛠 Internal changes: using pathlib.Path, precommit hooks, testing
+  improvements.
+
+### 1.4.2
+
+_25 May 2020_
+
+- 🛠 Dependency updates, including CPython 3.8.3 & manylinux images.
+- 🛠 Lots of internal updates - type annotations and checking using mypy, and
+  a new integration testing system.
+- ⚠️ Removed support for *running* cibuildwheel using Python 3.5. cibuildwheel
+  will continue to build Python 3.5 wheels until EOL.
+
+### 1.4.1
+
+_4 May 2020_
+
+- 🐛 Fix a bug causing programs running inside the i686 manylinux images to
+  think they were running x86_64 and target the wrong architecture. (#336,
+  #338)
+
+### 1.4.0
+
+_2 May 2020_
+
+- 🌟 Deterministic builds. cibuildwheel now locks the versions of the tools it
+  uses. This means that pinning your version of cibuildwheel pins the versions
+  of pip, setuptools, manylinux etc. that are used under the hood. This should
+  make things more reliable. But note that we don't control the entire build
+  environment on macOS and Windows, where the version of Xcode and Visual
+  Studio can still effect things.
+
+  This can be controlled using the [CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#dependency-versions)
+  and [manylinux image](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#manylinux-image)
+  options - if you always want to use the latest toolchain, you can still do
+  that, or you can specify your own pip constraints file and manylinux image.
+  (#256)
+
+- ✨ Added `package_dir` command line option, meaning we now support building
+  a package that lives in a subdirectory and pulls in files from the wider
+  project. See [the `package_dir` option help](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#command-line-options)
+  for more information.
+
+  Note that this change makes the working directory (where you call
+  cibuildwheel from) relevant on Linux, as it's considered the 'project' and
+  will be copied into the Docker container. If your builds are slower on this
+  version, that's likely the reason. `cd` to your project and then call
+  `cibuildwheel` from there. (#319, #295)
+
+- 🛠 On macOS, we make `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` default to `10.9` if it's
+  not set. This should make things more consistent between Python versions.
+- 🛠 Dependency updates - CPython 3.7.7, CPython 2.7.18, Pypy 7.3.1.
+
 ### 1.3.0
 
 _12 March 2020_
 
-- ✨ Add support for building on Github Actions! Check out the
+- 🌟 Add support for building on GitHub Actions! Check out the
   [docs](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/setup/#github-actions)
   for information on how to set it up. (#194)
 - ✨ Add the `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST` option, which lets you run a command to
@@ -156,9 +663,9 @@ _12 March 2020_
 
 _8 March 2020_
 
-- ✨ Add support for building PyPy wheels, across Manylinux, macOS, and
+- 🌟 Add support for building PyPy wheels, across Manylinux, macOS, and
   Windows. (#185)
-- ✨ Added the ability to build ARM64 (aarch64), ppc64le, and s390x wheels,
+- 🌟 Added the ability to build ARM64 (aarch64), ppc64le, and s390x wheels,
   using manylinux2014 and Travis CI. (#273)
 - ✨ You can now build macOS wheels on Appveyor. (#230)
 - 🛠 Changed default macOS minimum target to 10.9, from 10.6. This allows the
@@ -179,7 +686,7 @@ _8 March 2020_
 
 _7 December 2019_
 
-- ✨ Add support for building manylinux2014 wheels. To use, set
+- 🌟 Add support for building manylinux2014 wheels. To use, set
   `CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE` and CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE to
   `manylinux2014`.
 - ✨ Add support for [Linux on Appveyor](https://www.appveyor.com/blog/2018/03/06/appveyor-for-linux/) (#204, #207)
@@ -192,8 +699,8 @@ _7 December 2019_
 
 _10 November 2019_
 
-- ✨ Add support for building Python 3.8 wheels! (#180)
-- ✨ Add support for building manylinux2010 wheels. cibuildwheel will now
+- 🌟 Add support for building Python 3.8 wheels! (#180)
+- 🌟 Add support for building manylinux2010 wheels. cibuildwheel will now
   build using the manylinux2010 images by default. If your project is still
   manylinux1 compatible, you should get both manylinux1 and manylinux2010
   wheels - you can upload both to PyPI. If you always require manylinux1 wheels, you can
@@ -229,10 +736,10 @@ _28 May 2019_
 
 _26 May 2019_
 
-- ✨ Add support for building on Azure pipelines! This lets you build all
+- 🌟 Add support for building on Azure pipelines! This lets you build all
   Linux, Mac and Windows wheels on one service, so it promises to be the
   easiest to set up! Check out the quickstart in the docs, or
-  [cibuildwheel-azure-example](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel-azure-example)
+  [cibuildwheel-azure-example](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel-azure-example)
   for an example project. (#126, #132)
 - 🛠 Internal change - the end-to-end test projects format was updated, so we
   can more precisely assert what should be produced for each one. (#136, #137).
@@ -259,8 +766,8 @@ _3 February 2019_
 
 _23 September 2018_
 
-- ✨ Add `CIBW_BUILD` option, for specifying which specific builds to perform (#101)
-- ✨ Add support for building Mac and Linux on CircleCI (#91, #97)
+- 🌟 Add `CIBW_BUILD` option, for specifying which specific builds to perform (#101)
+- 🌟 Add support for building Mac and Linux on CircleCI (#91, #97)
 - 🛠 Improved support for building universal wheels (#95)
 - 🛠 Ensure log output is unbuffered and therefore in the correct order (#92)
 - 🛠 Improved error reporting for errors that occur inside a package's setup.py (#88)
@@ -380,17 +887,22 @@ _31 March 2017_
 
 - 🌟 First public release!
 
+<!--changelog-end-->
+
 Contributing
 ============
 
 For more info on how to contribute to cibuildwheel, see the [docs](https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/).
 
+Everyone interacting with the cibuildwheel project via codebase, issue tracker, chat rooms, or otherwise is expected to follow the [PSF Code of Conduct](https://github.com/pypa/.github/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md).
+
 Maintainers
 -----------
 
 - Joe Rickerby [@joerick](https://github.com/joerick)
 - Yannick Jadoul [@YannickJadoul](https://github.com/YannickJadoul)
 - Matthieu Darbois [@mayeut](https://github.com/mayeut)
+- Henry Schreiner [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii)
 
 Credits
 -------
@@ -403,13 +915,15 @@ Credits
 
 Massive props also to-
 
-- @zfrenchee for [help debugging many issues](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/issues/2)
-- @lelit for some great bug reports and [contributions](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/pull/73)
-- @mayeut for a [phenomenal PR](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/pull/71) patching Python itself for better compatibility!
+- @zfrenchee for [help debugging many issues](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/2)
+- @lelit for some great bug reports and [contributions](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/73)
+- @mayeut for a [phenomenal PR](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/71) patching Python itself for better compatibility!
+- @czaki for being a super-contributor over many PRs and helping out with countless issues!
+- @mattip for his help with adding PyPy support to cibuildwheel
 
 See also
 ========
 
 If you'd like to keep wheel building separate from the package itself, check out [astrofrog/autowheel](https://github.com/astrofrog/autowheel). It builds packages using cibuildwheel from source distributions on PyPI.
 
-If `cibuildwheel` is too limited for your needs, consider [matthew-brett/multibuild](http://github.com/matthew-brett/multibuild). `multibuild` is a toolbox for building a wheel on various platforms. It can do a lot more than this project - it's used to build SciPy!
+Another very similar tool to consider is [matthew-brett/multibuild](http://github.com/matthew-brett/multibuild). `multibuild` is a shell script toolbox for building a wheel on various platforms. It is used as a basis to build some of the big data science tools, like SciPy.

action.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+name: cibuildwheel
+description: 'Installs and runs cibuildwheel on the current runner'
+inputs:
+  package-dir:
+    description: 'Input directory, defaults to "."'
+    required: false
+    default: .
+  output-dir:
+    description: 'Folder to place the outputs in, defaults to "wheelhouse"'
+    required: false
+    default: wheelhouse
+branding:
+  icon: package
+  color: yellow
+
+runs:
+  using: composite
+  steps:
+
+    # This needs powershell-core because github.action path is a Windows-style
+    # path on Windows.  Powershell-core understands both types of paths.
+    - run: >
+        pipx run
+        --spec ${{ github.action_path }}
+        cibuildwheel
+        ${{ inputs.package-dir }}
+        --output-dir ${{ inputs.output-dir }}
+      shell: pwsh

appveyor.yml

@@ -13,9 +13,22 @@ build: off
 
 init:
 - cmd: set PATH=C:\Python37;C:\Python37\Scripts;%PATH%
+- ps: |
+      $BRANCH = if ($env:APPVEYOR_PULL_REQUEST_HEAD_REPO_BRANCH) { $env:APPVEYOR_PULL_REQUEST_HEAD_REPO_BRANCH } else { $env:APPVEYOR_REPO_BRANCH }
+      if (-not ($BRANCH -eq 'master' -or $BRANCH.ToLower().StartsWith('appveyor-'))) {
+        $env:PYTEST_ADDOPTS='-k "unit_test or test_0_basic" --suppress-no-test-exit-code'
+      }
 
-install: python -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
+install: python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-custom-exit-code
 
 # the '-u' flag is required so the output is in the correct order.
-# See https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/pull/24 for more info.
+# See https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/24 for more info.
 test_script: python -u ./bin/run_tests.py
+
+branches:
+  only:
+    - master
+
+skip_commits:
+  files:
+    - docs/*

azure-pipelines.yml

@@ -6,17 +6,7 @@ jobs:
       inputs:
         versionSpec: '3.8'
     - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
-        python ./bin/run_tests.py
-
-- job: macos_35
-  pool: {vmImage: 'macOS-10.15'}
-  steps:
-    - task: UsePythonVersion@0
-      inputs:
-        versionSpec: '3.5'
-    - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
+        python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-azurepipelines
         python ./bin/run_tests.py
 
 - job: macos_38
@@ -26,30 +16,27 @@ jobs:
       inputs:
         versionSpec: '3.8'
     - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
+        python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-azurepipelines
         python ./bin/run_tests.py
 
 - job: windows_36
   pool: {vmImage: 'vs2017-win2016'}
+  timeoutInMinutes: 180
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
       inputs:
         versionSpec: '3.6'
-    - script: choco install vcpython27 -f -y
-      displayName: Install Visual C++ for Python 2.7
     - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
+        python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-azurepipelines
         python ./bin/run_tests.py
 
 - job: windows_38
   pool: {vmImage: 'vs2017-win2016'}
+  timeoutInMinutes: 180
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
       inputs:
         versionSpec: '3.8'
-    - script: choco install vcpython27 -f -y
-      displayName: Install Visual C++ for Python 2.7
     - bash: |
-        python -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
+        python -m pip install -e ".[dev]" pytest-azurepipelines
         python ./bin/run_tests.py
-

bin/bump_version.py

@@ -1,41 +1,83 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
-import click
-from pathlib import Path
-import os
-import cibuildwheel
-from packaging.version import Version, InvalidVersion
-import subprocess
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import glob
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import urllib.parse
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import click
+from packaging.version import InvalidVersion, Version
+
+import cibuildwheel
 
 config = [
     # file path, version find/replace format
-    ('cibuildwheel/__init__.py', "__version__ = '{}'"),
-    ('setup.py', "version='{}'"),
-    ('README.md', "cibuildwheel=={}"),
-    ('examples/*', "cibuildwheel=={}"),
+    ("README.md", "cibuildwheel=={}"),
+    ("cibuildwheel/__init__.py", '__version__ = "{}"'),
+    ("docs/faq.md", "cibuildwheel=={}"),
+    ("docs/faq.md", "cibuildwheel@v{}"),
+    ("docs/setup.md", "cibuildwheel=={}"),
+    ("examples/*", "cibuildwheel=={}"),
+    ("examples/*", "cibuildwheel@v{}"),
+    ("setup.cfg", "version = {}"),
 ]
 
+RED = "\u001b[31m"
+GREEN = "\u001b[32m"
+OFF = "\u001b[0m"
+
 
 @click.command()
-def bump_version():
-    git_changes_result = subprocess.run(['git diff-index --quiet HEAD --'], shell=True)
+def bump_version() -> None:
+    current_version = cibuildwheel.__version__
+
+    try:
+        commit_date_str = subprocess.run(
+            [
+                "git",
+                "show",
+                "--no-patch",
+                "--pretty=format:%ci",
+                f"v{current_version}^{{commit}}",
+            ],
+            check=True,
+            capture_output=True,
+            encoding="utf8",
+        ).stdout
+        cd_date, cd_time, cd_tz = commit_date_str.split(" ")
+
+        url_opts = urllib.parse.urlencode({"q": f"is:pr merged:>{cd_date}T{cd_time}{cd_tz}"})
+        url = f"https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pulls?{url_opts}"
+
+        print(f"PRs merged since last release:\n  {url}")
+        print()
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+        print(e)
+        print("Failed to get previous version tag information.")
+
+    git_changes_result = subprocess.run(["git diff-index --quiet HEAD --"], shell=True)
     repo_has_uncommitted_changes = git_changes_result.returncode != 0
 
     if repo_has_uncommitted_changes:
-        print('error: Uncommitted changes detected.')
-        exit(1)
+        print("error: Uncommitted changes detected.")
+        sys.exit(1)
 
-    current_version = cibuildwheel.__version__
+    # fmt: off
     print(              'Current version:', current_version)  # noqa
     new_version = input('    New version: ').strip()
+    # fmt: on
 
     try:
         Version(new_version)
     except InvalidVersion:
         print("error: This version doesn't conform to PEP440")
-        print('       https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0440/')
-        exit(1)
+        print("       https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0440/")
+        sys.exit(1)
 
     actions = []
 
@@ -43,71 +85,81 @@ def bump_version():
         paths = [Path(p) for p in glob.glob(path_pattern)]
 
         if not paths:
-            print(f'error: Pattern {path_pattern} didn’t match any files')
-            exit(1)
+            print(f"error: Pattern {path_pattern} didn't match any files")
+            sys.exit(1)
 
         find_pattern = version_pattern.format(current_version)
         replace_pattern = version_pattern.format(new_version)
         found_at_least_one_file_needing_update = False
 
         for path in paths:
-            contents = path.read_text(encoding='utf8')
+            contents = path.read_text(encoding="utf8")
             if find_pattern in contents:
                 found_at_least_one_file_needing_update = True
                 actions.append(
-                    (path, find_pattern, replace_pattern)
+                    (
+                        path,
+                        find_pattern,
+                        replace_pattern,
+                    )
                 )
 
         if not found_at_least_one_file_needing_update:
-            print('error: Didn’t find any occurences of “{}” in “{}”'.format(find_pattern, path_pattern))
-            exit(1)
+            print(f'''error: Didn't find any occurrences of "{find_pattern}" in "{path_pattern}"''')
+            sys.exit(1)
 
     print()
     print("Here's the plan:")
     print()
 
     for action in actions:
-        print('{}  {red}{}{off} → {green}{}{off}'.format(
-            *action,
-            red="\u001b[31m", green="\u001b[32m", off="\u001b[0m"
-        ))
+        path, find, replace = action
+        print(f"{path}  {RED}{find}{OFF} → {GREEN}{replace}{OFF}")
 
-    print('Then commit, and tag as v{}'.format(new_version))
+    print(f"Then commit, and tag as v{new_version}")
 
-    answer = input('Proceed? [y/N] ').strip()
+    answer = input("Proceed? [y/N] ").strip()
 
-    if answer != 'y':
-        print('Aborted')
-        exit(1)
+    if answer != "y":
+        print("Aborted")
+        sys.exit(1)
 
     for path, find, replace in actions:
-        contents = path.read_text(encoding='utf8')
+        contents = path.read_text(encoding="utf8")
         contents = contents.replace(find, replace)
-        path.write_text(contents, encoding='utf8')
+        path.write_text(contents, encoding="utf8")
 
-    print('Files updated. If you want to update the changelog as part of this')
-    print('commit, do that now.')
+    print("Files updated. If you want to update the changelog as part of this")
+    print("commit, do that now.")
+    print()
 
-    while input('Type "done" to continue: ').strip().lower() != 'done':
+    while input('Type "done" to continue: ').strip().lower() != "done":
         pass
 
-    subprocess.run([
-        'git', 'commit',
-        '-a',
-        '-m', f'Bump version: v{new_version}'
-    ], check=True)
+    subprocess.run(
+        [
+            "git",
+            "commit",
+            "--all",
+            f"--message=Bump version: v{new_version}",
+        ],
+        check=True,
+    )
 
-    subprocess.run([
-        'git', 'tag',
-        '-a',
-        '-m', f'v{new_version}',
-        f'v{new_version}'
-    ], check=True)
+    subprocess.run(
+        [
+            "git",
+            "tag",
+            "--annotate",
+            f"--message=v{new_version}",
+            f"v{new_version}",
+        ],
+        check=True,
+    )
 
-    print('Done.')
+    print("Done.")
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    os.chdir(os.path.dirname(__file__))
-    os.chdir('..')
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    os.chdir(Path(__file__).parent.parent.resolve())
     bump_version()

bin/dev_run_test

@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 
-cd "$(dirname "$0")"
-cd ..
-
-CIBW_PLATFORM=linux ./bin/run_test.py $1
+CIBW_PLATFORM=linux pytest "$@"

bin/inspect_all_known_projects.py

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import ast
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Iterator
+
+import click
+import yaml
+from ghapi.core import GhApi, HTTP404NotFoundError  # type: ignore
+from rich import print
+
+from cibuildwheel.projectfiles import Analyzer
+
+DIR = Path(__file__).parent.resolve()
+
+
+def parse(contents: str) -> str | None:
+    try:
+        tree = ast.parse(contents)
+        analyzer = Analyzer()
+        analyzer.visit(tree)
+        return analyzer.requires_python or ""
+    except Exception:
+        return None
+
+
+def check_repo(name: str, contents: str) -> str:
+    s = f"  {name}: "
+    if name == "setup.py":
+        if "python_requires" not in contents:
+            s += "❌"
+        res = parse(contents)
+        if res is None:
+            s += "⚠️ "
+        elif res:
+            s += "✅ " + res
+        elif "python_requires" in contents:
+            s += "☑️"
+
+    elif name == "setup.cfg":
+        s += "✅" if "python_requires" in contents else "❌"
+    else:
+        s += "✅" if "requires-python" in contents else "❌"
+
+    return s
+
+
+class MaybeRemote:
+    def __init__(self, cached_file: Path | str, *, online: bool) -> None:
+        self.online = online
+        if self.online:
+            self.contents: dict[str, dict[str, str | None]] = {
+                "setup.py": {},
+                "setup.cfg": {},
+                "pyproject.toml": {},
+            }
+        else:
+            with open(cached_file) as f:
+                self.contents = yaml.safe_load(f)
+
+    def get(self, repo: str, filename: str) -> str | None:
+        if self.online:
+            try:
+                self.contents[filename][repo] = (
+                    GhApi(*repo.split("/")).get_content(filename).decode()
+                )
+            except HTTP404NotFoundError:
+                self.contents[filename][repo] = None
+            return self.contents[filename][repo]
+        elif repo in self.contents[filename]:
+            return self.contents[filename][repo]
+        else:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"Trying to access {repo}:{filename} and not in cache, rebuild cache"
+            )
+
+    def save(self, filename: Path | str) -> None:
+        with open(filename, "w") as f:
+            yaml.safe_dump(self.contents, f, default_flow_style=False)
+
+    def on_each(self, repos: list[str]) -> Iterator[tuple[str, str, str | None]]:
+        for repo in repos:
+            print(f"[bold]{repo}:")
+            for filename in sorted(self.contents, reverse=True):
+                yield repo, filename, self.get(repo, filename)
+
+
+@click.command()
+@click.option("--online", is_flag=True, help="Remember to set GITHUB_TOKEN")
+def main(online: bool) -> None:
+    with open(DIR / "../docs/data/projects.yml") as f:
+        known = yaml.safe_load(f)
+
+    repos = [x["gh"] for x in known]
+
+    ghinfo = MaybeRemote("all_known_setup.yaml", online=online)
+
+    for _, filename, contents in ghinfo.on_each(repos):
+        if contents is None:
+            print(f"[red]  {filename}: Not found")
+        else:
+            print(check_repo(filename, contents))
+
+    if online:
+        ghinfo.save("all_known_setup.yaml")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

bin/make_dependency_update_pr.py

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import sys
+import textwrap
+import time
+from pathlib import Path
+from subprocess import run
+
+import click
+
+
+def shell(cmd, **kwargs):
+    return run([cmd], shell=True, **kwargs)
+
+
+def git_repo_has_changes():
+    unstaged_changes = shell("git diff-index --quiet HEAD --").returncode != 0
+    staged_changes = shell("git diff-index --quiet --cached HEAD --").returncode != 0
+    return unstaged_changes or staged_changes
+
+
+@click.command()
+def main():
+    project_root = Path(__file__).parent / ".."
+    os.chdir(project_root)
+
+    if git_repo_has_changes():
+        print("Your git repo has uncommitted changes. Commit or stash before continuing.")
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    previous_branch = shell(
+        "git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD", check=True, capture_output=True, encoding="utf8"
+    ).stdout.strip()
+
+    shell("git fetch origin", check=True)
+
+    timestamp = time.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H-%M-%S", time.gmtime())
+    branch_name = f"update-constraints-{timestamp}"
+
+    shell(f"git checkout -b {branch_name} origin/master", check=True)
+
+    try:
+        shell("bin/update_dependencies.py", check=True)
+
+        if not git_repo_has_changes():
+            print("Done: no constraint updates required.")
+            return
+
+        shell('git commit -a -m "Update dependencies"', check=True)
+        body = textwrap.dedent(
+            f"""
+            Update the versions of our dependencies.
+
+            PR generated by `{os.path.basename(__file__)}`.
+            """
+        )
+        run(
+            [
+                "gh",
+                "pr",
+                "create",
+                "--repo=pypa/cibuildwheel",
+                "--base=master",
+                "--title=Update dependencies",
+                f"--body='{body}'",
+            ],
+            check=True,
+        )
+
+        print("Done.")
+    finally:
+        # remove any local changes
+        shell("git checkout -- .")
+        shell(f"git checkout {previous_branch}", check=True)
+        shell(f"git branch -D --force {branch_name}", check=True)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main.main(standalone_mode=True)

bin/projects.py

@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+"""
+Convert a yaml project list into a nice table.
+
+Suggested usage:
+
+    ./bin/projects.py docs/data/projects.yml --online --auth $GITHUB_API_TOKEN --readme README.md
+    git diff
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import builtins
+import functools
+import textwrap
+import urllib.request
+import xml.dom.minidom
+from datetime import datetime
+from io import StringIO
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any, TextIO
+
+import click
+import yaml
+from github import Github, GithubException
+
+ICONS = (
+    "appveyor",
+    "github",
+    "azurepipelines",
+    "circleci",
+    "gitlab",
+    "travisci",
+    "windows",
+    "apple",
+    "linux",
+)
+
+
+class Project:
+    NAME: int = 0
+
+    def __init__(self, config: dict[str, Any], github: Github | None = None):
+        try:
+            self.name: str = config["name"]
+            self.gh: str = config["gh"]
+        except KeyError:
+            print("Invalid config, needs at least gh and name!", config)
+            raise
+
+        self.stars_repo: str = config.get("stars", self.gh)
+        self.notes: str = config.get("notes", "")
+        self.ci: list[str] = config.get("ci", [])
+        self.os: list[str] = config.get("os", [])
+
+        self.online = github is not None
+        if github is not None:
+            try:
+                repo = github.get_repo(self.stars_repo)
+            except GithubException:
+                print(f"Broken: {self.stars_repo}")
+                raise
+
+            self.num_stars = repo.stargazers_count
+            self.pushed_at = repo.pushed_at
+            if not self.notes:
+                notes = repo.description
+                if repo.description:
+                    self.notes = notes
+        else:
+            self.num_stars = 0
+            self.pushed_at = datetime.utcnow()
+
+        name_len = len(self.name) + 4
+        self.__class__.NAME = max(self.__class__.NAME, name_len)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other: Project) -> bool:
+        if self.online:
+            return self.num_stars < other.num_stars
+        else:
+            return self.name < other.name
+
+    @classmethod
+    def header(cls) -> str:
+        return textwrap.dedent(
+            f"""\
+                | {'Name':{cls.NAME}} | CI | OS | Notes |
+                |{'':-^{cls.NAME+2  }}|----|----|:------|"""
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def namelink(self) -> str:
+        return f"[{self.name}][]"
+
+    @property
+    def starslink(self) -> str:
+        return f"![{self.name} stars][]"
+
+    @property
+    def url(self) -> str:
+        return f"https://github.com/{self.gh}"
+
+    @property
+    def ci_icons(self) -> str:
+        return " ".join(f"![{icon} icon][]" for icon in self.ci)
+
+    @property
+    def os_icons(self) -> str:
+        return " ".join(f"![{icon} icon][]" for icon in self.os)
+
+    def table_row(self) -> str:
+        notes = self.notes.replace("\n", " ")
+        return f"| {self.namelink: <{self.NAME}} | {self.ci_icons} | {self.os_icons} | {notes} |"
+
+    def links(self) -> str:
+        return f"[{self.name}]: {self.url}"
+
+    def info(self) -> str:
+        days = (datetime.utcnow() - self.pushed_at).days
+        return f"<!-- {self.name}: {self.num_stars}, last pushed {days} days ago -->"
+
+
+def fetch_icon(icon_name: str) -> None:
+    url = f"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/simple-icons@v4/icons/{icon_name}.svg"
+    with urllib.request.urlopen(url) as f:
+        original_svg_data = f.read()
+
+    document = xml.dom.minidom.parseString(original_svg_data)
+    svgElement = document.documentElement
+    assert svgElement.nodeName == "svg"
+    svgElement.setAttribute("width", "16px")
+    svgElement.setAttribute("fill", "#606060")
+
+    icon_path = path_for_icon(icon_name)
+    icon_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    with open(path_for_icon(icon_name), "w") as f:
+        f.write(svgElement.toxml())
+
+
+def path_for_icon(icon_name: str) -> Path:
+    return Path(".") / "docs" / "data" / "readme_icons" / f"{icon_name}.svg"
+
+
+def str_projects(
+    config: list[dict[str, Any]],
+    *,
+    online: bool = True,
+    auth: str | None = None,
+) -> str:
+    io = StringIO()
+    print = functools.partial(builtins.print, file=io)
+
+    if online:
+        for icon in ICONS:
+            fetch_icon(icon)
+
+    github = Github(auth) if online else None
+
+    projects = sorted((Project(item, github) for item in config), reverse=online)
+
+    print(Project.header())
+    for project in projects:
+        print(project.table_row())
+
+    print()
+    for project in projects:
+        print(project.links())
+
+    print()
+    for icon in ICONS:
+        print(f"[{icon} icon]: {path_for_icon(icon).as_posix()}")
+
+    print()
+    for project in projects:
+        print(project.info())
+
+    return io.getvalue()
+
+
+@click.command(help="Try ./bin/projects.py docs/data/projects.yml --readme README.md")
+@click.argument("input", type=click.File("r"))
+@click.option("--online/--no-online", default=True, help="Get info from GitHub")
+@click.option("--auth", help="GitHub authentication token")
+@click.option("--readme", type=click.File("r+"), help="Modify a readme file if given")
+def projects(
+    input: TextIO,
+    online: bool,
+    auth: str | None,
+    readme: TextIO | None,
+) -> None:
+    config = yaml.safe_load(input)
+    output = str_projects(config, online=online, auth=auth)
+
+    if readme is None:
+        print(output)
+    else:
+        text = readme.read()
+        start_str = "<!-- START bin/projects.py -->\n"
+        start = text.find(start_str)
+        end = text.find("<!-- END bin/projects.py -->\n")
+        generated_note = f"<!-- this section is generated by bin/projects.py. Don't edit it directly, instead, edit {input.name} -->"
+        new_text = f"{text[:start + len(start_str)]}\n{generated_note}\n\n{output}\n{text[end:]}"
+
+        readme.seek(0)
+        readme.write(new_text)
+        readme.truncate()
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    projects()

bin/run_example_ci_configs.py

@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import shutil
+import sys
+import textwrap
+import time
+from collections import namedtuple
+from glob import glob
+from pathlib import Path
+from subprocess import run
+from urllib.parse import quote
+
+import click
+
+
+def shell(cmd, **kwargs):
+    return run([cmd], shell=True, **kwargs)
+
+
+def git_repo_has_changes():
+    unstaged_changes = shell("git diff-index --quiet HEAD --").returncode != 0
+    staged_changes = shell("git diff-index --quiet --cached HEAD --").returncode != 0
+    return unstaged_changes or staged_changes
+
+
+def generate_basic_project(path):
+    sys.path.insert(0, "")
+    from test.test_projects.c import new_c_project
+
+    project = new_c_project()
+    project.generate(path)
+
+
+CIService = namedtuple("CIService", "name dst_config_path badge_md")
+services = [
+    CIService(
+        name="appveyor",
+        dst_config_path="appveyor.yml",
+        badge_md="[![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/wbsgxshp05tt1tif/branch/{branch}?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/pypa/cibuildwheel/branch/{branch})",
+    ),
+    CIService(
+        name="azure-pipelines",
+        dst_config_path="azure-pipelines.yml",
+        badge_md="[![Build Status](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_apis/build/status/joerick.cibuildwheel?branchName={branch})](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_build/latest?definitionId=2&branchName={branch})",
+    ),
+    CIService(
+        name="circleci",
+        dst_config_path=".circleci/config.yml",
+        badge_md="[![CircleCI](https://circleci.com/gh/pypa/cibuildwheel/tree/{branch_escaped}.svg?style=svg)](https://circleci.com/gh/pypa/cibuildwheel/tree/{branch})",
+    ),
+    CIService(
+        name="github",
+        dst_config_path=".github/workflows/example.yml",
+        badge_md="[![Build](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/workflows/Build/badge.svg?branch={branch})](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/actions)",
+    ),
+    CIService(
+        name="travis-ci",
+        dst_config_path=".travis.yml",
+        badge_md="[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/pypa/cibuildwheel.svg?branch={branch})](https://travis-ci.org/pypa/cibuildwheel)",
+    ),
+    CIService(
+        name="gitlab",
+        dst_config_path=".gitlab-ci.yml",
+        badge_md="[![Gitlab](https://gitlab.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/badges/{branch}/pipeline.svg)](https://gitlab.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/-/commits/{branch})",
+    ),
+]
+
+
+def ci_service_for_config_file(config_file):
+    service_name = Path(config_file).name.rsplit("-", 1)[0]
+
+    for service in services:
+        if service.name == service_name:
+            return service
+
+    raise ValueError(f"unknown ci service for config file {config_file}")
+
+
+@click.command()
+@click.argument("config_files", nargs=-1, type=click.Path())
+def run_example_ci_configs(config_files=None):
+    """
+    Test the example configs. If no files are specified, will test
+    examples/*-minimal.yml
+    """
+
+    if len(config_files) == 0:
+        config_files = glob("examples/*-minimal.yml")
+
+    # check each CI service has at most 1 config file
+    configs_by_service = {}
+    for config_file in config_files:
+        service = ci_service_for_config_file(config_file)
+        if service.name in configs_by_service:
+            raise Exception("You cannot specify more than one config per CI service")
+        configs_by_service[service.name] = config_file
+
+    if git_repo_has_changes():
+        print("Your git repo has uncommitted changes. Commit or stash before continuing.")
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    previous_branch = shell(
+        "git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD", check=True, capture_output=True, encoding="utf8"
+    ).stdout.strip()
+
+    timestamp = time.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H-%M-%S", time.gmtime())
+    branch_name = f"example-config-test---{previous_branch}-{timestamp}"
+
+    try:
+        shell(f"git checkout --orphan {branch_name}", check=True)
+
+        example_project = Path("example_root")
+        generate_basic_project(example_project)
+
+        for config_file in config_files:
+            service = ci_service_for_config_file(config_file)
+            src_config_file = Path(config_file)
+            dst_config_file = example_project / service.dst_config_path
+
+            dst_config_file.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+            shutil.copyfile(src_config_file, dst_config_file)
+
+        run(["git", "add", example_project], check=True)
+        message = textwrap.dedent(
+            f"""\
+            Test example minimal configs
+
+            Testing files: {config_files}
+            Generated from branch: {previous_branch}
+            Time: {timestamp}
+            """
+        )
+        run(["git", "commit", "--no-verify", "--message", message], check=True)
+        shell(f"git subtree --prefix={example_project} push origin {branch_name}", check=True)
+
+        print("---")
+        print()
+        print("> **Examples test run**")
+        print("> ")
+        print(f"> Branch: [{branch_name}](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/tree/{branch_name})")
+        print("> ")
+        print("> | Service | Config | Status |")
+        print("> |---|---|---|")
+        for config_file in config_files:
+            service = ci_service_for_config_file(config_file)
+            badge = service.badge_md.format(
+                branch=branch_name, branch_escaped=quote(branch_name, safe="")
+            )
+            print(f"> | {service.name} | `{config_file}` | {badge} |")
+        print("> ")
+        print("> Generated by `bin/run_example_ci_config.py`")
+        print()
+        print("---")
+    finally:
+        # remove any local changes
+        shutil.rmtree(example_project, ignore_errors=True)
+        shell("git checkout -- .")
+        shell(f"git checkout {previous_branch}", check=True)
+        shell(f"git branch -D --force {branch_name}", check=True)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    os.chdir(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+    os.chdir("..")
+    run_example_ci_configs(standalone_mode=True)

bin/run_test.py

@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-
-import argparse
-import os
-import subprocess
-import sys
-
-
-def single_run(test_project):
-    # run the test
-    subprocess.check_call(
-        [sys.executable, '-m', 'pytest', '-vv', os.path.join(test_project, 'cibuildwheel_test.py')],
-    )
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
-    parser.add_argument("test_project_dir")
-    args = parser.parse_args()
-
-    project_path = os.path.abspath(args.test_project_dir)
-
-    if not os.path.exists(project_path):
-        print('No test project not found.', file=sys.stderr)
-        exit(2)
-
-    single_run(project_path)

bin/run_tests.py

@@ -3,28 +3,21 @@
 import os
 import subprocess
 import sys
-from glob import glob
+from pathlib import Path
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     # move cwd to the project root
-    os.chdir(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
+    os.chdir(Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1])
 
     # run the unit tests
-
-    subprocess.check_call([sys.executable, '-m', 'pytest', 'unit_test'])
+    unit_test_args = [sys.executable, "-m", "pytest", "unit_test"]
+    # run the docker unit tests only on Linux
+    if sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
+        unit_test_args += ["--run-docker"]
+    subprocess.run(unit_test_args, check=True)
 
