`cibuildwheel` is here to help. `cibuildwheel` runs on your CI server - currently it supports GitHub Actions, Azure Pipelines, Travis CI, AppVeyor, CircleCI, and GitLab CI - and it builds and tests your wheels across all of your platforms.
While cibuildwheel itself requires a recent Python version to run (we support the last three releases), it can target the following versions to build wheels:
<sup>⁵ manylinux armv7l support is experimental. As there are no RHEL based image for this architecture, it's using an Ubuntu based image instead.</sup><br>
- Bundles shared library dependencies on Linux and macOS through [auditwheel](https://github.com/pypa/auditwheel) and [delocate](https://github.com/matthew-brett/delocate)
<sup>¹ [Requires emulation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/faq/#emulation), distributed separately. Other services may also support Linux ARM through emulation or third-party build hosts, but these are not tested in our CI.</sup><br>
<sup>² [Uses cross-compilation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/faq/#windows-arm64). It is not possible to test `arm64` on this CI platform.</sup>
For more information, including PyPI deployment, and the use of other CI services or the dedicated GitHub Action, check out the [documentation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io) and the [examples](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/tree/main/examples).
| | [`CIBW_BUILD`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-skip) <br> [`CIBW_SKIP`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-skip) | Choose the Python versions to build |
| | [`CIBW_ARCHS`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#archs) | Change the architectures built on your machine by default. |
| | [`CIBW_PROJECT_REQUIRES_PYTHON`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#requires-python) | Manually set the Python compatibility of your project |
| | [`CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#prerelease-pythons) | Enable building with pre-release versions of Python if available |
| **Build customization** | [`CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-frontend) | Set the tool to use to build, either "pip" (default for now) or "build" |
| | [`CIBW_ENVIRONMENT`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#environment) | Set environment variables needed during the build |
| | [`CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_PASS_LINUX`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#environment-pass) | Set environment variables on the host to pass-through to the container during the build. |
| | [`CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#before-all) | Execute a shell command on the build system before any wheels are built. |
| | [`CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#before-build) | Execute a shell command preparing each wheel's build |
| | [`CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#repair-wheel-command) | Execute a shell command to repair each built wheel |
| | [`CIBW_CONTAINER_ENGINE`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#container-engine) | Specify which container engine to use when building Linux wheels |
| | [`CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#dependency-versions) | Specify how cibuildwheel controls the versions of the tools it uses |
| **Testing** | [`CIBW_TEST_COMMAND`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-command) | Execute a shell command to test each built wheel |
| | [`CIBW_BEFORE_TEST`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#before-test) | Execute a shell command before testing each wheel |
| | [`CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-requires) | Install Python dependencies before running the tests |
| | [`CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-extras) | Install your wheel for testing using extras_require |
| | [`CIBW_TEST_SKIP`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-skip) | Skip running tests on some builds |
| **Other** | [`CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-verbosity) | Increase/decrease the output of pip wheel |
| [scikit-learn][] | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The machine learning library. A complex but clean config using many of cibuildwheel's features to build a large project with Cython and C++ extensions. |
| [Tornado][] | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library. Uses stable ABI for a small C extension. |
| [Prophet][] | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Tool for producing high quality forecasts for time series data that has multiple seasonality with linear or non-linear growth. |
> ℹ️ That's just a handful, there are many more! Check out the [Working Examples](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/working-examples) page in the docs.
Since `cibuildwheel` repairs the wheel with `delocate` or `auditwheel`, it might automatically bundle dynamically linked libraries from the build machine.
This is similar to static linking, so it might have some license implications. Check the license for any code you're pulling in to make sure that's allowed.
- 🌟 Added a new `CIBW_ENABLE`/`enable` feature that replaces `CIBW_FREETHREADED_SUPPORT`/`free-threaded-support` and `CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS` with a system that supports both. In cibuildwheel 3, this will also include a PyPy setting and the deprecated options will be removed. (#2048)
- 🌟 [Dependency groups](https://peps.python.org/pep-0735/) are now supported for tests. Use `CIBW_TEST_GROUPS`/`test-groups` to specify groups in `[dependency-groups]` for testing. (#2063)
- 🌟 Support for the experimental Ubuntu-based ARMv7l manylinux image (#2052)
- ✨ Show a warning when cibuildwheel is run from Python 3.10 or older; cibuildwheel 3.0 will require Python 3.11 or newer as host (#2050)
- 🐛 Fix issue with stderr interfering with checking the docker version (#2074)
- 🛠 Python 3.9 is now used in `CIBW_BEFORE_ALL`/`before-all` on linux, replacing 3.8, which is now EoL (#2043)
- 🛠 Error messages for producing a pure-Python wheel are slightly more informative (#2044)
- 🛠 Better error when `uname -m` fails on ARM (#2049)
- 🛠 Better error when repair fails and docs for abi3audit on Windows (#2058)
- 🛠 Better error when `manylinux-interpreters ensure` fails (#2066)
- 🛠 Update Pyodide to 0.26.4, and adapt to the unbundled pyodide-build (now 0.29) (#2090)
- 🛠 Now cibuildwheel uses dependency-groups for development dependencies (#2064, #2085)
- 📚 Docs updates and tidy ups (#2061, #2067, #2072)
- ✨ Adds support for building 32-bit armv7l wheels on musllinux. On a Linux system with emulation set up, set [CIBW_ARCHS](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#archs) to `armv7l` on Linux to try it out if you're interested! (#2017)
- 🐛 Fix Linux Podman builds on some systems (#2016)
- ✨ Adds official support for running on Python 3.13 (#2026)
- 🛠 Update CPython 3.13 to 3.13.0rc3 (#2029)
Note: the default [manylinux image](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image) is **scheduled to change** from `manylinux2014` to `manylinux_2_28` in a cibuildwheel release on or after **6th May 2025** - you can set the value now to avoid getting upgraded if you want. (#1992)
- ⚠️ Update CPython 3.12 to 3.12.6, which changes the macOS minimum deployment target on CPython 3.12 from macOS 10.9 to macOS 10.13 (#1998)
- 🛠 Changes the behaviour when inheriting `config-settings` in TOML overrides - rather than extending each key, which is rarely useful, individual keys will override previously set values. (#1803)
- 🛠 Update CPython 3.13 to 3.13.0rc2 (#1998)
- ✨ Adds support for multiarch OCI images (#1961)
- 🐛 Fixes some bugs building Linux wheels on macOS. (#1961)
- ⚠️ Changes the minimum version of Docker/Podman to Docker API version 1.43, Podman API version 3. The only mainstream runner this should affect is Travis Graviton2 runners - if so you can [upgrade your version of Docker](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/1961#issuecomment-2304060019). (#1961)
Everyone interacting with the cibuildwheel project via codebase, issue tracker, chat rooms, or otherwise is expected to follow the [PSF Code of Conduct](https://github.com/pypa/.github/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md).
Another very similar tool to consider is [matthew-brett/multibuild](http://github.com/matthew-brett/multibuild). `multibuild` is a shell script toolbox for building a wheel on various platforms. It is used as a basis to build some of the big data science tools, like SciPy.
If you are building Rust wheels, you can get by without some of the tricks required to make GLIBC work via manylinux; this is especially relevant for cross-compiling, which is easy with Rust. See [maturin-action](https://github.com/PyO3/maturin-action) for a tool that is optimized for building Rust wheels and cross-compiling.
