`cibuildwheel` is here to help. `cibuildwheel` runs on your CI server - currently it supports GitHub Actions, Azure Pipelines, CircleCI, and GitLab CI - and it builds and tests your wheels across all of your platforms.
While cibuildwheel itself requires a recent Python version to run (we support the last three releases), it can target the following versions to build wheels:
<sup>**3** Not supported on PyPI, uses old `pyodide` tag instead of `pyemscripten`. Requires `pyodide-eol` [`enable`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable).</sup><br>
<sup>**4** manylinux armv7l support is experimental. As there are no RHEL based image for this architecture, it's using an Ubuntu based image instead.</sup><br>
- Bundles shared library dependencies on Linux through [auditwheel](https://github.com/pypa/auditwheel), macOS through [delocate](https://github.com/matthew-brett/delocate), and Windows through [delvewheel](https://github.com/adang1345/delvewheel)
<sup>**1** [Requires emulation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/faq/#emulation), distributed separately. Other services may also support Linux ARM through emulation or third-party build hosts, but these are not tested in our CI.</sup><br>
<sup>**2** [Uses cross-compilation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/faq/#windows-arm64). It is not possible to test `arm64` on this CI platform.</sup><br>
<sup>**3** Requires a macOS runner; runs tests on the simulator for the runner's architecture. </sup><br>
<sup>**4** Building for Android requires the runner to be Linux x86_64, macOS ARM64 or macOS x86_64. Testing has [additional requirements](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/platforms/#android).</sup><br>
<sup>**5** Builds may work, but are untested in cibuildwheel's CI.</sup><br>
For more information, including PyPI deployment, and the use of other CI services or the dedicated GitHub Action, check out the [documentation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io) and the [examples](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/tree/main/examples).
> Building and testing wheels executes arbitrary code from your project and its dependencies. Although cibuildwheel uses OCI containers and Pyodide for some builds, these provide no security guarantees - the code you're building and testing has full access to the environment that's invoking cibuildwheel.
>
> If you cannot trust all the code that's pulled in, maintain good security hygiene: keep the job that builds distributions separate from the job that uploads them to PyPI, handle secrets and credentials with care and rotate them regularly, and follow the principle of least privilege when granting permissions. Do not store sensitive data on CI runners.
| | [`build`<br>`skip`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-skip) | Choose the Python versions to build |
| | [`archs`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#archs) | Change the architectures built on your machine by default. |
| | [`project-requires-python`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#requires-python) | Manually set the Python compatibility of your project |
| | [`enable`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) | Enable building with extra categories of selectors present. |
| | [`allow-empty`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#allow-empty) | Suppress the error code if no wheels match the specified build identifiers |
| **Build customization** | [`build-frontend`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-frontend) | Set the tool to use to build, either "build" (default), "build\[uv\]", or "pip" |
| | [`config-settings`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#config-settings) | Specify config-settings for the build backend. |
| | [`environment`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#environment) | Set environment variables |
| | [`environment-pass`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#environment-pass) | Set environment variables on the host to pass-through to the container. |
| | [`before-all`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#before-all) | Execute a shell command on the build system before any wheels are built. |
| | [`before-build`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#before-build) | Execute a shell command preparing each wheel's build |
| | [`xbuild-tools`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#xbuild-tools) | Binaries on the path that should be included in an isolated cross-build environment. |
| | [`repair-wheel-command`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#repair-wheel-command) | Execute a shell command to repair each built wheel |
| | [`container-engine`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#container-engine) | Specify the container engine to use when building Linux wheels |
| | [`dependency-versions`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#dependency-versions) | Control the versions of the tools cibuildwheel uses |
| | [`pyodide-version`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#pyodide-version) | Specify the Pyodide version to use for `pyodide` platform builds |
| **Debugging** | [`debug-keep-container`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#debug-keep-container) | Keep the container after running for debugging. |
| | [`debug-traceback`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#debug-traceback) | Print full traceback when errors occur. |
| | [`build-verbosity`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-verbosity) | Increase/decrease the output of the build |
These options can be specified in a pyproject.toml file, or as environment variables, see [configuration docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/configuration/).
| [scikit-learn][] | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![pyodide icon][] | The machine learning library. A complex but clean config using many of cibuildwheel's features to build a large project with Cython and C++ extensions. |
| [Tornado][] | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library. Uses stable ABI for a small C extension. |
| [Prophet][] | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Tool for producing high quality forecasts for time series data that has multiple seasonality with linear or non-linear growth. |
> ℹ️ That's just a handful, there are many more! Check out the [Working Examples](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/working-examples) page in the docs.