     # run the integration tests
-
-    test_projects = sorted(glob('test/??_*'))
-
-    if len(test_projects) == 0:
-        print('No test projects found. Aborting.', file=sys.stderr)
-        exit(2)
-
-    print('Testing projects:', test_projects)
-
-    run_test_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)), 'run_test.py')
-    for project_path in test_projects:
-        subprocess.check_call([sys.executable, run_test_path, project_path])
-
-    print('%d projects built successfully.' % len(test_projects))
+    subprocess.run(
+        [sys.executable, "-m", "pytest", "-x", "--durations", "0", "--timeout=2400", "test"],
+        check=True,
+    )

bin/sample_build.py

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import argparse
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import tempfile
+from pathlib import Path
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    # move cwd to the project root
+    os.chdir(Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1])
+
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Runs a sample build")
+    parser.add_argument("project_python_path", nargs="?", default="test.test_0_basic.basic_project")
+
+    options = parser.parse_args()
+
+    project_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+    subprocess.run(
+        [sys.executable, "-m", "test.test_projects", options.project_python_path, project_dir],
+        check=True,
+    )
+
+    sys.exit(subprocess.run([sys.executable, "-m", "cibuildwheel"], cwd=project_dir).returncode)

bin/update_dependencies.py

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import configparser
+import os
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sys
+from typing import NamedTuple
+
+import requests
+
+os.chdir(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+os.chdir("..")
+
+# CUSTOM_COMPILE_COMMAND is a pip-compile option that tells users how to
+# regenerate the constraints files
+os.environ["CUSTOM_COMPILE_COMMAND"] = "bin/update_dependencies.py"
+
+PYTHON_VERSIONS = ["27", "35", "36", "37", "38", "39"]
+
+if "--no-docker" in sys.argv:
+    for python_version in PYTHON_VERSIONS:
+        subprocess.run(
+            [
+                f"./env{python_version}/bin/pip-compile",
+                "--allow-unsafe",
+                "--upgrade",
+                "cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in",
+                f"--output-file=cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python{python_version}.txt",
+            ],
+            check=True,
+        )
+else:
+    # latest manylinux2010 image with cpython 2.7 support
+    image_runner = "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64:2021-02-06-3d322a5"
+    subprocess.run(["docker", "pull", image_runner], check=True)
+    for python_version in PYTHON_VERSIONS:
+        abi_flags = "" if int(python_version) >= 38 else "m"
+        python_path = f"/opt/python/cp{python_version}-cp{python_version}{abi_flags}/bin/"
+        command = (
+            f"{python_path}pip install pip-tools && "
+            f"{python_path}pip-compile --allow-unsafe --upgrade "
+            "cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in "
+            f"--output-file cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python{python_version}.txt"
+        )
+        subprocess.run(
+            [
+                "docker",
+                "run",
+                "--rm",
+                "--env=CUSTOM_COMPILE_COMMAND",
+                f"--volume={os.getcwd()}:/volume",
+                "--workdir=/volume",
+                image_runner,
+                "bash",
+                "-c",
+                command,
+            ],
+            check=True,
+        )
+
+# default constraints.txt
+shutil.copyfile(
+    f"cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python{PYTHON_VERSIONS[-1]}.txt",
+    "cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.txt",
+)
+
+
+class Image(NamedTuple):
+    manylinux_version: str
+    platform: str
+    image_name: str
+    tag: str | None
+
+
+images = [
+    Image("manylinux1", "x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_x86_64", None),
+    Image("manylinux1", "i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_i686", None),
+    # Images for manylinux2010 are pinned to the latest tag supporting cp27
+    Image("manylinux2010", "x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64", "2021-02-06-3d322a5"),
+    Image("manylinux2010", "i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686", "2021-02-06-3d322a5"),
+    Image("manylinux2010", "pypy_x86_64", "pypywheels/manylinux2010-pypy_x86_64", None),
+    # 2014 images
+    Image("manylinux2014", "x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64", None),
+    Image("manylinux2014", "i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686", None),
+    Image("manylinux2014", "aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64", None),
+    Image("manylinux2014", "ppc64le", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le", None),
+    Image("manylinux2014", "s390x", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x", None),
+    # 2_24 images
+    Image("manylinux_2_24", "x86_64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64", None),
+    Image("manylinux_2_24", "i686", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_i686", None),
+    Image("manylinux_2_24", "aarch64", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_aarch64", None),
+    Image("manylinux_2_24", "ppc64le", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_ppc64le", None),
+    Image("manylinux_2_24", "s390x", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_s390x", None),
+]
+
+config = configparser.ConfigParser()
+
+for image in images:
+    # get the tag name whose digest matches 'latest'
+    if image.tag is not None:
+        # image has been pinned, do not update
+        tag_name = image.tag
+    elif image.image_name.startswith("quay.io/"):
+        _, _, repository_name = image.image_name.partition("/")
+        response = requests.get(
+            f"https://quay.io/api/v1/repository/{repository_name}?includeTags=true"
+        )
+        response.raise_for_status()
+        repo_info = response.json()
+        tags_dict = repo_info["tags"]
+
+        latest_tag = tags_dict.pop("latest")
+        # find the tag whose manifest matches 'latest'
+        tag_name = next(
+            name
+            for (name, info) in tags_dict.items()
+            if info["manifest_digest"] == latest_tag["manifest_digest"]
+        )
+    else:
+        response = requests.get(f"https://hub.docker.com/v2/repositories/{image.image_name}/tags")
+        response.raise_for_status()
+        tags = response.json()["results"]
+
+        latest_tag = next(tag for tag in tags if tag["name"] == "latest")
+        # i don't know what it would mean to have multiple images per tag
+        assert len(latest_tag["images"]) == 1
+        digest = latest_tag["images"][0]["digest"]
+
+        pinned_tag = next(
+            tag for tag in tags if tag != latest_tag and tag["images"][0]["digest"] == digest
+        )
+        tag_name = pinned_tag["name"]
+
+    if not config.has_section(image.platform):
+        config[image.platform] = {}
+
+    config[image.platform][image.manylinux_version] = f"{image.image_name}:{tag_name}"
+
+with open("cibuildwheel/resources/pinned_docker_images.cfg", "w") as f:
+    config.write(f)

bin/update_pythons.py

@@ -0,0 +1,318 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import copy
+import difflib
+import logging
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Union
+
+import click
+import requests
+import rich
+import toml
+from packaging.specifiers import Specifier
+from packaging.version import Version
+from rich.logging import RichHandler
+from rich.syntax import Syntax
+
+from cibuildwheel.extra import InlineArrayDictEncoder
+from cibuildwheel.typing import Final, Literal, TypedDict
+
+log = logging.getLogger("cibw")
+
+# Looking up the dir instead of using utils.resources_dir
+# since we want to write to it.
+DIR: Final[Path] = Path(__file__).parent.parent.resolve()
+RESOURCES_DIR: Final[Path] = DIR / "cibuildwheel/resources"
+
+
+ArchStr = Literal["32", "64"]
+
+
+class ConfigWinCP(TypedDict):
+    identifier: str
+    version: str
+    arch: str
+
+
+class ConfigWinPP(TypedDict):
+    identifier: str
+    version: str
+    arch: str
+    url: str
+
+
+class ConfigMacOS(TypedDict):
+    identifier: str
+    version: str
+    url: str
+
+
+AnyConfig = Union[ConfigWinCP, ConfigWinPP, ConfigMacOS]
+
+
+# The following set of "Versions" classes allow the initial call to the APIs to
+# be cached and reused in the `update_version_*` methods.
+
+
+class WindowsVersions:
+    def __init__(self, arch_str: ArchStr) -> None:
+
+        response = requests.get("https://api.nuget.org/v3/index.json")
+        response.raise_for_status()
+        api_info = response.json()
+
+        for resource in api_info["resources"]:
+            if resource["@type"] == "PackageBaseAddress/3.0.0":
+                endpoint = resource["@id"]
+
+        ARCH_DICT = {"32": "win32", "64": "win_amd64"}
+        PACKAGE_DICT = {"32": "pythonx86", "64": "python"}
+
+        self.arch_str = arch_str
+        self.arch = ARCH_DICT[arch_str]
+        package = PACKAGE_DICT[arch_str]
+
+        response = requests.get(f"{endpoint}{package}/index.json")
+        response.raise_for_status()
+        cp_info = response.json()
+
+        versions = (Version(v) for v in cp_info["versions"])
+        self.versions = sorted(v for v in versions if not v.is_devrelease)
+
+    def update_version_windows(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigWinCP | None:
+        versions = sorted(v for v in self.versions if spec.contains(v))
+        if not all(v.is_prerelease for v in versions):
+            versions = [v for v in versions if not v.is_prerelease]
+        log.debug(f"Windows {self.arch} {spec} has {', '.join(str(v) for v in versions)}")
+
+        if not versions:
+            return None
+
+        version = versions[-1]
+        identifier = f"cp{version.major}{version.minor}-{self.arch}"
+        return ConfigWinCP(
+            identifier=identifier,
+            version=str(version),
+            arch=self.arch_str,
+        )
+
+
+class PyPyVersions:
+    def __init__(self, arch_str: ArchStr):
+
+        response = requests.get("https://downloads.python.org/pypy/versions.json")
+        response.raise_for_status()
+
+        releases = [r for r in response.json() if r["pypy_version"] != "nightly"]
+        for release in releases:
+            release["pypy_version"] = Version(release["pypy_version"])
+            release["python_version"] = Version(release["python_version"])
+
+        self.releases = [
+            r
+            for r in releases
+            if not r["pypy_version"].is_prerelease and not r["pypy_version"].is_devrelease
+        ]
+        self.arch = arch_str
+
+    def update_version_windows(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigWinCP:
+        if self.arch != "32":
+            raise RuntimeError("64 bit releases not supported yet on Windows")
+
+        releases = [r for r in self.releases if spec.contains(r["python_version"])]
+        releases = sorted(releases, key=lambda r: r["pypy_version"])
+
+        if not releases:
+            raise RuntimeError(f"PyPy Win {self.arch} not found for {spec}! {self.releases}")
+
+        release = releases[-1]
+        version = release["python_version"]
+        identifier = f"pp{version.major}{version.minor}-win32"
+
+        (url,) = [rf["download_url"] for rf in release["files"] if "" in rf["platform"] == "win32"]
+
+        return ConfigWinPP(
+            identifier=identifier,
+            version=f"{version.major}.{version.minor}",
+            arch="32",
+            url=url,
+        )
+
+    def update_version_macos(self, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigMacOS:
+        if self.arch != "64":
+            raise RuntimeError("Other archs not supported yet on macOS")
+
+        releases = [r for r in self.releases if spec.contains(r["python_version"])]
+        releases = sorted(releases, key=lambda r: r["pypy_version"])
+
+        if not releases:
+            raise RuntimeError(f"PyPy macOS {self.arch} not found for {spec}!")
+
+        release = releases[-1]
+        version = release["python_version"]
+        identifier = f"pp{version.major}{version.minor}-macosx_x86_64"
+
+        (url,) = [
+            rf["download_url"]
+            for rf in release["files"]
+            if "" in rf["platform"] == "darwin" and rf["arch"] == "x64"
+        ]
+
+        return ConfigMacOS(
+            identifier=identifier,
+            version=f"{version.major}.{version.minor}",
+            url=url,
+        )
+
+
+class CPythonVersions:
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+
+        response = requests.get(
+            "https://www.python.org/api/v2/downloads/release/?is_published=true"
+        )
+        response.raise_for_status()
+
+        releases_info = response.json()
+
+        self.versions_dict: dict[Version, int] = {}
+        for release in releases_info:
+            # Removing the prefix, Python 3.9 would use: release["name"].removeprefix("Python ")
+            version = Version(release["name"][7:])
+
+            if not version.is_prerelease and not version.is_devrelease:
+                uri = int(release["resource_uri"].rstrip("/").split("/")[-1])
+                self.versions_dict[version] = uri
+
+    def update_version_macos(self, identifier: str, spec: Specifier) -> ConfigMacOS | None:
+        file_idents = ("macos11.pkg", "macosx10.9.pkg", "macosx10.6.pkg")
+        sorted_versions = sorted(v for v in self.versions_dict if spec.contains(v))
+
+        for version in reversed(sorted_versions):
+            # Find the first patch version that contains the requested file
+            uri = self.versions_dict[version]
+            response = requests.get(
+                f"https://www.python.org/api/v2/downloads/release_file/?release={uri}"
+            )
+            response.raise_for_status()
+            file_info = response.json()
+
+            for file_ident in file_idents:
+                urls = [rf["url"] for rf in file_info if file_ident in rf["url"]]
+                if urls:
+                    return ConfigMacOS(
+                        identifier=identifier,
+                        version=f"{version.major}.{version.minor}",
+                        url=urls[0],
+                    )
+
+        return None
+
+
+# This is a universal interface to all the above Versions classes. Given an
+# identifier, it updates a config dict.
+
+
+class AllVersions:
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.windows_32 = WindowsVersions("32")
+        self.windows_64 = WindowsVersions("64")
+        self.windows_pypy = PyPyVersions("32")
+
+        self.macos_cpython = CPythonVersions()
+        self.macos_pypy = PyPyVersions("64")
+
+    def update_config(self, config: dict[str, str]) -> None:
+        identifier = config["identifier"]
+        version = Version(config["version"])
+        spec = Specifier(f"=={version.major}.{version.minor}.*")
+        log.info(f"Reading in '{identifier}' -> {spec} @ {version}")
+        orig_config = copy.copy(config)
+        config_update: AnyConfig | None
+
+        # We need to use ** in update due to MyPy (probably a bug)
+        if "macos" in identifier:
+            if identifier.startswith("pp"):
+                config_update = self.macos_pypy.update_version_macos(spec)
+            else:
+                config_update = self.macos_cpython.update_version_macos(identifier, spec)
+
+            assert config_update is not None, f"MacOS {spec} not found!"
+            config.update(**config_update)
+        elif "win32" in identifier:
+            if identifier.startswith("pp"):
+                config.update(**self.windows_pypy.update_version_windows(spec))
+            else:
+                config_update = self.windows_32.update_version_windows(spec)
+                if config_update:
+                    config.update(**config_update)
+        elif "win_amd64" in identifier:
+            config_update = self.windows_64.update_version_windows(spec)
+            if config_update:
+                config.update(**config_update)
+
+        if config != orig_config:
+            log.info(f"  Updated {orig_config} to {config}")
+
+
+@click.command()
+@click.option("--force", is_flag=True)
+@click.option(
+    "--level", default="INFO", type=click.Choice(["INFO", "DEBUG", "TRACE"], case_sensitive=False)
+)
+def update_pythons(force: bool, level: str) -> None:
+
+    logging.basicConfig(
+        level="INFO",
+        format="%(message)s",
+        datefmt="[%X]",
+        handlers=[RichHandler(rich_tracebacks=True, markup=True)],
+    )
+    log.setLevel(level)
+
+    all_versions = AllVersions()
+    toml_file_path = RESOURCES_DIR / "build-platforms.toml"
+
+    original_toml = toml_file_path.read_text()
+    configs = toml.loads(original_toml)
+
+    for config in configs["windows"]["python_configurations"]:
+        all_versions.update_config(config)
+
+    for config in configs["macos"]["python_configurations"]:
+        all_versions.update_config(config)
+
+    result_toml = toml.dumps(configs, encoder=InlineArrayDictEncoder())  # type: ignore
+
+    rich.print()  # spacer
+
+    if original_toml == result_toml:
+        rich.print("[green]Check complete, Python configurations unchanged.")
+        return
+
+    rich.print("Python configurations updated.")
+    rich.print("Changes:")
+    rich.print()
+
+    toml_relpath = toml_file_path.relative_to(DIR).as_posix()
+    diff_lines = difflib.unified_diff(
+        original_toml.splitlines(keepends=True),
+        result_toml.splitlines(keepends=True),
+        fromfile=toml_relpath,
+        tofile=toml_relpath,
+    )
+    rich.print(Syntax("".join(diff_lines), "diff", theme="ansi_light"))
+    rich.print()
+
+    if force:
+        toml_file_path.write_text(result_toml)
+        rich.print("[green]TOML file updated.")
+    else:
+        rich.print("[yellow]File left unchanged. Use --force flag to update.")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    update_pythons()

cibuildwheel/__init__.py

@@ -1 +1 @@
-__version__ = '1.3.0'
+__version__ = "1.12.0"

cibuildwheel/__main__.py

@@ -3,23 +3,50 @@ import os
 import sys
 import textwrap
 import traceback
+from configparser import ConfigParser
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Set, Union, overload
+
+from packaging.specifiers import SpecifierSet
 
 import cibuildwheel
 import cibuildwheel.linux
 import cibuildwheel.macos
+import cibuildwheel.util
 import cibuildwheel.windows
-from cibuildwheel.environment import (
-    EnvironmentParseError,
-    parse_environment,
-)
+from cibuildwheel.architecture import Architecture, allowed_architectures_check
+from cibuildwheel.environment import EnvironmentParseError, parse_environment
+from cibuildwheel.projectfiles import get_requires_python_str
+from cibuildwheel.typing import PLATFORMS, PlatformName, assert_never
 from cibuildwheel.util import (
+    BuildOptions,
     BuildSelector,
-    Unbuffered
+    DependencyConstraints,
+    TestSelector,
+    Unbuffered,
+    detect_ci_provider,
+    resources_dir,
 )
 
 
-def get_option_from_environment(option_name, platform=None, default=None):
-    '''
+@overload
+def get_option_from_environment(
+    option_name: str, *, platform: Optional[str] = None, default: str
+) -> str:
+    ...  # noqa: E704
+
+
+@overload
+def get_option_from_environment(
+    option_name: str, *, platform: Optional[str] = None, default: None = None
+) -> Optional[str]:
+    ...  # noqa: E704 E302
+
+
+def get_option_from_environment(
+    option_name: str, *, platform: Optional[str] = None, default: Optional[str] = None
+) -> Optional[str]:  # noqa: E302
+    """
     Returns an option from the environment, optionally scoped by the platform.
 
     Example:
@@ -27,267 +54,407 @@ def get_option_from_environment(option_name, platform=None, default=None):
 
       This will return the value of CIBW_COLOR_MACOS if it exists, otherwise the value of
       CIBW_COLOR.
-    '''
+    """
     if platform:
-        option = os.environ.get('%s_%s' % (option_name, platform.upper()))
+        option = os.environ.get(f"{option_name}_{platform.upper()}")
         if option is not None:
             return option
 
     return os.environ.get(option_name, default)
 
 
-def strtobool(val):
-    if val.lower() in ('y', 'yes', 't', 'true', 'on', '1'):
-        return True
-    return False
+def main() -> None:
+    platform: PlatformName
 
-
-def main():
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
-        description='Build wheels for all the platforms.',
-        epilog=('Most options are supplied via environment variables. '
-                'See https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel#options for info.'))
+        description="Build wheels for all the platforms.",
+        epilog="""
+            Most options are supplied via environment variables.
+            See https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel#options for info.
+        """,
+    )
 
-    parser.add_argument('--platform',
-                        choices=['auto', 'linux', 'macos', 'windows'],
-                        default=os.environ.get('CIBW_PLATFORM', 'auto'),
-                        help=('Platform to build for. For "linux" you need docker running, on Mac '
-                              'or Linux. For "macos", you need a Mac machine, and note that this '
-                              'script is going to automatically install MacPython on your system, '
-                              'so don\'t run on your development machine. For "windows", you need to '
-                              'run in Windows, and it will build and test for all versions of '
-                              'Python. Default: auto.'))
-    parser.add_argument('--output-dir',
-                        default=os.environ.get('CIBW_OUTPUT_DIR', 'wheelhouse'),
-                        help='Destination folder for the wheels.')
-    parser.add_argument('project_dir',
-                        default='.',
-                        nargs='?',
-                        help=('Path to the project that you want wheels for. Default: the current '
-                              'directory.'))
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--platform",
+        choices=["auto", "linux", "macos", "windows"],
+        default=os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "auto"),
+        help="""
+            Platform to build for. For "linux" you need docker running, on Mac
+            or Linux. For "macos", you need a Mac machine, and note that this
+            script is going to automatically install MacPython on your system,
+            so don't run on your development machine. For "windows", you need to
+            run in Windows, and it will build and test for all versions of
+            Python. Default: auto.
+        """,
+    )
 
-    parser.add_argument('--print-build-identifiers',
-                        action='store_true',
-                        help='Print the build identifiers matched by the current invocation and exit.')
+    arch_list_str = ", ".join(a.name for a in Architecture)
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--archs",
+        default=None,
+        help=f"""
+            Comma-separated list of CPU architectures to build for.
+            When set to 'auto', builds the architectures natively supported
+            on this machine. Set this option to build an architecture
+            via emulation, for example, using binfmt_misc and QEMU.
+            Default: auto.
+            Choices: auto, auto64, auto32, native, all, {arch_list_str}
+        """,
+    )
+
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--output-dir",
+        default=os.environ.get("CIBW_OUTPUT_DIR", "wheelhouse"),
+        help="Destination folder for the wheels.",
+    )
+
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "package_dir",
+        default=".",
+        nargs="?",
+        help="""
+            Path to the package that you want wheels for. Must be a subdirectory of
+            the working directory. When set, the working directory is still
+            considered the 'project' and is copied into the Docker container on
+            Linux. Default: the working directory.
+        """,
+    )
+
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--print-build-identifiers",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Print the build identifiers matched by the current invocation and exit.",
+    )
+
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--allow-empty",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Do not report an error code if the build does not match any wheels.",
+    )
 
     args = parser.parse_args()
 
     detect_obsolete_options()
 
-    if args.platform != 'auto':
+    if args.platform != "auto":
         platform = args.platform
     else:
-        ci = strtobool(os.environ.get('CI', 'false')) or 'BITRISE_BUILD_NUMBER' in os.environ or 'AZURE_HTTP_USER_AGENT' in os.environ or 'GITHUB_WORKFLOW' in os.environ
-        if not ci:
-            print('cibuildwheel: Unable to detect platform. cibuildwheel should run on your CI server, '
-                  'Travis CI, AppVeyor, Azure Pipelines, GitHub Actions and CircleCI are supported. You '
-                  'can run on your development machine or other CI providers using the --platform argument. '
-                  'Check --help output for more information.',
-                  file=sys.stderr)
-            exit(2)
-        if sys.platform.startswith('linux'):
-            platform = 'linux'
-        elif sys.platform == 'darwin':
-            platform = 'macos'
-        elif sys.platform == 'win32':
-            platform = 'windows'
+        ci_provider = detect_ci_provider()
+        if ci_provider is None:
+            print(
+                textwrap.dedent(
+                    """
+                    cibuildwheel: Unable to detect platform. cibuildwheel should run on your CI server;
+                    Travis CI, AppVeyor, Azure Pipelines, GitHub Actions, CircleCI, and Gitlab are
+                    supported. You can run on your development machine or other CI providers using the
+                    --platform argument. Check --help output for more information.
+                    """
+                ),
+                file=sys.stderr,
+            )
+            sys.exit(2)
+        if sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
+            platform = "linux"
+        elif sys.platform == "darwin":
+            platform = "macos"
+        elif sys.platform == "win32":
+            platform = "windows"
         else:
-            print('cibuildwheel: Unable to detect platform from "sys.platform" in a CI environment. You can run '
-                  'cibuildwheel using the --platform argument. Check --help output for more information.',
-                  file=sys.stderr)
-            exit(2)
+            print(
+                'cibuildwheel: Unable to detect platform from "sys.platform" in a CI environment. You can run '
+                "cibuildwheel using the --platform argument. Check --help output for more information.",
+                file=sys.stderr,
+            )
+            sys.exit(2)
 
-    output_dir = args.output_dir
-    test_command = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_TEST_COMMAND', platform=platform)
-    test_requires = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES', platform=platform, default='').split()
-    test_extras = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS', platform=platform, default='')
-    project_dir = args.project_dir
-    before_build = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD', platform=platform)
-    build_verbosity = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY', platform=platform, default='')
-    build_config, skip_config = os.environ.get('CIBW_BUILD', '*'), os.environ.get('CIBW_SKIP', '')
-    if platform == 'linux':
-        repair_command_default = 'auditwheel repair -w {dest_dir} {wheel}'
-    elif platform == 'macos':
-        repair_command_default = 'delocate-listdeps {wheel} && delocate-wheel --require-archs x86_64 -w {dest_dir} {wheel}'
+    if platform not in PLATFORMS:
+        print(f"cibuildwheel: Unsupported platform: {platform}", file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(2)
+
+    package_dir = Path(args.package_dir)
+    output_dir = Path(args.output_dir)
+
+    if platform == "linux":
+        repair_command_default = "auditwheel repair -w {dest_dir} {wheel}"
+    elif platform == "macos":
+        repair_command_default = "delocate-listdeps {wheel} && delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} {wheel}"
+    elif platform == "windows":
+        repair_command_default = ""
     else:
-        repair_command_default = ''
-    repair_command = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND', platform=platform, default=repair_command_default)
-    environment_config = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_ENVIRONMENT', platform=platform, default='')
-    before_test = get_option_from_environment('CIBW_BEFORE_TEST', platform=platform, default='')
+        assert_never(platform)
 
-    if test_extras:
-        test_extras = '[{0}]'.format(test_extras)
+    build_config = os.environ.get("CIBW_BUILD") or "*"
+    skip_config = os.environ.get("CIBW_SKIP", "")
+    test_skip = os.environ.get("CIBW_TEST_SKIP", "")
+    environment_config = get_option_from_environment(
+        "CIBW_ENVIRONMENT", platform=platform, default=""
+    )
+    before_all = get_option_from_environment("CIBW_BEFORE_ALL", platform=platform, default="")
+    before_build = get_option_from_environment("CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD", platform=platform)
+    repair_command = get_option_from_environment(
+        "CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND", platform=platform, default=repair_command_default
+    )
+    dependency_versions = get_option_from_environment(
+        "CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS", platform=platform, default="pinned"
+    )
+    test_command = get_option_from_environment("CIBW_TEST_COMMAND", platform=platform)
+    before_test = get_option_from_environment("CIBW_BEFORE_TEST", platform=platform)
+    test_requires = get_option_from_environment(
+        "CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES", platform=platform, default=""
+    ).split()
+    test_extras = get_option_from_environment("CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS", platform=platform, default="")
+    build_verbosity_str = get_option_from_environment(
+        "CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY", platform=platform, default=""
+    )
 
-    try:
-        build_verbosity = min(3, max(-3, int(build_verbosity)))
-    except ValueError:
-        build_verbosity = 0
+    package_files = {"setup.py", "setup.cfg", "pyproject.toml"}
+
+    if not any(package_dir.joinpath(name).exists() for name in package_files):
+        names = ", ".join(sorted(package_files, reverse=True))
+        print(
+            f"cibuildwheel: Could not find any of {{{names}}} at root of package", file=sys.stderr
+        )
+        sys.exit(2)
+
+    # Passing this in as an environment variable will override pyproject.toml, setup.cfg, or setup.py
+    requires_python_str: Optional[str] = os.environ.get(
+        "CIBW_PROJECT_REQUIRES_PYTHON"
+    ) or get_requires_python_str(package_dir)
+    requires_python = None if requires_python_str is None else SpecifierSet(requires_python_str)
+
+    build_selector = BuildSelector(
+        build_config=build_config, skip_config=skip_config, requires_python=requires_python
+    )
+    test_selector = TestSelector(skip_config=test_skip)
 
     try:
         environment = parse_environment(environment_config)
     except (EnvironmentParseError, ValueError):
-        print('cibuildwheel: Malformed environment option "%s"' % environment_config, file=sys.stderr)
+        print(f'cibuildwheel: Malformed environment option "{environment_config}"', file=sys.stderr)
         traceback.print_exc(None, sys.stderr)
-        exit(2)
+        sys.exit(2)
 
-    build_selector = BuildSelector(build_config, skip_config)
+    if dependency_versions == "pinned":
+        dependency_constraints: Optional[
+            DependencyConstraints
+        ] = DependencyConstraints.with_defaults()
+    elif dependency_versions == "latest":
+        dependency_constraints = None
+    else:
+        dependency_versions_path = Path(dependency_versions)
+        dependency_constraints = DependencyConstraints(dependency_versions_path)
+
+    if test_extras:
+        test_extras = f"[{test_extras}]"
+
+    try:
+        build_verbosity = min(3, max(-3, int(build_verbosity_str)))
+    except ValueError:
+        build_verbosity = 0
 
     # Add CIBUILDWHEEL environment variable
     # This needs to be passed on to the docker container in linux.py
-    os.environ['CIBUILDWHEEL'] = '1'
+    os.environ["CIBUILDWHEEL"] = "1"
 
-    if not os.path.exists(os.path.join(project_dir, 'setup.py')):
-        print('cibuildwheel: Could not find setup.py at root of project', file=sys.stderr)
-        exit(2)
+    if args.archs is not None:
+        archs_config_str = args.archs
+    else:
+        archs_config_str = get_option_from_environment(
+            "CIBW_ARCHS", platform=platform, default="auto"
+        )
+
+    archs = Architecture.parse_config(archs_config_str, platform=platform)
+
+    identifiers = get_build_identifiers(platform, build_selector, archs)
 
     if args.print_build_identifiers:
-        print_build_identifiers(platform, build_selector)
-        exit(0)
+        for identifier in identifiers:
+            print(identifier)
+        sys.exit(0)
 
-    build_options = dict(
-        project_dir=project_dir,
+    manylinux_images: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None
+    if platform == "linux":
+        pinned_docker_images_file = resources_dir / "pinned_docker_images.cfg"
+        all_pinned_docker_images = ConfigParser()
+        all_pinned_docker_images.read(pinned_docker_images_file)
+        # all_pinned_docker_images looks like a dict of dicts, e.g.
+        # { 'x86_64': {'manylinux1': '...', 'manylinux2010': '...', 'manylinux2014': '...'},
+        #   'i686': {'manylinux1': '...', 'manylinux2010': '...', 'manylinux2014': '...'},
+        #   'pypy_x86_64': {'manylinux2010': '...' }
+        #   ... }
+
+        manylinux_images = {}
+
+        for build_platform in ["x86_64", "i686", "pypy_x86_64", "aarch64", "ppc64le", "s390x"]:
+            pinned_images = all_pinned_docker_images[build_platform]
+
+            config_name = f"CIBW_MANYLINUX_{build_platform.upper()}_IMAGE"
+            config_value = os.environ.get(config_name)
+
+            if config_value is None:
+                # default to manylinux2010 if it's available, otherwise manylinux2014
+                image = pinned_images.get("manylinux2010") or pinned_images.get("manylinux2014")
+            elif config_value in pinned_images:
+                image = pinned_images[config_value]
+            else:
+                image = config_value
+
+            manylinux_images[build_platform] = image
+
+    build_options = BuildOptions(
+        architectures=archs,
+        package_dir=package_dir,
         output_dir=output_dir,
         test_command=test_command,
         test_requires=test_requires,
         test_extras=test_extras,
+        before_test=before_test,
         before_build=before_build,
+        before_all=before_all,
         build_verbosity=build_verbosity,
         build_selector=build_selector,
+        test_selector=test_selector,
         repair_command=repair_command,
         environment=environment,
-        before_test=before_test
+        dependency_constraints=dependency_constraints,
+        manylinux_images=manylinux_images,
     )
 
-    if platform == 'linux':
-        manylinux_x86_64_image = os.environ.get('CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE', 'manylinux2010')
-        manylinux_i686_image = os.environ.get('CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE', 'manylinux2010')
-        manylinux_pypy_x86_64_image = os.environ.get('CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_X86_64_IMAGE', 'manylinux2010')
-        manylinux_aarch64_image = os.environ.get('CIBW_MANYLINUX_AARCH64_IMAGE', 'manylinux2014')
-        manylinux_ppc64le_image = os.environ.get('CIBW_MANYLINUX_PPC64LE_IMAGE', 'manylinux2014')
-        manylinux_s390x_image = os.environ.get('CIBW_MANYLINUX_S390X_IMAGE', 'manylinux2014')
-
-        default_manylinux_images_x86_64 = {'manylinux1': 'quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_x86_64',
-                                           'manylinux2010': 'quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64',
-                                           'manylinux2014': 'quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64'}
-        default_manylinux_images_i686 = {'manylinux1': 'quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_i686',
-                                         'manylinux2010': 'quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686',
-                                         'manylinux2014': 'quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686'}
-        default_manylinux_images_pypy_x86_64 = {'manylinux2010': 'pypywheels/manylinux2010-pypy_x86_64'}
-        default_manylinux_images_aarch64 = {'manylinux2014': 'quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64'}
-        default_manylinux_images_ppc64le = {'manylinux2014': 'quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le'}
-        default_manylinux_images_s390x = {'manylinux2014': 'quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x'}
-
-        build_options.update(
-            manylinux_images={'x86_64': default_manylinux_images_x86_64.get(manylinux_x86_64_image) or manylinux_x86_64_image,
-                              'i686': default_manylinux_images_i686.get(manylinux_i686_image) or manylinux_i686_image,
-                              'pypy_x86_64': default_manylinux_images_pypy_x86_64.get(manylinux_pypy_x86_64_image) or manylinux_pypy_x86_64_image,
-                              'aarch64': default_manylinux_images_aarch64.get(manylinux_aarch64_image) or manylinux_aarch64_image,
-                              'ppc64le': default_manylinux_images_ppc64le.get(manylinux_ppc64le_image) or manylinux_ppc64le_image,
-                              's390x': default_manylinux_images_s390x.get(manylinux_s390x_image) or manylinux_s390x_image,
-                              },
-        )
-    elif platform == 'macos':
-        pass
-    elif platform == 'windows':
-        pass
-
     # Python is buffering by default when running on the CI platforms, giving problems interleaving subprocess call output with unflushed calls to 'print'
-    sys.stdout = Unbuffered(sys.stdout)
+    sys.stdout = Unbuffered(sys.stdout)  # type: ignore
 
     print_preamble(platform, build_options)
 
-    if not os.path.exists(output_dir):
-        os.makedirs(output_dir)
+    try:
+        allowed_architectures_check(platform, build_options.architectures)
+    except ValueError as err:
+        print("cibuildwheel:", *err.args, file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(4)
 
-    if platform == 'linux':
-        cibuildwheel.linux.build(**build_options)
-    elif platform == 'windows':
-        cibuildwheel.windows.build(**build_options)
-    elif platform == 'macos':
-        cibuildwheel.macos.build(**build_options)
-    else:
-        print('cibuildwheel: Unsupported platform: {}'.format(platform), file=sys.stderr)
-        exit(2)
+    if not identifiers:
+        print(f"cibuildwheel: No build identifiers selected: {build_selector}", file=sys.stderr)
+        if not args.allow_empty:
+            sys.exit(3)
+
+    if not output_dir.exists():
+        output_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
+
+    with cibuildwheel.util.print_new_wheels(
+        "\n{n} wheels produced in {m:.0f} minutes:", output_dir
+    ):
+        if platform == "linux":
+            cibuildwheel.linux.build(build_options)
+        elif platform == "windows":
+            cibuildwheel.windows.build(build_options)
+        elif platform == "macos":
+            cibuildwheel.macos.build(build_options)
+        else:
+            assert_never(platform)
 
 
-def detect_obsolete_options():
+def detect_obsolete_options() -> None:
     # Check the old 'MANYLINUX1_*_IMAGE' options
-    for (deprecated, alternative) in [('CIBW_MANYLINUX1_X86_64_IMAGE', 'CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE'),
-                                      ('CIBW_MANYLINUX1_I686_IMAGE', 'CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE')]:
+    for (deprecated, alternative) in [
+        ("CIBW_MANYLINUX1_X86_64_IMAGE", "CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE"),
+        ("CIBW_MANYLINUX1_I686_IMAGE", "CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE"),
+    ]:
         if deprecated in os.environ:
-            print("'{}' has been deprecated, and will be removed in a future release. Use the option '{}' instead.".format(deprecated, alternative))
+            print(
+                f"'{deprecated}' has been deprecated, and will be removed in a future release. Use the option '{alternative}' instead."
+            )
             if alternative not in os.environ:
-                print("Using value of option '{}' as replacement for '{}'".format(deprecated, alternative))
+                print(f"Using value of option '{deprecated}' as replacement for '{alternative}'")
                 os.environ[alternative] = os.environ[deprecated]
             else:
-                print("Option '{}' is not empty. Please unset '{}'".format(alternative, deprecated))
-                exit(2)
+                print(f"Option '{alternative}' is not empty. Please unset '{deprecated}'")
+                sys.exit(2)
 
     # Check for deprecated identifiers in 'CIBW_BUILD' and 'CIBW_SKIP' options
-    for option in ['CIBW_BUILD', 'CIBW_SKIP']:
-        for deprecated, alternative in [('manylinux1', 'manylinux'),
-                                        ('macosx_10_6_intel', 'macosx_x86_64'),
-                                        ('macosx_10_9_x86_64', 'macosx_x86_64')]:
+    for option in ["CIBW_BUILD", "CIBW_SKIP"]:
+        for deprecated, alternative in [
+            ("manylinux1", "manylinux"),
+            ("macosx_10_6_intel", "macosx_x86_64"),
+            ("macosx_10_9_x86_64", "macosx_x86_64"),
+        ]:
             if option in os.environ and deprecated in os.environ[option]:
-                print("Build identifiers with '{deprecated}' have been deprecated. Replacing all occurences of '{deprecated}' with '{alternative}' in the option '{option}'".format(
-                    deprecated=deprecated,
-                    alternative=alternative,
-                    option=option,
-                ))
+                print(
+                    f"Build identifiers with '{deprecated}' have been deprecated. Replacing all occurences of '{deprecated}' with '{alternative}' in the option '{option}'"
+                )
                 os.environ[option] = os.environ[option].replace(deprecated, alternative)
 
 
-def print_preamble(platform, build_options):
-    print(textwrap.dedent('''
-             _ _       _ _   _       _           _
-         ___|_| |_ _ _|_| |_| |_ _ _| |_ ___ ___| |
-        |  _| | . | | | | | . | | | |   | -_| -_| |
-        |___|_|___|___|_|_|___|_____|_|_|___|___|_|
-        '''))
+def print_preamble(platform: str, build_options: BuildOptions) -> None:
+    print(
+        textwrap.dedent(
+            """
+                 _ _       _ _   _       _           _
+             ___|_| |_ _ _|_| |_| |_ _ _| |_ ___ ___| |
+            |  _| | . | | | | | . | | | |   | -_| -_| |
+            |___|_|___|___|_|_|___|_____|_|_|___|___|_|
+            """
+        )
+    )
 
-    print('cibuildwheel version %s\n' % cibuildwheel.__version__)
+    print(f"cibuildwheel version {cibuildwheel.__version__}\n")
 
-    print('Build options:')
-    print('  platform: %r' % platform)
-    for option, value in sorted(build_options.items()):
-        print('  %s: %r' % (option, value))
+    print("Build options:")
+    print(f"  platform: {platform!r}")
+    for option, value in sorted(build_options._asdict().items()):
+        print(f"  {option}: {value!r}")
 
     warnings = detect_warnings(platform, build_options)
     if warnings:
-        print('\nWarnings:')
+        print("\nWarnings:")
         for warning in warnings:
-            print('  ' + warning)
+            print("  " + warning)
 
-    print('\nHere we go!\n')
+    print("\nHere we go!\n")
 
 
-def print_build_identifiers(platform, build_selector):
-    if platform == 'linux':
-        python_configurations = cibuildwheel.linux.get_python_configurations(build_selector)
-    elif platform == 'windows':
-        python_configurations = cibuildwheel.windows.get_python_configurations(build_selector)
-    elif platform == 'macos':
-        python_configurations = cibuildwheel.macos.get_python_configurations(build_selector)
+def get_build_identifiers(
+    platform: PlatformName, build_selector: BuildSelector, architectures: Set[Architecture]
+) -> List[str]:
+    python_configurations: Union[
+        List[cibuildwheel.linux.PythonConfiguration],
+        List[cibuildwheel.windows.PythonConfiguration],
+        List[cibuildwheel.macos.PythonConfiguration],
+    ]
+
+    if platform == "linux":
+        python_configurations = cibuildwheel.linux.get_python_configurations(
+            build_selector, architectures
+        )
+    elif platform == "windows":
+        python_configurations = cibuildwheel.windows.get_python_configurations(
+            build_selector, architectures
+        )
+    elif platform == "macos":
+        python_configurations = cibuildwheel.macos.get_python_configurations(
+            build_selector, architectures
+        )
     else:
-        python_configurations = []
+        assert_never(platform)
 
-    for config in python_configurations:
-        print(config.identifier)
+    return [config.identifier for config in python_configurations]
 
 
-def detect_warnings(platform, build_options):
+def detect_warnings(platform: str, build_options: BuildOptions) -> List[str]:
     warnings = []
 
     # warn about deprecated {python} and {pip}
-    for option_name in ['test_command', 'before_build']:
-        option_value = build_options.get(option_name)
+    for option_name in ["test_command", "before_build"]:
+        option_value = getattr(build_options, option_name)
 
-        if option_value:
-            if '{python}' in option_value or '{pip}' in option_value:
-                warnings.append(option_name + ": '{python}' and '{pip}' are no longer needed, and will be removed in a future release. Simply use 'python' or 'pip' instead.")
+        if option_value and ("{python}" in option_value or "{pip}" in option_value):
+            # Reminder: in an f-string, double braces means literal single brace
+            msg = (
+                f"{option_name}: '{{python}}' and '{{pip}}' are no longer needed, "
+                "and will be removed in a future release. Simply use 'python' or 'pip' instead."
+            )
+            warnings.append(msg)
 
     return warnings
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     main()

cibuildwheel/architecture.py

@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+import functools
+import platform as platform_module
+import re
+from enum import Enum
+from typing import Set
+
+from .typing import Literal, PlatformName, assert_never
+
+PRETTY_NAMES = {"linux": "Linux", "macos": "macOS", "windows": "Windows"}
+
+
+@functools.total_ordering
+class Architecture(Enum):
+    value: str
+
+    # mac/linux archs
+    x86_64 = "x86_64"
+
+    # linux archs
+    i686 = "i686"
+    aarch64 = "aarch64"
+    ppc64le = "ppc64le"
+    s390x = "s390x"
+
+    # mac archs
+    universal2 = "universal2"
+    arm64 = "arm64"
+
+    # windows archs
+    x86 = "x86"
+    AMD64 = "AMD64"
+
+    # Allow this to be sorted
+    def __lt__(self, other: "Architecture") -> bool:
+        return self.value < other.value
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def parse_config(config: str, platform: PlatformName) -> "Set[Architecture]":
+        result = set()
+        for arch_str in re.split(r"[\s,]+", config):
+            if arch_str == "auto":
+                result |= Architecture.auto_archs(platform=platform)
+            elif arch_str == "native":
+                result.add(Architecture(platform_module.machine()))
+            elif arch_str == "all":
+                result |= Architecture.all_archs(platform=platform)
+            elif arch_str == "auto64":
+                result |= Architecture.bitness_archs(platform=platform, bitness="64")
+            elif arch_str == "auto32":
+                result |= Architecture.bitness_archs(platform=platform, bitness="32")
+            else:
+                result.add(Architecture(arch_str))
+        return result
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def auto_archs(platform: PlatformName) -> "Set[Architecture]":
+        native_architecture = Architecture(platform_module.machine())
+        result = {native_architecture}
+
+        if platform == "linux" and native_architecture == Architecture.x86_64:
+            # x86_64 machines can run i686 docker containers
+            result.add(Architecture.i686)
+
+        if platform == "windows" and native_architecture == Architecture.AMD64:
+            result.add(Architecture.x86)
+
+        if platform == "macos" and native_architecture == Architecture.arm64:
+            # arm64 can build and test both archs of a universal2 wheel.
+            result.add(Architecture.universal2)
+
+        return result
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def all_archs(platform: PlatformName) -> "Set[Architecture]":
+        if platform == "linux":
+            return {
+                Architecture.x86_64,
+                Architecture.i686,
+                Architecture.aarch64,
+                Architecture.ppc64le,
+                Architecture.s390x,
+            }
+        elif platform == "macos":
+            return {Architecture.x86_64, Architecture.arm64, Architecture.universal2}
+        elif platform == "windows":
+            return {Architecture.x86, Architecture.AMD64}
+        else:
+            assert_never(platform)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def bitness_archs(platform: PlatformName, bitness: Literal["64", "32"]) -> "Set[Architecture]":
+        archs_32 = {Architecture.i686, Architecture.x86}
+        auto_archs = Architecture.auto_archs(platform)
+
+        if bitness == "64":
+            return auto_archs - archs_32
+        elif bitness == "32":
+            return auto_archs & archs_32
+        else:
+            assert_never(bitness)
+
+
+def allowed_architectures_check(
+    platform: PlatformName,
+    architectures: Set[Architecture],
+) -> None:
+
+    allowed_architectures = Architecture.all_archs(platform)
+
+    msg = f"{PRETTY_NAMES[platform]} only supports {sorted(allowed_architectures)} at the moment."
+
+    if platform != "linux":
+        msg += " If you want to set emulation architectures on Linux, use CIBW_ARCHS_LINUX instead."
+
+    if not architectures <= allowed_architectures:
+        msg = f"Invalid archs option {architectures}. " + msg
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    if not architectures:
+        msg = "Empty archs option set. " + msg
+        raise ValueError(msg)

cibuildwheel/bashlex_eval.py

@@ -1,70 +1,111 @@
-import shlex
 import subprocess
-from collections import namedtuple
+from typing import Callable, Dict, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Sequence
 
 import bashlex
 
-NodeExecutionContext = namedtuple('NodeExecutionContext', ['environment', 'input'])
+# a function that takes a command and the environment, and returns the result
+EnvironmentExecutor = Callable[[List[str], Dict[str, str]], str]
 
 
-def evaluate(value, environment):
+def local_environment_executor(command: List[str], env: Dict[str, str]) -> str:
+    return subprocess.run(
+        command, env=env, universal_newlines=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, check=True
+    ).stdout
+
+
+class NodeExecutionContext(NamedTuple):
+    environment: Dict[str, str]
+    input: str
+    executor: EnvironmentExecutor
+
+
+def evaluate(
+    value: str, environment: Dict[str, str], executor: Optional[EnvironmentExecutor] = None
+) -> str:
     if not value:
         # empty string evaluates to empty string
         # (but trips up bashlex)
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
     command_node = bashlex.parsesingle(value)
 
     if len(command_node.parts) != 1:
-        raise ValueError('"%s" has too many parts' % value)
+        raise ValueError(f'"{value}" has too many parts')
 
     value_word_node = command_node.parts[0]
 
     return evaluate_node(
         value_word_node,
-        context=NodeExecutionContext(environment=environment, input=value)
+        context=NodeExecutionContext(
+            environment=environment, input=value, executor=executor or local_environment_executor
+        ),
     )
 
 
-def evaluate_node(node, context):
-    if node.kind == 'word':
+def evaluate_node(node: bashlex.ast.node, context: NodeExecutionContext) -> str:
+    if node.kind == "word":
         return evaluate_word_node(node, context=context)
-    elif node.kind == 'commandsubstitution':
-        return evaluate_command_node(node.command, context=context)
-    elif node.kind == 'parameter':
+    elif node.kind == "commandsubstitution":
+        node_result = evaluate_command_node(node.command, context=context)
+        # bash removes training newlines in command substitution
+        return node_result.rstrip()
+    elif node.kind == "parameter":
         return evaluate_parameter_node(node, context=context)
     else:
-        raise ValueError('Unsupported bash construct: "%s"' % node.word)
+        raise ValueError(f'Unsupported bash construct: "{node.kind}"')
 
 
-def evaluate_word_node(node, context):
-    word_start = node.pos[0]
-    word_end = node.pos[1]
-    word_string = context.input[word_start:word_end]
-    letters = list(word_string)
+def evaluate_word_node(node: bashlex.ast.node, context: NodeExecutionContext) -> str:
+    value: str = node.word
 
     for part in node.parts:
-        part_start = part.pos[0] - word_start
-        part_end = part.pos[1] - word_start
+        part_string = context.input[part.pos[0] : part.pos[1]]
+        part_value = evaluate_node(part, context=context)
 
-        # Set all the characters in the part to None
-        for i in range(part_start, part_end):
-            letters[i] = None
+        if part_string not in value:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f'bash parse failed. part "{part_string}" not found in "{value}". '
+                f'Word was "{node.word}". Full input was "{context.input}"'
+            )
 
-        letters[part_start] = evaluate_node(part, context=context)
+        value = value.replace(part_string, part_value, 1)
 
-    # remove the None letters and concat
-    value = ''.join(l for l in letters if l is not None)
-
-    # apply bash-like quotes/whitespace treatment
-    return ' '.join(word.strip() for word in shlex.split(value))
+    return value
 
 
-def evaluate_command_node(node, context):
-    words = [evaluate_node(part, context=context) for part in node.parts]
-    command = ' '.join(words)
-    return subprocess.check_output(shlex.split(command), env=context.environment, universal_newlines=True)
+def evaluate_command_node(node: bashlex.ast.node, context: NodeExecutionContext) -> str:
+    if any(n.kind == "operator" for n in node.parts):
+        return evaluate_nodes_as_compound_command(node.parts, context=context)
+    else:
+        return evaluate_nodes_as_simple_command(node.parts, context=context)
 
 
-def evaluate_parameter_node(node, context):
-    return context.environment.get(node.value, '')
+def evaluate_nodes_as_compound_command(
+    nodes: Sequence[bashlex.ast.node], context: NodeExecutionContext
+) -> str:
+    # bashlex doesn't support any operators besides ';' inside command
+    # substitutions, so we only need to handle that case. We do so assuming
+    # that `set -o errexit` is on, because it's easier to code!
+
+    result = ""
+    for node in nodes:
+        if node.kind == "command":
+            result += evaluate_command_node(node, context=context)
+        elif node.kind == "operator":
+            if node.op != ";":
+                raise ValueError(f'Unsupported bash operator: "{node.op}"')
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f'Unsupported bash node in compound command: "{node.kind}"')
+
+    return result
+
+
+def evaluate_nodes_as_simple_command(
+    nodes: List[bashlex.ast.node], context: NodeExecutionContext
+) -> str:
+    command = [evaluate_node(part, context=context) for part in nodes]
+    return context.executor(command, context.environment)
+
+
+def evaluate_parameter_node(node: bashlex.ast.node, context: NodeExecutionContext) -> str:
+    return context.environment.get(node.value, "")

cibuildwheel/docker_container.py

@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+import io
+import json
+import os
+import shlex
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import uuid
+from pathlib import Path, PurePath
+from types import TracebackType
+from typing import IO, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Type, cast
+
+from .typing import PathOrStr, PopenBytes
+
+
+class DockerContainer:
+    """
+    An object that represents a running Docker container.
+
+    Intended for use as a context manager e.g.
+    `with DockerContainer('ubuntu') as docker:`
+
+    A bash shell is running in the remote container. When `call()` is invoked,
+    the command is relayed to the remote shell, and the results are streamed
+    back to cibuildwheel.
+    """
+
+    UTILITY_PYTHON = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38/bin/python"
+
+    process: PopenBytes
+    bash_stdin: IO[bytes]
+    bash_stdout: IO[bytes]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, docker_image: str, simulate_32_bit: bool = False, cwd: Optional[PathOrStr] = None
+    ):
+        if not docker_image:
+            raise ValueError("Must have a non-empty docker image to run.")
+
+        self.docker_image = docker_image
+        self.simulate_32_bit = simulate_32_bit
+        self.cwd = cwd
+        self.name: Optional[str] = None
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> "DockerContainer":
+        self.name = f"cibuildwheel-{uuid.uuid4()}"
+        cwd_args = ["-w", str(self.cwd)] if self.cwd else []
+        shell_args = ["linux32", "/bin/bash"] if self.simulate_32_bit else ["/bin/bash"]
+        subprocess.run(
+            [
+                "docker",
+                "create",
+                "--env=CIBUILDWHEEL",
+                f"--name={self.name}",
+                "--interactive",
+                "--volume=/:/host",  # ignored on CircleCI
+                *cwd_args,
+                self.docker_image,
+                *shell_args,
+            ],
+            check=True,
+        )
+        self.process = subprocess.Popen(
+            [
+                "docker",
+                "start",
+                "--attach",
+                "--interactive",
+                self.name,
+            ],
+            stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+        )
+
+        assert self.process.stdin and self.process.stdout
+        self.bash_stdin = self.process.stdin
+        self.bash_stdout = self.process.stdout
+
+        # run a noop command to block until the container is responding
+        self.call(["/bin/true"])
+
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
+        exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
+        exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType],
+    ) -> None:
+
+        self.bash_stdin.close()
+        self.process.terminate()
+        self.process.wait()
+
+        assert isinstance(self.name, str)
+
+        subprocess.run(["docker", "rm", "--force", "-v", self.name], stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
+        self.name = None
+
+    def copy_into(self, from_path: Path, to_path: PurePath) -> None:
+        # `docker cp` causes 'no space left on device' error when
+        # a container is running and the host filesystem is
+        # mounted. https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/38995
+        # Use `docker exec` instead.
+
+        if from_path.is_dir():
+            self.call(["mkdir", "-p", to_path])
+            subprocess.run(
+                f"tar cf - . | docker exec -i {self.name} tar -xC {shell_quote(to_path)} -f -",
+                shell=True,
+                check=True,
+                cwd=from_path,
+            )
+        else:
+            subprocess.run(
+                f'cat {shell_quote(from_path)} | docker exec -i {self.name} sh -c "cat > {shell_quote(to_path)}"',
+                shell=True,
+                check=True,
+            )
+
+    def copy_out(self, from_path: PurePath, to_path: Path) -> None:
+        # note: we assume from_path is a dir
+        to_path.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+        subprocess.run(
+            f"docker exec -i {self.name} tar -cC {shell_quote(from_path)} -f - . | tar -xf -",
+            shell=True,
+            check=True,
+            cwd=to_path,
+        )
+
+    def glob(self, path: PurePath, pattern: str) -> List[PurePath]:
+        glob_pattern = os.path.join(str(path), pattern)
+
+        path_strs = json.loads(
+            self.call(
+                [
+                    self.UTILITY_PYTHON,
+                    "-c",
+                    f"import sys, json, glob; json.dump(glob.glob({glob_pattern!r}), sys.stdout)",
+                ],
+                capture_output=True,
+            )
+        )
+
+        return [PurePath(p) for p in path_strs]
+
+    def call(
+        self,
+        args: Sequence[PathOrStr],
+        env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
+        capture_output: bool = False,
+        cwd: Optional[PathOrStr] = None,
+    ) -> str:
+
+        chdir = f"cd {cwd}" if cwd else ""
+        env_assignments = (
+            " ".join(f"{shlex.quote(k)}={shlex.quote(v)}" for k, v in env.items())
+            if env is not None
+            else ""
+        )
+        command = " ".join(shlex.quote(str(a)) for a in args)
+        end_of_message = str(uuid.uuid4())
+
+        # log the command we're executing
+        print(f"    + {command}")
+
+        # Write a command to the remote shell. First we change the
+        # cwd, if that's required. Then, we use the `env` utility to run
+        # `command` inside the specified environment. We use `env` because it
+        # can cope with spaces and strange characters in the name or value.
+        # Finally, the remote shell is told to write a footer - this will show
+        # up in the output so we know when to stop reading, and will include
+        # the returncode of `command`.
+        self.bash_stdin.write(
+            bytes(
+                f"""(
+            {chdir}
+            env {env_assignments} {command}
+            printf "%04d%s\n" $? {end_of_message}
+        )
+        """,
+                encoding="utf8",
+                errors="surrogateescape",
+            )
+        )
+        self.bash_stdin.flush()
+
+        if capture_output:
+            output_io: IO[bytes] = io.BytesIO()
+        else:
+            output_io = sys.stdout.buffer
+
+        while True:
+            line = self.bash_stdout.readline()
+
+            if line.endswith(bytes(end_of_message, encoding="utf8") + b"\n"):
+                # fmt: off
+                footer_offset = (
+                    len(line)
+                    - 1  # newline character
+                    - len(end_of_message)  # delimiter
+                    - 4  # 4 returncode decimals
+                )
+                # fmt: on
+                returncode_str = line[footer_offset : footer_offset + 4]
+                returncode = int(returncode_str)
+                # add the last line to output, without the footer
+                output_io.write(line[0:footer_offset])
+                break
+            else:
+                output_io.write(line)
+
+        if isinstance(output_io, io.BytesIO):
+            output = str(output_io.getvalue(), encoding="utf8", errors="surrogateescape")
+        else:
+            output = ""
+
+        if returncode != 0:
+            raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(returncode, args, output)
+
+        return output
+
+    def get_environment(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        env = json.loads(
+            self.call(
+                [
+                    self.UTILITY_PYTHON,
+                    "-c",
+                    "import sys, json, os; json.dump(os.environ.copy(), sys.stdout)",
+                ],
+                capture_output=True,
+            )
+        )
+        return cast(Dict[str, str], env)
+
+    def environment_executor(self, command: List[str], environment: Dict[str, str]) -> str:
+        # used as an EnvironmentExecutor to evaluate commands and capture output
+        return self.call(command, env=environment, capture_output=True)
+
+
+def shell_quote(path: PurePath) -> str:
+    return shlex.quote(str(path))

cibuildwheel/environment.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from typing import Dict, List, Mapping, Optional
+
 import bashlex
 
 from . import bashlex_eval
@@ -7,14 +9,8 @@ class EnvironmentParseError(Exception):
     pass
 
 
-def parse_environment(env_string):
-    env_items = split_env_items(env_string)
-    assignments = [EnvironmentAssignment(item) for item in env_items]
-    return ParsedEnvironment(assignments=assignments)
-
-
-def split_env_items(env_string):
-    '''Splits space-separated variable assignments into a list of individual assignments.
+def split_env_items(env_string: str) -> List[str]:
+    """Splits space-separated variable assignments into a list of individual assignments.
 
     >>> split_env_items('VAR=abc')
     ['VAR=abc']
@@ -28,7 +24,7 @@ def split_env_items(env_string):
     ['PATH="$PATH;/opt/cibw_test_path"']
     >>> split_env_items('PATH2="something with spaces"')
     ['PATH2="something with spaces"']
-    '''
+    """
     if not env_string:
         return []
 
@@ -36,46 +32,60 @@ def split_env_items(env_string):
     result = []
 
     for word_node in command_node.parts:
-        part_string = env_string[word_node.pos[0]:word_node.pos[1]]
+        part_string = env_string[word_node.pos[0] : word_node.pos[1]]
         result.append(part_string)
 
     return result
 
 
 class EnvironmentAssignment:
-    def __init__(self, assignment):
-        name, equals, value = assignment.partition('=')
+    def __init__(self, assignment: str):
+        name, equals, value = assignment.partition("=")
         if not equals:
             raise EnvironmentParseError(assignment)
         self.name = name
         self.value = value
 
-    def evaluated_value(self, environment):
-        '''Returns the value of this assignment, as evaluated in the environment'''
-        return bashlex_eval.evaluate(self.value, environment=environment)
+    def evaluated_value(
+        self,
+        environment: Dict[str, str],
+        executor: Optional[bashlex_eval.EnvironmentExecutor] = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Returns the value of this assignment, as evaluated in the environment"""
+        return bashlex_eval.evaluate(self.value, environment=environment, executor=executor)
 
-    def as_shell_assignment(self):
-        return 'export %s=%s' % (self.name, self.value)
+    def as_shell_assignment(self) -> str:
+        return f"export {self.name}={self.value}"
 
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return '%s=%s' % (self.name, self.value)
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.name}={self.value}"
 
 
 class ParsedEnvironment:
-    def __init__(self, assignments):
+    def __init__(self, assignments: List[EnvironmentAssignment]):
         self.assignments = assignments
 
-    def as_dictionary(self, prev_environment):
-        environment = prev_environment.copy()
+    def as_dictionary(
+        self,
+        prev_environment: Mapping[str, str],
+        executor: Optional[bashlex_eval.EnvironmentExecutor] = None,
+    ) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        environment = dict(**prev_environment)
 
         for assignment in self.assignments:
-            value = assignment.evaluated_value(environment=environment)
+            value = assignment.evaluated_value(environment=environment, executor=executor)
             environment[assignment.name] = value
 
         return environment
 
-    def as_shell_commands(self):
+    def as_shell_commands(self) -> List[str]:
         return [a.as_shell_assignment() for a in self.assignments]
 
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return 'ParsedEnvironment(%r)' % [repr(a) for a in self.assignments]
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"ParsedEnvironment({[repr(a) for a in self.assignments]!r})"
+
+
+def parse_environment(env_string: str) -> ParsedEnvironment:
+    env_items = split_env_items(env_string)
+    assignments = [EnvironmentAssignment(item) for item in env_items]
+    return ParsedEnvironment(assignments=assignments)

cibuildwheel/extra.py

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+"""
+These are utilities for the `/bin` scripts, not for the `cibuildwheel` program.
+"""
+
+from typing import Any, Dict
+
+import toml.encoder
+from packaging.version import Version
+
+
+class InlineArrayDictEncoder(toml.encoder.TomlEncoder):  # type: ignore
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self.dump_funcs[Version] = lambda v: f'"{v}"'
+
+    def dump_sections(self, o: Dict[str, Any], sup: str) -> Any:
+        if not all(isinstance(a, list) for a in o.values()):
+            return super().dump_sections(o, sup)
+        val = ""
+        for k, v in o.items():
+            inner = ",\n  ".join(self.dump_inline_table(d_i).strip() for d_i in v)
+            val += f"{k} = [\n  {inner},\n]\n"
+        return val, self._dict()

cibuildwheel/linux.py

@@ -1,162 +1,264 @@
-import os
-import platform
-import shlex
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import textwrap
-import uuid
-from collections import namedtuple
+from pathlib import Path, PurePath
+from typing import List, NamedTuple, Set
 
+from .architecture import Architecture
+from .docker_container import DockerContainer
+from .logger import log
+from .typing import PathOrStr
 from .util import (
+    BuildOptions,
+    BuildSelector,
+    NonPlatformWheelError,
     get_build_verbosity_extra_flags,
     prepare_command,
+    read_python_configs,
+    resources_dir,
 )
 
 
-def matches_platform(identifier):
-    pm = platform.machine()
-    if pm == "x86_64":
-        # x86_64 machines can run i686 docker containers
-        if identifier.endswith('x86_64') or identifier.endswith('i686'):
-            return True
-    elif pm == "i686":
-        if identifier.endswith('i686'):
-            return True
-    elif pm == "aarch64":
-        if identifier.endswith('aarch64'):
-            return True
-    elif pm == "ppc64le":
-        if identifier.endswith('ppc64le'):
-            return True
-    elif pm == "s390x":
-        if identifier.endswith('s390x'):
-            return True
-    return False
+class PythonConfiguration(NamedTuple):
+    version: str
+    identifier: str
+    path_str: str
+
+    @property
+    def path(self) -> PurePath:
+        return PurePath(self.path_str)
 
 
-def get_python_configurations(build_selector):
-    PythonConfiguration = namedtuple('PythonConfiguration', ['identifier', 'path'])
-    python_configurations = [
-        PythonConfiguration(identifier='cp27-manylinux_x86_64', path='/opt/python/cp27-cp27m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(identifier='cp27-manylinux_x86_64', path='/opt/python/cp27-cp27mu'),
-        PythonConfiguration(identifier='cp35-manylinux_x86_64', path='/opt/python/cp35-cp35m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(identifier='cp36-manylinux_x86_64', path='/opt/python/cp36-cp36m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(identifier='cp37-manylinux_x86_64', path='/opt/python/cp37-cp37m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(identifier='cp38-manylinux_x86_64', path='/opt/python/cp38-cp38'),
-        PythonConfiguration(identifier='cp27-manylinux_i686', path='/opt/python/cp27-cp27m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(identifier='cp27-manylinux_i686', path='/opt/python/cp27-cp27mu'),
-        PythonConfiguration(identifier='cp35-manylinux_i686', path='/opt/python/cp35-cp35m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(identifier='cp36-manylinux_i686', path='/opt/python/cp36-cp36m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(identifier='cp37-manylinux_i686', path='/opt/python/cp37-cp37m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(identifier='cp38-manylinux_i686', path='/opt/python/cp38-cp38'),
-        PythonConfiguration(identifier='pp27-manylinux_x86_64', path='/opt/python/pp27-pypy_73'),
-        PythonConfiguration(identifier='pp36-manylinux_x86_64', path='/opt/python/pp36-pypy36_pp73'),
-        PythonConfiguration(identifier='cp35-manylinux_aarch64', path='/opt/python/cp35-cp35m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(identifier='cp36-manylinux_aarch64', path='/opt/python/cp36-cp36m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(identifier='cp37-manylinux_aarch64', path='/opt/python/cp37-cp37m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(identifier='cp38-manylinux_aarch64', path='/opt/python/cp38-cp38'),
-        PythonConfiguration(identifier='cp35-manylinux_ppc64le', path='/opt/python/cp35-cp35m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(identifier='cp36-manylinux_ppc64le', path='/opt/python/cp36-cp36m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(identifier='cp37-manylinux_ppc64le', path='/opt/python/cp37-cp37m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(identifier='cp38-manylinux_ppc64le', path='/opt/python/cp38-cp38'),
-        PythonConfiguration(identifier='cp35-manylinux_s390x', path='/opt/python/cp35-cp35m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(identifier='cp36-manylinux_s390x', path='/opt/python/cp36-cp36m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(identifier='cp37-manylinux_s390x', path='/opt/python/cp37-cp37m'),
-        PythonConfiguration(identifier='cp38-manylinux_s390x', path='/opt/python/cp38-cp38'),
+def get_python_configurations(
+    build_selector: BuildSelector,
+    architectures: Set[Architecture],
+) -> List[PythonConfiguration]:
+
+    full_python_configs = read_python_configs("linux")
+
+    python_configurations = [PythonConfiguration(**item) for item in full_python_configs]
+
+    # return all configurations whose arch is in our `architectures` set,
+    # and match the build/skip rules
+    return [
+        c
+        for c in python_configurations
+        if any(c.identifier.endswith(arch.value) for arch in architectures)
+        and build_selector(c.identifier)
     ]
-    # skip builds as required
-    return [c for c in python_configurations if matches_platform(c.identifier) and build_selector(c.identifier)]
 
 
-def build(project_dir, output_dir, test_command, before_test, test_requires, test_extras, before_build, build_verbosity, build_selector, repair_command, environment, manylinux_images):
+def build(options: BuildOptions) -> None:
     try:
-        subprocess.check_call(['docker', '--version'])
+        # check docker is installed
+        subprocess.run(["docker", "--version"], check=True, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
     except Exception:
-        print('cibuildwheel: Docker not found. Docker is required to run Linux builds. '
-              'If you\'re building on Travis CI, add `services: [docker]` to your .travis.yml.'
-              'If you\'re building on Circle CI in Linux, add a `setup_remote_docker` step to your .circleci/config.yml',
-              file=sys.stderr)
-        exit(2)
+        print(
+            "cibuildwheel: Docker not found. Docker is required to run Linux builds. "
+            "If you're building on Travis CI, add `services: [docker]` to your .travis.yml."
+            "If you're building on Circle CI in Linux, add a `setup_remote_docker` step to your .circleci/config.yml",
+            file=sys.stderr,
+        )
+        sys.exit(2)
 
-    python_configurations = get_python_configurations(build_selector)
+    assert options.manylinux_images is not None
+    python_configurations = get_python_configurations(options.build_selector, options.architectures)
     platforms = [
-        ('cp', 'manylinux_x86_64', manylinux_images['x86_64']),
-        ('cp', 'manylinux_i686', manylinux_images['i686']),
-        ('cp', 'manylinux_aarch64', manylinux_images['aarch64']),
-        ('cp', 'manylinux_ppc64le', manylinux_images['ppc64le']),
-        ('cp', 'manylinux_s390x', manylinux_images['s390x']),
-        ('pp', 'manylinux_x86_64', manylinux_images['pypy_x86_64']),
+        ("cp", "manylinux_x86_64", options.manylinux_images["x86_64"]),
+        ("cp", "manylinux_i686", options.manylinux_images["i686"]),
+        ("cp", "manylinux_aarch64", options.manylinux_images["aarch64"]),
+        ("cp", "manylinux_ppc64le", options.manylinux_images["ppc64le"]),
+        ("cp", "manylinux_s390x", options.manylinux_images["s390x"]),
+        ("pp", "manylinux_x86_64", options.manylinux_images["pypy_x86_64"]),
     ]
 
+    cwd = Path.cwd()
+    abs_package_dir = options.package_dir.resolve()
+    if cwd != abs_package_dir and cwd not in abs_package_dir.parents:
+        raise Exception("package_dir must be inside the working directory")
+
+    container_project_path = PurePath("/project")
+    container_package_dir = container_project_path / abs_package_dir.relative_to(cwd)
+    container_output_dir = PurePath("/output")
+
     for implementation, platform_tag, docker_image in platforms:
-        platform_configs = [c for c in python_configurations if c.identifier.startswith(implementation) and c.identifier.endswith(platform_tag)]
+        platform_configs = [
+            c
+            for c in python_configurations
+            if c.identifier.startswith(implementation) and c.identifier.endswith(platform_tag)
+        ]
         if not platform_configs:
             continue
 
-        bash_script = '''
-            set -o errexit
-            set -o xtrace
-            mkdir /output
-            cd /project
+        try:
+            log.step(f"Starting Docker image {docker_image}...")
+            with DockerContainer(
+                docker_image,
+                simulate_32_bit=platform_tag.endswith("i686"),
+                cwd=container_project_path,
+            ) as docker:
 
-            for PYBIN in {pybin_paths}; do (
-                # Temporary hack/workaround, putting loop body in subshell; fixed in PR #256
+                log.step("Copying project into Docker...")
+                docker.copy_into(Path.cwd(), container_project_path)
 
-                export PATH="$PYBIN:$PATH"
-                {environment_exports}
+                if options.before_all:
+                    log.step("Running before_all...")
 
-                # check the active python and pip are in PYBIN
-                if [ "$(which pip)" != "$PYBIN/pip" ]; then
-                    echo "cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it."
-                    exit 1
-                fi
-                if [ "$(which python)" != "$PYBIN/python" ]; then
-                    echo "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it."
-                    exit 1
-                fi
+                    env = docker.get_environment()
+                    env["PATH"] = f'/opt/python/cp38-cp38/bin:{env["PATH"]}'
+                    env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
+                    env = options.environment.as_dictionary(
+                        env, executor=docker.environment_executor
+                    )
 
-                if [ ! -z {before_build} ]; then
-                    sh -c {before_build}
-                fi
+                    before_all_prepared = prepare_command(
+                        options.before_all,
+                        project=container_project_path,
+                        package=container_package_dir,
+                    )
+                    docker.call(["sh", "-c", before_all_prepared], env=env)
 
-                # Build the wheel
-                rm -rf /tmp/built_wheel
-                mkdir /tmp/built_wheel
-                pip wheel . -w /tmp/built_wheel --no-deps {build_verbosity_flag}
-                built_wheel=(/tmp/built_wheel/*.whl)
+                for config in platform_configs:
+                    log.build_start(config.identifier)
 
-                # repair the wheel
-                rm -rf /tmp/repaired_wheels
-                mkdir /tmp/repaired_wheels
-                # NOTE: 'built_wheel' here is a bash array of glob matches; "$built_wheel" returns
-                # the first element
-                if [[ "$built_wheel" == *none-any.whl ]] || [ -z {repair_command} ]; then
-                    # pure Python wheel or empty repair command
-                    mv "$built_wheel" /tmp/repaired_wheels
-                else
-                    sh -c {repair_command} repair_command "$built_wheel"
-                fi
-                repaired_wheels=(/tmp/repaired_wheels/*.whl)
+                    dependency_constraint_flags: List[PathOrStr] = []
+                    if config.identifier.startswith("pp"):
+                        # Patch PyPy to make sure headers get installed into a venv
+                        patch_version = "_27" if config.version == "2.7" else ""
+                        patch_path = resources_dir / f"pypy_venv{patch_version}.patch"
+                        patch_docker_path = PurePath("/pypy_venv.patch")
+                        docker.copy_into(patch_path, patch_docker_path)
+                        try:
+                            docker.call(
+                                [
+                                    "patch",
+                                    "--force",
+                                    "-p1",
+                                    "-d",
+                                    config.path,
+                                    "-i",
+                                    patch_docker_path,
+                                ]
+                            )
+                        except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+                            print("PyPy patch not applied", file=sys.stderr)
 
-                if [ ! -z {test_command} ]; then
-                    # Set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
-                    # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
-                    pip install virtualenv
-                    venv_dir=`mktemp -d`/venv
-                    python -m virtualenv "$venv_dir"
+                    if options.dependency_constraints:
+                        constraints_file = options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(
+                            config.version
+                        )
+                        container_constraints_file = PurePath("/constraints.txt")
 
-                    export __CIBW_VIRTUALENV_PATH__=$venv_dir
+                        docker.copy_into(constraints_file, container_constraints_file)
+                        dependency_constraint_flags = ["-c", container_constraints_file]
 
-                    # run the tests in a subshell to keep that `activate`
-                    # script from polluting the env
-                    (
-                        source "$venv_dir/bin/activate"
+                    log.step("Setting up build environment...")
 
-                        echo "Running tests using `which python`"
+                    env = docker.get_environment()
 
-                        if [ ! -z {before_test} ]; then
-                            sh -c {before_test}
-                        fi
+                    # put this config's python top of the list
+                    python_bin = config.path / "bin"
+                    env["PATH"] = f'{python_bin}:{env["PATH"]}'
+
+                    env = options.environment.as_dictionary(
+                        env, executor=docker.environment_executor
+                    )
+
+                    # check config python and pip are still on PATH
+                    which_python = docker.call(
+                        ["which", "python"], env=env, capture_output=True
+                    ).strip()
+                    if PurePath(which_python) != python_bin / "python":
+                        print(
+                            "cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it.",
+                            file=sys.stderr,
+                        )
+                        sys.exit(1)
+
+                    which_pip = docker.call(["which", "pip"], env=env, capture_output=True).strip()
+                    if PurePath(which_pip) != python_bin / "pip":
+                        print(
+                            "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.",
+                            file=sys.stderr,
+                        )
+                        sys.exit(1)
+
+                    if options.before_build:
+                        log.step("Running before_build...")
+                        before_build_prepared = prepare_command(
+                            options.before_build,
+                            project=container_project_path,
+                            package=container_package_dir,
+                        )
+                        docker.call(["sh", "-c", before_build_prepared], env=env)
+
+                    log.step("Building wheel...")
+
+                    temp_dir = PurePath("/tmp/cibuildwheel")
+                    built_wheel_dir = temp_dir / "built_wheel"
+                    docker.call(["rm", "-rf", built_wheel_dir])
+                    docker.call(["mkdir", "-p", built_wheel_dir])
+
+                    docker.call(
+                        [
+                            "pip",
+                            "wheel",
+                            container_package_dir,
+                            "--wheel-dir",
+                            built_wheel_dir,
+                            "--no-deps",
+                            *get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(options.build_verbosity),
+                        ],
+                        env=env,
+                    )
+
+                    built_wheel = docker.glob(built_wheel_dir, "*.whl")[0]
+
+                    repaired_wheel_dir = temp_dir / "repaired_wheel"
+                    docker.call(["rm", "-rf", repaired_wheel_dir])
+                    docker.call(["mkdir", "-p", repaired_wheel_dir])
+
+                    if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
+                        raise NonPlatformWheelError()
+
+                    if options.repair_command:
+                        log.step("Repairing wheel...")
+                        repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(
+                            options.repair_command, wheel=built_wheel, dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir
+                        )
+                        docker.call(["sh", "-c", repair_command_prepared], env=env)
+                    else:
+                        docker.call(["mv", built_wheel, repaired_wheel_dir])
+
+                    repaired_wheels = docker.glob(repaired_wheel_dir, "*.whl")
+
+                    if options.test_command and options.test_selector(config.identifier):
+                        log.step("Testing wheel...")
+
+                        # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
+                        # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
+                        docker.call(
+                            ["pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env
+                        )
+                        venv_dir = (
+                            PurePath(docker.call(["mktemp", "-d"], capture_output=True).strip())
+                            / "venv"
+                        )
+
+                        docker.call(
+                            ["python", "-m", "virtualenv", "--no-download", venv_dir], env=env
+                        )
+
+                        virtualenv_env = env.copy()
+                        virtualenv_env["PATH"] = f"{venv_dir / 'bin'}:{virtualenv_env['PATH']}"
+
+                        if options.before_test:
+                            before_test_prepared = prepare_command(
+                                options.before_test,
+                                project=container_project_path,
+                                package=container_package_dir,
+                            )
+                            docker.call(["sh", "-c", before_test_prepared], env=virtualenv_env)
 
                         # Install the wheel we just built
                         # Note: If auditwheel produced two wheels, it's because the earlier produced wheel
@@ -164,94 +266,71 @@ def build(project_dir, output_dir, test_command, before_test, test_requires, tes
                         # functionally the same, differing only in name, wheel metadata, and possibly include
                         # different external shared libraries. so it doesn't matter which one we run the tests on.
                         # Let's just pick the first one.
-                        pip install "${{repaired_wheels[0]}}"{test_extras}
+                        wheel_to_test = repaired_wheels[0]
+                        docker.call(
+                            ["pip", "install", str(wheel_to_test) + options.test_extras],
+                            env=virtualenv_env,
+                        )
 
                         # Install any requirements to run the tests
-                        if [ ! -z "{test_requires}" ]; then
-                            pip install {test_requires}
-                        fi
+                        if options.test_requires:
+                            docker.call(
+                                ["pip", "install", *options.test_requires], env=virtualenv_env
+                            )
 
                         # Run the tests from a different directory
-                        pushd $HOME
-                        sh -c {test_command}
-                        popd
-                    )
-                    # exit if tests failed (needed for older bash versions)
-                    if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
-                        exit 1;
-                    fi
+                        test_command_prepared = prepare_command(
+                            options.test_command,
+                            project=container_project_path,
+                            package=container_package_dir,
+                        )
+                        docker.call(
+                            ["sh", "-c", test_command_prepared], cwd="/root", env=virtualenv_env
+                        )
 
-                    # clean up
-                    rm -rf "$venv_dir"
-                fi
+                        # clean up test environment
+                        docker.call(["rm", "-rf", venv_dir])
 
-                # we're all done here; move it to output
-                mv "${{repaired_wheels[@]}}" /output
-                for repaired_wheel in "${{repaired_wheels[@]}}"; do chown {uid}:{gid} "/output/$(basename "$repaired_wheel")"; done
-            ) done
-        '''.format(
-            pybin_paths=' '.join(c.path + '/bin' for c in platform_configs),
-            test_requires=' '.join(test_requires),
-            test_extras=test_extras,
-            test_command=shlex.quote(
-                prepare_command(test_command, project='/project') if test_command else ''
-            ),
-            before_build=shlex.quote(
-                prepare_command(before_build, project='/project') if before_build else ''
-            ),
-            build_verbosity_flag=' '.join(get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(build_verbosity)),
-            repair_command=shlex.quote(
-                prepare_command(repair_command, wheel='"$1"', dest_dir='/tmp/repaired_wheels') if repair_command else ''
-            ),
-            environment_exports='\n'.join(environment.as_shell_commands()),
-            uid=os.getuid(),
-            gid=os.getgid(),
-            before_test=shlex.quote(
-                prepare_command(before_test, project='/project') if before_test else ''
-            ),
-        )
+                    # move repaired wheels to output
+                    docker.call(["mkdir", "-p", container_output_dir])
+                    docker.call(["mv", *repaired_wheels, container_output_dir])
 
-        container_name = 'cibuildwheel-{}'.format(uuid.uuid4())
-        try:
-            subprocess.run(['docker', 'create',
-                            '--env', 'CIBUILDWHEEL',
-                            '--name', container_name,
-                            '-i',
-                            '-v', '/:/host',  # ignored on CircleCI
-                            docker_image, '/bin/bash'], check=True)
-            subprocess.run(['docker', 'cp', os.path.abspath(project_dir) + '/.', container_name + ':/project'], check=True)
-            subprocess.run(['docker', 'start', '-i', '-a', container_name], input=bash_script, universal_newlines=True, check=True)
-            subprocess.run(['docker', 'cp', container_name + ':/output/.', os.path.abspath(output_dir)], check=True)
+                    log.build_end()
+
+                log.step("Copying wheels back to host...")
+                # copy the output back into the host
+                docker.copy_out(container_output_dir, options.output_dir)
+                log.step_end()
         except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
-            troubleshoot(project_dir, error)
-            exit(1)
-        finally:
-            # Still gets executed, even when 'exit(1)' gets called
-            subprocess.run(['docker', 'rm', '--force', '-v', container_name], check=True)
+            log.step_end_with_error(
+                f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout}"
+            )
+            troubleshoot(options.package_dir, error)
+            sys.exit(1)
 
 
-def troubleshoot(project_dir, error):
-    if (isinstance(error, subprocess.CalledProcessError) and 'start' in error.cmd):
-        # the bash script failed
-        print('Checking for common errors...')
-        so_files = []
-        for root, dirs, files in os.walk(project_dir):
-            for name in files:
-                _, ext = os.path.splitext(name)
-                if ext == '.so':
-                    so_files.append(os.path.join(root, name))
+def troubleshoot(package_dir: Path, error: Exception) -> None:
+    if isinstance(error, subprocess.CalledProcessError) and error.cmd[0:2] == ["pip", "wheel"]:
+        # the 'pip wheel' step failed.
+        print("Checking for common errors...")
+        so_files = list(package_dir.glob("**/*.so"))
 
         if so_files:
-            print(textwrap.dedent('''
-                NOTE: Shared object (.so) files found in this project.
+            print(
+                textwrap.dedent(
+                    """
+                    NOTE: Shared object (.so) files found in this project.
 
-                  These files might be built against the wrong OS, causing problems with
-                  auditwheel.
+                    These files might be built against the wrong OS, causing problems with
+                    auditwheel.
 