Since `cibuildwheel` repairs the wheel with `delocate`, `auditwheel`, or `delvewheel`, it might automatically bundle dynamically linked libraries from the build machine.
This is similar to static linking, so it might have some license implications. Check the license for any code you're pulling in to make sure that's allowed.
- 🌟 CPython 3.15 wheels are now built by default - without the `"cpython-prerelease"` [`enable`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) set. It's time to build and upload these wheels to PyPI! This release includes CPython 3.15.0rc1, which is guaranteed to be ABI compatible with the final release. (#2944)
- ✨ Adds Pyodide 3.15 support with the `cp315-pyodide_wasm32` build identifier, using Pyodide 315.0.0a2. These are also stable wrt. the final release. (#2958)
- 🐛 Retries a failed download six times with exponential backoff, so short network outages no longer stop a build. A `4xx` response is still reported at once. (#2953)
- 🐛 Accepts `default` as a [`build-frontend`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-frontend) value on Pyodide, and accepts `pyodide-build` in the top-level table and in overrides (#2951)
- 🛠 Holds pip back on GraalPy, where newer pip breaks the build (#2955)
- 🛠 Updates Pyodide to 314.0.4 (#2949, #2952)
- 🛠 Updates dependencies and container pins (#2952, #2960)
- 💼 Updates CI action pins (#2948, #2954)
- 🧪 Uses pp311 for the abi3 test, and deletes `test_overridden_pip_constraint`, which is not necessary since #2583 (#2956, #2957)
- ✨ Adds `pyodide-build` as a separate [`build-frontend`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-frontend), now the default frontend for Pyodide, with verbosity flags handling. Any other frontend is ignored with a warning on Pyodide. (#2609, #2945)
- 🔐 Uses digests instead of tags for pinned container images, strengthening supply-chain security. The human-readable tags remain as comments in `pinned_docker_images.cfg`. (#2915)
- 🐛 Fixes platform-specific [`test-runtime`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-runtime) environment variables (e.g. `CIBW_TEST_RUNTIME_ANDROID`) not being honored (#2941)
- 🐛 Fixes quoting of [`test-requires`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-requires) and [`audit-requires`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#audit-requires) so PEP 508 specifiers containing spaces work (#2913)
- 🐛 Makes [`archs`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#archs) parsing case-insensitive and platform-aware, so e.g. `arm64` works on Windows (#2920)
- 🐛 Uses an absolute path for the `{project}` placeholder in [`config-settings`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#config-settings) (#2934)
- 🐛 Validates the [`pyodide-version`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#pyodide-version) option against the build identifier with a clear error (#2925)
- 🐛 Fixes PyPy installs on macOS after PyPy switched its downloads from `.tar.bz2` to `.tar.gz` (#2939)
- 🐛 Makes a matching `python3-config` available in the build and test venvs on macOS (#2922)
- 🛠 Updates dependencies and container pins (#2917, #2935, #2939)
- 🛠 Updates Android tests to current Python versions and the new test repository URL (#2933)
- 🛠 Drops the `orjson` dependency, no longer used by mypy 2+ (#2923)
- 📚 Builds the docs with properdocs, a MkDocs fork (#2946)
- 📚 Adds the missing `cp314-pyodide_wasm32` entry to the build identifier table (#2947)
- 📚 Removes outdated notes about the `pip wheel` build frontend and ClearLinux (#2926)
- 💼 Adds a "CI: PyPy EoL" PR label to run PyPy EoL tests on PRs (#2930)
- 💼 Updates CI action pins and pre-commit hooks (#2914, #2932, #2938, #2940, #2942, #2943)
- ✨ Updates Pyodide to the final 314.0.0 release, so Pyodide 3.14 wheels now build by default without the `pyodide-prerelease` [`enable`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) flag. (#2906)
- 🐛 Raises clear errors when a build produces no wheel, instead of failing later with a confusing message (#2909)
- 🛠 Speeds up CLI startup through lazy imports on Python 3.15 (#2797)
- 📚 Adds an FAQ section on caching cibuildwheel's downloaded tools with `CIBW_CACHE_PATH` (#2842)
- 📚 Documentation improvements: clarifies which shell is used for command options, clarifies environment variable precedence, and fixes a dead Pyodide env info link (#2904, #2905, #2911)
See @henryiii's [release post](https://iscinumpy.dev/post/cibuildwheel-4-0-0/) for more info on new features!