-                  If you're using Cython and have previously done an in-place build,
-                  remove those build files (*.so and *.c) before starting cibuildwheel.
-            '''))
+                    If you're using Cython and have previously done an in-place build,
+                    remove those build files (*.so and *.c) before starting cibuildwheel.
+                    """
+                ),
+                file=sys.stderr,
+            )
 
-            print('  Files detected:')
-            print('\n'.join(['    ' + f for f in so_files]))
-            print('')
+            print("  Files detected:")
+            print("\n".join(f"    {f}" for f in so_files))
+            print("")

cibuildwheel/logger.py

@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+import codecs
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+import time
+from typing import IO, AnyStr, Optional, Union
+
+from cibuildwheel.util import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider
+
+DEFAULT_FOLD_PATTERN = ("{name}", "")
+FOLD_PATTERNS = {
+    "azure": ("##[group]{name}", "##[endgroup]"),
+    "travis": ("travis_fold:start:{identifier}\n{name}", "travis_fold:end:{identifier}"),
+    "github": ("::group::{name}", "::endgroup::{name}"),
+}
+
+PLATFORM_IDENTIFIER_DESCIPTIONS = {
+    "manylinux_x86_64": "manylinux x86_64",
+    "manylinux_i686": "manylinux i686",
+    "manylinux_aarch64": "manylinux aarch64",
+    "manylinux_ppc64le": "manylinux ppc64le",
+    "manylinux_s390x": "manylinux s390x",
+    "win32": "Windows 32bit",
+    "win_amd64": "Windows 64bit",
+    "macosx_x86_64": "macOS x86_64",
+    "macosx_universal2": "macOS Universal 2 - x86_64 and arm64",
+    "macosx_arm64": "macOS arm64 - Apple Silicon",
+}
+
+
+class Logger:
+    fold_mode: str
+    colors_enabled: bool
+    unicode_enabled: bool
+    active_build_identifier: Optional[str] = None
+    build_start_time: Optional[float] = None
+    step_start_time: Optional[float] = None
+    active_fold_group_name: Optional[str] = None
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        if sys.platform == "win32" and hasattr(sys.stdout, "reconfigure"):
+            # the encoding on Windows can be a 1-byte charmap, but all CIs
+            # support utf8, so we hardcode that
+            sys.stdout.reconfigure(encoding="utf8")
+
+        self.unicode_enabled = file_supports_unicode(sys.stdout)
+
+        ci_provider = detect_ci_provider()
+
+        if ci_provider == CIProvider.azure_pipelines:
+            self.fold_mode = "azure"
+            self.colors_enabled = True
+
+        elif ci_provider == CIProvider.github_actions:
+            self.fold_mode = "github"
+            self.colors_enabled = True
+
+        elif ci_provider == CIProvider.travis_ci:
+            self.fold_mode = "travis"
+            self.colors_enabled = True
+
+        elif ci_provider == CIProvider.appveyor:
+            self.fold_mode = "disabled"
+            self.colors_enabled = True
+
+        else:
+            self.fold_mode = "disabled"
+            self.colors_enabled = file_supports_color(sys.stdout)
+
+    def build_start(self, identifier: str) -> None:
+        self.step_end()
+        c = self.colors
+        description = build_description_from_identifier(identifier)
+        print()
+        print(f"{c.bold}{c.blue}Building {identifier} wheel{c.end}")
+        print(f"{description}")
+        print()
+
+        self.build_start_time = time.time()
+        self.active_build_identifier = identifier
+
+    def build_end(self) -> None:
+        assert self.build_start_time is not None
+        assert self.active_build_identifier is not None
+        self.step_end()
+
+        c = self.colors
+        s = self.symbols
+        duration = time.time() - self.build_start_time
+
+        print()
+        print(
+            f"{c.green}{s.done} {c.end}{self.active_build_identifier} finished in {duration:.2f}s"
+        )
+        self.build_start_time = None
+        self.active_build_identifier = None
+
+    def step(self, step_description: str) -> None:
+        self.step_end()
+        self.step_start_time = time.time()
+        self._start_fold_group(step_description)
+
+    def step_end(self, success: bool = True) -> None:
+        if self.step_start_time is not None:
+            self._end_fold_group()
+            c = self.colors
+            s = self.symbols
+            duration = time.time() - self.step_start_time
+            if success:
+                print(f"{c.green}{s.done} {c.end}{duration:.2f}s".rjust(78))
+            else:
+                print(f"{c.red}{s.error} {c.end}{duration:.2f}s".rjust(78))
+
+            self.step_start_time = None
+
+    def step_end_with_error(self, error: Union[BaseException, str]) -> None:
+        self.step_end(success=False)
+        self.error(error)
+
+    def warning(self, message: str) -> None:
+        if self.fold_mode == "github":
+            print(f"::warning::{message}\n", file=sys.stderr)
+        else:
+            c = self.colors
+            print(f"{c.yellow}Warning{c.end}: {message}\n", file=sys.stderr)
+
+    def error(self, error: Union[BaseException, str]) -> None:
+        if self.fold_mode == "github":
+            print(f"::error::{error}\n", file=sys.stderr)
+        else:
+            c = self.colors
+            print(f"{c.bright_red}Error{c.end}: {error}\n", file=sys.stderr)
+
+    def _start_fold_group(self, name: str) -> None:
+        self._end_fold_group()
+        self.active_fold_group_name = name
+        fold_start_pattern = FOLD_PATTERNS.get(self.fold_mode, DEFAULT_FOLD_PATTERN)[0]
+        identifier = self._fold_group_identifier(name)
+
+        print(fold_start_pattern.format(name=self.active_fold_group_name, identifier=identifier))
+        print()
+        sys.stdout.flush()
+
+    def _end_fold_group(self) -> None:
+        if self.active_fold_group_name:
+            fold_start_pattern = FOLD_PATTERNS.get(self.fold_mode, DEFAULT_FOLD_PATTERN)[1]
+            identifier = self._fold_group_identifier(self.active_fold_group_name)
+            print(
+                fold_start_pattern.format(name=self.active_fold_group_name, identifier=identifier)
+            )
+            sys.stdout.flush()
+            self.active_fold_group_name = None
+
+    def _fold_group_identifier(self, name: str) -> str:
+        """
+        Travis doesn't like fold groups identifiers that have spaces in. This
+        method converts them to ascii identifiers
+        """
+        # whitespace to underscores
+        identifier = re.sub(r"\s+", "_", name)
+        # remove non-alphanum
+        identifier = re.sub(r"[^A-Za-z\d_]+", "", identifier)
+        # trim underscores
+        identifier = identifier.strip("_")
+        # lowercase, shorten
+        return identifier.lower()[:20]
+
+    @property
+    def colors(self) -> "Colors":
+        if self.colors_enabled:
+            return Colors(enabled=True)
+        else:
+            return Colors(enabled=False)
+
+    @property
+    def symbols(self) -> "Symbols":
+        if self.unicode_enabled:
+            return Symbols(unicode=True)
+        else:
+            return Symbols(unicode=False)
+
+
+def build_description_from_identifier(identifier: str) -> str:
+    python_identifier, _, platform_identifier = identifier.partition("-")
+
+    build_description = ""
+
+    python_interpreter = python_identifier[0:2]
+    python_version = python_identifier[2:4]
+
+    if python_interpreter == "cp":
+        build_description += "CPython"
+    elif python_interpreter == "pp":
+        build_description += "PyPy"
+    else:
+        raise Exception("unknown python")
+
+    build_description += f" {python_version[0]}.{python_version[1]} "
+
+    try:
+        build_description += PLATFORM_IDENTIFIER_DESCIPTIONS[platform_identifier]
+    except KeyError as e:
+        raise Exception("unknown platform") from e
+
+    return build_description
+
+
+class Colors:
+    def __init__(self, *, enabled: bool) -> None:
+        self.red = "\033[31m" if enabled else ""
+        self.green = "\033[32m" if enabled else ""
+        self.yellow = "\033[33m" if enabled else ""
+        self.blue = "\033[34m" if enabled else ""
+        self.cyan = "\033[36m" if enabled else ""
+        self.bright_red = "\033[91m" if enabled else ""
+        self.bright_green = "\033[92m" if enabled else ""
+        self.white = "\033[37m\033[97m" if enabled else ""
+
+        self.bg_grey = "\033[48;5;235m" if enabled else ""
+
+        self.bold = "\033[1m" if enabled else ""
+        self.faint = "\033[2m" if enabled else ""
+
+        self.end = "\033[0m" if enabled else ""
+
+
+class Symbols:
+    def __init__(self, *, unicode: bool) -> None:
+        self.done = "✓" if unicode else "done"
+        self.error = "✕" if unicode else "failed"
+
+
+def file_supports_color(file_obj: IO[AnyStr]) -> bool:
+    """
+    Returns True if the running system's terminal supports color.
+    """
+    plat = sys.platform
+    supported_platform = plat != "win32" or "ANSICON" in os.environ
+
+    is_a_tty = file_is_a_tty(file_obj)
+
+    return supported_platform and is_a_tty
+
+
+def file_is_a_tty(file_obj: IO[AnyStr]) -> bool:
+    return hasattr(file_obj, "isatty") and file_obj.isatty()
+
+
+def file_supports_unicode(file_obj: IO[AnyStr]) -> bool:
+    encoding = getattr(file_obj, "encoding", None)
+    if not encoding:
+        return False
+
+    codec_info = codecs.lookup(encoding)
+
+    return "utf" in codec_info.name
+
+
+"""
+Global instance of the Logger.
+"""
+# (there's only one stdout per-process, so a global instance is justified)
+log = Logger()

cibuildwheel/macos.py

@@ -1,239 +1,582 @@
 import os
+import platform
+import re
 import shlex
 import shutil
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import tempfile
-from collections import namedtuple
-from glob import glob
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Sequence, Set, Tuple, cast
 
+from .architecture import Architecture
+from .environment import ParsedEnvironment
+from .logger import log
+from .typing import Literal, PathOrStr
 from .util import (
+    BuildOptions,
+    BuildSelector,
+    NonPlatformWheelError,
     download,
     get_build_verbosity_extra_flags,
+    get_pip_script,
+    install_certifi_script,
     prepare_command,
+    read_python_configs,
+    resources_dir,
+    unwrap,
 )
 
 
-def call(args, env=None, cwd=None, shell=False):
+def call(
+    args: Sequence[PathOrStr],
+    env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
+    cwd: Optional[str] = None,
+    shell: bool = False,
+) -> None:
     # print the command executing for the logs
     if shell:
-        print('+ %s' % args)
+        print(f"+ {args}")
     else:
-        print('+ ' + ' '.join(shlex.quote(a) for a in args))
+        print("+ " + " ".join(shlex.quote(str(a)) for a in args))
 
-    return subprocess.check_call(args, env=env, cwd=cwd, shell=shell)
+    subprocess.run(args, env=env, cwd=cwd, shell=shell, check=True)
 
 
-def get_python_configurations(build_selector):
-    PythonConfiguration = namedtuple('PythonConfiguration', ['version', 'identifier', 'url'])
+def get_macos_version() -> Tuple[int, int]:
+    """
+    Returns the macOS major/minor version, as a tuple, e.g. (10, 15) or (11, 0)
+
+    These tuples can be used in comparisons, e.g.
+        (10, 14) <= (11, 0) == True
+        (10, 14) <= (10, 16) == True
+        (11, 2) <= (11, 0) != True
+    """
+    version_str, _, _ = platform.mac_ver()
+    version = tuple(map(int, version_str.split(".")[:2]))
+    return cast(Tuple[int, int], version)
+
+
+def get_macos_sdks() -> List[str]:
+    output = subprocess.run(
+        ["xcodebuild", "-showsdks"],
+        universal_newlines=True,
+        check=True,
+        stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+    ).stdout
+
+    return [m.group(1) for m in re.finditer(r"-sdk (macosx\S+)", output)]
+
+
+class PythonConfiguration(NamedTuple):
+    version: str
+    identifier: str
+    url: str
+
+
+def get_python_configurations(
+    build_selector: BuildSelector, architectures: Set[Architecture]
+) -> List[PythonConfiguration]:
+
+    full_python_configs = read_python_configs("macos")
+
+    python_configurations = [PythonConfiguration(**item) for item in full_python_configs]
+
+    # filter out configs that don't match any of the selected architectures
     python_configurations = [
-        PythonConfiguration(version='2.7', identifier='cp27-macosx_x86_64', url='https://www.python.org/ftp/python/2.7.17/python-2.7.17-macosx10.9.pkg'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.5', identifier='cp35-macosx_x86_64', url='https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.5.4/python-3.5.4-macosx10.6.pkg'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.6', identifier='cp36-macosx_x86_64', url='https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.6.8/python-3.6.8-macosx10.9.pkg'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.7', identifier='cp37-macosx_x86_64', url='https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.7.6/python-3.7.6-macosx10.9.pkg'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.8', identifier='cp38-macosx_x86_64', url='https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.2/python-3.8.2-macosx10.9.pkg'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='2.7-v7.3.0', identifier='pp27-macosx_x86_64', url='https://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy/downloads/pypy2.7-v7.3.0-osx64.tar.bz2'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.6-v7.3.0', identifier='pp36-macosx_x86_64', url='https://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy/downloads/pypy3.6-v7.3.0-osx64.tar.bz2'),
+        c
+        for c in python_configurations
+        if any(c.identifier.endswith(a.value) for a in architectures)
     ]
 
-    # skip builds as required
-    return [c for c in python_configurations if build_selector(c.identifier)]
+    # skip builds as required by BUILD/SKIP
+    python_configurations = [c for c in python_configurations if build_selector(c.identifier)]
+
+    # When running on macOS 11 and x86_64, the reported OS is '10.16', but
+    # there is no such OS - it really means macOS 11.
+    if get_macos_version() >= (10, 16):
+        if any(c.identifier.startswith("pp") for c in python_configurations):
+            # pypy doesn't work on macOS 11 yet
+            # See https://foss.heptapod.net/pypy/pypy/-/issues/3314
+            log.warning(
+                unwrap(
+                    """
+                    PyPy is currently unsupported when building on macOS 11. To build macOS PyPy
+                    wheels, build on an older OS, such as macOS 10.15. To silence this warning,
+                    deselect PyPy by adding "pp*-macosx*" to your CIBW_SKIP option.
+                    """
+                )
+            )
+            python_configurations = [
+                c for c in python_configurations if not c.identifier.startswith("pp")
+            ]
+
+        if any(c.identifier.startswith("cp35") for c in python_configurations):
+            # CPython 3.5 doesn't work on macOS 11
+            log.warning(
+                unwrap(
+                    """
+                    CPython 3.5 is unsupported when building on macOS 11. To build CPython 3.5
+                    wheels, build on an older OS, such as macOS 10.15. To silence this warning,
+                    deselect CPython 3.5 by adding "cp35-macosx_x86_64" to your CIBW_SKIP option.
+                    """
+                )
+            )
+            python_configurations = [
+                c for c in python_configurations if not c.identifier.startswith("cp35")
+            ]
+
+    return python_configurations
 
 
-SYMLINKS_DIR = '/tmp/cibw_bin'
+SYMLINKS_DIR = Path("/tmp/cibw_bin")
 
 
-def make_symlinks(installation_bin_path, python_executable, pip_executable):
-    assert os.path.exists(os.path.join(installation_bin_path, python_executable))
+def make_symlinks(installation_bin_path: Path, python_executable: str, pip_executable: str) -> None:
+    assert (installation_bin_path / python_executable).exists()
 
     # Python bin folders on Mac don't symlink `python3` to `python`, and neither
     # does PyPy for `pypy` or `pypy3`, so we do that so `python` and `pip` always
     # point to the active configuration.
-    if os.path.exists(SYMLINKS_DIR):
+    if SYMLINKS_DIR.exists():
         shutil.rmtree(SYMLINKS_DIR)
-    os.makedirs(SYMLINKS_DIR)
+    SYMLINKS_DIR.mkdir(parents=True)
 
-    os.symlink(os.path.join(installation_bin_path, python_executable), os.path.join(SYMLINKS_DIR, 'python'))
-    os.symlink(os.path.join(installation_bin_path, python_executable + '-config'), os.path.join(SYMLINKS_DIR, 'python-config'))
-    os.symlink(os.path.join(installation_bin_path, pip_executable), os.path.join(SYMLINKS_DIR, 'pip'))
+    (SYMLINKS_DIR / "python").symlink_to(installation_bin_path / python_executable)
+    (SYMLINKS_DIR / "python-config").symlink_to(
+        installation_bin_path / (python_executable + "-config")
+    )
+    (SYMLINKS_DIR / "pip").symlink_to(installation_bin_path / pip_executable)
 
 
-def install_cpython(version, url):
-    installed_system_packages = subprocess.check_output(['pkgutil', '--pkgs'], universal_newlines=True).splitlines()
+def install_cpython(version: str, url: str) -> Path:
+    installed_system_packages = subprocess.run(
+        ["pkgutil", "--pkgs"], universal_newlines=True, check=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE
+    ).stdout.splitlines()
 
     # if this version of python isn't installed, get it from python.org and install
-    python_package_identifier = 'org.python.Python.PythonFramework-{}'.format(version)
+    python_package_identifier = f"org.python.Python.PythonFramework-{version}"
+    python_executable = "python3" if version[0] == "3" else "python"
+    installation_bin_path = Path(f"/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/{version}/bin")
+
     if python_package_identifier not in installed_system_packages:
         # download the pkg
-        download(url, '/tmp/Python.pkg')
+        download(url, Path("/tmp/Python.pkg"))
         # install
-        call(['sudo', 'installer', '-pkg', '/tmp/Python.pkg', '-target', '/'])
+        call(["sudo", "installer", "-pkg", "/tmp/Python.pkg", "-target", "/"])
         # patch open ssl
-        if version == '3.5':
-            open_ssl_patch_url = 'https://github.com/mayeut/patch-macos-python-openssl/releases/download/v1.0.2t/patch-macos-python-%s-openssl-v1.0.2t.tar.gz' % version
-            download(open_ssl_patch_url, '/tmp/python-patch.tar.gz')
-            call(['sudo', 'tar', '-C', '/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/{}/'.format(version), '-xmf', '/tmp/python-patch.tar.gz'])
+        if version == "3.5":
+            open_ssl_patch_url = f"https://github.com/mayeut/patch-macos-python-openssl/releases/download/v1.1.1h/patch-macos-python-{version}-openssl-v1.1.1h.tar.gz"
+            download(open_ssl_patch_url, Path("/tmp/python-patch.tar.gz"))
+            call(
+                [
+                    "sudo",
+                    "tar",
+                    "-C",
+                    f"/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/{version}/",
+                    "-xmf",
+                    "/tmp/python-patch.tar.gz",
+                ]
+            )
 
-    installation_bin_path = '/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/{}/bin'.format(version)
-    python_executable = 'python3' if version[0] == '3' else 'python'
-    pip_executable = 'pip3' if version[0] == '3' else 'pip'
+        call(["sudo", str(installation_bin_path / python_executable), str(install_certifi_script)])
+
+    pip_executable = "pip3" if version[0] == "3" else "pip"
     make_symlinks(installation_bin_path, python_executable, pip_executable)
 
     return installation_bin_path
 
 
-def install_pypy(version, url):
-    pypy_tar_bz2 = url.rsplit('/', 1)[-1]
-    assert pypy_tar_bz2.endswith(".tar.bz2")
-    pypy_base_filename = os.path.splitext(os.path.splitext(pypy_tar_bz2)[0])[0]
-    installation_path = os.path.join('/tmp', pypy_base_filename)
-    if not os.path.exists(installation_path):
-        download(url, os.path.join("/tmp", pypy_tar_bz2))
-        call(['tar', '-C', '/tmp', '-xf', os.path.join("/tmp", pypy_tar_bz2)])
+def install_pypy(version: str, url: str) -> Path:
+    pypy_tar_bz2 = url.rsplit("/", 1)[-1]
+    extension = ".tar.bz2"
+    assert pypy_tar_bz2.endswith(extension)
+    pypy_base_filename = pypy_tar_bz2[: -len(extension)]
+    installation_path = Path("/tmp") / pypy_base_filename
+    if not installation_path.exists():
+        downloaded_tar_bz2 = Path("/tmp") / pypy_tar_bz2
+        download(url, downloaded_tar_bz2)
+        call(["tar", "-C", "/tmp", "-xf", downloaded_tar_bz2])
+        # Patch PyPy to make sure headers get installed into a venv
+        patch_version = "_27" if version == "2.7" else ""
+        patch_path = resources_dir / f"pypy_venv{patch_version}.patch"
+        call(["patch", "--force", "-p1", "-d", installation_path, "-i", patch_path])
 
-        # fix PyPy 7.3.0 bug resulting in wrong macOS platform tag
-        if version.endswith("-v7.3.0") and version[0] == '3':
-            patch_file = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'resources', 'pypy3.6.patch'))
-            sysconfigdata_file = os.path.join(installation_path, 'lib_pypy', '_sysconfigdata.py')
-            call(['patch', sysconfigdata_file, patch_file, '-N'])  # Always has nonzero return code
-
-    installation_bin_path = os.path.join(installation_path, 'bin')
-    python_executable = 'pypy3' if version[0] == '3' else 'pypy'
-    pip_executable = 'pip3' if version[0] == '3' else 'pip'
+    installation_bin_path = installation_path / "bin"
+    python_executable = "pypy3" if version[0] == "3" else "pypy"
+    pip_executable = "pip3" if version[0] == "3" else "pip"
     make_symlinks(installation_bin_path, python_executable, pip_executable)
 
     return installation_bin_path
 
 
-def build(project_dir, output_dir, test_command, before_test, test_requires, test_extras, before_build, build_verbosity, build_selector, repair_command, environment):
-    abs_project_dir = os.path.abspath(project_dir)
-    temp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix='cibuildwheel')
-    built_wheel_dir = os.path.join(temp_dir, 'built_wheel')
-    repaired_wheel_dir = os.path.join(temp_dir, 'repaired_wheel')
+def setup_python(
+    python_configuration: PythonConfiguration,
+    dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr],
+    environment: ParsedEnvironment,
+) -> Dict[str, str]:
+    implementation_id = python_configuration.identifier.split("-")[0]
+    log.step(f"Installing Python {implementation_id}...")
 
-    python_configurations = get_python_configurations(build_selector)
+    if implementation_id.startswith("cp"):
+        installation_bin_path = install_cpython(
+            python_configuration.version, python_configuration.url
+        )
+    elif implementation_id.startswith("pp"):
+        installation_bin_path = install_pypy(python_configuration.version, python_configuration.url)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("Unknown Python implementation")
 
-    get_pip_url = 'https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py'
-    get_pip_script = '/tmp/get-pip.py'
+    log.step("Setting up build environment...")
 
-    # get latest pip once and for all
-    download(get_pip_url, get_pip_script)
+    env = os.environ.copy()
+    env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(
+        [
+            str(SYMLINKS_DIR),
+            str(installation_bin_path),
+            env["PATH"],
+        ]
+    )
 
-    for config in python_configurations:
-        if config.identifier.startswith('cp'):
-            installation_bin_path = install_cpython(config.version, config.url)
-        elif config.identifier.startswith('pp'):
-            installation_bin_path = install_pypy(config.version, config.url)
+    # Fix issue with site.py setting the wrong `sys.prefix`, `sys.exec_prefix`,
+    # `sys.path`, ... for PyPy: https://foss.heptapod.net/pypy/pypy/issues/3175
+    # Also fix an issue with the shebang of installed scripts inside the
+    # testing virtualenv- see https://github.com/theacodes/nox/issues/44 and
+    # https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/issues/620
+    # Also see https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/9516
+    env.pop("__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__", None)
+    env = environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=env)
+
+    # we version pip ourselves, so we don't care about pip version checking
+    env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
+
+    # check what version we're on
+    call(["which", "python"], env=env)
+    call(["python", "--version"], env=env)
+    which_python = subprocess.run(
+        ["which", "python"], env=env, universal_newlines=True, check=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE
+    ).stdout.strip()
+    if which_python != "/tmp/cibw_bin/python":
+        print(
+            "cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it.",
+            file=sys.stderr,
+        )
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    # install pip & wheel
+    call(["python", get_pip_script, *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env, cwd="/tmp")
+    assert (installation_bin_path / "pip").exists()
+    call(["which", "pip"], env=env)
+    call(["pip", "--version"], env=env)
+    which_pip = subprocess.run(
+        ["which", "pip"], env=env, universal_newlines=True, check=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE
+    ).stdout.strip()
+    if which_pip != "/tmp/cibw_bin/pip":
+        print(
+            "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.",
+            file=sys.stderr,
+        )
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    # Set MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET to 10.9, if the user didn't set it.
+    # CPython 3.5 defaults to 10.6, and pypy defaults to 10.7, causing
+    # inconsistencies if it's left unset.
+    env.setdefault("MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET", "10.9")
+
+    config_is_arm64 = python_configuration.identifier.endswith("arm64")
+    config_is_universal2 = python_configuration.identifier.endswith("universal2")
+
+    if python_configuration.version == "3.5":
+        # Cross-compilation platform override - CPython 3.5 has an
+        # i386/x86_64 version of Python, but we only want a x64_64 build
+        env.setdefault("_PYTHON_HOST_PLATFORM", "macosx-10.9-x86_64")
+        # https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/a5ed2fe0eedefa1649aa93ee74a0bafc8e628a10/Lib/_osx_support.py#L260
+        env.setdefault("ARCHFLAGS", "-arch x86_64")
+
+    elif python_configuration.version not in {"3.6", "3.7"}:
+        if config_is_arm64:
+            # macOS 11 is the first OS with arm64 support, so the wheels
+            # have that as a minimum.
+            env.setdefault("_PYTHON_HOST_PLATFORM", "macosx-11.0-arm64")
+            env.setdefault("ARCHFLAGS", "-arch arm64")
+        elif config_is_universal2:
+            env.setdefault("_PYTHON_HOST_PLATFORM", "macosx-10.9-universal2")
+            env.setdefault("ARCHFLAGS", "-arch arm64 -arch x86_64")
+        elif python_configuration.identifier.endswith("x86_64"):
+            # even on the macos11.0 Python installer, on the x86_64 side it's
+            # compatible back to 10.9.
+            env.setdefault("_PYTHON_HOST_PLATFORM", "macosx-10.9-x86_64")
+            env.setdefault("ARCHFLAGS", "-arch x86_64")
+
+    building_arm64 = config_is_arm64 or config_is_universal2
+    if building_arm64 and get_macos_version() < (10, 16) and "SDKROOT" not in env:
+        # xcode 12.2 or higher can build arm64 on macos 10.15 or below, but
+        # needs the correct SDK selected.
+        sdks = get_macos_sdks()
+
+        # Different versions of Xcode contain different SDK versions...
+        # we're happy with anything newer than macOS 11.0
+        arm64_compatible_sdks = [s for s in sdks if not s.startswith("macosx10.")]
+
+        if not arm64_compatible_sdks:
+            log.warning(
+                unwrap(
+                    """
+                    SDK for building arm64-compatible wheels not found. You need Xcode 12.2 or later
+                    to build universal2 or arm64 wheels.
+                    """
+                )
+            )
         else:
-            raise ValueError("Unknown Python implementation")
+            env.setdefault("SDKROOT", arm64_compatible_sdks[0])
 
-        env = os.environ.copy()
-        env['PATH'] = os.pathsep.join([
-            SYMLINKS_DIR,
-            installation_bin_path,
-            env['PATH'],
-        ])
+    log.step("Installing build tools...")
+    call(
+        [
+            "pip",
+            "install",
+            "--upgrade",
+            "setuptools",
+            "wheel",
+            "delocate",
+            *dependency_constraint_flags,
+        ],
+        env=env,
+    )
 
-        # Fix issue with site.py setting the wrong `sys.prefix`, `sys.exec_prefix`,
-        # `sys.path`, ... for PyPy: https://foss.heptapod.net/pypy/pypy/issues/3175
-        # Also fix an issue with the shebang of installed scripts inside the
-        # testing virtualenv- see https://github.com/theacodes/nox/issues/44 and
-        # https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/issues/620
-        # Also see https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/9516
-        env.pop('__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__', None)
-        env = environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=env)
+    return env
 
-        # check what version we're on
-        call(['which', 'python'], env=env)
-        call(['python', '--version'], env=env)
-        which_python = subprocess.check_output(['which', 'python'], env=env, universal_newlines=True).strip()
-        if which_python != '/tmp/cibw_bin/python':
-            print("cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it.", file=sys.stderr)
-            exit(1)
 
-        # install pip & wheel
-        call(['python', get_pip_script], env=env, cwd="/tmp")
-        assert os.path.exists(os.path.join(installation_bin_path, 'pip'))
-        call(['which', 'pip'], env=env)
-        call(['pip', '--version'], env=env)
-        which_pip = subprocess.check_output(['which', 'pip'], env=env, universal_newlines=True).strip()
-        if which_pip != '/tmp/cibw_bin/pip':
-            print("cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.", file=sys.stderr)
-            exit(1)
-        call(['pip', 'install', '--upgrade', 'setuptools', 'wheel', 'delocate'], env=env)
+def build(options: BuildOptions) -> None:
+    temp_dir = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="cibuildwheel"))
+    built_wheel_dir = temp_dir / "built_wheel"
+    repaired_wheel_dir = temp_dir / "repaired_wheel"
 
-        # setup target platform, only required for python 3.5
-        if config.version == '3.5':
-            if '_PYTHON_HOST_PLATFORM' not in env:
-                # cross-compilation platform override
-                env['_PYTHON_HOST_PLATFORM'] = 'macosx-10.9-x86_64'
-            if 'ARCHFLAGS' not in env:
-                # https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/a5ed2fe0eedefa1649aa93ee74a0bafc8e628a10/Lib/_osx_support.py#L260
-                env['ARCHFLAGS'] = '-arch x86_64'
-            if 'MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET' not in env:
-                env['MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET'] = '10.9'
+    try:
+        if options.before_all:
+            log.step("Running before_all...")
+            env = options.environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=os.environ)
+            env.setdefault("MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET", "10.9")
+            before_all_prepared = prepare_command(
+                options.before_all, project=".", package=options.package_dir
+            )
+            call([before_all_prepared], shell=True, env=env)
 
-        # run the before_build command
-        if before_build:
-            before_build_prepared = prepare_command(before_build, project=abs_project_dir)
-            call(before_build_prepared, env=env, shell=True)
+        python_configurations = get_python_configurations(
+            options.build_selector, options.architectures
+        )
 
-        # build the wheel
-        if os.path.exists(built_wheel_dir):
-            shutil.rmtree(built_wheel_dir)
-        os.makedirs(built_wheel_dir)
-        call(['pip', 'wheel', abs_project_dir, '-w', built_wheel_dir, '--no-deps'] + get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(build_verbosity), env=env)
-        built_wheel = glob(os.path.join(built_wheel_dir, '*.whl'))[0]
+        for config in python_configurations:
+            log.build_start(config.identifier)
 
-        # repair the wheel
-        if os.path.exists(repaired_wheel_dir):
-            shutil.rmtree(repaired_wheel_dir)
-        os.makedirs(repaired_wheel_dir)
-        if built_wheel.endswith('none-any.whl') or not repair_command:
-            # pure Python wheel or empty repair command
-            shutil.move(built_wheel, repaired_wheel_dir)
-        else:
-            repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(repair_command, wheel=built_wheel, dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir)
-            call(repair_command_prepared, env=env, shell=True)
-        repaired_wheel = glob(os.path.join(repaired_wheel_dir, '*.whl'))[0]
+            config_is_arm64 = config.identifier.endswith("arm64")
+            config_is_universal2 = config.identifier.endswith("universal2")
 
-        if test_command:
-            # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
-            # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
-            call(['pip', 'install', 'virtualenv'], env=env)
-            venv_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
-            call(['python', '-m', 'virtualenv', venv_dir], env=env)
+            dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr] = []
+            if options.dependency_constraints:
+                dependency_constraint_flags = [
+                    "-c",
+                    options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(config.version),
+                ]
 
-            virtualenv_env = env.copy()
-            virtualenv_env['PATH'] = os.pathsep.join([
-                os.path.join(venv_dir, 'bin'),
-                virtualenv_env['PATH'],
-            ])
-            virtualenv_env["__CIBW_VIRTUALENV_PATH__"] = venv_dir
+            env = setup_python(config, dependency_constraint_flags, options.environment)
 
-            # check that we are using the Python from the virtual environment
-            call(['which', 'python'], env=virtualenv_env)
+            if options.before_build:
+                log.step("Running before_build...")
+                before_build_prepared = prepare_command(
+                    options.before_build, project=".", package=options.package_dir
+                )
+                call(before_build_prepared, env=env, shell=True)
 
-            if before_test:
-                before_test_prepared = prepare_command(before_test, project=abs_project_dir)
-                call(before_test_prepared, env=virtualenv_env, shell=True)
+            log.step("Building wheel...")
+            if built_wheel_dir.exists():
+                shutil.rmtree(built_wheel_dir)
+            built_wheel_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
 
-            # install the wheel
-            call(['pip', 'install', repaired_wheel + test_extras], env=virtualenv_env)
+            # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
+            # see https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
+            call(
+                [
+                    "pip",
+                    "wheel",
+                    options.package_dir.resolve(),
+                    "--wheel-dir",
+                    built_wheel_dir,
+                    "--no-deps",
+                    *get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(options.build_verbosity),
+                ],
+                env=env,
+            )
 
-            # test the wheel
-            if test_requires:
-                call(['pip', 'install'] + test_requires, env=virtualenv_env)
+            built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
 
-            # run the tests from $HOME, with an absolute path in the command
-            # (this ensures that Python runs the tests against the installed wheel
-            # and not the repo code)
-            test_command_prepared = prepare_command(test_command, project=abs_project_dir)
-            call(test_command_prepared, cwd=os.environ['HOME'], env=virtualenv_env, shell=True)
+            if repaired_wheel_dir.exists():
+                shutil.rmtree(repaired_wheel_dir)
+            repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
 
-            # clean up
-            shutil.rmtree(venv_dir)
+            if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
+                raise NonPlatformWheelError()
 
-        # we're all done here; move it to output (overwrite existing)
-        dst = os.path.join(output_dir, os.path.basename(repaired_wheel))
-        shutil.move(repaired_wheel, dst)
+            if options.repair_command:
+                log.step("Repairing wheel...")
+
+                if config_is_universal2:
+                    delocate_archs = "x86_64,arm64"
+                elif config_is_arm64:
+                    delocate_archs = "arm64"
+                else:
+                    delocate_archs = "x86_64"
+
+                repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(
+                    options.repair_command,
+                    wheel=built_wheel,
+                    dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir,
+                    delocate_archs=delocate_archs,
+                )
+                call(repair_command_prepared, env=env, shell=True)
+            else:
+                shutil.move(str(built_wheel), repaired_wheel_dir)
+
+            repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+
+            log.step_end()
+
+            if options.test_command and options.test_selector(config.identifier):
+                machine_arch = platform.machine()
+                testing_archs: List[Literal["x86_64", "arm64"]] = []
+
+                if config_is_arm64:
+                    testing_archs = ["arm64"]
+                elif config_is_universal2:
+                    testing_archs = ["x86_64", "arm64"]
+                else:
+                    testing_archs = ["x86_64"]
+
+                for testing_arch in testing_archs:
+                    if config_is_universal2:
+                        arch_specific_identifier = f"{config.identifier}:{testing_arch}"
+                        if not options.test_selector(arch_specific_identifier):
+                            continue
+
+                    if machine_arch == "x86_64" and testing_arch == "arm64":
+                        if config_is_arm64:
+                            log.warning(
+                                unwrap(
+                                    """
+                                    While arm64 wheels can be built on x86_64, they cannot be
+                                    tested. The ability to test the arm64 wheels will be added in a
+                                    future release of cibuildwheel, once Apple Silicon CI runners
+                                    are widely available. To silence this warning, set
+                                    `CIBW_TEST_SKIP: *-macosx_arm64`.
+                                    """
+                                )
+                            )
+                        elif config_is_universal2:
+                            log.warning(
+                                unwrap(
+                                    """
+                                    While universal2 wheels can be built on x86_64, the arm64 part
+                                    of them cannot currently be tested. The ability to test the
+                                    arm64 part of a universal2 wheel will be added in a future
+                                    release of cibuildwheel, once Apple Silicon CI runners are
+                                    widely available. To silence this warning, set
+                                    `CIBW_TEST_SKIP: *-macosx_universal2:arm64`.
+                                    """
+                                )
+                            )
+                        else:
+                            raise RuntimeError("unreachable")
+
+                        # skip this test
+                        continue
+
+                    log.step(
+                        "Testing wheel..."
+                        if testing_arch == machine_arch
+                        else f"Testing wheel on {testing_arch}..."
+                    )
+
+                    # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
+                    # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
+                    call(["pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env)
+                    venv_dir = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp())
+
+                    arch_prefix = []
+                    if testing_arch != machine_arch:
+                        if machine_arch == "arm64" and testing_arch == "x86_64":
+                            # rosetta2 will provide the emulation with just the arch prefix.
+                            arch_prefix = ["arch", "-x86_64"]
+                        else:
+                            raise RuntimeError(
+                                "don't know how to emulate {testing_arch} on {machine_arch}"
+                            )
+
+                    # define a custom 'call' function that adds the arch prefix each time
+                    def call_with_arch(args: Sequence[PathOrStr], **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+                        if isinstance(args, str):
+                            args = " ".join(arch_prefix) + " " + args
+                        else:
+                            args = [*arch_prefix, *args]
+                        call(args, **kwargs)
+
+                    # Use --no-download to ensure determinism by using seed libraries
+                    # built into virtualenv
+                    call_with_arch(
+                        ["python", "-m", "virtualenv", "--no-download", venv_dir], env=env
+                    )
+
+                    virtualenv_env = env.copy()
+                    virtualenv_env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(
+                        [
+                            str(venv_dir / "bin"),
+                            virtualenv_env["PATH"],
+                        ]
+                    )
+
+                    # check that we are using the Python from the virtual environment
+                    call_with_arch(["which", "python"], env=virtualenv_env)
+
+                    if options.before_test:
+                        before_test_prepared = prepare_command(
+                            options.before_test, project=".", package=options.package_dir
+                        )
+                        call_with_arch(before_test_prepared, env=virtualenv_env, shell=True)
+
+                    # install the wheel
+                    call_with_arch(
+                        ["pip", "install", f"{repaired_wheel}{options.test_extras}"],
+                        env=virtualenv_env,
+                    )
+
+                    # test the wheel
+                    if options.test_requires:
+                        call_with_arch(
+                            ["pip", "install"] + options.test_requires, env=virtualenv_env
+                        )
+
+                    # run the tests from $HOME, with an absolute path in the command
+                    # (this ensures that Python runs the tests against the installed wheel
+                    # and not the repo code)
+                    test_command_prepared = prepare_command(
+                        options.test_command,
+                        project=Path(".").resolve(),
+                        package=options.package_dir.resolve(),
+                    )
+                    call_with_arch(
+                        test_command_prepared,
+                        cwd=os.environ["HOME"],
+                        env=virtualenv_env,
+                        shell=True,
+                    )
+
+                    # clean up
+                    shutil.rmtree(venv_dir)
+
+            # we're all done here; move it to output (overwrite existing)
+            shutil.move(str(repaired_wheel), options.output_dir)
+            log.build_end()
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
+        log.step_end_with_error(
+            f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout}"
+        )
+        sys.exit(1)

cibuildwheel/projectfiles.py

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+import ast
+import sys
+from configparser import ConfigParser
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+import toml
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 8):
+    Constant = ast.Str
+
+    def get_constant(x: ast.Str) -> str:
+        return x.s
+
+
+else:
+    Constant = ast.Constant
+
+    def get_constant(x: ast.Constant) -> Any:
+        return x.value
+
+
+class Analyzer(ast.NodeVisitor):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.requires_python: Optional[str] = None
+
+    def visit(self, content: ast.AST) -> None:
+        for node in ast.walk(content):
+            for child in ast.iter_child_nodes(node):
+                child.parent = node  # type: ignore
+        super().visit(content)
+
+    def visit_keyword(self, node: ast.keyword) -> None:
+        self.generic_visit(node)
+        if node.arg == "python_requires":
+            # Must not be nested in an if or other structure
+            # This will be Module -> Expr -> Call -> keyword
+            if not hasattr(node.parent.parent.parent, "parent") and isinstance(  # type: ignore
+                node.value, Constant
+            ):
+                self.requires_python = get_constant(node.value)
+
+
+def setup_py_python_requires(content: str) -> Optional[str]:
+    try:
+        tree = ast.parse(content)
+        analyzer = Analyzer()
+        analyzer.visit(tree)
+        return analyzer.requires_python or None
+    except Exception:
+        return None
+
+
+def get_requires_python_str(package_dir: Path) -> Optional[str]:
+    "Return the python requires string from the most canonical source available, or None"
+
+    # Read in from pyproject.toml:project.requires-python
+    try:
+        info = toml.load(package_dir / "pyproject.toml")
+        return str(info["project"]["requires-python"])
+    except (FileNotFoundError, KeyError, IndexError, TypeError):
+        pass
+
+    # Read in from setup.cfg:options.python_requires
+    try:
+        config = ConfigParser()
+        config.read(package_dir / "setup.cfg")
+        return str(config["options"]["python_requires"])
+    except (FileNotFoundError, KeyError, IndexError, TypeError):
+        pass
+
+    try:
+        with open(package_dir / "setup.py") as f:
+            return setup_py_python_requires(f.read())
+    except FileNotFoundError:
+        pass
+
+    return None

cibuildwheel/resources/build-platforms.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+[linux]
+python_configurations = [
+  { identifier = "cp27-manylinux_x86_64", version = "2.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp27-cp27m" },
+  { identifier = "cp27-manylinux_x86_64", version = "2.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp27-cp27mu" },
+  { identifier = "cp35-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.5", path_str = "/opt/python/cp35-cp35m" },
+  { identifier = "cp36-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
+  { identifier = "cp37-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
+  { identifier = "cp27-manylinux_i686", version = "2.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp27-cp27m" },
+  { identifier = "cp27-manylinux_i686", version = "2.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp27-cp27mu" },
+  { identifier = "cp35-manylinux_i686", version = "3.5", path_str = "/opt/python/cp35-cp35m" },
+  { identifier = "cp36-manylinux_i686", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
+  { identifier = "cp37-manylinux_i686", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_i686", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_i686", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
+  { identifier = "pp27-manylinux_x86_64", version = "2.7", path_str = "/opt/python/pp27-pypy_73" },
+  { identifier = "pp36-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/pp36-pypy36_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "pp37-manylinux_x86_64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/pp37-pypy37_pp73" },
+  { identifier = "cp35-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.5", path_str = "/opt/python/cp35-cp35m" },
+  { identifier = "cp36-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
+  { identifier = "cp37-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_aarch64", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
+  { identifier = "cp35-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.5", path_str = "/opt/python/cp35-cp35m" },
+  { identifier = "cp36-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
+  { identifier = "cp37-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_ppc64le", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
+  { identifier = "cp35-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.5", path_str = "/opt/python/cp35-cp35m" },
+  { identifier = "cp36-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.6", path_str = "/opt/python/cp36-cp36m" },
+  { identifier = "cp37-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.7", path_str = "/opt/python/cp37-cp37m" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.8", path_str = "/opt/python/cp38-cp38" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-manylinux_s390x", version = "3.9", path_str = "/opt/python/cp39-cp39" },
+]
+
+[macos]
+python_configurations = [
+  { identifier = "cp27-macosx_x86_64", version = "2.7", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/2.7.18/python-2.7.18-macosx10.9.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp35-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.5", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.5.4/python-3.5.4-macosx10.6.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp36-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.6", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.6.8/python-3.6.8-macosx10.9.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp37-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.7", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.7.9/python-3.7.9-macosx10.9.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.8", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.10/python-3.8.10-macosx10.9.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-macosx_arm64", version = "3.8", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.10/python-3.8.10-macosx10.9.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-macosx_universal2", version = "3.8", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.10/python-3.8.10-macosx10.9.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.9", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.9.5/python-3.9.5-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-macosx_arm64", version = "3.9", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.9.5/python-3.9.5-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-macosx_universal2", version = "3.9", url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.9.5/python-3.9.5-macos11.pkg" },
+  { identifier = "pp27-macosx_x86_64", version = "2.7", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy2.7-v7.3.3-osx64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "pp36-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.6", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.6-v7.3.3-osx64.tar.bz2" },
+  { identifier = "pp37-macosx_x86_64", version = "3.7", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.7-v7.3.3-osx64.tar.bz2" },
+]
+
+[windows]
+python_configurations = [
+  { identifier = "cp27-win32", version = "2.7.18", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp27-win_amd64", version = "2.7.18", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp35-win32", version = "3.5.4", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp35-win_amd64", version = "3.5.4", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp36-win32", version = "3.6.8", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp36-win_amd64", version = "3.6.8", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp37-win32", version = "3.7.9", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp37-win_amd64", version = "3.7.9", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-win32", version = "3.8.9", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp38-win_amd64", version = "3.8.9", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-win32", version = "3.9.4", arch = "32" },
+  { identifier = "cp39-win_amd64", version = "3.9.4", arch = "64" },
+  { identifier = "pp27-win32", version = "2.7", arch = "32", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy2.7-v7.3.3-win32.zip" },
+  { identifier = "pp36-win32", version = "3.6", arch = "32", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.6-v7.3.3-win32.zip" },
+  { identifier = "pp37-win32", version = "3.7", arch = "32", url = "https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.7-v7.3.3-win32.zip" },
+]

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python27.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+#
+# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile
+# To update, run:
+#
+#    bin/update_dependencies.py
+#
+appdirs==1.4.4
+    # via virtualenv
+configparser==4.0.2
+    # via importlib-metadata
+contextlib2==0.6.0.post1
+    # via
+    #   importlib-metadata
+    #   importlib-resources
+delocate==0.8.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.3.1
+    # via virtualenv
+filelock==3.0.12
+    # via virtualenv
+importlib-metadata==2.1.1
+    # via virtualenv
+importlib-resources==3.3.1
+    # via virtualenv
+pathlib2==2.3.5
+    # via
+    #   importlib-metadata
+    #   importlib-resources
+    #   virtualenv
+scandir==1.10.0
+    # via pathlib2
+singledispatch==3.6.1
+    # via importlib-resources
+six==1.15.0
+    # via
+    #   pathlib2
+    #   virtualenv
+typing==3.7.4.3
+    # via importlib-resources
+virtualenv==20.4.3
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+wheel==0.36.2
+    # via
+    #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+    #   delocate
+zipp==1.2.0
+    # via
+    #   importlib-metadata
+    #   importlib-resources
+
+# The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
+pip==20.3.4
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+setuptools==44.1.1
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python35.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#
+# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile
+# To update, run:
+#
+#    bin/update_dependencies.py
+#
+appdirs==1.4.4
+    # via virtualenv
+delocate==0.8.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.3.1
+    # via virtualenv
+filelock==3.0.12
+    # via virtualenv
+importlib-metadata==2.1.1
+    # via virtualenv
+importlib-resources==3.2.1
+    # via virtualenv
+six==1.15.0
+    # via virtualenv
+virtualenv==20.4.3
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+wheel==0.36.2
+    # via
+    #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+    #   delocate
+zipp==1.2.0
+    # via
+    #   importlib-metadata
+    #   importlib-resources
+
+# The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
+pip==20.3.4
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+setuptools==50.3.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python36.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#
+# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile
+# To update, run:
+#
+#    bin/update_dependencies.py
+#
+appdirs==1.4.4
+    # via virtualenv
+delocate==0.8.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.3.1
+    # via virtualenv
+filelock==3.0.12
+    # via virtualenv
+importlib-metadata==3.10.0
+    # via virtualenv
+importlib-resources==5.1.2
+    # via virtualenv
+six==1.15.0
+    # via virtualenv
+typing-extensions==3.7.4.3
+    # via importlib-metadata
+virtualenv==20.4.3
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+wheel==0.36.2
+    # via
+    #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+    #   delocate
+zipp==3.4.1
+    # via
+    #   importlib-metadata
+    #   importlib-resources
+
+# The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
+pip==21.0.1
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+setuptools==54.2.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python37.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#
+# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile
+# To update, run:
+#
+#    bin/update_dependencies.py
+#
+appdirs==1.4.4
+    # via virtualenv
+delocate==0.8.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.3.1
+    # via virtualenv
+filelock==3.0.12
+    # via virtualenv
+importlib-metadata==3.10.0
+    # via virtualenv
+six==1.15.0
+    # via virtualenv
+typing-extensions==3.7.4.3
+    # via importlib-metadata
+virtualenv==20.4.3
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+wheel==0.36.2
+    # via
+    #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+    #   delocate
+zipp==3.4.1
+    # via importlib-metadata
+
+# The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
+pip==21.0.1
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+setuptools==54.2.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python38.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#
+# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile
+# To update, run:
+#
+#    bin/update_dependencies.py
+#
+appdirs==1.4.4
+    # via virtualenv
+delocate==0.8.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.3.1
+    # via virtualenv
+filelock==3.0.12
+    # via virtualenv
+six==1.15.0
+    # via virtualenv
+virtualenv==20.4.3
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+wheel==0.36.2
+    # via
+    #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+    #   delocate
+
+# The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
+pip==21.0.1
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+setuptools==54.2.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints-python39.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#
+# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile
+# To update, run:
+#
+#    bin/update_dependencies.py
+#
+appdirs==1.4.4
+    # via virtualenv
+delocate==0.8.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.3.1
+    # via virtualenv
+filelock==3.0.12
+    # via virtualenv
+six==1.15.0
+    # via virtualenv
+virtualenv==20.4.3
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+wheel==0.36.2
+    # via
+    #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+    #   delocate
+
+# The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
+pip==21.0.1
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+setuptools==54.2.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+pip
+setuptools
+wheel
+delocate
+virtualenv

cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#
+# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile
+# To update, run:
+#
+#    bin/update_dependencies.py
+#
+appdirs==1.4.4
+    # via virtualenv
+delocate==0.8.2
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+distlib==0.3.1
+    # via virtualenv
+filelock==3.0.12
+    # via virtualenv
+six==1.15.0
+    # via virtualenv
+virtualenv==20.4.3
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+wheel==0.36.2
+    # via
+    #   -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+    #   delocate
+
+# The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
+pip==21.0.1
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in
+setuptools==54.2.0
+    # via -r cibuildwheel/resources/constraints.in

cibuildwheel/resources/install_certifi.py

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+# Based on: https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/master/Mac/BuildScript/resources/install_certificates.command
+
+# install_certifi.py
+#
+# sample script to install or update a set of default Root Certificates
+# for the ssl module.  Uses the certificates provided by the certifi package:
+#       https://pypi.org/project/certifi/
+
+import os
+import os.path
+import ssl
+import stat
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+STAT_0o775 = (
+    stat.S_IRUSR
+    | stat.S_IWUSR
+    | stat.S_IXUSR
+    | stat.S_IRGRP
+    | stat.S_IWGRP
+    | stat.S_IXGRP
+    | stat.S_IROTH
+    | stat.S_IXOTH
+)
+
+if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
+    FileNotFoundError = OSError
+
+
+def main():
+    openssl_dir, openssl_cafile = os.path.split(ssl.get_default_verify_paths().openssl_cafile)
+    print(" -- pip install --upgrade certifi")
+    subprocess.check_call(
+        [sys.executable, "-E", "-s", "-m", "pip", "install", "--upgrade", "certifi"]
+    )
+
+    import certifi
+
+    # change working directory to the default SSL directory
+    os.chdir(openssl_dir)
+    relpath_to_certifi_cafile = os.path.relpath(certifi.where())
+
+    print(" -- removing any existing file or link")
+    try:
+        os.remove(openssl_cafile)
+    except FileNotFoundError:
+        pass
+    print(" -- creating symlink to certifi certificate bundle")
+    os.symlink(relpath_to_certifi_cafile, openssl_cafile)
+
+    print(" -- setting permissions")
+    os.chmod(openssl_cafile, STAT_0o775)
+    print(" -- update complete")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

cibuildwheel/resources/pinned_docker_images.cfg

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+[x86_64]
+manylinux1 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_x86_64:2021-05-05-b64d921
+manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64:2021-02-06-3d322a5
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:2021-05-01-28d233a
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_x86_64:2021-05-01-28d233a
+
+[i686]
+manylinux1 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_i686:2021-05-05-b64d921
+manylinux2010 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686:2021-02-06-3d322a5
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2021-05-01-28d233a
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_i686:2021-05-01-28d233a
+
+[pypy_x86_64]
+manylinux2010 = pypywheels/manylinux2010-pypy_x86_64:2020-12-11-f1e0e80
+
+[aarch64]
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2021-05-01-28d233a
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_aarch64:2021-05-01-28d233a
+
+[ppc64le]
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le:2021-05-01-28d233a
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_ppc64le:2021-05-01-28d233a
+
+[s390x]
+manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x:2021-05-01-28d233a
+manylinux_2_24 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_24_s390x:2021-05-01-28d233a

cibuildwheel/resources/pypy3.6.patch

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
---- a/lib_pypy/_sysconfigdata.py	Tue Jan 28 22:54:59 2020 +0200
-+++ b/lib_pypy/_sysconfigdata.py	Wed Jan 29 19:21:23 2020 +0200
-@@ -47,4 +47,5 @@
-     build_time_vars['CC'] += ' -arch %s' % (arch,)
-     if "CXX" in build_time_vars:
-         build_time_vars['CXX'] += ' -arch %s' % (arch,)
-+    build_time_vars['MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET'] = '10.7'

cibuildwheel/resources/pypy_venv.patch

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+diff --git a/lib-python/3/sysconfig.py b/lib-python/3/sysconfig.py
+index 0d08cde66b4150e1772c13fdc6fe34d079c2b10d..30c77d165a2505d98bc7660ff0cc3b728f56c682 100644
+--- a/lib-python/3/sysconfig.py
++++ b/lib-python/3/sysconfig.py
+@@ -618,9 +618,6 @@ def get_config_vars(*args):
+             import _osx_support
+             _osx_support.customize_config_vars(_CONFIG_VARS)
+
+-        _CONFIG_VARS['INCLUDEPY'] = os.path.join(_CONFIG_VARS['prefix'],
+-                                                 'include')
+-
+     if args:
+         vals = []
+         for name in args:
+diff --git a/lib_pypy/_sysconfigdata.py b/lib_pypy/_sysconfigdata.py
+index f1cca41a4b7553819bb1a2a63af1c1a9b8591ce9..a34216e8e12b82abd72fabdd7793b3e8bb19bbcf 100644
+--- a/lib_pypy/_sysconfigdata.py
++++ b/lib_pypy/_sysconfigdata.py
+@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ from distutils.spawn import find_executable
+
+ so_ext = _imp.extension_suffixes()[0]
+
++mybase = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+
+ build_time_vars = {
+     # SOABI is PEP 3149 compliant, but CPython3 has so_ext.split('.')[1]
+@@ -25,7 +26,8 @@ build_time_vars = {
+     'AR': "ar",
+     'ARFLAGS': "rc",
+     'EXE': "",
+-    'LIBDIR': os.path.join(sys.prefix, 'bin'),
++    'LIBDIR': os.path.join(mybase, 'lib'),
++    'INCLUDEPY': os.path.join(mybase, 'include'),
+ }
+
+ if find_executable("gcc"):

cibuildwheel/resources/pypy_venv_27.patch

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+--- a/lib-python/2.7/sysconfig.py
++++ b/lib-python/2.7/sysconfig.py
+@@ -553,9 +553,6 @@ def get_config_vars(*args):
+             if type_ == imp.C_EXTENSION:
+                 _CONFIG_VARS['SOABI'] = suffix.split('.')[1]
+                 break
+-        _CONFIG_VARS['INCLUDEPY'] = os.path.join(_CONFIG_VARS['prefix'],
+-                                                 'include')
+-
+     if args:
+         vals = []
+         for name in args:
+--- a/lib_pypy/_sysconfigdata.py
++++ b/lib_pypy/_sysconfigdata.py
+@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
+-import imp
++import imp, os
++
++mybase = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+
+ build_time_vars = {
+     "SO": [s[0] for s in imp.get_suffixes() if s[2] == imp.C_EXTENSION][0]
+ }
++
++build_time_vars['LIBDIR'] = os.path.join(mybase, 'lib')
++build_time_vars['INCLUDEPY'] = os.path.join(mybase, 'include')
++

cibuildwheel/typing.py

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, NoReturn, Set, Union
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 8):
+    from typing_extensions import Final, Literal, TypedDict
+else:
+    from typing import Final, Literal, TypedDict
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    "Final",
+    "Literal",
+    "TypedDict",
+    "Set",
+    "Union",
+    "PopenBytes",
+    "PathOrStr",
+    "PlatformName",
+    "PLATFORMS",
+    "assert_never",
+)
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    PopenBytes = subprocess.Popen[bytes]
+    PathOrStr = Union[str, os.PathLike[str]]
+else:
+    PopenBytes = subprocess.Popen
+    PathOrStr = Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"]
+
+
+PlatformName = Literal["linux", "macos", "windows"]
+PLATFORMS: Final[Set[PlatformName]] = {"linux", "macos", "windows"}
+
+
+def assert_never(value: NoReturn) -> NoReturn:
+    assert False, f"Unhandled value: {value} ({type(value).__name__})"  # noqa: B011

cibuildwheel/util.py

@@ -1,69 +1,142 @@
+import contextlib
+import fnmatch
+import itertools
 import os
+import re
+import ssl
+import textwrap
+import time
 import urllib.request
-from fnmatch import fnmatch
+from enum import Enum
+from pathlib import Path
 from time import sleep
+from typing import Dict, Iterator, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Set
+
+import bracex
+import certifi
+import toml
+from packaging.specifiers import SpecifierSet
+from packaging.version import Version
+
+from .architecture import Architecture
+from .environment import ParsedEnvironment
+from .typing import PathOrStr, PlatformName
+
+resources_dir = Path(__file__).parent / "resources"
+
+get_pip_script = resources_dir / "get-pip.py"
+install_certifi_script = resources_dir / "install_certifi.py"
 
 
-def prepare_command(command, **kwargs):
-    '''
+def prepare_command(command: str, **kwargs: PathOrStr) -> str:
+    """
     Preprocesses a command by expanding variables like {python}.
 
     For example, used in the test_command option to specify the path to the
     project's root.
-    '''
-    return command.format(python='python', pip='pip', **kwargs)
+    """
+    return command.format(python="python", pip="pip", **kwargs)
 
 
-def get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(level):
+def get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(level: int) -> List[str]:
     if level > 0:
-        return ['-' + level * 'v']
+        return ["-" + level * "v"]
     elif level < 0:
-        return ['-' + -level * 'q']
+        return ["-" + -level * "q"]
     else:
         return []
 
 
-class BuildSelector:
-    def __init__(self, build_config, skip_config):
+def read_python_configs(config: PlatformName) -> List[Dict[str, str]]:
+    input_file = resources_dir / "build-platforms.toml"
+    loaded_file = toml.load(input_file)
+    results: List[Dict[str, str]] = list(loaded_file[config]["python_configurations"])
+    return results
+
+
+class IdentifierSelector:
+    """
+    This class holds a set of build/skip patterns. You call an instance with a
+    build identifier, and it returns True if that identifier should be
+    included. Only call this on valid identifiers, ones that have at least 2
+    numeric digits before the first dash.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, *, build_config: str, skip_config: str, requires_python: Optional[SpecifierSet] = None
+    ):
         self.build_patterns = build_config.split()
         self.skip_patterns = skip_config.split()
+        self.requires_python = requires_python
 
-    def __call__(self, build_id):
-        def match_any(patterns):
-            return any(fnmatch(build_id, pattern) for pattern in patterns)
-        return match_any(self.build_patterns) and not match_any(self.skip_patterns)
+    def __call__(self, build_id: str) -> bool:
+        # Filter build selectors by python_requires if set
+        if self.requires_python is not None:
+            py_ver_str = build_id.split("-")[0]
+            major = int(py_ver_str[2])
+            minor = int(py_ver_str[3:])
+            version = Version(f"{major}.{minor}.99")
+            if not self.requires_python.contains(version):
+                return False
 
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return 'BuildSelector({!r} - {!r})'.format(' '.join(self.build_patterns), ' '.join(self.skip_patterns))
+        build_patterns = itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+            bracex.expand(p) for p in self.build_patterns
+        )
+        skip_patterns = itertools.chain.from_iterable(bracex.expand(p) for p in self.skip_patterns)
+
+        build: bool = any(fnmatch.fnmatch(build_id, pat) for pat in build_patterns)
+        skip: bool = any(fnmatch.fnmatch(build_id, pat) for pat in skip_patterns)
+        return build and not skip
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        if not self.skip_patterns:
+            return f'{self.__class__.__name__}({" ".join(self.build_patterns)!r})'
+        else:
+            return f'{self.__class__.__name__}({" ".join(self.build_patterns)!r} - {" ".join(self.skip_patterns)!r})'
+
+
+class BuildSelector(IdentifierSelector):
+    pass
+
+
+# Note that requires-python is not needed for TestSelector, as you can't test
+# what you can't build.
+class TestSelector(IdentifierSelector):
+    def __init__(self, *, skip_config: str):
+        super().__init__(build_config="*", skip_config=skip_config)
 
 
 # Taken from https://stackoverflow.com/a/107717
 class Unbuffered:
-    def __init__(self, stream):
+    def __init__(self, stream):  # type: ignore
         self.stream = stream
 
-    def write(self, data):
+    def write(self, data):  # type: ignore
         self.stream.write(data)
         self.stream.flush()
 
-    def writelines(self, datas):
+    def writelines(self, datas):  # type: ignore
         self.stream.writelines(datas)
         self.stream.flush()
 
-    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):  # type: ignore
         return getattr(self.stream, attr)
 
 
-def download(url, dest):
-    print('+ Download ' + url + ' to ' + dest)
-    dest_dir = os.path.dirname(dest)
-    if not os.path.exists(dest_dir):
-        os.makedirs(dest_dir)
+def download(url: str, dest: Path) -> None:
+    print(f"+ Download {url} to {dest}")
+    dest_dir = dest.parent
+    if not dest_dir.exists():
+        dest_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
 
+    # we've had issues when relying on the host OS' CA certificates on Windows,
+    # so we use certifi (this sounds odd but requests also does this by default)
+    cafile = os.environ.get("SSL_CERT_FILE", certifi.where())
+    context = ssl.create_default_context(cafile=cafile)
     repeat_num = 3
     for i in range(repeat_num):
         try:
-            response = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
+            response = urllib.request.urlopen(url, context=context)
         except Exception:
             if i == repeat_num - 1:
                 raise
@@ -72,7 +145,133 @@ def download(url, dest):
         break
 
     try:
-        with open(dest, 'wb') as file:
-            file.write(response.read())
+        dest.write_bytes(response.read())
     finally:
         response.close()
+
+
+class DependencyConstraints:
+    def __init__(self, base_file_path: Path):
+        assert base_file_path.exists()
+        self.base_file_path = base_file_path.resolve()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def with_defaults() -> "DependencyConstraints":
+        return DependencyConstraints(base_file_path=resources_dir / "constraints.txt")
+
+    def get_for_python_version(self, version: str) -> Path:
+        version_parts = version.split(".")
+
+        # try to find a version-specific dependency file e.g. if
+        # ./constraints.txt is the base, look for ./constraints-python27.txt
+        specific_stem = self.base_file_path.stem + f"-python{version_parts[0]}{version_parts[1]}"
+        specific_name = specific_stem + self.base_file_path.suffix
+        specific_file_path = self.base_file_path.with_name(specific_name)
+        if specific_file_path.exists():
+            return specific_file_path
+        else:
+            return self.base_file_path
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}{self.base_file_path!r})"
+
+
+class BuildOptions(NamedTuple):
+    package_dir: Path
+    output_dir: Path
+    build_selector: BuildSelector
+    architectures: Set[Architecture]
+    environment: ParsedEnvironment
+    before_all: str
+    before_build: Optional[str]
+    repair_command: str
+    manylinux_images: Optional[Dict[str, str]]
+    dependency_constraints: Optional[DependencyConstraints]
+    test_command: Optional[str]
+    test_selector: TestSelector
+    before_test: Optional[str]
+    test_requires: List[str]
+    test_extras: str
+    build_verbosity: int
+
+
+class NonPlatformWheelError(Exception):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        message = textwrap.dedent(
+            """
+            cibuildwheel: Build failed because a pure Python wheel was generated.
+
+            If you intend to build a pure-Python wheel, you don't need cibuildwheel - use
+            `pip wheel -w DEST_DIR .` instead.
+
+            If you expected a platform wheel, check your project configuration, or run
+            cibuildwheel with CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY=1 to view build logs.
+            """
+        )
+
+        super().__init__(message)
+
+
+def strtobool(val: str) -> bool:
+    return val.lower() in {"y", "yes", "t", "true", "on", "1"}
+
+
+class CIProvider(Enum):
+    travis_ci = "travis"
+    appveyor = "appveyor"
+    circle_ci = "circle_ci"
+    azure_pipelines = "azure_pipelines"
+    github_actions = "github_actions"
+    gitlab = "gitlab"
+    other = "other"
+
+
+def detect_ci_provider() -> Optional[CIProvider]:
+    if "TRAVIS" in os.environ:
+        return CIProvider.travis_ci
+    elif "APPVEYOR" in os.environ:
+        return CIProvider.appveyor
+    elif "CIRCLECI" in os.environ:
+        return CIProvider.circle_ci
+    elif "AZURE_HTTP_USER_AGENT" in os.environ:
+        return CIProvider.azure_pipelines
+    elif "GITHUB_ACTIONS" in os.environ:
+        return CIProvider.github_actions
+    elif "GITLAB_CI" in os.environ:
+        return CIProvider.gitlab
+    elif strtobool(os.environ.get("CI", "false")):
+        return CIProvider.other
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def unwrap(text: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Unwraps multi-line text to a single line
+    """
+    # remove initial line indent
+    text = textwrap.dedent(text)
+    # remove leading/trailing whitespace
+    text = text.strip()
+    # remove consecutive whitespace
+    return re.sub(r"\s+", " ", text)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def print_new_wheels(msg: str, output_dir: Path) -> Iterator[None]:
+    """
+    Prints the new items in a directory upon exiting. The message to display
+    can include {n} for number of wheels, {s} for total number of seconds,
+    and/or {m} for total number of minutes. Does not print anything if this
+    exits via exception.
+    """
+
+    start_time = time.time()
+    existing_contents = set(output_dir.iterdir())
+    yield
+    final_contents = set(output_dir.iterdir())
+    new_contents = final_contents - existing_contents
+    n = len(new_contents)
+    s = time.time() - start_time
+    m = s / 60
+    print(msg.format(n=n, s=s, m=m), *sorted(f"  {f.name}" for f in new_contents), sep="\n")

cibuildwheel/windows.py

@@ -3,217 +3,392 @@ import shutil
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import tempfile
-from collections import namedtuple
-from glob import glob
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Dict, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Sequence, Set
 from zipfile import ZipFile
 
+import toml
+
+from .architecture import Architecture
+from .environment import ParsedEnvironment
+from .logger import log
+from .typing import PathOrStr
 from .util import (
+    BuildOptions,
+    BuildSelector,
+    NonPlatformWheelError,
     download,
     get_build_verbosity_extra_flags,
+    get_pip_script,
     prepare_command,
+    read_python_configs,
 )
 
-
-IS_RUNNING_ON_AZURE = os.path.exists('C:\\hostedtoolcache')
-IS_RUNNING_ON_TRAVIS = os.environ.get('TRAVIS_OS_NAME') == 'windows'
+IS_RUNNING_ON_AZURE = Path("C:\\hostedtoolcache").exists()
 
 
-def shell(args, env=None, cwd=None):
-    print('+ ' + ' '.join(args))
-    return subprocess.check_call(' '.join(args), env=env, cwd=cwd, shell=True)
+def call(
+    args: Sequence[PathOrStr], env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None, cwd: Optional[str] = None
+) -> None:
+    print("+ " + " ".join(str(a) for a in args))
+    # we use shell=True here, even though we don't need a shell due to a bug
+    # https://bugs.python.org/issue8557
+    subprocess.run([str(a) for a in args], env=env, cwd=cwd, shell=True, check=True)
 
 
-def get_nuget_args(version, arch):
-    python_name = 'python' if version[0] == '3' else 'python2'
-    if arch == '32':
-        python_name = python_name + 'x86'
-    return [python_name, '-Version', version, '-OutputDirectory', 'C:\\cibw\\python']
+def shell(command: str, env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None, cwd: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+    print(f"+ {command}")
+    subprocess.run(command, env=env, cwd=cwd, shell=True, check=True)
 
 
-def get_python_configurations(build_selector):
-    PythonConfiguration = namedtuple('PythonConfiguration', ['version', 'arch', 'identifier', 'url'])
-    python_configurations = [
-        PythonConfiguration(version='2.7.17', arch='32', identifier='cp27-win32', url=None),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='2.7.17', arch='64', identifier='cp27-win_amd64', url=None),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.5.4', arch='32', identifier='cp35-win32', url=None),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.5.4', arch='64', identifier='cp35-win_amd64', url=None),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.6.8', arch='32', identifier='cp36-win32', url=None),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.6.8', arch='64', identifier='cp36-win_amd64', url=None),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.7.6', arch='32', identifier='cp37-win32', url=None),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.7.6', arch='64', identifier='cp37-win_amd64', url=None),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.8.2', arch='32', identifier='cp38-win32', url=None),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.8.2', arch='64', identifier='cp38-win_amd64', url=None),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='2.7-v7.3.0', arch='32', identifier='pp27-win32', url='https://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy/downloads/pypy2.7-v7.3.0-win32.zip'),
-        PythonConfiguration(version='3.6-v7.3.0', arch='32', identifier='pp36-win32', url='https://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy/downloads/pypy3.6-v7.3.0-win32.zip'),
+def get_nuget_args(version: str, arch: str) -> List[str]:
+    python_name = "python" if version[0] == "3" else "python2"
+    if arch == "32":
+        python_name += "x86"
+    return [
+        python_name,
+        "-Version",
+        version,
+        "-FallbackSource",
+        "https://api.nuget.org/v3/index.json",
+        "-OutputDirectory",
+        "C:\\cibw\\python",
     ]
 
-    if IS_RUNNING_ON_TRAVIS:
-        # cannot install VCForPython27.msi which is needed for compiling C software
-        # try with (and similar): msiexec /i VCForPython27.msi ALLUSERS=1 ACCEPT=YES /passive
-        python_configurations = [c for c in python_configurations if not c.version.startswith('2.7')]
+
+class PythonConfiguration(NamedTuple):
+    version: str
+    arch: str
+    identifier: str
+    url: Optional[str] = None
+
+
+def get_python_configurations(
+    build_selector: BuildSelector,
+    architectures: Set[Architecture],
+) -> List[PythonConfiguration]:
+
+    full_python_configs = read_python_configs("windows")
+
+    python_configurations = [PythonConfiguration(**item) for item in full_python_configs]
+
+    map_arch = {
+        "32": Architecture.x86,
+        "64": Architecture.AMD64,
+    }
+
+    # Only supported with custom compiler, since MS removed the 2008 compiler download
+    custom_compiler = os.environ.get("DISTUTILS_USE_SDK") and os.environ.get("MSSdk")
+    if not custom_compiler:
+        python_configurations = [
+            c for c in python_configurations if not c.version.startswith("2.7")
+        ]
 
     # skip builds as required
-    python_configurations = [c for c in python_configurations if build_selector(c.identifier)]
+    python_configurations = [
+        c
+        for c in python_configurations
+        if build_selector(c.identifier) and map_arch[c.arch] in architectures
+    ]
 
     return python_configurations
 
 
-def extract_zip(zip_src, dest):
+def extract_zip(zip_src: Path, dest: Path) -> None:
     with ZipFile(zip_src) as zip:
         zip.extractall(dest)
 
 
-def install_cpython(version, arch, nuget):
+def install_cpython(version: str, arch: str, nuget: Path) -> Path:
     nuget_args = get_nuget_args(version, arch)
-    installation_path = os.path.join(nuget_args[-1], nuget_args[0] + '.' + version, 'tools')
-    shell([nuget, 'install'] + nuget_args)
+    installation_path = Path(nuget_args[-1]) / (nuget_args[0] + "." + version) / "tools"
+    call([nuget, "install", *nuget_args])
     return installation_path
 
 
-def install_pypy(version, arch, url):
-    assert arch == '32'
+def install_pypy(version: str, arch: str, url: str) -> Path:
+    assert arch == "32"
     # Inside the PyPy zip file is a directory with the same name
-    zip_filename = url.rsplit('/', 1)[-1]
-    installation_path = os.path.join('C:\\cibw', os.path.splitext(zip_filename)[0])
-    if not os.path.exists(installation_path):
-        pypy_zip = os.path.join('C:\\cibw', zip_filename)
+    zip_filename = url.rsplit("/", 1)[-1]
+    extension = ".zip"
+    assert zip_filename.endswith(extension)
+    installation_path = Path("C:\\cibw") / zip_filename[: -len(extension)]
+    if not installation_path.exists():
+        pypy_zip = Path("C:\\cibw") / zip_filename
         download(url, pypy_zip)
         # Extract to the parent directory because the zip file still contains a directory
-        extract_zip(pypy_zip, os.path.dirname(installation_path))
-        pypy_exe = 'pypy3.exe' if version[0] == '3' else 'pypy.exe'
-        shell(['mklink', os.path.join(installation_path, 'python.exe'), os.path.join(installation_path, pypy_exe)])
-        shell(['mklink', '/d', os.path.join(installation_path, 'Scripts'), os.path.join(installation_path, 'bin')])
+        extract_zip(pypy_zip, installation_path.parent)
+        pypy_exe = "pypy3.exe" if version[0] == "3" else "pypy.exe"
+        (installation_path / "python.exe").symlink_to(installation_path / pypy_exe)
     return installation_path
 
 
-def build(project_dir, output_dir, test_command, before_test, test_requires, test_extras, before_build, build_verbosity, build_selector, repair_command, environment):
-    abs_project_dir = os.path.abspath(project_dir)
-    temp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix='cibuildwheel')
-    built_wheel_dir = os.path.join(temp_dir, 'built_wheel')
-    repaired_wheel_dir = os.path.join(temp_dir, 'repaired_wheel')
+def setup_python(
+    python_configuration: PythonConfiguration,
+    dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr],
+    environment: ParsedEnvironment,
+) -> Dict[str, str]:
+    nuget = Path("C:\\cibw\\nuget.exe")
+    if not nuget.exists():
+        log.step("Downloading nuget...")
+        download("https://dist.nuget.org/win-x86-commandline/latest/nuget.exe", nuget)
 
-    # install nuget as best way to provide python
-    nuget = 'C:\\cibw\\nuget.exe'
-    download('https://dist.nuget.org/win-x86-commandline/latest/nuget.exe', nuget)
-    # get pip fo this installation which not have.
-    get_pip_script = 'C:\\cibw\\get-pip.py'
-    download('https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py', get_pip_script)
+    implementation_id = python_configuration.identifier.split("-")[0]
+    log.step(f"Installing Python {implementation_id}...")
 
-    python_configurations = get_python_configurations(build_selector)
-    for config in python_configurations:
-        # install Python
-        if config.identifier.startswith('cp'):
-            installation_path = install_cpython(config.version, config.arch, nuget)
-        elif config.identifier.startswith('pp'):
-            installation_path = install_pypy(config.version, config.arch, config.url)
-        else:
-            raise ValueError("Unknown Python implementation")
+    if implementation_id.startswith("cp"):
+        installation_path = install_cpython(
+            python_configuration.version, python_configuration.arch, nuget
+        )
+    elif implementation_id.startswith("pp"):
+        assert python_configuration.url is not None
+        installation_path = install_pypy(
+            python_configuration.version, python_configuration.arch, python_configuration.url
+        )
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("Unknown Python implementation")
 
-        assert os.path.exists(os.path.join(installation_path, 'python.exe'))
+    assert (installation_path / "python.exe").exists()
 
-        # set up PATH and environment variables for run_with_env
-        env = os.environ.copy()
-        env['PYTHON_VERSION'] = config.version
-        env['PYTHON_ARCH'] = config.arch
-        env['PATH'] = os.pathsep.join([
-            installation_path,
-            os.path.join(installation_path, 'Scripts'),
-            env['PATH']
-        ])
-        # update env with results from CIBW_ENVIRONMENT
-        env = environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=env)
+    log.step("Setting up build environment...")
 
-        # for the logs - check we're running the right version of python
-        shell(['where', 'python'], env=env)
-        shell(['python', '--version'], env=env)
-        shell(['python', '-c', '"import struct; print(struct.calcsize(\'P\') * 8)"'], env=env)
-        where_python = subprocess.check_output(['where', 'python'], env=env, universal_newlines=True).splitlines()[0].strip()
-        if where_python != os.path.join(installation_path, 'python.exe'):
-            print("cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it.", file=sys.stderr)
-            exit(1)
+    # set up PATH and environment variables for run_with_env
+    env = os.environ.copy()
+    env["PYTHON_VERSION"] = python_configuration.version
+    env["PYTHON_ARCH"] = python_configuration.arch
+    env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(
+        [str(installation_path), str(installation_path / "Scripts"), env["PATH"]]
+    )
+    env["PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK"] = "1"
 
-        # make sure pip is installed
-        if not os.path.exists(os.path.join(installation_path, 'Scripts', 'pip.exe')):
-            shell(['python', get_pip_script], env=env, cwd="C:\\cibw")
-        assert os.path.exists(os.path.join(installation_path, 'Scripts', 'pip.exe'))
-        where_pip = subprocess.check_output(['where', 'pip'], env=env, universal_newlines=True).splitlines()[0].strip()
-        if where_pip.strip() != os.path.join(installation_path, 'Scripts', 'pip.exe'):
-            print("cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.", file=sys.stderr)
-            exit(1)
+    # update env with results from CIBW_ENVIRONMENT
+    env = environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=env)
 
-        # prepare the Python environment
-        shell(['python', '-m', 'pip', 'install', '--upgrade', 'pip'], env=env)
-        shell(['pip', '--version'], env=env)
-        shell(['pip', 'install', '--upgrade', 'setuptools', 'wheel'], env=env)
+    # for the logs - check we're running the right version of python
+    call(["where", "python"], env=env)
+    call(["python", "--version"], env=env)
+    call(["python", "-c", "\"import struct; print(struct.calcsize('P') * 8)\""], env=env)
+    where_python = (
+        subprocess.run(
+            ["where", "python"],
+            env=env,
+            universal_newlines=True,
+            check=True,
+            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+        )
+        .stdout.splitlines()[0]
+        .strip()
+    )
+    if where_python != str(installation_path / "python.exe"):
+        print(
+            "cibuildwheel: python available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert python above it.",
+            file=sys.stderr,
+        )
+        sys.exit(1)
 
-        # run the before_build command
-        if before_build:
-            before_build_prepared = prepare_command(before_build, project=abs_project_dir)
-            shell([before_build_prepared], env=env)
+    # make sure pip is installed
+    if not (installation_path / "Scripts" / "pip.exe").exists():
+        call(["python", get_pip_script, *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env, cwd="C:\\cibw")
+    assert (installation_path / "Scripts" / "pip.exe").exists()
+    where_pip = (
+        subprocess.run(
+            ["where", "pip"], env=env, universal_newlines=True, check=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE
+        )
+        .stdout.splitlines()[0]
+        .strip()
+    )
+    if where_pip.strip() != str(installation_path / "Scripts" / "pip.exe"):
+        print(
+            "cibuildwheel: pip available on PATH doesn't match our installed instance. If you have modified PATH, ensure that you don't overwrite cibuildwheel's entry or insert pip above it.",
+            file=sys.stderr,
+        )
+        sys.exit(1)
 
-        # build the wheel
-        if os.path.exists(built_wheel_dir):
-            shutil.rmtree(built_wheel_dir)
-        os.makedirs(built_wheel_dir)
-        shell(['pip', 'wheel', abs_project_dir, '-w', built_wheel_dir, '--no-deps'] + get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(build_verbosity), env=env)
-        built_wheel = glob(os.path.join(built_wheel_dir, '*.whl'))[0]
+    log.step("Installing build tools...")
 