- 🌟 Adds wheel auditing with `abi3audit` as a default after the repair step, with new [`audit-requires`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#audit-requires) and [`audit-command`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#audit-command) options (#2805)
- 🌟 Adds `pyemscripten` platform tag support (PEP 783), updates Pyodide to 314.0.0a2, and adds a `pyodide-eol` [`enable`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) flag for building end-of-life Pyodide versions (#2812, #2848)
- 🌟 Sets up `delvewheel` as the default [`repair-wheel-command`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#repair-wheel-command) for Windows, so extension module DLLs are now bundled automatically. Skip by setting it to empty if not needed. (#2831)
- ✨ Adds CPython 3.15 support, under the [`enable` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) `cpython-prerelease`. This version of cibuildwheel uses 3.15.0b2. (#2833, #2850)
_While CPython is in beta, the ABI can change, so your wheels might not be compatible with the final release. For this reason, we don't recommend distributing wheels until RC1, at which point 3.15 will be available in cibuildwheel without the flag._
- ✨ Adds CPython 3.15 support for iOS and Android (#2857, #2858)
- ✨ Adds Android improvements for building NumPy and related packages, including auditwheel support, pkg-config and Fortran configuration, and the [`xbuild-files`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#xbuild-files) option (#2695)
- ✨ Adds `CIBUILDWHEEL_BUILD_IDENTIFIER` environment variable set to the current build identifier (e.g. `cp311-manylinux_x86_64`) during per-build steps (#2872)
- ✨ Adds `{project}` and `{package}` placeholders to [`config-settings`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#config-settings) (#2827)
- ⚠️ Drops support for Python 3.8 (#2686)
- ⚠️ Removes the experimental CPython 3.13 free-threading builds and the `cpython-freethreading` [`enable`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) option. CPython 3.14+ free-threading support remains available without the enable flag. (#2684)
- ⚠️ Drops support for Cirrus CI, which is shutting down June 1, 2026 (#2817)
- ⚠️ Drops GraalPy 3.11 (gp311) support, as agreed in #2741, and removes GraalPy 24-only workarounds (#2895)
- 🐛 Fixes `UV_PYTHON` not being set for [`before-build`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#before-build) on Linux when using `uv` as the [`build-frontend`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-frontend) (#2830)
- 🐛 Fixes detection of musl libc when downloading python-build-standalone, which previously always selected the gnu asset on musl hosts like Alpine (#2889)
- 🐛 Fixes [`config-settings`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#config-settings) expansion when `{project}` or `{package}` contains spaces or backslashes (#2886)
- 🐛 Prevents deadlock when `linux32` fails and forwards platform args to the sanity check (#2880, #2888)
- 🐛 Fixes container resource leaks on start failure and during teardown (#2879, #2887)
- 🐛 Removes potential partial cache-population in case of error (#2892)
- 🐛 Raises a clear error when `ANDROID_API_LEVEL` is not an integer (#2891)
- 🐛 Replaces assert with proper exception in python-build-standalone (#2859)
- 🧪 Fixes Android tests using the `uv` frontend (#2809)
- 🧪 Fixes the update-dependencies workflow to use `uv` to run `nox` (#2808)
- 🧪 Adds unit tests for `OCIContainer._get_platform_args` (#2878)
- 📚 Updates documentation for delvewheel as the default Windows [`repair-wheel-command`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#repair-wheel-command), including the build diagram, schema defaults, and legal note (#2877, #2853, #2891)
- ⚠️ Building for the experimental CPython 3.13 free-threading variant is now deprecated. That functionality will be removed in the next minor release. The [`enable`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) option `cpython-freethreading` is therefore also deprecated. Builds specifying `enable = "all"` no longer select `cpython-freethreading`. CPython 3.14 free-threading support remains available without the `enable` flag. (#2787)
- 🐛 iOS builds will no longer skip `repair-wheel-command` if it's defined in config (#2761)
- 🐛 Fix bug causing `uv` to fail when environments define PYTHON_VERSION or UV_PYTHON, conflicting with our venvs (#2795)
- ✨ cibuildwheel prints the selected build identifiers at the start of the build. (#2785)
- 🔐 The GitHub Action now references other actions with a full SHA (#2744)
Everyone interacting with the cibuildwheel project via codebase, issue tracker, chat rooms, or otherwise is expected to follow the [PSF Code of Conduct](https://github.com/pypa/.github/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md).
Another very similar tool to consider is [matthew-brett/multibuild](http://github.com/matthew-brett/multibuild). `multibuild` is a shell script toolbox for building a wheel on various platforms. It is used as a basis to build some of the big data science tools, like SciPy.
If you are building Rust wheels, you can get by without some of the tricks required to make GLIBC work via manylinux; this is especially relevant for cross-compiling, which is easy with Rust. See [maturin-action](https://github.com/PyO3/maturin-action) for a tool that is optimized for building Rust wheels and cross-compiling.