-        # repair the wheel
-        if os.path.exists(repaired_wheel_dir):
-            shutil.rmtree(repaired_wheel_dir)
-        os.makedirs(repaired_wheel_dir)
-        if built_wheel.endswith('none-any.whl') or not repair_command:
-            # pure Python wheel or empty repair command
-            shutil.move(built_wheel, repaired_wheel_dir)
-        else:
-            repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(repair_command, wheel=built_wheel, dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir)
-            shell([repair_command_prepared], env=env)
-        repaired_wheel = glob(os.path.join(repaired_wheel_dir, '*.whl'))[0]
+    call(
+        ["python", "-m", "pip", "install", "--upgrade", "pip", *dependency_constraint_flags],
+        env=env,
+    )
+    call(["pip", "--version"], env=env)
+    call(
+        ["pip", "install", "--upgrade", "setuptools", "wheel", *dependency_constraint_flags],
+        env=env,
+    )
 
-        if test_command:
-            # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
-            # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
-            shell(['pip', 'install', 'virtualenv'], env=env)
-            venv_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
-            shell(['python', '-m', 'virtualenv', venv_dir], env=env)
+    return env
 
-            virtualenv_env = env.copy()
 
-            venv_script_path = os.path.join(venv_dir, 'Scripts')
-            if os.path.exists(os.path.join(venv_dir, 'bin')):
-                # pypy2.7 bugfix
-                venv_script_path = os.pathsep.join([venv_script_path, os.path.join(venv_dir, 'bin')])
-            virtualenv_env['PATH'] = os.pathsep.join([
-                venv_script_path,
-                virtualenv_env['PATH'],
-            ])
-            virtualenv_env["__CIBW_VIRTUALENV_PATH__"] = venv_dir
+def pep_518_cp35_workaround(package_dir: Path, env: Dict[str, str]) -> None:
+    """
+    Python 3.5 PEP 518 hack (see https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/8392#issuecomment-639563494)
+    Basically, nuget's Python is an embedded Python distribution, which is not supported by pip.
+    Before version 3.6, there was no way to disable the "embedded" behavior, including the ignoring
+    of environment variables, including the ones pip uses to setup PEP 518 builds.
 
-            # check that we are using the Python from the virtual environment
-            shell(['which', 'python'], env=virtualenv_env)
+    The fix here is as suggested in that issue; we manually setup the PEP 518 requirements. Since we
+    are in a fresh environment (except for pinned cibuildweel dependencies), the build is already
+    mostly "isolated".
+    """
 
-            if before_test:
-                before_test_prepared = prepare_command(before_test, project=abs_project_dir)
-                shell([before_test_prepared], env=virtualenv_env)
+    pyproject_path = package_dir / "pyproject.toml"
 
-            # install the wheel
-            shell(['pip', 'install', repaired_wheel + test_extras], env=virtualenv_env)
+    if pyproject_path.exists():
+        data = toml.load(pyproject_path)
+        requirements = data["build-system"].get("requires", []) if "build-system" in data else []
 
-            # test the wheel
-            if test_requires:
-                shell(['pip', 'install'] + test_requires, env=virtualenv_env)
+        if requirements:
+            log.step("Performing PEP518 workaround...")
+            with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as d:
+                reqfile = Path(d) / "requirements.txt"
+                with reqfile.open("w") as f:
+                    for r in requirements:
+                        print(r, file=f)
+                call(["pip", "install", "-r", reqfile], env=env)
 
-            # run the tests from c:\, with an absolute path in the command
-            # (this ensures that Python runs the tests against the installed wheel
-            # and not the repo code)
-            test_command_prepared = prepare_command(test_command, project=abs_project_dir)
-            shell([test_command_prepared], cwd='c:\\', env=virtualenv_env)
 
-            # clean up
-            shutil.rmtree(venv_dir)
+def build(options: BuildOptions) -> None:
+    temp_dir = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="cibuildwheel"))
+    built_wheel_dir = temp_dir / "built_wheel"
+    repaired_wheel_dir = temp_dir / "repaired_wheel"
 
-        # we're all done here; move it to output (remove if already exists)
-        dst = os.path.join(output_dir, os.path.basename(repaired_wheel))
-        if os.path.isfile(dst):
-            os.remove(dst)
-        shutil.move(repaired_wheel, dst)
+    try:
+        if options.before_all:
+            log.step("Running before_all...")
+            env = options.environment.as_dictionary(prev_environment=os.environ)
+            before_all_prepared = prepare_command(
+                options.before_all, project=".", package=options.package_dir
+            )
+            shell(before_all_prepared, env=env)
+
+        python_configurations = get_python_configurations(
+            options.build_selector, options.architectures
+        )
+
+        for config in python_configurations:
+            log.build_start(config.identifier)
+
+            dependency_constraint_flags: Sequence[PathOrStr] = []
+            if options.dependency_constraints:
+                dependency_constraint_flags = [
+                    "-c",
+                    options.dependency_constraints.get_for_python_version(config.version),
+                ]
+
+            # install Python
+            env = setup_python(config, dependency_constraint_flags, options.environment)
+
+            # run the before_build command
+            if options.before_build:
+                log.step("Running before_build...")
+                before_build_prepared = prepare_command(
+                    options.before_build, project=".", package=options.package_dir
+                )
+                shell(before_build_prepared, env=env)
+
+            # activate the PEP 518 patch if on Windows Python 3.5
+            # (will only have an effect if PEP 517 builds are used):
+            if config.version.startswith("3.5"):
+                pep_518_cp35_workaround(options.package_dir, env)
+
+            log.step("Building wheel...")
+            if built_wheel_dir.exists():
+                shutil.rmtree(built_wheel_dir)
+            built_wheel_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
+            # Path.resolve() is needed. Without it pip wheel may try to fetch package from pypi.org
+            # see https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/369
+            call(
+                [
+                    "pip",
+                    "wheel",
+                    options.package_dir.resolve(),
+                    "-w",
+                    built_wheel_dir,
+                    "--no-deps",
+                    *get_build_verbosity_extra_flags(options.build_verbosity),
+                ],
+                env=env,
+            )
+
+            built_wheel = next(built_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+
+            # repair the wheel
+            if repaired_wheel_dir.exists():
+                shutil.rmtree(repaired_wheel_dir)
+            repaired_wheel_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
+
+            if built_wheel.name.endswith("none-any.whl"):
+                raise NonPlatformWheelError()
+
+            if options.repair_command:
+                log.step("Repairing wheel...")
+                repair_command_prepared = prepare_command(
+                    options.repair_command, wheel=built_wheel, dest_dir=repaired_wheel_dir
+                )
+                shell(repair_command_prepared, env=env)
+            else:
+                shutil.move(str(built_wheel), repaired_wheel_dir)
+
+            repaired_wheel = next(repaired_wheel_dir.glob("*.whl"))
+
+            if options.test_command and options.test_selector(config.identifier):
+                log.step("Testing wheel...")
+                # set up a virtual environment to install and test from, to make sure
+                # there are no dependencies that were pulled in at build time.
+                call(["pip", "install", "virtualenv", *dependency_constraint_flags], env=env)
+                venv_dir = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp())
+
+                # Use --no-download to ensure determinism by using seed libraries
+                # built into virtualenv
+                call(["python", "-m", "virtualenv", "--no-download", venv_dir], env=env)
+
+                virtualenv_env = env.copy()
+                virtualenv_env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(
+                    [
+                        str(venv_dir / "Scripts"),
+                        virtualenv_env["PATH"],
+                    ]
+                )
+
+                # check that we are using the Python from the virtual environment
+                call(["where", "python"], env=virtualenv_env)
+
+                if options.before_test:
+                    before_test_prepared = prepare_command(
+                        options.before_test,
+                        project=".",
+                        package=options.package_dir,
+                    )
+                    shell(before_test_prepared, env=virtualenv_env)
+
+                # install the wheel
+                call(
+                    ["pip", "install", str(repaired_wheel) + options.test_extras],
+                    env=virtualenv_env,
+                )
+
+                # test the wheel
+                if options.test_requires:
+                    call(["pip", "install"] + options.test_requires, env=virtualenv_env)
+
+                # run the tests from c:\, with an absolute path in the command
+                # (this ensures that Python runs the tests against the installed wheel
+                # and not the repo code)
+                test_command_prepared = prepare_command(
+                    options.test_command,
+                    project=Path(".").resolve(),
+                    package=options.package_dir.resolve(),
+                )
+                shell(test_command_prepared, cwd="c:\\", env=virtualenv_env)
+
+                # clean up
+                shutil.rmtree(venv_dir)
+
+            # we're all done here; move it to output (remove if already exists)
+            shutil.move(str(repaired_wheel), options.output_dir)
+            log.build_end()
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
+        log.step_end_with_error(
+            f"Command {error.cmd} failed with code {error.returncode}. {error.stdout}"
+        )
+        sys.exit(1)

docs/changelog.md

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+---
+title: Changelog
+---
+
+{%
+   include-markdown "../README.md"
+   start="<!--changelog-start-->"
+   end="<!--changelog-end-->"
+%}
+
+<script>
+  // undo the scrollTop that the theme did on this page, as there are loads
+  // of toc entries and it's disorientating.
+  window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {
+    $('.wy-nav-side').scrollTop(0)
+  })
+</script>

docs/contributing.md

@@ -2,12 +2,14 @@
 title: Contributing
 ---
 
-Wheel-building can be pretty complex. I expect users to find many edge-cases - please help the rest of the community out by documenting these, adding features to support them, and reporting bugs.
+Wheel-building can be pretty complex. We expect users to find edge-cases - please help the rest of the community out by documenting these, adding features to support them, and reporting bugs.
 
-I plan to be pretty liberal in accepting pull requests, as long as they align with the design goals below.
+If you have an idea for a modification or feature, it's probably best to raise an issue first and discuss it with the maintainer team. Once we have rough consensus on a design, begin work in a PR.
 
 `cibuildwheel` is indie open source. We're not paid to work on this.
 
+Everyone contributing to the cibuildwheel project is expected to follow the [PSF Code of Conduct](https://github.com/pypa/.github/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md).
+
 Design Goals
 ------------
 
@@ -27,4 +29,95 @@ cibuildwheel doesn't really do anything itself - it's always deferring to other
 
 We're not responsible for errors in those tools, for fixing errors/crashes there. But cibuildwheel's job is providing users with an 'integrated' user experience across those tools. We provide an abstraction. The user says 'build me some wheels', not 'open the docker container, build a wheel with pip, fix up the symbols with auditwheel' etc.  However, errors have a habit of breaking abstractions. And this is where users get confused, because the mechanism of cibuildwheel is laid bare, and they must understand a little bit how it works to debug.
 
-So, if we can, I'd like to improve the experience on errors as well. In [this](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/issues/139) case, it takes a bit of knowledge to understand that the linux builds are happening in a totally different OS via docker, that the linked symbols won't match, that auditwheel will fail because of this. A problem with how the tools fit together, instead of the tools themselves.
+So, if we can, I'd like to improve the experience on errors as well. In [this](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/139) case, it takes a bit of knowledge to understand that the Linux builds are happening in a different OS via Docker, that the linked symbols won't match, that auditwheel will fail because of this. A problem with how the tools fit together, instead of the tools themselves.
+
+Maintainer notes
+----------------
+
+### Local testing
+
+You should run:
+
+```python
+python3 -m venv venv
+. venv/bin/activate
+pip install -e .[dev]
+```
+
+To prepare a development environment.
+
+### Testing sample configs
+
+cibuildwheel's  example configs can be tested on a simple project on cibuildwheel's existing CI. These should be run whenever the minimal configs change.
+
+To test minimal configs, make sure you have a clean git repo, then run the script:
+
+```bash
+bin/run_example_ci_configs.py
+```
+
+The script will create an isolated 'orphan' commit containing all the minimal config CI files, and a simple C extension project, and push that to a branch on the `origin` repo. The project's CI is already set up to run on branch push, so will begin testing.
+
+You can test any other configs using `bin/run_example_ci_configs.py CONFIG_PATH`, e.g.
+
+```bash
+bin/run_example_ci_configs.py examples/github-with-qemu.yml
+```
+
+The script then outputs a Markdown table that can be copy/pasted into a PR to monitor and record the test.
+
+### Preparing environments
+
+This has been moved to using docker, so you only need the following instructions if you add `--no-docker` to avoid using docker.
+
+The dependency update script in the next section requires multiple python versions installed. One way to do this is to use `pyenv`:
+
+```bash
+pyenv install 2.7.18
+pyenv install 3.5.9
+pyenv install 3.6.11
+pyenv install 3.7.8
+# Optionally add 3.8 and make it the local version;
+# otherwise assuming 3.8+ already is your current python version
+```
+
+Then, you need to make the required virtual environments:
+
+```bash
+$(pyenv prefix 2.7.18)/bin/python -m pip install virtualenv
+$(pyenv prefix 2.7.18)/bin/python -m virtualenv env27
+$(pyenv prefix 3.5.9)/bin/python -m venv env35
+$(pyenv prefix 3.6.11)/bin/python -m venv env36
+$(pyenv prefix 3.7.8)/bin/python -m venv env37
+```
+
+<!-- Note for fish users: use zsh/bash for these lines for now, there's not a nice one-line fish replacement -->
+
+And, you need to install the requirements into each environment:
+
+```bash
+for f in env*/bin/pip; do $f install pip-tools; done
+```
+
+### Making a release
+
+Before making a release, ensure pinned dependencies are up-to-date. Autoupdates are run weekly, with a PR being raised with any changes as required, so just make sure the latest one is merged before continuing.
+
+Then, increment the project version number using:
+
+```bash
+bin/bump_version.py
+```
+
+You'll be prompted to enter the new version number. Update the changelog when prompted. The script will create a 'bump version' commit and version tag.
+
+Finally, cut the release and upload to PyPI/GitHub.
+
+```bash
+rm -rf dist
+python setup.py sdist bdist_wheel
+twine upload dist/*
+git push && git push --tags
+```
+
+Then head to https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/releases and create a GitHub release from the new tag, pasting in the changelog entry.

docs/cpp_standards.md

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Building Python wheels with modern C++ standards (C++11 and later) requires a fe
 
 ## Python 2.7 and C++17
 
-The Python 2.7 header files use the `register` keyword, which is [reserved and unused from C+17 onwards](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/keyword/register). Compiling a wheel for Python 2.7 with the C++17 standard is still possible to allow usage of `register` using proper flag `-Wno-register` for gcc/clang and `/wd5033` for MSVC. 
+The Python 2.7 header files use the `register` keyword, which is [reserved and unused from C+17 onwards](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/keyword/register). Compiling a wheel for Python 2.7 with the C++17 standard is still possible to allow usage of `register` using proper flag `-Wno-register` for gcc/clang and `/wd5033` for MSVC.
 
 ## manylinux1 and C++14
 The default `manylinux1` image (based on CentOS 5) contains a version of GCC and libstdc++ that only supports C++11 and earlier standards. There are however ways to compile wheels with the C++14 standard (and later): https://github.com/pypa/manylinux/issues/118
@@ -16,18 +16,56 @@ The default `manylinux1` image (based on CentOS 5) contains a version of GCC and
 
 ## macOS and deployment target versions
 
-OS X/macOS allows you to specify a so-called "deployment target" version that will ensure backwards compatibility with older versions of macOS. One way to do this is by setting the `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` environment variable. If not set, Python will set this variable to the version the Python distribution itself was compiled on (10.6 or 10.9, for the python.org packages), when creating the wheel.
+OS X/macOS allows you to specify a so-called "deployment target" version that will ensure backwards compatibility with older versions of macOS. One way to do this is by setting the `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` environment variable.
 
 However, to enable modern C++ standards, the deploment target needs to be set high enough (since older OS X/macOS versions did not have the necessary modern C++ standard library).
 
 To get C++11 and C++14 support, `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` needs to be set to (at least) `"10.9"`. By default, `cibuildwheel` already does this, building 64-bit-only wheels for macOS 10.9 and later.
 
-To get C++17 support, set `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` to (at least) `"10.13"` or `"10.14"` (macOS 10.13 offers partial C++17 support; e.g., the filesystem header is in experimental, offering `#include <experimental/filesystem>` instead of `#include <filesystem>`; macOS 10.14 has full C++17 support).
+To get C++17 support, Xcode 9.3+ is needed, requiring at least macOS 10.13 on the build machine. To use C++17 library features and link against the C++ runtime library, set `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` to `"10.13"` or `"10.14"` (or higher) - macOS 10.13 offers partial C++17 support (e.g., the filesystem header is in experimental, offering `#include <experimental/filesystem>` instead of `#include <filesystem>`); macOS 10.14 has full C++17 support.
 
-For more details see https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/compiler_support and https://xcodereleases.com/: Xcode 10 needs macOS 10.13 and Xcode 11 needs macOS 10.14.
+However, if only C++17 compiler and standard template library (STL) features are used (not needing a C++17 runtime) it might be possible to set `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` to a lower value, such as `"10.9"`. To find out if this is the case, try compiling and running with a lower `MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET`: if C++17 features are used that require a more recent deployment target, building the wheel should fail.
+
+For more details see https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/compiler_support, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xcode, and https://xcodereleases.com/: Xcode 10 needs macOS 10.13 and Xcode 11 needs macOS 10.14.
 
 ## Windows and Python 2.7
 
-Visual C++ for Python 2.7 does not support modern standards of C++. When building on Appveyor, you will need to either use the "Visual Studio 2017" or "Visual Studio 2019" image, but Python 2.7 is not supported on these images - skip it by setting `CIBW_SKIP=cp27-win*`.
+In previous years, Microsoft distributed a compiler toolchain called 'Visual C++ for Python 2.7', which was a distribution of MSVC 2008 that was created to make it easier to build Python 2.7 extensions on Windows, because it was fully compatible with the toolchain that built Python 2.7.
 
-There is an optional workaround for this, though: the pybind11 project argues and shows that it is [possible to compile Python 2.7 extension with a newer compiler](https://pybind11.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq.html#working-with-ancient-visual-studio-2008-builds-on-windows) and has an example project showing how to do this: https://github.com/pybind/python_example. The main catch is that a user might need to install a newer "Microsoft Visual C++ Redistributable", since the newer C++ standard libraries are not included by default with the Python 2.7 installation.
+This toolchain does not support modern C++ standards (i.e., C++11 and later). And it is hard to find this toolchain these days, since Microsoft removed the download for the required Visual Studio 2008 needed to build a native extension in April, 2021. So, by default, cibuildwheel does not attempt to build Python 2.7 extensions on Windows.
+
+There is an optional workaround, though: the pybind11 project argues and shows that it is [possible to compile Python 2.7 extension with a newer compiler](https://pybind11.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq.html#working-with-ancient-visual-studio-2008-builds-on-windows) and has an example project showing how to do this: https://github.com/pybind/python_example. The main catch is that a user might need to install [a newer "Microsoft Visual C++ Redistributable"](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/2977003/the-latest-supported-visual-c-downloads), since the newer C++ standard library's binaries are not included by default with the Python 2.7 installation.
+
+Forcing `distutils` or `setuptools` to use a more recent version of MSVC that supports modern C++ can be done in the following way:
+
+1. Set the environment variables `DISTUTILS_USE_SDK=1` and `MSSdk=1`. These two environment variables will tell `distutils`/`setuptools` to not search and set up a build environment that uses Visual C++ for Python 2.7 (aka. MSVC 9).
+2. Set up the build Visual Studio build environment you want to use, making sure that e.g. `PATH` contains `cl`, `link`, etc.
+    - Usually, this can be done through `vcvarsall.bat x86` or `vcvarsall.bat x64`. The exact location of this file depends on the installation, but the default path for VS 2019 Community (e.g. used in AppVeyor's `Visual Studio 2019` image) is `C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Community\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvarsall.bat`. **Note**: `vcvarsall.bat` changes the environment variables, so this cannot be run in a subprocess/subshell and consequently running `vsvarsall.bat` in `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD` does not have any effect.
+    - In Azure Pipelines, [a `VSBuild` task is available](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/devops/pipelines/tasks/build/visual-studio-build)
+    - In GitHub Actions, the default shell is powershell, so you'll need to use `shell: cmd` to source a `.bat` file, and the directory is `"C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Enterprise\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvarsall.bat"`. Or you can use an action, such as the [`ilammy/msvc-dev-cmd@v1`](https://github.com/ilammy/msvc-dev-cmd) action to setup the environment (see example below).
+3. Next, call `cibuildwheel`. Unfortunately, MSVC has separate toolchains for compiling 32-bit and 64-bit, so you will need to run `cibuildwheel` twice: once with `CIBW_BUILD=*-win32` after setting up the `x86` build environment, and once with `CIBW_BUILD=*-win_amd64` in a `x64` environment (see previous step).
+
+
+**GitHub Action example with ilammy/msvc-dev-cmd**:
+
+```yaml
+  - uses: ilammy/msvc-dev-cmd@v1
+
+  - name: Build 64-bit wheel
+    run: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
+    env:
+      CIBW_BUILD: cp27-win_amd64
+      DISTUTILS_USE_SDK: 1
+      MSSdk: 1
+
+  - uses: ilammy/msvc-dev-cmd@v1
+    with:
+      arch: x86
+
+  - name: Build 32-bit wheel
+    run: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
+    env:
+      CIBW_BUILD: cp27-win32
+      DISTUTILS_USE_SDK: 1
+      MSSdk: 1
+```

docs/data/projects.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,365 @@
+# Fields:
+# name: required, printed name
+# gh: GitHub repo (eventually a url: could be added for non-github projects)
+# stars: GitHub repo (optional, if different from package, such as for Twisted)
+# pypi: The pypi name, if different from the GitHub package name
+# os: Operating system list, [windows, apple, linux] (optional)
+# ci: [appveyor, github, azurepipelines, circleci, gitlab, travisci] (optional)
+# notes: (text, optional)
+
+- name: Matplotlib
+  gh: matplotlib/matplotlib
+  notes: The venerable Matplotlib, a Python library with C++ portions
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: pyinstrument_cext
+  gh: joerick/pyinstrument_cext
+  ci: [travisci, appveyor]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  notes: A simple C extension, without external dependencies
+
+- name: websockets
+  gh: aaugustin/websockets
+  ci: [travisci]
+  ci_config: .travis.yml
+  os: [apple, linux]
+  notes: |
+    Library for building WebSocket servers and clients. Mostly written in
+    Python, with a small C 'speedups' extension module.
+
+- name: Parselmouth
+  gh: YannickJadoul/Parselmouth
+  pypi: praat-parselmouth
+  notes: A Python interface to the Praat software package, using pybind11, C++17 and CMake, with the core Praat static library built only once and shared between wheels.
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+# Seems to be defunct
+# - name: python-admesh
+#   gh: admesh/python-admesh
+
+- name: pybase64
+  gh: mayeut/pybase64
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+
+- name: KDEpy
+  gh: tommyod/KDEpy
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: AutoPy
+  gh: autopilot-rs/autopy
+  ci: [travisci]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  notes: Includes a Windows Travis build.
+
+# Seems to be defunct
+# - name: apriltags2-ethz
+#  gh: safijari/apriltags2_ethz
+
+- name: TgCrypto
+  gh: pyrogram/tgcrypto
+  ci: [travisci]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  notes: Includes a Windows Travis build.
+
+- name: twisted-iocpsupport
+  gh: twisted/twisted-iocpsupport
+  stars: twisted/twisted
+  notes: A submodule of Twisted that hooks into native C APIs using Cython.
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows]
+
+# cibuildwheel moved to backup folder
+# - name: gmic-py
+# gh: myselfhimself/gmic-py
+
+- name: River
+  gh: online-ml/river
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: PyAV
+  gh: PyAV-Org/PyAV
+  pypi: av
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  notes: Pythonic bindings for FFmpeg's libraries.
+
+- name: aiortc
+  gh: aiortc/aiortc
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+  notes: WebRTC and ORTC implementation for Python using asyncio.
+
+- name: aioquic
+  gh: aiortc/aioquic
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: pikepdf
+  gh: pikepdf/pikepdf
+  ci: [azurepipelines]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: fathon
+  gh: stfbnc/fathon
+  ci: [travisci]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+
+- name: etebase-py
+  gh: etesync/etebase-py
+  pypi: etebase
+  notes: Python bindings to a Rust library using `setuptools-rust`, and `sccache` for improved speed.
+  ci: [travisci]
+  os: [linux]
+
+- name: xmlstarlet
+  gh: dimitern/xmlstarlet
+  notes: Python 3.6+ CFFI bindings with true MSVC build.
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: bx-python
+  gh: bxlab/bx-python
+  notes: A library that includes Cython extensions.
+  ci: [travisci]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+
+- name: coverage.py
+  gh: nedbat/coveragepy
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  notes: The coverage tool for Python
+
+- name: scikit-learn
+  gh: scikit-learn/scikit-learn
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  ci_config: .github/workflows/wheels.yml
+  notes: |
+    The machine learning library. A complex but clean config using many of
+    cibuildwheel's features to build a large project with Cython and C++
+    extensions.
+
+- name: scikit-image
+  gh: scikit-image/scikit-image
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  ci_config: .github/workflows/cibuildwheel.yml
+  notes: |
+    Image processing library. Uses cibuildwheel to build and test a project
+    that uses Cython with platform-native code.
+
+- name: google neuroglancer
+  gh: google/neuroglancer
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: h5py
+  gh: h5py/h5py
+  ci: [azurepipelines]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: pyzmq
+  gh: zeromq/pyzmq
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  ci_config: .github/workflows/wheels.yml
+  notes: |
+    Python bindings for zeromq, the networking library. Uses Cython and CFFI.
+
+- name: python-rapidjson
+  gh: python-rapidjson/python-rapidjson
+  ci: [travisci, gitlab, appveyor]
+  os: [windows, linux]
+
+- name: jq.py
+  gh: mwilliamson/jq.py
+  pypi: jq
+  ci: [travisci]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+
+- name: pybind11 python_example
+  gh: pybind/python_example
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: pybind11 cmake_example
+  gh: pybind/cmake_example
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: pybind11 scikit_build_example
+  gh: pybind/scikit_build_example
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: iminuit
+  gh: scikit-hep/iminuit
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: pyjet
+  gh: scikit-hep/pyjet
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: numpythia
+  gh: scikit-hep/numpythia
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+
+- name: boost-histogram
+  gh: scikit-hep/boost-histogram
+  ci: [github, travisci]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  notes: Supports full range of wheels, including PyPy and alternate archs.
+
+- name: Rtree
+  gh: Toblerity/rtree
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: psutil
+  gh: giampaolo/psutil
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: Dependency Injector
+  gh: ets-labs/python-dependency-injector
+  pypi: dependency-injector
+  ci: [travisci]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  notes: Dependency injection framework for Python, uses Windows TravisCI
+
+- name: numexpr
+  gh: pydata/numexpr
+  ci: [github, travisci]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: PyTables
+  gh: PyTables/PyTables
+  pypi: tables
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: dd-trace-py
+  gh: DataDog/dd-trace-py
+  pypi: ddtrace
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+  notes: Uses custom alternate arch emulation on GitHub
+
+- name: Tokenizer
+  gh: OpenNMT/Tokenizer
+  ci: [github, travisci]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+
+- name: matrixprofile
+  gh: matrix-profile-foundation/matrixprofile
+  ci: [travisci]
+  os: [windows, apple, linux]
+
+- name: cyvcf2
+  gh: brentp/cyvcf2
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+
+- name: CTranslate2
+  gh: OpenNMT/CTranslate2
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+  notes: Includes libraries from the [Intel oneAPI toolkit](https://software.intel.com/content/www/us/en/develop/tools/oneapi/base-toolkit.html). The Linux wheels also include CUDA libraries for GPU execution.
+
+- name: MyPy
+  gh: mypyc/mypy_mypyc-wheels
+  stars: python/mypy
+  pypi: mypy
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+  notes: MyPyC, the compiled component of MyPy.
+
+- name: Imagecodecs (fork)
+  gh: czaki/imagecodecs_build
+  stars: cgohlke/imagecodecs
+  pypi: imagecodecs
+  ci: [azurepipelines]
+  ci_config: azure-pipelines.yaml
+  os: [apple, linux]
+  notes: Over 20 external dependencies in compiled libraries, custom docker image, `libomp`, `openblas` and `install_name_tool` for macOS.
+
+- name: ruptures
+  gh: deepcharles/ruptures
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+  notes: Extensive Cython + NumPy [pyproject.toml](https://github.com/deepcharles/ruptures/blob/master/pyproject.toml) example.
+
+- name: time-machine
+  gh: adamchainz/time-machine
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+  notes: Time mocking library using only the CPython C API.
+
+- name: polaroid
+  gh: daggy1234/polaroid
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+  notes: Full range of wheels for setuptools rust, with auto release and PyPI deploy.
+
+- name: python-snappy
+  gh: andrix/python-snappy
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: sourmash
+  gh: dib-lab/sourmash
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: markupsafe
+  gh: pallets/markupsafe
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: SiPM
+  gh: EdoPro98/SimSiPM
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+  notes: High performance library for SiPM detectors simulation using C++17, OpenMP and AVX2 intrinsics.
+
+- name: CorrectionLib
+  gh: cms-nanoAOD/correctionlib
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux]
+  notes: Structured JSON powered correction library for HEP, designed for the CMS experiment at CERN.
+
+- name: GSD
+  gh: glotzerlab/gsd
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+  notes: Cython and NumPy project with 64-bit wheels.
+
+- name: PyGLM
+  gh: Zuzu-Typ/PyGLM
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: iDynTree
+  gh: robotology/idyntree
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [linux]
+  notes: Uses manylinux_2_24
+
+- name: H3-py
+  gh: uber/h3-py
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]
+
+- name: DeepForest
+  gh: LAMDA-NJU/Deep-Forest
+  ci: [github]
+  os: [apple, linux, windows]

docs/data/readme_icons/apple.svg

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docs/data/readme_icons/gitlab.svg

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docs/data/readme_icons/windows.svg

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docs/deliver-to-pypi.md

@@ -9,14 +9,14 @@ After you've built your wheels, you'll probably want to deliver them to PyPI.
 On your development machine, do the following...
 
 ```bash
-# Clear out your 'dist' folder. 
+# Clear out your 'dist' folder.
 rm -rf dist
 # Make a source distribution
 python setup.py sdist
 
 # 🏃🏻
 # Go and download your wheel files from wherever you put them. e.g. your CI
-# provider can be configured to store them for you. Put them all into the 
+# provider can be configured to store them for you. Put them all into the
 # 'dist' folder.
 
 # Upload using 'twine' (you may need to 'pip install twine')
@@ -33,4 +33,4 @@ Obviously, manual steps are for chumps, so we can automate this a little by usin
 
 If you don't need much control over the release of a package, you can set up cibuildwheel to deliver the wheels straight to PyPI. This doesn't require anycloud storage to work - you just need to bump the version and tag it.
 
-Check out [this example repo](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel-autopypi-example) for instructions on how to set this up.
+[`examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/master/examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml) and [`examples/github-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/master/examples/github-deploy.yml) are example configurations that automatically upload wheels to PyPI. Also check out [this example repo](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel-autopypi-example) for more detailed instructions on how to set this up.

docs/extra.css

@@ -3,13 +3,14 @@
 
 p {
     margin-bottom: 12px;
+    line-height: 26px;
 }
 
 code {
     font-size: 85%;
     background-color: rgba(27,31,35,.05);
     border-radius: 3px;
-    padding: .2em .4em;
+    padding: .15em .4em;
     color: inherit;
     border: none;
     margin: 0 1px;
@@ -29,7 +30,6 @@ h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
     border-bottom: 1px solid  #e1e4e5;
     margin-bottom: 0.8em;
     padding-bottom: 0.2em;
-
 }
 
 .rst-content blockquote {
@@ -40,6 +40,14 @@ h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
     white-space: normal;
 }
 
+.rst-content .admonition {
+  line-height: inherit;
+}
+
+.admonition code {
+  border: none;
+}
+
 /*
     Code block filename style
 
@@ -59,7 +67,7 @@ h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
     background-color: #eff1f3;
     font-size: 85%;
     font-weight: bold;
-    
+
     border-top-left-radius: 3px;
     border-top-right-radius: 3px;
 
@@ -84,5 +92,65 @@ h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
     padding-top: 0.9em;
 }
 
+.toctree-l3 {
+  border-left: 10px solid transparent;
+}
+
 /* import font awesome 4 for icons */
 @import url(https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css);
+
+
+/* Tabs */
+
+/* Style the tab */
+.tabs {
+  margin-bottom: 1em;
+  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
+}
+
+.tabs-header {
+  background-color: white;
+  display: flex;
+  justify-content: flex-start;
+  border-bottom: 2px solid #ccc;
+}
+
+/* Style the buttons that are used to open the tab content */
+.tabs-header button {
+  background-color: transparent;
+  border: none;
+  outline: none;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  color: inherit;
+  font: inherit;
+  font-size: 0.9em;
+  font-weight: 600;
+  padding: 8px 16px;
+  border-bottom: 2px solid transparent;
+
+  /* put the border on top of the parent border */
+  margin-bottom: -2px;
+}
+
+.tabs-header button:focus-visible {
+  /* preserve an outline for accesibility purposes */
+  outline: 1px solid currentColor;
+}
+
+/* Change background color of buttons on hover */
+.tabs-header button:hover {
+  background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.02);
+}
+
+/* Create an active/current tablink class */
+.tabs-header button.active {
+  color: #4086bd;
+  border-bottom-color: currentColor;
+}
+
+/* Style the tab content */
+.tabs-content {
+  background-color: #f1f6fa;
+  padding: 1px 1em;
+  padding-top: 0.8em;
+}

docs/extra.js

@@ -1,5 +1,49 @@
-
+// add classes for code-block-filename styling
 $('.rst-content pre')
     .prev('blockquote')
     .addClass('code-block-filename');
 
+var tabConversionIterations = 0
+
+// convert tab admonition to tabs
+while (true) {
+  const firstTab = $('.rst-content .admonition.tab').first()
+  if (firstTab.length == 0) break;
+
+  const otherTabs = firstTab.nextUntil(':not(.admonition.tab)');
+  const allTabs = $($.merge($.merge([], firstTab), otherTabs));
+
+  const tabContainer = $('<div>').addClass('tabs');
+  const headerContainer = $('<div>').addClass('tabs-header');
+  const contentContainer = $('<div>').addClass('tabs-content');
+
+  tabContainer.insertBefore(firstTab);
+  tabContainer.append(headerContainer, contentContainer)
+
+  const selectTab = function (index) {
+    headerContainer.children().removeClass('active')
+    headerContainer.children().eq(index).addClass('active')
+    contentContainer.children().hide()
+    contentContainer.children().eq(index).show()
+  }
+
+  allTabs.each(function (tabI, el) {
+    const $el = $(el)
+    const titleElement = $el.children('.admonition-title')
+    const title = titleElement.text()
+    const button = $('<button>').text(title)
+    button.click(function () {
+      selectTab(tabI)
+    })
+    headerContainer.append(button)
+
+    titleElement.remove()
+    $el.removeClass('admonition')
+    contentContainer.append($el)
+  })
+
+  selectTab(0)
+
+  // this will catch infinite loops which can occur when editing the above
+  if (tabConversionIterations++ > 1000) throw 'too many iterations'
+}

docs/faq.md

@@ -12,18 +12,160 @@ If your wheel didn't compile, check the list below for some debugging tips.
 
 - Windows: missing C feature. The Windows C compiler doesn't support C language features invented after 1990, so you'll have to backport your C code to C90. For me, this mostly involved putting my variable declarations at the top of the function like an animal.
 
-- MacOS: calling cibuildwheel from a python3 script and getting a `ModuleNotFoundError`? Due to a [bug](https://bugs.python.org/issue22490) in CPython, you'll need to [unset the `__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__` variable](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel/issues/133#issuecomment-478288597) before activating a venv.
+- MacOS: calling cibuildwheel from a python3 script and getting a `ModuleNotFoundError`? Due to a (fixed) [bug](https://bugs.python.org/issue22490) in CPython, you'll need to [unset the `__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__` variable](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/133#issuecomment-478288597) before activating a venv.
 
 ### Linux builds on Docker
 
 Linux wheels are built in the [`manylinux` docker images](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux) to provide binary compatible wheels on Linux, according to [PEP 571](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0571/). Because of this, when building with `cibuildwheel` on Linux, a few things should be taken into account:
 
-- Programs and libraries cannot be installed on the Travis CI Ubuntu host with `apt-get`, but can be installed inside of the Docker image using `yum` or manually. The same goes for environment variables that are potentially needed to customize the wheel building. `cibuildwheel` supports this by providing the `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT` and `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD` options to setup the build environment inside the running Docker image. See [the options docs](options.md#build-environment) for details on these options.
+- Programs and libraries are not installed on the Travis CI Ubuntu host, but rather should be installed inside of the Docker image (using `yum` for `manylinux2010` or `manylinux2014`, and `apt-get` for `manylinux_2_24`) or manually. The same goes for environment variables that are potentially needed to customize the wheel building. `cibuildwheel` supports this by providing the `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT` and `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD` options to setup the build environment inside the running Docker image. See [the options docs](options.md#build-environment) for details on these options.
 
 - The project directory is mounted in the running Docker instance as `/project`, the output directory for the wheels as `/output`. In general, this is handled transparently by `cibuildwheel`. For a more finegrained level of control however, the root of the host file system is mounted as `/host`, allowing for example to access shared files, caches, etc. on the host file system.  Note that this is not available on CircleCI due to their Docker policies.
 
 - Alternative dockers images can be specified with the `CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE`, `CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE`, and `CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_X86_64_IMAGE` options to allow for a custom, preconfigured build environment for the Linux builds. See [options](options.md#manylinux-image) for more details.
 
+### Building macOS wheels for Apple Silicon {: #apple-silicon}
+
+`cibuildwheel` supports cross-compiling `universal2` and `arm64` wheels on `x86_64` runners. With the introduction of Apple Silicon, you now have several choices for wheels for Python 3.9+:
+
+#### `x86_64`
+
+The traditional wheel for Apple, loads on Intel machines, and on
+Apple Silicon when running Python under Rosetta 2 emulation.
+
+Due to a change in naming, Pip 20.3+ (or an installer using packaging 20.5+)
+is required to install a binary wheel on macOS Big Sur.
+
+#### `arm64`
+
+The native wheel for macOS on Apple Silicon.
+
+Requires Pip 20.3+ (or packaging 20.5+) to install.
+
+#### `universal2`
+
+This wheel contains both architectures, causing it to be up to twice the
+size (data files do not get doubled, only compiled code). It requires
+Pip 20.3 (Packaging 20.6+) to load on Intel, and Pip 21.0.1 (Packaging 20.9+)
+to load on Apple Silicon.
+
+!!! note
+    The dual-architecture `universal2` has a few benefits, but a key benefit
+    to a universal wheel is that a user can bundle these wheels into an
+    application and ship a single binary.
+
+    However, if you have a large library, then you might prefer to ship
+    the two single-arch wheels instead - `x86_64` and `arm64`. In rare cases,
+    you might want to build all three, but in that case, pip will not download
+    the universal wheels, because it prefers the most specific wheel
+    available.
+
+Generally speaking, because Pip 20.3 is required for the `universal2` wheel,
+most packages should provide both `x86_64` and `universal2` wheels for now.
+Once Pip 20.3+ is common on macOS, then it should be possible to ship only the
+`universal2` wheel.
+
+**Apple Silicon wheels are not built by default**, but can be enabled by adding extra archs to the [`CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS` option](options.md#archs) - e.g. `x86_64 arm64 universal2`. Cross-compilation is provided by the Xcode toolchain.
+
+!!! important
+    When cross-compiling on Intel, it is not possible to test `arm64` and the `arm64` part of a `universal2` wheel.
+
+    `cibuildwheel` will raise a warning to notify you of this - these warnings be be silenced by skipping testing on these platforms: `CIBW_TEST_SKIP: *_arm64 *_universal2:arm64`.
+
+Hopefully, cross-compilation is a temporary situation. Once we have widely
+available Apple Silicon CI runners, we can build and test `arm64` and
+`universal2` wheels natively. That's why `universal2` wheels are not yet built
+by default, and require opt-in by setting `CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS`.
+
+!!! note
+    Your runner needs Xcode Command Line Tools 12.2 or later to build `universal2` or `arm64`.
+
+    So far, only CPython 3.9 supports `universal2` and `arm64` wheels.
+
+Here's an example GitHub Actions workflow with a job that builds for Apple Silicon:
+
+> .github/workflows/build_macos.yml
+```yml
+{% include "../examples/github-apple-silicon.yml" %}
+```
+
+### Building non-native architectures using emulation  {: #emulation}
+
+cibuildwheel supports building non-native architectures on Linux, via
+emulation through the binfmt_misc kernel feature. The easiest way to use this
+is via the [docker/setup-qemu-action][setup-qemu-action] on GitHub Actions or
+[tonistiigi/binfmt][binfmt].
+
+[setup-qemu-action]: https://github.com/docker/setup-qemu-action
+[binfmt]: https://hub.docker.com/r/tonistiigi/binfmt
+
+Check out the following config for an example of how to set it up on GitHub
+Actions. Once QEMU is set up and registered, you just need to set the
+`CIBW_ARCHS_LINUX` environment variable (or use the `--archs` option on
+Linux), and the other architectures are emulated automatically.
+
+> .github/workflows/build.yml
+
+```yaml
+{% include "../examples/github-with-qemu.yml" %}
+```
+
+### Building Apple Silicon wheels on Intel {: #apple-silicon}
+
+`cibuildwheel` supports cross-compiling `universal2` and `arm64` wheels on `x86_64` runners.
+
+These wheels are not built by default, but can be enabled by setting the [`CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS` option](options.md#archs) to `x86_64 arm64 universal2`. Cross-compilation is provided by the Xcode toolchain.
+
+!!! important
+    When cross-compiling on Intel, it is not possible to test `arm64` and the `arm64` part of a `universal2` wheel.
+
+    `cibuildwheel` will raise a warning to notify you of this - these warnings be be silenced by skipping testing on these platforms: `CIBW_TEST_SKIP: *_arm64 *_universal2:arm64`.
+
+Hopefully, this is a temporary situation. Once we have widely available Apple Silicon CI runners, we can build and test `arm64` and `universal2` wheels more natively. That's why `universal2` wheels are not yet built by default, and require opt-in by setting `CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS`.
+
+!!! note
+    Your runner image needs Xcode Command Line Tools 12.2 or later to build `universal2` and `arm64`.
+
+    So far, only CPython 3.9 supports `universal2` and `arm64` wheels.
+
+Here's an example GitHub Actions workflow with a job that builds for Apple Silicon:
+
+> .github/workflows/build_macos.yml
+
+```yml
+{% include "../examples/github-apple-silicon.yml" %}
+```
+
+### Windows and Python 2.7
+
+Building 2.7 extensions on Windows is difficult, because the VS 2008 compiler that was used for the original Python compilation was discontinued in 2018, and has since been removed from Microsoft's downloads. Most people choose to not build Windows 2.7 wheels, or to override the compiler to something more modern.
+
+To override, you need to have a modern compiler toolchain activated, and set `DISTUTILS_USE_SDK=1` and `MSSdk=1`. For example, on GitHub Actions, you would add these steps:
+
+```yaml
+    - name: Prepare compiler environment for Windows
+      if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+      uses: ilammy/msvc-dev-cmd@v1
+      with:
+        arch: x64
+
+    - name: Set Windows environment variables
+      if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        echo "DISTUTILS_USE_SDK=1" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+        echo "MSSdk=1" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+
+    # invoke cibuildwheel...
+```
+
+cibuildwheel will not try to build 2.7 on Windows unless it detects that the above two variables are set. Note that changing to a more modern compiler will mean your wheel picks up a runtime dependency to a different [Visual C++ Redistributable][]. You also need to be [a bit careful][] in designing your extension; some major binding tools like pybind11 do this for you.
+
+More on setting a custom Windows toolchain in our docs on modern C++ standards [here](cpp_standards.md#windows-and-python-27).
+
+[Visual C++ Redistributable]: https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/topic/the-latest-supported-visual-c-downloads-2647da03-1eea-4433-9aff-95f26a218cc0
+[a bit careful]: https://pybind11.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq.html#working-with-ancient-visual-studio-2008-builds-on-windows
+
 ### Building packages with optional C extensions
 
 `cibuildwheel` defines the environment variable `CIBUILDWHEEL` to the value `1` allowing projects for which the C extension is optional to make it mandatory when building wheels.
@@ -61,3 +203,76 @@ python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
 python3 -m pip install twine
 python3 -m twine upload wheelhouse/*.whl
 ```
+
+### 'ImportError: DLL load failed: The specific module could not be found' error on Windows
+
+Visual Studio and MSVC link the compiled binary wheels to the Microsoft Visual C++ Runtime. Normally, these are included with Python, but when compiling with a newer version of Visual Studio, it is possible users will run into problems on systems that do not have these runtime libraries installed. The solution is to ask users to download the corresponding Visual C++ Redistributable from the [Microsoft website](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/2977003/the-latest-supported-visual-c-downloads) and install it. Since a Python installation normally includes these VC++ Redistributable files for [the version of the MSVC compiler used to compile Python](https://wiki.python.org/moin/WindowsCompilers), this is typically only a problem when compiling a Python 2.7 C extension with a newer compiler, e.g. to support a modern C++ standard (see [the section on modern C++ standards for Python 2.7](cpp_standards.md#windows-and-python-27) for more details).
+
+Additionally, Visual Studio 2019 started linking to an even newer DLL, `VCRUNTIME140_1.dll`, besides the `VCRUNTIME140.dll` that is included with recent Python versions (starting from Python 3.5; see [here](https://wiki.python.org/moin/WindowsCompilers) for more details on the corresponding Visual Studio & MSVC versions used to compile the different Python versions). To avoid this extra dependency on `VCRUNTIME140_1.dll`, the [`/d2FH4-` flag](https://devblogs.microsoft.com/cppblog/making-cpp-exception-handling-smaller-x64/) can be added to the MSVC invocations (check out [this issue](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/423) for details and references).
+
+To add the `/d2FH4-` flag to a standard `setup.py` using `setuptools`, the `extra_compile_args` option can be used:
+
+```python
+    ext_modules=[
+        Extension(
+            'c_module',
+            sources=['extension.c'],
+            extra_compile_args=['/d2FH4-'] if sys.platform == 'win32' else []
+        )
+    ],
+```
+
+To investigate the dependencies of a C extension (i.e., the `.pyd` file, a DLL in disguise) on Windows, [Dependency Walker](http://www.dependencywalker.com/) is a great tool.
+
+
+### Automatic updates {: #automatic-updates}
+
+Selecting a moving target (like the latest release) is generally a bad idea in CI. If something breaks, you can't tell whether it was your code or an upstream update that caused the breakage, and in a worse-case scenario, it could occur during a release.
+There are two suggested methods for keeping cibuildwheel up to date that instead involve scheduled pull requests using GitHub's dependabot.
+
+#### Option 1: GitHub Action
+
+If you use GitHub Actions for builds, you can use cibuildwheel as an action:
+
+```yaml
+uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v1.12.0
+```
+
+This is a composite step that just runs cibuildwheel using pipx. You can set command-line options as `with:` parameters, and use `env:` as normal.
+
+Then, your `dependabot.yml` file could look like this:
+
+```yaml
+version: 2
+updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "weekly"
+    ignore:
+      # Optional: Official actions have moving tags like v1;
+      # if you use those, you don't need updates.
+      - dependency-name: "actions/*"
+```
+
+#### Option 2: Requirement files
+
+The second option, and the only one that supports other CI systems, is using a `requirements-*.txt` file. The file should have a distinct name and have only one entry:
+
+```bash
+# requirements-cibw.txt
+cibuildwheel==1.12.0
+```
+
+Then your install step would have `python -m pip install -r requirements-cibw.txt` in it. Your `dependabot.yml` file could look like this:
+
+```yaml
+version: 2
+updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: "pip"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "daily"
+```
+
+This will also try to update other pins in all requirement files, so be sure you want to do that. The only control you have over the files used is via the directory option.

docs/index.md

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 title: Home
 ---
 
-{% 
-   includemarkdown "../README.md"
-   start="<!--intro-start-->" 
+{%
+   include-markdown "../README.md"
+   start="<!--intro-start-->"
    end="<!--intro-end-->"
 %}
 

docs/mkdocs_include_markdown_plugin/mkdocs_include_markdown_plugin/plugin.py

@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
-import cgi
-import io
-import os
-import re
-
-import mkdocs
-
-INCLUDE_TAG_REGEX = re.compile(
-    r'''
-        {% # opening tag
-        \s*
-        include # directive name
-        \s+
-        "(?P<filename>[^"]+)" # "filename"
-        \s*
-        %} # closing tag
-    ''',
-    flags=re.VERBOSE,
-)
-
-INCLUDEMARKDOWN_TAG_REGEX = re.compile(
-    r'''
-        {% # opening tag
-        \s*
-        includemarkdown # directive name
-        \s+
-        "(?P<filename>[^"]+)" # "filename"
-        (?:\s+start="(?P<start>[^"]+)")? # optional start expression
-        (?:\s+end="(?P<end>[^"]+)")? # optional end expression
-        \s*
-        %} # closing tag
-    ''',
-    flags=re.VERBOSE,
-)
-
-
-class ImportMarkdownPlugin(mkdocs.plugins.BasePlugin):
-    def on_page_markdown(self, markdown, page, **kwargs):
-        page_src_path = page.file.abs_src_path
-
-        def found_include_tag(match):
-            filename = match.group('filename')
-
-            file_path_abs = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(page_src_path), filename)
-
-            if not os.path.exists(file_path_abs):
-                raise ValueError('file not found', filename)
-
-            with io.open(file_path_abs, encoding='utf8') as f:
-                text_to_include = f.read()
-
-            # Allow good practice of having a final newline in the file
-            if text_to_include.endswith('\n'):
-                text_to_include = text_to_include[:-1]
-
-            return text_to_include
-
-        def found_includemarkdown_tag(match):
-            filename = match.group('filename')
-            start = match.group('start')
-            end = match.group('end')
-
-            file_path_abs = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(page_src_path), filename)
-
-            if not os.path.exists(file_path_abs):
-                raise ValueError('file not found', filename)
-
-            with io.open(file_path_abs, encoding='utf8') as f:
-                text_to_include = f.read()
-
-            if start:
-                _, _, text_to_include = text_to_include.partition(start)
-
-            if end:
-                text_to_include, _, _ = text_to_include.partition(end)
-
-            return (
-                '<!-- BEGIN INCLUDE %s %s %s -->\n' % (
-                    filename, cgi.escape(start or ''), cgi.escape(end or '')
-                )
-                + text_to_include
-                + '\n<!-- END INCLUDE -->'
-            )
-
-        markdown = re.sub(INCLUDE_TAG_REGEX, found_include_tag, markdown)
-        markdown = re.sub(INCLUDEMARKDOWN_TAG_REGEX, found_includemarkdown_tag, markdown)
-        return markdown

docs/mkdocs_include_markdown_plugin/setup.py

@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-from setuptools import setup
-
-setup(
-    name='mkdocs_include_markdown_plugin',
-    version='1.0',
-    author='Joe Rickerby',
-    license='Apache 2',
-    packages=['mkdocs_include_markdown_plugin'],
-    entry_points={
-        'mkdocs.plugins': [
-            'importmarkdown = mkdocs_include_markdown_plugin.plugin:ImportMarkdownPlugin',
-        ]
-    },
-    zip_safe=False
-)

docs/options.md

@@ -4,48 +4,82 @@
 
 ## Setting options
 
-cibuildwheel is configured using environment variables, that can be set using
+cibuildwheel is configured using environment variables that can be set using
 your CI config.
 
 For example, to configure cibuildwheel to run tests, add the following YAML to
 your CI config file:
 
-> .travis.yml ([docs](https://docs.travis-ci.com/user/environment-variables/))
-```yaml
-env:
-  global:
-    - CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES=nose
-    - CIBW_TEST_COMMAND="nosetests {project}/tests"
-```
 
-> appveyor.yml ([docs](https://www.appveyor.com/docs/build-configuration/#environment-variables))
-```yaml
-environment:
-  global:
-    CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES: nose
-    CIBW_TEST_COMMAND: "nosetests {project}\\tests"
-```
+!!! tab "GitHub Actions"
 
-> .circleci/config.yml ([docs](https://circleci.com/docs/2.0/configuration-reference/#environment))
-```yaml
-jobs:
-  job_name:
+    > .github/workflows/*.yml ([docs](https://help.github.com/en/actions/configuring-and-managing-workflows/using-environment-variables)) (can be global, in job, or in step)
+
+    ```yaml
+    env:
+      CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES: pytest
+      CIBW_TEST_COMMAND: "pytest {project}/tests"
+    ```
+
+!!! tab "Azure Pipelines"
+
+    > azure-pipelines.yml ([docs](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/devops/pipelines/process/variables))
+
+    ```yaml
+    variables:
+      CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES: pytest
+      CIBW_TEST_COMMAND: "pytest {project}/tests"
+    ```
+
+!!! tab "Travis CI"
+
+    > .travis.yml ([docs](https://docs.travis-ci.com/user/environment-variables/))
+
+    ```yaml
+    env:
+      global:
+        - CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES=pytest
+        - CIBW_TEST_COMMAND="pytest {project}/tests"
+    ```
+
+!!! tab "AppVeyor"
+
+    > appveyor.yml ([docs](https://www.appveyor.com/docs/build-configuration/#environment-variables))
+
+    ```yaml
     environment:
-      CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES: nose
-      CIBW_TEST_COMMAND: "nosetests {project}/tests"
-```
+      global:
+        CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES: pytest
+        CIBW_TEST_COMMAND: "pytest {project}\\tests"
+    ```
+
+!!! tab "CircleCI"
+
+    > .circleci/config.yml ([docs](https://circleci.com/docs/2.0/configuration-reference/#environment))
+
+    ```yaml
+    jobs:
+      job_name:
+        environment:
+          CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES: pytest
+          CIBW_TEST_COMMAND: "pytest {project}/tests"
+    ```
+
+!!! tab "Gitlab CI"
+
+    > .gitlab-ci.yml ([docs](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/variables/README.html#create-a-custom-variable-in-gitlab-ciyml))
+
+    ```yaml
+    linux:
+      variables:
+        CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES: pytest
+        CIBW_TEST_COMMAND: "pytest {project}/tests"
+    ```
 
-> azure-pipelines.yml ([docs](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/devops/pipelines/process/variables))
-```yaml
-variables:
-  CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES: nose
-  CIBW_TEST_COMMAND: "nosetests {project}/tests"
-```
 
 
 ## Build selection
 
-
 ### `CIBW_PLATFORM` {: #platform}
 
 > Override the auto-detected target platform
@@ -56,36 +90,51 @@ Default: `auto`
 
 `auto` will auto-detect platform using environment variables, such as `TRAVIS_OS_NAME`/`APPVEYOR`/`CIRCLECI`.
 
-For `linux` you need Docker running, on macOS or Linux. For `macos`, you need a Mac machine, and note that this script is going to automatically install MacPython on your system, so don't run on your development machine. For `windows`, you need to run in Windows, and `cibuildwheel` will install required versions of Python to `C:\cibw\python` using NuGet.
+- For `linux`, you need Docker running, on macOS or Linux.
+- For `macos`, you need a Mac machine. Note that cibuildwheel is going to install MacPython on your system, so you probably don't want to run this on your development machine.
+- For `windows`, you need to run in Windows. cibuildwheel will install required versions of Python to `C:\cibw\python` using NuGet.
+
+This option can also be set using the [command-line option](#command-line) `--platform`.
+
+!!! tip
+    If you have Docker installed, you can locally debug your cibuildwheel Linux config, instead of pushing to CI to test every change. For example:
+
+    ```bash
+    export CIBW_BUILD='cp37-*'
+    export CIBW_TEST_COMMAND='pytest {package}/tests'
+    cibuildwheel --platform linux .
+    ```
 
-This option can also be set using the command-line option `--platform`.
 
 ### `CIBW_BUILD`, `CIBW_SKIP` {: #build-skip}
 
 > Choose the Python versions to build
 
-Space-separated list of builds to build and skip. Each build has an identifier like `cp27-manylinux_x86_64` or `cp35-macosx_x86_64` - you can list specific ones to build and `cibuildwheel` will only build those, and/or list ones to skip and `cibuildwheel` won't try to build them.
+Space-separated list of builds to build and skip. Each build has an identifier like `cp27-manylinux_x86_64` or `cp35-macosx_x86_64` - you can list specific ones to build and cibuildwheel will only build those, and/or list ones to skip and cibuildwheel won't try to build them.
 
 When both options are specified, both conditions are applied and only builds with a tag that matches `CIBW_BUILD` and does not match `CIBW_SKIP` will be built.
 
-When setting the options, you can use shell-style globbing syntax (as per [`fnmatch`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/fnmatch.html)). All the build identifiers supported by cibuildwheel are shown below:
+When setting the options, you can use shell-style globbing syntax, as per [fnmatch](https://docs.python.org/3/library/fnmatch.html) with the addition of curly bracket syntax `{option1,option2}`, provided by [bracex](https://pypi.org/project/bracex/). All the build identifiers supported by cibuildwheel are shown below:
 
 <div class="build-id-table-marker"></div>
 
-|                 | macOS 64bit         | Manylinux x86 64bit    | Manylinux x86 32bit  | Windows 64bit   | Windows 32bit  | Manylinux Armv8 64bit  | Manylinux PPC64LE      | Manylinux s390x      |
-|-----------------|---------------------|------------------------|----------------------|-----------------|----------------|------------------------|------------------------|----------------------|
-| Python 2.7      | cp27-macosx_x86_64  | cp27-manylinux_x86_64  | cp27-manylinux_i686  | cp27-win_amd64  | cp27-win32     |                        |                        |                      |
-| Python 3.5      | cp35-macosx_x86_64  | cp35-manylinux_x86_64  | cp35-manylinux_i686  | cp35-win_amd64  | cp35-win32     | cp35-manylinux_aarch64 | cp35-manylinux_ppc64le | cp35-manylinux_s390x |
-| Python 3.6      | cp36-macosx_x86_64  | cp36-manylinux_x86_64  | cp36-manylinux_i686  | cp36-win_amd64  | cp36-win32     | cp36-manylinux_aarch64 | cp36-manylinux_ppc64le | cp36-manylinux_s390x |
-| Python 3.7      | cp37-macosx_x86_64  | cp37-manylinux_x86_64  | cp37-manylinux_i686  | cp37-win_amd64  | cp37-win32     | cp37-manylinux_aarch64 | cp37-manylinux_ppc64le | cp37-manylinux_s390x |
-| Python 3.8      | cp38-macosx_x86_64  | cp38-manylinux_x86_64  | cp38-manylinux_i686  | cp38-win_amd64  | cp38-win32     | cp38-manylinux_aarch64 | cp38-manylinux_ppc64le | cp38-manylinux_s390x |
-| PyPy 2.7 v7.3.0 | pp27-macosx_x86_64  | pp27-manylinux_x86_64  |                      |                 | pp27-win32     |                        |                        |                      |
-| PyPy 3.6 v7.3.0 | pp36-macosx_x86_64  | pp36-manylinux_x86_64  |                      |                 | pp36-win32     |                        |                        |                      |
+|              | macOS                                                               | Windows                       | Manylinux Intel                               | Manylinux Other                                                            |
+|--------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Python 2.7   | cp27-macosx_x86_64                                                  | cp27-win_amd64<br/>cp27-win32 | cp27-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp27-manylinux_i686 |                                                                            |
+| Python 3.5   | cp35-macosx_x86_64                                                  | cp35-win_amd64<br/>cp35-win32 | cp35-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp35-manylinux_i686 | cp35-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp35-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp35-manylinux_s390x |
+| Python 3.6   | cp36-macosx_x86_64                                                  | cp36-win_amd64<br/>cp36-win32 | cp36-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp36-manylinux_i686 | cp36-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp36-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp36-manylinux_s390x |
+| Python 3.7   | cp37-macosx_x86_64                                                  | cp37-win_amd64<br/>cp37-win32 | cp37-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp37-manylinux_i686 | cp37-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp37-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp37-manylinux_s390x |
+| Python 3.8   | cp38-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp38-macosx_universal2<br/>cp38-macosx_arm64 | cp38-win_amd64<br/>cp38-win32 | cp38-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp38-manylinux_i686 | cp38-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp38-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp38-manylinux_s390x |
+| Python 3.9   | cp39-macosx_x86_64<br/>cp39-macosx_universal2<br/>cp39-macosx_arm64 | cp39-win_amd64<br/>cp39-win32 | cp39-manylinux_x86_64<br/>cp39-manylinux_i686 | cp39-manylinux_aarch64<br/>cp39-manylinux_ppc64le<br/>cp39-manylinux_s390x |
+| PyPy2.7 v7.3 | pp27-macosx_x86_64                                                  |                    pp27-win32 | pp27-manylinux_x86_64                         |                                                                            |
+| PyPy3.6 v7.3 | pp36-macosx_x86_64                                                  |                    pp36-win32 | pp36-manylinux_x86_64                         |                                                                            |
+| PyPy3.7 v7.3 | pp37-macosx_x86_64                                                  |                    pp37-win32 | pp37-manylinux_x86_64                         |                                                                            |
 
-The list of supported and currently selected build identifiers can also be retrieved by passing the `--print-build-identifiers` flag to `cibuildwheel`.
+
+The list of supported and currently selected build identifiers can also be retrieved by passing the `--print-build-identifiers` flag to cibuildwheel.
 The format is `python_tag-platform_tag`, with tags similar to those in [PEP 425](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0425/#details).
 
-For CPython, the minimally supported macOS version is 10.9; for PyPy 2.7 and PyPy 3.6, respectively macOS 10.7 and 10.13 or higher is required.
+For CPython, the minimally supported macOS version is 10.9; for PyPy 2.7 and PyPy 3.6/3.7, respectively macOS 10.7 and 10.13 or higher is required.
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -114,12 +163,12 @@ CIBW_SKIP: cp27-* cp35-*
 # Skip Python 3.6 on Linux
 CIBW_SKIP: cp36-manylinux*
 
-# Only build on Python 3 and skip 32-bit builds
-CIBW_BUILD: cp3?-*
+# Only build on Python 3 (ready for 3.10 when it comes) and skip 32-bit builds
+CIBW_BUILD: {cp,pp}3*-*
 CIBW_SKIP: "*-win32 *-manylinux_i686"
 
 # Only build PyPy and CPython 3
-CIBW_BUILD: pp* cp3?-*
+CIBW_BUILD: pp* cp3*-*
 
 # Disable building PyPy wheels on all platforms
 CIBW_SKIP: pp*
@@ -145,10 +194,119 @@ CIBW_SKIP: pp*
   }
 </style>
 
+### `CIBW_ARCHS` {: #archs}
+> Change the architectures built on your machine by default.
+
+A space-separated list of architectures to build.
+
+On macOS, this option can be used to cross-compile between `x86_64`,
+`universal2` and `arm64` for Apple Silicon support.
+
+On Linux, this option can be used to build non-native architectures under
+emulation. See [this guide](faq.md#emulation) for more information.
+
+Options:
+
+- Linux: `x86_64` `i686` `aarch64` `ppc64le` `s390x`
+- macOS: `x86_64` `arm64` `universal2`
+- Windows: `AMD64` `x86`
+- `auto`: The default archs for your machine - see the table below.
+    - `auto64`: Just the 64-bit auto archs
+    - `auto32`: Just the 32-bit auto archs
+- `native`: the native arch of the build machine - Matches [`platform.machine()`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/platform.html#platform.machine).
+- `all` : expands to all the architectures supported on this OS. You may want
+  to use [CIBW_BUILD](#build-skip) with this option to target specific
+  architectures via build selectors.
+
+Default: `auto`
+
+| Runner | `native` | `auto` | `auto64` | `auto32` |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Linux / Intel | `x86_64` | `x86_64` `i686` | `x86_64` | `i686` |
+| Windows / Intel | `AMD64` | `AMD64` `x86` | `AMD64` | `x86` |
+| macOS / Intel | `x86_64` | `x86_64` | `x86_64` |  |
+| macOS / Apple Silicon | `arm64` | `arm64` `universal2` | `arm64` `universal2`|  |
+
+If not listed above, `auto` is the same as `native`.
+
+[setup-qemu-action]: https://github.com/docker/setup-qemu-action
+[binfmt]: https://hub.docker.com/r/tonistiigi/binfmt
+
+Platform-specific variants also available:<br/>
+ `CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS` | `CIBW_ARCHS_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_ARCHS_LINUX`
+
+This option can also be set using the [command-line option](#command-line) `--archs`.
+
+#### Examples
+
+```yaml
+# Build `universal2` and `arm64` wheels on an Intel runner.
+# Note that the `arm64` wheel and the `arm64` part of the `universal2`
+# wheel cannot be tested in this configuration.
+CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS: "x86_64 universal2 arm64"
+
+# On an Linux Intel runner with qemu installed, build Intel and ARM wheels
+CIBW_ARCHS_LINUX: "auto aarch64"
+```
+
+
+###  `CIBW_PROJECT_REQUIRES_PYTHON` {: #requires-python}
+> Manually set the Python compatibility of your project
+
+By default, cibuildwheel reads your package's Python compatibility from
+`pyproject.toml` following [PEP621](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0621/)
+or from `setup.cfg`; finally it will try to inspect the AST of `setup.py` for a
+simple keyword assignment in a top level function call. If you need to override
+this behaviour for some reason, you can use this option.
+
+When setting this option, the syntax is the same as `project.requires-python`,
+using 'version specifiers' like `>=3.6`, according to
+[PEP440](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0440/#version-specifiers).
+
+Default: reads your package's Python compatibility from `pyproject.toml`
+(`project.requires-python`) or `setup.cfg` (`options.python_requires`) or
+`setup.py` `setup(python_requires="...")`. If not found, cibuildwheel assumes
+the package is compatible with all versions of Python that it can build.
+
+
+!!! note
+    Rather than using this option, it's recommended you set
+    `project.requires-python` in `pyproject.toml` instead:
+    Example `pyproject.toml`:
+
+        [project]
+        requires-python = ">=3.6"
+
+        # Aside - in pyproject.toml you should always specify minimal build
+        # system options, like this:
+
+        [build-system]
+        requires = ["setuptools>=42", "wheel"]
+        build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
+
+
+    Currently, setuptools has not yet added support for reading this value from
+    pyproject.toml yet, and so does not copy it to Requires-Python in the wheel
+    metadata. This mechanism is used by pip to scan through older versions of
+    your package until it finds a release compatible with the current version
+    of Python compatible when installing, so it is an important value to set if
+    you plan to drop support for a version of Python in the future.
+
+    If you don't want to list this value twice, you can also use the setuptools
+    specific location in `setup.cfg` and cibuildwheel will detect it from
+    there. Example `setup.cfg`:
+
+        [options]
+        python_requires = ">=3.6"
+
+#### Examples
+
+```yaml
+CIBW_PROJECT_REQUIRES_PYTHON: ">=3.6"
+```
 
 ## Build customization
 
-
 ### `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT` {: #environment}
 > Set environment variables needed during the build
 
@@ -182,17 +340,44 @@ CIBW_ENVIRONMENT: "BUILD_TIME=$(date) SAMPLE_TEXT=\"sample text\""
 ```
 
 !!! note
-    `cibuildwheel` always defines the environment variable `CIBUILDWHEEL=1`. This can be useful for [building wheels with optional extensions](faq.md#building-packages-with-optional-c-extensions).
+    cibuildwheel always defines the environment variable `CIBUILDWHEEL=1`. This can be useful for [building wheels with optional extensions](faq.md#building-packages-with-optional-c-extensions).
 
+### `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL` {: #before-all}
+> Execute a shell command on the build system before any wheels are built.
+
+Shell command to prepare a common part of the project (e.g. build or install libraries which does not depend on the specific version of Python).
+
+This option is very useful for the Linux build, where builds take place in isolated Docker containers managed by cibuildwheel. This command will run inside the container before the wheel builds start. Note, if you're building both x86_64 and i686 wheels (the default), your build uses two different Docker images. In that case, this command will execute twice - once per build container.
+
+The placeholder `{package}` can be used here; it will be replaced by the path to the package being built by cibuildwheel.
+
+On Windows and macOS, the version of Python available inside `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL` is whatever is available on the host machine. On Linux, a modern Python version is available on PATH.
+
+Platform-specific variants also available:<br/>
+ `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_LINUX`
+
+#### Examples
+```yaml
+# build third party library
+CIBW_BEFORE_ALL: make -C third_party_lib
+
+# install system library
+CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_LINUX: yum install -y libffi-dev
+```
+
+Note that manylinux2_24 builds occur inside a Debian9 docker, where
+manylinux2010 and manylinux2014 builds occur inside a CentOS one. So for
+`manylinux2_24` the `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL_LINUX` command must use `apt-get -y`
+instead.
 
 ### `CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD` {: #before-build}
 > Execute a shell command preparing each wheel's build
 
 A shell command to run before building the wheel. This option allows you to run a command in **each** Python environment before the `pip wheel` command. This is useful if you need to set up some dependency so it's available during the build.
 
-If dependencies are required to build your wheel (for example if you include a header from a Python module), set this to `pip install .`, and the dependencies will be installed automatically by pip. However, this means your package will be built twice - if your package takes a long time to build, you might wish to manually list the dependencies here instead.
+If dependencies are required to build your wheel (for example if you include a header from a Python module), instead of using this command, we recommend adding requirements to a pyproject.toml file. This is reproducible, and users who do not get your wheels (such as Alpine or ClearLinux users) will still benefit.
 
-The active Python binary can be accessed using `python`, and pip with `pip`; `cibuildwheel` makes sure the right version of Python and pip will be executed. `{project}` can be used as a placeholder for the absolute path to the project's root and will be replaced by `cibuildwheel`.
+The active Python binary can be accessed using `python`, and pip with `pip`; cibuildwheel makes sure the right version of Python and pip will be executed. The placeholder `{package}` can be used here; it will be replaced by the path to the package being built by cibuildwheel.
 
 The command is run in a shell, so you can write things like `cmd1 && cmd2`.
 
@@ -201,19 +386,44 @@ Platform-specific variants also available:<br/>
 
 #### Examples
 ```yaml
-# install your project and dependencies before building
-CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD: pip install .
-
-# install something required for the build
+# install something required for the build (you might want to use pyproject.toml instead)
 CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD: pip install pybind11
 
 # chain commands using &&
-CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD: yum install -y libffi-dev && pip install .
+CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_LINUX: yum install -y libffi-dev && make clean
 
-# run a script that's inside your repo
+# run a script that's inside your project
 CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD: bash scripts/prepare_for_build.sh
+
+# if cibuildwheel is called with a package_dir argument, it's available as {package}
+CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD: "{package}/script/prepare_for_build.sh"
 ```
 
+!!! note
+    If you need dependencies installed for the build, we recommend using
+    `pyproject.toml`. This is an example `pyproject.toml` file:
+
+        [build-system]
+        requires = [
+            "setuptools>=42",
+            "wheel",
+            "Cython",
+            "numpy==1.13.3; python_version<'3.5'",
+            "oldest-supported-numpy; python_version>='3.5'",
+        ]
+
+        build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
+
+    This [PEP 517][]/[PEP 518][] style build allows you to completely control
+    the build environment in cibuildwheel, [PyPA-build][], and pip, doesn't
+    force downstream users to install anything they don't need, and lets you do
+    more complex pinning (Cython, for example, requires a wheel to be built
+    with an equal or earlier version of NumPy; pinning in this way is the only
+    way to ensure your module works on all available NumPy versions).
+
+    [PyPA-build]: https://pypa-build.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
+    [PEP 517]: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0517/
+    [PEP 518]: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0517/
 
 ### `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND` {: #repair-wheel-command}
 > Execute a shell command to repair each (non-pure Python) built wheel
@@ -221,46 +431,70 @@ CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD: bash scripts/prepare_for_build.sh
 Default:
 
 - on Linux: `'auditwheel repair -w {dest_dir} {wheel}'`
-- on macOS: `'delocate-listdeps {wheel} && delocate-wheel --require-archs x86_64 -w {dest_dir} {wheel}'`
+- on macOS: `'delocate-listdeps {wheel} && delocate-wheel --require-archs {delocate_archs} -w {dest_dir} {wheel}'`
 - on Windows: `''`
 
 A shell command to repair a built wheel by copying external library dependencies into the wheel tree and relinking them.
 The command is run on each built wheel (except for pure Python ones) before testing it.
 
-The following placeholders must be used inside the command and will be replaced by `cibuildwheel`:
+The following placeholders must be used inside the command and will be replaced by cibuildwheel:
 
 - `{wheel}` for the absolute path to the built wheel
-- `{dest_dir}` for the absolute path of the directory where to create the repaired wheel.
+- `{dest_dir}` for the absolute path of the directory where to create the repaired wheel
+- `{delocate_archs}` (macOS only) comma-separated list of architectures in the wheel.
 
 The command is run in a shell, so you can run multiple commands like `cmd1 && cmd2`.
 
 Platform-specific variants also available:<br/>
 `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_MACOS` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_LINUX`
 
+!!! tip
+    cibuildwheel doesn't yet ship a default repair command for Windows.
+
+    **If that's an issue for you, check out [delvewheel]** - a new package that aims to do the same as auditwheel or delocate for Windows.
+
+    Because delvewheel is still relatively early-stage, cibuildwheel does not yet run it by default. However, we'd recommend giving it a try! See the examples below for usage.
+
+    [Delvewheel]: https://github.com/adang1345/delvewheel
+
 #### Examples
 
 ```yaml
+# use delvewheel on windows (only works on Python 3.6+)
+CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD_WINDOWS: "pip install delvewheel"
+CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_WINDOWS: "delvewheel repair -w {dest_dir} {wheel}"
+
 # don't repair macOS wheels
 CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_MACOS: ""
 
 # pass the `--lib-sdir .` flag to auditwheel on Linux
 CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND_LINUX: "auditwheel repair --lib-sdir . -w {dest_dir} {wheel}"
+
 ```
 
 
-### `CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE`, `CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE`, `CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_X86_64_IMAGE`, `CIBW_MANYLINUX_AARCH64_IMAGE`, `CIBW_MANYLINUX_PPC64LE_IMAGE`, `CIBW_MANYLINUX_S390X_IMAGE` {: #manylinux-image}
-> Specify alternative manylinux docker images
+### CIBW_MANYLINUX_*_IMAGE {: #manylinux-image}
+> Specify alternative manylinux Docker images
 
-An alternative Docker image to be used for building [`manylinux`](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux) wheels. `cibuildwheel` will then pull these instead of the default images, [`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64), [`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686), [`pypywheels/manylinux2010-pypy_x86_64`](https://hub.docker.com/r/pypywheels/manylinux2010-pypy_x86_64), [`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64), [`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le), and [`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_s390x).
+The available options are:
 
-The value of this option can either be set to `manylinux1`, `manylinux2010` or `manylinux2014` to use the [official `manylinux` images](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux) and [PyPy `manylinux` images](https://github.com/pypy/manylinux), or any other valid Docker image name. Note that for PyPy, only the official `manylinux2010` image is currently available. For architectures other
-than x86 (x86\_64 and i686) manylinux2014 must be used because this is the first version of the manylinux specification that supports additional architectures.
+- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE`
+- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE`
+- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_X86_64_IMAGE`
+- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_AARCH64_IMAGE`
+- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_PPC64LE_IMAGE`
+- `CIBW_MANYLINUX_S390X_IMAGE`
 
-Beware to specify a valid Docker image that can be used in the same way as the official, default Docker images: all necessary Python and pip versions need to be present in `/opt/python/`, and the `auditwheel` tool needs to be present for `cibuildwheel` to work. Apart from that, the architecture and relevant shared system libraries need to be manylinux1-, manylinux2010- or manylinux2014-compatible in order to produce valid `manylinux1`/`manylinux2010`/`manylinux2014` wheels (see [pypa/manylinux on GitHub](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux), [PEP 513](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0513/), [PEP 571](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0571/) and [PEP 599](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0599/) for more details).
+Set an alternative Docker image to be used for building [manylinux](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux) wheels. cibuildwheel will then pull these instead of the default images, [`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64), [`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686), [`pypywheels/manylinux2010-pypy_x86_64`](https://hub.docker.com/r/pypywheels/manylinux2010-pypy_x86_64), [`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64), [`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le), and [`quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_s390x).
 
-Note that `auditwheel` detects the version of the `manylinux` standard in the Docker image through the `AUDITWHEEL_PLAT` environment variable, as `cibuildwheel` has no way of detecting the correct `--plat` command line argument to pass to `auditwheel` for a custom image. If a Docker image does not correctly set this `AUDITWHEEL_PLAT` environment variable, the `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT` option can be used to do so (e.g., `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT='AUDITWHEEL_PLAT="manylinux2010_$(uname -m)"'`).
+The value of this option can either be set to `manylinux1`, `manylinux2010`, `manylinux2014` or `manylinux_2_24` to use a pinned version of the [official manylinux images](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux) and [PyPy manylinux images](https://github.com/pypy/manylinux). Alternatively, set these options to any other valid Docker image name. For PyPy, only the official `manylinux2010` image is currently available. For architectures other
+than x86 (x86\_64 and i686) `manylinux2014` or `manylinux_2_24` must be used, because the first version of the manylinux specification that supports additional architectures is `manylinux2014`.
 
-Note that `manylinux2014` doesn't support builds with Python 2.7 - when building with `manylinux2014`, skip Python 2.7 using `CIBW_SKIP` (see example below).
+Note that `manylinux2014`/`manylinux_2_24` don't support builds with Python 2.7 - when building with `manylinux2014`/`manylinux_2_24`, skip Python 2.7 using `CIBW_SKIP` (see example below).
+
+If setting a custom Docker image, you'll need to make sure it can be used in the same way as the official, default Docker images: all necessary Python and pip versions need to be present in `/opt/python/`, and the auditwheel tool needs to be present for cibuildwheel to work. Apart from that, the architecture and relevant shared system libraries need to be compatible to the relevant standard to produce valid manylinux1/manylinux2010/manylinux2014/manylinux_2_24 wheels (see [pypa/manylinux on GitHub](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux), [PEP 513](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0513/), [PEP 571](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0571/), [PEP 599](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0599/) and [PEP 600](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0600/) for more details).
+
+Auditwheel detects the version of the manylinux standard in the Docker image through the `AUDITWHEEL_PLAT` environment variable, as cibuildwheel has no way of detecting the correct `--plat` command line argument to pass to auditwheel for a custom image. If a Docker image does not correctly set this `AUDITWHEEL_PLAT` environment variable, the `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT` option can be used to do so (e.g., `CIBW_ENVIRONMENT='AUDITWHEEL_PLAT="manylinux2010_$(uname -m)"'`).
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -276,17 +510,83 @@ CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE: manylinux2014
 CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE: manylinux2014
 CIBW_SKIP: cp27-manylinux*
 
+# build using the latest manylinux2010 release, instead of the cibuildwheel
+# pinned version
+CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE: quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_x86_64:latest
+CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE: quay.io/pypa/manylinux2010_i686:latest
+
 # build using a different image from the docker registry
 CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE: dockcross/manylinux-x64
 CIBW_MANYLINUX_I686_IMAGE: dockcross/manylinux-x86
 ```
 
+
+### `CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS` {: #dependency-versions}
+> Specify how cibuildwheel controls the versions of the tools it uses
+
+Options: `pinned` `latest` `<your constraints file>`
+
+Default: `pinned`
+
+If `CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS` is `pinned`, cibuildwheel uses versions of tools
+like `pip`, `setuptools`, `virtualenv` that were pinned with that release of
+cibuildwheel. This represents a known-good set of dependencies, and is
+recommended for build repeatability.
+
+If set to `latest`, cibuildwheel will use the latest of these packages that
+are available on PyPI. This might be preferable if these packages have bug
+fixes that can't wait for a new cibuildwheel release.
+
+To control the versions of dependencies yourself, you can supply a [pip
+constraints](https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/user_guide/#constraints-files) file
+here and it will be used instead.
+
+!!! note
+    If you need different dependencies for each python version, provide them
+    in the same folder with a `-pythonXY` suffix. e.g. if your
+    `CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS=./constraints.txt`, cibuildwheel will use
+    `./constraints-python27.txt` on Python 2.7, or fallback to
+    `./constraints.txt` if that's not found.
+
+Platform-specific variants also available:<br/>
+`CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_MACOS` | `CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS_WINDOWS`
+
+!!! note
+    This option does not affect the tools used on the Linux build - those versions
+    are bundled with the manylinux image that cibuildwheel uses. To change
+    dependency versions on Linux, use the [CIBW_MANYLINUX_*](#manylinux-image)
+    options.
+
+#### Examples
+
+```yaml
+# use tools versions that are bundled with cibuildwheel (this is the default)
+CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS: pinned
+
+# use the latest versions available on PyPI
+CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS: latest
+
+# use your own pip constraints file
+CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS: ./constraints.txt
+```
+
+
 ## Testing
 
 ### `CIBW_TEST_COMMAND` {: #test-command}
 > Execute a shell command to test each built wheel
 
-Shell command to run tests after the build. The wheel will be installed automatically and available for import from the tests. `{project}` can be used as a placeholder for the absolute path to the project's root and will be replaced by `cibuildwheel`.
+Shell command to run tests after the build. The wheel will be installed
+automatically and available for import from the tests. To ensure the wheel is
+imported by your tests (instead of your source copy), **tests are not run from
+your project directory**. Use the placeholders `{project}` and `{package}` when
+specifying paths in your project. If this variable is not set, your wheel will
+not be installed after building.
+
+- `{project}` is an absolute path to the project root - the working directory
+  where cibuildwheel was called.
+- `{package}` is the path to the package being built - the `package_dir`
+  argument supplied to cibuildwheel on the command line.
 
 The command is run in a shell, so you can write things like `cmd1 && cmd2`.
 
@@ -299,8 +599,40 @@ Platform-specific variants also available:<br/>
 # run the project tests against the installed wheel using `nose`
 CIBW_TEST_COMMAND: nosetests {project}/tests
 
-# run the project tests using `pytest`
-CIBW_TEST_COMMAND: nosetests {project}/tests
+# run the package tests using `pytest`
+CIBW_TEST_COMMAND: pytest {package}/tests
+
+# trigger an install of the package, but run nothing of note
+CIBW_TEST_COMMAND: "echo Wheel installed"
+```
+
+
+### `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST` {: #before-test}
+> Execute a shell command before testing each wheel
+
+A shell command to run in **each** test virtual environment, before your wheel is installed and tested. This is useful if you need to install a non-pip package, invoke pip with different environment variables,
+or perform a multi-step pip installation (e.g. installing scikit-build or Cython before installing test package).
+
+The active Python binary can be accessed using `python`, and pip with `pip`; cibuildwheel makes sure the right version of Python and pip will be executed. The placeholder `{package}` can be used here; it will be replaced by the path to the package being built by cibuildwheel.
+
+The command is run in a shell, so you can write things like `cmd1 && cmd2`.
+
+Platform-specific variants also available:<br/>
+ `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_LINUX`
+
+#### Examples
+```yaml
+# install test dependencies with overwritten environment variables.
+CIBW_BEFORE_TEST: CC=gcc CXX=g++ pip install -r requirements.txt
+
+# chain commands using &&
+CIBW_BEFORE_TEST: rm -rf ./data/cache && mkdir -p ./data/cache
+
+# install non pip python package
+CIBW_BEFORE_TEST: cd some_dir; ./configure; make; make install
+
+# install python packages that are required to install test dependencies
+CIBW_BEFORE_TEST: pip install cmake scikit-build
 ```
 
 
@@ -343,34 +675,24 @@ Platform-specific variants also available:<br/>
 CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS: test,qt
 ```
 
-### `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST` {: #before-test}
-> Execute a shell command before testing each wheel
+### `CIBW_TEST_SKIP` {: #test-skip}
+> Skip running tests on some builds
 
-A shell command to run in **each** test virtual environment, before your wheel is installed and tested. This is useful if you need to install a non pip package, change values of environment variables
-or perform multi step pip installation (e.g. installing `scikit-build` or `cython` before install test package)
+This will skip testing on any identifiers that match the given skip patterns (see [`CIBW_SKIP`](#build-skip)). This can be used to mask out tests for wheels that have missing dependencies upstream that are slow or hard to build, or to skip slow tests on emulated architectures.
 
-The active Python binary can be accessed using `python`, and pip with `pip`; `cibuildwheel` makes sure the right version of Python and pip will be executed. `{project}` can be used as a placeholder for the absolute path to the project's root and will be replaced by `cibuildwheel`.
-
-The command is run in a shell, so you can write things like `cmd1 && cmd2`.
-
-Platform-specific variants also available:<br/>
- `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_MACOS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_WINDOWS` | `CIBW_BEFORE_TEST_LINUX`
+With macOS `universal2` wheels, you can also skip the the individual archs inside the wheel using an `:arch` suffix. For example, `cp39-macosx_universal2:x86_64` or `cp39-macosx_universal2:arm64`.
 
 #### Examples
+
 ```yaml
-# install test dependencies with overwritten environment variables. 
-CIBW_BEFORE_TEST: CC=gcc CXX=g++ pip install -r requirements.txt
+# Will avoid testing on emulated architectures
+CIBW_TEST_SKIP: "*-manylinux_{aarch64,ppc64le,s390x}"
 
-# chain commands using &&
-CIBW_BEFORE_TEST: rm -rf ./data/cache && mkdir -p ./data/cache
-
-# install non pip python package 
-CIBW_BEFORE_TEST: cd some_dir; ./configure; make; make install
-
-# install python packages that are required to install test dependencies
-CIBW_BEFORE_TEST: pip install cmake scikit-build
+# Skip trying to test arm64 builds on Intel Macs
+CIBW_TEST_SKIP: "*-macosx_arm64 *-macosx_universal2:arm64"
 ```
 
+
 ## Other
 
 ### `CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY` {: #build-verbosity}
@@ -389,18 +711,22 @@ CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY: 1
 ```
 
 
-## Command line options
+## Command line options {: #command-line}
 
 ```text
 usage: cibuildwheel [-h] [--platform {auto,linux,macos,windows}]
-                    [--output-dir OUTPUT_DIR] [--print-build-identifiers]
-                    [project_dir]
+                    [--archs ARCHS] [--output-dir OUTPUT_DIR]
+                    [--print-build-identifiers] [--allow-empty]
+                    [package_dir]
 
 Build wheels for all the platforms.
 
 positional arguments:
-  project_dir           Path to the project that you want wheels for.
-                        Default: the current directory.
+  package_dir           Path to the package that you want wheels for. Must be
+                        a subdirectory of the working directory. When set, the
+                        working directory is still considered the 'project'
+                        and is copied into the Docker container on Linux.
+                        Default: the working directory.
 
 optional arguments:
   -h, --help            show this help message and exit
@@ -411,28 +737,33 @@ optional arguments:
                         automatically install MacPython on your system, so
                         don't run on your development machine. For "windows",
                         you need to run in Windows, and it will build and test
-                        for all versions of Python at C:\PythonXX[-x64].
+                        for all versions of Python. Default: auto.
+  --archs ARCHS         Comma-separated list of CPU architectures to build
+                        for. When set to 'auto', builds the architectures
+                        natively supported on this machine. Set this option to
+                        build an architecture via emulation, for example,
+                        using binfmt_misc and QEMU. Default: auto. Choices:
+                        auto, native, all, x86_64, i686, aarch64, ppc64le,
+                        s390x, x86, AMD64
   --output-dir OUTPUT_DIR
                         Destination folder for the wheels.
   --print-build-identifiers
                         Print the build identifiers matched by the current
                         invocation and exit.
-
+  --allow-empty         Do not report an error code if the build does not
+                        match any wheels.
 ```
 
 <style>
-  .toctree-l3 {
-    border-left: 10px solid transparent;
-  }
-
   .options-toc {
     display: grid;
-    grid-auto-columns: fit-content(20%) 1fr;
+    grid-template-columns: fit-content(20%) 1fr;
     grid-gap: 16px 32px;
     gap: 16px 32px;
     font-size: 90%;
     margin-bottom: 28px;
     margin-top: 28px;
+    overflow-x: auto;
   }
   .options-toc .header {
     grid-column: 1 / 3;
@@ -458,7 +789,7 @@ optional arguments:
 
     $('.rst-content h3')
       .filter(function (i, el) {
-        return !!$(el).text().match(/(^([A-Z0-9, _]| and )+)¶$/);
+        return !!$(el).text().match(/(^([A-Z0-9, _*]| and )+)¶$/);
       })
       .each(function (i, el) {
         var optionName = $(el).text().replace('¶', '');
@@ -531,7 +862,7 @@ optional arguments:
         var url = 'https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/en/stable/options/#'+option.id;
         var namesMarkdown = $.map(optionNames, function(n) {
           return '[`'+n+'`]('+url+') '
-        }).join(' ')
+        }).join(' <br> ')
 
         markdown += '| '+namesMarkdown+' '
         markdown += '| '+option.description.trim()+' '

docs/setup.md

@@ -4,22 +4,107 @@ title: 'Setup'
 
 # GitHub Actions [linux/mac/windows] {: #github-actions}
 
-To build Linux, Mac, and Windows wheels using Github Actions, create a `.github/workflows/build.yml` file in your repo.
+To build Linux, Mac, and Windows wheels using GitHub Actions, create a `.github/workflows/build_wheels.yml` file in your repo.
 
-> build.yml
-```yaml
-{% include "../examples/github-minimal.yml" %}
-```
+!!! tab "Action"
+    For GitHub Actions, `cibuildwheel` provides an action you can use. This is
+    concise and enables easier auto updating via GitHub's Dependabot; see
+    [Automatic updates](faq.md#automatic-updates).
 
-Commit this file, and push to Github - either to your default branch, or to a PR branch. The build should start automatically.
+    > .github/workflows/build_wheels.yml
+
+    ```yaml
+    {% include "../examples/github-minimal.yml" %}
+    ```
+
+
+    You can use `env:` with the action just like you would with `run:`; you can
+    also use `with:` to set the command line options: `package-dir: .` and
+    `output-dir: wheelhouse` (those values are the defaults).
+
+!!! tab "pipx"
+    The GitHub Actions runners have pipx installed, so you can easily build in
+    just one line. This is internally how the action works; the main benefit of
+    the action form is easy updates via GitHub's Dependabot.
+
+    > .github/workflows/build_wheels.yml
+
+    ```yaml
+    name: Build
+
+    on: [push, pull_request]
+
+    jobs:
+      build_wheels:
+        name: Build wheels on ${{ matrix.os }}
+        runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+        strategy:
+          matrix:
+            os: [ubuntu-20.04, windows-2019, macos-10.15]
+
+        steps:
+          - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+
+          - name: Build wheels
+            run: pipx run cibuildwheel==1.12.0
+
+          - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+            with:
+              path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl
+    ```
+
+!!! tab "Generic"
+    This is the most generic form using setup-python and pip; it looks the most
+    like the other CI examples. If you want to avoid having setup that takes
+    advantage of GitHub Actions features or pipx being preinstalled, this might
+    appeal to you.
+
+    > .github/workflows/build_wheels.yml
+
+    ```yaml
+    name: Build
+
+    on: [push, pull_request]
+
+    jobs:
+      build_wheels:
+        name: Build wheels on ${{ matrix.os }}
+        runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+        strategy:
+          matrix:
+            os: [ubuntu-20.04, windows-2019, macos-10.15]
+
+        steps:
+          - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+
+          # Used to host cibuildwheel
+          - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+
+          - name: Install cibuildwheel
+            run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.12.0
+
+          - name: Build wheels
+            run: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
+
+          - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+            with:
+              path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl
+    ```
+
+
+Commit this file, and push to GitHub - either to your default branch, or to a PR branch. The build should start automatically.
 
 For more info on this file, check out the [docs](https://help.github.com/en/actions/reference/workflow-syntax-for-github-actions).
 
+[`examples/github-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/master/examples/github-deploy.yml) extends this minimal example with a demonstration of how to automatically upload the built wheels to PyPI.
+
+
 # Azure Pipelines [linux/mac/windows] {: #azure-pipelines}
 
 To build Linux, Mac, and Windows wheels on Azure Pipelines, create a `azure-pipelines.yml` file in your repo.
 
 > azure-pipelines.yml
+
 ```yaml
 {% include "../examples/azure-pipelines-minimal.yml" %}
 ```
@@ -36,31 +121,18 @@ Wheels will be stored for you and available through the Pipelines interface. For
 To build Linux, Mac, and Windows wheels on Travis CI, create a `.travis.yml` file in your repo.
 
 > .travis.yml
+
 ```yaml
 {% include "../examples/travis-ci-minimal.yml" %}
 ```
 
-Note that building Windows Python 2.7 wheels on Travis is unsupported.
+Note that building Windows Python 2.7 wheels on Travis is unsupported unless using a newer compiler [via a workaround](cpp_standards.md).
 
 Commit this file, enable building of your repo on Travis CI, and push.
 
 Then setup a deployment method by following the [Travis CI deployment docs](https://docs.travis-ci.com/user/deployment/), or see [Delivering to PyPI](deliver-to-pypi.md). For more info on `.travis.yml`, check out the [docs](https://docs.travis-ci.com/).
 
-# CircleCI [linux/mac] {: #circleci}
-
-To build Linux and Mac wheels on CircleCI, create a `.circleci/config.yml` file in your repo,
-
-> .circleci/config.yml
-```yaml
-{% include "../examples/circleci-minimal.yml" %}
-```
-
-Commit this file, enable building of your repo on CircleCI, and push.
-
-!!! note
-    CircleCI doesn't enable free macOS containers for open source by default, but you can ask for access. See [here](https://circleci.com/docs/2.0/oss/#overview) for more information.
-
-CircleCI will store the built wheels for you - you can access them from the project console. Check out the CircleCI [docs](https://circleci.com/docs/2.0/configuration-reference/#section=configuration) for more info on this config file.
+[`examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml`](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/master/examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml) extends this minimal example with a demonstration of how to automatically upload the built wheels to PyPI.
 
 # AppVeyor [linux/mac/windows] {: #appveyor}
 
@@ -78,6 +150,37 @@ AppVeyor will store the built wheels for you - you can access them from the proj
 
 For more info on this config file, check out the [docs](https://www.appveyor.com/docs/).
 
+# CircleCI [linux/mac] {: #circleci}
+
+To build Linux and Mac wheels on CircleCI, create a `.circleci/config.yml` file in your repo,
+
+> .circleci/config.yml
+
+```yaml
+{% include "../examples/circleci-minimal.yml" %}
+```
+
+Commit this file, enable building of your repo on CircleCI, and push.
+
+!!! note
+    CircleCI doesn't enable free macOS containers for open source by default, but you can ask for access. See [here](https://circleci.com/docs/2.0/oss/#overview) for more information.
+
+CircleCI will store the built wheels for you - you can access them from the project console. Check out the CircleCI [docs](https://circleci.com/docs/2.0/configuration-reference/#section=configuration) for more info on this config file.
+
+# Gitlab CI [linux] {: #gitlab-ci}
+
+To build Linux wheels on Gitlab CI, create a `.gitlab-ci.yml` file in your repo,
+
+> .gitlab-ci.yml
+
+```yaml
+{% include "../examples/gitlab-minimal.yml" %}
+```
+
+Commit this file, and push to Gitlab. The pipeline should start automatically.
+
+Gitlab will store the built wheels for you - you can access them from the Pipelines view. Check out the Gitlab [docs](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/yaml/) for more info on this config file.
+
 > ⚠️ Got an error? Check the [FAQ](faq.md).
 
 <script>

docs/working-examples.md

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+---
+title: Working examples
+---
+
+{%
+   include-markdown "../README.md"
+   start="<!--working-examples-start-->"
+   end="<!--working-examples-end-->"
+%}
+
+<style>
+.wy-nav-content {
+  /* this table benefits from a wider page */
+  max-width: 1000px;
+}
+.rst-content .section table img {
+  /* make the icons darker on this page */
+  filter: brightness(0.5);
+}
+</style>

examples/appveyor-minimal.yml

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ stack: python 3.7
 init:
 - cmd: set PATH=C:\Python37;C:\Python37\Scripts;%PATH%
 
-install: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.3.0
+install: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.12.0
 
 build_script: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
 

examples/azure-pipelines-minimal.yml

@@ -4,9 +4,12 @@ jobs:
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
     - bash: |
+        set -o errexit
         python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        pip3 install cibuildwheel==1.3.0
-        cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
+        pip3 install cibuildwheel==1.12.0
+      displayName: Install dependencies
+    - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
+      displayName: Build wheels
     - task: PublishBuildArtifacts@1
       inputs: {pathtoPublish: 'wheelhouse'}
 
@@ -15,21 +18,25 @@ jobs:
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
     - bash: |
+        set -o errexit
         python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        pip3 install cibuildwheel==1.3.0
-        cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
+        python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.12.0
+      displayName: Install dependencies
+    - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
+      displayName: Build wheels
     - task: PublishBuildArtifacts@1
-      inputs: {pathtoPublish: 'wheelhouse'}
+      inputs: {pathtoPublish: wheelhouse}
 
 - job: windows
   pool: {vmImage: 'vs2017-win2016'}
   steps:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
-    - script: choco install vcpython27 -f -y
-      displayName: Install Visual C++ for Python 2.7
     - bash: |
+        set -o errexit
         python -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        pip install cibuildwheel==1.3.0
-        cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
+        pip install cibuildwheel==1.12.0
+      displayName: Install dependencies
+    - bash: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
+      displayName: Build wheels
     - task: PublishBuildArtifacts@1
       inputs: {pathtoPublish: 'wheelhouse'}

examples/circleci-minimal.yml

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ jobs:
       - run:
           name: Build the Linux wheels.
           command: |
-            pip3 install --user cibuildwheel==1.3.0
+            pip3 install --user cibuildwheel==1.12.0
             cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       - store_artifacts:
           path: wheelhouse/
@@ -19,13 +19,13 @@ jobs:
   osx-wheels:
     working_directory: ~/osx-wheels
     macos:
-      xcode: "10.0.0"
+      xcode: 10.0.0
     steps:
       - checkout
       - run:
           name: Build the OS X wheels.
           command: |
-            pip3 install --user cibuildwheel==1.3.0
+            pip3 install cibuildwheel==1.12.0
             cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       - store_artifacts:
           path: wheelhouse/

examples/github-apple-silicon.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+name: Build
+
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+jobs:
+  build_wheels_macos:
+    name: Build wheels on macos-10.15
+    runs-on: macos-10.15
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+
+      - name: Build wheels
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v1.12.0
+        env:
+          CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS: x86_64 universal2
+
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+        with:
+          path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl

examples/github-deploy.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+name: Build and upload to PyPI
+
+# Build on every branch push, tag push, and pull request change:
+on: [push, pull_request]
+# Alternatively, to publish when a (published) GitHub Release is created, use the following:
+# on:
+#   push:
+#   pull_request:
+#   release:
+#     types:
+#       - published
+
+jobs:
+  build_wheels:
+    name: Build wheels on ${{ matrix.os }}
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        os: [ubuntu-20.04, windows-2019, macos-10.15]
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+        name: Install Python
+        with:
+          python-version: '3.8'
+
+      - name: Build wheels
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v1.12.0
+
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+        with:
+          path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl
+
+  build_sdist:
+    name: Build source distribution
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+        name: Install Python
+        with:
+          python-version: '3.8'
+
+      - name: Build sdist
+        run: python setup.py sdist
+
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+        with:
+          path: dist/*.tar.gz
+
+  upload_pypi:
+    needs: [build_wheels, build_sdist]
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    # upload to PyPI on every tag starting with 'v'
+    if: github.event_name == 'push' && startsWith(github.event.ref, 'refs/tags/v')
+    # alternatively, to publish when a GitHub Release is created, use the following rule:
+    # if: github.event_name == 'release' && github.event.action == 'published'
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v2
+        with:
+          name: artifact
+          path: dist
+
+      - uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@master
+        with:
+          user: __token__
+          password: ${{ secrets.pypi_password }}
+          # To test: repository_url: https://test.pypi.org/legacy/

examples/github-minimal.yml

@@ -4,34 +4,21 @@ on: [push, pull_request]
 
 jobs:
   build_wheels:
-    name: Build wheel on ${{ matrix.os }}
+    name: Build wheels on ${{ matrix.os }}
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-18.04, windows-latest, macos-latest]
+        os: [ubuntu-20.04, windows-2019, macos-10.15]
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
 
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v1
-      name: Install Python
-      with:
-        python-version: '3.7'
+      - name: Build wheels
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v1.12.0
+        # to supply options, put them in 'env', like:
+        # env:
+        #   CIBW_SOME_OPTION: value
 
-    - name: Install cibuildwheel
-      run: |
-        python -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.3.0
-
-    - name: Install Visual C++ for Python 2.7
-      if: startsWith(matrix.os, 'windows')
-      run: |
-        choco install vcpython27 -f -y
-
-    - name: Build wheel
-      run: |
-        python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
-
-    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v1
-      with:
-        name: wheels
-        path: ./wheelhouse
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+        with:
+          path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl

examples/github-with-qemu.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+name: Build
+
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+jobs:
+  build_wheels:
+    name: Build wheels on ${{ matrix.os }}
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        os: [ubuntu-20.04, windows-2019, macos-10.15]
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+        name: Install Python
+        with:
+          python-version: '3.7'
+
+      - name: Set up QEMU
+        if: runner.os == 'Linux'
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v1
+        with:
+          platforms: all
+
+      - name: Build wheels
+        uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v1.12.0
+        env:
+          # configure cibuildwheel to build native archs ('auto'), and some
+          # emulated ones
+          CIBW_ARCHS_LINUX: auto aarch64 ppc64le s390x
+
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+        with:
+          path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl

examples/gitlab-minimal.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+linux:
+  image: python:3.8
+  # make a docker daemon available for cibuildwheel to use
+  services:
+    - name: docker:dind
+      entrypoint: ["env", "-u", "DOCKER_HOST"]
+      command: ["dockerd-entrypoint.sh"]
+  variables:
+    DOCKER_HOST: tcp://docker:2375/
+    DOCKER_DRIVER: overlay2
+    # See https://github.com/docker-library/docker/pull/166
+    DOCKER_TLS_CERTDIR: ""
+  script:
+    - curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh
+    - python -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.12.0
+    - cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
+  artifacts:
+    paths:
+      - wheelhouse/

examples/travis-ci-deploy.yml

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 # As written, this configuration will build your wheels on every
 # commit, but will only push to PyPI on tagged commits.
 
+os: linux
+dist: focal
 language: python
 
 jobs:
@@ -14,27 +16,23 @@ jobs:
     - os: windows
       language: shell
       before_install:
-        - choco install python --version 3.8.0
+        - choco upgrade python -y --version 3.8.6
         - export PATH="/c/Python38:/c/Python38/Scripts:$PATH"
         # make sure it's on PATH as 'python3'
         - ln -s /c/Python38/python.exe /c/Python38/python3.exe
 
-env:
-  global:
-    - TWINE_USERNAME=__token__
-    # Note: TWINE_PASSWORD is set to a PyPI API token in Travis settings
-
 install:
-  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.3.0
+  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.12.0
 
 script:
   # build the wheels, put them into './wheelhouse'
   - python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
 
-after_success:
-  # if the release was tagged, upload them to PyPI
-  - |
-    if [[ $TRAVIS_TAG ]]; then
-      python3 -m pip install twine
-      python3 -m twine upload wheelhouse/*.whl
-    fi
+deploy:
+  provider: pypi
+  username: "__token__"
+  skip_cleanup: true
+  on:
+    tags: true
+  password:
+    secure: "" # Set to an encrypted API token. See https://docs.travis-ci.com/user/deployment/pypi/

examples/travis-ci-minimal.yml

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+os: linux
+dist: focal
 language: python
 
 jobs:
@@ -6,7 +8,7 @@ jobs:
     - services: docker
     # perform a linux ARMv8 build
     - services: docker
-      arch: aarch64
+      arch: arm64
     # perform a linux PPC64LE build
     - services: docker
       arch: ppc64le
@@ -20,13 +22,13 @@ jobs:
     - os: windows
       language: shell
       before_install:
-        - choco install python --version 3.8.0
+        - choco upgrade python -y --version 3.8.6
         - export PATH="/c/Python38:/c/Python38/Scripts:$PATH"
         # make sure it's on PATH as 'python3'
         - ln -s /c/Python38/python.exe /c/Python38/python3.exe
 
 install:
-  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.3.0
+  - python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.12.0
 
 script:
   # build the wheels, put them into './wheelhouse'

examples/travis-ci-test-and-deploy.yml

@@ -5,9 +5,10 @@
 # repo is yours (e.g. it won't run on a Pull Request). For convenience, a source
 # distribution is also created.
 
+os: linux
+dist: focal
 language: python
 python:
-  - 3.5
   - 3.6
   - 3.7
   - 3.8
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ python:
 before_install:
   - |
     if [[ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" = windows ]]; then
-        choco install python --version 3.8.0
+        choco upgrade python -y --version 3.8.6
         export PATH="/c/Python38:/c/Python38/Scripts:$PATH"
         # make sure it's on PATH as 'python3'
         ln -s /c/Python38/python.exe /c/Python38/python3.exe
@@ -33,9 +34,9 @@ stages:
   # Only execute deployment stage on tagged commits, and from your repository
   # (e.g. not PRs). Replace with your repo name.
   - name: deploy
-    if: tag IS PRESENT AND repo = joerick/cibuildwheel
+    if: tag IS PRESENT AND repo = pypa/cibuildwheel
     # To only build tags that look like vX.Y.Z:
-    #   if: tag =~ ^v\d+\.\d+\.\d+$ AND repo = joerick/cibuildwheel
+    #   if: tag =~ ^v\d+\.\d+\.\d+$ AND repo = pypa/cibuildwheel
 
 jobs:
   include:
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ jobs:
     - stage: deploy
       name: Build and deploy Linux wheels
       services: docker
-      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.3.0
+      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.12.0
       script: python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       after_success: |
         python3 -m pip install twine
@@ -66,7 +67,7 @@ jobs:
       name: Build and deploy macOS wheels
       os: osx
       language: shell
-      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.3.0
+      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.12.0
       script: python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       after_success: |
         python3 -m pip install twine
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ jobs:
       name: Build and deploy Windows wheels
       os: windows
       language: shell
-      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.3.0
+      install: python3 -m pip install cibuildwheel==1.12.0
       script: python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
       after_success: |
         python3 -m pip install twine

mkdocs.yml

@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ theme:
   highlightjs: true
   hljs_languages:
       - yaml
-repo_url: https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel
+repo_url: https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel
+edit_uri: edit/main/docs/
 
 extra_css:
   - extra.css
@@ -20,14 +21,23 @@ nav:
   - deliver-to-pypi.md
   - cpp_standards.md
   - faq.md
+  - working-examples.md
   - contributing.md
+  - changelog.md
 
 markdown_extensions:
-  - fenced_code
+  - md_in_html
   - toc:
       permalink: True
   - attr_list
   - admonition
+  - pymdownx.magiclink:
+      repo_url_shortener: True
+  - pymdownx.highlight:
+      # use highlightjs - it's built-in to the theme
+      use_pygments: False
+  - pymdownx.superfences
 
 plugins:
-  - importmarkdown
+  - include-markdown
+  - search

pyproject.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+[build-system]
+requires = [
+    "setuptools>=42",
+    "wheel"
+]
+
+build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
+
+[tool.black]
+line-length = 100
+target-version = ['py36', 'py37', 'py38', 'py39']

requirements-dev.txt

@@ -1,4 +1 @@
--e .
--e ./docs/mkdocs_include_markdown_plugin
-pytest
-mkdocs==1.0.4
+-e .[dev,docs]

setup.cfg

@@ -1,12 +1,121 @@
+[metadata]
+name = cibuildwheel
+version = 1.12.0
+description = Build Python wheels on CI with minimal configuration.
+long_description = file: README.md
+long_description_content_type = text/markdown
+url = https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel
+author = Joe Rickerby
+author_email = joerick@mac.com
+license = BSD
+license_file = LICENSE
+classifiers =
+    Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+    Intended Audience :: Developers
+    License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
+    Natural Language :: English
+    Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+    Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
+    Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6
+    Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7
+    Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
+    Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+    Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython
+    Topic :: Software Development :: Build Tools
+keywords = ci,wheel,packaging,pypi,travis,appveyor,macos,linux,windows
+project_urls =
+    Changelog=https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel#changelog
+    Documentation=https://cibuildwheel.readthedocs.io/
+
+[options]
+packages = find:
+install_requires =
+    bashlex!=0.13
+    bracex
+    certifi
+    packaging
+    toml
+    typing_extensions;python_version < '3.8'
+python_requires = >=3.6
+include_package_data = True
+zip_safe = False
+
+[options.entry_points]
+console_scripts =
+    cibuildwheel = cibuildwheel.__main__:main
+
+[options.package_data]
+cibuildwheel = resources/*
+
+[options.packages.find]
+include =
+    cibuildwheel
+
 [flake8]
-ignore = E501,W503
+ignore = E501,W503,E741,E226,B950,E203
+select = C,E,F,W,B,B9
 application-import-names = cibuildwheel
 exclude =
-  cibuildwheel/resources/,
-  dist/,
-  build/,
-  .git/,
-  env/,
-  env2/,
-  .venv/,
-  site/
+    cibuildwheel/resources/,
+    dist/,
+    build/,
+    .git/,
+    env/,
+    env2/,
+    env??/,
+    .venv/,
+    site/
+
+[tool:pytest]
+junit_family = xunit2
+testpaths =
+    test
+    unit_test
+
+[mypy]
+python_version = 3.7
+files = cibuildwheel/*.py,test/**/*.py,unit_test/**/*.py,bin/*.py
+warn_unused_configs = True
+warn_redundant_casts = True
+
+[mypy-test.*,mypy-unit_test.*]
+check_untyped_defs = True
+
+[mypy-cibuildwheel.*]
+disallow_any_generics = True
+disallow_subclassing_any = True
+disallow_untyped_calls = True
+disallow_untyped_defs = True
+disallow_incomplete_defs = True
+check_untyped_defs = True
+disallow_untyped_decorators = True
+no_implicit_optional = True
+warn_unused_ignores = True
+warn_return_any = True
+no_implicit_reexport = True
+strict_equality = True
+
+[mypy-setuptools.*]
+ignore_missing_imports = True
+
+# Ignored for pre-commit to speed up check
+# Not ignored if manually running and pytest installed
+[mypy-pytest.*]
+ignore_missing_imports = True
+
+[mypy-bashlex.*]
+ignore_missing_imports = True
+
+# Has type stubs, but no pyproject.toml or .pyi files in the wheel.
+[mypy-toml.*]
+ignore_missing_imports = True
+
+[mypy-bracex.*]
+ignore_missing_imports = True
+
+[mypy-importlib_resources.*]
+ignore_missing_imports = True
+
+[tool:isort]
+profile = black
+multi_line_output = 3

setup.py

@@ -1,47 +1,31 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-import io
-import os
+from setuptools import setup
 
-try:
-    from setuptools import setup
-except ImportError:
-    from distutils.core import setup
-
-this_directory = os.path.dirname(__file__)
-with io.open(os.path.join(this_directory, 'README.md'), encoding='utf-8') as f:
-    long_description = f.read()
-
-setup(
-    name='cibuildwheel',
-    version='1.3.0',
-    install_requires=['bashlex!=0.13'],
-    description="Build Python wheels on CI with minimal configuration.",
-    long_description=long_description,
-    long_description_content_type='text/markdown',
-    author="Joe Rickerby",
-    author_email='joerick@mac.com',
-    url='https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel',
-    packages=['cibuildwheel', ],
-    license="BSD",
-    zip_safe=False,
-    package_data={
-        'cibuildwheel': ['resources/*'],
-    },
-    # Supported python versions
-    python_requires='>=3.5',
-    keywords='ci wheel packaging pypi travis appveyor macos linux windows',
-    classifiers=[
-        'Intended Audience :: Developers',
-        'Natural Language :: English',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
-        'Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable',
-        'License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython',
-        'Topic :: Software Development :: Build Tools',
+extras = {
+    "docs": [
+        "mkdocs-include-markdown-plugin==2.8.0",
+        "mkdocs==1.0.4",
+        "pymdown-extensions",
     ],
-    entry_points={
-        'console_scripts': [
-            'cibuildwheel = cibuildwheel.__main__:main',
-        ],
-    },
-)
+    "test": [
+        "jinja2",
+        "pytest>=4",
+        "pytest-timeout",
+    ],
+    "dev": [
+        "click",
+        "ghapi",
+        "mypy>=0.800",
+        "packaging>=20.8",
+        "pip-tools",
+        "pygithub",
+        "pyyaml",
+        "requests",
+        "rich>=9.6",
+        "typing-extensions",
+    ],
+}
+
+extras["all"] = sum(extras.values(), [])
+extras["dev"] += extras["test"]
+
+setup(extras_require=extras)

test/01_basic/cibuildwheel_test.py

@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-import os
-import platform
-
-import utils
-
-project_dir = os.path.dirname(__file__)
-
-
-def test():
-    # build the wheels
-    actual_wheels = utils.cibuildwheel_run(project_dir)
-
-    # check that the expected wheels are produced
-    expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels('spam', '0.1.0')
-    assert set(actual_wheels) == set(expected_wheels)
-
-
-def test_build_identifiers():
-    # check that the number of expected wheels matches the number of build
-    # identifiers
-    # after adding CIBW_MANYLINUX_IMAGE to support manylinux2010, there
-    # can be multiple wheels for each wheel, though, so we need to limit
-    # the expected wheels
-    if platform.machine() in ['x86_64', 'i686']:
-        expected_wheels = [w for w in utils.expected_wheels('spam', '0.1.0')
-                           if '-manylinux' not in w or '-manylinux1' in w]
-    else:
-        expected_wheels = utils.expected_wheels('spam', '0.1.0')
-    build_identifiers = utils.cibuildwheel_get_build_identifiers(project_dir)
-    assert len(expected_wheels) == len(build_identifiers)

test/01_basic/setup.py

@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-import os
-
-from setuptools import (
-    Extension,
-    setup,
-)
-
-if os.environ.get('CIBUILDWHEEL', '0') != '1':
-    raise Exception('CIBUILDWHEEL environment variable is not set to 1')
-
-setup(
-    name="spam",
-    ext_modules=[Extension('spam', sources=['spam.c'])],
-    version="0.1.0",
-)

test/01_basic/spam.c

@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-#include <Python.h>
-
-static PyObject *
-spam_system(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-    const char *command;
-    int sts;
-
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s", &command))
-        return NULL;
-    sts = system(command);
-    return PyLong_FromLong(sts);
-}
-
-/* Module initialization */
-
-#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
-    #define MOD_INIT(name) PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit_##name(void)
-    #define MOD_DEF(m, name, doc, methods, module_state_size) \
-        static struct PyModuleDef moduledef = { \
-            PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT, name, doc, module_state_size, methods, }; \
-        m = PyModule_Create(&moduledef);
-    #define MOD_RETURN(m) return m;
-#else
-    #define MOD_INIT(name) PyMODINIT_FUNC init##name(void)
-    #define MOD_DEF(m, name, doc, methods, module_state_size) \
-        m = Py_InitModule3(name, methods, doc);
-    #define MOD_RETURN(m) return;
-#endif
-
-static PyMethodDef module_methods[] = {
-    {"system", (PyCFunction)spam_system, METH_VARARGS, 
-     "Execute a shell command."},
-    {NULL}  /* Sentinel */
-};
-
-MOD_INIT(spam)
-{
-    PyObject* m;
-
-    MOD_DEF(m, 
-            "spam", 
-            "Example module", 
-            module_methods,
-            -1)
-
-    MOD_RETURN(m)
-}